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Skip to comments.11 Reasons the Authority of Christianity Is Centered on St. Peter and Rome
Posted on 01/06/2013 3:56:49 PM PST by NYer
Bl. John Henry Newman said it best: "To be deep in history is to cease to be Protestant." History paints an overwhelming picture of St. Peter's apostolic ministry in Rome and this is confirmed by a multitude of different sources within the Early Church. Catholic Encyclopedia states, "In opposition to this distinct and unanimous testimony of early Christendom, some few Protestant historians have attempted in recent times to set aside the residence and death of Peter at Rome as legendary. These attempts have resulted in complete failure." Protestantism as a whole seeks to divorce Christianity from history by rending Gospel message out of its historical context as captured by our Early Church Fathers. One such target of these heresies is to devalue St. Peter and to twist the authority of Rome into a historical mishap within Christianity. To wit, the belief has as its end the ultimate end of all Catholic and Protestant dialogue – who has authority in Christianity?
Why is it important to defend the tradition of St. Peter and Rome?
The importance of establishing St. Peter's ministry in Rome may be boiled down to authority and more specifically the historic existence and continuance of the Office of Vicar held by St. Peter. To understand why St. Peter was important and what authority was given to him by Christ SPL has composed two lists – 10 Biblical Reasons Christ Founded the Papacy and 13 Reasons St. Peter Was the Prince of the Apostles.
The rest of the list is cited from the Catholic Encyclopedia on St. Peter and represents only a small fraction of the evidence set therein.
It is an indisputably established historical fact that St. Peter laboured in Rome during the last portion of his life, and there ended his earthly course by martyrdom. As to the duration of his Apostolic activity in the Roman capital, the continuity or otherwise of his residence there, the details and success of his labours, and the chronology of his arrival and death, all these questions are uncertain, and can be solved only on hypotheses more or less well-founded. The essential fact is that Peter died at Rome: this constitutes the historical foundation of the claim of the Bishops of Rome to the Apostolic Primacy of Peter.
St. Peter's residence and death in Rome are established beyond contention as historical facts by a series of distinct testimonies extending from the end of the first to the end of the second centuries, and issuing from several lands.
That the manner, and therefore the place of his death, must have been known in widely extended Christian circles at the end of the first century is clear from the remark introduced into the Gospel of St. John concerning Christ's prophecy that Peter was bound to Him and would be led whither he would not "And this he said, signifying by what death he should glorify God" (John 21:18-19, see above). Such a remark presupposes in the readers of the Fourth Gospel a knowledge of the death of Peter.
St. Peter's First Epistle was written almost undoubtedly from Rome, since the salutation at the end reads: "The church that is in Babylon, elected together with you, saluteth you: and so doth my son Mark" (5:13). Babylon must here be identified with the Roman capital; since Babylon on the Euphrates, which lay in ruins, or New Babylon (Seleucia) on the Tigris, or the Egyptian Babylon near Memphis, or Jerusalem cannot be meant, the reference must be to Rome, the only city which is called Babylon elsewhere in ancient Christian literature (Revelation 17:5; 18:10; "Oracula Sibyl.", V, verses 143 and 159, ed. Geffcken, Leipzig, 1902, 111).
From Bishop Papias of Hierapolis and Clement of Alexandria, who both appeal to the testimony of the old presbyters (i.e., the disciples of the Apostles), we learn that Mark wrote his Gospel in Rome at the request of the Roman Christians, who desired a written memorial of the doctrine preached to them by St. Peter and his disciples (Eusebius, Church History II.15, 3.40, 6.14); this is confirmed by Irenaeus (Against Heresies 3.1). In connection with this information concerning the Gospel of St. Mark, Eusebius, relying perhaps on an earlier source, says that Peter described Rome figuratively as Babylon in his First Epistle.
Another testimony concerning the martyrdom of Peter and Paul is supplied by Clement of Rome in his Epistle to the Corinthians (written about A.D. 95-97), wherein he says (chapter 5):
"Through zeal and cunning the greatest and most righteous supports [of the Church] have suffered persecution and been warred to death. Let us place before our eyes the good Apostles St. Peter, who in consequence of unjust zeal, suffered not one or two, but numerous miseries, and, having thus given testimony (martyresas), has entered the merited place of glory".
He then mentions Paul and a number of elect, who were assembled with the others and suffered martyrdom "among us" (en hemin, i.e., among the Romans, the meaning that the expression also bears in chapter 4). He is speaking undoubtedly, as the whole passage proves, of the Neronian persecution, and thus refers the martyrdom of Peter and Paul to that epoch.
In his letter written at the beginning of the second century (before 117), while being brought to Rome for martyrdom, the venerable Bishop Ignatius of Antioch endeavours by every means to restrain the Roman Christians from striving for his pardon, remarking: "I issue you no commands, like Peter and Paul: they were Apostles, while I am but a captive" (Epistle to the Romans 4). The meaning of this remark must be that the two Apostles laboured personally in Rome, and with Apostolic authority preached the Gospel there.
Bishop Dionysius of Corinth, in his letter to the Roman Church in the time of Pope Soter (165-74), says:
"You have therefore by your urgent exhortation bound close together the sowing of Peter and Paul at Rome and Corinth. For both planted the seed of the Gospel also in Corinth, and together instructed us, just as they likewise taught in the same place in Italy and at the same time suffered martyrdom" (in Eusebius, Church History II.25).
Irenaeus of Lyons, a native of Asia Minor and a disciple of Polycarp of Smyrna (a disciple of St. John), passed a considerable time in Rome shortly after the middle of the second century, and then proceeded to Lyons, where he became bishop in 177; he described the Roman Church as the most prominent and chief preserver of the Apostolic tradition, as "the greatest and most ancient church, known by all, founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious Apostles, Peter and Paul" (Against Heresies 3.3; cf. 3.1). He thus makes use of the universally known and recognized fact of the Apostolic activity of Peter and Paul in Rome, to find therein a proof from tradition against the heretics.
In his "Hypotyposes" (Eusebius, Church History IV.14), Clement of Alexandria, teacher in the catechetical school of that city from about 190, says on the strength of the tradition of the presbyters: "After Peter had announced the Word of God in Rome and preached the Gospel in the spirit of God, the multitude of hearers requested Mark, who had long accompanied Peter on all his journeys, to write down what the Apostles had preached to them" (see above).
Like Irenaeus, Tertullian appeals, in his writings against heretics, to the proof afforded by the Apostolic labours of Peter and Paul in Rome of the truth of ecclesiastical tradition. In De Præscriptione 36, he says:
"If thou art near Italy, thou hast Rome where authority is ever within reach. How fortunate is this Church for which the Apostles have poured out their whole teaching with their blood, where Peter has emulated the Passion of the Lord, where Paul was crowned with the death of John."
In Scorpiace 15, he also speaks of Peter's crucifixion. "The budding faith Nero first made bloody in Rome. There Peter was girded by another, since he was bound to the cross". As an illustration that it was immaterial with what water baptism is administered, he states in his book (On Baptism 5) that there is "no difference between that with which John baptized in the Jordan and that with which Peter baptized in the Tiber"; and against Marcion he appeals to the testimony of the Roman Christians, "to whom Peter and Paul have bequeathed the Gospel sealed with their blood" (Against Marcion 4.5).
The Roman, Caius, who lived in Rome in the time of Pope Zephyrinus (198-217), wrote in his "Dialogue with Proclus" (in Eusebius, Church History II.25) directed against the Montanists: "But I can show the trophies of the Apostles. If you care to go to the Vatican or to the road to Ostia, thou shalt find the trophies of those who have founded this Church".
By the trophies (tropaia) Eusebius understands the graves of the Apostles, but his view is opposed by modern investigators who believe that the place of execution is meant. For our purpose it is immaterial which opinion is correct, as the testimony retains its full value in either case. At any rate the place of execution and burial of both were close together; St. Peter, who was executed on the Vatican, received also his burial there. Eusebius also refers to "the inscription of the names of Peter and Paul, which have been preserved to the present day on the burial-places there" (i.e. at Rome).
There thus existed in Rome an ancient epigraphic memorial commemorating the death of the Apostles. The obscure notice in the Muratorian Fragment ("Lucas optime theofile conprindit quia sub praesentia eius singula gerebantur sicuti et semote passionem petri evidenter declarat", ed. Preuschen, Tübingen, 1910, p. 29) also presupposes an ancient definite tradition concerning Peter's death in Rome.
The apocryphal Acts of St. Peter and the Acts of Sts. Peter and Paul likewise belong to the series of testimonies of the death of the two Apostles in Rome.
Who should we believe? The gospel according to RCC or to Luke?
If PETER had been any kind of POPE at all; then HE would have sought Saul/Paul out and assigned him his mission statement.
Catholic only nonsense will STILL be flowing from Rome until the Lord comes.
THEN all of us bleating, ovine creatures will get separated; with no doubt very many saying, "Whaddya mean I'm a GOAT?"
Actually, note by the above that Jesus Christ Himself says that we must repent, believe, be baptised, eat of His body and blood.
Salvation is given freely, yet to accept it is not to just mumble "Lord, Lord" -- refer to James 2:17
If one does not believe, one does not receive the freely given grace -- Mk 6:16. If one does not repent, same thing. Same thing with not enduring to the end etc. etc. -- These are Jesus' own words
Note that our God is not a God of "Or" -- this or this, but AND -- baptism AND repentence AND faith AND etc. -- the problem is when one takes only St. Paul's one verse and ignore the entire statement -- Paul elaborates on each statement, each of the AND gates put forth by Christ.
That's worked out well...
Where's YOUR facts?
Presenting a Catholic pope as an authoritative source in contravention to BIBLICAL teaching and expecting rational people to accept it is a fools errand.
Good luck!
NL rushes to judgement and then fails to either back up with evidence or fails to admit error.
You STILL tryin' this?
its just that many of those born-again groups are, well, Jesse Duplantis - its a bit difficult to hold with him, right?
Did you just paint ME with your broad brush?
Given this background information Christ tells Nicodemus something that He knows that Nicodemus has not been taught. Giving the implication the teaching is not new, as per the question of Nicodemus "Art thou a master of Israel, and knowest not these things?....."
I have no clue who is the first one that decided they would fix the Words Christ spoke to Nicodemus, but the words 'born again' are not the words or the message or the instruction Christ was giving to Nicodemus or to Christians.
Christ is telling any and all the first requirement to SEE the kingdom of God... Except a man/woman be born *from above*, he/she cannot SEE the kingdom of God.
Those of Genesis 6 and Jude refused to be born of woman and journey through this flesh age, and they have already been sentenced to death. But, that sentence has yet to be fulfilled.
You do realise that it was editor-surveyer was the one saying it was written only in Hebrew, right?
Now go back and realize how all of your beliefs are based on incomplete reading....
Now you are the one categorising. And no, the term "Protestant" has been flexed too much over the years. Even some born-agains and non-trinitarians would claim to be Protestant and many Protestants would reject those claims.
So the very "p" term is redundant.
again, you look at the news article, whereas I gave you the link to the actual text which states that Therefore, the Church of Christ is present and operative also in these Churches, even though they lack full communion with the Catholic Church and "Therefore, these separated Churches and communities as such have by no means been deprived of significance and importance in the mystery of salvation. For the spirit of Christ has not refrained from using them as means of salvation" -- ergo, your earlier post based on a headline is wrong.
Actually you don't even have any proof that the original was in any language other than in Koine Greek or Aramaic
In the New testament the words used are mostly Aramaic, not Hebrew
example: Matthew 27:46 eli eli lema sabachthani is ARAMAIC, not Hebrew as in Psalm 22:1 eli eli lama azavtani
editor; Yeshua humorously called Peter hard pebble, a name that he had been called all of his life because it was the nature of his personality.
"all of his life" -- really, you know that hidden knowledge that the rest of humanity didn't know? Where did you find the evidence that he was called that "all of his life"?
and, "hard pebble" -- where do you keep coming up with so many errors? over and over again
Petros in Koine Greek (which is the greek of the time of Christ and the greek of the New Testament) was a synonym of Petra
Only in ancient (500 BC + ) Greek was petros meaning "small rock"
In Koine Greek pebble is translated as "lithos"
What dispute — Iscool stated once that He was Catholic converting to being a Baptist, then recanted that, then other statements about being other things. Puts the entire veracity of the poster's statements in doubts, right?
the English term "priest" is simply a contraction of the Greek word presbuteros (presbyster/elder) — these have the responsibility of teaching, governing, and providing the sacraments in a given congregation (1 Tim. 5:17; Jas. 5:1415).
That may be true about your sect, but not Christianity as a whole.
The Catholic Church is in agreement with Luke that Jesus gave Simon the name of Peter.
Your claim, however, is in opposition to the truth of Scripture.
Cynical bear: Trying to carry over the Old Testament meaning of priest
The Bible: Exodus 19:6 and ye shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation. These are the words which thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel.
and 1 Peter 2:9 But you are a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people belonging to God
