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U.S. Army War College >> Strategic Studies Institute >> Publications >> Details
Provincial Reconstruction Teams: How Do We Know They Work?
Authored by Dr. Carter Malkasian, Dr. Gerald Meyerle.
- Added March 25, 2009
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Brief Synopsis
Over the past 6 years, provincial reconstruction teams (PRTs) have played a growing role in the U.S. counterinsurgency effort in Afghanistan. PRTs are one of several organizations working on reconstruction there, along with civilian development agencies, including the U.S. Agency for International Development, numerous nongovernmental organizations, and the Afghan government's National Solidarity Program. Perhaps unsurprisingly, something of a debate has emerged over whether PRTs are needed. The authors argue that civilian reconstruction agencies cannot do the same job as the PRTs. While these agencies remain essential for long-term economic and political development, the PRTs conduct reconstruction in ways that help create stability in the short term. Absent the PRTs, the "build" in clear-hold-build efforts deemed essential to effective counterinsurgency would fall flat. Based on over 2 months of field research in 2007 and 2 months in 2008 by a CNA team with 4 different PRTs—Khost, Kunar, Ghazni, and Nuristan—plus interviews with the leadership of 10 others, the authors recommend that the United States give the PRTs the lead role in reconstruction activities that accompany any surge of military forces into Afghanistan.
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All About Colon Cancer
What is the colon?
The colon is the longest portion of the large intestine, also known as the large bowel. The large intestine is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a tube that is about 5 to 6 feet in length; the first 5 feet make up the colon, which then connects to about 6 inches of rectum, and finally ends with the anus. By the time food reaches the colon (about 3 to 8 hours after eating), the nutrients have been absorbed and the remainder is liquid waste product. The colon's function is to change this liquid waste into solid stool. The stool can spend anywhere from 10 hours to several days in the colon before being expelled through the anus. It has been suggested that the longer stool remains in the colon, the higher the risk for colon cancer, but this has not been proven.
What is colon cancer?
Colon cancer is malignant tissue that grows in the wall of the colon. The majority of tumors begin when normal tissue in the colon wall forms an adenomatous polyp, or pre-cancerous growth projecting from the colon wall. As this polyp grows larger, the tumor is formed. This process can take many years, which allows time for early detection with screening tests.
Am I at Risk for Colon Cancer?
Colon cancer is the third most common type of cancer, in both males and females, in the Western world. The incidence is highest in African Americans, who are also more likely to die of the disease. Certain factors put people at higher risk. It is estimated that in the United States in 2015 there will 93,090 new case and 49,700 deaths related to colon cancer. The risk of colon cancer rises substantially after age 50, but every year there are numerous cases reported in younger people. Individuals with a personal or family history of colon cancer, polyps, or inherited colon cancer syndromes (i.e., FAP and HNPCC), as well as patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, are all at higher risk and may require screening at an earlier age than the general population. A person with one first degree relative (parent, sibling or child) with colon cancer is 2 to 3 times as likely to develop the cancer as someone who does not have an affected relative.
However, this does not mean that people without a family history are not at risk. In fact, about 80% of new colon cancer cases are diagnosed in people who would not be identified as "high risk". Studies of colon cancer cases found that lifestyle factors may put a person at higher risk. These factors include: a diet high in fat and red meat but low in fruits and vegetables, high caloric intake, low levels of physical activity, and obesity. In addition, smoking and excessive alcohol intake may play a role in colon cancer development. Despite avoiding all of these factors, some people will still develop colon cancer. With screening and early detection, these patients can be effectively treated in a majority of the cases.
How Can I Prevent Colon Cancer?
Given the things that put a person at higher risk, a low-fat diet high in fruits and vegetables and low in red meat, together with regular exercise and maintaining a healthy body weight, may aide in prevention. The term chemoprevention can be defined as 'the use of a chemical compound to prevent, inhibit, or reverse the formation of the cancer'. There are ongoing studies looking at vitamins A, E, D, and C, folic acid, calcium, selenium, aspirin, cox-2 inhibitors, statin medications (traditionally used to lower cholesterol) and hormone replacement therapy as potential chemopreventive agents that may prevent or reverse the formation of polyps and colon cancer. Thus far, these studies have been inconclusive, so no specific recommendations can be made for the general population. Some of these agents continue to be evaluated in clinical trials.
What Screening Tests are Available?
Some tumors and polyps may bleed intermittently, and this blood can be detected in stool samples by a test called fecal occult blood testing (FOBT). By itself, FOBT only finds about 24% of cancers. It is recommended by the American Cancer Society that FOBT be done annually, in conjunction with a flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years after age 50. This combination of tests detects about 76% of colon tumors. The sigmoidoscope is a slender, flexible tube that has the ability to view about 1/3 of the colon. If a polyp or tumor is detected with this test, the patient must be referred for a full colonoscopy to have the polyp removed and tested for cancer.
The colonoscope is similar to the sigmoidoscope, but is longer and thus can view the entire colon. If a polyp is found, the physician can remove it and send it to a pathology lab to determine if it is adenomatous (cancerous). As a screening method, the American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that a colonoscopy be done every 10 years after age 50; alternatives include CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) every 5 years or flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years. Patients with a family or personal history should have more frequent screenings; beginning at an earlier age than their relative was when he or she was diagnosed. Patients with a history of inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis, are also at increased risk and should have more frequent screening than the general public. No screening modality is perfect. For colonoscopy, the rate of missed lesions is 2-12%.
If a polyp is found on CT colonography, the person would need to have a colonoscopy to biopsy the polyp. The US Preventive Task Force does not recommend CT colonography for general screening. This test is not as good at finding flat polyps, and large flat polyps have a higher risk of developing into colon cancer. Up to 16% of people having their first CT colonography are found to have abnormalities outside the colon that require further testing. In identifying and investigating these abnormalities, there is potential for both benefit and harm. Potential harms arise from additional diagnostic testing and procedures for these lesions found incidentally, which may have no clinical significance. This additional testing also has the potential to burden the patient with additional time off work and costs.
Radiation exposure resulting from CT colonography is reported to be 10 mSv per examination. The harms of radiation at this dose are not certain, but one model predicts that 1 additional individual per 1000 would develop cancer in his or her lifetime at this level of exposure. There is growing research about increased cancer risk due to cumulative radiation exposure from the use of diagnostic and screening tests that involve radiation exposure. On the other hand, improvements in CT colonography technology and practice are lowering this radiation dose.
Patients should talk with their physicians about which screening method is best for them, and how often it should be performed.
Evidence that colonoscopy actually decreases colon cancer deaths is derived from cohort and case control studies (indirect evidence). For example, a study from Ontario, Canada comparing rates of colonoscopy found that for every 1% increase in colonoscopy screening there was a 3% decrease in death from colon cancer. Randomized trials are ongoing.
Despite the effectiveness of screening tests for colon cancer, one study found that only 44% of adults who are age 50 and older had undergone testing. Media focus has helped to raise public awareness of this cancer, but more education is needed.
What are the Signs of Colon Cancer?
Unfortunately, the early stages of colon cancer may not have any symptoms. This is why it is important to have screening tests done even though you may feel well. As the polyp grows into a tumor, it may bleed or obstruct the colon, causing symptoms. These symptoms include:
- Bleeding from the rectum
- Blood in the stool or toilet after a bowel movement
- A change in the shape of the stool (i.e. thinning)
- Cramping pain in the abdomen
- Feeling the need to have a bowel movement when you don't actually have to
As you can see, these symptoms can also be caused by conditions other than cancer. If you experience these symptoms, you should be checked by a doctor.
How is Colon Cancer Diagnosed and Staged?
Once colon cancer is found by the screening tests, further tests are needed to determine the extent of the tumor. The tests used to determine spread of the tumor are CT scans, MRIs, PET/CT scan and lab work. Positron Emission tomography (PET) provides a whole body evaluation and highlight active tumors in the body. Malignant tumors have an increased rate of glycolysis shown by an increase uptake of glucose tracer. PET/CT scan is used to evaluate potential resectable metastasis in the lung and liver. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level is a marker for colon cancer that is found in the blood and which is elevated in 95% of cases. With these tests, a stage is determined to help dictate the necessary treatment. The TNM staging system assesses the extent of the tumor, nodal involvement, and distant metastases.
After the tumor and lymph nodes are removed by a surgeon, they are examined by a pathologist, who determines how much of the colon wall and lymph nodes have been invaded by tumor. This is reported on your pathology report – you may want to ask for a copy of this report for your personal files.
Using the results from these tests and reports, a stage is determined, which is used to determine the necessary treatment. The TNM staging system assesses the extent of the Tumor, Nodal involvement, and distant Metastases. The stage tells how far the tumor has invaded into the colon wall, and if it has spread to other parts of the body, and is an important piece to deciding on further treatment.
The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) publishes the TNM staging system for colon cancer, which is as follows:
Primary Tumor:
- Tx- Primary tumor able to be assessed
- Tis- Carcinoma in situ
- T0- No evidence of primary tumor
- T1 - invades submucosa
- T2 - invades muscularis propria
- T3 - invades through muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues
- T4a - penetrates to the surface of the visceral peritoneum
- T4b - directly invades or is adherent to other organs or structures
Lymph Nodes
- Nx- Lymph nodes not able to be assessed
- N0- No lymph nodes involved with cancer
- N1 - 1 to 3 lymph nodes
- N1a - 1 lymph node
- N1b - 2-3 lymph nodes
- N1c - tumor deposits in the subserosa, mesentery, or nonperitonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues without regional nodal metastasis
- N2 - 4 or more
- N2a - 4-6 lymph nodes
- N2b - 7 or more lymph nodes
Distant Metastasis
- M0 - No evidence for metastatic disease
- M1 - Evidence for distant metastatic disease
- M1a - metastasis confined to one organ or site
- M1b - metastasis in more than one organ/site or the peritoneum
The TNM groupings are combined to give a stage of 0 through IVB. TNM Stage Groupings:
- 0- Tis N0 M0
- IIB - T4a N0 M0
- IIC - T4b N0 M0
- IIIA - T1-2 N1/1c M0, T1 N2a M0
- IIIB - T3-T4a N1/1c M0, T2-T3 N2a M0, T1-T2 N2b M0
- IIIC - T4a N2a M0, T3-T4a N2b M0, T4b N1-N2 M0
- IVA – Any T Any N M1a
- IVB – Any T Any N M1b
Because the staging system is relatively detailed, a more simplified way of understanding the stage groupings is:
- Stage 0 (also called carcinoma in situ) - the cancer is confined to the outermost portion of the colon wall.
- Stage I - the cancer has spread to the second and third layer of the colon wall, but not to the outer colon wall or beyond. This is also called Dukes' A colon cancer.
- Stage II - the cancer has spread through the colon wall, but has not invaded any lymph nodes (these are small structures that help in fighting infection and disease). This is also called Dukes' B colon cancer.
- Stage III - the cancer has spread through the colon wall and into lymph nodes, but has not spread to other areas of the body. This is also called Dukes' C colon cancer.
- Stage IV - the cancer has spread to other areas of the body (i.e. liver and lungs). This is also called Dukes' D colon cancer.
What are the Treatments for Colon Cancer?
Surgery is the most common treatment for colon cancer. If the cancer is limited to a polyp, the patient can undergo a polypectomy (removal of the polyp), or a local excision, where a small amount of surrounding tissue is also removed. If the tumor invades the bowel wall or surrounding tissues, the patient will require a partial resection (removal of the cancer and a portion of the bowel) and removal of local lymph nodes to determine if the cancer has spread into them. After the tumor is removed, the two ends of the remaining colon are reconnected, allowing normal bowel function. In some situations, it may not be possible to reconnect the colon, and a colostomy (an opening in the abdominal wall to allow passage of stool) is needed, which may be temporary or permanent.
Despite the fact that a majority of patients have the entire tumor removed by surgery, as many as 50 to 60% will develop a recurrence without further treatment. Chemotherapy is given to reduce this chance of recurrence, particularly when initiated within 4 week of surgery. There is some controversy over whether or not patients with stage II disease should receive chemotherapy. Studies have not consistently shown a benefit in treating these patients or have shown only a very small benefit. Many patients with stage II disease are followed closely, but receive no chemotherapy. Generally, patients with stage II disease who present with a bowel perforation or obstruction, or who have large or poorly differentiated tumors (determined by a pathologist looking at the tumor under a microscope), are considered at higher risk for recurrence and are treated with 6 months of fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin (LV), with or without oxaliplatin chemotherapy. Work is being done to further clarify who among the stage II group is high risk, which will be helpful to providers making treatment decisions. There are assays available to assess molecular and genetic markers in stage II patients, which can be helpful in treatment decisions.
Patients who present with stage III colon cancer are treated with a regimen of chemotherapy, including some combination of fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin, and oxaliplatin for 6 months, resulting in improved survival rates when compared with surgery alone. The addition of other agents, including irinotecan and bevacizumab, in combination with 5-FU/LV has not been shown to benefit stage III patients. After completion of this therapy, they are monitored for recurrence of the disease. Capecitabine (Xeloda) is an oral form of fluorouracil, that is used frequently as a replacement for intravenous 5-FU.
Forty to fifty percent of patients have metastatic disease (cancer that has spread to other organs, also called stage IV) at the time of diagnosis, or have a recurrence of the disease after therapy. Unfortunately, with the exception of selected patients who have limited liver/lung metastases, stage IV disease is not considered cureable. Nevertheless, patients can have improved quality of life and longer survival with chemotherapy treatment. The standard therapy for patients with advanced disease is some combination of fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan (CPT-11 or Camptosar), oxaliplatin (Eloxitin), bevacizumab (Avastin), cetuximab (Erbitux), and capecitabine. Regimens adding either irinotecan or oxaliplatin to fluorouracil and leucovorin were found to be more effective than using the fluorouracil and leucovorin alone.
Targeted therapies are drug treatments that target a specific abnormality found in the cancer cells. The following are targeted therapies that are commonly used in the treatment of colon cancer.
Bevacizumab (Avastin) is a type of treatment called anti-angiogenic therapy. Tumors need nutrients to survive and are able to get these nutrients by growing new blood vessels. This medication works by attacking the new blood vessels the tumor has formed -- in other words, by cutting off its food source. Bevacizumab is used in combination with chemotherapy for patients with metastatic disease.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is abnormally over expressed in many cancers (including those of the colon and rectum), so inhibition of EGFR can result in a decrease in tumor cell growth and decreased production of other factors responsible for metastasis (tumor spread). Panitumumab and cetuximab are monoclonal antibodies that exert cancer fighting properties by competitively inhibiting the binding of epidermal growth factor to EGFR, which prevents epidermal growth factor from working, and hence not allowing cancer growth to occur. These agents are generally used for patients who tumor type is deemed "KRAS wild-type". This means that there is no mutation with the KRAS protein.
Treatment recommendations for patients with metastatic disease depend on whether the patient is appropriate for intensive therapy. Chemotherapy options for patients with metastatic disease depend on what treatment they initially received. Clinical trial participation may be recommended before standard therapy.
Colon cancer is not typically treated with radiation therapy. If the cancer has invaded another organ, or attached itself to the abdominal wall, radiation therapy may be a treatment option. One reason for the limited role of radiation is that it is a local treatment typically aimed at a "target." Once the colon cancer has been surgically resected, the "target" or high-risk area for disease recurrence is not very easy to define. Furthermore, if the cancer has spread to other organs, chemotherapy (rather than radiation therapy) is able to reach distant areas of spread of tumor cells.
Interventional Radiology
Interventional radiologists are specialists who use radiology techniques, such as CT scan, to access areas of the body and treat diseases without traditional surgery. These techniques are sometimes called "minimally invasive". In some cases, these physicians are able to help patients with colon cancer that has metastasized to the liver or lung. The techniques currently being used by these specialists include: CT directed biopsies, chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation and radioembolization. By entering a patient's blood vessels, the physician can thread a catheter all the way to the liver and give treatment directly to the tumor.
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a local treatment that kills the tumor cells with heat, while sparing healthy liver tissue. When the tumor is too large or in a location not amenable to RFA, embolization may be used to cut off the blood supply to the tumor, deliver radiation to a tumor (called radioembolization), or combine this technique with chemotherapy to deliver the cancer drug directly to the tumor (called chemoembolization). These therapies are not considered curative, but can provide improved quality of life and extend survival.
Some patients may benefit from having an infusion pump inserted to infuse chemotherapy directly into the liver. IR physicians can also perform palliative procedures, such as inserting a stent to relieve an obstruction, treating certain types of pain, inserting central catheters or treating blood clots.
Follow-Up Testing
Once a patient has completed chemotherapy, they must be followed closely for recurrence. The guidelines for follow-up surveillance, written by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) are: physical exam (including digital rectal exam) every 3 months for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years; CEA level (if elevated preoperatively) checked every 3 months for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years; and colonoscopy in 1 year, with a repeat in 1 year if abnormal, or every 2-3 years if no polyps are found. Patients who are at high risk of developing colon cancer recurrence, a yearly CT scan is recommended.
Clinical trials have played and continue to play an important role in the treatment of colon cancer. In the past 20 years, considerable improvements have been made in colon cancer therapy, with overall survival rates increasing from 45 to 75 percent. The treatments we have today were refined through clinical trials, and many new avenues continue to be explored. Talk with your physician about current clinical trials for colon cancer in your area or use the OncoLink Clinical Trials Matching Service.
After treatment, talk with your oncology team about receiving a survivorship care plan, which can help you manage the transition to survivorship and learn about long-term concerns and life after cancer. You can create a survivorship care plan on OncoLink.
This article is meant to give you a better understanding of colon cancer. Use this knowledge when meeting with your physician, making treatment decisions, and continuing your search for information.
Colon Cancer Alliance - The Colon Cancer Alliance brings the voice of survivors to battle colorectal cancer through patient support, education, research and advocacy.
Fight Colorectal Cancer - Provides advocacy, education and support.
Chris 4 Life Colon Cancer Foundation - Provides education, support and funds research.
The Colon Club - Promotes education and awareness in interesting and out of the box ways.
American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons - Society for colon and rectal surgeons and other surgeons dedicated to the treatment of patients with diseases and disorders affecting the colon, rectum and anus.
Colon-Rectal.com - Physicians with decades of experience and specialized training in caring for these types of problems have contributed text and images to this website.
Abeloff, M., Armitage, J., Niederhuber, J., Kastan, M. & McKenna, G. (Eds.): Clinical Oncology (2004). Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA.
The American Cancer Society. Facts and Figures 2015. www.cancer.org
Baxter NN, Goldwasser MA, Paszat LF, Saskin R, Urbach DR, Rabeneck L. Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:1-8.
Benson, Al New Approaches to the Adjuvant Therapy of Colon Cancer. The Oncologist. 2006; 11(9): 973-980.
Biagi JJ, Raphael M, King WD, et al. The impact of time to adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) on survival in colorectal cancer (CRC): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Abstract #364. ASCO 2011 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. San Francisco, CA.
Blumberg, D. & Ramanathan, R. K. (Treatment of Colon and Rectal Cancer. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002; 34(1): 15-26.
Brown, DB et al. Society of Interventional Radiology Position Statement on Chemoembolization of Hepatic Malignancies. J Vasc Interv Rad. 2006; 17 (2): 217-223.
DeGramont A, Van Cutsem E, Taberno J, et al. AVANT: Results from a randomized, three-arm multinational phase III study to investigate bevacizumab with either XELOX or FOLFOX4 versus FOLFOX4 alone as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. Abstract#362. ASCO 2011 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. San Francisco, CA.
Haller, D, Cassidy J, Tabernero, J, et al. First efficacy findings from a randomized phase III trial of capecitabine + oxaliplatin vs. bolus 5-FU/LV for stage III colon cancer (NO16968): No impact of age on disease-free survival (DFS). Abstract#284. ASCO 2010 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. Orlando, FL.
Lieberman, D. A. & Weiss, D. G. (2001) One-Time Screening for Colorectal Cancer with Combined Fecal Occult Blood Testing and Examination of the Distal Colon. New Eng J Med 2001;345(8): 555-560.
National Cancer Institute. General Information About Colon Cancer.
NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines: Colon Cancer (V.2.2015).
Pickhardt, PJ. "Colorectal Cancer Screening: Virtual Colonscopy vs Conventional Colonscopy: Virtual Colonscopy" Oral Presentation. ASCO 2011 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. Jan 22, 2011. San Francisco, CA.
Rosenberg R, Maak M, Simon I, et al. Independent validation of a prognostic genomic profile (ColoPrint) for stage II colon cancer (CC) patients. Abstract #358. ASCO 2011 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. San Francisco, CA.
Siegel, R.L, Miller, K. D. & Jemal, A. (2015). Cancer Statistics, 2015. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 65(1). 5-29.
Society of Interventional Radiology: Patient information.
Van Cutsem E, Labianca R, Bodoky G, et al: Randomized phase III trial comparing biweekly infusional fluorouracil/leucovorin alone or with irinotecan in the adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer: PETACC-3. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27: 3117.
Wilkes, G.M. (2011). Colon, Rectal & Anal Cancer. In Yarbro C.H, Wujcik, D. & Gobel, B.H. (Eds.). Cancer Nursing (pp. 1205-1237). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
Ychou M, Raoul JL, Douillard JY, et al: A phase III randomised trial of LV5FU2 + irinotecan versus LV5FU2 alone in adjuvant high-risk colon cancer (FNCLCC Accord02/FFCD9802). Ann Onc 2009; 20:674.


