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Peter Sloterdijk
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Peter Sloterdijk (born June 26, 1947, in Karlsruhe) is a German philosopher, television host, cultural scientist and essayist. He is a professor of philosophy and media theory at the University of Art and Design Karlsruhe.
Kritik der zynischen Vernunft [Critique of Cynical Reason] (1983)[edit]
- M. Eldred, trans. (1987)
- Full text in English
- Faced with its demise, philosophy … confesses: The great themes, they were evasions and half-truths. Those futile, beautiful, soaring flights—God, Universe, Theory, Praxis, Subject, Object, Body, Spirit, Meaning, Nothingness—all that is nothing. ....
The last philosophy, willing to confess, treats such things under a historical rubric—together with the sins of youth. Their time has come. In our thinking there is no longer any spark of the uplifting flight of concepts or of the ecstasies of understanding. We are enlightened, we are apathetic. No one talks anymore of a love of wisdom. There is no longer any knowledge whose friend (philos) one could be. It does not occur to us to love the kind of knowledge we have; rather we ask ourselves how we might contrive to live with it without becoming ossified. ...
"Knowledge is power." This is the sentence that dug the grave of philosophy in the nineteenth century. … This sentence brings to an end the tradition of a knowledge that, as its name indicates, was an erotic theory—the love of truth and the truth through love (Liebeswahrheit). … Those who utter the sentence reveal the truth. However, with the utterance they want to achieve more than truth: They want to intervene in the game of power. …
- pp. xxvi-xxvii
- Our lethargic modernity certainly knows how to "think historically," but it has long doubted that it lives in a meaningful history.
- p. xxviii
- The violent, antirationalistic impulse in Western countries is reacting to an intellectual state of affairs in which all thinking has become strategy; this impulse shows a disgust for a certain form of self-preservation. It is a sensitive shivering from the cold breath of a reality where knowledge is power and power is knowledge.
- p. xxix
- Socialization through schooling, as it takes place here, and in Western societies, in general, is a priori stupefaction
- p. xxix
- Does not an ingenuous contact with Kantian thinking, with philosophical thinking in general, contain the risk of exposing a young consciousness to a violent and sudden aging? What of a youthful will to know is preserved in a philosophy that makes one dizzy with its bony spiraling turns of the screw? … To be "reasonable" means to put oneself into a special, rarely happy relation to the sensuous. "Be reasonable" means, practically speaking, do not trust your impulses, do not listen to your body, learn control, starting with your own sensuousness. But intellect and sensuousness are inseparable. Torless's outbreak of sweating after two pages of the Critique of Pure Reason contains as much truth as the whole of Kantianism. The understood mutual interaction of physis and logos is philosophy, not what is spoken.
- p. xxxi
- Our thinking is becoming much more morose than precise. … Capacity of thought does not keep pace with what is problematic. Hence the self-abdication of critique. … Because everything has become problematic, everything is also somehow a matter of indifference.
- p. xxxii
- Psychologically, present-day cynics can be understood as borderline melancholics, who can keep their symptoms of depression under control and can remain more or less able to work. … Their psychic (seelisch) apparatus has become elastic enough to incorporate as a survival factor a permanent doubt about their own activities. They know what they are doing, but they do it because, in the short run, the force of circumstances and the instinct for self-preservation are speaking the same language, and they are telling them that it has to be so.
- p. 5
- Zynismus ist das aufgeklärte falsche Bewußtsein, an dem Aufklärung zugleich erfolgreich und vergeblich gearbeitet hat. Es hat seine Aufklärungselektion gelernt, aber nicht vollzogen und wohl nicht vollziehen können. Gutsituiert und miserabel zugleich fühlt sich dieses Bewußtsein von keiner Ideologiekritik mehr betroffen; seine Falschheit ist bereits reflexiv gefedert.
- Cynicism is enlightened false consciousness. It is that modernized, unhappy consciousness, on which enlightenment has labored both successfully and in vain. It has learned its lessons in enlightenment, but it has not, and probably was not able to, put them into practice. Well-off and miserable at the same time, this consciousness no longer feels affected by any critique of ideology; its falseness is already reflexively buffered.
- pp. 5-6
- The only loyalty to enlightenment consists in disloyalty. This can be partly understood from the position of its heirs, who look back on the "heroic" times and are necessarily more skeptical of the results. To be an heir always carries a certain "status cynicism" with it, as is well known from stories about the inheritance of family capital.
- p. 6
- Because there are no truths that can be taken possession of without a struggle, and because all knowledge must choose a place in the configuration of hegemonic and oppositional forces, the means of establishing knowledge seem to be almost more important than the knowledge itself. … The demand to universalize the rational draws it into the vortex of politics, pedagogy, and propaganda. With this, enlightenment consciously represses the harsh realism of older precepts of wisdom, for which there was no question that the masses are foolish and that reason is to be found only among the few. Modern elitism has to encode itself democratically.
- p. 11
- "Philosophical" ideology critique is truly the heir of a great satirical tradition, in which the motif of unmasking, exposing, baring has served for aeons now as a weapon. But modern ideology critique—according to our thesis has ominously cut itself off from the powerful traditions of laughter in satirical knowledge.
- p. 16
- Ideology critique, having become respectable, imitates surgical procedure: … The opponent is cut open in front of everyone, until the mechanism of his error is laid bare. … Ideology critique is now interested not in winning over the vivisected opponent but in focusing on the "corpse," the critical extract of its ideas. … Those who previously did not want to engage in enlightenment will want to do so even less now that they have been dissected and exposed by the opponent.
- pp. 16-17
- … undermined by the need for seriousness ...
- p. 17
- The gesture of exposure characterizes the style of argumentation of ideology critique, from the critique of religion in the eighteenth century to the critique of fascism in the twentieth. Everywhere, one discovers extrarational mechanisms of opinion: interests, passions, fixations, illusions. That helps a bit to mitigate the scandalous contradiction between the postulated unity of truth and the factual plurality of opinions—since it cannot be eliminated. Under these assumptions, a true theory would be one that not only grounds its own theses best, but also knows how to defuse all significant and persistent counterpositions through ideology critique.
- p. 18
- The argumentum ad personam, is strongly disapproved of in the "academic community." Respectable critique meets its opponent in its best form; critique honors itself when it overwhelms its rival in the full armor of its rationality.
- p. 18
- For as long as possible, the learned collegium has tried to defend its integrity against the close combat of ideologico-critical exposures. Do not unmask, lest you yourself be unmasked could be the unspoken rule. It is no accident that the great representatives of critique—the French moralists, the Encyclopedists, the socialists, and especially Heine, Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud—remain outsiders to the scholarly domain. In all of them there is a satirical, polemical component that can scarcely be hidden under the mask of scholarly respectability. These signals of a holy nonseriousness, which remains one of the sure indexes of truth, can be employed as signposts to the critique of cynical reason.
- p. 18
- Ideology critique raises a claim that it shares with hermeneutics, namely, the claim to understand an "author" better than he understands himself. What at first sounds arrogant about this claim can be methodologically justified. Others often really do perceive things about me that escape my attention—and conversely. They possess the advantage of distance, which I can profit from only retrospectively through dialogic mirroring. This, of course, would presuppose a functioning dialogue, which is precisely what does not take place in the process of ideology critique.
An ideology critique that does not clearly accept its identity as satire can, however, easily be transformed from an instrument in the search for truth into one of dogmatism. All too often, it interferes with the capacity for dialogue instead of opening up new paths for it.
- p. 19
- Enlightenment … asks, innocently and subversively, for proofs, sources, and evidence. At the beginning it solemnly avers that it would willingly believe everything, if only it could find someone to convince it. Here it becomes clear that the biblical texts, taken philologically, remain themselves their only witness. Their revelatory character is their own claim, and it can be believed or not; the church, which elevates this revelatory character to the status of a grand dogma, itself plays only the role of an interpreter. With his radical biblicism, Luther rejected the church's claim to authority. This repudiation then repeats itself on the higher level through biblicism itself. For text remains text, and every assertion that it is divinely inspired can, in turn, be only a human, fallible assertion. With every attempt to grasp the absolute source, critique comes up against relative, historical sources that only ever assert the Absolute. The miracles spoken about in the Bible to legitimate God's power are only reports of miracles for which there are no longer any means of verification. The revelatory claim is stuck in a philological circle.
- p. 24
- The roots of moral enlightenment reach back furthest of all into the past—and for good reasons. For with regard to morality, the deepest question of all enlightenment is decided: the question of the "good life." That human beings are not really what they pretend to be is an age-old motif of critical moral thinking. Jesus provided the model in his attack against those who harshly judge others: "How wilt thou say to thy brother, 'Let me pull the splinter out of thine eye,' when, behold, a plank is in thine own eye? Thou hypocrite!" (Matthew 7:4-5).
The critique in the New Testament already assumes an "artful" doubling: wolves in sheep's clothing, moralists with a plank in their eye, Pharisaism. From its first moment, this critique of morality proceeds metamorally, here: psychologically. It assumes as a basic principle that the "outward" moral appearance is deceptive. A closer inspection would show how moralists in fact do not serve the law, but cover up their own lawlessness by criticizing others. Matthew 7:4 contains psychoanalysis in a nutshell. What disturbs me in others is what I myself am. However, as long as I do not see myself, I do not recognize my projections as the outward reflection of my own plank, but as the depravity of the world. Indeed, the "reality component of the projection," as psychoanalysts would say today, should not be my first concern. Even if the world really is depraved, I should be concerned about my own defects first. What Jesus teaches is a revolutionary self-reflection: Start with yourself, and then, if others really need to be "enlightened," show them how by your own example. Of course, under the normal conditions in the world, things proceed the other way around: The lawgivers start with others and it remains uncertain whether they will also get around to themselves. They refer to laws and conventions that are supposedly absolute. But the wolves in sheep's clothing enjoy looking at these laws and conventions more or less from above and from outside. Only they are still allowed to know about the ambivalence of things. Only they, because they are lawgivers, feel the breath of freedom beyond the legislation. The real sheep are forced under the either/or. For no state can be "made" with self-reflection and with irony directed against the existing order. States are always also coercive apparatuses that cease to function when the sheep begin to say "I" and when the subjugated free themselves from conventions through reflection. As soon as "those at the bottom" gain the knowledge of ambivalence, a wrench is thrown into the works. ...
Since the "freedom of a Christian person" suspends every naive belief in norms, Christian cooperation and Christian coexistence are no longer possible on the basis of state government (Staatlichkeit, civitas), that is, of coerced communality, but only on the basis of community (Gesellschaftlichkeit, communitas, societas: communism, socialism). The real state needs blind subjects, whereas society can understand itself only as a commune of awakened individualities.
- p. 40-41
- Enlightenment does nothing more than eavesdrop on likely wolves in their dressing rooms, where they put on and take off their sheep's clothing.
- p. 43
- There probably has to be a worldview for practical men who must be strong enough to get their hands dirty in political practice without getting dirty themselves, and even if they do, who cares? And a second worldview for youths, simpletons, women, and sensitive souls, for whom "purity" is just the right thing. One could call it a division of labor among temperaments.
- p. 44
- Bourgeois morality tries to maintain an illusion of altruism, whereas in all other areas bourgeois thinking has long since assumed a theoretical as well as an economic egocentrism.
- p. 45
- Since the eighteenth century, enlighteners have concerned themselves—as defenders of "true morality," whatever that may be—with the morality of those who rule. … The moralism in the bourgeois sense of decency put aristocratically refined immoralism into the position of the politically accused. … But bourgeois thinking all too naively assumes it is possible to subordinate political power to moral concepts. It does not anticipate that one day, when it has itself come to power, it will end up in the same ambivalence. It has not yet realized that it is only a small step from taking moral offense to respectable hypocrisy.
- p. 46
- One of the virtually reactionary myths of the twentieth century is that Sigmund Freud is the "discoverer of the unconscious." The legend of Freud not only falsifies historical truth but also burdens the history of enlightenment with an absurd and inexplicable asymmetry and retardation in the investigation of the unconscious. How could enlightenment have investigated consciousness critically and empirically without encountering its "other side"? … Enlightenment depth psychology was born in 1784, … when the marquis of Puysegur discovered so-called magnetic sleep, which came to be called hypnosis in the nineteenth century. ...
Hypnosis … had a grave disadvantage, for which reason, later enlightenment tried to repress this more than a century old "episode": After the procedure, the patients had forgotten everything they had experienced. Through the "posthypnotic amnesia," as it was later called, they were at the mercy of the magnetizer, who could profit from their excursions into the unconscious. Still in a trance, they had to submit themselves to the healing commands of the magnetizer, who transposed the knowledge he had gained in the session about the patient's problematic into hypnotic instructions. These were supposed to remain effective in the unconscious for the patient's own good. Understandably, later enlightenment did not want to be involved with such procedures based entirely on authority and trust. After all, psychologically speaking, enlightenment always meant an advance in the training of mistrust—in the construction of an ego concerned about self-assertion and control of reality. Freud's methodology can be summarized, in a way, as the attempt to keep the path to the unconscious open without using hypnosis. One may consider whether, in Freud's procedure, a finesse born of mistrust is not at work.