Sorry, the Bible contradicts what you are saying
The Church holds that, just as with the ancient Israelites, we are all a "nation of priests" and just as the ancient Israelites had ministerial priests set aside (Levites), so too do we have in the Church
The same structure -- with the difference that the High Priest is eternal Jesus Christ who is present at each Eucharist, each Mass
the Israelites abdicated their role as a nation of priests with their little foray into gold-calf making. -- sorry, that doesn't hold as we read in Exodus 16 how Aaron and Moses preach to the Israelites
Even in Exodus 19 with the pronouncement of you[a] will be for me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. -- these come from God through Moses and in Exodus 19:22 you read And let the priests also, which come near to the Lord, sanctify themselves, lest the Lord break forth upon them.
This was before Moses went up into Mt. Sinai
during the Eucharist, Christ IS present as the High Priest
Christ is the High Priest and we are all His priestly nation -- whether lay priests or ministerial priests
The High Priest, Jesus Christ is the High Priest and the one-time Sacrifice -- note, this is a participation in the One-Time sacrifice which as seen in the words of the Apocalypse of St. John of Patmos, as seen in Heaven is the Lamb standing proudly with the blood of Christ in the Eucharist
So, just as in the OT the Israelites/we are all a nation of priest yet they/we had a ministerial priesthood, who, while part of the priesthood had additional, ministerial duties
And this is apparent in the roles of the elders (Presbuteros), bishops etc. in the New Testament -- NOTE: the English term "priest" is simply a contraction of the Greek word presbuteros (presbyster/elder) -- these have the responsibility of teaching, governing, and providing the sacraments in a given congregation (1 Tim. 5:17; Jas. 5:1415).
sorry, but that is incorrect. The recorded history of the Church goes back to the Apostles.
Note also that Jewish canon was not closed until the Council of Jamnia in circa 90 AD. This removed many of the words from the Septuagint that were used by Christians as scriptural proof, which is why preaching Christianity from modern-day Jewish scripture is refutable by our Jewish friends. From the Septuagint, not so much.
Nice self portrait!
Yes, that did work out very well, thanks to God's grace alone His Church has won many to the Faith of Christ -- Germanics, Slavs, Baltics, Nordics, Naiman, Keralites etc. -- truly fulfilling the prophecy that God's praises will be sung from east to west.
there's plenty of this to go around.
God did it and would have anyway without the Catholic church. The Catholic church is simply taking credit for it.
"Where would God be without the church..." ..... my foot...
If you like it so much; why did I have to post it for you?
The authority of the Catholic church is not universally accepted.
Indeed. In addition to your erroneous "proof" other examples can be found in the plethora of conflicting doctrines within Protestantism.
Because it's your self portrait.
Jessie visited heaven and comforted Jesus!
Jesse Duplantis: "People told me, 'Well, they say, Jesus was poor.' When was He poor? I would like to know when He was poor. Well, He was born in a stable. Why? Why was He born in a stable? Because that short, deaf lady lost their reservation. He couldn't get into the inn. Think about that for a minute...And He had 12 full time people on His staff. Some were married and He took care of them. He had 70 part timers. You don't gamble for rags Marcus."
Marcus Lamb: "Yeah."
Jesse Duplantis: "You don't gamble for rags. You gamble for some clothes that cost. Don't you? He wanted a donkey that had never been rode. As I said earlier, 'You might want a car that has never been drove.'
Marcus Lamb: "He had a full time treasurer on staff."
Jesse Duplantis: "That's right! And stole for three years and the other guys didn't know about it."
Joni Lamb: "And wise men came to see Him."
Jesse Duplantis: "That's right! I mean He wasn't three minutes on the ground and the three wise guys are looking for Him with what? Gold, Frankincense, and Myrrh. Let me tell you something, this concept that Jesus was in poverty is totally wrong!" (Jesse Duplantis, Marcus Lamb, and Joni Lamb, Daystar Fall, "Share-A-Thon," September 15, 2004)
Was Paul with the apostles when Jesus told them He would send the Holy Spirit that would bring to their remembrance the things He taught? Wanna pick at more nits?
I keep seeing this article popping up in the feed- and I have got to comment. Can't hold it in anymore. :)
Jesus is the word of God. He is the daily bread and the manna. Jesus is the light of the world. Without Jesus, we do not get the comforter. We need the Holy Spirit to be born again, and to enter into fellowship with God, and to be made righteous enough to dwell in paradise with our Father.
I pray that all believers, take the time to read the Bible, to invite the Holy Spirit, and to pray.
If, as this article states, Christianity is based on the writings of Paul, then your God isn't big enough.
Christianity is based on our own ability to have a personal relationship with the creator of Earth and Heaven.
Lets put things in perspective here. The Catholic Church has been calling anyone who doesnt agree with them heretics since its inception. Right here in this forum its a rather regular occurrence for Catholics to call anyone who doesnt agree with the RCC dogma a heretic. Its also a well known fact that the RCC has dogma that isnt even in scripture nor is it supported in scripture. Anyone who has eyes to see understands that the Catholic Church controlled religion with an iron grip with dire consequences to anyone who dared disagree with them. And anyone who denies that the Catholic Church restrained anyone other than their indoctrinated leadership from access to scripture is simply blind to history.
Luther was called a heretic because after he translated the scriptures from Greek rather than rely on the erroneous Catholic translation into Latin he began to see error in RCC teaching and practice.
Excuses like these were books that were altered hold little weight since we have seen that anything that disagreed with Catholic dogma was considered heretical and attempts by the RCC to keep them out of the hands of the public were fierce and deadly. Luther and others who dared to attempt to understand the true intent of the writings of the apostles were threatened at least and often killed. To deny that the RCC restricted the availability of the public to have access to scripture falls on deaf ears with anyone who honestly reads or understands history.
Don't you get it? These philosophies and yours die out, as they are built on sand, not solid bedrock, the solid bedrock of Christ, that orthodoxy is built on
What can one say in the face of such spiritual aridity.
Short Definition: an advocate, comforter, helper, Paraclete
The Holy Spirit was sent as all those but the apostles were told that He would bring to their remembrance. No one else was told that but we also know that the advocate, comforter, and helper were also given to each believer and not just the magesterium nor was the magesterium promised that He would bring to their remembrance.
Acts 15:8 And God, who knows the heart, bore witness by granting them the holy Spirit just as he did us. 9 He made no distinction between us and them, for by faith he purified their hearts.
Yeah right. Give me a break. The use of the word priest by the Catholic Church is simply an attempt to inject a false impression.
No it doesnt. I have been clear when using the word priest as it is used in the New Testament. I have stated over and over that there is no use of the word priest as it pertains to leadership in the New Testament church. The RCC using the word priest as it pertains to their leadership is dishonest not sanctioned by scripture.
>> during the Eucharist, Christ IS present as the High Priest<<
Christ is present as the High Priest 24/7/365 to a true believer.
I John 3:24: "Now he who keeps His commandments abides in Him, and He in him. And by this we know that He abides in us, by the Spirit which He has given us."
Romans 8:9 But ye are not in the flesh, but in the Spirit, if so be that the Spirit of God dwell in you. Now if any man have not the Spirit of Christ, he is none of his.
Galatians 3:27 For as many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ.
Trying to restrict the presence of Christ to a single place and time is unscriptural and dishonest.
>>NOTE: the English term "priest" is simply a contraction of the Greek word presbuteros (presbyster/elder)<<
Nice try but Ill stay with the intent of the language the apostles used and not Etymologies.
Acts 15:8 And God, who knows the heart, bore witness by granting them the holy Spirit just as he did us. 9 He made no distinction between us and them, for by faith he purified their hearts.
Paul commended the Bereans for searching the scriptures daily to see if these things be true. It was rather clear that he understood that the scriptures were plain enough that the Bereans and we can easily ascertain whether what those who would propose to teach is true to scripture or not.
Yet Catholics on a daily basis it seems excoriate those who would take Paul who was inspired by the Holy Spirit at his word.
Now that there is funny I dont care who ya are when coming from a Catholic. Catholic structure is built on the rock Peter as we are daily told.
Whatever you want to bicker about. At the end, the truth still hurts ya, eh? Your philosophy is doomed to failure like the philosophy of Mani, of Arius, etc. — because it's not from God.
your philosophy is more in line with that of Arius or Marcion, so no, it's not inspired by the Holy Spirit
Discuss the issues all you want, but do not make it personal.
Scripture is not from God? That is after all my source of truth rather than some made up magisterium. The writings of the Holy Spirit through the authors of scripture have endured much longer than then the so called magisterium and precede it by thousands of years.
| 10 As soon as it was night, the believers sent Paul and Silas away to Berea. On arriving there, they went to the Jewish synagogue.
11 Now the Berean Jews were of more noble character than those in Thessalonica, for they received the message with great eagerness and examined the Scriptures every day to see if what Paul said was true.
12 As a result, many of them believed, as did also a number of prominent Greek women and many Greek men.
Well, how about you show us from the New Testament where the words strictly translated priest apply to the leadership of the New Testament church. Wouldnt that be a very easy task if it were true?
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1700 - 1900
Enjoying the taste of good chocolate became more important than its potential for curing ailments of all sorts.
"Chocolate girl", A.H. Paine (painting from Jean-Etienne Liotard) 1702-1789 AD
Many chocolate museums today show beautiful collections of 18th century chocolate china. A logical conclusion from this would lead us to say that drinking chocolate must have been very popular then. The reality was quite the opposite: its consumption stayed far below that of the already popular coffee and tea and was limited to rare occasions and – because of its very high price – it could only be enjoyed in the highest ranks of society.
A complete set of chocolate china was nothing more than a means of displaying one's wealth since it meant that one could afford regular chocolate consumption. So chocolate consumption remained very limited in those days and chocolate china served as a kind of barometer for the family assets.
1725: Botanist Henry Sloane dedicates the first complete
monograph to the cocoa tree.
1726: King George I raises taxes on chocolate sales and consumption.
1728: The family Fry sets up the first chocolate factory in Bristol, UK, using hydraulic machinery and equipment to process and grind the cocoa beans.
1732: The French artisan Debuisson invents a table to grind cocoa. It still needs manpower but it makes the processing more efficient and the hard work a little more comfortable.
1737: The cocoa tree gets an official Latin botanical name from Linnaeus: Theobroma cacao. The name refers to the mythical background of the tree and means literally: "cocoa, food of the gods".
Although cocoa originates from the Americas, the United States only got to know chocolate in 1765. It was John Hannon – an English state commissioner – who first introduced it there. Together with Dr. James Baker, they built the first chocolate factory in Massachusetts.
1778: In France, Doret built the first machine that automatically ground cocoa beans.
1822: Global cocoa demand is on the rise as the world gets more and more excited about chocolate. But political instability grows in Latin America and plantation workers become scarce. Therefore cocoa traders seek new soil in which to grow the precious tree, which they find in Ecuador, Brazil, Asia and Africa. It will take quite a few attempts, over decades, in Africa though, before cocoa really becomes a success. As a consequence, the cocoa trade gradually shifted from the ancient to the newer plantations.
In 1828 the Dutchman Coenraad Van Houten established a very important invention that would have an impact on the rest of the history of cocoa and chocolate: the cocoa press. This press makes it possible to separate cocoa solids from cocoa butter. In fact, with this innovation Van Houten was the first to establish a defatted cocoa powder that becomes much easier to dissolve in water or liquids.
In 1840 the first pressed chocolate tablets, pastilles and
figures are produced in Belgium by the chocolate company
Historians still argue about who produced the first ever chocolate in solid form, as the hard and shiny chocolate we are familiar with today. However, the British family Fry claims to have marketed the first ever solid chocolate bar in 1846: an important, historic step. We must not forget that chocolate was originally consumed mainly as a drink, as a liquid. It was processed in some cookies and cakes, but never consumed in solid form. Progress in cocoa and chocolate production and industrialization made it possible to give chocolate creative and innovative shapes that would forever change its appearance.
After Baker and Hannon, another important name in the American chocolate history is Ghirardelli, an Italian confectioner. He often traveled to Peru and started exporting beans to San Francisco to sell them to the gold prospectors. By 1860, Ghirardelli discovered by chance how to produce almost completely fat-free cocoa powder. One of his employees had put some leftover ground cocoa beans in a cotton bag and left them overnight. The following morning Ghirardelli discovered that the cocoa butter was absorbed by the bag and had seeped onto the floor. Ghirardelli later engineered a way to extract cocoa butter from ground cocoa to create a very soluble cocoa powder.
In 1865 chocolate was first mixed with hazelnut paste in Italy: the first gianduja was born. It became a very popular recipe that even led to the major success of "gianduietti", small bonbons of pure gianduja.