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Anyone who has grown overtired of dead-end education debates needs to read Dan Willingham's latest blog post, which points out that when debate devolves into mere taunting and questioning the motives of your intellectual opponents, the audience you're most trying to reach–the unpersuaded and undecided–tune out. "In education policy, some of us have gone too far," Dan writes. "People who disagree with us are depicted as not merely wrong, but evil."
"People who advocate reforms such as merit pay, the use of value added models of teacher evaluation, charter schools, and vouchers are not merely labeled misguided because these reforms won't work. They are depicted as bad people who are unsympathetic to the difficulty of teaching and who are in the pockets of the rich.
"Likewise, those who see value in teacher's unions, who are leery of current methods of teacher evaluation, who think that vouchers threaten the neighborhood character of schools are not merely wrong: they are accused of looking out for the welfare of lousy teachers.
"And of course both sides are accused of 'not caring about kids.'"
Willingham, as is his wont, cites studies bolstering what you might intuit by watching—or heavens forfend, participating in–these dispiriting wars of words: partisans tend to believe they know what people in the other side of an issue are thinking and how they would behave. The bottom line: "We think that people who agree with us are moral, and people who disagree with us, less so. Further, we think that we know how other people will interpret complicated situations–they will driven more by ideology than by facts," Dan writes.
He concludes with a call for "fewer blog postings that, implicitly or explicitly, denigrate the other person's motives, or that offer a knowing nod with the claim 'we all know what those people think.'" That call is all but certain to be more honored in the breach than the observance.
We can't help ourselves. And besides the other guys really ARE evil. Me? I just want what's best for kids.


