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My three days with the clan pass swiftly. When I feel they trust me, I ask when they last killed a khakhua. Lepeadon says it was near the time of the last sago palm feast, when several hundred Korowai gathered to dance, eat vast quantities of sago palm maggots, trade goods, chant fertility songs and let the marriage-age youngsters eye one another. According to our porters, that dates the killing to just over a year ago.
Lepeadon tells Boas he wants me to stay longer, but I have to return to Yaniruma to meet the Twin Otter. As we board the pirogue, the fierce man squats by the riverside but refuses to look at me. When the boatmen push away, he leaps up, scowls, thrusts a cassowary-bone arrow across his bow, yanks on the rattan string and aims at me. After a few moments, he smiles and lowers the bow—a fierce man's way of saying goodbye.
In midafternoon, the boatmen steer the pirogue to the edge of a swamp forest and tie it to a tree trunk. Boas leaps out and leads the way, setting a brisk pace. After an hour's trek, I reach a clearing about the size of two football fields and planted with banana trees. Dominating it is a treehouse that soars about 75 feet into the sky. Its springy floor rests on several natural columns, tall trees cut off at the point where branches once flared out.
Boas is waiting for us. Next to him stands his father, Khanduop, a middle-aged man clad in rattan strips about his waist and a leaf covering part of his penis. He grabs my hand and thanks me for bringing his son home. He has killed a large pig for the occasion, and Bailom, with what seems to me to be superhuman strength, carries it on his back up a notched pole into the treehouse. Inside, every nook and cranny is crammed with bones from previous feasts—spiky fish skeletons, blockbuster pig jaws, the skulls of flying foxes and rats. The bones dangle even from hooks strung along the ceiling, near bundles of many-colored parrot and cassowary feathers. The Korowai believe that the décor signals hospitality and prosperity.
I meet Yakor, a tall, kindly eyed tribesman from a treehouse upriver, who squats by the fire with Khanduop, Bailom and Kilikili. Boas' mother is dead, and Khanduop, a fierce man, has married Yakor's sister. When the talk turns to khakhua meals they have enjoyed, Khanduop's eyes light up. He's dined on many khakhua, he says, and the taste is the most delicious of any creature he's ever eaten.
The next morning the porters depart for the river, carrying our remaining supplies. But before I leave, Khanduop wants to talk; his son and Kembaren translate. "Boas has told me he'll live in Yaniruma with his brother, coming back just for visits," he murmurs. Khanduop's gaze clouds. "The time of the true Korowai is coming to an end, and that makes me very sad."
Boas gives his father a wan smile and walks with me to the pirogue for the two-hour journey to Yaniruma, wearing his yellow bonnet as if it were a visa for the 21st century.
Three years earlier I had visited the Korubo, an isolated indigenous tribe in the Amazon, together with Sydney Possuelo, then director of Brazil's Department for Isolated Indians [SMITHSONIAN, April 2005]. This question of what to do with such peoples—whether to yank them into the present or leave them untouched in their jungles and traditions—had troubled Possuelo for decades. "I believe we should let them live in their own special worlds," he told me, "because once they go downriver to the settlements and see what is to them the wonders and magic of our lives, they never go back to live in a traditional way."
So it is with the Korowai. They have at most a generation left in their traditional culture—one that includes practices that admittedly strike us as abhorrent. Year by year the young men and women will drift to Yaniruma and other settlements until only aging clan members are left in the treehouses. And at that point Ginol's godly prophecy will reach its apocalyptic fulfillment, and thunder and earthquakes of a kind will destroy the old Korowai world forever.


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Chapter 5
The Saints are exhorted to avoid uncleanness and walk uprightly—Husbands and wives should love each other.