- pp. 47-49
- From the start, the bourgeois-positivistic fraction of enlightenment was uncomfortable about the unpredictable, subversive dimensions of the new category, the unconscious. With it, the motif of critical self-reflection was introduced into civilization in a way that could not please those who held themselves to be the representatives of civilization. If every ego is underlaid by an unconscious, then that is the end of the self-satisfaction of a consciousness that thinks it knows itself, and thus knows how to value itself. The "unconscious" touched on the cultural narcissism of all social classes.
- p. 50
- Rousseau diagnosed a total degeneration, a complete fall of humanity from "Nature" in the society of the eighteenth century. All spontaneity had been denaturalized through convention, all naïveté had been replaced by finesse, all sincerity had been glossed over by facades of social intercourse, etc.
- p. 53
- The evidence introduced for political pessimism; the criminal, the lunatic, and the asocial individual, in a word, the second-rate citizen —these are not by nature as one finds them now but have been made so by society. It is said that they have never had a chance to be as they would be according to their nature, but were forced into the situation in which they find themselves through poverty, coercion, and ignorance. They are victims of society.
This defense against political pessimism regarding human nature is at first convincing. It possesses the superiority of dialectical thinking over positivistic thinking. It transforms moral states and qualities into processes. Brutal people do not "exist," only their brutalization; criminality does not "exist," only criminalization; stupidity does not "exist," only stupefaction; self-seeking does not "exist," only training in egoism; there are no second-rate citizens, only victims of patronization. What political positivism takes to be nature is in reality falsified nature: the suppression of opportunity for human beings. Rousseau knew of two aids who could illustrate his point of view, two classes of human beings who lived before civilization and, consequently, before perversion: the noble savage and the child. Enlightenment literature develops two of its most intimate passions around these two figures: ethnology and pedagogy.
- (describing Rousseau's philosophy) p. 55
- From this moment on, the child becomes a political object—to a certain extent, the living security deposit of enlightenment. The child is the "noble savage" in one's own house. Through appropriate education care must be taken in the future that innocent children are not made into the same artificial social cripples the previous system produced. Children are already what the new bourgeois humans believe they want to become.
- pp. 55-56
- The question about "good origins" becomes the crux for enlightenment. It becomes more and more clear that this idea of origin has not a temporal but a Utopian reference. The Good is still nowhere to be found, except in the wishful human spirit.
- p. 56
- When conservatives and reactionaries refer to "Nature" to justify their assertions about the inferiority of woman, the lesser capacities of dark races, the innate intelligence of children from the upper social strata, and the sickness of homosexuality, they have usurped naturalism. It remains the task of critique to refute this. Ultimately critique must at least be able to show that what "Nature" gives us has to be recognized as neutral and nontendentious so that every value judgment and every tendency can without doubt be understood as a cultural phenomenon. Even if Rousseau's "good Nature" has been discredited, he has at least taught us not to accept "bad Nature" as an excuse for social oppression.
- p. 57
- Psychology is familiar with the "eternal victim," who exploits this position for disguised aggressions. Also belonging to this category, in a broader sense, are those permanent losers as well as medical and political hypochondriacs who lament that conditions are so terrible that it is a great sacrifice on their part not to kill themselves or emigrate. On the German Left, not least of all under the influence of the sociologized schema of the victim, a certain type of renegade has emerged who feels that it is a dirty trick to have to live in this land without summer and without oppositional forces. Nobody can say that such a viewpoint does not know what it is talking about. Its mistake is that it remains blind to itself. For the accusation becomes bound to misery and magnifies it under the subterfuge of unsuspecting critical observations. With the obstinacy of a Sophist, in aggressive self-reification, many a "critical" consciousness refuses to become healthier than the sick whole.
- p. 58
- Ideologically, the reference to "Nature" is always significant because it produces an artificial naïveté and ends up as voluntary naïveté. It covers up the human contribution and avers that things are by nature, and from their origins, in that "order" in which our representations, which are always influenced by "interests," depict them. The rudiments for ideologies of order are hidden in all naturalisms.
- p. 59
- Every naturalism begins as involuntary naïveté. Initially, we cannot help thinking that the "order of things" is an objective order. For the first glance falls on the things and not on the "eyeglasses." In the work of enlightenment, this first innocence becomes irretrievably lost. Enlightenment leads to the loss of naïveté and it furthers the collapse of objectivism through a gain in self-experience. It effects an irreversible awakening and, expressed pictorially, executes the turn to the eyeglasses, i.e., to one's own rational apparatus. Once this consciousness of the eyeglasses has been awakened in a culture, the old naïveté loses its charm, becomes defensive, and is transformed into narrow-mindedness, which is intent on remaining as it is. The mythology of the Greeks is still enchanting; that of fascism is only stale and shameless. In the first myth, a step toward an interpretation of the world was taken; in simulated naïveté, an artful stupefaction (Verdummung) is at work—the predominant method of self-integration in advanced social orders.
- p. 59
- The establishment of inwardness and the creation of the illusion of privacy are the most subversive themes of enlightenment. It is still not really clear today who the social conveyor of this impulse of enlightenment may be. One of the ambivalences of enlightenment is that although intelligence can be explained sociologically, educationally, and politically, "wisdom," self-reflection cannot. The subject of a radical ego enlightenment cannot be socially identified with certainty—even though the procedures of this enlightenment are anchored in reality.
In this point, the majority of societies seem to strive for a conscious nonenlightenment.
- p. 60
- Did not Nietzsche too warn of that "life-destroying enlightenment" that touches on our life-supporting self-delusions? Can we afford to shake up the "basic fictions" of privacy, personality, and identity? Be that as it may, in this question both old and new conservatives have come to the hard decision to take the "stance" of defending, against all the demands of reflection, their "unavoidable lies for living," without which self-preservation would not be possible. That they are aided in this by the general fear of self-experience, which competes with curiosity about self-experience, does not have to be expressly emphasized. Thus the theater of respectable, closed egos goes on everywhere, even where the means have long been available to secure better knowledge. Crosswise to all political fronts, it is the "ego" in society that offers the most resolute resistance against the decisive enlightenment. Scarcely anyone will put up with radical self-reflection on this point, not even many of those who regard themselves as enlighteners.
- p. 60
- The dance around the golden calf of identity is the last and greatest orgy of counterenlightenment. Identity is the magic word of a partially hidden, partially open conservatism that has inscribed personal identity, occupational identity, national identity, political identity, female identity, male identity, class identity, party identity, etc., on its banner.
- pp. 60-61
- The courtly person (cortegiano, gentilhomme, gentleman, Hofmann) has gone through a training in self-esteem that expresses itself in many ways: in aristocratically pretentious opinions, in polished or majestic manners, in gallant or heroic patterns of feeling as well as in a selective, aesthetic sensitivity for that which is said to be courtly or pretty. The noble, far removed from any self-doubt, should achieve all this with a complete matter-of-factness. Any uncertainty, any doubt in these things signifies a slackening in the nobility's cultural "identity." This class narcissism, which has petrified into a form of life, tolerates no irony, no exception, no slips, because such disturbances would give rise to unwelcome reflections. The French nobles did not turn up their noses at Shakespeare's "barbarism" without reason. In his plays one already "smells" the human ordinariness of those who want to stand before society as the best.
With the ascendancy of the bourgeoisie, the place of the "best" is awarded anew. The bourgeois ego, in an unprecedented, creative storming to the heights of a new class consciousness won for itself an autonomous narcissism.
- p. 62
- The bourgeoisie is the first class that has learned to say I and that at the same time has the experience of labor. All older class narcissisms can base themselves "only" on struggle, military heroism, and the grandiosity of rulers. When the bourgeois says "I" the idea of the pride of labor, of productive accomplishment can also be heard for the first time.
- p. 63
- The one version of the bourgeois comprises the artisan, the trader, the official, the financier, and the entrepreneur, all of whom, in their own way, can claim to know what labor is. Juxtaposed to them from the beginning, stands a type of bourgeois who does research, writes poetry, composes and makes music, and philosophizes and who believes that these activities develop a world that is self-sufficient. It is obvious that these two fractions of the bourgeois ego get on only superficially and come together only in the hollow connection of property and cultivation. They create the century-long tension between the good and the evil bourgeois, the idealist and the exploiter, the visionary and the pragmatist, the ideally liberated bourgeois and the laboring bourgeois. This tension remains as inexhaustible as that between the world of work and "freedom" in general.
- pp. 63-64
- Because knowledge is power, every hegemonic power challenged by "another knowledge" must try to stay in the center of knowledge. However, not every power is the right center for every knowledge. Reflective knowledge cannot be separated from its subject.
- p. 77
- The First World War had been the mass politicizer. For years on end, it had transformed the consciousnesses of the entire continent into those of observers of the front. Being schooled through war reports, every individual developed the perspective of a general. … Here for the first time, that overwhelming socialization of attention characteristic of modernity took place—and what awoke in individuals and groups as "political consciousness" was the optics of the observer of catastrophes, of the war voyeur.
The so-called politicization proceeds from a more intensive militarization and strategic mobilization of consciousnesses, and that not only on the surface. It penetrates deep into body postures and structures of perception. In 1912, Walther Rathenau had referred to an "education for becoming a politician" when the conceptual models of tactics, of the estimation of total situations, etc., trickled down as far as the shopkeeper. From then on, it took only a short time for politicization—as strategic cothinking in large-scale catastrophes—to become universal consciousness. ...
As the political ego strives for hardness and agility, it is trained in the way of seeing of generals and diplomats: reconnoiter the terrain; coldly consider the given circumstances; survey the numbers; tack as long as necessary; strike as soon as the time is right. … In this cold romanticism of grand strategic overviews, the political camps of the Left and the Right are quite close to each other. These realpolitik ways of thinking now penetrate down to the person on the street. This "sovereign" thinking, borrowed stateman's optics and general's disposition work on posturingly, even in the minds of the impotent. The principal psychopolitical model of the coming decades is the 'cothinking' cog in the machinery. Those who are infected with the cold intoxication of "thinking in terms of relationships" will more easily let themselves be made into the political tools of the future.
The Napoleon cult in the Weimar Republic belongs in this framework. It marks a phase of inner political colonization. With it, political masochism ascends to new heights. The small ego learns how to deliriously think in parallel with the trains of thought of a great strategic brain, which disposes of the former. What Ernst Jünger had previously demonstrated on a high essayistic level (namely, the illusion-trick of being simultaneously general and victim, caterpillar and leaf) is translated onto a mediocre level by innumerable biographies, plays, and articles on Napoleon (and other "men of action" such as Cecil Rhodes and Warren Hastings). Here, educated and "semieducated" everyday sadomasochism finds expression. The leaf dreams of being the master ego of the caterpillar. The communality between the devouring and the devoured arises through the leaf feeling into the suffering soul of the caterpillar. … Napoleon races along his gleaming course like a "meteor" (Kircheissen). His glowing illuminates the more somber plight of mediocre individuals who dream themselves into the "great man."
- pp. 470-471
- In the kynicism of Diogenes of Sinope, the laughter about philosophy itself became philosophical. … In the pantomimes and wordplays of the philosopher from the tub, the Gay Science was born, which saw the earnestness of the false life recur in the false earnestness of philosophy.
- p. 535
- Diogenes of Sinope … was also the first to recognize the danger embodied in Plato, that the school will subjugate life, that the artificial psychosis of "absolute knowledge" wants to destroy the vital connection between perception, movement, and understanding.
- p. 535
- Philosophical thinking peddles its wares today at a fair of self-sublations and falls head over heels in its eagerness to find favor with ironic, pragmatic, and strategic realisms. The risk of such realistic metamorphoses is obvious: It can easily end up by substituting the bad with something worse. It is a short step from the kynical "sublation" of philosophy to the cynical self-denial of what great philosophy had embodied in its best aspects.
- p. 536
- Philosophy … lost its prestige to the extent that it lost its evident advantage in cleverness to "normal life." In the transition from archaic teachings of wisdom to philosophy based on argument, it itself was engulfed in the twilight of alienation from life. It had to accept that the independent cleverness theories of pragmatics, economics, strategy, and politics proved themselves to be its better, until, with its logical niceties, it became infantile and academic, and stood there as the Utopian idiot with its reminiscences about great ideals. Today philosophy is surrounded on all sides by maliciously clever empiricisms and realistic disciplines that "know better."