subset: commoncrawl


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By COREY BLUEMELStaff Writer
In Emery and Carbon counties, the biggest percentage of land is public land. As a result, the tourism industry in both counties is very dependent on public lands, and should be very involved in the public land use planning process. The percentage in Emery County is 80 percent, and in Carbon County the number is 60 percent.
At the Castle Valley Economic Summit, one of the sessions addressed the procedure for managing public lands. Floyd Johnson, of the Bureau of Land Management, explained the process they use to manage the lands that are in their jurisdiction. "The land use planning process is complex and lengthy," Johnson stated. "The BLM began with the process with scoping meetings in late 2001, and we expect the entire process to take four -five years."
Marlene Depietro of the Forest Service said, "Our planning process is very similar to the BLMs. The one difference is that we are working on only the items that need attention. There are still portions of our old management plan that are still valid. We have identified certain items that require public comment. We are asking the public 'How do you use the forest?' We have made a rolling alternative, we are beginning wide and will narrow it down as we go. We are having more public meetings in November and we need public comments."
The third member of the panel, Val Payne, represents the Governor's office. He works in the Public Lands Policy Coordination Office for Gov. Jon Huntsman. Payne has been involved in the public lands process for many years, having served as Emery County's public lands director, and is familiar with the process for acquiring permits and permission to do projects on public land.
"The planning process for public lands deals with a great variety of resources. The agencies involved in this process are required to watch out for the resources and the users, and the many aspects that are involved to manage public lands. There is no end to the planning going on throughout the state. The importance of being involved in the process, in any way, is very important," said Payne.
Fred Hayes, of the Utah State Parks, was the final member of the panel. "The state parks department takes care of the boating, trail systems, and OHVs. The basis of the state parks system was to create economic development throughout the state. With the distribution of state parks, opportunities were created for rural communities by making destination spots spread all over the state.
"Back in 1957, when OHVs were virtually nonexistent, the legislature created an OHV policy. At first, the only OHVs were Jeeps, and it wasn't until the 1980s that the OHV that we know today came into being. Statistics say that every two years, the number of OHVs will double. This statistic clearly shows the need for a well developed trail system with users who are educated about the use of public land. The agencies involved need to try to work together to develop that system," said Hayes.
Mike McCandless, Emery County's economic development director, encouraged everyone to become involved in the process. "The public needs to become involved in the public land use planning process. A great place to start would be to attend an Emery County Public Lands Council meeting. Those meetings are held the second Tuesday of each month at 10 a.m. here in the county building. This committee cannot make decisions without public input." said McCandless.