1 Be ye therefore
2 And
3 But
4 Neither
5 For this ye know, that no
6 Let no man
7 Be not ye therefore partakers with them.
8 For ye were sometimes darkness, but now are ye light in the Lord: walk as
9 (For the fruit of the Spirit is in all
10 Proving what is acceptable unto the Lord.
11 And have no
12 For it is a
13 But all things that are reproved are made manifest by the light: for whatsoever doth make manifest is light.
14 Wherefore he saith, Awake thou that sleepest, and arise from the dead, and Christ shall give thee
15 See then that ye walk circumspectly, not as fools, but as wise,
16 Redeeming the time, because the days are evil.
17 Wherefore be ye not
18 And be not
19 Speaking to yourselves in psalms and
20 Giving
23 For the
24 Therefore as the church is subject unto Christ, so let the wives be to their own husbands in every thing.
26 That he might
27 That he might present it to himself a glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing; but that it should be holy and without blemish.
28 So ought men to love their wives as their own bodies. He that loveth his
29 For no man ever yet
30 For we are
31 For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother, and shall be joined unto his wife, and they two shall be
32 This is a great
33 Nevertheless let every one of you in particular so love his wife even as himself; and the


text:
Recently appointed to JDC's Mumbai, India staff as Program Coordinator for Young Adults, Service, and Leadership Training, Salome Abraham brings to the task a taste for the exotic, as well as a familiarity with JDC programs that belies her youth.A Mumbai University graduate with a degree in management studies, Salome was a long-time participant in JYP, the JDC-supported Jewish Youth Pioneers, and an active member of its Executive Committee. She has represented India at JDC's international Jewish summer camp in Szarvas, Hungary, and has also been to Israel on the Taglit Birthright program.
One of Salome's first successes was JYP's recent "Monsoon Picnic" and outing. In addition to celebrating the rains, the event—held at a riverside park an hour-and-a-half outside Mumbai—offered a full-day program, including a discussion session led by JSC Fellow Hannah Grossman, a trek up to a waterfall, a water buffalo ride, a snake show, and time for boating and fishing.
With the country's recent economic growth leading more young Jews to see India as a place to build their future, JDC's expanded emphasis on developing informal Jewish programming and activities for youth and young adults is opportune. And these efforts to buttress the community's future build on the striking sense of Jewish identity evident among India's 4,300+ Jews, despite their being a tiny minority in a country of 1.2 billion people. "The community as a whole cherishes their Jewish identity, strives hard to be united, and has been successful to make a small Jewish world of their own," says Salome. Asked how she views the future of her geographically isolated community, Salome acknowledges that "sustainability has been an issue … in an extravagant cultural Diaspora like India where people have less knowledge of our existence," but she is proud that the community "has come a very long way.""JDC's contribution to keep this community flourishing is much appreciated," she says. "The future predominantly depends on a continued effort from the community—and from the youth in particular."Learn more about JDC's programs in India today.
Tags for this post: Youth / Young Adults
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|Posted by kev on January 26, 2004 at 16:03:13:
I had an issue with the water flow decreasing in one of my faucets. When I took off the aerator there was a lot of white, chalky mineral type chunks. After I found this in one faucet I went to each of the other faucets and found the same issue. After rinsing the aerator and letting the water run for a while I re-installed the aerator and the water flow was back to normal. About a week later, it started to happen again and the mineral deposits were the cause again. Any idea what is causing this? I have replaced some copper pipe in one of my bathrooms, but I can't see how this would have anything to do with it. I drained my water heater and flushed all of the faucets/aerators, but the problem reappeared within a week or two.
|Replies to this post


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Skip to comments.Millions Not Joining Medicare Drug Plan
Posted on 02/21/2006 7:02:35 AM PST by AZRepublican
A $400 million campaign by the Bush administration to enroll low-income seniors in prescription drug coverage that would cost them just a few dollars per prescription has signed up 1.4 million people, a fraction of the 8 million eligible for the new coverage.
At this rate, by some calculations, the government is on track to spend about $250 for each person it enrolls, and even then it would have only 2 million poor senior citizens taking advantage of what is perhaps the most generous government benefit available today.
"It's a very, very good benefit," said Deane Beebe, whose organization, the Medicare Rights Center, has been critical of many aspects of the new Medicare drug program, called Part D. "It's probably the best thing about Medicare Part D, except that most people don't know about it or don't know how to apply for it or are not comfortable or capable of applying."