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Conference Information
|Full Title:
|Asian Conference on Ethics, Religion & Philosophy 2013
|Short Title:
|Osaka, Japan
|Start Date:
|28-Mar-2013 - 31-Mar-2013
|Kiyoshi Mana
|Meeting Email:
|click here to access email
|Meeting URL:
|Meeting Description:
|Conference Theme: 'Connectedness and Alienation: The 21st Century Enigma'
Being connected through social networking sites has become an accepted form of communication in today's digitalized world. People can spend hours a day talking on mobile phones, on Skype, or on the Internet, which gives the impression that we are a more connected world than ever before. And communication is lauded. Because of the massive information flow we can call ourselves perhaps the most connected age in history. But is this connectedness, however, real or illusory?
Quantity of communication does not guarantee quality. For example, to many sensitive people, when they call a number and hear the words 'Please listen to the following options' the sense of connectedness suddenly becomes alienating. The crude mechanics entailed can make people feel suspicious, isolated, and even threatened by an invisible structure they cannot penetrate.
A raft of serious existential issues arises out of this. What impact does this have on the self whose identity in the time/space continuum, in the rapidly changing environment, and in these manufactured structures, depends for its development on interaction with perceived reality? What becomes the definition of the human? And what of the awareness of the transcendent in the human spirit from which ethics and aesthetics depend for their existence? Far from being questions of the present moment, these are parameters that will dominate the central problem of human self-understanding as we progress further into the uncharted waters of a highly uncertain future.
We hope that the Conference will open up avenues of thought and generate creative visions that can be of service to the wider community we wish to address.
The Reverend Professor Stuart D. B Picken
Order of the Sacred Treasure, B.D., Ph.D., F.R.A.S.
Chairman, Japan Society of Scotland,
Chairman of the IAFOR International Advisory Board
ACERP 2013 Conference Chair
|Linguistic Subfield:
|Philosophy of Language
|LL Issue:
|Calls and Conferences main page


