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Version 2.0 deletes all grades information for students unenrolled from a course. This is opposite from previous behavior and IMO very undesireable. A moderate number of times each term a student will get accidentally unenrolled from a course. Retention of grades information permits them to be re-enrolled without issue.
Gliffy Diagrams
Issue Links
- has a non-specific relationship to
MDLSITE-1196 Update enrolment documentation
- Closed
MDL-26813 When disabling an enrollment offer the option to remove the user's roles
- Closed
- has been marked as being related by
MDL-26941 User roles are not kept in sync when an enrolment is suspended
- Open
MDL-26907 Add ability to recover role assignments
- Open
- will be (partly) resolved by
MDL-26768 Lesson is returning 0 when it should return null when it is polled for student grades
- Closed
- All
- Comments
- Work Log
- History
- Activity
- Links Hierarchy
This is an issue at my school as well, not just when a student is accidentally unenrolled but when a student is moved from one course to another. For example, a student in Algegra Honors may be moved to a non honors Algebra course based on her first quarter grade. Loosing the first quarter grade history is a problematic.
It would be helpful if the student can be removed as a participant in the course does not show up in the student's course list, so the student does not receive emails of announcements and so calendar entries do not show up in the student's Upcoming Events block.
It would be helpful to keep grade the student's grade history until such time as the course is reset but not have the student appear in the teacher's gradebook or any grade exports.
I agree, Edwinna... what you've described is precisely the expected behavior of the gradebook up until 2.0.
I would suggest changing the priority to Major, and may be even to Blocker.
This is a blocker for us, if there's disagreement in the community whether this situation should be reversed, we'd need to hack in order to use 2.0.
This is crucial, I can't think how many time this feature has saved us from the consequences of an accidental unenrollment.
Sorry for the second message - the classification of priority as minor is most inappropriate. This is exactly the kind of behaviour that should be preserved as matter of policy in any upgrade.
I don't presume to set the priority of an issue when I post it and this issue hasn't yet been reviewed by moodle HQ so the priority of "minor" is hopefully temporary.
Thanks for bringing this to my attention. Losing student results on unenrolment (accidendal or intentional) would be disastrous in most formal online learning contexts.
This is intentional, we do need to remove user data from the course after unenrolling especially for performance reasons.
The new enrolment framework already prevents some types of "accidental" unernolments, if you want to keep student history then just disable the enrolment.
Raising to critical and sending to stable backlog to get it addressed asap...ciao
The currrent enrolment logic is:
1/ unenrol == purge data (groups, gradebook, subscriptions, etc.)
2/ disable enrolment == keep data, but prevent student access to course
We can add a new gradebook option that would try to recover previous grades from the grade_grades history table, that way you would get the grades back when you reenrol the student (simple change, could be in 2.0.1).
Another topic is the prevention of unenrolment, maybe we could replace the current unenrol action with "disable enrolment + remove all course roles", that way people could not accidentally unenrol users. The current "unernol with data purging" would have to be hidden a bit somewhere else.
Tim proposed another nice new feature: unenrol users with disabled enrolment for more than X days
+1. This is horrible, especially since there are all sorts of circumstances in which a student might be unenrolled and reenrolled.
What are the circumstances except the manual "accidental" unenrolment? Please note the enrolment plugins have option to keep/disable/unenrol since 2.0.
I've taken this discussion up in the forum because it will involve a greater cross-section of interested parties and I see by the votes there are many interested parties. I've noted there an instance of how a single decision made in the enrollment plugin setup (the options noted by Petr) doesn't really work because there are numerous reasons why someone would not be in the enrollment authority. Removing the data associated with an unenrollment only works when the unenrollment is intentional and not likely to be reversed. I'm confident we can get this worked out but I don't want to trivialize how big a change in expected behavior this really is. Having spent a lot of hours looking at gradebook code I don't feel very confident that grades history will be accurate in all cases.
Explain this bit about the enrollment plugins more fully, please. Does the unenrollment of a student by an enrollment plugin necessarily remove the student's data from the course?
I agree there are potential problems in the user interface and we have to try a lot harder to prevent unintentional unenrolemnts, but the fundamental rules are:
a/ unenrol == purge user data from course with the exception of items that are related to work of other users (such as removing of forum posts would break discussion threading)
b/ suspend user enrolment == keep all user data and prevent user access to course
This is not really a big change because we were removing some user data already in 1.9 such as forum subscriptions, group membership. etc.
The proposed solution is:
1/ educate users that unenrol means purge course data for given suer
2/ use disabling of user enrolments+removing of all roles as a default option instead of full unenrol
3/ implement optional reconstruction of grades from the grades history table after reenrolling of user
Do the points 1,2,3 above solve the problem for all of you?
There are two scenarios we need to be able to recover from:
1) Admin error. Admin accidently unenrolls user B when they meant to unenroll user A.
2) Student course swapping. 2 weeks into semester after submitting their first assignment a student decides to drop course 1 and do course 2 instead. A week later they decide to swap back into course 1.
We need to be able to reenroll the student in both cases and have their grade data reappear. To deal number 2 in particular I feel like we need to either make the immediate purging of grade data either not happen or be automatically reversed upon re-enrollment.
"educate users that unenrol means purge course data for given suer"
Anything that requires the user to remember that when unenrolling a user they should not press unenroll seems doomed to failure. I dont think we can rely on this.
The ability to rebuild grades after re-enrollment sounds like the way to go. Short of adding a flag to each of the user's grades to indicate that they should be ignored and then purged after the course is over.
I don't think you should ever delete student grading data from a course except perhaps with a special purge-data script that is run manually. It simply is an insignificant amount of data to keep around given that at some point you may want to go back and see what has happened with a given student.
The one time you should purge this data automatically is when you delete a course as at that point you have lost the context of anything that is in the grading table.
This is especially an important feature at the start of terms where teachers or students may unenroll themselves from the last term or while changing courses just to find that grading issues come up. But frankly I have found it helpful to go back to a course I taught a few years ago to see how a few students performed in deciding whether to change assignments. The ability to simply reenroll them for a short period of time and see how the course went for them has proved very useful.
I see no reason to look at 1.9 and earlier behavior in this case as being undesirable. Except for the very largest institutions (who can use a special purge script) the affect on database size or search speed is just insignificant.
The grade history tables were designed to keep the data when we remove the user from course, change gradebook structure or do anything else. It is not important in which table the data actually is as long as it is possible to get the grades before the unenrolment.
The data amount may be insignificant (in some sites it definitely is huge due to a bug in early 1.9.x), but during the recalculation of all grades (which needs to be done as fast as possible) we need to know which grades have to be recalculated - we can do that simply by JOINing to the enrolment table now which should be a lot faster. There many complains that gradebook queries are slow, this is one of the way to get some performance improvements.
Reenrolling users is really bad idea because you do not want to "enrol" them === be able to access the course! Instead we should finally create the report for grade history views...
So far nobody demonstrated valid reason why the grades should not be moved to the grades history table during unenrolment, I have proposed solutions that are not just workarounds for some missing functionality.
1/ reenrolling students just to get grades - grade history view and optional copying of grades from history
2/ accidental unerol/reenrol - changes in enrolment UI, making the suspend enrolment default option
3/ complex enrol workflows - customised enrol plugin, the new enrol framework is a lot more flexible
Does anybody have any other unenrol data purging related issue? Do the proposed changes above solve your problems?
Though I may be mistaken or have missed something along the way of the 2.0 design discussions that took place in the open, it seems to me the decision to change functionality which has been expected behavior for a very long time was arrived at in a fairly short time with little discussion taking place outside core development. To summarize what Gary Anderson put so eloquently, "what's the use of changing something so obviously important for such little gain in performance?" I stand by my early contention that this change is a mistake and the decision on its reversal should not be rushed through over a weekend in the holiday season.
There seems to be a confusion between internal technical implementation and user interface aspects. We can tweak the UI so that it seems to work the same way as in 1.9.
I am changing the title, because no grades are deleted - they are just moved to different table! Please stop panicking, there will be soon an option to get the original grades automatically after user reenrolment.
MDL-20617 " Petr Škoda (skodak) added a comment - 15/Dec/10 4:52 PM :
...only enrolled users are supposed to have grades, all grades for not-enrolled should be dropped at some time; when unenrolling users we now delete the grades; in any case you should not add grades for users that are not enrolled"
I don't agree with renaming of the issue. I don't agree that this is an "internal technical implementation" issue and therefore (somehow) doesn't deserve Moodle community participation. I believe my comments to-date indicate a desire for careful decision, not panic. I am, however starting to feel a bit incensed at the steps that are apparently being taken to cover the tracks of a poorly reasoned decision.
I am patiently trying to explain how the gradebook works internally and what are the options to resolve the issue, I would personally prefer a more constructive approach. It seems that I can not persuade you with my words so I will try to do that with my code instead.
I'm with you, Petr on desiring a more constructive conversation – one that hopefully involves all interested parties. Andrew's suggestion of rebuilding a "re-enrolled" student's grades seems like an equivalent to existing functionality IMO. I'd encourage more broad discussion before final action is taken and we somehow deem this important issue "laid to rest".
I think the best thing to do at this point is to carefully explain exactly what happens when the following events occur, comparing and contrasting 1.9 and 2.0:
1) A manually enrolled user with grades is unenrolled and then re-enrolled via the Moodle administrative interface.
2) A user enrolled by an enrollment plugin with grades is unenrolled and re-enrolled by that plugin.
Any administrative options that affect the results in situations 1 and 2 need also be carefully explained. Let's make sure that everyone understands the issue completely before we proceed with discussion or code changes. A complete and accurate response here would be more valuable than a quick one. I personally recommend enhancing http://docs.moodle.org/en/Enrolment and perhaps http://docs.moodle.org/en/Enrolment_FAQ with this information and resuming work on this issue once that it completed.
In the past we have had students un-enroll themselves from a course (we use the Banner Luminis Plugin). They then get dropped from the course in Moodle.
When they change their minds a few days later faculty here are very grateful that quiz information and grade information is still there when the student re-enrolls themselves into the course. This is a HUGE change in expected behavior and a VERY big problem since students are very fickle in their course choices. In a case like this un-enrollment is intentional.
The internal rules are really simple:
1/ we keep all course data for all enrolled users - both active and suspended
2/ during full unenrolment we delete as much as possible - this is decided usually by activities (we can not delete forum posts because other posts my be replays)
3/ suspended enrolment means that user can not enter the course unless there is guest access (designed for both future and historic enrolments)
4/ suspended users are usually hidden in the list of participants, reports, etc. (there can be a switch to show all enrolled users, not just the active ones)
5/ gradebook keeps full history of all grades, so nothing is actually completely deleted unless you disable the grade history
Internally there is API that does full unenrol with data purging and seprate suspend (aka unenrol while keeping all user data), it is not really important what we call it in the UI, we can change the actions or better we can make it configurable.
Rosalyn: the self enrolment is now a separate plugin and fully abstracted, it is not hardcoded in core any more. Anybody can easily tweak it so that it suspends users only, and then let them reenrol without loosing any data at all (including group membership, forum subscriptions, gradebook...). We can even add more options that specify what to do when user requests self-unenrolment. The proposed solution for optional recovering of grades after reenrolment solves your problem in a different way.
The enrolment framework in 2.0 is completely redesigned, it is now a lot more flexible and allows developers to create pretty much anything. Many old problems from 1.7-1.9 were already solved, unfortunately there are still some missing features or unexplained changes. If there were more people testing 2.0dev we could have addressed some of these issue already and teachers would not even realised that something was changed internally. This is the first 2.0.0 release, as with each new major release there are some pending problems, if you do not like that please keep using 1.9.x for now.
2.0 is a big step, developers can not expect that everything works the same internally, the best way how to learn more about the changes is to actually study the new db tables and read the existing enrol plugins - no spec or design document is going to explain everything.