When Congress enacted the first-ever drug plan for Medicare's 42 million beneficiaries, it created a tiered system in which the poorest and sickest seniors pay the least. About 6 million elderly and disabled people were switched from state Medicaid programs to virtually free Medicare coverage. Retirees at the high end of the income scale have the option of purchasing a plan with standard out-of-pocket costs such as monthly premiums, deductibles and co-payments.
The group sandwiched in between -- those earning too much for Medicaid but less than $19,000 -- qualify for coverage with no premiums, no deductibles and co-payments of less than $5. Congress gave the Social Security Administration $500 million primarily to identify and enroll them.
(Excerpt) Read more at washingtonpost.com ...
You can lead a horse to water....
"It's probably the best thing about Medicare Part D, except that most people don't know about it or don't know how to apply for it or are not comfortable or capable of applying."
I think I figured out the problem...
"....The group sandwiched in between -- those earning too much for Medicaid but less than $19,000 -- qualify for coverage with no premiums, no deductibles and co-payments of less than $5."
I can assure you that this is a false statement if it is (as it appears) supposed to be a representation of Medicare Part D Rx plan.......there is a monthly premium, a 250 deductible, and a 2250 dollar limit on the actual discount which is tabulated at absolute top-dollar retail for the purpose of reaching the 2250.
It appears that most people just want to show up at the doctor's office, hospital, or pharmacy whenever they feel like it, get some service or prescription at little or no cost to them, and be on their merry way. Say what you will about whether or not the program is the right one in the first place, but there are just too many ways to find out about these benefits NOT to do something about it.
...but you can't make him take his Toprol XL.
My girlfriends Grandparents said they went on the Part D plan and the cost of their medications has increased dramatically. I'll need to remind them that they don't have to use Part D, unless you're stuck on it once you start.
I knew this was a bad plan from the beginning.
Sheez. The rules must have been written by the same people who write the tax code.
Republican President+Republican Congress=New Entitlement Program
New math.
That's what my mom said. Too damn confusing.
Actually, depending on the individuals LICS (low income subsidy), the statement is absolutely correct. Depending on the LICS, there can be a zero premium, zero deductible, and no true out-of-pocket limit. In otherwords, zero cost across the board.
Sounds normal, I'm with them.
It's a medical plan written by lawyers.
Unfortunately, you want the medicine to work. That requires research which costs money. And if it doesn't work, the lawyers suck more money from the system.
Here in California, Arnold designated 15 million to help out until things got sorted out. Seniors were complaining every which way according to the news. I don't like it that we even HAVE this program, but its here and there is no reason why people should be confused.
I did the research, signed my mother up for a plan...her drugs are waaaaaya cheaper (thanks to the taxpayers) and we also have coverage after the 2250 is reached.
It took my wife several hours to figure it out for my mother. And my wife has worked with insurance/human resources for 15 years. There is no way my 78 year old mother could figure it out.
"....they don't have to use Part D, unless you're stuck on it once you start."
Thats the secret.....they are under NO obligation to get all of their meds thru the Part D provider.....this plan is useful only if someone actively manages it.
My revelation led me to decide to buy my Mothers generics as a straight-up walk-in at a local pharmacy, using only her AARP discount card........and to use the "Plan D" program to mail-order her very expensive bob-generics.......the 2250 limit is severely compromised if you allow the "total cost" of the generics to be tabulated into the 2250 at top-dollar-retail. Big deal if she pats 25 at a pharmacy instead of 4 thru part D but has 200 or more tacked onto the accumulating 2250.
non-generics......damn b is too close to the n, LOL
I believe this is the biggest mistake Pres. Bush has made.
The second biggest was letting the swimmer write the education bill.
I don't believe that for a second. With the advertising blitz on TV, Radio, and Print media, plus several retailers and pharmesuitical companies also joining in the quest to educate these folks - I will chalk it up to just a few reasons:
1. Don't care/ are not interested - many of these are folks who just hate change. They woldn't sign up if it meant totally free medications because it would require change, and maybe some paperwork.