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Go time
August 26 2009 11:02AM
For many folks the last 30 days were an ordinary August like many others. Relaxed summer fun, while we wait for the new season to begin and for Dancing with the Stars to end. But to us August 2009 will stand as our quarter life crisis that caused us to quit our job before it killed our soul in order to focus on hockey blogging.
During Great Depression II.
We are that dumb
We have realized of late: it is better to fail at doing something you love then succeed at something you hate. Even if that shit pays you well and has an inattentive IT department that hasn't noticed "user pr62 has 3.2 trillion hits on OilersNation in the past 12 months." At the exact time that many folks are glad to have a job – we have unwisely left ours and are setting out on our very own.
It went over well with the roommates:
Wanye: (enters room, throws down luggage) I'm home gentlemen. I bring you three vessels loaded rich spices from exotic lands.
Roommate 1: (watching TV) Whatever, keep it down.
Wanye: And also I have quit my job.
Roommate 1: (watching TV) Whatever, keep it down.
Back to OilersNation World HQ
Having returned to the City last night, we immediately decided to lay in provisions for the long hard winter in a moment of Survivorman-esque planning. Never having to leave the house again, we were looking for commercial quantities of ready made meals, that require no added steps like adding milk. To our great joy we found a sale so massive that we had to go back to Wanye Manor and gather the roommates to assist in bringing our provisions back to the cave. $2 for a box of five granola bars? In this economy?
It boggles the mind:
Taking stock of the scene
Job quit, survival provisions stocked in the pantry, we set about seeing what's what on the Nations. While we were busy losing our mind Jonathan Willis has turned into a three-a-day article beast, providing insight and interesting articles multiple times per day.
So you can imagine our shock and horror when we read this comment last night from local media personality Bob Stauffer:
No disrespect to Mr. Willis, but five JW stories on the front page of ON is at least three and probably four too many. Given that JW has his own site do we really need all five lead stories on the ON site coming from someone who has no direct access to anybody that matters in hockey circles? Combine that with the fact that Jon resides in Mortheastern B.C., it can be argued he doesn't really have a pulse for what is happening in Edmonton either. I can see getting Jon's take once a week…but in this case I think less might be more. Take Care Bob Stauffer
Oh Bob. Really?
A few questions spring to mind:
1. Why bother?
What did Willis ever do to you? The guy is a gentleman who is busting his nuts in your field for a tenth the dough that you did when you started out. Rather than using your power and influence to cheer on emerging sports writers you have used it to shit on Willis publicly, in his home court we might add. Why bother?
2. What's worse?
Having no access but saying something every day of interest or having plenty of access and rarely breaking news you know people are clamoring to hear?
See Bob, you who possesses both the bat phone number for Daryl Katz and the actual shoe size of Captain Ethan Moreau haven't really used this power for any real good of late. Rather than calling out Willis for the stuff he talks about, you may want to look at yourself in the mirror and ask yourself about all of the stuff you haven't talked about. Great stuff, interesting stuff you could discuss that you know people would want to know - except for the fact that it is easier to report the news that floats to the surface rather than do any real digging.
Compare if you dare, the portion of the media kicking it at well paid day jobs that haven't done any real digging in years - to a guy like Willis who does nothing but dig – even though he has to dig for miles to find a glimmer of gold. There he is, day after day, grinding it out. When a guy like Willis gets that access that you refer to – watch out.
3. Willis is awesome
Jonathan Willis is a gentleman farmer, a scholar and an immediate recipient of any or all Wanye Organs ™ of his choice should he ever need a donor. The guy takes ridiculous amounts of shit from people but continues to churn away, steadfastly becoming a wicked writer in the process. Nothing but good will come to a man of his nature.
In closing, be on the ready Nation
We have walked through a few doors of late and no longer recognize our surroundings. We are out on our own, cushy job be damned and we are going to try to take it up a notch around here. We have a year's supply of granola bars to fuel us and no longer have anything better to do than work on our dream: hard hitting independant NHL coverage.
And on that day when the Willises, Brownlees and Gregors of the world are so highly read from coast to coast that the NHL has no other option but to grant them full access over which they have little control, we shall put our feet on our desk, crack a Bud Light and declare the job well done.
Until then – it's game time.
As I mentioned in the original post in which Bob Stauffer commented on JW, Stauffer has a lot to learn about the game himself. So he may have insider information, but I would bet that many of us around here can put him to shame when it comes to the finer points of the sport. I listen to the TEAM 1260 a lot, and listened to it quite a bit when Stauffer was still on the show. There were several times where I was contemplating calling in to clarify the CBA to him or other rules, or salary cap info, etc. He may be connected, but there's another side to hockey reporting, and that's what JW is good at providing (the drilled down stats analysis, for one). At times, what you know is as or more important than who you know.
Very pompous remarks, but oh well. Perhaps he hit the sauce a little early that night.
Who saw any of this coming?
@ MattL: Wanye, I assume you are a hip hop fan say to the least.
Wale, XV, j.cole, and cudi are the future.
That is all. "Mixtape about nothing" > every album out in last 2 years.
Same goes with "The warm up".
That is all.
If you are looking to stockpile for the winter I would suggest Ichiban noodles from Costco. You can get it for like 2 cents a pack and it is water optional.
Look into it.
I sure as hell didn't 0.o
yeah my comment was at matt and u guys all posted at the same time as me
*shakes fist wildly in the air at the computer screen*
A) You're a lunatic. B) I want to punch Bob Stauffer right in the breadbasket. I'll post that as many times a week as humanly possible.
Willis - Millions upon millions of stat packed articles that give Oil fans a new perspective on various topics of interest concerning the mighty Oil.
Stauffer - "MacT isn't going anywhere"
Keep it up JW. Pass the granola bars.
Go Oilers.
F bob stauffer for succombimg to the oilers brass BS. This is the same disrespect they gave that blogger last year who had a press pass and live blogged during a game.
Stauffer now is just another paid mouthpiece for them. Since his arrival with the team the guy who has impressed me the most with stepping up and critiscizing when necessary is Dan Tencer. Stauffer has given in and is looking for anyway possible to grow closer to actually (haha edited - WG)
Why trash a blogger, and a good one at that? This really has hurt stauffer's appearance in my book. The act he looks like an overweight T-rex doesnt hurt either. - my own cheap shot
No offence to ON, but JW being 5x on the front page says other ON writers need to step up rather than anything against willis. I'm not saying anything in this statement but I just think this was a cheap shot taken by stauffer in reference to what has become a quite reputable site and a threat to the oilers; the same way stauffer was at one point.
Stauffer: "macT isn't going anywhere"
Oh really Fat Bob. What have you done all summer. I have at least seen a few posts by J.gregor and others. I havent heard stauffer attempt to iss daryl Katz ass in at least a few months.
I would say Stauffer was more incorrect about MacT than J.Gregor was about heatley.
I think Stauffer should be critiscized much more for that blunder than Gregor has been for his. Heatley was in the process of coming here then, or at least it was more viable than MacT staying. Everyone knew he was gone as soon as smid saw first line minutes.
I reiterate:
Staffer: "macT isn't going Anywhere".
Me: "Oh really fat bob,"
@ Wanye Gretz
Congrats on the job quitting man. Nothin like following a dream, and I think we should add you to the list of names getting full access to the NHL. I also think the Nations next order of business should be to launch a war on hockeybuzz...
If we're going to use early 90's wrestling terms like "breadbasket", I call dibs on exclusive rights to give "devastating blows to the solar plexus".
Wanye is back! More cool MS Paint enhanced photos are surely now guaranteed. Noice!
BTW- has it been established that it was actually Bob Stauffer or one of our lovable trolls ghost posting again?
August 26 2009, 11:44AM
Glad to have you back Wanye.
Now with all this free time you have for the Nation...I expect you to keep up with Willis in the content department.
Start chuggin' em out buddy. I want to see bad photoshops, mspaints and music videos from you daily.
JRyan Mac wrote:
devastating blows to the solar plexus
Ever since I've been the champ... (Actually he used a flurry of uppercuts but that just reminded me of him)
Poor Bob.
I'll bet he has somethingto say though.
Wayne, way to lay down cover fire, call for some positive attitudes and call out negative lazy non-contributing zeros.
also, HOCKEYSOONDOWANT!
DK0 wrote:
JRyan Mac wrote: devastating blows to the solar plexus Ever since I've been the champ… (Actually he used a flurry of uppercuts but that just reminded me of him)
I believe it should," be I head faked him with a cheese burger and gave him a flurry to the solar plexus."
@ Rice:
That may be correct, but I'm still calling dibs on "solar plexus". You may have "cheeseburger head fake" if you wish.
Great article Wanye! Would it be at all possible to develop a one hour(or more) podcast on the website to air between 8-9 pm which is the only hour CHED has unrivaled local sports coverage. It could be hosted by any of the great voices of the nation and even if it meant just recapping the 3 Willis pieces of the day, it'd still be better then listening to Tencer talk about his upcoming 5 yr high school reunion. This site rocks and you guys do great work. P.S. What about a live chat option during Oil games/Free agency/Trade deadline ? P.P.S Any chance of Lowetide or Black Dog joining the nation?
August 26 2009, 12:01PM
Interesting how when people have nothing good to talk about they start bashing others in their industry.
Btw, Wanye, you suck!
August 26 2009, 12:03PM
Good luck to you Wanye. Best decision you ever made, I suspect.
Nice Article.
I appreciate reading Willis statistical view of the oilers. It helps keeps things in perspective.
Stauffer on the other hand, since leaving 1260 pretty much has become irrelevant to the Oilers sports fan. He has a blog??? Who knew.
stauffer, you douche! lol.
August 26 2009, 12:06PM
JW might well not have the pulse of the city, or get the inside scoop, but when it comes to covering hockey, writing about the merits of the players, it is, in fact, better to do it from home than the pressbox.
In the pressbox, you have a helluva view, but I've noticed the view on my TV set it pretty damn good, especially as I can watch key replays 15-20 times, something you can't do in the press box.
It's very easy to get things wrong if you just watch them once and go by that. So Jonathan can watch every Oilers game, see every play, and if that doesn't give him enough knowledge to comment on hockey, nothing will.
We're not talking about rocket science here, just hockey, and all fans now have the best seat in the house, their living room couch.
@ JRyanMac: I just saw a place for improvement on an already brilliant comment
You know, whenever I'm on the Oil message board and someone chimes in just to say how dumb and useless a thread is, I always wonder why the hell they bothered.
Bob, why the hell would you bother?
This summer has been monumental for nothingness for Oiler fans... it appears Stauffer would rather ON have nothing posted.
Welcome back Wanye, the city wasn't the same without you.
Good luck with things and may Zender Ford keep your beer cooler stocked!
@ Rice:
I suppose i should be more open to suggestion. Kind of like Stauffer should be more open to someone else's point of view! See how I brought that back around to the topic there? Ya see that?
@ JRyanMac: (slow clap)
Do you know what I love about the Nation: 1) Keeps me from working. 2) 24 hours ago we're at each others' throats over Schemp. Then Bob comes in with some drive-by douchebaggery and we immediately become a united well OILed machine on attack mode. Well done.
August 26 2009, 12:30PM
Wanye Gretz wrote:
we shall put our feet on our desk, crack a Bud Light and declare the job well done.
Is it okay if I crack a lime instead? And since you're back here does that mean you'll be twittering more now too? Oh how I miss the flurry of wayne tweets...
Stauffer's always been kind of a jackass. I remember him from when I used to work at the Phys.Ed. department at the U of A when he was still the lowly Golden Bears play-by-play man. Stories of him being kind of a jerk and/or a bit of a dunce are numerous. And I'm quite sure that he doesn't understand the very good point you make, Wanye, of "using your power and influence to cheer on emerging sports writers" because he probably doesn't credit the people who did that for him back when he was just the Golden Bears guy for their part in his own success.
Anyway, Willis posting here multiple times a day means I've been coming here multiple times a day while he's been doing it. 'Nuff said. Keep up the good work, Jonathan.
I agree with Stauffer on this one. It seems like if the wind blows then Willis has an article rating the wind's stats vs it's quality of opposition. I enjoy some of his stuff but every thing should be done in moderation.
August 26 2009, 12:45PM
TIM S wrote:
I agree with Stauffer on this one. It seems like if the wind blows then Willis has an article rating the wind's stats vs it's quality of opposition. I enjoy some of his stuff but every thing should be done in moderation.
And I bet you think drinking should be done in moderation as well. nuff said.
effin' eh!
I'm not going to bash Stauffer, but I will say that I am shocked that he would say something like that about JW. Jonathan's articles are pretty damn good reads, and while he doesn't have the sources, he does the best he can (which is a hell of a lot) with what he has - information that we all have access to, including Bob.
Jonathan: Keep doing what you do sir, you rock at it and we all appreciate it.
@ TIM S: So you would rather have no content?
August 26 2009, 12:58PM
1) Jonathan's articles are particularly well written, detailed, informative, and, whether or not I agree with him, his points are typically supported with reason and facts. As we of the Nation all know, being a fan of the Copper and Blue can be a heart-breaking, near traumatic calling, and a lot of the time, I come on here looking for validation for my frustration over [insert latest organizational failure here]. But, instead of blindly nodding to the unwashed masses, the articles I read here actually contain informed opinions that, occasionally, smack me in the face (in a polite way, I should add), and make me realize that I'm not always right. That's a good thing, and it's something I greatly appreciate, from all of the Nation's contributors. I also like the fact that we have a LOT of freedom in expressing ourselves here, and that, unlike some other places (which shall remain unnamed and really sucky), we are not treated with scorn and disdain by the site operator(s) if we disagree with their opinions or ask an innocuous question that they consider "stupid". I like this place, and I don't care who writes the articles. I read them all.
2) Bob, I loved your show, but you've got a big mouth, and you're totally out of line here. You're also a sellout, but I like money, too, so I can't really fault you for that.
3) 15-710 ml bottles of PowerAde from SaveOn foods for $9.98. So much sugar, so little time...
Gerald R. Ford wrote:
3) 15-710 ml bottles of PowerAde from SaveOn foods for $9.98. So much sugar, so little time…
WTF?!?!? Are you serious?? That's the deal of the century!! I think I may go grab some on the way home.
August 26 2009, 01:10PM
OvenChicken8 wrote:
And I bet you think drinking should be done in moderation as well. nuff said.
August 26 2009, 01:11PM
OH FREEDOM I CAN POST NOW!!!! thanks Willis. lovingly edited by bingofuel, since Willis is the man who fixed the problem.
You know Stauffer did have a point about not having other bloggers right now. I somewhat agree as sometimes JW stats are a little much for me, but lately JW has done all kinds of different blogs and I really haven't minded the fact that he was the only one blogging.
What gets me is he bashes JW and says he has no sources, but when has JW claimed otherwise? Isn't that why he hired Brownlee and Gregor?
Stauffer needs to grab a life and go back to being a homer who has no opinion.
I do not post often, but I regularly visit. I, like so many others check this site out 4 - 5 times a day...sometimes more, looking for a new article. I also visit Jon's site to see what he has there that is different than here. While I do not read each & every word that he posts, I do read the articles I am interested in, which by the way, are most of them. I also enjoy reading everyone's comments, so ON, keep doing the fantastic job you are, providing us hard core Oil fans with something entertaining &/or thought provoking to read. Kudos to you all!
To JW: Don't listen to media types like Bob Stauffer - he is a blow hard - you, on the other hand are very knowledgeable & defending your position &/or opinion takes guts & class. Well done!
August 26 2009, 01:19PM
Cant wait to see what Wayne is planning.... ( as i try to drink a bud light with lime at work) Bob, there was no need to rip on J-dub...im sure he also doesnt enjoy some of the useless stuff he writes... he keeps us from not being productive at work by pumping article after article.... he's a maching mang!!!!
a year's worth of granola bars? And I assume someone will be donating the oh-so-drinkable Bud Light for added sustanence, yes?
Two-ply, dude - don't mess around
August 26 2009, 01:21PM
danjo1 wrote:
WTF?!?!? Are you serious?? That's the deal of the century!! I think I may go grab some on the way home.
Yeah, it's insane. $0.67 a bottle. I grabbed those yesterday from the Hampton Market SoF. I've already crushed a couple, and I haven't gone blind yet or lost any motor functions, so I think they're safe. SoF are sneaky with their beverage sales, though, so I can't guarantee it's still on. At least a couple of times a week they either discount PA or GatorAde, though. Good luck.
August 26 2009, 01:22PM
All this talk of Bud Light Lime and Granola bars is making me hungry and thirsty.
August 26 2009, 01:24PM
One of brands of cereal has a coupon for 2 dollars of granola bars, and those bars are on sale foe 2 bucks a box at Walmart. My wife's boss' husband has discovered near purpetual motion in the snack food circles.
Gerald R. Ford wrote:
I've already crushed a couple, and I haven't gone blind yet or lost any motor functions, so I think they're safe.
how are your kidneys feeling? lol
This thread is fast turning into a bachelor's shopping dream!
Wanye Gretz wrote:
Jonathan Willis is a gentleman farmer, a scholar and an immediate recipient of any or all Wanye Organs ™ of his choice should he ever need a donor.
That was probably the best thing I read all day.