I personally hope this issue will be resolved quickly. And yes we need a new documentation page describing the new enrolments, we need user docs for most new features in 2.0.
Ive raised
MDLSITE-1196 as, as others have mentioned, it doesn't feel like the enrollment documentation is both up to date and complete.
We need to hammer out what the desired behavior is before we worry about implementation details. Is http://docs.moodle.org/en/Development:New_enrolments_in_2.0 the definitive design document for the 2.0 enrollment system? There are a few enrollment documents around that don't look to have received much attention.
Kudos to the Moodle team for all the enrollment changes done in 2.0!
These new changes are not difficult to overcome if you are currently using 2.0 and it sounds like Petr's proposed changes make the enrollment subsystem in 2.0 incredibly flexible, while still maintaining the simplicity and predicability of 1.9.
We too rely on the ability to maintain user data in 1.9 when un-enrolling and re-enrolling, but we have our own enrollment plugins, so for us the move to 2.0 means re-mapping un-enroll to suspend enrollment, a minor change in the larger scheme of things. We don't allow users to self un-enroll or faculty to un-enroll students, as this was a HUGE problem early on.
We'll probably add a cron hook in to remove suspended enrollments after some (committee agreed upon) specified time period.
I love the idea of the enrollment hooks! I cannot wait to use them. Thanks again.
After some discussion about the various issues with Petr, I think the solution here for 2.0.x might be this:
1) There is a field in the database already called "active" which allows enrollments to be inactive/suspended so it doesn't show up on participation lists, but still technically in the course with all grades and user data intact. Currently the only way to flip this switch is to use the little "hand edit" icon on the enrolment page.
We could make this more visible by changing the confirmation page for when you try to delete/remove the enrolment, so that instead of just accept/cancel we have three options: "Disable this enrolment but retain all grades", "Remove this enrolment completely and delete all grades", "Cancel". This allows people to understand the difference and make that choice.
2) When adding a new enrolment manually, we should add a checkbox to "restore old grades from this user if they exist". If this checkbox is enabled, then the enrolment code will parse the history table and re-instate any old grades if they can be found.
Does this sound OK with everyone?
Assuming the enrolment plugins allow for similar "global" choice of actions, this sounds like a viable solution. Thanks.
Sounds like a plan.
Agree with Robert on providing a "global" option as well.
Just for the record I believe the "active" field that Martin is referring to above is the status column in the user_enrolments table. The status column can hold either of the below values defined in /lib/enrollib.php (and possibly other values but these seem to be the two we're concerned with here)
define('ENROL_USER_ACTIVE', 0);
define('ENROL_USER_SUSPENDED', 1);
Ive committed some code to my own git repository that implements the altered unenrollment process. https://github.com/andyjdavis/moodle/compare/master...MDL-25718_enrol_grades
Petr (or anyone else who knows), is there a reason why the below lines are reproduced exactly in both enrol/users.php and enrol/locallib.php? In the 'edit' branch of the switch user.php retrieves $instance and $plugin, runs some checks then calls $manager->edit_enrolment() which also loads $instance and $plugin and performs exactly the same checks.
list($instance, $plugin) = $manager->get_user_enrolment_components($ue);
if ($instance && $plugin && $plugin->allow_manage($instance) && has_capability("enrol/$instance->enrol:manage", $manager->get_context())) {
By the looks of it the checks within users.php are used to prevent the edit form from being shown to users who don't pass the checks.
The checks in locallib.php are used to ensure the user can do what they are asking to do. Presently however the only place that the edit_enrolment method is being used if within users.php so yes the checks are being run twice.
Looking over the present situation within the code, the enrolment manager methods all check the associated capabilities for the actions they are performing. So remove it from users.php and people who arrive at the URL but don't have the caps will be able to see the form but won't be able to actually submit. Remove it from locallib.php and the method will differ in design from all the other enrolment manager methods.
re those duplicate checks Ive left both of them but have added comments to describe their subtly different functions.
Ready for peer review.
repo: git://github.com/andyjdavis/moodle.git
diff: https://github.com/andyjdavis/moodle/compare/master...MDL-25718_enrol_grades
To get to the UI involved go into a course and go to Users -> Enrolled Users in Course Administration. Click on the cross next to a student's enrollment in the Enrollment Methods column. From the confirmation screen you should now be able to either suspend or delete the student's enrollment.
Clicking on the Enrol Users button should bring up a dialog that now contains a checkbox that will cause any users you enrol to have grades retrieved from the grade history tables.
After a chat with Sam Ive put the checkbox and text in a div and span with a class to allow them to be styled.
I had also previously used a mixture of "recover grades" and "restore grades". Ive settled on recover grades and am now using this everywhere.
Made some alterations to the grade recovery query after talking to Petr to improve performance.
+1 for a global option that lets me set Moodle's behavior re: "Disable this enrolment but retain all grades"
Ive implemented suggestion #1.
Still not quite sure how to handle #2. simply deleting any already inserted grades seems bad. Returning an error message to the user is fairly pointless as its not likely to be an error they can do much about. Not sure what to do.
Ive added a safety check that will skip grade recovery if the user already has any grades. It just outputs a debug message although it could throw an exception (or similar) just as easily. Not sure how severe an error we want to produce.
I think we're done.
repo: git://github.com/andyjdavis/moodle.git
diff: https://github.com/andyjdavis/moodle/compare/master...MDL-25718_enrol_grades_alternative2
Ive mostly fixed the items outlined in PULL-371. I havent done the following yet.
1) grade_recover_history_grades() should probably also trigger grade refetching from activities, otherwise that data would be out of sync. You would probably use function grade_update_mod_grades($modinstance, $userid=0) for that. Some activities manually sync grades (push grades into gradebook). If the student was deleted by the time this was done their grades may not have been moved over.
2) "Why $fetchgradegradefromdb = false; when it is never used as variable?"
Purely for readability. Ive removed it.
3) "What happens when gradebook roles are empty? I disagree that is_enrolled() is not enough. The graded roles just mean "show user in gradebook", but we keep grades for all enrolled users. Your approach would create problems when you first enrol without role and then you get student role later."
Not sure I understand what you mean.
Would it have made more sense to have allowed handling of grades for the unenrolled to remain unchanged from 1.9? How much effort is being expended for how much savings in data space? If possible, I'd like to see a realistic analysis of just "rolling back" to where we were and where consensus agrees we should be.
Ok. I believe Ive dealt with those remaining 3 issues. Ill message Petr to get this looked at again hopefully before the next integration review cycle.
repo: git://github.com/andyjdavis/moodle.git
diff: https://github.com/andyjdavis/moodle/compare/master...MDL-25718_enrol_grades_alternative2
Robert, I agree there is a fair amount of flailing going on here trying to get things up to scratch. The practicalities of trying to roll back work on one sub-system of Moodle would likely be even more complex than continuing on this path :|
Update: made a few more minor alterations after chatting with Petr. I've also asked Sam to have another look at this today or tomorrow.
I just noticed something. One of my test users had his grade change after being deleted and then having his grades recovered. This was due to an assignment he previously had no grade for gaining a grade of 0.00 after grade_grab_course_grades() was called.
I think this may be correct. Maybe he should have had a grade of 0.00 before and it just hadnt been pushed to gradebook yet. Alternatively, it could be incorrect.
Either way the students course grade changed as the course was an average and the 0 dragged the students average down. This was a little surprising as I was watching the students grades very closely but isnt necessarily incorrect behaviour. I will test further.
After doing some more testing there is definitely something funny going on in the lesson module. Even in a lesson the student has never touched calling grade_grab_course_grades() causes a grade of 0.00 to appear in the gradebook. It should be null to avoid affecting grade averages. Ill raise a bug.
update: raised
Ive now tested thing on Postgres. Seems to work fine.
Barring further feedback from Petr or Sam Im calling this resolved. PULL-421
figured out the lesson bug. will post a fix for it in the linked MDL.
Sorry for late info, just found this while trying to work out what happened to our 2.0 gradebook. We have a scenario that was severely impacted by this issue.
We enrol students into groups based on tutorial timetable allocation, so we use the web-based file upload to make and populate the groups. Students can change tutorials of course, but the web-based upload system doesn't cater for removing users from groups. The easiest method we came up with was to delete everyone from a course with the flatfile plugin and then run the new upload. This worked well in 1.9. Using the same method in 2.0, we found an empty gradebook. (In fact, the new enrolment permissions blocked us from our established proces, so we had to make minor changes to the 2.0 code to make this work the way it used to in 1.9. We know: every time you hack core, God kills a kitten. But we needed a solution for our trial of 2.0 that didn't require lots of hours of coding and it's hopefully not a permanent situation).
Are the solutions above going to help us here, or will we have to re-think our whole user upload process? (Bonus points for suggesting a groups solution )
Marcus, this fix should help you. Once this has been integrated when you delete a user and re-enroll them their grades will be recovered from the grade history table.
Reopening as PULL-421 has been rejected. See PULL-421 for comments from the integrators.
Following a discussion we're not going to add an option to remove the user's role assignments when they are unenrolled so Ive closed
MDL-26813. Instead they are always going to be removed.
We will then add the ability to recover a user's role assignments in the same way as we are recovering grades. MDL-26907
See the diff link to see where I'm at. https://github.com/andyjdavis/moodle/compare/master...MDL-25718_enrol_grades_alternative2
Ive added the removal of user roles when the user's last active enrollment is suspended. The problem is that right now there is no way aside from manually going in and setting them up for the user to get their roles back if they are unsuspended. That's the point of MDL-26907. The question is whether we're happy for this issue to be integrated with the understanding that role assignment recovery will be brought in later.
Even then theres no way that Im aware of of knowing what role assignments should be reconstructed for a given enrollment ie the user has 2 enrolments, both suspended and 1 is unsuspended.
I'm slowly learning more about enrollments and roles. Some of my findings are below for both myself and others:
On enrol lib/enrollib.php enrol_user() does role assignment ie the enrol code inserts role assignments.
On delete of enrolment lib/enrollib.pp unenrol_user() deletes role assignments.
On suspend of enrolment we're now deleting associated role assignments in /enrol/users.php using role_unassign_all() from accesslib.php
On un-suspend => in future we will reconstruct RAs. Grades arent touched when suspending enrollment.
Ok, Ive had a chat with Petr. He's suggested splitting the syncing of roles after enrollment suspension into a separate issue which I have done. MDL-26941. We can either do the role assignment removal centrally using role_unassign_all() (or similar) or add suspend/unsuspend functions to enrolment plugins and make them responsible for their own role assignment management (more flexible but more complex).
Recovery of role assignments after an enrollment is un-suspended is currently meant to be done as part of MDL-26907.
Trying to avoid this issue getting any bigger than it is already.
After a lot of chatter I think Im ok to call this resolved as the remaining work has all been pushed into other MDLs and require more consideration as to exactly how we're going to fix the remaining problems.
This has been rejected by Petr once again. The reasons in PULL-518 are below:
Please file two separate PULLs for:
1/ grade recovery during enrol
2/ suspend and unenrolment improvement
the role assignments history/recovery would be 3/
Rejecting for the same reasons like last week PULL-421, I think the part for "recovery of grades when enrolling" is ok and could be integrated, but I believe the "suspend x unenrol" part needs more work.
After yet more discussion I have stripped out the changes that made the process to suspend enrollments more obvious and am again marking this resolved.
Pull requests for 2.0 stable and the 2.1 development branches.
The two pull requests have been integrated and tested. Thank you everyone for your effort and patience.
Sorry for bringing this issue up after so long, but I filed a new tracker regarding this issue:
I filed a new tracker because grade recovery is possible, but just on manual enrollments. When using cohorts or metacourses for enrolment there's no possibility for grade recovery. I would really like to see this functionality being added to Moodle.
I see that this has been heavily discussed, and I as Richard said, I also hate to bring this issue up after so long. However, I believe this may be a similar issue I've recently seen with 2.4.5 recently. I could be wrong, and please let me know if I should submit a new tracker ticket, or if Moodle is behaving normally. However, I do not feel that Moodle is behaving normally – as this could possibly only be an issue with quiz and gradebook as that's the only way I've seen it.
What I've seen recently on 2 different sites: students are un-enrolled, accidentally, grades maintain within the quiz once the student is re-enrolled. However, the grade does not seem to populate back into the gradebook. I have found a workaround by going into the quiz, selecting to regrade all attempts. This seems to repopulate all grades back into the gradebook. However, without this step grades are not visible within the gradebook upon re-enrollment.
Please advise.
Thank you!
Hello. I believe this issue has been fixed in
MDL-36024 however it appears that the fix only went in Moodle 2.5 and later. Is anyone running 2.5+ able to verify that this is resolved?


