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Cholera is a bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water. Cholera causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. Left untreated, cholera can be fatal in a matter of hours, even in previously healthy people.
Modern sewage and water treatment have virtually eliminated cholera in industrialized countries. The last major outbreak in the United States occurred in 1911. But cholera is still present in Africa, Southeast Asia, Haiti and central Mexico. The risk of cholera epidemic is highest when poverty, war or natural disasters force people to live in crowded conditions without adequate sanitation.
Cholera is easily treated. Death results from severe dehydration that can be prevented with a simple and inexpensive rehydration solution.
Most people exposed to the cholera bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) don't become ill and never know they've been infected. Yet because they shed cholera bacteria in their stool for seven to 14 days, they can still infect others through contaminated water. Most symptomatic cases of cholera cause mild or moderate diarrhea that's often hard to distinguish from diarrhea caused by other problems.
Only about 1 in 10 infected people develops the typical signs and symptoms of cholera, usually within a few days of infection.
Symptoms of cholera infection may include:
Dehydration. Dehydration can develop within hours after the onset of cholera symptoms. Depending on how many body fluids have been lost, dehydration can range from mild to severe. A loss of 10 percent or more of total body weight indicates severe dehydration.
Signs and symptoms of cholera dehydration include irritability, lethargy, sunken eyes, a dry mouth, extreme thirst, dry and shriveled skin that's slow to bounce back when pinched into a fold, little or no urine output, low blood pressure, and an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia).
Dehydration may lead to a rapid loss of minerals in your blood (electrolytes) that maintain the balance of fluids in your body. This is called an electrolyte imbalance.
An electrolyte imbalance can lead to serious signs and symptoms such as:
In general, children with cholera have the same signs and symptoms adults do, but they are particularly susceptible to low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) due to fluid loss, which may cause:
The risk of cholera is slight in industrialized nations, and even in endemic areas you're not likely to become infected if you follow food safety recommendations. Still, sporadic cases of cholera occur throughout the world. If you develop severe diarrhea after visiting an area with active cholera, see your doctor.
If you have diarrhea, especially severe diarrhea, and think you may have been exposed to cholera, seek treatment right away. Severe dehydration is a medical emergency that requires immediate care regardless of the cause.
A bacterium called Vibrio cholerae causes cholera infection. However, the deadly effects of the disease are the result of a potent toxin called CTX that the bacteria produce in the small intestine. CTX binds to the intestinal walls, where it interferes with the normal flow of sodium and chloride. This causes the body to secrete enormous amounts of water, leading to diarrhea and a rapid loss of fluids and salts (electrolytes).
Contaminated water supplies are the main source of cholera infection, although raw shellfish, uncooked fruits and vegetables, and other foods also can harbor V. cholerae.
Cholera bacteria have two distinct life cycles — one in the environment and one in humans.
Cholera bacteria occur naturally in coastal waters, where they attach to tiny crustaceans called copepods. The cholera bacteria travel with their hosts, spreading worldwide as the crustaceans follow their food source — certain types of algae and plankton that grow explosively when water temperatures rise. Algae growth is further fueled by the urea found in sewage and in agricultural runoff.
When humans ingest cholera bacteria, they may not become sick themselves, but they still pass the bacteria in their stool. When human feces contaminate food or water supplies, both can serve as ideal breeding grounds for the cholera bacteria.
Because more than a million cholera bacteria — approximately the amount you'd find in a glass of contaminated water — are needed to cause illness, cholera usually isn't transmitted through casual person-to-person contact.
The most common sources of cholera infection are standing water and certain types of food, including seafood, raw fruits and vegetables, and grains.
Everyone is susceptible to cholera, with the exception of infants who derive immunity from nursing mothers who have previously had cholera. Still, certain factors can make you more vulnerable to the disease or more likely to experience severe signs and symptoms. Risk factors for cholera include:
Cholera can quickly become fatal. In the most severe cases, the rapid loss of large amounts of fluids and electrolytes can lead to death within two to three hours. In less extreme situations, people who don't receive treatment may die of dehydration and shock hours to days after cholera symptoms first appear.
