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Ideological Basis of Pakistan 9th Class Pakistan Studies Notes
The word "Ideology is French in origin. It is made up of two components namely 'idea' and 'logos'. Ida means concept and logo means studies.
Definition of of Ideology
A collection of beliefs, values, customs, aims, traditions, rituals which is common to all members of a society and its is expressed in the lives of all members of that society is called "Ideology".
Explanation of Ideology
Ideology is generally used in wider perspective because human beings have unique way of thinking. It constitutes a system of human life whose integral parts are assertion, theories and objectives of human life. In a society the individuals have common beliefs, customs, traditions and rituals.
Importance of Ideology in Practical Life
There is a great importance of ideology in practical life. It gives common thinking and traditions to the people; hence unity is established among them. Thus a common culture is developed in the society due to this particular characteristics of that society are appeared which give it a separate identity in the world. The significance of ideology in practical life can be explained as follows:
* An ideology expresses the ideas and thoughts of all individuals in a society.
* It can unite the people on a platform on the basis of common ideas and traditions.
* It determines the clear principles about the 'mode of life', due to this an effective force is developed among people. So they participate in the practical struggle of life.
* It produces self consciousness and prudence among people due to this they become fully aware about basic objectives of a society.
* It helps in fixing the freedom, culture and traditions among the people of a society.
* It explains religious teachings and social values more clearly which help to understand the characteristics of that society.
* All individuals spend purposeful and civilized lives due to an ideology.
Forest 9th Class Pakistan Studies Notes
Evergreen Forests
There are evergreen forests in northern and north-western parts of Pakistan, as these areas receive more rainfall. Beautiful scenes attract human beings. In this way forest are the means of beauty and attraction. These forest include deodar, firs, blue pine, spruce, chalghoza, oak, chestnut and walnut are also important. These are found in Murree, Mansehra, Abbotabad, Chitral, Swat and Dir Hardwood for the making of furniture is available from these trees.
Foot-Hill Areas Forests
Phulai, Kao, Jand, Acacia, wild olive, black berry etc are found in the foothill areas of these forests. The district of Peshawar, Mardan, Kohat, Attock, Rawalpindi, Jhelum and Guj rat are important in this respect.
Dry-Hill Forests
The dry-hill forests are found at altitude of about 900 to 3000 meters in Quetta and kalat division of Balochistan. Other than thorny forests Mazoo, Chaighoza and poplar are important trees.
Miscellaneous Forests
Some of the forests are found in Sukkur, Kotri and Guido. The forests department plants trees like mulberry, sum bal, dhrek and eucalyptus along the rivers, canals and railway lines.
Mangrove Forests
Mangrove forests are found along the coastline from Karachi to Kutch.
Importance of Forests
Forest plan an important role being a natural resource in the development af a country as explained below.
Slow Melting of Ice and Soil Erosion
Rain and snow in heavy quantity fall on the northern mountains of Pakistan. These areas are the main source of water of rivers. The forest also stop soil erosion as they slow down the speed of rainwater on the slopes of mountains. They also irrigate teh plains regularly.
Forest provide Fuel
Forest provide wood as fuel in place of coal. They also provide timber, firewood, gum and other useful things which are very important for the trade of country.
Pleasant Climate
Forest make the climate of an area very pleasant as they reduce heat and pollution.
Temperature is reduced by forests and air becomes moist. Rainfall in a region increases due to presence of forests.
Fertility of Soil
Forest keep the soil intact and soil fertility remains uneffected.
Stopage of sand and silt
Rivers carry huge amount of sand and silt that fill our dams and lakes and destroy hydroelectric power projects, the presence of forests stop the sand and silt.
Water Logging and Salinity
Forests are very useful in water logged and salinity effected areas. Trees absorbs water from the soil and lower water level of underground reserves. The forests ate useful in stopping of floods and safety of dams.
Forests promote tourism. There are many places in the northern and north-western mountainious areas of Pakistan. Which are covered with forests and known for recreations for the peoples.
Wild LIfe
Forests are very important for wild life. In forests animals of hunting are found from which we get meat. In this way forest are the source of the hunting and also act as places of recreation.
Forests provide employment to a large part of population in Pakistan.
Fruits and Fodder
Forests provide different kinds of fruits and fodder to animals.
Imporatant role in Economy
Forests plays an important role in the economy of Pakistan. About five million people are directly or indirectly engaged in this sector we can get building, wood from forests. This wood is used in building and also used in the preparation of furniture.
The herbs grown in forests are used for the preparation of medicines
Minerals of Pakistan 9th Class Pakistan Studies Notes
There are three types of minerals.
Metallic Minerals
1. Iron ore.
2. Chromites.
3. Copper etc.
Non-Metallic Minerals
1. Rock Salt.
2. Limestone.
3. Gypsum.
4. Marble, Gemstone, China Clay, Fire Clay, Sulphure etc.
Power Resource Minerals
1. Coal.
2. Natural Gas.
3. Crude Oil etc.
We have not yet discovered coal which can be used in engines. It is mostly used in manufacturing Calcium Carbonate and bricks. Some coal is also used in homes. We have got coal from various spots places but it is not of good quality. It fulfils 10% of our needs.
The biggest mines of coal is Salt Ranges in Kohistan in the region of Makarwat in Punjab. In these regions coal is also found in Dundot and Pudh. Like Makarwal some mines are such whose tunnels are about nine miles long. In the province of Balochistan many reservoirs are found at other places. Coalmines are in Sharg, Hoset, Hernai, Sar, Dagari, Sheeren Aab, Bolan, Aab and Mush. Processing plant is also set in Shargh. In the lower regions of Sindh mines of Jhimpir and Lakhra are important. Government is in search of more mines.
Mineral Oil
Minerals oil is very important in modern age. It is used in factories, industries and transport. Motorcars, tractors, train truck etc depending upon this oil. It is also used in homes. Average production of oil in Pakistan cannot meet its needs. We are getting 10% oil for our needs and the rest of the oil is imported on which we spend a large amount of foreign exchange. Experts say that at certain we can get oil from the sea. For this purpose we started digging in 1985 at the coast of our sea in Karachi. At certain other places are digging our earth. If we succeed we shall satisfy our need of oil from our our resources.
We are getting oil from Khor, Bhullian, Tut, Kot Sarug, Miyal, Dherznund (District Attock), Kazian (District Rawalpindi), Dhodak (District Dera Ghazi Khan), Kursal ( District Jhelum), and Khushkhali (District Badeen). The oil obtained from Attock, Jhelum and Chakwal districts is refined in Morgah Refinery near Rawalpindi. Refinery means the industry where crude oil is refined for different purposes.
Natural Gas
Natural gas is an important discovery. We meet 35% of our need of energy from this gas. This gas is brought in Lahore, Karachi, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Peshawar and other cities by means of pipelines. This gas is used in Industries and also in our homes as fuel. Fine type of fertilizer is prepared in Multan by using this gas. This gas is aslo used in manufacturing Rayon thread and Chemical materials.
The reservoirs of natural gas are in Sui, Uch, Zin, Kherpur, Muzrani, Hindi, Kundkot, Sarung, Dhodak, Peerkoh and Dhullian.
Iron Ore
Iran ore is very important for the progress of a country. We have set up a steel mill in Karachi with the cooperation of Russia. In Pakistan, iron is not of good quality so it is imported to meet our needs.
The biggest reservoir of iron is found in Kala Bagh. Some are also found in Chitral, Khuzdar, Chulgari and Muslim Bagh. Iron obtained from Chitral and Nokundi is of good quality. Our iron fulfills only 16% of our needs.
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It is used in manufacturing electric goods especially electric wires. In past it was only used in making coins and utensils.
Its reservoirs are in provinces of Balochistan and Frontier. In Balochistan it is found in Saindak, Chaghi and some other places. These reservoirs are refined by progressive corporation of natural resources. Corporation is working on this plan with cooperation of foreign experts. The work has been started on crude metal in Saindak and Karachi Laboratory.
Saindak Copper Project
In Balochistan, large deposits of copper, gold and silver have been discovered at saindak, Chagai and Amuri. The economy of Pakistan is depended on these projects. China is collaborating with Pakistan on these projects. According to an estimate saindak will give annual production as below.
Copper = 16,000 Tones
Gold = 1.5 Tones
Silver = 2.75 Tones
It is a white metal which is used to make iron. It is also used in manufacturing certain instruments, aero planes and colours. It is also used in the art of photography. It is exported to get large amount of foreign exchange.
Its reservoirs are the biggest of the world in found Pakistan. Theses reservoirs are found in Muslim Bagh. Small reservoirs are found in Chaghi, Kharan, Malakand, Mehmund and North Waziristan.
Rock Salt (Non-Metallic)
Pakistan has vast reserves of salt. It is used in various eatables, the biggest is Khewra Mine. The area of this mine is about 10500 square meters. It is producing high quality of salt from centuries. Another mine is in Khushah. We aslo get salt from mines of Kala Bagh, Jutta and Bahadur Khail. We get salt from seawater near Maripur and Coast of Makran. This sea salt is used to preserve fish and is in some industrial uses. The annual production during the year 2000-01 was 1275 tonnes.
Lime Stone
Limestone is very useful raw material for cement industry. It is found in the northern and western mountain areas of Pakistan mostly. Large deposits are found in Daudthail, Wah, Rohri, Hyderabad and Karachi. The annual production of limestone is 9.9 thousand tonnes.
It is a bright stone of white colour. It is an important wealth of our country. It is used in manufacturing cement, chemical fertilizer and plaster of Paris, Sulphuric Acid and Ammonium Sulphate. It is also used in small industries. The annual production of Gypsum is 358.5 thousand tonnes approximately.
It is obtained from Salt range and western mountainous areas of Pakistan. The important mines of Gypsum are in Khewra, Dandot, Daudkhail, Rohri and Kohat.
It is a very beautiful stone of white or black colour. It is used in the floores or walls of building to make them attractive and beautiful. A large quantity of white and black marble is found in Cambelpur near Faith Jung in Kala Chitta Hills. District Muzaffarabad and Mirpur of Azad Kashmir are other important areas where marble is found. The annual production of marble is 586.6 thousand tonnes.
In our country marble is of various types. The best in Khyber Agency at Mullah Gori. It is Swat, Noshera, Hazara, Gilgit and Chaghi.
It is the necassary part of explosive material. It is very important for the defence of a country. It is also used in making Sulphuric Acid and many other chemicals. We get crude Sulphur which is made useful by our experts. Soon we will be able to meet our needs of Sulphur. After cleaning Sulphur, it is also used chemical industries. Industries are being set up in Quetta and Karachi.
Its reserves are found in Koh-e-Sultan (District Chaghi) and (District Karachi).
China Clay
China clays is found in Mangora (District Swat) and Nagar Parkar (Sindh).
Fire Clay
It is used in making strong bricks which is used in Kiln of bricks.
It is found in Kohistan Nimak and Kala Citta Hills. Its reserves also are found in Swat, Hazara and Malakand. In Pakistan clay making Chini utensils are also found. This clay is also used in making tiles and sanitary ware. Its reserves are in Swat, Hazara and Malakund.
Calcium Carbonate
It is used in manufacturing cement, sugar and certain other materials. It is also used for the preparation of white wash stone by burning it.
Its reservoirs are found in several parts of our country. Its vast reservoirs are Dandot, Daudkhail, Wah, Rohri, Hyderabad and Karachi
Important Characteristics of the Constitution of 1962 9th Class Pakistan Studies Notes
Constitution of 1962
President Ayub Khan established a Constitutional Commission. This commission sent its recommendations. According to these recommendations a new constitution was prepared and enforced on 8th June, 1962 and Martial Law was finished.
The Main Features of 1962 Constitution