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January 29, 2013
Great shoes
"I bought one pair of these shoes and they fit so well that I bought three more. I work on my feet and these shoes have the support needed to relieve leg fatigue. In addition, they are lightweight and cushion really well when I am running. The soles protect the foot from rocks on the trail. Great shoe!"
By: pennylane22
Location: Ohio
January 22, 2013
Love these running shoes
"This is my third pair of this particular Asics model. These shoes have great stability while still maintaining comfort for running. They are listed as 'trail' shoes but I use them at the gym too. I have recommended this brand/shoe to friends."
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Big Buddha Grifin Quilted Satchel
Sorry, this item is sold out!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Item # 286619
Get set for the season with this Big Buddha Grifin satchel. With its versatility and style, this handbag will quickly become a favorite in your personal collection.
- Faux leather satchel
- Top snap closure
- Removable braided rolled handles with 6" drop
- Removable shoulder strap adjusts to 21" drop
- Quilted pattern
- Fabric lining with zip pocket & two slip pockets
- Dimensions 16" x 8" x 10"
- Imported
- View more Big Buddha Handbags
By: 2muchtoyya
Location: New Jersey
January 16, 2014
"Love this bag.... fits all my stuff..."
By: Potts24
Location: PA
August 12, 2013
Big Buddha
"I have 5 or 6 Big Buddha bags. Such great quality. Never dissappointed. This one has a ton of room in it."
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text:
Designer denim label Ksubi makes a sultry appearance in the newest issue of French Playboy, with pieces worn (though just barely worn) by Australian model Tiah Eckhardt. Her repose in the shredded styles calls to mind a mix of European cabaret and straight up '90s grunge-era chic. It admittedly left us craving some potentially naughty looks in Bleached Baroque and White Rinse, two of Ksubi's signature finishes. The issue has been dubbed the "black" issue, and features models of African American descent. Check out Play Boy France here. Obviously le NSFW.
—Michelle Christina Larsen
Tags: french playboy, Ksubi, shredded denim, Tiah Eckhardt