2. Folks who are too hard-headed. They have been told about it, and just don't get off their lazy butts to do something about it.
3. There are even a few who intentionally don't sign up because they feel the Government has no obligation to pay for their medications - as they can afford them anyway.
I truly believe that the actual number that can HONESTLY say they don't know about it is less than 3% of those eligible. The number that can honestly claim to "know how to apply" might number up to 5% (that would be those who don't get to Wal-Mart or any other public place, and don't pay any attention whatsoever to any media sources at all).
I don't believe that for a second. With the advertising blitz on TV, Radio, and Print media, plus several retailers and pharmesuitical companies also joining in the quest to educate these folks - I will chalk it up to just a few reasons:
1. Don't care/ are not interested - many of these are folks who just hate change. They woldn't sign up if it meant totally free medications because it would require change, and maybe some paperwork.
2. Folks who are too hard-headed. They have been told about it, and just don't get off their lazy butts to do something about it.
3. There are even a few who intentionally don't sign up because they feel the Government has no obligation to pay for their medications - as they can afford them anyway.
I truly believe that the actual number that can HONESTLY say they don't know about it is less than 3% of those eligible. The number that can honestly claim to "know how to apply" might number up to 5% (that would be those who don't get to Wal-Mart or any other public place, and don't pay any attention whatsoever to any media sources at all).
If you pay for all your healthcare out of pocket, or receive it as a benefit from where you work, then I'd say you have a point in wanting transparent and efficient service.
If however, you're getting this service from the government, I would think the least you could do is go along with the program.
i agree!!!!!!!!!
I'll try and remember that. I'm far too young for such a program. I'm betting that by time I'm there we'll have a national health-care system in place.
Bump for later.
I take 10mg of Toprol daily, I have Medicare Part A and Part B plus I am covered by my wife's health plan.
The annual information letter from the plan advised us that I should not sign up as it would save me no money over the 50% discount already in the plan.
There may be many like us.
I checked the AARP site and checked 4 medications and the estimated cost was in excess of $3,068 per year.
That's got to be near the retail cost!
Thank God I can get them for $336 because of VA eligability.
There are many with Medicare supplement plans for whom Part D is not the right choice. If that's your situation, good for you.
More aptly, you should state you can lead a horse to the ocean. That's how deep the water supply would need to be.
I hope this plan falls flat on it's insidious face.
"I take 10mg of Toprol daily, I have Medicare Part A and Part B plus I am covered by my wife's health plan.
The annual information letter from the plan advised us that I should not sign up as it would save me no money over the 50% discount already in the plan. "
I take a motherload of meds, 2 out of 11 are generic. I am as are you on parts A & B plus covered by my health plan as number 2. Got the same letter.
Try to look at it this way, if you live another 7 years or so, most of your drugs will be generic!
The person who wrote this article needs to actually take a look at Medicare Part D before writing some of this tripe.
Another complicating factor is the lack of information from current providers and sources of medications. I made some inquiries for an elderly family member who currently receives medications through pharmaceutical companies' charitable programs. These companies were unsure how their programs would be affected. It's hard to run the numbers when you can't get any to work with.
It seems a lot of people here are "blaming the victims" for this nightmare government program.
No, it was not the seniors, for the most part, who were confused NOR why Schwarzenegger had to devote those millions, BUT THE INTERMEDIARY COMPUTER PROGRAM THAT WAS FAILING...it was not including people in the Plan even after enrolled and was spitting out preposterous denials at the cash register to Medicare enrolless advising them they owed "$3,500." or some such nonsense for a $13.00 generic refill and similar monstrosities.
What was occuring was that MEDICAID people were not receiving their MEDICAID priced refills and most of them really needed what they were taking uninterruptedly, and thus, the state had to intervene and "emergency fund" the Medicaid pharmacy costs until the Federal computer system was organized and corrected.
THE PLAN ITSELF CREATED THE PROBLEMS at the cash register for many enrollees, leaving them to go home wondering, like a lot of seniors are prone to do, "WHAT DID I DO WRONG" when, in fact, the PLAN AND THE COMPUTER SYSTEM was screwy.