Following are the main features of constitution of 1962:
Written Constitution
The constitution was in written form and it constituted of 250 articles and 5 schedules.
Federal Constitution
The constitution was federal in nature.
Presidential Form of Government
Presidential form of Government was enforced instead of parliamentary system.
Islamic Issues
Various Islamic provisions were incorporated in the constitution i.e. sovereignty of Allah and exercises of power through the elected representatives of people. Pakistan was named as Islamic republic of Pakistan. It Head must be a Muslim as compulsory.
Basic Human Rights
People were given fundamental rights.
National Languages
Urdu and Bengali were declared the national language of Pakistan.
Failure of Constitution of 1962
In 1968-69 the political parties of the country started agitation against Ayub Khan and Presidential system, enforced parliamentary system and democratic constitution. This movement became much powerful within few months and there were agitations seen everywhere in the country. As a result of such situation on 25th March, 1969 President Ayub Khan resigned and transferred his powers to Commander in Chief Yahya Khan. He abrogated the constitution
Islamic Provisions of 1973 Constitution 9th Class Pakistan Studies Notes
The following are the Islamic provisions of 1973 constitution based on the principles of:
1. Holy Quran and Sunnah
2. Islamic Republic of Pakistan
3. Pakistan shall be known as "Islamic Republic of Pakistan".
4. State Religion
5. Islam shall be the state religion of Pakistan.
6. Sovereignty belongs to Allah.
Sovereignty Belongs to Allah
Sovereignty over the entire Universe belongs to Almighty Allah and the authority bestowed by him on men is a sacred trust which the people o Pakistan will exercise with the limits prescribed by Quran and Sunnah.
Definition of a Muslim
The constitution also gives the definition of a Muslim. A person who believes in Tauheed or Oneness of Allah and in the prophet hood of Hazrat Mohammad
A Muslim to be A President and Prime Minister
The constitution lay down that only Muslims shall be elected President and Prime Minister of Pakistan. Non could not hold these offices.
Islamic Way of life
Steps shall be given to enable the Muslims of Pakistan to order their lives in accordance with the fundamental principles and basic concepts of Islam.
Promotion of Social Justice and Eradication of Social Evils
The state shall take necessary steps for prosecution of social justice and eradication of social evils and shall prevent prostitution, gambling and taking of injurious drugs, printing, publication, circulation and display of obscene literature and advertisements.
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Teachings of Holy Quran
The state shall try to make the teachings of Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language.
Strengthen Bond with Muslim World
The state shall endeavour to strengthen fraternal relations among Muslim countries in order to promote Islamic unity.
Council of Islamic Ideology
There is a council of Islamic ideology which shall guide the government in respect of Islamic teachings, their implementation and propagation. Its chairman and members are appointed by President. Although its advice is not blinding on the government yet it is not easy for any government to ignore or over rule its suggestion or opinion regarding any law.
Error Free Publication of Quran
The government shall endeavour to secure correct and exact printing and publishing of the Holy Quran.
Oath to Project and Promote Islamic Ideology
The Federal and Provincial Ministers, the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the National and Provincial Assemblies, the Chairman of the Senate and the Governors and Chief Ministers of the Provinces also take oath to preserve and protect the Islamic Ideology.
Ahmadi's A Non Muslim Minority
According to the second amendment of 1973 constitution, the Qadiani group or the Lahori group who call themselves "Ahmadi's" were declared as Non-Muslim minority.
The 1973 constitution enlisted the main principles of State Policy Maximum efforts were made to improve the character of this constitution. Like other constitution, 1973 constitution of Pakistan also provides for the protection, propagation and enforcement of Islamic Ideology
Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi 9th Class Pakistan Studies Notes
Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi was born in 29 November 1786 in Rai Bareilley. He moved to Delhi at the age of eighteen and became the follower of Shah Abdul Aziz. He received the necessary education during his stay at Delhi. In 1812 he joined the army of Nawab Ameer Khan Tonak in order to take part in Jihad against the British. In 1821, he went to perform Hajj but stayed there for two years where he met with the great thinkers of Islam and got knowledge about the movements of Islam in the world. He became greatly impressed from this new system of thought for Islam. When he came back on 6 August 1823 to India, he devoted himself for the religious and social reformation of the Muslims and the preparation of Jihad. He received martyrdom in fighting with Sikhs on 6th May 1831.
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The Mujahideen Movement
Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi started a great movement in the North of India; this movement is known as "The Mujahideen Movement" or "The Movement o Jihad". This movement arranged a power for the struggle of freedom in Muslims which produced a spirit of survival and they started freedom struggle.
Background of the Mujahideen Movement
Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi selected a particular way on the command of his spiritual guide Shah Abdul Aziz and devoted himself in the preparation of the holy war. He started a national movement for this purpose in 1818 and organized this movement after is arrival from Hajj as the Mujahideen Movement in 1831.
Objectives of Mujahideen Movement
He wanted to make the Muslims as the true lover of Islam, for this purpose he started the Mujahideen Movement.
The main objectives of the Mujahideen Movement were following;
- To preach unicity of Almighty Allah.
- To revive the teachings of Islam and prepare the Muslims to pass their lives simply according to the teachings of Islam.
- To protect the Muslims against such acts and ideas which are contrary to Islamic values.
- To protect the Muslims from the worship of other things except Allah.
- To preach Jihad because it was not possible to get freedom from evil force without armed struggle.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi wanted to eliminate the domination of Sikhs in Punjab and N.W.F.P to revive Islamic values and traditions.
He started Jihad in the Punjab and N.W.F.P. Shah Ismail Shaheed along with six thousand followers also joined Syed Ahmed in his Jihad against evil forces. Syed Ahmed toured different areas around Delhi and Punjab, where number of his followers joined him.
Struggle of Mujahideen Movement
The Mujahideen Movement was started against the Sikhs. He came to Sindh in 1826 and sought to help Syed Sibghatullah Shah Pir Pagara. Syed Sibghatullah Shah Pir Pagara sent a strong contingent of this staunch followers called "Hurs". Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi left his family under the protection of Pir Pagara and proceeded towards Jihad without any worry about his family. Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi reached Nowshehra after passing though Afghanistan, the Khyber Pass and Peshawar in December 1826 and made it his headquarter. The first battle against hte Sikhs was fought on December 21, 1826 near Akora. The Sikhs were defeated. The second battle was fought at Hazro. It was also won by the Muslims. These victories inspired a number of Pathan tribes to join Jihad Movement. The number of Mujahideen rose to 80,000. Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi was given the status of "Amir-ul-Momineen". Islamic laws were enforced in the area which was controlled by Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi.
The movement of the Holy war was initially very successful but soon conspiracies began against Syed Ahmed, Maharaja Ranjid Singh (1780-1839) bribed Sardar yar Mohammad and his brother Sultan Mohammad Khan to plot against the Khilafat of Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi. The disloyalty of the tribal leaders disheartened him. He made Balakot as is new headquarter. He started his struggle from Muzaffarabad. Here a tough fight started between the Mujahideen and the Sikhs. The Muslims fought with heroism but Syed Ahmed and his right hand companions were martyred on 6th May1831. In short, the Mujahideen movement of Syed Ahmed failed in Balakot, but this movement kindled a flame of freedom in sub-continent. The political work of Syed Ahmed Brelvi was carried on later by Willayat Ali of Patna. When the British captured the Punjab then a battle was fought again against the British. Thus the Jihad movement of Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi was ended after several wars like this for independence
Two Nation Theory 9th Class Pakistan Studies Notes
The Two Nation theory in its simplest way means the cultural, political, religious, economic and social dissimilarities between the two major communities, Hindus and Muslim of the Sub Continent. These differences of out look, in fact, were greatly instrumental in giving rise to two distinct political ideologies which were responsible for the partition of India into two independent states.
The Basis of the Creation of Pakistan
The Two Nation Theory was the basis of the struggle for creation of Pakistan which held that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations. They in spite of living together for centuries could not forget their individual culture and civilization.
There are a few factors which split the inhabitants of the Sub Continent into two nations. Let us examine each of them separately.
Religious Differences
Islam preaches Tawheed (Oneness of Allah) and believes in equality of man before law. Muslims are the believers of God, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), the Holy book Quran and hold a cohesive approach towards life.
Hinduism, on the other hand is based on the concept of multiple Gods. Their society follows a caste system and is divided into four classes and has a very narrow approach towards life.
Hindu Nationalism
The Hindu nationalist leaders totally ignored the great contribution made by the Muslims in the Indian society by way of promoting education and other social activities. Their writings and ideas flared up the communal discord between Hindus and Muslims to further pollute the political condition.
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Cultural Differences
Muslim followed the Islamic culture, while Hindus inherited a self build culture. The Hindus burnt their dead bodies while Muslim burred them. Hindus considered the 'Mother Cow' as a sacred animal and worshiped it while Muslims slaughtered it. They performed 'Sati' while Muslims abhorred this tradition.
Social Differences
The two communities of the Sub-Continent differ in their social life as well as the clothes the foods, the household utensils, the layout of homes, the words of salutation, the gestures and every thing about them was different and immediately pointed to the distinctive origin.
Economic Differences
After 1857, the Muslim economic was crushed. The Muslims were thrown out of Government services and their estates and properties were confiscated, while the Hindus were provided with ample opportunities to progress economically.
Educational Differences
The Hindus had advanced in the educational field because they quickly and readily took to the English education. While Muslims did not receive modern education which heavily affected their economic conditions.
Political Differences
the political differences between the Hindus and Muslims have played an important role in the development and evolution of the Two Nation Theory.
Hindi Urdu Controversy
In 1867, the Hindus demanded that Urdu should be written in Hindi Script instead of Persian script. This created another gap between Hindus and Muslims.
Congress Attitude
The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885. It claimed to represent all communities of India but oppressed all Muslim ideas and supported the Hindus.
Partition of Bengal
In 1905, the partition of Bengal ensured a number of political benefits for the Muslims but the Hindus launched an agitation against the partition and partition was annulled in 1911.
The Muslim and Hindus wrote and spoke two different languages. The Muslim spoke Urdu and it was written in Arabic Script. On the other hand, the Hindi language was spoken by Hindus and it was written in Sanskrit.
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Sir Syed Ahmed – The Pioneer of Two Nation Theory
The entire freedom movement revolved around the two nation theory which was introduced by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He considered all those lived in India as one nation and was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. Speaking at the meeting of nation and was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. Speaking at the meeting of nation and was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. Speaking at the meeting of Indian Association he said:
"I look to both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes and consider them as my own eyes. By the word 'Nation' I mean only Hindus and Muslims and nothing else. We Hindus and Muslims live together on the same soil under the same government. Our interests and problems are common, and therefore, I consider the two factions as one nation."
Two Nation Theory in the View of Allama Iqbal
Allama Iqbal was the first important figure who propounded the idea of separate homeland on the basis of two nation theory. In the annual session of Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930, he said:
"India is a continent of human beings belonging to different languages and professing different religions … I, therefore, demand the formation of consolidated Muslim state in the best interests of the Muslims of India and Islam."
Quaid-e-Azam's Statement on Two Nation Theory
He expounded the two nation's theory in such detail that most Muslims and even some Hindus came to believe in its truth. He declared:
"Muslims are not a minority; they are one nation by every definition of the word nation. By all canons of international law we are a nation."
Quaid-e-Azam reiterated that Hindus and Muslims could ever evolve a common nationality was an idle dream.
In 1973, he said:
"Hindustan is neither one country, nor its inhabitant's one nation. This is sub continent which consists of many nations of which the Hindus and Muslims are two major nation."
Two nation theory is the basis of the creation of Pakistan because without it Pakistan would not come into being on 14th August, 1947
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 9th Class Pakistan Studies Notes
he was born in Delhi on 17th October 1817. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a great reformer. He belonged to a prominent family of the city. After completing his formal education, he entered service with the British East India Company in 1839. He rose to the position of judge in 1846 and later on he was transferred to Banglore as the Chief Judge.
The First Task
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan began his first task to soften British hostility towards the Muslims of subcontinent. He wrote a book "Essay on the causes of the India Revolt" on the war of independence. This book was sent to British Members of the parliament and was circulated among British officials.
Educational Services
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan knew that the Muslims could not achieve this goal without education. He set up a Persian school at Muradabad in 1859. This school was upgraded to the college in 1875. This college was upgraded to the college and the university level after his death. The educated Muslims of the early twentieth century were the product of this institution.
Political Services
He urged the Muslims to acquire knowledge first and then they should take part in the politics of the subcontinent. After the war of independence, his position was not less than that of a great political reformer for Muslims.
Aligarh Movement
Aligarh Movement had the following objects:
1. To build confidence between the British and the Muslims.
2. To persuade the Muslims to get scientific knowledge and learn English language.
3. To hold back the Muslims from the collective politics.
Effects of Aligarh Movement
His main focus was on Aligarh to achieve his goals. he estabished Mohammad an Anglo Oriental School. It was a symbol of a broad movement affecting every phase of Muslim life. The actions taken by Sir syed Ahmed Khan for the educational uplift of the Muslims left a far-reaching impact on the political, social, economic and religious aspects of the Muslims. The Aligarh movement showed new ways to press and opened the doors of economic prosperity for the Muslims of the sub-continent.
Congress and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
In 1883, Lord A.O.Hume formed an organization called Indian National Congress. The aim of this party was to provide a political platform for the Indians. Many Indians joined this party. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was an open minded and large hearted person. He was a great patriot, At first he considered all who lived in India as one nation and was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. He looked both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes. He said,
"By the word "Nation", I mean only Hindus and Muslims and nothing else. Our interests and problems are common and therefore, I consider the two factions as one nation."
But unfortunately the attitude of Hindus and Congress compelled him to reconsider his ideas about one nation. He felt sorry to see that both Congress and Hindus looking against the interests of the Muslims. Congress ignored the Muslims totally. He failed to bring Hundus and Muslims closer a one single platform He saw that the Hindus never come forward with open mind and always adopted a policy to damage the Muslim cause, so Sir Syed Ahmed Khan advised the Muslims to keep themselves away from it. On 1st October 1906 Sir Agha Khan led a Muslim delegation and met the Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla to demand a separate electorate for Muslims in the coming reforms. The viceroy save a good response to them. There being no political party for Muslims at that time a strong need for it was felt. God Almightly enabled them to form Muslim League.
Urdu-Hindi Controversy
In 1867, Hindus demanded that Hindi should be made on official language of India in place of Urdu. They started an agitation. The Hindus were against Urdu because it was the language o the Muslims, Sir Syed felt sorry and he was now convinced that the Hindus would never be friend with the Muslims.
The Real Founder of Pakistan
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan saw the attitude of Hindus towards the Muslims and felt sorry for it. He declared,
"I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation."
Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations because their religion, culture, history and way of life are quite distinct from each other. In this way we can say this great hero and reformer, the real founder of Pakistan.
Sir Syed passed away on 27 March 1898 but his work was continued by Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. Due to the Sir Syed's efforts the Muslims emerged as a separate identity
Role of Baluchistan in the Freedom Movement 9th Class Pakistan Studies Notes
According to area, Baluchistan is the is the biggest province of Pakistan. Quetta is capital of Baluchistan. Sui gas is found in Baluchistan. The people of this province are very courageous and brave. In the past, this province remained under-developed but today it is moving on the path of progress.
Historical Background
During British rule Baluchistan did not enjoy the status of province. It was deprived of political reforms. Due to this remained backward politically and economically. In 1927, Tavares-e-Delhi given by Muslim leaders and in 1929 in Quaid-e-Azam's fourteen points, it was demanded that political reforms should also be introduced in Frontier and Baluchistan like other provinces.
Political Awakening
The process of political awakening in Baluchistan; started very late because its link with other parts of the country was very little. They were backward in education.
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Organization of Muslim League
Muslim League was founded in Baluchistan in 1939. Qazi Mohammad is at the top of the list of people, which made Muslim League active in Baluchistan, Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai and Mir Jafar Jamali also served much. These leaders prepared the people here for making Pakistan both mentally and practically.
Favour for Pakistan Resolution
Baluchistan Muslim League favored Pakistan movement very much. The leaders held meeting here fro time to time and prepared the people mentally for Pakistan.
Active Part in Pakistan Movement
The people of Baluchistan took active part in Pakistan Movement. In April 1947 Pakistan Conference was held in Quetta in which Muslim League strongly demanded Pakistan as their independent state.
Joining Pakistan
On 3rd June 1947 it was declared that Balochi Shahi Jerga and Quetta municipal Committee would decide about the future of Baluchistan. Congress tried much to win the favour but failed due to the untiring efforts of Qazi Mohammad Esa, Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai, Mir Jaffer Khan Jamali and ohter leaders and workers of Muslim League Shahi Jerga, Balochi leaders and Municipal Committee decided in favour of Pakistan. In this way Baluchistan became the part of Pakistan.
Role of Punjab in the Making of Pakistan 9th Class Pakistan Studies Notes
Strong Support for Pakistan
Punjab took active part in every political or non-political activity. In the same way in Pakistan Movement, Punjab played its important role.
Allam Iqbal
Allama Iqbal took part in practical politics and created the wave of freedom in the Muslims. He was the member of Provincial Council of Punjab. In 1930 he gave the sketch of separate homeland for the Muslims in his Allahabad session. That is why he is called the Painter of Pakistan. He gave very useful suggestions to Quaid-e-Azam and showed his complete confidence in his leadership. Quaid also respected Allama Iqbal. He said during Pakistan Movement, "If we succeeded in getting a separate homeland for the Muslims and at one side I am given the president-ship and at other side the books of Iqbal; I will select the books of Iqbal." In 1931-1932 in London, Iqbal joined Round Table Conference so that the political problems of sub continent could be solved.
Maulana zafer Ali Khan
Zafar Ali Khan also belonged to Punjab. He was a high rank generalist, national hero and a great poet. "Zamindar" was his famouse newspaper in Urdu. He founded "Majlis-e-Ahrar". This party launched a movement against Kadiyanis. He stated the aims of Muslim League well by his pen and tongue when he joined it. In 1936 elections, he was elected as the Member of Assembly on Muslim League ticket and after this he remained on the front in the struggle for independence. Iqbal said about Zafer Ali Khan:
"What work Mustafa Kamal Ataturk did for Turkey by his sword, Zafer did the same work for the Muslims by his pen."
Chaudhry Rehmat Ali
chaudhry Rehmat Ali who suggested this name for Pakistan in 1932 lived in Punjab. In those days he was studying in London. He made Muslims emotional by his pamphlet, "Now or Never". He invented Pakistan by : P for Pakistan, A for Afghani, F for Frontier Province, K for Kashmir, S for Sindh and Tan for Baluchistan.
@import "/extensions/GoogleAdSense/GoogleAdSense.css";
Pakistan Resolution
Muslim League slowly set its feet in Punjab. In the beginning some local and provincial political parties opposed Muslim League but later on, Muslim League became the most effective political party of Punjab under the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam. On 23rd March 1940, there was held a meeting in Lahore in which Pakistan Resolution or Lahore Resolution was passed in which Pakistan as a separate homeland for the Muslims was demanded. Now-a-days Minar-e-Pakistan is standing at that place.
Lahore As the Heart of Pakistan
Quaid-e-Azam rightly said "Lahore is the heart of Pakistan."
Effective Pakistan Movement
Muslim League became the most active emotional party in Punjab under the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam. People from all groups of Punjab joined Pakistan Movement.
Muslim League in Punjab Assembly
Muslim League took part in 1945-46 elections on the basis of demand for Pakistan and won particular seats in the central assembly for Punjab. In provincial elections, Muslim League won 75 seats out of 86. After this four other members joined Muslim League. So Muslim League got 79 seats, in this way Muslim League became the biggest party in Punjab. But the English governor of Punjab, instead of offering the Muslims League to make government, offered the government to Congress and Unionists party by conspiracy. Because of this, government did not have the support of the people. Muslim League launched "No Confidence Movement" and as a result, it had to resign soon.
Wrong Division of Punjab
It was decided that the province of Punjab should be divided between India and Pakistan. For this purpose an English Judge Radcliff was appointed as president of Commission that by conspiracy with Mountbatten and Congress gave most fertile areas of Muslim majority to India and the population of those Muslim areas left their homes and had to migrate to Pakistan.
Disturbances and the Problem of Immigrants
When Hindus and Sikhs saw that sub-continent is being divided against their interest they started disturbances in some regions of Punjab in which thousands of Muslims were killed and injured. In this play of fire and blood, the Muslims of Punjab proved very courageous and welcomed the refugees coming from India and proved that the Muslims are brothers of each other in the hour of need