text:
Kelly Princeton >> See More Amateurs
Galleries in Full HD!
Galleries in Full HD!
Kelly comes to us from Florida originally but is now a California resident. Her favorite body part is her booty. But we think most guys will say her DD breasts. Kelly told us a few stories about having sex on a private jet and on the hood of a car on a public highway. She a...
Get this complete pictorial in stunning resolution & HD video! View Full Gallery!


text:
Lilly Gibbins >> See More Amateurs
Galleries in Full HD!
Galleries in Full HD!
Lovely Lilly loves horses. She loves riding them, racing them and generally everything to do with horses. Lilly is currently a cake decorator. Her ambition is to become a pastry chef, model and to make it to the national finals rodeo. Good luck Lilly. To see and hear more de...
Get this complete pictorial in stunning resolution & HD video! View Full Gallery!


text: The Spitfire Salba OG Flash Wheels is an awesome wide wheel with a some tread. The wheels have a really cool tattoo flash graphic on just one side of the. This wheel was shaped by Salba. The colors and sizes that are available are shown below. Wheels are sold in sets of four.


text:
News Releases
NSF International publishes news releases related to food, water, sustainability, health sciences, home products and management systems certifications. Below are NSF's most recent news releases.
Newsroom Archives
view past news
- 2016
- 2015
November 2013 News
NSF International Acquires Brazil's Bioensaios Analysis and Environmental Consultancy Ltd.
- 3 years ago
Portugues | Español ANN ARBOR, Mich., USA and PORTO ALEGRE, Brazil - NSF International, an...
The Professional Parts Group Earns NSF Automotive Collision Parts Distributor Certification
- 3 years ago
ANN ARBOR, Mich. and SAN DIMAS, Calif. – The Professional Parts Group is now certified...
NSF Collaborates with Natural Stone Council to Develop Sustainability Standard for Natural Stone
- 3 years ago
ANN ARBOR, Mich. – The Natural Stone Council (NSC), an organization that promotes the use...
NSF Sustainability Certifies Nearly 900 Wallcovering Styles to National Standard
- 3 years ago
ANN ARBOR, Mich. — NSF Sustainability, a division of the global public health organization NSF...
Bacterium Discovered in Michigan is of the Same Family as E. coli and Klebsiella Pneumonia
- 3 years ago
ANN ARBOR, Mich. – Scientists at NSF International's Applied Research Center have discovered a new...
NSF International Launches First and Only Certification Program for Tire Pressure Monitoring Sensors
- 3 years ago
ANN ARBOR, Mich. – Due to the extensive impact tire pressure has on vehicle safety...