Not nationwide, just in a few states that have the highest Medicaid enrolleess...California, New York, to name the two biggest problems.
And, the Plan itself has been confusing even IF the computer sytsem was workig well in that last two years, there was one "plan" for drug coverage under Medicare for some people, and that was replaced by this "new plan" January 1, which then dispensed or failed to dispense reasonably priced refills by thousands of dollars without explanation, or just refused to acknowledge people who were already enrolled correctly.
Thus, people already qualified for one plan in the last two years but now no longer do by the same income variables, combined with the huge computer problem in January, EVERYONE was confused and not because they weren't capable or able. EVEN PHARMACIES were being told to collect huge amounts of thousands of dollars for drugs that normally (even without the Plan) cost a mere few dollars.
But, it was the Medicaid numbers that required the emergency funding by some states, inorder to pay for two, three months refills for their enrollees while the federal plan (computer system) was/is being straightened out.
No, this program is too complicated to be understood. It is as bad or worse than tax code.
Excuse me???? Is that how you talk to another freeper? We are having a discussion, which I thought was adult like, but sounds like some one like you don't like other people to have a different point of view, and please remember this SIR:
Make all the old folks stand in line out in the cold and bury them in complicated forms that often say one thing on one page and the exact opposite on another page deeper into the morass.
No one completes an application..no one qualifies...no need for the program...cut the sucker...
Thats pretty much how the Clinton's cut the VA programs for many disabled Vets
If anyone out there has a strong opinion that opposes this would you please share it? My father-in-law asked me to figure out what they should do. After reading countless pages of insurance-speak and government-speak and realizing both sides were exaggerating the benefits of their point of view while ignoring the negatives, but advice to my father-in-law was to stay put. They have medicare and a Blue Cross Supplement with a decent drug prescription plan. From what I understand, once you go in to the gov't plan you can never go back. But if you have your own plan you can stay there as long as you want and just pay a penalty for joining the government plan late should you change your mind. In the vein of never buying a car on it's first model year cause the kinks aren't worked out yet, I couldn't see a reason for the parents-in-law to switch. Anyone who believes differently, PLEASE give me your opinion!! (Thanks!)
Because the msn has made this out to be a BIG confusion - I put off looking into Medicare D until now. Oh I had already called AARP who I get my supplemental thru and was not pleased with their plan. So this is what I found....today
MEDICARE ... DRUG PLAN (in Hawaii)
1. $22.85 per month premium...
2. No cost for Rx until MEDICARE has paid out $2250.00 -** except you do pay a copay of $5.00 or $28.00 or $55.00 copay depending on generic vs name brand AND your Dr can fax a request for the drug he desires & eliminate the higher copay
3. When Medicare reaches $2250.00 in drugs payouts *** then all drug will become your responsibility UNTIL costs reach $3600.00 Then Medicare will pick up 95% and you will pay 5%.
Medicare D recap
1. Monthly Premium .. $22.85
2. Copay .. $ 5.00 +
3. No deductible
4. No expense to patient until Medicare has paid out $2250.00
5. Drug expenses from $2250.00 - 3600.00 is patient responsibility.
6. From $3600.00 on with no limit Medicare pays 95% and patient pays 5% -- until the end of the year!!
Now for an AARP partnered plan ( I don't know what else to call it).
AARP Partnered Private Plan RX plan. ... Drug Plan
1. $80.00 (aprox) premium per month
2. Deductible of $250.00
3. THEN the non government program will pay 50% and you pay 50% of the RX up to $3000.00 (which includes your 50% and the $250.00 deductible). After $3000. has been paid out ALL RX pay-outs are finished or as they say here pau until the next year starts - and so does the deductible start again.
AARP Plan recap
1. $80.00 premium - aprox.
2. $250.00 deductible YOU have to reach.
3. private plan does a 50/50 with patient after deductible has been met.
4. when expenses reach $3000.00 (including the $250. ded. and include patients part of the 50/50 the coverage STOPS not to begin again until the next year.
I do not know how MEDICAL SAVINGS ACCOUNTS plays into this!!!