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Meet the Heat: Who the heck are these guys?
Ryan Pike
September 25 2012 08:30AM
On Friday, the closest thing that we'll get to a Calgary Flames training camp kicks off. But it won't be in Calgary. Instead, it's far, far away in Abbotsford, British Columbia, as the Abbotsford Heat begin camp for the 2012-13 season.
But who, exactly, are these guys? Most of them are Flames draft picks, although a good many of them are not. In the interest of providing fans with a bit of knowledge about these players, here is a brief look at the men who comprise the Flames farm team.
Akim Aliu (RW): 23, Nigerian/Canadian
Born in Nigeria but grew up all over the place. Drafted by Chicago but drifted around a bit. Joined the Heat on a loan last year and was actually pretty decent, enough for the Flames to acquire his rights from Winnipeg and give him a two-game audition with the big club. He impressed and will be expected to open up time and space for his teammates with physicality.
Sven Baertschi (LW): 20, Swiss
Calgary's first rounder last season tore up the WHL and, while on an emergency recall with the big club, showed flashes of brilliance playing with Greg Nemisz and Tom Kostopoulos. The organization has high, high hopes for him as an offensive catalyst.
Carter Bancks (LW): 23, Canadian
Former Lethbridge Hurricanes forward is gritty and energetic. Plays an up-tempo game, but has struggled with injuries. Very much considered a "heart-and-soul" guy for the Heat on their bottom-six.
Lance Bouma (C): 22, Canadian
Provost, Alberta native has WHL and Memorial Cup titles under his belt. A strong checking forward, he's not an offensive stalwart but makes life difficult for the opposition.
Paul Byron (C): 23, Canadian
A former QMJHL champion, the diminutive Paul Byron was snagged by the Flames in the Robyn Regehr trade. He split last season between the Heat and the Flames, at times playing very well on the third line with the big club.
Bryan Cameron (RW): 23, Canadian
Formerly a LA Kings pick, Cameron went unsigned and joined the Flames organization as a free agent. Scored 53 goals in over-age year in the OHL, but has bounced between the AHL and ECHL since turning pro.
David Eddy (RW): 22, American
Turning pro after a fairly distinguished tenure with St. Cloud State in the NCAA. Got into four AHL contests at the end of last year and looked fairly good.
Adam Estoclet (C): 23, American
Dartmouth College alumnus has bounced around the AHL and ECHL for the past year or two, but caught on with the Heat down the stretch. He's on an AHL contract, but the fact that he won't be restricted by the AHL's development rule will help get him into games.
Michael Ferland (LW): 20, Canadian
Fifth round pick of the Flames has quietly become a point-per-game player in the WHL. He was a Black Ace with the Heat last season but didn't dress for any games. It'll be interesting to see how his rough-and-tumble game translates to the pros.
Roman Horak (C): 21, Czech
Acquired in the Tim Erixon trade/debacle, Horak impressed in camp and made the Flames, then looked a wee bit out of place as a 20-year-old. He's got some offensive flair, but is primarily a two-way pivot. It'll be interesting to see if he can rekindle some magic with his old Chilliwack teammate, Ryan Howse.
Ryan Howse (LW): 21, Canadian
Offensive dynamo with the Chilliwack Bruins put up some really good numbers, then turned up to Abbotsford a wee bit too heavy last year and had to start from scratch. Howse likely matured a bit through the process, but he'll have to earn every bit of ice time he gets – just like he had to last year.
Krys Kolanos (C): 31, Canadian
Former first round pick way back in 2000, Kolanos has an NCAA championship and a World Championship gold medal under his belt. Hes also had a laundry list of injuries and stops in leagues in Germany, Switzerland and Finland. Looked decent in Calgary last year, but is primarily an AHL asset. (As an AHL player, he's really good.)
Quintin Laing (LW): 33, Canadian
Saskatchewan native has over 600 AHL games under his belt and has served as the Heat's captain for a couple years. He's under an AHL contract and will be hindered by the league's development rule, particularly with the Heat's blueline so thin and a lot of young forwards on the roster.
Greg Nemisz (RW): 22, Canadian
Calgary's first rounder in 2008, Nemisz hasn't progressed as much as fellow 2008 picks Lance Bouma and T.J. Brodie have, but he hasn't fallen off the radar either. He was recalled three times by Calgary last year and looked good in his last stint. A point-per-game player in the OHL, he figures to be more of a mucker and grinder in the NHL if he's going to make it.
Gaelan Patterson (C): 22, Canadian
Saskatoon native hasn't really racked up the points in the AHL, but he didn't really do that in the WHL, either. A seventh round pick, he's been a decent depth option in the American League, but will have to really impress this year in order to stay on the radar. As it stands, with a forward-heavy prospect group, he may be relegated to the ECHL.
Max Reinhart (C): 20, Canadian
Arguably the most highly-touted third round pick in the team's history, the man that some (okay, me) have nicknamed "Max Power" has been praised for his ability to read a game. The son of former Flame Paul Reinhart, Max led the Kootenay Ice to a WHL title in 2011 and looked pretty good in a short AHL stint at the end of last season.
Ben Street (C): 25, Canadian
Formerly of the Penguins organization (on an AHL contract), Street joins the Heat after winning an NCAA championship with Wisconsin (he was teammates with Joe Piskula) and being the ECHL's best rookie in 2011.
Dustin Sylvester (C): 23, Canadian
Brother of Calgary Hitmen captain Cody Sylvester, Dustin tried out for the Heat after tearing up Germany's secondary league. He looked good and earned a renewal of his AHL contract. Now he'll have to step it up a notch to get that upgraded to an NHL deal.
Mitch Wahl (C): 22, American
A very potent sniper in the WHL – putting up 284 points in 273 games – Wahl got his eggs scrambled a couple times via big hits. He hasn't really been the same since. Last year he bounced between various stops in the AHL and ECHL. With so many new faces in Abbotsford, it's curious where he'll end up.
Ben Walter (C): 28, Canadian
The son of Heat president (and former NHLer) Ryan Walter, Ben's a cagey AHL veteran. He's played a few NHL games, but he was one of very few Heat players that wasn't used by Calgary last year. He's making great AHL money ($275,000) this year and will probably remain productive in the club's top six.
Chris Breen (D): 23, Canadian
Undrafted tower of a man is an effective positional defender, but struggles a bit with mobility. Not surprising, given his size. Very much a meat and potatoes, stay-at-home defender.
T.J. Brodie (D): 22, Canadian
Smooth-skating offensive blueliner made the jump to the NHL last season, playing more than half the year in Calgary. He's not perfect in his own zone, but he's shown the ability to start offensive plays from his own end.
Joe Callahan (D): 29, American
Yale alumnus was picked by Phoenix in 2002 and has a few NHL games under his belt. Signed to an AHL deal, he's a depth option for the Heat. He's played over 500 AHL games.
Brady Lamb (D): 24, Canadian
Two years removed from an NCAA championship with Minnesota-Duluth, the big, mean Lamb will join the Heat. He impressed with his crash-and-bang style of play at development camp – his beard made him look years older than he really is – and he'll be expected to help anchor the Heat's blueline.
James Martin (D): 21, Canadian
Signed out of development camp a couple years back, Martin was hampered by injuries last year and only dressed for 28 games. He's still young, but thus far he hasn't looked like somebody with NHL potential. That said, 28 pro games is a very small sample size and the Heat are thin on defenders, so he'll get his shot to make a stronger impression.
Zack McKelvie (D): 27, American
NCAA graduate played four years with Army, then had his pro hockey career delayed by having to serve for a year. On an AHL deal with Abbotsford after spending time in the Boston Bruins organization. Despite his age, he's played less than 50 pro games.
Joe Piskula (D): 28, American
A stay-at-home defender and a veteran of many, many AHL games (and an NCAA championship), Piskula is one of the leaders on the Heat. He was in Calgary for a spell, but his real value is providing some strong, steadying influence for the young defenders in the system.
Nick Tuzzolino (D): 26, American
After making appearances for the Heat in part of the last couple seasons, Tuzzolino is now under an AHL contract. He looked good at times in the playoffs, but is otherwise a solid-if-unspectacular two-way defender. He's played in the AHL, ECHL, IHL and UHL.
Barry Brust (G): 29, Canadian
Former Calgary Hitmen netminder has become a veteran of the AHL, playing nearly 200 games. Signed to the Heat on an AHL deal, he'll be pushing Danny Taylor for the starting job.
Danny Taylor (G): 26, English/Canadian
Brought to Abbotsford last year when the Heat were in the process of losing Joni Ortio to Finland (and Leland Irving to Calgary), this former Kings pick turned out to be a very capable AHL netminder, eventually usurping Irving outirght for the #1 role. Still on an AHL deal, he'll be challenged by Barry Brust and likely will try to solidify his claim on the starter's job full-time.
September 25 2012, 10:16AM
Without Connelly, Carson and Wilson that blueline suddenly looks pretty shaky. Brady Lamb has an opportunity to move up the depth chart quickly if he can establish himself this year.
Wow, take Brodie out of there as I already consider him a Flame & that looks pretty darn thin on that blueline. I guess we have Sieloff & Wetherspoon but I think they are ways off. Scary, looks like the free agency route on our blueline for the next few years.
September 25 2012, 12:02PM
Martin was signed last year out of dev camp. Not a couple years ago.
September 25 2012, 12:18PM
Some might consider this recent summer "last summer", meaning he was signed two summers ago from that frame of reference. That's how I read it at least.
I know Connelly only had a 1-yr (which I assume the Flames didn't re-up)and Clay Wilson bolted to the KHL in July (might as well BEAT THE RUSH!), but what happened to Carson, isn't he in the 2nd of a 2-yr deal?
September 25 2012, 12:47PM
He's on a one-way contract and the Flames didn't send him through waivers to play for the Heat.
September 25 2012, 01:08PM
Really looking forward to see how the new additions handle things. Baertschi, Reinhart, Ferland et al. Really hoping one of the new D men take the opportunity & really step up as our D depth at the prospect level is, well, pretty non existant.
September 25 2012, 09:20PM
I believe ramage decided to finish school, and wotherspoon is too young to turn pro by six months so no help there this year....
September 25 2012, 10:10PM
Yeah they're a year a way. And they'll be rookies next year anyways, so they won't exactly be all that useful.