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Skip to comments.14 Year-Old Boy May Face Year in Jail for Wearing NRA T-Shirt to School (Video)
Posted on 06/15/2013 6:26:40 PM PDT by servo1969
In April 8th grade student Jared Marcum was SUSPENDED and ARRESTED for wearing a NRA T-shirt to school.
Local law enforcement officials confirmed Jared Marcum was arrested over the T-shirt. It was offensive. WOWK 13 Charleston, Huntington WV News, Weather, Sports
Now it looks like Jared could face up to a year in jail. Guns Save Lives reported:
According to a report by WTRF the prosecuting attorney is moving forward with that charge and a judge is allowing the case to move forward. Fourteen year old Jared Marcum could face up to a $500 fine and up to a year in jail (well seriously hope that isnt a real possibility) if found guilty.
According to the report, the arresting officer alleges that when Jared refused to stop talking he hindered the officers ability to do his job and that is where the obstruction arrest came from. Im guessing a 14 year old kid who felt intimidated was trying to explain himself, but lets throw him in jail for good measure.
Sounds like somebody wants to teach him a lesson. A lesson called tyranny.
This is complete b/s. Our government is totally out of control at every level.
We, (That's right) Us, the American People let reckless violations of constitutional rights happen without some kind of revolt? Sickening, absolutely sickening! This country will never recover from the level of tyranny we have reached.
Failur to properly grovel before the police. A half decent lawyer will have the charges thrown out on the grounds that it is his 1st Amendment right to wear an NRA shirt.
If there were true justice, The arresting officer and the District attorney would be looking at jail for the taking of constitutional rights under color of law.
Yeah the kid is in the eighth grade and by today's standards is automatically a smart-mouth.
What more can I say that won't get me banned...
School Administration = the last refuge for despots & dictator wannabees.
Yes it is Jim. Still think we can take it back via the ballot box? I don't, and I say that in the most sober and somber of ways.
I wonder if the teachers are carrying Common Core to the extreme?
Possibly a year in jail for wearing a NRA tee shirt and trying to state his case to the officer. Yikes. This is beginning a complete control of the citizens/what you do/or say/can or cannot wear. I hope to goodness, those jurors take only a few moments to throw the charges out. Some of these prosecutors seem to come across as having a grudge out for everyone or playing politics and or over zealous with the power.
Impossible. WE are over the tipping point. Illegal aliens are being flooded into the US every day to help keep the ballot box stuffed to the left. Everything is, certainly, out of control!
The arresting badgemonkey, the DA who filed these
charges as an act of intimidation and the quisling
blackrobed pirate who failed to dismiss it the moment
he saw this case ALL need to swing....and a new rope
really isn't needed. They don't warrant even that
much respect.
This story might cheer you up a bit, Jim:
Yep, that's my opinion. Only one thing that's going to turn things around in my view ......... Not that I look forward to that one thing actually happening, I just hope when it happens it's over quickly.
Just sayin'...
He has a right to talk; throw the cop and the DA in the can for life.
>> "If there were true justice, The arresting officer and the District attorney would be looking at jail for the taking of constitutional rights under color of law." <<
Red Dawn
So if a total breakdown in law and order ever occurred, both the cop, attorney and judge along with any vocal contingent might just be some the first eliminated.... Just say'n these folks would deserve the appropriate compensation. All the movies of fallen regimes have this type of "equality" served on the corrupt former rulers....
Brainwashing and conditioning, not for this rebel, but for the other kids. When they get older, many of them will never join a gun club, shoot at all, or vote RKBA.
And imagine when they get drafted! The soldiers they will be fighting have grown up chanting hate prayers and throwing rocks at tanks, while these kids have been taught to cower when seeing a picture of a toy gun (from a distance).
> This is complete b/s. Our government is totally out of control at every level.
It seems that 0 is really trying hard to accelerate the demise of the U.S. this term. I've never seen anything like this in my life. If 0 isn't the Anti-Christ I bet he has his cell phone number.
A picture of a gun is not "violence."
It's lawsuit time.
Obviously he should have worn an NRA T-skirt!
Asshole cop
Looks like an opportunity to teach an overreaching government a lesson, but it will take grit and guts and prayer.
To scaredy pants greenie veggie eaters it's violence, but most of the violence done with these guns in the USA is to pieces of cardboard!!
The prosecuting attorney is a dick. Sorry if that language is offensive, but this entire case is offensive and no other term springs to mind that more aptly describes the prosecutor.
Great idea... I would even buy clothes typical of the 1776 time period and mount a copy of the Bill of Rights to carry...
In earlier years we would say what's so offensive about his being a detective? :-)
Yeah, he is acting evilly.
The prosecutor better be careful.
This is Logan County, after all.
A friend of mine is from there. She said it's no big deal for someone to "disappear" because they aren't liked much.
Lots of violent history there, from the Hatfields and McCoys to Blair Mountain.
I think I heard the NRA gave him a lifetime membership....unless that was some different odious case.
Yes I do. I'm pretty close to this courthouse (Wheeling). I'd be more than happy to join a group of those minutemen.
This is ridiculous!
It was said (70's) "power to the people"
You just gotta be there.
If you don't own a gun, buy one. Get lots of ammo. Learn how to shoot it.
The reality is starting to confront me that I might have to die for my nation.
Never thought of it that way.
You're absolutely correct sir.
They are the folks that stay hidden when duty calls...
...while a picture of mass murderer Che Guevara would not be.
Yet, the Supremes said we cannot execute anyone that age for murder.
I guess we have our priorities right. /sarc
And the idiots at the school who called the cop.
There's two postings on this but neither names the other principals in this case ;The school administrator,the arresting officer, the prosecutor, and most importantly the judge.
Now on the reporting of such items current media practice is to not mention the principals but the defendant and the charges. Partcularly if it's a conservative issue and the principals are "libs" enforcing a "liberal" issue. Note the quotation marks for the term should be socialist. Not "liberal".
If the principals were conservatives against a "liberal" cause you bet their names would be plastered all over the place. Time to turn the tables and get the names of these "perps" out on the street...
Arresting officer? At the most, the kid broke the school's dress code (and that is highly questionable). But since when is breaking a school's dress code an offense for which one can get arrested? That's not any kind of civil statute. Let's say this kid went willingly and quietly with the officer who arrested him. What would he have been charged with then?
I'm sure that Obama would prefer to see the young boy get hanged.
Did they swab his DNA?
He could have mowed lawns to pay the $500.00 fine, BUT....
"Illegal aliens are being flooded into the US every day"
that's not a possibility anymore/sarcasm;)
If it was an Occupy whatever shirt, everyone here would cheer his arrest.
America is long gone. If you are young - leave. It's over.
"The tree of liberty must occasionally be nourished with the blood of patriots,When shall it begin?"
Why isn't the NRA providing a first class attorney for this kid??
The NRA may win skrimishes but it will eventually LOSE ( Big time!)
Answer: Because the Marxists control the schools, and every other major cultural institution. In one generation the voting booths will be flooded with citizens indoctrinated to fear and hate guns and to viscerally hate conservatives. And...conservatives let them every day they send their children into government schools.
Yuri Besmenov was a prophet and most conservatives are asleep!
pictures of guns in school are not illegal.
these administrators need to be fired. any administrator under zero tolerance save-me-from-thinking policies need to be fired.
1) Fraud, more fraud, and spineless Repubs that ignore it.
2) massive illegal immigration that are soon to be voting citizens.
3) Schools! The schools in this nation are stuffed to the brim ( K-12 through graduate school) will teachers trained by Marxists in their Marxist run colleges of education. In one generation the voting booths will be flooded with them ( even if your child is "deprogrammed"
Yuri Besmenov was a prophet and conservatives are asleep.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Etienne Aigner Celtic Riding Boot
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Item # 257756
Casual yet fashionable, the Etienne Aigner Celtic looks great on everyone! This riding boot is versatile and never goes out of style!
- Leather upper
- Harness buckle detailing
- Hidden elastic insert to allow for extra calf space
- 15" shaft height, inside zipper
- 14" calf circumference
- 1½" block heel
- Rubber sole
- Imported
By: LeannaW
Location: NJ
May 15, 2013
Narrow calves rejoice!
"If you have trouble finding knee-high boots because your calves are narrow these are the boots for you. They are cut narrow through both the calf and shoe itself. Which is perfect for me. Love!"
By: LinleyG
Location: Fort Worth, TX
January 30, 2013
Great, until...
"I absolutely fell in love with these boots at the store, and ended up ordering the last pair in chestnut online! I had no problems with them at first and loved how they fit my small calves like a glove. Unfortunately, this morning I went to zip up one of them and the zipper just split. Not something I would have expected from a $200 pair of boots. I'm not very happy about this and will be taking them to my local shoe person to fix the zipper.Would've been 5 stars if not for the zipper. Ugh...."
By: ShoeLover22222222
Location: Chicago
December 27, 2012
Great Boots!
"I love these boots!!!!!!!!!!! They look sleek and polished and I like that they are comfortable in heel height. Very well made! The only thing I could want is more colors!!! I would completely recommend- finally found the perfect boots!!!!!!!!!"
By: qwqw
Location: Portland, OR
December 26, 2012
"very happy with this boot. it both fits my foot AND it fits me in the calf; not as huge as so many other boots right now."
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Jump to navigation
Household water security is a basic requirement of life. More than being simple basic needs, water and sanitation services are recognized as crucial elements that otherwise would put other development investments and public health at risk. Asia and the Pacific as a whole is an early achiever for halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water, but not however, sanitation. Most of the Asia-Pacific countries will not come close to achieve the MDG target on access to improved sanitation.
In accordance with Commission resolution 67/2 on promoting regional cooperation for enhanced energy security and the sustainable use of energy in Asia and the Pacific, adopted in May 2011, the Asian and Pacific Energy Forum was convened in order to discuss — at the ministerial level — the progress achieved in the region in addressing energy security challenges at the regional, national and household levels, and to facilitate continuous dialogue among member States with a view to enhancing energy security and working towards sustainable development.
The fact that the Asia-Pacific region hosts both the most and least efficient economies in conducting international trade transactions is generally well-known. However, information on the actual implementation of specific trade facilitation reforms in the Asia-Pacific developing economies is generally lacking.
The Asia-Pacific region has been battered in recent years by a relentless series of shocks. Some have been related to natural disasters, such as earthquakes or droughts or floods. Others, such as the 2008 financial crisis, have been caused by convulsions in global markets. Still others, such as rocketing food and energy prices, have been the result of a complex combination of shocks. The traditional approach has been to consider such events individually. This is increasingly unrealistic.
Remarkable growth and structural transformation in a number of developing Asian countries in the period after World War II have earned them the reputation for being "models" of successful development. Among the factors that contributed to their success were macroeconomic and regulatory policies that permitted them to finance that transformation without experiencing high inflation or balance of payments difficulties and ensure that growth was accompanied by human development advance.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been a well-known concept for some time though the interpretation of this concept differs among countries, companies and stakeholders. In many cases, CSR has been abused as a marketing ploy, masking unsustainable practices of companies, in others it has simply constituted a charity event, again, often to mask the negative impacts of companies' operations. However, the winds of change are blowing, in particular in the wake of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20).
The Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific is the oldest and most comprehensive annual review of economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific. This flagship publication of ESCAP outlines policies to sustain dynamic growth and to make it inclusive such as boosting internal demand, enhancing connectivity to create a seamless and region-wide market, and building productive capacities in the least developed countries.
The Status of the Water-Food-Energy Security Nexus in Asia and the Pacific region
South and South-West Asia Development Monitor Number 14, 1 March 2013
The Development Monitor is a bimonthly electronic newsletter, launched in early 2012 (issued on a monthly basis initially), which provides an overview of the work and activities undertaken by the ESCAP South and South-West Asia Office and conferences and knowledge products of relevance to the subregion. The newsletter also provides a compilation of news and articles on themes covered by the ESCAP SSWA work programme.
Governments of countries and areas in the ESCAP region gathered in Bangkok, Thailand from 10 to 12 September 2012 for the Asia-Pacific Intergovernmental Meeting on the Second Review and Appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing.
Subscribe to our monthly e-mail newsletter.
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Jets Sign Brett Festerling
Kent Wilson
July 14 2011 01:01PM
According to Ken Wiebe, the Winnipeg Jets have signed RFA depth defender Brett Festerling to a one-year, two-way contract. A 25-year old with 83 NHL games under his belt, Festerling will likely play in the AHL this season absent some injuries on the back-end.
The most Festerling has played in a year was 2009-10, when he appeared in 40-games for the Anaheim Ducks. He was one of the most protected players on the club in terms of zone start and the quality of competition, but didn't do too much with the ice-time. A moderately sized guy who can skate, Festerling nonetheless has next to no offensive upside (career high output in the WHL was 14 points) and he's never going to shut anyone down at the NHL level. His ceiling is no doubt 6th-7th defenseman, at best.
Minor news, but maybe this means the club is getting closer to signing Zach Bogosian.
July 15 2011, 02:05AM
Well, I guess more depth isn't a bad thing, ever. I'm guessing he plays in Nfld?