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Timberland Mad River Fisherman Boys Infant & Toddler Sandal
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Directions to IberiaAddress: Maldonado 1097, Montevideo, Uruguay
Average rating: 87%
Rooms from: US$ 49.00
Directions to Iberia
Bus terminal national and international is 5 minutes away by taxi or bus in about 20 minutes. Near the hotel there are bus stops all over departmental Montevideo. Hotel Iberia is located in the south of the city center 300 meters from the main street and 200 meters from the Rambla of Montevideo with its beautiful parks, beaches, restaurants, casinos and attractive places for tourists.


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What could be easier than beef and veggies that grill to perfection in their own little pouches?
If you don't have peppered seasoned salt, use 1 teaspoon seasoned salt or 1/2 teaspoon salt for each teaspoon of peppered seasoned salt.
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Chapter 14
Avoid quarreling about opinions and making unrighteous judgment of each other—Every knee will bow to Christ—The kingdom of God embraces righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost.
1 Him that is
2 For one believeth that he may eat all things: another, who is weak, eateth
3 Let not him that eateth despise him that eateth not; and let not him which eateth not
4 Who art thou that
5 One man esteemeth one
6 He that regardeth the day, regardeth it unto the Lord; and he that regardeth not the day, to the Lord he doth not regard it. He that eateth, eateth to the Lord, for he giveth God thanks; and he that eateth not, to the Lord he eateth not, and giveth God thanks.
7 For none of us
8 For whether we live, we live unto the Lord; and whether we die, we
9 For to this end Christ both died, and rose, and revived, that he might be
10 But why dost thou
11 For it is written, As I live, saith the Lord, every
12 So then every one of us shall give account of himself to God.
13 Let us not therefore judge one another any more: but judge this rather, that no man put a
14 I know, and am persuaded by the Lord Jesus, that there is nothing
15 But if thy brother be grieved with thy meat,
16 Let not then your good be evil spoken of:
17 For the kingdom of God is not
18 For he that in these things serveth Christ is acceptable to God, and approved of men.
19 Let us therefore follow after the things which make for
21 It is good neither to eat flesh, nor to drink wine, nor any thing whereby thy brother stumbleth, or is
22 Hast thou faith? have it to thyself before God. Happy is he that condemneth not himself
23 And he that