I don't have road rage ----- I have PHONE RAGE ....BIG TIME as one of my favorites says.
It is not complicated!! It will save me money!!!!!
Six hours later - maybe more - I got it done.
The problem is ... you are making a decision you can not up-grade, only down grade.
I don't take any Rx but still have to plan for when I might, and now will be less expensive than next year.
Slowly but surely -- "hillary care" is taking place.
You are exactly correct. I have spent the last 12 weeks in this mess. It has been impossible, with patients having signed up, but eligibility not beginning until after a phone call to the company--if you can get through. I know one New York company with the standard "all operators are busy" message that doesn't even put you on hold--it just hangs up.
As for those who say it is easy to understand, I say wrong! One pharmacist I know, who has done retail for 20 years, couldn't get her own mother enrolled and finally said, "to hell with it." If she can't figure it out, with seminar after seminar last summer and fall, then I don't expect Aunt Minnie to figure it out. The major problem was that in the seminars, no one knew what was going to happen until December. This implementation makes the post-war Iraq planning look downright prescient.
The vast majority of complaints I hear about the plan is the fact that it has choices. It's not as much confusing as it requires you to make a decision. This generation was raised on avoiding decisions.
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Skip to comments.The Intriguing Problem Of The Younger DryasWhat Does It Mean And What Caused It?
Posted on 06/21/2012 10:11:38 AM PDT by Ernest_at_the_Beach
This is a follow up posting to Younger Dryas -The Rest of the Story!
Guest post by Don J. Easterbrook
Dept. of Geology, Western Washington University.
The Younger Dryas was a period of rapid cooling in the late Pleistocene 12,800 to 11,500 calendar years ago. It followed closely on the heels of a dramatically abrupt warming that brought the last Ice Age to a close (17,500 calendar years ago), lasted for about 1,300 years, then ended as abruptly as it started. The cause of these remarkably sudden climate changes has puzzled geologists and climatologists for decades and despite much effort to find the answer, can still only be considered enigmatic.
The Younger Dryas interruption of the global warming that resulted in the abrupt, wholesale melting of the huge late Pleistocene ice sheets was first discovered in European pollen studies about 75 years ago. Terrestrial plants and pollen indicate that arboreal forests were replaced by tundra vegetation during a cool climate. This cool period was named after the pale yellow flower Dryas octopetella, an arctic wildflower typical of cold, open, Arctic environments. The Younger Dryas return to a cold, glacial climate was first considered to be a regional event restricted to Europe, but later studies have shown that it was a world-wide event. The problem became even more complicated when oxygen isotope data from ice cores in Antarctica and Greenland showed not only the Younger Dryas cooling, but several other shorter cooling/warming events, now known as Dansgaard-Oerscher events.
The Younger Dryas is the longest and coldest of several very abrupt climatic changes that took place near the end of the late Pleistocene. Among these abrupt changes in climate were: (1) sudden global warming 14,500 years ago (Fig. 1) that sent the immense Pleistocene ice sheets into rapid retreat, (2) several episodes of climatic warming and cooling between ~14,400 and 12,800 years ago, (3) sudden cooling 12,800 years ago at the beginning of the Younger Dryas, and (4) ~11,500 years ago, abrupt climatic warming of up to 10º C in just a few decades. Perhaps the most precise record of late Pleistocene climate changes is found in the ice core stratigraphy of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) and the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP). The GRIP ice core is especially important because the ages of the ice at various levels in the core has been determined by the counting down of annual layers in the ice, giving a very accurate chronolgoy, and climatic fluctuations have been determined by measurement of oxygen isotope ratios. Isotope data from the GISP2 Greenland ice core suggests that Greenland was more than~10°C colder during the Younger Dryas and that the sudden warming of 10° ±4°C that ended the Younger Dryas occurred in only about 40 to 50. years.
Figure 1. Temperature fluctuations over the past 17,000 years showing the abrupt cooling during the Younger Dryas. The late Pleistocene cold glacial climate that built immense ice sheets terminated suddenly about 14,500 years ago (1), causing glaciers to melt dramatically. About 12,800 years ago, after about 2000 years of fluctuating climate (2-4), temperatures plunged suddenly (5) and remained cool for 1300 years (6). About 11,500 years ago, the climate again warmed suddenly and the Younger Dryas ended (7).