- p. 536
- With "know thyself," classical philosophy promised the individual that, on the way inward, he or she would discover a common denominator for world and self. In this way, it secured for itself an unexcellable binding force that reliably bound existence together with reflection. That is why, for Thales, knowledge of the heavens and self-investigation could proceed directly parallel to each other. For as long as philosophy was able to believe in a synchronizing of experiences of the world and of the self, the principle of "know thyself could be spun out to an encyclopedia of knowledge, just as the encyclopedia could be compressed into "know thyself." The classical systems drew their pathos from the certainty that worldly and self-experience had to converge under the sign of the "absolute." They could still proceed from the premise that reflection and life, theoretical and practical reason, could never completely separate themselves from each other because all knowing found an ultimate regulative in the self-knowledge of the knowers.
In modernity, the brackets that in classical thinking held reflection and life together burst apart. It becomes increasingly clear to us that we are at the point of losing the common denominator of self-experience and world experience. Even the most honorable postulate of self-knowledge today is suspected of having been naive, and what once appeared as the summit of reflectedness is today confronted by the suspicion that it was possibly only a chimera that arose through the misuse of metaphors of reflection. The greater part of present-day object knowledges has, in fact, freed itself from any relation to a self and confronts our consciousness in that extracted matter-of-factness from which no path is any longer bent "back" to a subjectivity. Nowhere does an ego experience it-"self" in modern scientific knowledge. Where this ego still bends over itself, with its obvious tendency to a worldless inwardness, it leaves reality behind. Thus, for present-day thinking, inwardness and outwardness, subjectivity and things, have been split into "alien worlds"; at the same time, the classical premise of philosophizing falls away. "Know thyself has long since been understood by modern people as an invitation to an ego trip for an escapist ignorance. Modern reflection expressly renounces any competency in embedding subjectivities without rupture into objective worlds. What it uncovers is rather the gulf between both.
- p. 537
- If the movements of reflection in classical philosophy could be depicted in the structure of Homer's Odysseus, in which a wandering hero returns home via a thousand false paths across the whole world, in order there to be recognized by his woman, that is, by his "soul," then the reflections of modern thinking in no way still find their way back "home." They either move on the spot in essenceless flurries, drained of experience, or they drift on, like the eternal Jew or the Flying Dutchman, without hope of arriving, through the perpetually alien. … For the modern subject, a "vagabond in existence," there is no longer any return home.
- p. 538
- Since modern thinking no longer entrusts itself with the translation of self-knowledge into worldly knowledge, and of world experience into self-experience, philosophy has had to withdraw from theories of "objective reason" into those of "subjective reason." The ground is thus taken from under the feet of the ancient holistic pathos, and philosophy sinks into the apparent truncatedness and groundlessness of the subjective.
- p. 538
- Philosophy that does not speculate past the structures of the modern world is basically practical philosophy. As such, it must equate what is intelligible in the world with what is rationally feasible, thinkable, examinable, and articulable. In the theory of subjective reason, the world is paraphrased as the content of our doings. Subjectivity has been turned fully into praxis.
The glaring poverty of modern practical philosophy, which would really like to produce something sound, above all, a universally binding, rigorously grounded ethics, and cannot for the life of it manage to do so, is, however, nothing other than the poverty of subjective reason as such. The latter finds a foothold in itself only to the extent that it uninterruptedly pursues its activistic fury of "praxis." Modern reason knows itself to be tied to the back of the praxis tiger. As long as the latter runs its course in a predictable way, subjective reason remains in relative balance. But woe betide when it gets caught in one of its notorious crises and becomes frenzied due to resistances or profitable prey. Then it lets its praxis rider know that with ethical tranquilizers alone, a predatory animal of its dimensions cannot be brought under control. Practical philosophy that tries to be respectable thus develops against its will into a seminar for modern tiger management. There it is discussed whether it is possible to talk reasonably with the beast or whether it would be better if a few of the tendentially dispensable riders were sacrificed to the stubborn systemic brute. In these taming conversations of subjective reason with the praxis tiger, cynicism is inevitably in play, which, with the appeal to reason, lets it be known with a wink that it did not mean it so seriously. The superficial view of things, in addition, confirms this stance. Where thinking has to agonize, especially over the projects of praxis that were unleashed with its own aid and have become autonomous, there subjective reason, even as reason, is treated with irony and suspected of being merely subjectivity that keeps on tearing along. With incessant irony, modern philosophizing, which had once been so sure of itself, shrinks to a circuslike rationalism that, in its efforts to train the praxis tiger, proves itself to be embarrassingly helpless. If the philosophers themselves, in time, also become somewhat addled in this occupation, then, given how things are, it is no wonder.
- p. 539
- In the twilight of late enlightenment, the insight gains shape that our "praxis," which we always held to be the most legitimate child of reason, in fact, represents the central myth of modernity.
- p. 539
- Every active deed is etched in the matrix of passivity.
- p. 540
The Grasping Hand (2010)[edit]
- In an earlier day, the rich lived at the expense of the poor, directly and unequivocally; in a modern economy, unproductive citizens increasingly live at the expense of productive ones—though in an equivocal way, since they are told, and believe, that they are disadvantaged and deserve more still. Today, in fact, a good half of the population of every modern nation is made up of people with little or no income, who are exempt from taxes and live, to a large extent, off the other half of the population, which pays taxes. If such a situation were to be radicalized, it could give rise to massive social conflict. The eminently plausible free-market thesis of exploitation by the unproductive would then have prevailed over the much less promising socialist thesis of the exploitation of labor by capital.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Sunday, February 03, 2008
Print Enough Ballots -- Laying Down a Marker for SuperTuesday
Heather K. Gerken
SuperTuesday is fast approaching, the closest thing to a national primary we'll likely ever see. It's time to lay down a marker for what we expect from election administrators on Tuesday. No polling place -- not one -- should run out of ballots on Tuesday.
If having enough ballots is a problem, you better remind the vote administrators that they have enough pencils! And polling places. And counters. And scrutineers and
In our home, which is a long way from the borders of America, we still have the tape of the CNN coverage of the 2000 election day (and the next day, and the next day and the next day... and the litigation and the litigation and ...).
But this is a different matter. Who regulates these primary votes in the States? Is it the parties? the state? municipal government?
And this leads to the next question-- in other common law countries, none of which use the primary system -- the question of voting regulation is mostly a question of administrative, perhaps some human rights law, and often constitutional law.
But within the parties -- that is within the party elections, where candidates, the party leader and party officials are chosen, the focus of legal contention is over party rule-making and rule administration. While these can have public law tinges, for the most part, the legal battlefield is defined by the law of contract.
Who do candidates and their organizations attack for the failure of accuracy and fairness in the conduct of these primary votes?
On what basis?
And remember, don't let them forget the pencils.
Hi all, I found this great website where you can find videos of the 2008 Presidential Campaign. In case you need to decide who to vote for. Check out www.campaigncircus.com. Every issue, interview, debate, even speech, by the candidates can be found there. It is non partisan and also has some really funny clips as well. It is a really good site so spread the word!
J Wol
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Books by Balkinization Bloggers
Sanford Levinson, Nullification and Secession in Modern Constitutional Thought (University Press of Kansas 2016)
Sanford Levinson, An Argument Open to All: Reading The Federalist in the 21st Century (Yale University Press 2015)
Stephen M. Griffin, Broken Trust: Dysfunctional Government and Constitutional Reform (University Press of Kansas, 2015)
Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Harvard University Press, 2015)
Bruce Ackerman, We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution (Harvard University Press, 2014)
Balkinization Symposium on We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution
Joseph Fishkin, Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity (Oxford University Press, 2014)
Mark A. Graber, A New Introduction to American Constitutionalism (Oxford University Press, 2013)
John Mikhail, Elements of Moral Cognition: Rawls' Linguistic Analogy and the Cognitive Science of Moral and Legal Judgment (Cambridge University Press, 2013)
Gerard N. Magliocca, American Founding Son: John Bingham and the Invention of the Fourteenth Amendment (New York University Press, 2013)
Stephen M. Griffin, Long Wars and the Constitution (Harvard University Press, 2013)
Andrew Koppelman, The Tough Luck Constitution and the Assault on Health Care Reform (Oxford University Press, 2013)
James E. Fleming and Linda C. McClain, Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues (Harvard University Press, 2013)
Balkinization Symposium on Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues
Andrew Koppelman, Defending American Religious Neutrality (Harvard University Press, 2013)
Brian Z. Tamanaha, Failing Law Schools (University of Chicago Press, 2012)
Sanford Levinson, Framed: America's 51 Constitutions and the Crisis of Governance (Oxford University Press, 2012)
Linda C. McClain and Joanna L. Grossman, Gender Equality: Dimensions of Women's Equal Citizenship (Cambridge University Press, 2012)
Mary Dudziak, War Time: An Idea, Its History, Its Consequences (Oxford University Press, 2012)
Jack M. Balkin, Living Originalism (Harvard University Press, 2011)
Jason Mazzone, Copyfraud and Other Abuses of Intellectual Property Law (Stanford University Press, 2011)
Richard W. Garnett and Andrew Koppelman, First Amendment Stories, (Foundation Press 2011)
Jack M. Balkin, Constitutional Redemption: Political Faith in an Unjust World (Harvard University Press, 2011)
Gerard Magliocca, The Tragedy of William Jennings Bryan: Constitutional Law and the Politics of Backlash (Yale University Press, 2011)
Bernard Harcourt, The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order (Harvard University Press, 2010)
Bruce Ackerman, The Decline and Fall of the American Republic (Harvard University Press, 2010)
Balkinization Symposium on The Decline and Fall of the American Republic
Ian Ayres. Carrots and Sticks: Unlock the Power of Incentives to Get Things Done (Bantam Books, 2010)
Mark Tushnet, Why the Constitution Matters (Yale University Press 2010)
Ian Ayres and Barry Nalebuff: Lifecycle Investing: A New, Safe, and Audacious Way to Improve the Performance of Your Retirement Portfolio (Basic Books, 2010)
Jack M. Balkin, The Laws of Change: I Ching and the Philosophy of Life (2d Edition, Sybil Creek Press 2009)
Brian Z. Tamanaha, Beyond the Formalist-Realist Divide: The Role of Politics in Judging (Princeton University Press 2009)
Andrew Koppelman and Tobias Barrington Wolff, A Right to Discriminate?: How the Case of Boy Scouts of America v. James Dale Warped the Law of Free Association (Yale University Press 2009)
Jack M. Balkin and Reva B. Siegel, The Constitution in 2020 (Oxford University Press 2009)
Heather K. Gerken, The Democracy Index: Why Our Election System Is Failing and How to Fix It (Princeton University Press 2009)
Mary Dudziak, Exporting American Dreams: Thurgood Marshall's African Journey (Oxford University Press 2008)
David Luban, Legal Ethics and Human Dignity (Cambridge Univ. Press 2007)
Ian Ayres, Super Crunchers: Why Thinking-By-Numbers is the New Way to be Smart (Bantam 2007)
Jack M. Balkin, James Grimmelmann, Eddan Katz, Nimrod Kozlovski, Shlomit Wagman and Tal Zarsky, eds., Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment (N.Y.U. Press 2007)
Jack M. Balkin and Beth Simone Noveck, The State of Play: Law, Games, and Virtual Worlds (N.Y.U. Press 2006)
Andrew Koppelman, Same Sex, Different States: When Same-Sex Marriages Cross State Lines (Yale University Press 2006)
Brian Tamanaha, Law as a Means to an End (Cambridge University Press 2006)
Sanford Levinson, Our Undemocratic Constitution (Oxford University Press 2006)
Mark Graber, Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil (Cambridge University Press 2006)
Jack M. Balkin, ed., What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said (N.Y.U. Press 2005)
Sanford Levinson, ed., Torture: A Collection (Oxford University Press 2004)
Balkin.com homepage
Cultural Software
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This Just In ...
Kevin Fischer is a veteran broadcaster, the recipient of over 150 major journalism awards from the Milwaukee Press Club, the Wisconsin Associated Press, the Northwest Broadcast News Association, the Wisconsin Bar Association, and others. He has been seen and heard on Milwaukee TV and radio stations for over three decades. A longtime aide to state Senate Republicans in the Wisconsin Legislature, Kevin can be seen offering his views on the news on the public affairs program, "InterCHANGE," on Milwaukee Public Television Channel 10, and heard filling in on Newstalk 1130 WISN. He lives with his wife, Jennifer, and their lovely young daughter, Kyla Audrey, in Franklin.
The Kevin Fischer "Whippersnapper Hall of Fame"- Inductee #28
The newest inductee is Anthony Casalena.
1) The Conservative Casanova
2) American Sweetheart
3) Eva Lorraine Molina
4) Matt Kallerud
5) Hannah Giles
6) Jillian Bandes
7) Jonathan McCoy
8) James O'Keefe
9) Jackie Seal
10) Jill Metzler
11) Ron Fournier
12) Jake Shafer
13) Bree McMahon
14) Keli Carender
15) Jessica Watson
16, 17 and 18) Christopher "Kreece" Fuchs, Xavier Helgesen and Jeff Kurtzman
19) Vanessa Jean Louis
20) Zack Goodman
21) Lila Rose
22) Drew Anderson and Toni Alten-Crowe
23) Christine Rousselle
24) Carlos Turner
25) Jhaqueil Reagan
26) Matt Walsh
27) Kwasi Enin
28) Anthony Casalena
This site uses Facebook comments to make it easier for you to contribute. If you see a comment you would like to flag for spam or abuse, click the "x" in the upper right of it. By posting, you agree to our Terms of Use.