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The Power Woven 9" Short features an elastic waistband, internal drawcord, side seam pockets, elastic taping on sides, and a heat transfer Swoosh on left leg.
Hear about the newest men's footwear and apparel and specials as soon as they hit.
All email addresses are kept confidential and used solely by Tennis Warehouse for the above purpose.


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What a fun day. I ran into Michelle Goodrum of www.turning-of-generations.blogspot.com while standing in line at the registration booth, and my day just got better and better! Lisa Louise Cooke gave a wonderful opening speech inspiring us old dogs to learn some new tricks. My next stop was to Organizing Your Genealogical Research with Nancy E. Loe, MA, MLS. Nancy had a unique way of labeling her files - I may start to use some of her tips but the thought of redoing everything is a little overwhelming. If you change the name of a file you would need to relink it to your family history software, perhaps not a bad idea if it make things easier to locate. Both Lisa Louise and Nancy spoke of Evernote so I think I will seriously need to give it a try. Right before lunch I attended Tips and Tricks for using Family Search and then lunch near the blog house. I reconnected with Colleen McHugh of www.omchorations.blogspot.com and Mark Tucker of www.thinkgenealogy.com and Michelle Goodrum all folks that I had the privilege of meeting at past genealogical events. I also met Irene Winterburn of http://jirenegen.blogspot.com, I know she and I have a lot in common since we both work in the legal field tracking down folks for a living.
After lunch I attended Using Tax Records to Establish Relationships with Leland Meitzler and I can honestly say this old dog did learn a couple of tricks during the lecture. Then is was on to Arlene Eakle, Ph.D. and her presentation Track Hard to Find Southern Ancestors in Land and Property, again this old dog learned a few more tricks. My last track of the day was Jean Wilcox Hibben, Ph.D. 's Clue to Clue: Tracking a Family Across Time and Miles. If you have not heard her speak, give her a try. She is a very engaging speaker and I am sure you will enjoy listening to her.
Lastly was the dinner featuring M. Bridget Cook "Handling (and even healing) the Skeletons in Your Genealogical Closet". She too is a wonderful speaker and I look forward to reading her book. I'm tired! Time for bed for tomorrow is yet another fun learning day and meeting new people.
Friday, January 21, 2011
Arizona Family History Expo - I'm tired!
Posted by Amy Urman at 9:32:00 PM
Labels: Arizona Family History Expo, Arlene Eakle, Colleen McHugh, Irene Winterburn, Jean Wilcox Hibben, Leland Meitzler, Lisa Louise Cooke, M. Bridget Cook, Mark Tucker, Michelle Goodrum, Nancy E. Loe
2 comments:
- JireneGen (Jirene's Genealogy) said...
It was so great to meet a fellow dirt digger! Look forward to many more genealogy and blogger events with you!
- January 23, 2011 at 9:33 AM
- Nancy said...
I'm glad you found my organizing session had some helpful things. Re renaming all your files, I don't mean to suggest that you have to use my exact format. If you have one that's working for you, please keep using it. The key is applying the names consistently.
- April 14, 2011 at 11:01 PM
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Two Lips Fur ee Bootie
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The Two Lips Fur ee bootie is perfect for the woman living on the edge! This fabulous boot will stop traffic!
- Leather upper
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Hot Wheels in 2013
Get your motor revvin'! See the sexy and sleek new rides that are creating a buzz at the 2013 North American International Auto Show in Detroit.
Ford Atlas Concept
Ford Atlas ConceptAt the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Ford Motor Company unveiled the Atlas concept truck, which allowed people to get their first glimpse at the future of the F-Series pickup line. Approximately 6,000 members of the media from 68 countries will attend the show this year. The auto show is open to the public from Saturday, Jan. 19 through Sunday, Jan. 27. 960 1280
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Chevrolet Corvette Stingray
Chevrolet Corvette StingrayFor the first time in 9 years, Chevrolet has revamped its Corvette Stingray. The controversial new design has created some buzz among car connoisseurs. The Corvette's signature round taillights have been replaced with square lights that lean away from the center. 960 1280
BMW 4 Series i3 Coupe
BMW 4 Series i3 CoupeBMW unveiled its concept sports car, the i3 Coupe, at the auto show. The automaker claims that this is the first car to be part of the world's first all-electric series. And to appeal more to the sports car market, BMW has made the car wider with a flowing design seen from the grill, along the window line and across the rear. 960 1280
Hyundai HCD-14 Genesis
Hyundai HCD-14 GenesisThe Korean carmaker Hyundai is trying to expand its reach into the luxury car market with Hyundai HCD-14 Genesis. The car's eye-tracking feature allows the driver to select a function with a single glance, while the 3D system allows the driver to use minimal gestures to make their selection. Perfect for keeping the driver less distracted during a fun road trip. 960 1280
Tesla Model X Concept SUV
Tesla Model X Concept SUVFranz Von Holzhausen, chief designer for Tesla, talks about the Model X family SUV/minivan prototype with rear gull-wing doors to give passengers more room to move around in the center row and to add ease when removing groceries or setting up a child seat. 960 1280
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Smartphone on Wheels
Smartphone on WheelsToyota dubs the Fun-Vii a "smartphone on wheels" that allows the driver to change the way it looks just by pressing a button. The body shell includes touch-screen panels, and side displays can be adjusted to alter the vehicle's color as well as display motion video and user interface. 960 1280
New Cars for 2012 14 Photos
What's Your Dream Car? 02:38
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text:
Goodall, Jane (gŏdˈôl) [key], 1934–, English ethologist and primatologist. After working with Louis Leakey, she established (1960) a research camp in the Gombe Stream Game Reserve, a national park in what is now Tanzania, to study chimpanzee behavior. She kept meticulous records of their movements, interactions, and social organization. Among her many findings are that chimpanzees are capable of complex behavior patterns and emotional relationships and have the dexterity and intelligence to make and use tools. In 1977 she founded the Jane Goodall Institute for Wildlife Research, Education and Conservation in Silver Spring, Md. Later she established "Roots and Shoots," an international children's environmental education program. Her writings include My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees (1967), In the Shadow of Man (1967), The Chimpanzees of Gombe (1986), Reason for Hope (1999), and Hope for Animals and Their World (2009).
See D. Peterson, ed., Africa in My Blood, An Autobiography in Letters: The Early Years (2000); biography by D. Peterson (2006).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.