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Dear Mr. Dad: My toddler used to eat pretty much everything. But recently she's become incredibly. It's gotten so bad that I can't get her to eat anything but mac and cheese, noodles, and rice. Is there anything I can do to get her back to a healthier diet?
A: What you're describing is a completely normal phase for kids. And every parent has had plenty of experience with toddlers' dramatic pronouncements about what they will or won't eat. Let's face it, ice cream and cake taste better than broccoli and if you didn't know that you needed a more balanced diet, you'd probably eat nothing but dessert.
The good news is that somehow or other, most kids end up getting enough of whatever it is they need to run around like maniacs all day long. But that doesn't mean you should let her eat nothing but the white food group. Your daughter is old enough to understand that we all need a variety of foods—fruits, veggies, protein, and yes, an occasional cookie. At the very least, she needs to develop healthy eating habits now so she can carry them with her as she grows.
Here are some ways to help her get a more balanced diet:
- Give her plenty of choices, but no Yes or No possibilities. Offering beans or peas is better than asking whether or not she wants beans.
- If you're feeling adventurous, next time you're at the grocery store, have her pick a fruit or veggie no one in the family has had before.
- If there's a food she despises, like broccoli, don't push it. Instead, choose a nutritious replacement, like creamed spinach (but you'll probably have to call it something else than spinach).
- Kids love to dunk, so include ranch dressing for carrots, melted cheese for green beans, yogurt or peanut butter for fruit. But make sure she isn't just licking off the dip.
- Juice contains a lot of sugar so stick with mostly water or milk. When you do serve juice, (and we all do), make sure it's 100 percent and dilute it by adding half water.
- Insist that she tries two bites of everything—even new foods. This could be a battle at first, but if she learns it's a firm rule, she'll eventually get used to the idea.
- Little kids tend to prefer crunchy things. Most of the time when they reject a food it's because of the texture, not the taste.
- If possible, visit a farm so your daughter can see where produce comes from. That might make it more interesting, especially if she can pick her own.
- It's easy to blend healthy ingredients into a smoothie—plus it's something your daughter can help with. Throw in fruit (fresh or frozen), yogurt, ice and perhaps a little tufu or protein powder.
- Get her involved in other food prep tasks. Baking muffins is great fun. And it gives you a chance to demonstrate that something can be delicious even if it contains carrots or zucchini.
- Swap your regular pasta and noodles for whole wheat. The cheese and tomato sauces will cover up the difference in taste. You can slip all sorts of other nutritious things into tomato sauce and most kids will down plenty of fruit if it's in their oatmeal or cereal.
- Your daughter is watching and will eat what you do, so set a good example. And take some comfort in the fact that kids get more adventurous with age.