text:
Troll Tagged by Uzumaki_Tim
Bra shopping in japan :o
[14:36] <+Queenofmuffins> My story is entitled, "Queenofmuffins attempts Bra shopping in Japan..."
[14:36] * @thsv sits up
[14:37] <@thsv> br..br....br....
[14:37] <@thsv> damn you
[14:37] <@thsv> lured again
[14:37] <+Queenofmuffins> Finally
[14:37] <+Queenofmuffins> So I'm shopping in Nakano Broadway today, (nerd central <3)
[14:38] <+Queenofmuffins> and there's a discount shops that sells underwear, with some very cute Japanese bra's for about \300 yen ($4)
[14:38] <+Queenofmuffins> I was like "HELL YES"
[14:38] <+Queenofmuffins> So I go in, and after awhile the old shop lady notices I'm just staring aimlessly at all the bras
[14:39] <+Queenofmuffins> She comes up and asks me my size, and I tell her, hoping she knows what that is in Japanese measurements
[14:39] <+Queenofmuffins> She has no clue
[14:39] <+Queenofmuffins> so she suggests a "fitting"
[14:39] <+Queenofmuffins> I say sure, why not
[14:39] <@thsv> she groped you?
[14:40] <+Queenofmuffins> She tells me to take my coat off, and so I figure a fitting- sure, some measuring tape around the chest?
[14:40] <+Queenofmuffins> There's no changing room
[14:40] <@thsv>
[14:40] <+Queenofmuffins> She tells me to take ALL of it off
[14:40] <@thsv> \o/
[14:40] <+Queenofmuffins> in the corner of the store
[14:40] <@thsv> \o/ \o/
[14:40] <+Queenofmuffins> Of course I was like "Uh...NO"
[14:41] <@thsv> boo
[14:41] <+Queenofmuffins> So she goes, "Don't worry. I'll hold up this and cover you"
[14:41] <@thsv> \o/ \o/ \o/
[14:41] <+Queenofmuffins> and holds up this bit of pratically see-through material
[14:41] <+Queenofmuffins> I can see her outline through it
[14:41] <+Queenofmuffins> but I figure that's enough privacy
[14:41] <@thsv> \o/ \o/ \o/ for the old perverted woman
[14:41] <+Queenofmuffins> except there's a mirror to my right
[14:41] * @thsv nosebleeds
[14:42] <+Queenofmuffins> She hands me this cute pink one, which is unfortunetly a Japanese D 75, and does not fit at all
[14:42] <+Queenofmuffins> And while I'm changing she keeps shifting around so the material keeps dipping up and down
[14:43] <+Queenofmuffins> I'm pretty sure she can see me but I figure, eh. She's Japanese and bathes in public. She's seen it before.
[14:43] <+Queenofmuffins> So she hands me more larger sizes to try them on
[14:44] <+Queenofmuffins> she hands me this Japanese E 85, which she pulls these "sponges" out of
[14:44] <+Queenofmuffins> and this is the bad but
[14:44] <+Queenofmuffins> *bit
[14:45] <@thsv> it gets worse?
[14:45] <+Queenofmuffins> it's a bit loose, so she goes "put the sponges back in" while I'm wearing it. I ask her how, expecting her to tell me, instead she grabs it, and shoves her hand under my bra to put it up there
[14:45] <+Queenofmuffins> I just got groped by a 65 year old Japanese woman
[14:45] <@thsv> \o/ \o/ \o/ for the old perverted woman
[14:45] * @thsv nudges Phixion
[14:45] <@thsv> i told you she'd never see through my disguise
thsv is definitely the most perverted
Woofcat Knows his Facts
<!Woofcat> Fun fact.
<!Woofcat> on D-Day the SS killed 12 captured Canadians
<!Woofcat> so for the rest of the war, Whenever we captured SS / Gestapo we shot them in the head.
<Chris200> What about the pther Captured Canadians?
<Chris200> other*
<!Woofcat> They were fine?
<Chris200> Were they?
<Chris200> they got scared for life
<!Woofcat> The SS got shot in the head, it was a fair trade.
♥ Ravona
Ever wonder why one of your particularly bad posts has been deleted? Feel free to contact me!
Troll Tagged by Uzumaki_Tim
♥ Ravona
Ever wonder why one of your particularly bad posts has been deleted? Feel free to contact me!
... lol....
Good story queenie..
Phimosis and Smegma, killer combo?
<Einlander[mobile]> phimosis > smegma
<[JUiCE]> .wiki phimosis
<[einbot]> [Wiki phimosis] Phimosis (fi-mo'sis, fi-), from the Greek phimos (f?µ?? ("muzzle")), is a condition where, in men, the male foreskin cannot be fully retracted from the head of the penis. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phimosis
<Shinhan> eww
<Shinhan> .wiki dick cheese
<[einbot]> [Wiki dick cheese] Dick cheese may refer to: Slang term for smegma, a secretion of mammalian genitals; Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine, a cover band and comedy act http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_cheese
<Einlander[mobile]> phimosis + smegma is a killer combo
<[JUiCE]> LOL
<Einlander[mobile]> need a qtip to clean that


text:
Book Cliff Elementary presented their annual Academic Fair on April 17. The students displayed projects to show what they have learned throughout the year.
The Kindergarten class learned about life cycles and Antarctica. They displayed penguins and little plants.
The first grade focused on symmetrical designs and Australia. The second grade learned about Africa this year. They presented an African song along with rain sticks, lions, and animal reports. The third graders were authors and illustrators of their own books and they also displayed landforms.
Fourth grade students studied Utah counties and rock cycles. They also created butterfly art. The fifth grade displayed their state reports, poetry, and art using their names. The sixth grade presented power point presentations on ancient cultures along with castles, clay tablets and mummies.
The parents and students seemed to enjoy the Academic Fair as students showed off their many projects.


text:
The BEHAVE Newsletter is a bimonthy electronic publication (email only). It highlights our 1) current research studies, 2) outreach efforts and products, and 3) other interesting tidbits animal behavior. Subscription to the BEHAVE Newsletter is free. To subscribe simply type your email address in the box below and click on join.
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I've fallen a bit behind on the newsletter but check out my blog.
Newsletters Archive (pdf format)