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Learning Center Search Results
Showing 1-2 of 2 results
Beginning Research in France: Part 1 of 2
In this lesson you will learn how to locate the place of origin of your French ancestor, determine the right spelling of the name, and use dates correctly.
Pennsylvania Research: Land Records: Field of Dreams
Many feel land records only indicate where and how much land your ancestor owned. However, there are times when these records may assist in linking families. In this short lesson state and county land records will be discussed and where these records can be located and what information they may contain. The last lesson in this series is Pennsylvania Research: County Court and Probate Records.


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Introduction | Science | Tools | Partners
Rwanda Implements UN-Supported Climate Adaptation Plan: Relocating Communities from High-Risk Zones18/
Nairobi, 17 September 2010 - Once home to populations of Chimpanzees and Golden Monkeys, the sloping terrain of Rwanda's Gishwati Forest has in recent decades suffered severe environmental degradation - made worse by extreme weather events.Landslides, floods and torrential rains have claimed lives, demolished human settlements, and destroyed thousands of hectares of forest and farmland. A United Nations-led project and a generous funding allocation from the Government are bringing hope to the region.In an effort to reduce the vulnerability of local communities and the ecosystem to climate change impacts, the Government of Rwanda - guided by a UN pilot project that mapped and developed a comprehensive plan for land suitability and use - has allocated US$25 million to relocate human settlements from Gishwati to safer zones. The Climate Change and Development Project - Adapting by Reducing Vulnerability (CC DARE) - is jointly implemented by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) with funding from the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.Using small funds for targeted short-term activities, that do not exceed a six-month period, the programme helps countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and small island states integrate climate change adaptation into national development planning and decision-making. Demand-driven, CC DARE is designed to complement and strengthen ongoing and planned adaptation and risk management activities based on national priorities.UN Under-Secretary General and UNEP Executive Director, Achim Steiner, said: "Integrating adaptation into national development policies can strengthen the ecosystems and thus the economy against the impacts of climate change. Rwanda is setting an early and a positive example of how Africa can address current and perhaps more importantly future climate vulnerability, while also assisting towards meeting the poverty-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)."Like other forests, Rwanda's Gishwati Reserve - a protected area in the northwestern part of the country - provides key ecosystem services, including the maintenance of soil quality, limiting erosion, stabilizing hillsides, modulating seasonal flooding, and providing a habitat for biodiversity.Up to 1978, the reserve's forests remained largely intact. But images released by NASA last year revealed Gishwati has lost approximately 99.4 per cent of its forest cover. Only 600 hectares of the original 100,000 hectares of forest remain.According to a UNEP post-conflict study, Rwanda's post-colonial civil war caused mass dislocation of entire communities. In the 15 years that spanned the genocide, waves of refugees fled the fighting and settled in wetlands and forests. The land was cleared for subsistence farming. As a result, the health of the ecosystem was severely compromised.Director General of Rwanda Environment Management Authority, Dr. Rose Mukankomeje, said: "Overcoming the degradation of the Gishwati Forest has been at the heart of Rwanda's national development efforts. The revision of the Land Suitability and Land Use Map Plan by the UNEP-UNDP CC DARE programme is a huge national success story that has paved the way to building future benefits. The allocation of US$25 million is part of the national effort to build on CC DARE's work in rehabilitating the Gishwati Forest, making it less vulnerable to climate change impacts."Danish Environment Ambassador, Margit Thomsen, pointed out that the Climate Adaptation programme was launched to meet a demand for fast financing and technical advice to assist African governments meet the economic and social development challenges aggravated by climate change. "The aim was to build up national experience from small, innovative model-projects addressing adaptation to climate change, while paving the way for scaled up programs. The Danish Government, having provided a total of US$8 million to the programme, is pleased to note that the programme is now well underway in 11 African countries. The success of the programme in Rwanda through its generation of additional funds for scaled up programs is exemplary and will serve as model for CC DARE cooperation in other countries. On behalf of the Danish Government, I wish the Government of Rwanda a successful continued collaboration with CC DARE," she added.Risk studies conducted by the UNEP-UNDP team conclude that if further erosion to the Gishwati forest is to be avoided, 43 per cent of the terrain - around 2844 hectares - should be used for pasture, forest plantation and fruit tree plantation. Among the 2,844 hectares, 1,393 hectares will be preserved and invasive human activities will not be allowed. The remaining 1,451 hectares will be used for fruit tree plantation. Rehabilitation efforts will maximise Rwanda's chances of playing a bigger role in global carbon trading through the establishment of new carbon sinks in Gishwati.The Land Use Plan, developed by the project, outlines agroforestry techniques to maximise carbon sequestration - or the process of depositing carbon from the atmosphere. For example, soil fertility replenishment and diversification of farming is recommended in low risk areas, while the planting of indigenous trees is recommended for moderate to high risk areas.Technical manuals were also developed to help local government and communities better manage forest resources. The manuals provide detailed information on land use, such as, field validation for carbon sequestration, land suitability for planting high-value cops, soil resilience, sustainable farming systems, bridging food security critical periods, and strategies to cope with climate variability.The success of the CC DARE project has helped Rwanda leverage other funds such as US$15.9 million from the UNFCCC Least Developed Country Fund and UNDP, among other sources. It is also paving the way for innovative action towards climate change adaptation in Africa's most densely populated country.NOTES TO EDITORSRwanda is one of eleven countries under the CCDARE programme. Other countries include Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Mozambique, Senegal, Seychelles, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda.With an estimated population in excess of 9 million, Rwanda is Africa's most densely populated country.More information on CC DARE is available at www.ccdare.orgFor More Information, Please Contact:Shereen Zorba - Head, UNEP News Desk, Mobile:+254 713601259, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