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Thursday, March 10, 2011
Petalsweet Class Photos - *February*
The first group of photos were taken by one of my lovely students from the Savannah classes, Yoshiko Santoso. She was a student in my Ranunculus and Peony Topper classes, and this was her first time making sugar flowers! As you will see in the photos, not only is she a very talented photographer, but she is also now a wonderful sugar artist as well! She was gracious to share these with me and let me post them here...thank you Yoshiko!!
Pink Ranunculus flowers I made as an example for class:
Dusting the pretty green centers:
Demonstrating and working on flowers:
Yoshiko and our wonderful host, Minette Rushing of Custom Cakes:
Putting a peony flower together:
All of the components for the topper...ready to put together:
Starting the arranging process:
Adding more flowers:
Filling openings with buds:
The completed topper I made as an example for class:
A great photo with Yoshiko:
Class photo with their gorgeous toppers:
Yoshiko took this great photo of her beautiful topper once she got it home...and you can find more of Yoshiko's beautiful photography on her website here!
I also have a few great photos from my recent Peony class here in San Diego! Here is one at the end of the first day with everyone's peony petals drying:
Our completed flowers at the end of class, with the fun pop of yellow stamens in the center:
Fabulous students and their gorgeous peonies:
Many thanks to all of my wonderful students for coming to class and being your fun and fabulously talented selves! It was great to meet you and work with you! And thank you to my hosts, Minette Rushing and Ro Zinniger - I'm so grateful for the opportunity to teach in your studios!
Thanks for stopping by!
Copyright © 2011 by Jacqueline Butler of Petalsweet Cakes. Content of this blog (including text, photographs and layout) is the property of Jacqueline Butler - please respect copyright laws. If you want to link to my blog, or post any of my photos, please contact me - it would be great to have the opportunity to connect with you. Thank you!
12 comments:
- Bediels said...
Absolutely Gorgeous!!
- March 10, 2011 at 6:45 PM
- Anonymous said...
B E A U T I F U L ..... as always
comment by Dahlia
- March 10, 2011 at 7:18 PM
- Kate said...
Ooo, a post! I have been hanging out for a new dose of petal beauty. I really can't stop looking at your arrangements - the colours are so complimentary and subtle. Very chic. My hydrangea cutters arrived (I commented a few days ago on your hydrangea tute) and I have made a few. I totally forgot to use the balling tool on the edges of the petals so my blooms are a little on the chunky side. Also, I dusted them with scrapings of chalk (a more economical option at this stage) and the colour is difficult to create a strong hue and the chalk appears to be heavy in some spots leaving a mottled type effect. Not so great. Do you have any advice for using chalks? I'm sure petal dust would be easier but I have made this purchase and want to try to make it work. If you don't have any hints, no worries.
I'll look forward to your next post :)
- March 11, 2011 at 7:46 PM
- Alwayzbakin said...
Those flowers are gorgeous. Wish I could take a class, but I live in FL.
- March 14, 2011 at 2:49 AM
- Jacqueline Butler said...
Thanks so much everyone!
Kate - it's great to use chalks...I have a set I use as well. I scrape mine with a sharp blade to create a powder, and usually mix with a bit of cornstarch to make the resulting dust more smooth and even. You have to mix really well with your brush to break up any larger bits of color. That will probably help with the uneven deposits on your flowers. Let me know how it goes! Jacqueline
- March 14, 2011 at 4:07 PM
- SweetThingsTO said...
Wonderful collection of photos! You sure have been busy!
- March 15, 2011 at 6:27 PM
- Kate said...
Cornstarch. Velllly interlesting... Heh, thanks for the tips Jaqueline. In between feeds, nappy changes and playtime I have been making a monster mess at the kitchen table. I hope to have my little PetalSweet inspired bouquet finished by next week. It'll be great to see what you think.
Until then!
- March 17, 2011 at 11:32 PM
- jess said...
hi, i was wondering if you could post some photo's of some peony cutters!!! i am finding it hard to find them and need some help in knowing the best kind to get, thanks
- April 11, 2011 at 10:50 PM
- Jacqueline Butler said...
Hi Jess! There are several companies that make good peony cutter sets...Sunflower Sugar Art and CelCakes are two of them. You can find both online...try Sunflower's own site as well as Global Sugar Art. I have designed my own set of cutters, and will have it available for sale soon! Information will be posted here on my blog as well as on my Facebook page. Let me know if you have any more questions! Jacqueline
- April 13, 2011 at 7:25 AM
- Cristina said...
It should be a dream to come to one of your classes but..I live in Italy.
My favorite flovers is peony and also hydrangea and I will try to make one of them following your tutorial. Thank you so much for share this , grazie grazie grazie!!!
- June 13, 2011 at 5:27 AM
- Anonymous said...
Love Love Love this, Oh, how beautiful
- July 19, 2011 at 9:50 PM
- Helen, Northumberland said...
come to England, oh, go on!!!
- July 24, 2011 at 2:33 PM


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Rooftop Terrace Partial Ocean View
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Way Too Early 08/20/13
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"Way Too Early" host Brian Shactman kicks off the Tuesday, August 20 episode with a discussion on a raging Idaho wildfire, the latest events in Cairo, reports that former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf was indicted in the death of Benazir Bhutto, more on the partner of Guardian journalist Glenn Greenwald and his detainment at London's Heathrow airport for nine hours. ... more Duration: {{video.duration.momentjs}}
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Physical abuse a sensitive White House theme
WSJ: Intel officials withholding from Trump
Trump ties, party loyalty burden Trump probe
NYT: Trump camp, Russian officials in contact
Can Americans get an impartial Trump inquiry?
DCCC on special election opportunity: Meh


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These pages group databases into broad subject categories. These can be useful to browse when your research topic crosses many disciplines. For more focused lists, use the databases recommended on our Subject guides .
Sunday: Opens at 9:00 A.M.
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recommended by Barb M., Keyboard and Folk Music Specialist The Music for Millions series is a great educational resource… read moreFebruary 22nd
recommended by Jennifer F., Handbell Music Specialist Resurrection! arr. Lloyd Larson Celebrate the joy of Christ's… read more
Stanton's has built a reputation as "The Sheet Music Specialists".
Can't attend one of our clinics? Visit Stanton's Virtual Workshop.
In just a few minutes you can have your favorite song printed and ready to play.
Online Service for Music Educators.
Title: You Are My King
Voicing/Format: Handbells 3-5 Octaves
Publisher: Agape
Composer: Foote, Billy James
Arranger: Bettcher, Peggy
Catalog #: 2390
Grade: 3- Price: $5.25


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The Heavy Weather - Grain Ship by Jack Lorimer Gray you were searching for is/are not currently on our website.
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Fall Tapas and HD's parties!!
October 14th, 2015 by Carlos
As part of sabrosito services we organized home and corporate tapas and HD's parties and it seem to be very popular with our clients!!
Here are some of our clients favorites.
Camarones en salsa[Andalucian style shrimps]
El vegetariano[ Colombian potato & vegetable stew]
Chorizo, garbanzo y malanga[Cuba style chorizo & chick peas]
Alfajores y trufas[ almond dulce de leche cookies & run, guava, chocolate truffles]
Peruvian style shrimps dumplings
Mini Venezuelan cheese arepitas.
Arepitas w/ avocado, tomato & fresh cheese
Matadores[roasted red peppers, local fresh cheese & thyme.
Chipotle shrimp cakes.
Fresh figs wrap w/ Jamon Serreno
Celebration Latino American food and culture.