Although shock and severe dehydration are the most devastating complications of cholera, other problems can occur, such as:
Seek immediate medical care if you develop severe diarrhea or vomiting and are in or have very recently returned from a country where cholera occurs.
If you believe you may have been exposed to cholera, but your symptoms are not severe, call your family doctor or general practitioner. Be sure to tell him or her that you suspect your illness may be cholera.
Here's some information to help you get ready and what to expect from your doctor.
The list below suggests questions to raise with your doctor about cholera.
In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask your doctor, don't hesitate to ask questions during your appointment at any time that you don't understand something.
Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may leave you time to go over any points you want to talk about in-depth. Your doctor may ask:
Be sure to stay well-hydrated in the time leading up to your appointment. For diarrhea and vomiting that may be cholera-related, drinks such as water, juice and soda won't adequately replenish both fluids and electrolytes. Instead, use an oral rehydration solution such as RecoverORS for adults or Pedialyte for children.
In most developing countries, you can buy powdered packets of oral rehydration salts (ORS) originally developed by the World Health Organization to treat diarrhea and dehydration in infants with cholera. Reconstitute the powder in water according to the directions on the package.
If no oral rehydration solutions are available, you can make your own by combining 1 quart (about 1 liter) of bottled or boiled water with 6 level teaspoons (about 30 milliliters) of table sugar and 1/2 level teaspoon (about 2.5 milliliters) of table salt.
Although signs and symptoms of severe cholera may be unmistakable in endemic areas, the only way to confirm a diagnosis is to identify the bacteria in a stool sample.
Rapid cholera dipstick tests are now available, enabling health care providers in remote areas to confirm diagnosis of cholera earlier. Quicker confirmation helps to decrease death rates at the start of cholera outbreaks and leads to earlier public health interventions for outbreak control.
Cholera requires immediate treatment because the disease can cause death within hours.
Cholera is rare in the United States with the few cases related to travel outside the U.S. or to contaminated and improperly cooked seafood from the Gulf Coast waters.
If you're traveling to cholera-endemic areas, your risk of contracting the disease is extremely low if you follow these precautions:
For adults traveling to cholera-affect areas, a vaccine is now available in the United States. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved Vaxchora, a vaccine for the prevention of cholera. It is a liquid dose taken by mouth at least 10 days before travel.
A few countries offer two oral vaccines as well. If you'd like more information about these vaccines, contact your doctor or local office of public health. Keep in mind that no country requires immunization against cholera as a condition for entry.
Original article: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/basics/definition/con-20031469
Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below.
Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse any of the third party products and services advertised.
A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.


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Kari Knudsen >> See More Playmates
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AMBITIONS: To be a very good actress. TURN-ONS: Modern jazz, flamenco, Latin music. TURNOFFS: Being called "honey" or "sweetheart" by people who don't know me. HOBBIES: Knitting. FAVORITE SPORTS: Skiing, skating and horseback riding. WHAT I LIKE IN MEN: Strong per...
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Navigation: Shareware - Freeware > Home > Home - Self-help > BeyondLaziness - Free Self-Counseling Software for Inner Peace<<< Previous (BeyondLack - Free Self-Counseling Software for Inner Peace) | Next (BeyondLoss - Free Self-Counseling Software for Inner Peace) >>>
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DescriptionFree self-counseling software for inner peace. Use Inner Peace for inner peace. Imagine life with more inner peace. What would that be like? Let go of issues that interfere with inner peace. Create states that support inner peace. Easy to learn, do, teach. Try it. Especially helpful at discovering underlying issues for which people turn to substances, violence, and other unhealthy behaviors as *solutions.* Excellent companion to any therapy. Ideal for people under stress or in recovery. Totally confidential. Fun. Free support for all. Runs online or offline on any computer system: Windows, Mac, Linux. Forever Free Software licensed under the GNU General Public License. No charges, no advertisments, no solicitations, nothing for sale. Enjoy Inner Peace. Put it on public computers in libraries and schools. You can even take old 386 computers, set them up as Inner Peace computers, and put them in churches, counseling centers, shelters, rehab centers, halfway houses, and other places where people in need of emotional healing can get can get access. Help spread Inner Peace. Many suffer needlessly from emotional pain. Inner Peace can help. Angers, grudges, guilts, resentments, regrets, fears, doubts, anxieties, etc. can all be handled. Inner Peace can also be used as a human resource tool at work. Set up Inner Peace on old computers in the HR office and let people handle their issues. Help us pass word about Inner Peace. We especially love articles, reviews, links. Please tell webmasters about Inner Peace. We really love links, reviews, and articles. Also, many newspapers, magazines, TV shows do features about computers. Have them do a review of Inner Peace. If you have friends in foreign countries, please tell them about Inner Peace. We need people to translate it into many languages. Imagine the whole world at peace. What would that be like? Peace is possible. World peace will come, one individual at a time. Try Inner Peace now. It works. Enjoy Inner Peace. Pass it on.