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The Original Set
- Color:
- jungle
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
Description: The Original Set is an awesome way to introduce your children to the world of Tegu blocks! * Blocks come packaged in a large, rigid box- perfect for storing blocks for many years to come * Suitable for ages 3 years and up * Made of FSC-Certified Honduran Hardwoods * Magnetic connections between the blocks make for novel play that defies gravity and increases a child's creative freedom
- 52 blocks in four shapes
- 20 Cubes
- 16 Long Planks
- 10 Short Planks
- 6 Jumbo Planks
Tegu is a pioneering wooden toy company designing products that unleash the power of little imaginations. Introducing eco-friendly building blocks magically attracted by magnets, Tegu has unveiled the first wooden toys ever created to defy gravity. But, it gets better: building their own manufacturing plant in Honduras, Tegu is realizing a dual goal of creating dozens of jobs for men and women while working to replenish a sadly abused rainforest
Warning: This product contains small magnets. Swallowed magnets can cause complications leading to serious infections and/or fatality. Seek immediate medical attention if magnet are swallowed or inhaled.
Material: FSC-Certified Honduran Hardwoods
Brand: Tegu
Origin: Imported


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Learning Center Search Results
Showing 1-2 of 2 results
Locating, Understanding and Deciphering Catholic Records From North America and European Countries
Many researchers find their family line eventually leads to records maintained by the Roman Catholic Church. This presentation is a survey of the types of records kept by the church and keys to extracting data. Religious newspapers, Jubilee Books and Parish Histories are also covered.
Using the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library's Newspaper Collection to Assist with African American Research
You will learn how to use newspaper records that are available in the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library to assist you in African American research.


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Find Vancourt Texas Hotels, Real Estate, Job Listings, and much more local information on this city guide.
At America Express, w e?ve focused onĀensuring our customers? satisfaction. Every day, weĀstrive toĀmake itĀeasier, safer and more rewarding for co...
With over 69,000 employees at some 1,200 locations in over 100 countries, the Kuehne + Nagel Group is one of the world?s leading logistics companie...
State Farm, well known for being a "good neighbor" by "being there" for our customers, was founded in 1922 by retired farmer and insurance salesman...
Vancourt is located in Tom Green County, TX. On this city guide, you will find all kinds of helpful information about hotels, real estate, careers and much more.
American Express
Kuehne + Nagel
State Farm
Tyson Foods Incorporated


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You exercise your body to stay physically in shape, so why shouldn't you exercise your brain to stay mentally fit? With these daily exercises you will learn how to flex your mind, improve your creativity and boost your memory. As with any exercise, repetition is necessary for you to see improvement, so pick your favorite exercises from our daily suggestions and repeat them as desired. Try to do some mentalrobics every single day!
As we go about our daily business, we are constantly making decisions based on guesses and estimates. This exercise will help improve your ability to make educated guesses about time.
When you are estimating each answer, try to pay attention to how you are solving the problem. Are you guessing the whole number or are you trying to calculate it based on smaller guesses? Avoid using a calculator or pen and paper until after you have made your guestimate.
1. How much time per year do you spend on the Internet?
2. How much time per month do you spend in a car?
3. How long would it take you to count to a million?
4. If you were a bird, how long would it take you to fly to the North Pole?
5. How long does it take to fill up your bathtub?
With practice, you will get better and making estimates by making quick approximations and simplification.
noun :: One that serves as a leader or as a leading indicator of future trends.
"The degree to which the paper is censored is a political bellwether" --Justine De Lacy.
An EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain by using electrodes placed on the scalp. The brain-wave patterns that are measured can be used to help identify epilepsy, sleep disorders and other conditions. There are four major types of rhythms that can be recognized on an EEG.
Delta Waves
Delta waves indicate the slowest type of brain activity. These rhythms are seen during deep sleep.
Theta Waves
In terms of activity, Theta waves fall between Delta and Alpha. They are characteristic of someone who is drowsy or in light sleep. They can also be produced by someone who is hypnotized, day dreaming, or lucid dreaming.
Alpha Waves
These brain-waves are characteristic of normal consciousness. When you are awake, your brain is probably producing alpha waves.
Beta Waves
Beta waves are seen when a person is very active, under stress or concentrating hard on a task. They are high frequency waves and indicate that the brain is working hard.