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What is this Awesome Achievement?
The Deviousness Award is an accolade which is traditionally handed out
on the 1st of every month to one truly outstanding deviant.
The Deviousness Award for May 2012 goes to TimberClipse.
Get to know more about Zev with this interview.
Who am I? That's a good question! I am 16, finishing up my junior year in high school and a lover of film and video. I have been on about 50 film sets in the last two years working on a different array of jobs from production assistant (PA) to key grip, gaffer, director of photography (DP), and editor. My passion is to continue on sets likes these and eventually become a DP.
(I am going to keep talking about that short, but if you'd like to see more of what I have done please check out my website)
Although I am young by most standards I haven't let that get in my way, and I do not believe it should be allowed to get in the way of others. I have found, partially thanks to deviantART, that age means nothing if a "teen" puts their mind to use. I have met a number of individuals across the United States and the world who's ages mean nothing. I have even had the pleasure to work with some of them on projects such as my film, The Symbol of Peace. While creating the film I was able to work with numerous deviants to bring digital, traditional, literature as well many other forms of art into the film. In addition, our composer. Dylan Dunlap, who is around my age and wrote almost all of our music. The film has now been submitted to 10 film festivals across the United States and is waiting to be accepted or rejected.
You have had the opportunity to collaborate on a large number of projects despite your young age. Is there any particular project you feel more attached to? Any particular challenge you had to overcome?
I mentioned my largest project above, The Symbol of Peace was an absolutely amazing experience I had the opportunity to work with and meet amazing artists and people on dA and across the world. Now it is basically in its final stages waiting for film festivals.
I have had the unique and amazing opportunity to work with actors and actresses including John Slattery (best known from Mad Men), Melissa Leo (academy award winner from The Fighter) as well as absolutely amazing photographers and filmmakers. Most recently, I worked with George Holz, he has photographed a lot of fashion, nudes, and celebrity portraits (everything from Hugh Laurie -from House M.D.- to SMASH and beyond). Being able to work with him recently has been an absolute honor and pleasure.
I don't think that I could pinpoint a single project that I am most attached to because opportunities will keep coming. Two weeks ago, it would only have been a dream to have met someone like George Holz, but in just a week that all changed. The same is true for countless other people I have met on set, it really is like a second home.
It is a challenge though. I am 16, and that age is not looked fondly upon at most locations. Heck, I am barely allowed on set for most films -regulations prohibit someone under the age of 18 for many larger sets. In addition when I come on set I have to be able to establish myself, most people see a 16 year old and don't even consider them a part of the team, it takes being a step ahead of others in order to show that I actually have what it takes.
My reaction was a mix of a number of words that I would not want to repeat here and a face more or less like this: , the only difference is that my chin is still on the table.
It is absolutely amazing to have been given these honors here. It means so much to me. Perhaps it's a little silly to some… to see so much in an award that is really only a spec of data on the internet, but the community, support and love that backed that tiny spec means so much to me. I have made friends here, some two, three, four times my age, of different origins, religions, and none of it makes a difference, they care about me and I could not live without them. People put differences behind them to support what we are all here for. Art. That is what makes this community absolutely unbelievable to me. We are different and accepting. Anyone who isn't, won't fit in. THAT is a community.
What are your aspirations short and long term, as an artist and as a community member of this site?
I discussed this a little previously, so I will stick to the "as a member of this site" part. I want to see more film and video on deviantART. No not like YouTube, but the actual art. Since 2012 began the community has seen some huge changes that are moving in the right directions. Interviews with different professionals in the industry, but I really hope to see it continue, and really want to be a part of that growth. One day, I might be able to toss YouTube and Vimeo, be able to upload all my future films to deviantART and link 100% of my work from here. But it's just not ready yet.
Through his continuous efforts to engage his watchers he has created positive attitudes and brought many various artists together. He always knows what's big and happening on DA, informs his watchers and gets us all happy bouncing."
"TimberClipse is the one of the deviants that I met that made me want to stay on deviantART. His passion for the site and friendliness towards the community makes him easy to approach. We've watched him grow over the last few years and I'm really proud of what he's achieved so far.
I couldn't really imagine what our dA lives would be without him, and on behalf of the community I'd like to say thank you. "
What role do you consider DA has played in your life as an artist? Has it affected your work in any way?
Aside from critiques, which are so incredibly valuable for artists here, I think deviantART has shaped my life. Many kids grow up with only one support system at school and/or at home. I grew up with two. The second one being deviantART. I think that changed everything for me both artistically and as a person. It's hard to convey in words but it has made such a difference.
Anyone who joined this site and has been an active part in the community for more then a year or two will likely understand
What would I find in your refrigerator right now?
Most likely nothing. I ate it all.
But… I'm a vegetarian, so no meat
Thank you so much for the interview


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Chrysler 300 RADIATOR, A/C CONDENSER & COOLING FAN
PLEASE SELECT Your Chrysler 300 Year
PLEASE SELECT Cooling Product
Nicole Parker
My experience with Go-Parts was smooth and convenient. I was able to choose the mirror I needed with no problems for my 2003 mercury mountaineer. And another important factor is the price was right. I had looked other places online and in store and they were by far the most reasonable. I�m talking half off or more in some instances. I would definitely order again thru Go-Parts... a thumbs up from me!


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Snap and Pairs - Sport
Product Code: 44024
Availability: In Stock
This unique deck of cards lets you play two family favourites, Snap and Pairs using sport concepts. For example playing snap with this fantastic deck of cards you would be trying to snap cards that depict the name of a sport, equipment that is used and the arenas used to play the sport. To play pairs, simply turn all the cards upside down and turn two over to see if they match. If they do then you keep them, if not you turn them back face down. The aim is to collect all the cards. Two fun games in one that help children learn important sport concepts. All Snap and pairs games are made in the UK, using FSC paper and card responsibly sourced for greener games. Helping children gain a head start at school in a challenging subject, Sport Snap is the smarter way to play Snap & Pairs!
|7 - 107
|5025822 440242
|Carton Quantity
|Playing Time
|10 Minutes
|55 playing cards
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Butterfly Wall Stickers£7.99 instead of £29.99 (from Walplus) for a set of butterfly wall stickers - save a snazzy 73%
Save 73%
Time left to purchase
- Get gorgeous butterfly wall stickers.
- Valid in a range of designs, colours and styles.
- Stick to wallpaper, wood, glass, plastic, mirrors and ceramic tiles.
- Inject some life into your walls!
- Easily removable without leaving marks.
The Fine Print
- May buy multiples.
- Voucher valid until 5th Mar 2014.
- Postage costs an additional £2.60 per voucher.
- Please allow up to 5 working days for delivery after redeeming.
- Subject to availability.
Full Details
Usually when someone shouts THIS IS A STICK UP everyone jumps on the ground, but this time you're going to want to hear about it!
Today we're offering you a set of butterfly wall stickers for just £7.99, saving you 73% off Walplus' price of £29.99 (correct as of 15.2.14).
If you want to jazz up your home, why not invest in some snazzy stickers? With today's deal, you can choose from a range of pretty butterfly transfers in a choice of colours, styles and designs. The stickers are self-adhesive and steam resistant, so won't lose their stick easily. You can place them on most surfaces including wallpaper and wood and you don't have to worry about them leaving marks once removed. So don't waste your time sticking it to the man - stick it to the wall instead!
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Ms. Elaine Kneeous
Jennifer is a one in a million stay-at-home mom. (More like one OF a million stay at home moms!) She graduated from a liberal arts college but there is nothing liberal OR artsy about her. She is married to Kevin Fischer of This Just In, and together they have a beautiful young daughter Kyla Audrey. In no particular order she loves dogs, wine, a good bargain, her family, pizza, and entertaining. Follow her blog of all things miscellaneous including but not limited to cooking and baking, entertaining and party planning, being a mommy, and homekeeping.
Oh, Baby!
Some Mommies get a box of chocolates, perhaps a dozen roses, from Daddy on Valentine's Day. A handmade card from the little tykes or a Hallmark brand if they're older. But one Texas mom got a quadruple surprise on this February 14. A one-in-seventy-million surprise, actually.
Congrats to the rapidly expanding Montavo family!
This site uses Facebook comments to make it easier for you to contribute. If you see a comment you would like to flag for spam or abuse, click the "x" in the upper right of it. By posting, you agree to our Terms of Use.


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PRICE-Ann Brozovich O'Brien, age 92, passed away in the early morning hours of Nov. 28, 2012 at the Heirloom Inn in Price after a courageous battle with cancer.
She was born July 27, 1920 in Dawson, New Mexico to Paul and Katarina Malovich Brozovich.
Ann married Harold J. O'Brien (deceased) and John Bene who also preceded her in death.
Funeral service was Friday, Nov. 30, 2012, 11 a.m., Mitchell Funeral Home (233 East Main Street) Price. Family was at Mitchell's Friday one hour prior to service. Interment, Price City Cemetery. In lieu of flowers, the family suggests memorial contributions to the Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112.
Arrangements entrusted to Mitchell Funeral Home of Price where friends are welcome daily and may share memories of Ann at www.mitchellfuneralhome.net


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Study Skills Lab
Formerly known as the Study Skills/Reading Lab, the Tutoring Resource Center is run by the Psychology Department, provides assistance to students who need help in reading, outlining, note-taking, studying, time management, test-taking, research and word processing. The lab also provide help in some introductory courses.
More on the Tutoring Resource Center…
The Math Clinic, run by the Math Department, helps students overcome math anxiety and improve their math skills. Tutors can help students study for tests, solve homework problems and apply these problems to real-life situations. In addition to offering one-on-one tutoring, the Clinic offers a collection of video and computer tutorials for individual student use.
The Writing Center, run by the English Department, is a place where students can get professional help with their writing. Students can work on improving all aspects of writing: grammar, development, style, organization and mechanics.