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Enzo Ciampalini's brilliant designs set a high standard of quality and originality. Born in 1951 in Certaldo, the heart of the province of Florence in Tuscany. The native town of Boccaccio, one of the fathers of Italian literature, Certaldo?s landscapes have inspired famous writers and artists for centuries.
With Lamp International, Ciampalini developed new lines of beds, wrought iron and brass lamps, tables, and other fine home furnishings. In his 20 years of service at Lamp International, Ciampalini enhanced the lighting sector by designing products geared toward his customer?s tastes, and crafting products enriched by fine Murano glass.
Recent presentations to manufactures at Italian and foreign trade shows (Euroluce in Milan, Licht&Building in Franckfurt, Sil in Paris, and Fiam in Valencia) have met with great success and is a testament to this artist and the dynamic products he has helped to create.


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Becky Hurdsman Bunnell is beginning a new business venture in Huntington. She is taking her Nail Emporium business which catered to the nail needs of the community and is turning it into a full service salon with Lindsay Kay as her manager in hair design. The business is located at 43 South Main Street in Huntington, just north of Castle Service. To celebrate the business change an open house will be held on July 4 from 1-3 p.m.
The salon features full hair services styling and cuts, tanning, pedicures, massages, spa body treatments, sugaring, ear piercing, hair and nail supplies, body gels, bath salts and Ashman Candles. The salon also features handmade soaps, salt scrubs and body jewelry. Permanent make-up is also coming soon.
Bunnell said, "Walk-in customers will be welcome at our salon. We will be open from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. and special appointments can be arranged after hours as well. When people work all day, it's hard to find time for a hair cut and we want to accommodate those men and women who can't arrange to come in during regular hours. We will have three full time stylists and four nail technicians, plus a licensed massage therapist. Our tanning bed is a large 32 bulb bed.
"We will open for business on July 8. At our open house we will be giving out free gift bags to the first 25 people. We want everyone to come in and meet our staff and take advantage of our free drawings and tour the new shop.
"I have nine years experience as a nail technician and I am a licensed instructor and currently teach at the nail program at CEU. Our motto is "Pampering is our Passion," and we plan on having the friendliest shop around to serve Emery County. We will have spa packages available where you can come in and spend the whole day being pampered. You can get the works, hair, nails, massage, pedicure and we'll even serve you lunch. You can just get away from it all for a day. We also have relaxing aroma therapy. We have bridal packages available for the bride and her bridesmaids where we'll do their hair.
"One new thing we are trying is birthday parties, where a young girl and her friends can come in and have their hair and nails done and have a fashion show and a pedicure. We can't serve cake but the birthday girl will get a balloon bouquet. We think that sounds fun for a new party idea. We will offer all the latest hair styles and we are excited to be here," said Bunnell.


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SENECA — Barbara J. Kornegger, 68, of Seneca, formerly of Chicago, passed away Sunday, Dec. 30, 2012, at her home.
Funeral services will be held at 10 a.m. Thursday, Jan. 3, at the Marseilles Church of the Nazarene. Rev. Bill Clark will officiate.
Visitation will be from 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. Wednesday, Jan. 2, at Seals-Campbell Funeral Home in Marseilles.
Burial will be at Chapel Hills Garden South Cemetery.
Seals-Campbell Funeral Home, 1009 E. Bluff St., Marseilles, Ill., 61341, is in charge of arrangements. For more information, call (815) 795-5151 or visit the website www.sealscampbell.com.


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Time to start thinking about spring and summer - here's your celebrity inspiration on what to wear
The sequin dress - perhaps the best dress for New Years!
Winter is here and so is the fur coat - these celebs love rocking this warm jacket (and we of course hope that they've chosen a fake version)
A night full of Cool celebrities
Fashion show for the hottest People in NY
Some really interesting fashion trends!
We don't know about you but we love a good denim dress - so do these celebrities!
Looking for hair inspiration? Take a look at these celebs with slick back hair!
You can't go wrong with a beautiful white dress - take a look at these gorgeous celebs for inspiration!
You can never go wrong with skinny jeans, regardless of season. Just check out these celebrities!


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Matty's Preppy Wedge Pump
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Item # 241851
Only the boldest of fashionistas can make an entrance in this wedge platform. The Preppy from Matty's is sure to pump up your look and take your style to new heights.
- Polka dot floral fabric upper
- Adjustable ankle strap
- 2¼" platform, 5" woven wedge heel
- Synthetic sole
- Imported
- Online Exclusive!
By: AprilMarie
Location: Oak Park, Il
April 21, 2013
"I was pretty concerned with the height when I bought them but I have had absolutely no trouble walking in these and I am a heel-of-any-kind novice. There is a lot of cushion in the soles so they are comfortable on my feet and the bottoms are cushioned too so that absorbs a lot of impact on cement. They are cloth so there is no pinching or painful rubbing anywhere. I can wear these all day at work with no problem and I get tons of compliments!!"
By: Trophy
Location: Macon, Georgia
February 28, 2013
Way cute!
"These are really cute, much better in person. Wasn't sure about them but after reading the reviews I decided to get them. They weren't lying they are really comfortable and really high, excited to wear them."
By: ShoesJunkie
Location: Rim at La Cantera
January 05, 2013
Cute shoes
"Even though the shoes have quite a heal on them, I found them to be very comfortable. I wore them all day at work and then ran a errand in the evening. I could have worn them the rest of the evening."
By: tolly20003
Location: minneapolis, MN
December 14, 2012
Not Quite
"This shoe is not quite what i was expecting. It fits okay, run a little bigger but manageable. The balancing is not quite it."
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The Studio
New York
315 Hudson St.
8th Floor
8th Floor
Book Now
Atlanta's Delray and Associates Antiques was founded by Delray Simmons and Joseph Bruckner who share a passion for shopping for beautiful and timeless artifacts. With more than 30 years of antiques and decorative knowledge, we have long been the go-to place for collectors, antiques dealers, and the design trade. We search throughout the country, hand-selecting the finest American and European 18th-, 19th-, and 20th-century antiques and decorative objects from America's great estates.


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Miu Miu Patent Leather Jewel Flat
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Item # 282310
With a collection of beautifully crafted footwear, Miu Miu evokes a luxurious sense of freedom and intimacy with attention to detail and high quality. This patent leather ballet flat is the perfect way to express your feminine look.
- Patent leather upper
- Oversized bow with jewel accent
- Elastic topline
- Round toe
- Fully lined in leather
- Leather sole
- Made in Italy
- View more Women's Miu Miu Shoes
- Online Exclusive!
Tell us what you think!
Everyone has an opinion. Here's your chance to share yours! Be the first to write a review of this product and help your fellow shoppers pick the best of the best.


text:
Bailey Howell Player
Inducted in 2006
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Inductee 1997
A power forward with the agility of a guard, Howell was an All-American at Mississippi State where he averaged 27.1 points per game. He was named the Bulldogs Most Valuable Athlete in 1958 and 1959 and led the Bulldogs to a three-year 61-14 record. Howell played twelve seasons in the NBA and won championships with the Boston Celtics in 1968 and 1969.
Where They Are Now
Active with Mississippi State University's Athletic Scholarship Fund
Where They Were
Mississippi State University 1957-1959