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"Bolt Gold" Nissan GT-R Online Auction Helps Raise Over $193,000 for Charity
- Nissan raises a total of $193,191 from the sale of unique "Bolt Gold" GT-R and autographed accessories during online charity auction
- All proceeds from the charity auction will go to the Usain Bolt Foundation to assist children in Jamaica
YOKOHAMA, Japan – Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. raised a total of $193,191 from the 'Bolt Gold' Nissan GT-R and Bolt Merchandise online charity auction held on eBay from November 22 to December 4, 2012. All proceeds from the auction will be donated to the Usain Bolt Foundation to help with its mission of creating educational and cultural opportunities for children and young people in Usain Bolt's home country of Jamaica.
Competition for the one-off 'Bolt Gold' Nissan GT-R was fierce, with offers stemming from around the globe during the ten-day auction, culminating in a winning bid of $187,100.
More than 100 people also competed for nine items of Bolt merchandise on the auction block, including racing helmets, special driving suits and boots, which brought in a total of $6,091.
"In doing good with this donation to the Usain Bolt Foundation, Nissan will help children in Jamaica do better as they strive to realize their dreams for the future," commented Nissan's Chief Operating Officer, Toshiyuki Shiga.
In October 2012, Usain Bolt was appointed Nissan's honorary "Director of Excitement" as a brand spokesman for the company's new "WHAT IF_" global brand campaign.
Commenting on the donation from Nissan, Usain Bolt said, "My partnership with Nissan greatly benefits the work of my Foundation. This donation will help many kids get access to better facilities, play areas and educational materials in Jamaica. I am delighted to be working with Nissan to do this."
The new owner of the "Bolt Gold" Nissan GT-R from Australia said, "The Nissan GT-R just gets better and better and more refined each year, and the fact that this gold GT-R also celebrates the incredible achievements of the great Usain Bolt makes it something very special indeed."
Blue Citizenship
Blue Citizenship is the commitment of Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. to realize our vision of Enriching People's Lives. We commit to our customers, shareholders, employees and the communities where we do business to deliver engaging, valuable and sustainable mobility for all. Through our business activities, we aim to create economic value and to actively contribute towards the development of a sustainable society.
Related Links:
- CSR: http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/COMPANY/CSR/
- Corporate Citizenship Activities: http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/CITIZENSHIP/
About Nissan
Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., Japan's second-largest automotive company, is headquartered in Yokohama, Japan, and is part of the Renault-Nissan Alliance. Operating with more than 248,000 employees globally, Nissan provided customers with more than 4.8 million vehicles in 2011, generating revenue of 9.4 trillion yen ($US118.95 billion). With a strong commitment to developing exciting and innovative products for all, Nissan delivers a comprehensive range of 64 models under the Nissan and Infiniti brands. A pioneer in zero-emission mobility, Nissan made history with the introduction of the Nissan LEAF, the first affordable, mass-market, pure-electric vehicle and winner of numerous international accolades, including the prestigious 2011-2012 Car of the Year Japan and 2011 World Car of the Year awards.
For more information on our products, services and commitment to sustainable mobility, visit our website at http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/.
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Dolce & Gabbana Leather Base Zip Tote Bag
Sorry, this item is sold out!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Item # 288062
With trendy and cutting-edge style, Dolce & Gabbana is the epitome of luxury. Stay organized all day long with this leather base zip compartment tote bag.
- Genuine leather tote bag
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- Base zip around compartment
- Fabric lining in center and base compartments
- Zip pocket and slip pocket in center compartment
- Dimensions 19" x 4½" x 15"
- Made in Italy
- View more Luxe810 Designer Handbags
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Make Chelsea your Czech mates
Four English sides are in Europa League action on Thursday but our Andy Schooler believes Chelsea look most appealing.
- Related Content
The Europa League returns on Thursday and hopefully we can start looking forward to teams taking it more seriously.
The competition often appears to be an inconvenience to teams in its early stages. With line-ups difficult to predict it can be something of a minefield for punters.
Certain sides look sure to have focus on the competition now.
Liverpool, for example, have little else to play for. Out of the FA Cup and with hopes of a top-four finish in the Premier League now all but over following Monday's home defeat to West Brom, this competition could prove to be their salvation after another season of disappointment.
They face a tricky tie against former winners Zenit St Petersburg though, starting with a trip to Russia.
Zenit have not lost at home in their last 19 European ties and the likes of Hulk and Russian international Aleksandr Kerzhakov, a real predator for his club but so profligate during last summer's European Championships, should ensure Liverpool's defence is tested.
The Reds look set to play a strong side but it will not feature Daniel Sturridge or recent signing Philippe Coutinho.
Brendan Rodgers will certainly look for a reaction after Monday's defeat but it should be remembered Liverpool did not play that badly and would almost certainly have won had Steven Gerrard netted from the spot at 0-0.
With Zenit having not played competitively for two months, this could be a good time to be playing them, but a home record as strong as theirs is somewhat off-putting if you are considering backing what is a 12/5 shot (a Liverpool win).
Chelsea are a much smaller price but still look a decent bet for their clash away to Sparta Prague.
Rafael Benitez made his name with his record in European football and he has been a master of gaining something on the road before finishing the job in the home leg.
Tactically he was often spot on in such two-legged European ties during his days with Liverpool, a spell which followed on from similar success at Valencia.
While Chelsea have not found scoring a problem during a recent bumpy run - they now have 48 in their last 17 games - I'm not going to be tempted in to some tasty prices in the goalscorer markets.
Frank Lampard (eight goals in 12 games) is flying at present and can be backed at 2/1, while Branislav Ivanovic, with six goals this season, could offer some value at 8/1.
But with Bentiez's history and Sparta's decent defensive record in mind, I'm simply going to stick with an away win, which can be backed at 8/11.
Sparta went into their winter break by winning just six of their last 18 games and some recent friendlies against limited opposition hardly suggest they are a changed outfit.
Chelsea may be missing Demba Ba, but Fernando Torres has found the net 15 times this season despite his critics, while Lampard and Juan Mata are in a rich vein of form.
At the other end, John Terry and Gary Cahill are both available so this looks like a match where class really should tell.
The other two English sides in action are Newcastle, who host Metalist Kharkiv, and Tottenham, who entertain Lyon.
Spurs could be vulnerable in their tie against a side currently second in the French league.
They are one side you have to wonder will want a long run in this competition. They are on course for fourth place in the Premier League and that will surely rate higher on the club's priority list.
Andre Villas-Boas has already hinted that's the case with Hugo Lloris left out against his former club and we've already seen what can happen when Spurs take things a tad lightly - see their away defeat at Leeds in the FA Cup.
You can get the French and the draw onside at evens; the problem is Lyon are currently in arguably their worst run of the season.
They've just lost back-to-back matches in Ligue 1, results which have seriously damaged their title bid, and I just can't bring myself to side with them, certainly not without seeing the team line-ups.
- The Liverpool and Tottenham matches are being televised live in the UK on ITV, while the Chelsea and Newcastle games will be on ESPN.
Use your free £10 bet on Rooney to score in Real Madrid v Man United


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This report describes the typical weather at the Tromsø Airport (Tromsø, Norway) weather station over the course of an average August. It is based on the historical records from 1974 to 2012. Earlier records are either unavailable or unreliable.
Tromsø has a humid subarctic continental climate with cool summers and no dry season. The area within 25 mi of this station is covered by tundra (47%), oceans and seas (36%), and forests (14%).
The month of August is characterized by falling daily high temperatures, with daily highs decreasing from 59°F to 54°F over the course of the month, exceeding 69°F or dropping below 47°F only one day in ten.
Over the course of August, the length of the day is very rapidly decreasing. From the start to the end of the month, the length of the day decreases by 5:18 hours, implying an average day-over-day decrease of 10.3 minutes.
The shortest day of the month is August 31 with 15:31 hours of daylight; the longest day is August 1 with 20:49 hours of daylight.
The earliest sunrise is at 2:21am on August 1; the latest sunset is at 11:10pm on August 1; the latest sunrise is at 4:58am on August 31; the earliest sunset is at 8:29pm on August 31.
Daylight savings time is observed in 2012 but it neither starts nor ends in August, so the entire month is in daylight time.
The median cloud cover is 87% (mostly cloudy) and does not vary substantially over the course of the month.
On August 16, a representative day, the sky is clear or mostly clear 18% of the time, partly cloudy 20% of the time, and mostly cloudy or overcast 54% of the time.
The probability that precipitation will be observed at this location varies throughout the month. Precipitation is most likely around August 31, occurring in 70% of days. Precipitation is least likely around August 1, occurring in 64% of days.
Throughout August, the most common forms of precipitation are moderate rain and light rain.
Moderate rain is the most severe precipitation observed during 69% of those days with precipitation. It is most likely around August 30, when it is observed during 49% of all days.
Light rain is the most severe precipitation observed during 22% of those days with precipitation. It is most likely around August 9, when it is observed during 15% of all days.
The likelihood of snow falling is highest around August 31, occurring in 3% of days.
Either snow rarely accumulates at this location in August or snow depth measurements are unavailable or unreliable.
The relative humidity typically ranges from 63% (mildly humid) to 94% (very humid) over the course of a typical August, rarely dropping below 46% (comfortable) and reaching as high as 100% (very humid).
The air is driest around August 8, at which time the relative humidity drops below 73% (humid) three days out of four; it is most humid around August 11, rising above 91% (very humid) three days out of four.
Dew point is often a better measure of how comfortable a person will find the weather than relative humidity because it more directly relates to whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid.
Over the course of a typical August, the dew point typically varies from 39°F (dry) to 50°F (very comfortable) and is rarely below 32°F (dry) or above 56°F (comfortable).
Over the course of August typical wind speeds vary from 0 mph to 14 mph (calm to moderate breeze), rarely exceeding 22 mph (fresh breeze).
The highest average wind speed of 7 mph (light breeze) occurs around August 1, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 14 mph (moderate breeze).
The lowest average wind speed of 6 mph (light breeze) occurs around August 7, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 13 mph (moderate breeze).