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Oak Dining Table & 4 Chairs£109 instead of £339.99 (from Groundlevel.co.uk) for an oak veneer dining table and 4 chairs - save 68% + DELIVERY IS INCLUDED!
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The Fine Print
- May buy multiples.
- Voucher valid until 24th Feb 2014.
- Delivery to UK mainland only.
- Please allow up to 10 working days for delivery after redeeming.
- Subject to availability.
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Chairs to the weekend; we'll drink to that - right on top of today's deal...
We're offering you an oak veneer dining table and 4 chairs for just £109, saving you 68% off Groundlevel.co.uk's price £339.99 (correct as of 6.2.14).
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Seating up to 4 people, the dining set measures as follows:
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- When the deal ends we'll send you your wowcher code.
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New York City, New York 10176
United States
|Areas of Practice
|1) Corporate
|Law School
|Syracuse University College of Law
|Georgetown University (A.B., cum laude, 1986)
|Most recent firm
|Kleinberg, Kaplan, Wolff & Cohen, P.C.
|Relevant Jobs
Mergers and Acquisitions/Private Equity, Business and Finance Group – Mid-Level Associate
USA-NY-New York City
The New York office of Morgan Lewis, an international law firm with some 1,400 attorneys, seeks highly qualified mid-level associates with law firm experience to join our Mergers and Acquisitions/Priv...
Apply now
Associate Attorney - Insurance & Healthcare, Regulatory & Compliance
USA-NY-New York City
Based in either the firm's New York City or Florham Park, NJ office, the associate attorney is responsible for assisting and/or managing a caseload, subject to partner and senior associate supervision...
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Corporate Governance Counsel And Assistant Secretary
USA-NY-New York City
Corporate Governance Counsel and Assistant Secretary The candidate will report to the Corporate Secretary of the company. Will serve as the senior assistant to the Corporate Secretary. Assist Corpora...
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|+ View more jobs
A. Harrison Barnes is a well-known attorney throughout the United States. As a member of the Malibu community, Harrison is committed to serving the needs of Malibu residents and businesses in legal matters.
Alan Singer is a partner in Morgan Lewis's Securities Practice. Mr. Singer advises companies with regard to a diverse range of corporate and securities matters.


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In September 2002, the ISDH Genomics Program received a four-year federal grant to implement Indiana's state genetics plan, which includes the following:
The goals of the Genomics Program are accomplished with the assistance of genetics services providers throughout the state. The Maternal and Child Health Block Grant partially supports seven regional Genetics Centers. These clinics provide services to clients regardless of their socioeconomic status and ability to pay. Sliding-fee scales, waivers, and payment plans are available. Click here for a list of genetics services providers in Indiana.
For more information about genomics:
Click here to contact the ISDH Genomics/Newborn Screening Program


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From space, the earth looks blue. Over 70 percent of the planet's surface is covered by water, the majority of which is in the world's seas and oceans. Half the world's population lives within 60 km of the sea, and three-quarters of all large cities are located on the coast. However, the seas and oceans are under increasing pressure from pollution. Much of this pollution comes from urban centres, and it creates environmental problems which threaten the viability of the cities themselves.
By over-exploiting the seas as a source of food and as a location for waste disposal, coastal cities compromise the benefits offered by their location. Damage to mangroves, coral reefs and other coastal ecosystems can lead to erosion, siltation and render coastlines more vulnerable to storms and natural disasters. Since most of the earth's water resources are shared by two or more countries, coordinated action, locally, nationally, and internationally is equally important.
UNEP and UN-HABITAT have produced a brochure on Coastal Area Pollution. The Role of Cities which shows that damage to ecosystems can threaten the health and livelihoods of urban residents and incur huge economic costs. To read the brochure click here >>
To read more about UNEP's activities in coastal areas click here >>
Other useful links:
Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment (GPA)
UNEP - Regional Seas
UNEP - International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC)
ICLEI - Water Campaign


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This is a difficult post for me to write. As much as I admire the surgeons who are pushing this new advance I found myself bothered by this one. Why?
That's what I have been asking myself. After all, Linda Lu, 21 year old, is a college student from Orlando, Florida is ecstatic about the new hand -- (quote/photo credit)
"I've already accepted it as my hand since the day I woke up," Linda Lu said during a Monday press conference at Emory University Hospital in Atlanta, where the surgery took place. "But just looking at it, sometimes I still can't believe that it's there... It kind of feels like magic."
"I'm in information technology," Lu said. "So, my primary goal is to be able to type."
Simple enough goal, isn't it? When playing the "what would I give up game" my hands are never given up easily. I could probably learn to sew with only one hand, but it would be difficult and it would become mostly machine sewing. I could still blog as I could type with one hand – not as fast, but it would get done.
I would not be able to do surgery with one hand, but a hand transplant would not give that back to me anyway. The dexterity would never be good enough.
Linda is reported to have lost her left hand when she was 1 year old. The amputation was done due to complications from Kawasaki disease.
Still I'm left with this uneasy feeling. Most people born with only one hand/arm adjust well. For example, look at the baseball pitcher Jim Abbott.
This healthy young woman will now be placed on anti-rejection medications for life. It will make any pregnancies she has high-risk ones. She will be more susceptible to infections. Some anti-rejection medications increase the risk of cancers.
Just because we can do a procedure doesn't mean we always should. I hope my uneasiness regarding this one is misplaced. After all, I am getting my information from news articles and not from a discussion with the patient.
Newsprint articles
Florida Student Receives Rare Hand Transplant Surgery, FoxNews.com, March 28, 2011
Valencia student has rare hand transplant at Emory University, LA Times, March 28, 2011 (video as well as print)
Related posts:
Double Hand Transplant on Twitter (August 26, 2010)
Cost of Hand Transplantation? (September 22, 2010)
Rejection (December 1, 2010)
New Technology May Help Prevent Rejection in Hand Transplant Patients (December 13, 2010)


text:
Northampton Saints outscored Sale Sharks five tries to two to win 33-14 in Friday's Premiership clash at Franklin's Gardens.
Northampton Saints outscored Sale Sharks five tries to two to win 33-14 in Friday's Premiership clash at Franklin's Gardens.
Three unanswered tries in the first half laid the platform as Saints disposed of Sharks to move second in the table.
Northampton were looking to bounce back from a narrow reverse away at Gloucester, while Sale were looking to make it back to back wins following their triumph over Wasps.
An even start to the game was interrupted on 14 minutes by the game's first try, scored by Luther Burrell, who sailed over the line following an ambitious attacking move from the hosts.
Stephen Myler added the conversion and the Saints went further ahead on 23 minutes when George North crossed for his first try in Northampton colours out wide.
Myler missed this time, but he was back on target following George Pisi's try just after the half hour as the Saints continued to dominate proceedings.
At 19-0, Sale knew they needed to find the next points of the game to stay in the contest, and they gave themselves hope on the stroke of half-time when Mark Cueto crossed for Danny Cipriani to convert.
14 minutes into the second half Lee Dickson made it even tougher for Sale when he strode over for Saints, and just after the hour the contest was as good as over courtesy of a deserved try from Phil Dowson.
Myler's fourth successful conversion of the evening made it 33-7 and, with the bonus point already in the bag, Saints appeared content to sit on their lead.
The Sharks crossed for a deserved consolation in the dying minutes through Mark Jones, though it did little to dent the atmosphere at Franklin Gardens, as Northampton bounced back from last week's setback.
The scorers:
For Northampton:
Tries: Burrell, North, G Pisi, Dickson, Dowson
Cons: Myler 4
Yellow card: Clark
For Sale:
Tries: Cueto, Jones
Cons: Cipriani, Ford
Northampton Saints: 15 Ben Foden, 14 Jamie Elliott, 13 George Pisi, 12 Luther Burrell, 11 George North, 10 Stephen Myler, 9 Lee Dickson, 8 Sam Dickinson, 7 Phil Dowson, 6 Calum Clark, 5 Christian Day, 4 Courtney Lawes, 3 Tom Mercey, 2 Dylan Hartley (capt), 1 Alex Corbisiero.
Replacements: 16 Mike Haywood, 17 Alex Waller, 18 Gareth Denman, 19 Samu Manoa, 20 Tom Wood, 21 Kahn Fotuali'i, 22 James Wilson, 23 Ken Pisi.
Sale Sharks: 15 Tom Arscott, 14 Rob Miller, 13 Mark Cueto, 12 Andy Forsyth, 11 Tom Brady, 10 Danny Cipriani, 9 Will Cliff, 8 Mark Easter, 7 David Seymour, 6 Dan Braid (capt), 5 Michael Paterson, 4 Kirill Kulemin, 3 Vadim Colbilas, 2 Tommy Taylor, 1 Eifion Lewis Roberts.
Replacements: 16 Marc Jones, 17 Ross Harrison, 18 Henry Thomas, 19 Johnathan Mills, 20 Andrei Ostrikov, 21 Nathan Fowles, 22 Joe Ford, 23 Phil McKenzie.
Venue: Franklin's Gardens
Referee: David Rose
Assistant referees: Stuart Terheege, Nigel Carrick
Television match official: Rowan Kitt
Timekeeper: Clive Leeke


text:
You're reading the books. You're collecting the cards. You're playing the game. And we hope you're winning the prizes. Now it's time to solve the trivia!
For each of the quotes below, provide the character who said it and which book it's from:
1.) "I have a limited vocabulary! Linguini! Mangia! Buon giorno! Gucci!"
2.) "Excuse me, Jackie Chan, but carry-on luggage is always X-rayed."
3.) "You have intelligence and youth, and a fresh way of looking at things. I, on the other hand, have resources and age."
4.) "It's Dijon, stupid. This is the mustard capital of the world."
5.) "A Lucian who doesn't trust his kin – imagine that."
Good luck at uncovering . . . the 5 Quotes to The 39 Clues! (Get the answers on 5/7)
— Carly M., STACKS Staffer