text:
Contemporary Apartment
お部屋の大きさ0 m²
Floor No.1(with elevator)
- インターネット/WiFi
- キッチン
- エアコン
- テレビ
- 利用可能な駐車場
- ジム
- プール
- 建物内にエレベーター有り
Accommodation summary
|Chippen Street, 2008 Chippendale, オーストラリア
This property accepts bookings starting within the next 180 Days.
Ideally positioned a short stroll from trains, cafés and universities, this generous contemporary apartment is on the first floor of a secure building. A deep sheltered terrace extends the open plan living area. The gas kitchen has granite benches and stainless steel appliances. The spacious double bedroom also leads out to the terrace with mirrored built-ins and extends to the modern bathroom with internal laundry. The apartment has the convenience of heating and air conditioning.
There is intercom entry and lift access to a basement parking space. Set on a peaceful street in a burgeoning city fringe enclave the apartment is central to Surry Hills, Broadway and Redfern Village centres. It enjoys access to a huge rooftop entertainment terrace, gym, sauna, swimming pool and gas barbecue. There is a sofa bed that caters for two extra guests.
ハウスルールAll bookings & tenancies incur a departure cleaning fee of $132
Please note that there is a minimum booking period from 23rd December to 2nd January. We cannot accept bookings with arrival or departure inside these dates.
|¥ 183197 ゲスト・宿泊日の追加
|Check-in before
Excellent location - this is where you want to be for your short stay in Sydney. The apartment had everything you needed for a self catering stay. The apartment block was quiet, clean and comfortable.
We had a really good stay in the Boundless Den. Any problems (light bulbs, door handle) sorted out straight away.
A bit noisy from next door being renovated, lots of banging and drilling, but as we were out most of the day it was ok.
All in all a stress free stay. Thank you.
The accommodation comes highly recommended close enough to the city and accessible by the light railway. Fully equipped providing a home from home.
Good and central location, everything clean, (excellent rapport qualité prix) but quite noisy and window view on a wall;)
To get the key of the apartment by taxi from airport is extra cost, but not complicated.
Great location. Nice view of the bay. 20 minutes to Sydney CBD by bus. Very well connected with many buses. Apartment is very, very small. Tiny bathroom. Warm in September. The flat is quite noisy, as it is located just by the road. Good area with bars and restaurants for breakfast and dinner. NO internet!!!!! Very bad service to collect keys. We arrived late in the night and we had to go to another hotel to collect the keys. Then take a taxi to get to the apartment. A bit dirty upon arrival. We had to clean the apartment ourselves. No service to leave luggage on the day of departure!!!! For the price, next time, we will go for a HOTEL.
Great place bang in the centre of all the action Could not askformore
Our stay in this apartment went well. The directions we had been given for collection of the key was straight forward. With the bus stop at the bottom of the stairs it was "all go" to get around Sydney. We arrived in the dark and we were blown away at the city vista from seven floors up.
Thank you.
I stayed in this studio apartment for 2 weeks with my partner, when we visited Sydney. This apartment is clean, very comfortable and in a great location. It is an ideal place to stay if you want a central city location from which to explore the city and surrounding areas. Peter was friendly and helpful and promptly responded to any questions. I would highly recommend this studio apartment to anyone visiting Sydney.
Biggest plus: location! It's on a quiet street that's within easy walking distance to the harbor, the Rocks, and botanical gardens, and a little bit more ambitious walking distance to Darling Harbor. Other than the ferries, you'll hardly need public transportation at all to see the major sights. Other pluses: the view (enjoyed mostly inside -- the balcony is quite narrow); the spaciousness; the modern features; the well-appointed kitchen and bathroom. It's a beautiful apartment, but definitely suited best for singles or couples. We brought along two nieces, ages 17 and 25, and the mattresses in the foldout sofa and chair were barely passable. The mattress in the sofa was particularly disagreeable with a hard horizontal bar hitting just underneath the lower back. Yes, it sleeps five -- but it sleeps only two comfortably! What the photo of the bedroom also doesn't show is that the entire apartment is an open design. The division between the bedroom and living area is a metal miniblind, so if you're wanting bedroom privacy, this is not the apartment for you! By the way, the apartment building itself is the structure with the "W" sign in the seventh photo. Also of note: The restaurant next door is worth recommending. If you need groceries, the nearest store is a Woolworth's that's about a 10- to 15-minute walk away that -- no kidding -- includes a 100-step outdoor staircase. You'll get a workout! The apartment building has a manned reception desk, and a woman who works there was particularly helpful with advice on getting around. The desk also has a phone line specifically for calling cabs. Very handy for getting to the airport!
Appartamento in una posizione fantastica per poter visitare la città sia a piedi che usufruendo dei mezzi pubblici e con una magnifica vista su Hyde Park. Gli elettrodomestici erano tutti perfettamente funzionanti, lo wi-fi perfetto con modem in camera; unica nota dolente la pulizia che lasciava molto a desiderare tanto che io mi sono comprata tutto il necessario e ho dato una ripulita generale, anzi ho poi lasciato a disposizione degli altri ospiti un secchio uno spazzolone ed altro. Vorrei suggerire al proprietario di far controllare gli scarichi dei lavandini poichè non funzionavano molto bene. Per il resto posso dire di essere davvero soddisfatta.
- すべてのお部屋はチェック済み
- どのホストともお電話で直接お話いただけます