text:
The Indie Band For You Test
All possible test results
The Decemberists
The Decemberists are the band for you! They've got a little bit of everything and too much of nothing. Guys, girls, pirates, whales all wrapped up in a catchy folk-pop package. Now you can call yourse... Read more
Les Savy Fav
Who rocks the party that rocks the body? Well you do apparently. Les Savy Fav is your band! The most intense and down right scary act around. They're loud and hard and in your fucking face!!! Led by a... Read more
The Microphones
Your roots must be strong and deep because you got The Microphones! Get ready to be felt up by this touchy-feely music. Phil Elv(e)rum and his band of merry star children will teach you all about the ... Read more
Built To Spill
Get the car and the night off and get ready to meet the sun and moon, you got Built To Spill! Indie's answer to arena rock is best band for you. Some people think they're good looking, other people no... Read more
What's that we spies? Is it slow hands? Why it's Interpol! Your band is cool, your band is smooth. Not even jail could stop your band! They'll make you lose your buttons and they'll make you spit with... Read more
Neutral Milk Hotel
Get ready for a sad and psychedelic adventure, your band is Neutral Milk Hotel! A band full of contrast and contradiction, blending simplicity with complexity and softness with abrasiveness all led by... Read more
My Bloody Valentine
When I look at you, oh, I know My Bloody Valentine is your band. Get ready to be washed away in waves of feedback and static. This is extremely unique and influential music, but still accessible and f... Read more
Sonic Youth
Well what can be said about your band that hasn't already been said? probably nothing. Sonic Youth were pioneers of indie rock and without them the genre would be completely different and many of your... Read more
Man you're cool. Your band is Clap Your Hands Say Yeah! Right now they're blowing everyone's mind with their ultra-trendy brand of disco-new-wave-punk-funk. No one will remember them next year, especi... Read more
Modest Mouse
Do the cockroach yeah! Your band is Modest Mouse. The most intense and exciting band since the Pixies. With admittedly drug-enduced lyrics, a fake southern drawl, and the finest techniques of the Pixi... Read more
Shh, stop it! Pavement is your band! This is about as pure as indie rock comes. Malkmus' quirky lyrics and the band's overall laziness and apathy made them superstars in the indie world. Zurich may be... Read more
Hey! You fucking die! Your band is the Pixies, far and away indie rock's most influential band. Led by Frank Black, his one-man banshee choir vocals, disturbing yet compelling lyrics, and unique songw... Read more
Belle & Sebastian
Tell your friends, make a new cult everyday, Belle & Sebastian is your band! The twee-pop masters may not be everyone's cup of tea, but they're certainly yours. Read more
Arcade Fire
You woke up with the power out, but the Arcade Fire found the light. This Montreal indie-pop/rock collective puts on the most intense live show around and released one of the greatest albums of the la... Read more
The Smiths
Sweetness, I wasn't only joking when I said that The Smiths were your band. Morrissey, Marr and company's brand of indie guitar pop certainly is a light that never goes out for you. Read more
You don't remember that Radiohead is your band. Why you gucci little piggy! Pretty much the all-around perfect indie band, they're popular, but they're still really good and very original and they're ... Read more
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Home run king Barry Bonds, who fell well short last month of getting enough votes to enter the Hall of Fame, is on the hunt for a very different kind of vote -- from at least two federal appeals court judges needed to overturn his felony obstruction of justice conviction.
The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals on Wednesday will hear arguments in Bonds' bid to set aside his April 2011 conviction for misleading a federal grand jury investigating the BALCO steroids scandal, the latest chapter in the former San Francisco Giants slugger's decadelong legal drama.
The three-judge panel will consider the arguments of Bonds' high-powered legal team, which maintains the retired baseball star's obstruction conviction was based on an "invented legal theory" that did not amount to criminal conduct.
Bonds' lawyers, in fact, argue that he was convicted of a felony simply for giving a rambling answer that had nothing to do with the sprawling steroids probe.
Federal prosecutors, meanwhile, will argue that the jury and trial judge, San Francisco's Susan Illston, got it right. They say in court papers that Bonds gave "intentionally false, misleading or evasive" answers to a grand jury when he testified in December 2003 about his use of performance-enhancing drugs as he chased baseball's career home-run record.
Tainted by the steroids allegations, Bonds is trying to clear his record of the felony and overturn his sentence of two years probation and a month of electronic monitoring at his Beverly Hills home.
The 9th Circuit has taken the unusual step of allowing the criminal appeal to be televised. The case will be heard by Judges Mary Schroeder, Michael Daly Hawkins and Mary Murguia, all based in Arizona -- not exactly great news for the ex-Giant if they are avid fans of the division rival Arizona Diamondbacks.
Baseball loyalties aside, legal experts say that although Bonds will have an uphill fight persuading an appeals court to tamper with a jury verdict, his lawyers have raised legitimate legal questions.
"I don't think you can make a prediction," said Rory Little, a former federal prosecutor and Hastings College of the Law professor. "These are not frivolous issues."
The appeal centers on the jury's decision to convict Bonds for impeding justice with his rambling, evasive answer to a question about whether his former personal trainer, Greg Anderson, had ever supplied or injected him with steroids. The same jury deadlocked on three perjury charges, which federal prosecutors later dropped.
During the grand jury testimony, Bonds answered the Anderson questions by recounting how he was a "celebrity child with a famous father," and that "I just don't get into other people's business because of my father's situation." Jurors said after the trial those answers were meant to evade questions about using performance-enhancing drugs.
Bonds' appellate lawyers in court papers argue that the response was "a truthful albeit rambling and irrelevant statement under oath," that it was irrelevant to the BALCO probe and his answer was not even charged as a crime in the original indictment.
"For a variety of reasons, the government's essential case against Mr. Bonds -- a case about lying under oath -- crumbled," Bonds' legal briefs say. "The government should not be allowed to salvage this misguided prosecution by minting a new theory of obstruction and creating a new criminal offense."
Dennis Riordan, Bonds' lead appellate attorney, could not be reached for comment.
Illston rejected those same arguments in Bonds' bid for a new trial, ruling that Bonds "repeatedly provided nonresponsive answers to questions about whether Anderson had ever provided him with injectables."
But some experts say the 9th Circuit will give a close look at how Bonds' unusual, meandering testimony resulted in an obstruction conviction.
"When (9th Circuit) judges close their eyes and imagine what obstructing a grand jury looks like, they do not see a witness giving a rambling, unimportant off-point answer that is literally true," said William Keane, a former federal prosecutor.
"They see a blatant, undeniable lie to a question at the heart of an investigation."
Howard Mintz covers legal affairs. Contact him at 408-286-0236 or follow him at Twitter.com/hmintz.


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Lowest Price Guarantee
The Reebok 5K hockey shin guard is great for the player on a budget. The 5k shin guard has a few cool features you won't find on lowers level entry models. The 5k shin guard comes with a soft nylon liner that is removable for washing. The 5k also has the Quickstrap system you would find on higher end models. This nylon strap is a secure three-point design that harnesses the pad to the leg.
The 5K shin pad uses the famous JDP® knee cap and JOFA® shin shell. This shell designs result in excellent impact dispersion resulting in stronger more protection pads. The Reebok shin shell has a less tapered design moving down into the ankle area than some of the other manufacturers. This results in a slightly wider fit in the lower leg portion.
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Center for Global Studies
Center for Global Studies
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Event Detail Information
Friday Forum: The Future of the Universal Healthcare Debate
SpeakerClaudia Lennhoff, Executive Director of Champaign County Healthcare Consumers
Date Nov 2, 2012
Time 12:00 pm
Location Latzer Hall, University YMCA, 1001 S. Wright St. Champaign
Cost Lectures are free and open to the public. Lunch available ($6.25/3.00 student).
Sponsor University YMCA
Event type Other
Views 1626
Originating Calendar Global Health Initiative Events
This lecture is part of the University YMCA's fall series, Beyond the Rhetoric: Key Issues in the 2012 Elections.
This semester's free, public lectures will feature expert views on vital policy questions and shed light on local, state, and national races as they unfold. Focusing on larger trends beyond the candidates' qualifications, the series will peer deeply into current debates between diverse sociopolitical and socioeconomic sectors of the American public -- debates that often lay bare not only philosophical differences on governance, but also a worsening enmity.
Lectures take place every Friday at 12 noon: September 14 - November 2.