text:
DCRC award winners highlighted in November issue of Hoard's Dairyman.
by Corey Geiger, Hoard's Dairyman Assistant Managing Editor
Carefully following protocols; keen heat detection; comfortable and well-fed cows; and teamwork are just some of the attributes that helped these five dairies sort to the top of judges' ballots in this year's Dairy Cattle Reproduction Council's (DCRC) Reproduction Awards program. In a very competitive fourth year, the program received 53 nominations from dairies across 17 states, Canada and Mexico. In our November issue, you will find a three-page Round Table detailing how these special herds approach reproduction. In this blog, we will discuss their approach to nutrition which was not included in the Round Table. To download the Round Table, click here.
What role has nutrition played in a sound reproduction program?
Collins Dairy: We work very closely with our nutritionist and feel much of our reproduction success is due to the fact we are able to provide enough energy to our high-producing cows. This allows them to cycle before we want to breed them. It is our understanding that timed A.I. protocols are much more effective on animals that are cycling. That is our basic goal. Personally, we have seen better reproductive performance when cottonseed is in our diet, and we are told that is due to the type of fats it provides the cows.
Nutrition starts with seed selection, inputs, harvesting and storage. Timely planting, weed control, and harvesting and packing of the bunker are vital in cow health and performance. Our son-in-law handles all our field operations.
Dutchland Dairy: We work with our nutritionist George Sonic to make sure our rations are balanced. One of the best changes was when we switched to a low-energy, close-up diet. This diet helped transition the cows better.
Kloppe Dairy: We work with MFA Farmers Cooperative Association to balance our ration, as we mainly feed crops that we harvest on our farm. We do not use feed additives to supplement nutrition because we find that the correct ration will provide everything the animal needs to give consistent, daily milk production.
Schilling Farms: We feel our nutrition program is a key factor in our reproductive program. We work with Spensley Feeds and our nutritionists John Wienkes and Mike VanSchyndle. We have focused our energies on making higher-quality feed, leading to a more highly digestible fiber. This has allowed us to get more energy out of our homegrown feeds. We continue to maintain a consistent diet, year in and year out, to keep the cows on an even path with minimal body condition loss. We have very few cows that are not cycling by 70 DIM.
We also feel that the Vita Plus Quick Start Pellet and ReaShure choline has helped minimize transition cow issues to help keep cows in a positive energy balance.
SunBurst Dairy: We worked with James Bailey, from Bailey Consulting, on cow diets with a focus on pre/postfresh groups. Good diets, plus cow comfort, equals better cow health and more pregnancies. We strive to feed our cows with high-quality forages, commodities and minerals. The consistencies and quality of all these products are important to the cow in how well she performs in production and reproduction. This involves implementing changes to the ration on an ongoing basis as our forages change.
Another positive feeding change included developing feeding SOPs last year. This caused feed rations to become more consistent. In addition, utilizing more liquid feed holds mix consistency and results in less feed separation and sorting by cows.
A ramped-up reproduction program helped Collins Dairy eliminate natural service bulls two years ago. As co-owner Lisa Collins points out, "A bored bull is an angry bull. There is no place for that on our farm." This team represents just one of the five winners. To see all photos, download the November Round Table by clicking here.
Join us next Monday, November 12 for Sorting through our cropping strategies. The free webinar will be presented by Dan Undersander, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Merial and their Best in Class Dairies
Click the icon to subscribe to HD Notebook and get the blog sent to you.


text:
Support Announcement:
|Linguistic Field:
|General Linguistics Information Structure
|Application Deadline:
|Supporting Institution:
University of Potsdam
Linguistics, SFB 632
|LL Issue:
|Support Description:
|Description: The Integrated Graduate School of the Collaborative Research Centre SFB 632 Information Structure at the University of Potsdam and Humboldt University Berlin (http://www.sfb632.uni-potsdam.de/en/) invites applications for two short-term grants for PhD students covering the period 1 October 2013 to 30 September 2014. The grants are meant to enable PhD candidates with an interest in information structure to carry out some of their research in the Collaborative Research Centre, which has played a prominent role in the international research on information structure over the past 10 years. Of particular interest to the research centre are PhD candidates from outside Germany and/or with a focus on lesser studied, non-European languages that will help to extend the cross linguistic coverage and will ideally help to build up stable cooperation with the applicants' home universities. The research centre also encourages candidates from German universities with a migrant background to apply. Grant holders are expected to affiliate with one or (at most) two of the research projects in the centre. They participate in the integrated graduate school, which offers classes on information structure, research visits of internationally renowned researchers from the field, and PhD days with presentations in front of a peer audience. In addition, the research centre supports participation in summer or winter schools and conference visits. More information on the aims and objectives of the integrated graduate school can be found at the application website. Grant holders will receive a (tax-free) grant of 1000 EUR per month plus 103 EUR per month for additional costs. On an individual base, there may be the possibility of finding additional funding for the time after the grant runs out. Qualification Requirements: Candidates are expected to hold a Master's degree (or equivalent) in linguistics and have a research focus on information structure from a theoretical (syntactic, phonological, semantic), typological, diachronic, variationist, computer linguistic or psycho/neuro-linguistic perspective, which is ideally manifest in earlier research activities in the form of presentations/publications or a carefully worked out plan for a dissertation project. Application Procedure: Interested candidates are invited to send their electronic applications, including their Master's degree or equivalent (scan), a CV, a short sketch of the planned dissertation project (1-2 pages), and an accompanying letter outlining the candidates' motivation for applying at the collaborative research centre to the coordinator of the integrated graduate school Dr. Jana Häussler. Candidates should also indicate one or two projects that they want to be affiliated with. Application Deadline: 31 July 2013
|Application Mailing Address:
|Jana Häussler Universität Potsdam, Dep. Linguistik, SFB 632 Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 Potsdam 14476 Germany
|Application Web Address:
|Contact Information:
|Jana Häussler firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
By GARY TORRES
I have been home sick for a few days and this staying at home not working is turning out to be a lot of work. I mean you can only not work so long before it becomes work to not work. But if there is any man up to the challenge... believe me I have trained for this my entire life. So Turbo (my dog) and I are doing our very best to meet this challenge. He sleeps on the porch. I sleep on my big over stuffed chair. However, to satisfy my need to feel like I am doing something, while not actually doing anything I have resorted to making up To Do Lists for my too kind and loving wife.
If you want to test just how stable your marriage is, just give your wife a To Do List when she walks in the door from a long day at work. I don't know if any of you men have tried this as a way of getting close to your honey and building a stronger better relationship, but I highly recommend it. It is a great conversation starter. Besides, I don't think they mind if you help them keep track of what they are not getting done.
When the missus walks in the door merely hand her a list of things that you have noticed need to be done. She'll be grateful I am almost certain. For example, I found that if you move the dryer, there are dust bunnies under it. Now I am not one to spill my guts about personal things, but I have to admit finding dust bunnies under the dryer was really upsetting to me. I mean, come on, what other varmints might be running around in the house.
Number one on the To Do List I made for my wife, "Clean dust bunnies from underneath dryer." Well I hadn't sat down in my big over stuffed chair to rest for five minutes, when I thought, "You know. If there are dust bunnies underneath the dryer I would bet my last dollar there were some underneath the fridge too." I reluctantly get out of my big over stuffed chair and what do you think I found? Yup. You are absolutely right. Dust bunnies under the fridge. I know what you are saying. I said the same dang thing.
Apparently these bunnies reproduce like real bunnies because I moved the fridge and I'll kiss your foot till you bark like a hound at a coon in a tall oak tree if there weren't dust bunnies underneath the fridge. Where did they come from? I don't know. But they were there. Tons of them. It looked like Dust Bunnyville. Oh my gosh. I couldn't believe it. I knew that my too kind and loving wife would be so glad I was on to this important matter. Number two on my wife's To Do List, "Clean dust bunnies from underneath the fridge."
Really, I was getting quite fatigued writing up all these things my too kind and loving wife needed to do, but sometimes you just need a reason to get better for, something to drive a person. I had settled down for some much needed rest on the bed with several pillows propping me up so I could read but I could sense something wasn't right. My instincts were honed like a razor knife. I knew there were dust bunnies near. Sure enough I jumped down off the bed and looked underneath and there they were. It looked like a lovefest for dust bunnies right underneath my very own bed.
I was appalled. I was shocked. I was hurt because I hit my head. But that didn't matter. This was important. We had a petting zoo of dust bunnies underneath our bed. What the heck was the matter here? Who is in charge of cleaning up dust bunnies? I looked down our list of chores and there was not one single mention of dust bunnies. It is no wonder this common household pest can easily overpopulate a house. There is no dust bunny police. No agency that monitors the build up of dust bunnies. By heck where is the government when there is a real problem...looking for some other rodent hiding in a cave in Afghanistan?
I am aghast, but tired of all this work so I go back to my big over stuffed chair just waiting for my too kind and loving wife to come home so I can show her the To Do List I made up for her. She is going to be so grateful that I am always trying to help her out. I can almost hear her now.