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Singer-songwriter Randy Montana's self-titled debut album clings to the rough edges of country's musical highway with its compelling storytelling and vivid imagery combined with a raw but rocking guitar-driven sound. He makes a powerful statement with his debut project, and critics have quickly taken notice. Southern Living named Montana as one of five "Best New Artists" in its Best of the South issue, stating, "The raspy-voiced Montana breaks the genre's mold but respects its heritage." USA Today's Brian Mansfield called Montana's "1,000 Faces" his first favorite song of 2011, while People calls him "a must-hear artist."
He spent much of 2010 on the road, touring the nation with artists such as Sugarland and Little Big Town. "It was quite a learning experience, being a part of something where they put 12,000 - 14,000 people in seats a night," he says of touring with Sugarland's Jennifer Nettles and Kristian Bush. "Kristian said one of the coolest things at the end of the tour. He said, 'Thanks for keeping the musical integrity of this tour.' That meant a lot coming from a guy like that."
It was on this tour that Montana saw firsthand the strong and immediate connection people have to "1,000 Faces," and this was months before it was played on country radio. "It's incredible to play that song live," says Montana, who wrote it with Tom Douglas. "People come up and say, '1,000 Faces' was my favorite song of the night.' It's fun to play it live because you get this whole burst of energy yourself."
Montana's boundary-free music captures the yearning of restless young men who are in a hurry to take life as far as they can, men who are sometimes too caught up in the moments of passion to have thoughts of regret. His gravelly voice, which sounds older than his years, tells of temptation and consequences while painting musical portraits of wheels turning, fires burning and women scribbling phone numbers on matchbooks.
Montana is a songwriter's son who has found his own voice and quickly earned respect as a tunesmith on Music Row. He co-wrote nine songs on his eponymous album, and Montgomery Gentry recorded the Montana-penned "Can't Feel the Pain." Emmylou Harris was so impressed by Montana's talent that she harmonizes with him on "Last Horse."
His father is Billy Montana, whose hits include Garth Brooks' "More Than a Memory," Sara Evans' "Suds in the Bucket" and the Grammy-nominated Jo Dee Messina hit "Bring on the Rain." "Growing up around it, it took me awhile to come into my own," he says. "I never worried about being in a shadow or anything like that. But I also wanted to achieve that same kind of songwriting level that my dad achieved."
Montana was born in Albany, N.Y., and moved with his family to Nashville in 1988 when Billy signed a record deal with Warner Bros. He started playing guitar at age 10, writing songs at age 16 and performed his first song publicly at one of his father's writers' nights at age 17. "I always grew up around music, watching him do it," says Montana, who listened to Bruce Springsteen, Tom Petty and Jackson Browne on family road trips. "I kind of grew up next to a stage. Anytime the family got together, the guitars came out." He was an award-winning high school quarterback, earning All-State honors for leading the state in passing yards and touchdowns his junior and senior years. He now applies that same dedication and discipline to the music industry. "Thanks to our concert sponsors: Emery County, Emery County Recreation, Emery County Travel Bureau, Tony Basso GM, Rocky Mountain Power, Desertview Federal Credit Union, Consol Energy, Emery Telcom, Blue Castle Holdings and Industrial Electric"


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Eric Franklin at CNet obviously didn't get the memo (Thou art the Press. Thou shall hate the Kindle Fire and nag and complain like Lincoln's wife.). He's delivered an excellent Kindle Fire HD vs iPad Comparison which scores the Kindle Fire HD vs iPad Contest as –
- Video Streaming – Kindle Fire HD is better than iPad. Here's a snippet –
While the iPad proves a worthy competitor in the streaming-video challenge, the Fire HD currently has no equal in this department. If streaming video is at the top of your priority list, the Kindle Fire HD is the tablet for you.
- Web Browsing – iPad wins this thanks to Silk being Slow. By the way, Pinterest have hired away the Person in charge of Amazon's Silk Browser division. Hope … at last.
- Music – Kindle Fire HD wins. Again, here's a snippet from the Kindle Fire HD vs iPad comparison –
As forcefully as the iPad's single speaker belted out sound, the tablet is ultimately outshone by the Fire HD, which delivered smooth, loud sound with appropriately equalized bass and treble. You've never heard tablet speakers as good as these. I don't recommend listening to music through most tablet speakers, but with the Fire HD I make a very clear exception.
- Books – Kindle Fire HD wins. Mr. Franklin points out things like X-Ray and Immersion reading. He also values the Lending Library for Prime Members (only for Prime Members).
- Magazines – iPad wins as it has a larger back catalog of magazines and more optimized layouts and magazine apps.
- Games – iPad wins by a wide margin as it has a lot more games and a lot better games.
- Apps – iPad wins by a huge margin.
Conclusion, and you've got to love this, is –
Make no mistake, the iPad is the best tablet you can buy today; however, the Kindle Fire HD is a great alternative if you don't want to spend iPad levels of money or simply want a smaller screen and form factor. So which do you buy? Simply put, you buy the tablet that's best for you. That's difficult to hear if you're looking for strict, clear buying advice, but it's the reality of the situation.
A main stream journalist who is willing to write an unbiased Kindle Fire HD vs iPad comparison? No mention of 'the way it makes me feel' and 'animated flashing messages that say D&G of Electronics'? The world must really be ending in 2012.
Kindle Fire HD vs iPad Comparison – Kindle Fire HD is ALL ABOUT MEDIA SALES & CONSUMPTION
This is the most interesting part of the review to me –
However, there are three areas in which the Kindle Fire HD excels: streaming video, speakers, and — thanks to its multitude of features and Amazon's lending library — books.
Guess what that corresponds to?
It's the 'Movies, CDs, and Books' part of Amazon's revenue stream. That's literally how Amazon spells it out in its Earnings Reports. They have Electronics & Others as one main revenue stream and they have Media (Media = DVDs + CDs + Books) as the other main revenue stream.
Kindle Fire HD is the DIGITAL REPLACEMENT/TRANSITION for a core Amazon revenue stream – Media (Movie DVDs + Music CDs + Physical Books). Literally one of the two biggest revenue streams for Amazon. That's how important Kindle Fire HD and Kindle are.
What is Kindle Fire HD optimized for?
The three big physical Media revenue streams for Amazon – books, movies, music. Which are now transferring to digital.
What is Kindle Fire HD terrible for?
The things Amazon doesn't sell and/or doesn't depend as much on – Apps, Magazines, Surfing the Web.
The things that prevent users from buying and consuming Media – organizing books, checking Facebook, watching YouTube, wasting time with Purple Cow Apps.
Amazon is fighting the War it wants/needs to win, not the Tablet Wars
Amazon was looking for a way to safeguard its HUGE Media Revenue Stream. One of the two pillars on which its ENTIRE business depends. This was particularly important since all three critical components of the Media Revenue Stream (movies, music, books) were seeing a transition to digital.
With Kindles and Kindle Fire HD – they have books covered.
Kindle Fire HD, given that it is better for streaming movies than even the iPad, is a good move to safeguard movie revenues.
Kindle Fire HD, given that the Speakers are amazing, is a good move to safeguard music revenues. Perhaps even steal some share from iTunes.
An Unbiased Kindle Fire HD vs iPad Comparison – From the Main Stream Media, no less
This was perhaps what Amazon and Mr. Bezos were hoping for –
- The Press Members would take the bait of 'Kindle Fire HD is the best Tablet … at any price'. They would compare Kindle Fire HD and iPad. Free Publicity.
- They would ascertain that iPad is still better. While saying that the $199 Kindle Fire HD is a good competitor to the $499 iPad.
- They would mention that for movies, music, and books – Kindle Fire HD is the better choice.
Finally, please keep in mind that this is a $499 iPad 3 vs $199 Kindle Fire HD comparison. Kindle Fire HD still wins the three areas Amazon is most concerned about. The three areas that are key if it doesn't want to lose its HUGE Media revenue stream from movies, music, and books.
What happens when the $299 Kindle Fire HD 8.9″ and the $499 Kindle Fire HD 4G LTE arrive? If the $199 Kindle Fire HD can beat iPad 3 on Music, Movies, and Books – What can we expect from Kindle Fire HD 4G LTE vs iPad 3?


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General Events Calendar
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Effective Grading Practices
SpeakerDiana Steele
Date Nov 8, 2012
Time 2:30 pm - 4:00 pm
Location 428 Armory Bldg
Cost Free, but registration required.
Sponsor Center for Teaching Excellence
Contact Diana Steele
E-Mail email@example.com
Phone (217) 265-6248
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Originating Calendar Center for Innovation in Teaching & Learning (new)
Who doesn't dread grading student papers and exams? Students are not the only ones who put things off until the last minute – and yet, grading doesn't have to bring such misery. This workshop will discuss the principles of grading and offer some strategies for grading students' work efficiently and effectively, including for group projects. If time allows, we will review the options for calculating a final grade for the course from the grades on the various individual assignments. Please come with questions and ideas relevant to your field.


text: John Churchill (b. 1972) is an American visual artist and musician who works in a variety media. By experimenting with aleatoric processes, Churchill presents striking colors and shapes, as well as occasional references to texts, locations and people.John's prolific output features coincidental, accidental and unexpected connections. By applying abstraction and symbolism, he creates intense moments masterfully created by a refusal to comfort the viewer's senses."The best compliment I have ever received about my art is that it creates a sense of discomfort. I don't want to lull people into a catatonic state with a serene landscape, or make some self-righteous political statement. I want my work to agitate the viewer on a sub-conscious level."He has extended this philosophy into the realms of experimental music and film. Sounds and visuals dance around and weave into one another, all the while eschewing traditional structure and form.John Churchill currently resides in Charleston, South Carolina.