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Community Information Database
You are browsing the Subject Heading Scouting Programs which contains 2 record(s)
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- Aromas Community Grange
Located at the corner of Bardue and Rose Avenues. The Aromas Grange was formed in 1913 and is the sixth oldest existing grange in the state. The Grange secured a library for the town, a train depot, ... [Full Record]
- Boy Scouts of America, Silicon Valley Monterey Bay Council #55
The Boy Scouts of the Silicon Valley Monterey Bay Council makes a direct and positive impact in our community through a variety of fun and challenging experiences. Activities available in Scouting are... [Full Record] [Add to Personal List]
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Showing 1-24 of 44 items found in Places to Stay
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American Legion Post 58 Freedom Farm
40 sites, recreation building, lake swimming and fishing, boating, tent camping, handicap access.
Welcome to the Americas Best Value Inn-Bell Tower of Centralia, Illinois, conveniently located in the heart of downtown Centralia within view of the historic Carillion Bell Tower and within walking distance of some of the finest dining and shopping in southern Illinois. Our 4-story interior access (elevator) Inn features 56 nicely furnished guest rooms with added amenities including cable TV with HBO and hairdryers. Upgrades include coffeemaker, mini-fridge, microwave, and iron/board. We offer a FREE deluxe continental breakfast, indoor pool, and playground for the kids, a meeting/banquet facility with kitchen and a business center in the lobby. Come relax and enjoy the value at the Americas Best Value Inn-Bell Tower of Centralia. Hi-Speed Wireless Internet Access available.
This 71-room hotel has high speed internet access, an indoor pool, and is within walking distance to several restaurants.
The Baymont Inn and Suites of O/Fallon, Illinois is pleased to provide our guests with exceptional service and quality amenities at an affordable price. Whether you are here for Business or Leisure you can enjoy our Indoor Heated Swimming Pool, Business Center, Fitness Center and Free Internet in all guest rooms, Free Cable, HBO and much more. After a restful night of sleep, you can look forward to starting your day with a Complimentary Enhanced Breakfast.
Beautiful, modern 4-story motel, located in downtown Centralia, across from the historic bell tower. Walking distance to several good cafes and shops.
This motel has 16 rooms, non-smoking rooms, credit cards accepted. cable television, and has a restaurant within walking distance.
16-rooms, non-smoking, Cable TV
50 room hotel, handicap accessible, credit cards accepted, cable television, outdoor pool, restaurant within walking distance, outdoor pool, complimentary breakfast.
39 room hotel, handicap accessible, credit cards accepted, cable television, small meeting rooms, outdoor pool, restaurant within walking distance, complimentary breakfast.
32 room hotel, credit cards accepted, outdoor pool.
Relish cozy surroundings at the Candlewood Suites® Hotel O'Fallon, Il. This hotel's all-suite, extended stay accommodations are just a short drive from the city, yet far enough away to enjoy the tranquility of small-town life. Guests searching the area hotels are pleased to know we offer free Wi-Fi access in every suite. There's also an on-site Business Center featuring copy, fax, print and PC services. Even government travelers in town to visit nearby Scott Air Force Base find that these apartment-style suites make the perfect home away from home. This hotel's facility is close to the Grizzlies Minor League baseball park, GCS Stadium. Take the family to an evening game and enjoy America's favorite pastime. During your stay, you can work off stress in the on-site Fitness Center or cook out using the natural gas grills in the outdoor gazebo area. Whether you're staying for a week or a month, you'll feel right at home here. We'll help you get to know O'Fallon.
10 rooms, pets allowed, restaurant within walking distance
The largest man-made lake in Illinois (26,000 acres), is a premier location for outdoor sports. Known to sailors, it is one of the best and most challenging for sailboats. There is also boating, fishing, hunting, bird watching, sand beaches, and camping areas. Hotels, cabins and golf courses make the area a true outdoor lover's playground.
Clean, affordable, quiet and comfortable lodging in downtown Centralia. Within walking distance to downtown businesses shops and cafes.
The Cozy Corner Bed and Breakfast wants to provide our guests with every comfort during their stay in Sparta, Illinois. We are located 55 miles of St. Louis with an array of activities and attractions to enjoy. All rooms include their own private bath, hot homemade breakfast, complimentary beverages and snacks, in-room satellite TV, use of the hot tub and pickup from the local Sparta airport. We look forward to your visit and hope to make many new friends.
This beautiful suburb combines small town values with a close proximity to St. Louis, making it a great place to live or visit. Our hotel offers clean rooms, friendly service and a dizzying amount of free amenities. We offer free wireless Internet, the free 5:30 Kickback® with hot food and cold beverages, free popcorn and soda in the lobby, free long distance calls and our free hot breakfast. At Drury, that means Belgian waffles, biscuits and gravy, scrambled eggs and sausage (not a bag of mini muffins heated over a lighter).
Welcome to Extended StayAmerica St. Louis - O' Fallon, Il. Our hotel is designed especially for longer stays with studios featuring fully-equipped kitchens and plenty of work space... amenities you won't find in a typical hotel room. • Kitchen with refrigerator, microwave, and stovetop • Convenient workspace • Free local phone calls • Personalized voice mail • Iron and full size ironing board • On site guest laundry • Dining and cooking utensils provided • Wireless Internet - one time fee of $4.99 per stay Pet Friendly Rooms
14 room motel, credit cards accepted, cable tv, restaurant within walking distance.
Hilton Garden Inn & The Regency Conference Center
Relax at our hotel overlooking a lovely six-acre lake with an exquisite fountain, the Hilton Garden Inn St. Louis Shiloh/O'Fallon hotel is an excellent introduction to the region. If you're visiting for business, we provide versatile meeting venues and close proximity to local companies, universities, and military installations such as Scott Air Force Base. Take some time to explore area attractions that include Gateway Grizzlies Park and the World Shooting and Recreational Complex in Sparta. Wrap up a day of work or leisure by relaxing in our indoor heated pool and whirlpool - followed by a wonderful meal in our restaurant and bar. With 128 spacious rooms and suites, and signature Hilton services, we're an attractive departure from surrounding O'Fallon and Shiloh hotels.
Escape to our exclusive bed and breakfast inn lodging in Freeburg, Illinois. His Rest Bed & Breakfast invites you to visit our quiet country retreat where rusticity and romantic elegance meet. We are easily accessible to the highway, yet far enough away allowing you time to unwind in our bed and breakfast. Our luxuriously rustic log cabin was built in 1977 and provides you with the alluring graces of a cozy weekend hideaway. Embrace the simple pleasures of crackling logs in the fireplace, a country stroll in our culinary herb and flower gardens, relax in the redwood cedar hot tub, or visit our library and gift shop. Upon making a reservation with us, let us know if you would like a romantic candlelight dinner served in the privacy of your room. History comes to life at His Rest Bed & Breakfast. Make our area B&B your preferred inn lodging in Freeburg, Illinois.
Ideally located 2 miles from historic downtown Sparta, our friendly Sparta accommodations offer travelers easy access to a number of local businesses, restaurants and attractions. Just minutes from our hotel near downtown guests can tour the Misselhorn Art Gallery, attend events at the Randolph County Fairgrounds or watch a tournament at the World Shooting and Recreational Complex. Visitors can also enjoy local restaurants. During your visit to Sparta, enjoy the free, wireless Internet access & complimentary breakfast bar. On-site amenities such as a heated indoor pool & whirlpool, 24-hour Business Center, a well-equipped Fitness Center & 24-hour convenience store are also provided for your convenience. Consider our Sparta hotel's choice amenities and excellent rates as you start planning your trip today.
Holiday Inn Express & Suites-Shiloh
80 room hotel, small meeting rooms, indoor pool, whirlpool, fitness room, restaurant within walking distance, complimentary breakfast.
Friendly service, clean rooms, near shopping center. Restaurant - laundry service.
Kaskaskia River Marina/Campground (New Athens)
100 sites available year round, recreation building, cable TV, swimming, fishing, tent camping, handicap access
CITY:New Athens


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Beehive Cheese
Salumi and Cheese Starter
- Set of:
- Assortment
Qty: 1
- 1
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Description: This salumi and cheese starter is great to have around this time of year in case any unexpected merry-makers show up. And if nobody drops by, even better: You get to enjoy it all yourself!
-Greg Ferro, SAVEUR Managing Editor
From Utah's salumi master comes this approachable all-natural salami enriched with garlic and red wine, another humbly seasoned with salt and pepper, and two semi-firm cows' milk cheeses from Beehive cheese. Start with the Promontory, a buttery Irish cheddar, and finish with the earthy and tangy Full Moon, mixing in slices of Creminelli's cured meats as you go.
Brand: Beehive Cheese
Origin: United States


text:
AMD Catalyst Drivers XP  9.2 XP
Performance Improvements
Catalystâ"¢ 9.2 brings performance benefits in several cases where framerates are
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text:
To keep the cookies perfectly round, be sure to drop the dough into mounds 3 inches apart so they won't bake together.
To make the edge of the frosting even, place some of the frosting in a heavy plastic food-storage bag. Snip off a corner, and squeeze out frosting to outline each cookie before spreading frosting inside the outline.


text:
- Details
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- Hotel Pick-Up
Hakone Komagatake Ropeway
ewibowo, May 2015
Komagatake is the central volcanic cone of Hakone range, rising 1327m above sea level.
Mt Fuji and Lake Ashi
Anonymous, May 2014
Mt Fuji Day Trip
Anonymous, May 2014
Mount Fuji from the visitors centre
Garry W, January 2014
Garry and Kate Christmas Day 2013
Expect great views from the visitors centre
Hovsep Y, November 2012
One of my favorite pictures from the whole trip.
Mt. Fuji from visitor center
Gregory B, December 2011
This picture was from the visitor center at the base of Mt. Fuji. The second stop is about halfway up and above th snow line.
Hakone Mt Komagatake
Sarah B, Australia, January 2010


text:
Top Definition
In TFC, a spy that looks like someone on the enemy team. Their main purpose is to backstab stupid people and destroy sentry guns built by stupid engineers
"Incoming spy disguised as demoman!"
by Anonymous June 02, 2003
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Nobody knows exactly what causes the signs and symptoms of post-polio syndrome to appear so many years after the first episode of polio. Currently, the most accepted theory regarding the cause of post-polio syndrome rests on the idea of degenerating nerve cells.
When poliovirus infects your body, it affects nerve cells called motor neurons — particularly those in your spinal cord — that carry messages (electrical impulses) between your brain and your muscles.
Each neuron consists of three basic components:
A polio infection often leaves many of these motor neurons destroyed or damaged. To compensate for the resulting neuron shortage, the remaining neurons sprout new fibers, and the surviving motor units become enlarged.
This promotes recovery of the use of your muscles, but it also places added stress on the nerve cell body to nourish the additional fibers. Over the years, this stress may be more than the neuron can handle, leading to the gradual deterioration of the sprouted fibers and, eventually, of the neuron itself.
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