text:
Anne Michelle Assassin-27 Pump
Sorry, this item is sold out!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Item # 256619
You won't know what hit you in this stunning platform pump from Anne Michelle! The Assassin-27 has a cute cuff and flower-esque detail that takes this classic silhouette to the next level.
- Fabric upper with grosgrain trim
- Foldover cuff and side rosette accent
- Almond toe
- 1¼" platform, 4¾" covered heel
- Synthetic sole
- Imported
By: Hilldance88
Location: Tampa, FL
October 19, 2012
Super Cute
"So cute, already getting compilments!"
By: OcShoeGal97
Location: Orange County, CA
October 16, 2012
A Little Flare
"When I saw these heels I thought what a different design. I like the detail of the flap on the back of the shoe. It is something I havent seen yet. I ordered the beige pair and wore them to work and everyone loved them. They asked where did I get my shoes so of course I said "DSW where else" I felt like the commercial. But over all they were comfy to wear all day and the fit was true to size for me."
By: kjsmile3
Location: Michigan
September 26, 2012
Fabulous buy!
"LOVE LOVE LOVE these shoes! Besides being gorgeous, they are also very comfortable! Wore them all day for a wedding with no issues. Highly recommend."
By: AusBoss
Location: Raleigh, NC
September 24, 2012
"Today is actually the first time I'm wearing the Assassins and no doubt they're fierce. The real perk to this shoe isn't it's beauty, but the unexpected comfort of the shoe. For such a high heel, the amount of room and support this shoe offers is worth every penny and more. Being the shoe connoisseur that I am, no matter if it's a Wednesday at the office, a night on the town or the dressy casual dinner with your ladies, these shoes steal the show. As I was walking down the hall at work today, I heard a lady whisper, "oh my God, I love those shoes!". I have to say, I thought my entire outfit was on par but it really didn't matter how I accessorized or what the main course was, the shoes were most definitely dessert. The best part of any meal :-)"
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a chemical inside cells which carries the hereditary information. It is a molecular polymer formed of deoxyribonucleotides. All organisms use DNA as their hereditary material. Offspring of Sexual_reproduction Organism contain DNA from both parents.
Most commonly as a double-stranded helix comprising two complimentary molecules held together by hydrogen bonds, this is commonly called "dsDNA" (double-stranded DNA)[1]. The nucleotides which are the "building blocks" of DNA have three main parts: A nitrogenous base (the "letters" in the sequence), a sugar, and a phosphate group. When nucleotides are joined into DNA strands, they form a chain with the phosphate group of one nucleotide binding to the ribose of the next.
DNA strands "compliment" each other by having compatible sequences, allowing the bases on one strand to form bonds with the bases on the other strand. There are four nitrogenous bases, Adenonine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T). Under the base pairing rules, A pairs with T and G pairs with C.
DNA contains genes that encode for proteins. These are produced by the DNA first being turned into mRNA and then into polypeptides (this process is called the central dogma of molecular biology). All organisms use DNA as their hereditary material. Offspring of sexually reproducing organisms contain DNA from both parents.
In the late 19th century Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss biochemist, discovered an unusual acid in the nuclei of cells. The acid was named deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. In 1944 the American biologists, Alfred Hershey, Thomas Gilmore and Martha Chase used experiments with bacteria and bacteriophages to show that DNA passed genes from one generation to the next.
At that time, it was unclear how this simple molecule could hold all the complex information controlling the development of humans, animals and plants. Scientists knew it was made of four chemical bases called adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C), plus phosphoric acid and a sugar. They also knew that the ratios of A and T as well as G and C were always the same, but they did not know the rules that controlled the arrangement.
British scientists Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins passed X-rays through DNA to study the patterns made when the crystals diffracted them. From studying photographs of patterns, Rosalind Franklin concluded that DNA must be be a helix. James Watson and Francis Crick, working in Cambridge, used this information to help them solve the puzzle of DNA structure. They built a model showing that if A always paired with T and G paired with C, DNA must be like a ladder made of two strands twisted together in a double helix. The sugar and phosphoric acid were the sides of the ladder, and the rungs were the paired bases that were held together through hydrogen bonding.
Watson and Crick suggested that DNA could unzip itself into two separate strands, and each strand could act as a pattern to grow a new strand. Crick showed later that areas of the DNA known as genes worked in groups of three to code for amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. These groups are called codons. They make about fifty thousand different types of protein, which make all the different types of cell in the body. Indian biochemist Har Gobind Khorana made all the possible codons and worked out which codons controlled which amino acid. Most codons are redundant and code for the same amino acids, these mostly are different in only the third base pair. This means that differences in genotype can build up in the third position (thereby changing the genotype) without changing the protein (keeps the same phenotype).
If the DNA in one cell was stretched out, it would be about three feet long. Although DNA has a very simple structure, it can carry an enormous amount of information. Scientists do not yet understand the function of all DNA, but in 1991 a project called the Human Genome Project began to use computers to map the three billion base pairs which make up the 46 human chromosomes.
Modern understanding
Small lengths of DNA called genes serve as the instructions for the body to carry out its functions and give rise to the physical traits of the organism. [2] DNA is packaged into chromosomes. Each individual human being has 23 pairs of chromosomes, where one set is inherited from his/her mother and the other set is inherited from his/her father. 22 of these chromosomes are referred to as autosomes, while the remaining chromosomes are the sex chromosomes. Males possess a single X chromosome and a single Y chromosome; whereas females possess a pair of X chromosomes. In total, it is estimated that there are roughly 20300 protein-coding genes in the human genome; however, due to mRNA splicing, it is estimated that these genes encode for over 1 million different protein products.
Prokaryotic DNA is circular (a closed loop). Whereas, eukaryotic chromosomes are linear (with ends), with the notable exception of Mitochondrial DNA and plastid (chloroplast) DNA, which is separate from the DNA in the nucleus[3]. The ends of eukaryotic chromosomes are protected by telomeres, which are always tightly condensed except during S phase of mitosis.[4]
Mutations are simply variations in DNA sequence between individuals. The vast majority of spontaneous mutations in DNA are called "neutral" because they do not affect the observable traits of the individual organism. Others can have beneficial effects and some can disrupt important functions Differential distribution of various types of neutral mutations within the population is the basis for modern DNA fingerprinting. It is mutations in DNA, giving rise to novel alleles ("versions" of a gene), which cause phenotypic variations between individuals of a particular species. For instance, in humans, single-gene mutations are responsible for differences in ABO blood type, eye color, hair color, and even the ability to taste certain molecules. Sadly, there are also thousands of mutations known to cause human disease; notably sickle-cell anemia, a few rare forms of autism, and (when the mutations spontaneously occur in a somatic cell) various types of cancer. That said, it is important to note that most phenotypic traits (e.g. height) and hereditary diseases arise as the net effect of several different genetic variations.
OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man), is an online database of genes known to be mutated in disease states. Mendelian inheritance refers to the inheritance pattern observed in traits that are determined by a single gene. This pattern was first discovered by Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, during his work with pea plants from 1856-1863. Although Mendel published his work in 1866, it's significance was largely ignored until it was rediscovered in the early 20th century; more than two decades after his death.
External links
- Interactive DNA Learn about genetics, genetic engineering, the Human Genome Project and the ethical implications of these new technologies.
- Animated guide to DNA cloning
- ↑ Single-stranded DNAs (ssDNA) do exist in certain bacteriophages, however they cannot be replicated without first creating the complimentary strand to use as a template.
- ↑ "Eye-color genes, through the proteins they encode, direct the amount and placement of melanin in the iris." Ask A Scientist - Genes and eye color
- ↑ Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have originated as prokaryotic cells living symbiotically inside of primitive eukaryotic cells, this is called the endosymbiotic hypothesis
- ↑ Campbell, Neil A, et. al. Biology. 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2002. 299, 530-31.


text: The Sun and the Moon have been known as the two Lights for a very long time. In Hellenistic astrology, it was advantageous for the Sun and the Moon to have attending planets, just as any earthly royalty should have a court. Early on, it was recognized that the cycle of this pair was extremely important.


text:
National Quilt Collection
"Quilt": A cover or garment made by putting wool, cotton or other substance between two cloths and sewing them together. An American Dictionary of the English Language, by Noah Webster, LL.D., New York 1828.
The National Quilt Collection incorporates quilts from various ethnic groups and social classes, for quilts are not the domain of a specific race or class, but can be a part of anyone's heritage and treasured as such. Whether of rich or humble fabrics, large in size or small, expertly crafted or not, well-worn or pristine, quilts in the National Quilt Collection provide a textile narrative that contributes to America's complex and diverse history. The variety and scope of the collection provides a rich resource for researchers, artists, quilt-makers and others.
Part of the Division of Home and Community Life textiles collection, the National Quilt Collection had its beginnings in the 1890s. Three quilts were included in a larger collection of 18th- and 19th-century household and costume items donated by John Brenton Copp of Stonington, Connecticut. From this early beginning, the collection has grown to more than 500 quilts and quilt-related items, mainly of American origin, with examples from many states, including Alaska and Hawaii. Most of the contributions have come to the Museum as gifts, and many of those are from the quilt-makers' families. The collection illustrates needlework techniques, materials, fabric designs and processes, styles and patterns used for quilt-making in the past 250 years. The collection also documents the work of specific quilt-makers and commemorates events in American history.
Learn more about the quilt collection and step behind the scenes with a video tour.
"National Quilt Collection - Introduction" showing 1 items.
1830 Violet Alexander's "Flowering Tree" Appliqued Quilt
- Description
- A quilted inscription at the base of the flowering tree on this quilt reads "Violet E. L. Alexander / June 10 / 1830." The central focus of this quilt, a flowering "Tree of Life" motif, is appliquéd on a 40-inch square of white cotton. Other motifs of palm trees, flowers, and long-tailed birds are appliquéd on white cotton triangles to fill out the center section. This is framed by 3-inch and 7-inch borders that are made of roller-printed floral and geometric stripes. The two borders are separated by a 3¾-inch plain white border. The corner motifs and some parts of the central tree are cut from block-printed cotton produced at the Bannister Hall print works near Preston, England.
- The quilting pattern, 8 stitches per inch, consists of diagonal lines, ¼-inch apart, over the entire center and on the printed borders. Clamshell quilting is found on the plain white border. The fine quilting and use of costly chintz fabrics printed in England make it a typical example of a medallion quilt, popular in the early nineteenth century, and often found in the American South.
- Violet Elizabeth was the daughter of William Bain Alexander and Violet Davidson. Violet was born January 9, 1812. She was one of fourteen children (seven girls and seven boys) who grew up on a prosperous estate in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. On December, 27, 1831 she married Dr. Isaac Wilson, who both farmed and maintained an extensive medical practice. The couple had six children, five sons and one daughter. Two sons lost their lives in the Civil War, two others farmed in the county, and another practiced medicine. Violet died at age 33 of erysipelas, a bacterial infection, during an epidemic in 1845. This quilt was made just prior to her marriage. According to information from the donor, Dr. John E. S. Davidson, the quilt may have been made by his mother, Jane Henderson (Mrs. Edward Constantine Davidson), a friend or relative of Violet.
- Note: The name Violet appears and reappears in the family. She may have gone by the name "Elizabeth," as some sources cite.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- date made
- 1830
- maker
- Alexander, Violet Elizabeth Lee
- ID Number
- catalog number
- accession number
- 279890
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center