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Alex Burrows' Next Contract
Thomas Drance
July 31 2012 01:31PM
When you look at his production, Alex Burrows appears to be a bonafide top-line forward and an elite offensive talent. In the past four seasons, for example, he has recorded as many five-on-five markers as Corey Perry (97), and he's scored more often than the likes of elite-wingers Phil Kessel, James Neil and Zach Parise* over that time frame. He's been the tenth most efficient even-strength goal scorer over the past handful of seasons, and no one else on that list made anywhere in the neighbourhood of the 2 million per that Burrows has brought home the past three seasons.
(*) Zach Parise's inclusion should be qualified since he missed the majority of the 2010-11 campaign.
Burrows scores like Perry, but gets paid like Alexei Ponikarovsky, and with his contract expiring after the 2011-12 season, he's clearly in-line for a sizable raise either this summer, or next. Of course, because Burrows has scored so many of his goals playing with two of the best passing forwards in the game, it's tough to determine how much value he brings on his own.
Read past the jump.
There's no doubt that Burrows' is a legitimate top-six forward at the NHL level, but production aside, I don't think Burrows brings "elite offensive forward" value to a hockey club. It's that gap between Burrows' "true talent" and his sky-high production that will make his next contract so interesting.
Over the past three seasons, the twins and Alex Burrows have been joined at the hip. Occasionally the likes of Jannik Hansen or Mikael Samuelsson have been given Burrows' assignment for a few games, but Burrows and the twins are a pretty solid unit. Burrows has spent only about 600 of his even-strength minutes skating without the twins over the past three seasons, which, just isn't a big enough sample to really tell us much of anything.
So let's go back to the 2008-09 campaign, which, gives us a roughly 1400 minute sample to work with (in terms of Burrows' Sedin independent ice-time) and run a With or Without You (WOWY) test. The below table is broken down in terms of ice-time, Corsi percentage and goal differential (rated per sixty minutes).
For newer readers, or those who are skeptical of advanced analysis in hockey, a "Corsi" number is simply an expanded plus/minus number that counts all on-ice events (shots, missed shots, goals, blocked shots) rather than simply goals. By counting a larger sample of occurrences, Corsi is a crude tool to measure offensive zone ice-time and gives us a clearer view of which players are winning the on-ice battles or making the smart plays that contribute to quality puck possession. All of the numbers that appear in the table below are taken from David Johnston's excellent Hockey Analysis site.
One final qualifier, I used Henrik and Burrows rather than Daniel-Burrows for the WOWY because Henrik Sedin never ever misses a game, so the sample is somewhat larger.
|2008-09 to 2011-12
|Corsi %
|Burrows With Henrik
|2772: 41
|Burrows Without Henrik
|1367: 59
|- 3
|- 0.13
|Henrik Without Burrows
|1787: 59
Well isn't it a surprise that Alex Burrows isn't exactly "driving the bus" offensively on Vancouver's top-line!
As you can see, it's the twins who make the top-line special - both from the perspective of offensive production and puck possession. The gap in Corsi percentage should be qualified, however, since the Sedins are deployed almost exclusively in the offensive end no matter what, whereas Burrows is likely to play in a more two-way role (usually with Kesler) when he's removed from the top-line. Nonetheless, it's clear that Burrows' isn't quite an elite offensive talent when he's deployed without the twins.
That said, the twins are more productive with Burrows on the ice than they are without him, they're better at driving play and they give up significantly less the other way. The Sedin twins are the celebrated All-Stars for a reason, but it's also clear from both the numbers and the eye-test, that Burrows' presence does something to amplify their effectiveness.
Truly elite offensive talent, or not, what Burrows brings to the table is pretty significant: he's a plus possession player who is consistently in the top-25 in even-strength goal scoring. He's also dynamite on the penalty-kill, is known for being "clutch" (despite clutch not existing), and has a special type of chemistry with the twins. On the negative side, Burrows has got a bad reputation around the league as an occasional cheap-shot artist and embellisher, and he's not a particularly effective power-play presence, but those are minor quibbles and do nothing to negate his all around positive value.
So where should we expect Burrows' future cap-hit to end up? You have to think he's worth at least Brandon Dubinsky/Scott Hartnell money (4.2 cap-hit), though if Shane Doan and his relatively meagre production is going to be worth 7+ million on the open market, then all bets are off.
Ideally, the Canucks will try and get Burrows to take a hometown discount, and sign for something like 3 years at between 13 and 15 million (that would give him a cap-hit in between 4.33 and 5 million), even though he's probably worth well north of that.
If that number gives you sticker shock, consider that what Burrows brings to the table in terms of his play with the twins and his defensive reliability, tends to be expensive to replace through trade or free-agency. Also, unlike with a player like Alex Edler, Burrows' consistency is uncanny. While he's getting up there in age and will turn 32 next season, I don't think I'd hesitate to lock Burrows up for two or three more seasons at somewhere in the neighbourhood of 4.5 million per season.
Thanks for a great story, look forward to your next one.. All the best!
July 31 2012, 02:57PM
4.5-5 sounds perfect for Burrows. It'll probably take a 4 year term for him to sign in this range.
At 2 million per, he's been the best dollar for dollar deal out there.
The fact that he doesn't have many friends outside of the Canucks organization is a positive for the Nucks.
He's such a versatile player , he can keep up with the Sedins(his offensive numbers are definitely inflated because of his time with the twins) he can shut down top PPs with Kesler, and if you need him to grind it out on the 3rd line...he can do that too.
He's defensively responsible, offensively talented, and gets under the skin of opposing players...no wonder 29 other teams hate him!
He's also a fan favorite, and that counts for a lot too. Who knows, one day maybe we'll see #14 hanging in the rafters...Geoff Courtnall of course.
What about signing Burrows to a longer-term deal at a significant home town discount? Burrows is getting older but has a few good years of offensive talent left in him, and will certainly be usable in a bottom-six role for a few years after that. Give him a five or six year front-loaded deal, lock him up until he's 37 or so, take a ~$3 million cap hit, pay him $5 million or something over the next two years then drop down to ~$2 million for the last couple of years.
Be nice to see Burrows spend his whole career with the Canucks. He's a team guy and would probably take a deal like that for the security and flexibility it gives him and the team over the long term.
If winning is all about cap efficiencies and one of our most efficient spending areas has been on wingers, why are we suddenly blowing that up for Booth + Burrows. I get the Booth 'mythical beast' gamble, but that's never going to happen with Burrows. If we then add Doan, gives us so much less maneuverability looking for a 3rd line C, particularly considering we're still likely to get a bad contract in the Luongo trade and our other FAs will be looking for big pay rises. He's been good and looking at his contract in isolation, 4.5 looks OK but in the big picture, a longer term lower hit makes sense.


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Infant Mortality Rates, 1950–2010
The following table lists the infant mortality rates in the United States from 1950 to 2010, according to year, race, and gestation period.
NOTES: "Infant" is defined as under 1 year of age; "neonatal" is under 28 days; "postneonatal" is 28 days–11 months.
1. Number of fetal deaths of 20 weeks or more gestation per 1,000 live births plus fetal deaths.
2. Number of fetal deaths of 28 weeks or more gestation per 1,000 live births plus late fetal deaths. For 2010, period of gestation is less than 37 weeks.
3. Includes birth and deaths of persons who were not residents of the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. From Health, United States, 2005, National Vital Statistics Report.


text: Welcome to Audiko Gothic Rock fellows! Here at Audiko we offer you to download Gothic Rock ringtones for free. Possessing the largest database of free ringtones in all possible music styles including Gothic Rock with all its variations including Industrial, New Wave, 80s and many more! Here are the most famous bands and artists of the Gothic Rock genre of music including the most well-known stars such as The 69 Eyes, The Sisters of Mercy as well as Sisters of Mercy or Lex. In such a way, we have all Gothic Rock ringtones for iPhone and mobile you can imagine. Currently everyone listens to the hottest hits such as My Immortal by Evanescence and Bring Me to Life by Evanescence and downloads them to their phones. Here you can find any Gothic Rock ringtone to download in a couple of seconds! You can simply download Gothic Rock ringtones to your phone from Closterkeller, siam, Changa, headhunters and Cure, The or search for your favorite artist or band within Audiko's free ringtone database. Be sure you will find one you need.


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Taryn by Taryn Rose Karen Tiger Wedge Pump
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Item # dsw12prod3870215
Slip into the Taryn by Taryn Rose Karen. With style and comfort, this tiger printed wedge pump is just what you've been searching for.
- Tiger printed stretch fabric upper with leather trim
- Cushion foam footbed
- 1" wedge heel
- Synthetic sole
- Imported
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Securitized Banking and the Run on Repo
Gary B. Gorton
Yale School of Management; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Andrew Metrick
Yale School of Management; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
November 9, 2010
Yale ICF Working Paper No. 09-14
The Panic of 2007-2008 was a run on the sale and repurchase market (the "repo" market), which is a very large, short-term market that provides financing for a wide range of securitization activities and financial institutions. Repo transactions are collateralized, frequently with securitized bonds. We refer to the combination of securitization plus repo finance as "securitized banking", and argue that these activities were at the nexus of the crisis. We use a novel data set that includes credit spreads for hundreds of securitized bonds to trace the path of crisis from subprime-housing related assets into markets that had no connection to housing. We find that changes in the "LIB-OIS" spread, a proxy for counterparty risk, was strongly correlated with changes in credit spreads and repo rates for securitized bonds. These changes implied higher uncertainty about bank solvency and lower values for repo collateral. Concerns about the liquidity of markets for the bonds used as collateral led to increases in repo "haircuts": the amount of collateral required for any given transaction. With declining asset values and increasing haircuts, the U.S. banking system was effectively insolvent for the first time since the Great Depression.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 65
Keywords: repo, securitized
Date posted: July 30, 2009 ; Last revised: November 12, 2013
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