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Version: 2.10.04
Size: 10 kB
Date of release: 4.10.2002
License: Freeware
Price: $ 0
OS (MS, other): Win3.1x, Win95, Win98, WinNT4.x, Windows2000, WinXP, WindowsCE, Unix, Linux, OS/2, MAC68k, MacPPC, PalmOS3.0
Requirements: NS2, IE3 or Higher BrowserOptions for BeyondLaziness - Free Self-Counseling Software for Inner Peace: repair or restore remove (removal) free (gratis) BeyondLaziness - Free Self-Counseling Software for Inner Peace problem virus classic - original BeyondLaziness - Free Self-Counseling Software for Inner Peace retail store buy on CD serial application error
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Author: InnerPeace.Org |
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Download now! (file beyondlaziness.zip)


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Writing patterns
Introduction | Social events | Political events | Special events | Personal and cultural identity | Hermannsberg and Aurukun school
School and family life | Writing patterns | Fingerpainting | Observations of daily life | 'Reach for the apple' | Frances Derham
These examples of cursive writing pattern are based on children's natural or 'free' movements. They show the flowing, rhythmic patterning that British artist-educator Marion Richardson sought to encourage in her position as District Art Inspector for the London County Council 1930–42.
Jessie Monk
Writing pattern
38.0 x 50.8 cm
Joyce Cox
Writing pattern
38.4 x 50.6 cm


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When I was asked to write this article and get a picture to be put into the Emery County Progress, I was startled at first. And I thought I hadn't hardly realized that I was a cancer survivor.
It was strange how the word cancer can be so alarming, when you hear that someone else has cancer,. But until you hear that you have it you can hardly grasp the idea you actually have had cancer.
I know how upsetting and sad it was to be told that my father had cancer, which was a myeloma tumor between his heart and lungs, and it was too close to each organ to try to do anything about it. So it took my father quite rapidly.
Just a while before Christmas, I got a letter that it was time for my mammogram. I had always done the self examination, but hadn't done it for a short while. I had about decided not to get the mammogram, when one night as I turned over in bed and there was a pinch as I turned. I got up and did the self exam and to my surprise, there was a pea sized lump. They checked me and said I did need a mammogram, so they called and made an appointment for me.
I went as scheduled for the test and when I was finished, the technician doing the x-ray asked, "Will you wait a minute?" She went and got the radiologist to come check the results. He told her that he wanted an ultrasound done on it. I became somewhat startled at all of this. The radiologist said that it looked too suspicious and that I should have a biopsy done on it. I called Dr. Cox and made an appointment, it was scheduled for Jan. 4.
I went to the hospital and he talked to my family and I about my options if it was cancer. I asked him if it was cancer, could he do a mastectomy?
When he went out and told my family that it was cancer, he said that they happened to have two pathologists there that day and they could go ahead with the surgery. It was a complete mastectomy.
I am so thankful and love my family so much for their prayers, their faith, and for all the cards, phone calls and love that was given by friends and family.
I advise all women, young or old, to get your checkups and have your mammograms done, and don't put if off.
I guess I can say I am a survivor.


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By Bobby Harrison/NEMS Daily Journal
JACKSON – Studies indicate people who live in poverty have less access to fresh fruits and vegetables, adding to the state's obesity problem.