text:
2009: Point-Wise CA and GS Articles
Get most in 2009 (current affairs and general studies) for 2009 Delivered right into your mailbox by susbscribing to updates. Specifically designed for competetive exams-IAS, CBSE-UGC NET, Bank-PO etc.
- Current Affairs 2009 Barack Obama
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Current Affairs and General Studies 2017- IAS, NET, SSC, Banking and More(View More …)
Government Appoints 5 New Judges to Supreme Court [ Current Affars & GS ](on )
President Pranab Mukherjee cleared appointment of five high court judges to Supreme Court. Those elevated to the apex court are five high court judges, including four chief justices of state high courts.
India Eases Visa Procurement Process for Bangladesh [ Current Affairs & GS ](on )
India eased the visa regulation for Bangladeshi nationals. It is to allow family members of diplomatic and official Bangladesh passport holders to submit their tourist visa application without any appointment and e-token, reports a news agency.
Haryana Government Inaugurates the First Digital Investigation Centre [ Current Affairs & GS ](on )
The Haryana police have set centre for digital investigation and training in Gurgaon. It is in a bid to enhance cyber policing and monitor social media content. It is Country's first Digital Investigation Training and Analysis Centre (DITAC).
Chinese E-Commerce Firm Alibaba to Set Up Office in Mumbai [ Current Affairs & GS ](on )
Chinese e-retail giant Alibaba, is setting up its first office in India in Mumbai. Company has made investments in India's Snapdeal and Paytm. The office will be located at the commercial Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC). US e-commerce giant Amazon also has… (300 more words) …
Scientists Build Bacteria-Powered Battery on Single Sheet of Paper [ Current Affairs & GS ](on )
It is the paper-based bacteria-powered battery design is part of a new field of research called papertronics. It is a fusion of paper and electronics. US-based scientists have developed a bacteria-powered battery (bio-battery) on a single sheet of paper. It… (195 more words) …
India, Bhutan Sign MoU for Green Construction [ Current Affairs & GS ](on )
India has signed MoU (Memorandum of understanding) with Bhutan for providing technical cooperation in infrastructure engineering. It is for green and sustainable construction in Bhutan. The MoU was signed between India's Central Public Works Department (CPWD) and Bhutan's Department of… (278 more words) …
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I was going to post this yesterday but work has me swamped.
Some evidence that this could be Gin,
!. look at the lips and the eyes. some fake teeth and fake hair.
Also I came across this
and Look at the tattoo on his arm, that could definitely extend down on to the tattoo that Bartolomeo has on his chest, and we can not see bartolomeos arm, its a possible clue.


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By PATSY STODDARDEditor
The Emery County lamb fry is returning this week to the fair on Friday and Saturday. The lamb fry is back by popular demand. This year Kent Wilson from BK's will spearhead the event. Wilson said, "The county asked us to help keep the tradition on the lamb fry alive. We agreed and thought it would be a great opportunity to use as a fund raiser for our granddaughter who is presently undergoing treatment for leukemia."
The lamb fry will include lamb or marinated turkey breast, baked beans, scones, corn and watermelon. The event will be held at the fairgrounds in Castle Dale. On Friday evening it will begin at 4 p.m. until 7 p.m. On Saturday they will begin serving after the parade at 11 a.m. and continue throughout the day while there is entertainment in the park. Prices are $10 per plate for lamb and $8 for turkey for adults and children under 12 are $5 per plate. There will also be a separate ala carte booth where you can purchase lamb or a scone or individual menu items.
The following is an excerpt from a previous article in which Daphne's mother Chelsie Young tells of Daphne's condition: Chelsie Young spoke to the relay meeting participants. She said she had a hard time thinking of what to say. She has recently developed a relationship with cancer that she never wanted. She knew about cancer, her grandma had cancer, she remembers jars in the communities for Wylie Nelson and others with cancer; her friend Jennifer had cancer. But cancer really hit home May of 2010.
In February, Young was brushing her young daughter Daphne's teeth when she felt a lump on her daughter's neck. She panicked and called her husband. Tests were performed and the doctor was not too worried about it. Daphne was put on high doses of an antibiotic which she had a terrible reaction to and developed a severe case of hives. Along that same time, Daphne tripped over a rug and broke her arm. Shortly after that she fell off a small foot stool and broke her leg. The lump continued to grow and became very discolored so it was decided the lump on her neck would be removed through surgery. It was only after that surgery, when her oxygen levels would not come up, that a blood test was done and she was soon diagnosed with leukemia and immediately transported to Primary Children's hospital by ambulance. So there she was, this little 3 year old with blonde curly hair, covered in hives, a big bandage on her neck, a cast on her arm and a cast on the opposite leg. Daphne was diagnosed with pre B cell ALL on her mother's birthday. The lump on her neck was completely unrelated to the leukemia.
"There is an 80 percent overall survival rate with ALL but that has been increased to 95 percent because she is low risk and has responded perfectly to her treatments. She has come a long way in 15 months. She did lose all of her hair and was such a good sport about it. The first six months of treatment were difficult. She needed physical therapy because of the broken leg and inactivity and the weight gain from the steroids. You would never know it now. We'd rather not do this, but we are doing well. There are so many kinds of cancer. You can't run and hide from cancer. I can't not do anything. So that's why I'm here. We need to do what we can to help others," said Young.
Come out and support the lamb fry and help out the Young family, who is in need at this time.
Emery County Fair appreciates Kent Wilson for taking the time to sponsor the lamb fry.


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Training for Trail Watch and Adopt-an-Open Space
Registration is Required and Space is Limited!
Call Jolynn Maestas at 452-5207 or email [email protected] for information
Join the City of Albuquerque Open Space Division volunteer team and support a community-based commitment to promote conservation and appreciation for the integrity of our local public lands.
The Major Public Open Space System includes over 29,000 acres of diverse lands, including the Elena Gallegos Picnic Area, Rio Grande Valley State Park, parts of Petroglyph National Monument, and select areas in the East Mountains. Effective management of these special areas is enhanced by public involvement through volunteering.
Trail Watch Volunteers are the eyes and ears of Open Space. Volunteers report conditions and problems on trails, educate the public on extraordinary natural and cultural resources, direct visitors to practice good land and trail use ethics, and lend a hand on conservation projects such as trail building.
Adopt-an-Open Space volunteers, in addition to Trail Watch responsibilities, maintain trails or areas through hands-on conservation projects.