text:
b.o.c Batya Wedge Sandal
Sorry, this item is sold out!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Item # 239871
Make a statement in this stylish high wedge from b.o.c! You'll get lots of compliments on the Batya!
- Leather upper with perforations
- Cushioned insole
- 1" platform, 3?" wedge
- Synthetic sole
- Imported
- View more Women's b.o.c. Shoes
By: ShoeAddict45
Location: Philadelphia
May 13, 2013
Boring but Comfortable
"It's hard to complain about the comfort, but the Batya is fairly basic in terms of look. It look in person like it does in pictures."
By: Aloha843
Location: MD
May 12, 2013
Great price!
"I really liked this shoe however it runs narrow so they will have to go back!"
By: vcat
Location: MD
February 07, 2013
cute but slippery
"For such a high wedge, I didn't expect the sole to be as slick and slippery. I imagined it would have been a bit more 'gummy'. Perhaps when I start to wear them this season outside they will scuff up enough that they won't slide so much indoor on hard surfaces and carpets."
By: seaswing
Location: Gainesville, Florida
December 30, 2012
Have them in Black
"I ordered these in early fall so I didn't get to wear them for very long before it got too cool but they are very comfy! They have a simplicity that goes with any outfit and does not upstage. b.o.c. lives up to it's reputation. Going to order them in tan this time."
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Corporate Payout Policy
Harry DeAngelo
University of Southern California - Marshall School of Business - Finance and Business Economics Department
Linda DeAngelo
University of Southern California - Marshall School of Business - Finance and Business Economics Department
Douglas J. Skinner
The University of Chicago - Booth School of Business
May 7, 2009
Foundations and Trends in Finance, Vol. 3, Nos. 2-3, pp. 95-287, 2008
We present a synthesis of academic research on corporate payout policy grounded in the pioneering contributions of Lintner (1956) and Miller and Modigliani (1961). We conclude that a simple asymmetric information framework that emphasizes the need to distribute FCF and that embeds agency costs (as in Jensen (1986)) and security valuation problems (as in Myers and Majluf (1984)) does a good job of explaining the main features of observed payout policies - i.e., the massive size of corporate payouts, their timing and, to a lesser degree, their (dividend versus stock repurchase) form. We also conclude that managerial signaling motives, clientele demands, tax deferral benefits, investors' behavioral heuristics, and investor sentiment have at best minor influences on payout policy, but that behavioral biases at the managerial level (e.g., over-confidence) and the idiosyncratic preferences of controlling stockholders plausibly have a first-order impact.
1 Introduction
2 Basic Theory: The Need to Distribute Free Cash Flow is Foundational
3 Security Valuation Problems, Agency Costs, and Optimal Payout Policy
4 Corporate Payouts: Scale, Concentration, and Earnings Linkage
5 Payouts and Earnings: A Closer Look
6 Are Dividends Disappearing'
7 Why Do Dividends Survive'
8 Signaling and the Information Content of Dividends
9 Behavioral Influences on Payout Policy
10 Clientele Effects: Transaction Costs, Institutional Ownership, and Payout Policy
11 Controlling Stockholders and Payout Policy
12 Taxes and Payout Policy
13 The Advantages of Stock Repurchases
14 Conclusion: What We Know About Payout Policy and Promising Avenues for Future Research
Number of Pages in PDF File: 198
Keywords: payout policy, dividends, stock repurchase
JEL Classification: G32, G32
Date posted: May 7, 2009 ; Last revised: December 29, 2012
Suggested Citation
Contact Information


text:
Simply Irresistible
Rich colors, luxurious textures, and glistening finishes combine to create a look that's exquisitely gorgeous...and impossible to resist.
Prep your skin with Prime Time™ Brightening Foundation Primer. Using long graceful strokes, buff bareMinerals READY® SPF 20 Foundation onto skin using the Full Flawless Face Brush.
Items Used:
Prime Time™ Brightening Foundation Primer
bareMinerals READY® SPF 20 Foundation
Step 1:
Apply a thin layer of Prime Time™ Brightening Eyelid Primer from lash line to brow.
Items Used:
Step 2:
Dust Secret Radiance All-Over Face Color onto your lid up to brow bone using the Blending Brush.
Items Used:
Secret Radiance All-Over Face Color
Step 3:
Buff Queen Phyllis Eyecolor onto your inner and center lid using the Double-Ended Tapered Shadow Brush.
Step 4:
Apply Posh Eyecolor onto your outer lid and crease line, blending outwards using the Double-Ended Tapered Shadow Brush.
Items Used:
Step 5:
Apply Round the Clock™ Waterproof Eyeliner in Midnight to upper lash line. Next, apply Heirloom Eyecolor to the lower lash line using the Angled Liner Shadow Brush.
Items Used:
Round the Clock™ Waterproof Eyeliner in Midnight
Step 6:
Sweep two coats of Flawless Definition™ Curl & Lengthen Mascara in Black to upper and lower lashes.
Step 7:
Dust Secret Radiance All-Over Face Color to wherever the sun naturally touches your face using the Flawless Radiance Brush.
Step 8:
Swirl a tiny bit of Cheek Tint™ in Charm over apples of cheeks with the Double-Ended Tapered Blush Brush.
Items Used:
Step 9:
Apply 100% Natural Lipgloss in Pink Marzipan to your lips.
Items Used:


text:
Ralph Lauren Collection Isella Leather Buckle Boot
Sorry, this item is sold out!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Item # 286497
An American legend, the Ralph Lauren Collection brings quality and creation together. The leather Isella boot is the perfect way to express your casual, yet sophisticated look.
- Leather upper
- Decorative harness with an adjustable buckle
- 15" shaft height, pull on
- 14¼" calf circumference
- Round toe
- Fully lined in leather
- ½" platform, 2" block heel
- Leather sole
- Made in Italy
- View more Women's Ralph Lauren Collection Shoes
- Online Exclusive!
By: YSKM
Location: california
July 08, 2013
I like it!
"I like it! This black boot easy to wear. The design is very cool!"
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Huelight 5D Mark III ACR & Lightroom Profile Available
Started May 27, 2012 | Discussions thread
Shop cameras & lenses ▾
FujiColy • Contributing Member • Posts: 538
Huelight 5D Mark III ACR & Lightroom Profile Available
May 27, 2012
Hi All,
I have made my Canon 5D Mark III camera profile for ACR 6/7 & Lightroom 4 available for download.
To obtain a copy please check out my Twitter feed were you will find the download link: http://twitter.com/huelight
This profile should improve colour rendering and skin tones over the default Adobe profile. The profile also balances the individual colour channels giving a more natural image to aid future post processing.
I look forward to your feedback.
Keep up with me here : http://twitter.com/huelight
Canon EOS 5D Mark III
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text:
Chelsea Crew Marissa Wedge Sandal
Sorry, this item is sold out!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Item # 288027
The Marissa sliver wedge is a gorgeous two-piece sandal from Chelsea Crew. This reptile ankle strap sandal is so vogue and chic, you are sure to be the center of attention wherever your feet will take you!
- Faux leather upper with reptile trim
- Round peep toe
- Adjustable ankle strap closure
- 1" stacked heel
- Synthetic sole
- Imported
- View more Women's Chelsea Crew Shoes
By: CMS53
Location: Modesto
February 26, 2014
"This shoe is beautiful on the website but just didn't look right on my foot. I really loved the look of the shoe though!"
By: jtag
Location: Valhalla, NY
September 05, 2013
Not leather
"How can you charge these prices for shoes that are basically plastic. Please show companies - bring back real leather in the manufacturing of shoes. This includes the sock/lining,"
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Peter Barber, Head of Map Collections, British Library
The most obvious place a person in Shakespeare's England would have encountered a map would have been in a Bible. Protestant Bibles in particular contained maps to prove the veracity of the scriptures, and this tells us a lot about the role of maps in society. Maps were used sometimes (but not often) to get from A to B, and from about the 1520s onwards for administration purposes, but most of all they were regarded, quite consciously, as stages for human history.
If you were lucky enough, you might have been invited into the home of a merchant. It's quite likely you would have seen wall maps adorning his parlour and his dining room. The most common maps would have shown the Holy Land as well as maps of the continents of the world. These maps were not there to show where his ships were travelling – their purpose was to show that its owner was a man who knew about the world.
Most wall maps served propagandas purposes. On the whole maps, whatever their size, were much more useful for merchants than for seamen. The merchant could use them for planning purposes but, as English sailors told the authorities repeatedly in the 16th century, charts weren't much use once you were actually at sea because in the northern Atlantic it was usually so misty you couldn't see any coastlines: it was far more practical to navigate using a plumb line to measure the depth of the sea, rather like a mole on land.
So rather than maps being navigational tools, maps – when not being used for practical purposes on land – tended to be symbolic, and educational. In 1570 the first modern atlas of printed maps was published, called The Theatre of the Lands of the World. This idea of the world as a stage, picked up by Shakespeare, was around long beforehand.
Find out more:
The unveiling of Britain – maps of the British Isles
Maps at the British Library
Maps at the National Maritime Museum
British Library
Filed under: Shakespeare's Restless World, What's on, radio series, Shakespeare


text:
Madden Girl Radiant Wedge Pump
Sorry, this item is sold out!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Item # 267361
Dress up your look in a fresh new way with the Radiant wedge from Madden Girl. This patent pointy toe pump is perfect for getting dolled up when you want to ditch the high heels.
- Faux patent leather upper
- Pointed toe
- ¾" sliver wedge
- Synthetic sole
- Imported
- View more Women's Madden Girl Shoes
By: EMGA
August 10, 2013
By: Mel9
Location: Davie
July 21, 2013
Not so great
"Very cute, however, just as uncomfortable. Bought two pairs in nude and black but had to return the black after wearing the nude because they hurt my feet too bad."
By: ardnaxela
Location: TX
July 12, 2013
Perfect nude flat
"I'm so happy I bought these after an old pair was on its last bit of life. The flats were surprisingly comfortable-- no tightness on the ankle and not narrow. Plus the pointy toe really adds something different and of course they go with everything! Highly recommend!"
By: ARSwann
Location: Maryland
July 12, 2013
So cute! But...
"They rub on the top of my toes - which is so annoying since I went a half a size up so they would still be comfortable in the summer. I like them, and they are cute, but they are uncomfortable which is weird for flats."
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Nikon coolpix S230
By marie
from new york
About Me Photo Enthusiast
Comments about Nikon COOLPIX S230 Jet Black 10 Megapixels Digital Camera:
- small LCD- image quality not clear
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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Awesome Camera . Awesome Price!
By Carolann
from Yorktown Heights, New York
This camera is really great! It takes great pictures and Abt had the best price by far!
Soft image under low light
By CK331
from Redwood City, CA
The images are quite soft for indoor shots. Maybe it's due to in-accurate indoor focusing. Outdoor shots are good.
Great disappointment!
By kpycsy
from chicago illinois
We were greatly disappointed with the quality of the picture. We have had 5 Coolpix cameras and never had this problem Could it have been just this one camera?? Grainy, blurred - only once every 10 pictures or so did we get a good one!!
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
Merchant response: Abt is an authorized service center and can provide technical support on the products we sell. Please contact us at 847-967-8830 for assistance on the Nikon camera.
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