To combat that problem, the Legislature is considering the Healthy Food Retail Act that would put mechanisms in place to help locate healthy food outlets, such as farmer's markets, in underserved areas of the state.
More than likely, the legislation is heading to conference where House and Senate leaders will hammer out a final version. The Senate has voted to name the act the Bennie L. Turner Healthy Food Retail Act.
Turner, D-West Point, served in the state Senate from 1993 until his death in November.
Sen. John Horhn, D-Jackson, who authored the amendment to name the act after Turner, described it "as a fitting tribute" because Turner had authored similar legislation in past sessions and "he was a strong advocate for people eating as healthy as possible, especially fresh fruits and vegetables."
Sen. Gray Tollison, R-Oxford, said the goal of the legislation is to create within the Mississippi Development Authority a program to locate loans and grants to attract fresh fruit outlets, especially farmers' markets, to poor communities that often are referred to as "food deserts" because of the lack of grocery stores that provide fresh, healthy foods. Such food deserts can be found in both rural and urban areas, Tollison said. They are particularly prevalent in the Mississippi Delta.
The legislation does not include any state funding at this time.
According to research by the Partnership for a Healthy Mississippi, which was part of the Mississippi Grocery Access Task Force that studied the lack of healthy food options, the state spent $925 million in 2008 on obesity-related health care costs. The figure is expected to balloon to $3.9 billion by 2018 if the trends are not reversed, according to research from the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
"We understand the obesity epidemic will not be solved by a magic bullet," Sandra Shelson, executive director of the Partnership for a Healthy Mississippi said earlier this session. "The approach to the epidemic must be a comprehensive one that mirrors the work in tobacco prevention.
"Access to fresh and healthy foods is one element to solving this epidemic."


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Fourth Quarter 2009 Financial Results Conference Call
January 28th, 2010
5:00 p.m. ET
About the company
DALSA is an international leader in high performance digital imaging and semiconductors with approximately 1000 employees world-wide. Established in 1980, the Company designs, develops, manufactures, and markets digital imaging products and solutions, in addition to providing semiconductor products and services. DALSA's core competencies are in specialized integrated circuit and electronics technology, software, and highly engineered semiconductor wafer processing. Products and services include image sensor components (CCD and CMOS); electronic digital cameras; vision processors; image processing software; and semiconductor wafer foundry services for use in MEMS, high-voltage semiconductors, image sensors and mixed-signal CMOS chips. DALSA is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol "DSA" and has its corporate offices in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
For more information on DALSA visit the web site at www.dalsa.com.


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Vans Hello Kitty Corrie Girls Toddler & Youth High-Top Sneaker
Sorry, this item is sold out!
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Now she can enjoy Vans® style along with one of her favorite characters with these adorable Hello Kitty® Corrie Hi-Top sneakers.
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- © 1976, 2011 Sanrio CO., LTD
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February 19, 2013
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January 23, 2013
Hello Kitty Sneakers
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Did You Know? Countdown to Halloween (10/26)Wednesday, October 26th, 2011
Did You Know?
Facts, Figures & Folklore
About Halloween
Oct 26 : 05 days till Halloween
Did you know that the tradition of dressing up in costumes on Halloween dates back to Celtic times?
On Samhain, Celtic people would dress up in animal costumes to mark the end of summer and coming of winter. This custom was later adopted by Christians who celebrated All Souls' Day by dressing up as saints, angels and fairies. Today, of course, the most popular costume choices for Halloween are comic book heroes and Disney princesses!
The holiday of Halloween dates back to the Dark Ages. Once truly spooky traditions have morphed over the years into much more light-hearted (but still mischievous) celebrations. Here is a fun look at some of the facts and folklore that describe how All Hallows Eve came to be celebrated as Halloween. Join us for a new Did You Know? each day as we count down to Halloween.
Halloween will be celebrated on Monday October 31st.
Signup for our Did You Know? Holiday Countdown emails or follow us on Twitter – twitter.com/holidaysnet (@holidaysnet)