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The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite acquired this image of Typhoon Soulik on July 12, 2013. The storm is moving west across the Pacific Ocean on course to strike Taiwan and China in the next couple of days.
At the time the image was taken, the storm had winds of 170 kilometers per hour (90 knots or 100 miles per hour), down from its maximum strength of 230 km/hr (125 knots or 140 miles per hour) on July 10. Though Typhoon Soulik weakened significantly as it moved westward toward Taiwan, it could still cause floods, landslides, and wind damage. Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau warned residents to brace for extremely heavy rain.
Taipei is directly in the storm's forecasted path, and will likely be impacted on Saturday, July 13. The storm is forecast to move over eastern China on Sunday and Monday.
- AccuWeather (2013, July 12) Typhoon Soulik to slam Taiwan. Accessed July 12, 2013.
- Central Weather Bureau (2013, July 12) Advisories and warnings. Accessed July 12, 2013.
- Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2013, July 12) Typhoon 07W (Soulik) warning #20 graphic. Accessed July 12, 2013.
- Unisys Weather (2013, July 12) Super Typhoon-4 Soulik. Accessed July 12, 2013.
NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Caption by Holli Riebeek.
- Instrument(s):
- Aqua - MODIS


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Chapter 20
The chief priests oppose Jesus—He gives the parable of the wicked husbandmen—Render unto Cæsar and God that which is theirs—Jesus teaches the law of marriage.
1 And it came to pass, that on one of those days, as he taught the people in the temple, and preached the gospel, the chief priests and the scribes came upon him with the elders,
2 And spake unto him, saying, Tell us, by what authority doest thou these things? or who is he that gave thee this authority?
3 And he answered and said unto them, I will also ask you one thing; and answer me:
4 The baptism of John, was it from heaven, or of men?
5 And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say, Why then believed ye him not?
6 But and if we say, Of men; all the people will stone us: for they be persuaded that John was a
7 And they answered, that they could not tell whence it was.
8 And Jesus said unto them, Neither tell I you by what authority I do these things.
9 Then began he to speak to the people this parable; A certain man planted a
10 And at the season he sent a servant to the husbandmen, that they should give him of the fruit of the vineyard: but the husbandmen beat him, and sent him away empty.
11 And again he sent another servant: and they beat him also, and entreated him shamefully, and sent him away empty.
12 And again he sent a third: and they wounded him also, and cast him out.
13 Then said the lord of the vineyard, What shall I do? I will send my beloved son: it may be they will reverence him when they see him.
14 But when the husbandmen saw him, they reasoned among themselves, saying, This is the heir: come, let us kill him, that the inheritance may be ours.
15 So they cast him out of the vineyard, and killed him. What therefore shall the lord of the vineyard do unto them?
16 He shall come and destroy these husbandmen, and shall give the vineyard to others. And when they heard it, they said,
17 And he beheld them, and said, What is this then that is written, The
18 Whosoever shall fall upon that stone shall be broken; but on whomsoever it shall fall, it will
19 ¶And the chief priests and the scribes the same hour sought to lay hands on him; and they feared the people: for they perceived that he had spoken this parable against them.
20 And they watched him, and sent forth spies, which should feign themselves just men, that they might
21 And they asked him, saying, Master, we know that thou sayest and teachest rightly, neither acceptest thou the person of any, but teachest the way of God truly:
22 Is it lawful for us to give
23 But he perceived their
24 Shew me a penny. Whose image and superscription hath it? They answered and said, Cæsar's.
25 And he said unto them, Render therefore unto
26 And they could not take hold of his words before the people: and they marvelled at his answer, and held their peace.
27 ¶Then came to him certain of the Sadducees, which deny that there is any resurrection; and they asked him,
28 Saying, Master, Moses wrote unto us, If any man's
29 There were therefore seven brethren: and the first took a wife, and died without children.
30 And the second took her to wife, and he died childless.
31 And the third took her; and in like manner the seven also: and they left no children, and died.
32 Last of all the woman died also.
33 Therefore in the resurrection whose wife of them is she? for seven had her to wife.
34 And Jesus answering said unto them, The children of this world
35 But they which shall be accounted worthy to obtain
36 Neither can they die any more: for they are equal unto the
37 Now that the dead are raised, even Moses shewed at the
38 For he is not a God of the
39 ¶Then certain of the scribes answering said, Master, thou hast well said.
40 And after that they durst not ask him any
41 And he said unto them, How say they that Christ is David's
42 And David himself saith in the book of Psalms, The Lord said unto my
43 Till I make thine enemies thy footstool.
44 David therefore calleth him Lord, how is he then his son?
45 ¶Then in the audience of all the people he said unto his disciples,
46 Beware of the
47 Which devour widows' houses, and for a shew make long prayers: the same shall receive greater damnation.


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By COREY BLUEMELStaff Writer
A public education and contractor awareness program was held recently at the Carbon County Community Center. The topic of this program was pipeline safety. Contractors and city employees from the Emery/Carbon county area were in attendance for the informational activity sponsored by Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, Questar Pipeline Company, and XTO Energy Incorporated.
Bill Finster of the Pipeline Group, opened the program by saying, "Sometimes the laws, rules and regulations concerning digging and excavation projects can be confusing. We are here to take that confusion away. How many miles of underground gas or hazardous liquid pipeline would you say you have here in Utah?" he asked.
After many guesses, one gentleman came very close with a guess of 42,000 miles. In Utah, there are 42,874 miles of pipeline that carries natural gas or other hazardous liquids. The national average is around 52,000, so Utah is just under the national average. "It is important to protect these pipelines for safety's sake and for the convenience of delivering a product," said Finster. He noted that pipelines are by far the safest method for transporting hazardous liquids.
Finster explained the method which many pipeline companies use to inspect those lines for damage or weakness. A Smart Pig, is inserted into the line. This Smart Pig is a mechanical device with computerized modules that can travel through the pipeline and inspect it for flaws or damage which may become a problem to the safety of the pipelines use.
The Smart Pig can recognize and identify any problems which exist inside the pipeline. When the Smart Pig is removed from the pipeline, the computer data is analyzed and repairs are immediately completed. "This versatile tool has been used to prevent many accidents," Finster added.
Many of the transportation systems used to move hazardous liquids from location to location have inherent problems and safety issues. Low pressure gas lines, the type used to provide natural gas into homes and businesses, are the type which will ignite easier if the line is disturbed. Many of the transmission pipes are plastic, which can produce its own static electricity and produce an ignition source.
"My main theme for today is to 'call before you dig,'" said Finster. "It's the law and if a contractor does not call and causes a problem, the repair bill can be staggering, let alone deadly if someone gets hurt or killed. Also, be aware that propane is heavier than air and will linger at ground level and settle in basements and can be very hazardous.
"The notification center in Utah is the Blue Stakes program. A call must be put into Blue Stakes two days before the planned excavation. All underground utilities in Utah belong to Blue Stakes. Everyone who plans to do any excavation must call Blue Stakes before beginning to dig. That includes all professional contractors and even do-it-yourself projects.
"The only exceptions to this is in emergency situations, personal home gardening, and tilling on private property. A copy of Utah State law can be obtained at www.bluestakes.org. The telephone number for Blue Stakes is 1-800-662-4111, and must be made two days in advance of the digging project, and no more than seven days. This application will require much personal information plus all the locational information about the project as possible.
"You will be given a verification number for the project. Keep this number on file. Members of the utility that belong to Blue Stakes will come to the site and mark any facilities which they have in your area. Also, look around for any right-of-way markers from pipelines or other utilities around your excavation site. There will be contact information on these signs.
"If things should go wrong and you do damage a pipeline, you need to be able to recognize and deal with the problem. Report any damage done to a pipeline, even something as minor as a scratch, to the owner. A scratch could cause the pipeline to corrode or rupture sometime in the future, and the owner of the pipeline will want to do any repair it deems necessary before the line is reburied.
"Be alert for sounds, smells or otherwise noticed clues to pipeline damage. If you detect any damage, call 911 immediately. They will notify the emergency responders and will take steps to evacuate the area if necessary. Call the utility involved and keep people out of the area. Just because the gas may not be burning or may have exploded immediately, doesn't mean that it is not going to. Many times explosions happen quite a while after the rupture of the pipe.
"Not only are pipelines dangerous, but electricity lines, water lines, sewer line, drain lines and communication and cable TV lines are underground. Disruption of these services can be very costly also, not only in terms of dollars but the disruption of emergency services. If telephone lines are out, no one in the area will be able to place a phone call to 911.
"Wrongful death law suits have been filed against contractors who disrupt communications, and someone has died because emergency services could not be contacted. The bottom line is 'Call before you dig. Everyone should know the products that are transported by pipelines in the area, enter any questionable area from upwind, evacuate everyone to a safe distance, identify the utility and notify them, extinguish any secondary fires, do not interfere with the operation of the pipeline and do not shut off any valves, work in harmony with the incident commander, and keep any escaping liquids from entering manholes or drains," concluded Finster.
Gary Hansen of Blue Stakes said the organization came into existence 30 years ago with the three major utilities as members. Now, more than 400 entities are members. During 2005, Blue Stakes handled more than 300,000 locate requests. He reminded everyone to dig safely and call before you dig. Blue Stakes has numerous materials available for contractors and private citizens to explain the Dig Safely campaign. Call 1-800-662-4111 or visit www.bluestakes.org.