Radiocarbon and cosmogenic dating of glacial moraines in regions all over the world and abrupt changes in oxygen isotope ratios in ice cores indicate that the Younger Dryas cooling was globally synchronous. Evidence of Younger Dryas advance of continental ice sheets is reported from the Scandinavian ice sheet, the Laurentide ice sheet in eastern North America, the Cordilleran ice sheet in western North America, and the Siberian ice sheet in Russia. Alpine and ice cap glaciers also responded to the abrupt Younger Dryas cooling in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres, e.g., many places in the Rocky Mts. of the U.S. and Canada, the Cascade Mts. of Washington, the European Alps, the Southern Alps of New Zealand, and the Andes Mts. in Patagonia of South America.
Figure 2. Temperature fluctuations over the past 15,000 years showing the abrupt cooling during the Younger Dryas and other warming and cooling periods, the Oldest Dryas (cool), Bölllng (warm), Older Dryas (cool), Allerød (warm), InterAllerød (cool), and Younger Dryas (cool).
Figure 3. Oxygen isotope record from the Greenland ice core showing an abrupt temperature drop 12,800 years ago, 1300 years of cool climate, and sudden warming 11,500 years ago.
The Younger Dryas had multiple glacial advances and retreats
The Younger Dryas was not just a single climatic event. Late Pleistocene climatic warming and cooling not only occurred before and after the YD, but also within it. All three major Pleistocene ice sheets, the Scandinavian, Laurentide, and Cordilleran, experienced double moraine-building episodes, as did a large number of alpine glaciers. Multiple YD moraines of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet have long been documented and a vast literature exists. The Scandinavian Ice Sheet readvanced during the YD and built two extensive end moraines across southern Finland, the central Swedish moraines, and the Ra moraines of southwestern Norway(Fig. 4). 14C dates indicate they were separated by about 500 years.
Figure 4. Double Younger Dryas moraines of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet.
Among the first multiple YD moraines to be recognized were the Loch Lomond moraines of the Scotish Highlands. Alpine glaciers and icefields in Britain readvanced or re-formed during the YD and built extensive moraines at the glacier margins. The largest YD icefield at this time was the Scotish Highland glacier complex, but smaller alpine glaciers occurred in the Hebrides and Cairngorms of Scotland, in the English Lake District, and in Ireland. The Loch Lomond moraines consist of multiple moraines. Radiocarbon dates constrain the age of the Loch Lomond moraines between 12.9 and 11.5 calendar years ago.
Multiple Younger Dryas moraines of alpine glaciers also occur throughout the world, e.g., the European Alps, the Rocky Mts., Alaska, the Cascade Range, the Andes, the New Zealand Alps, and elsewhere.
Figure 5. Double Younger Dryas moraines at Titcomb Lakes in the Wind River Range of Wyoming.
The multiple nature of YD moraines in widely separated areas of the world and in both hemispheres indicates that the YD consisted of more than a single climatic event and these occurred virtually simultaneously worldwide. Both ice sheets and alpine glaciers were sensitive to the multiple YD phases. The GISP2 ice core shows two peaks within the YD that match the glacial record. The absence of a time lag between the N and S Hemispheres glacial fluctuations precludes an ocean cause and is not consistent with the North Atlantic Deep Ocean Water hypothesis for the cause of the Younger Dryas, nor with a cosmic impact or volcanic origin.
Both 14C and 10Be production rates in the upper atmosphere changed during the YD. 14C and 10Be are isotopes produced by collision of incoming radiation with atoms in the upper atmosphere. The change in their production rates means that the Younger Dryas was associated with changes in the amount of radiation entering the Earths atmosphere, leading to the intriguing possibility that the YD was caused by solar fluctuations.
Why the Younger Dryas is important
What can we learn from all this? The ice core isotope data were hugely significant because they showed that the Younger Dryas, as well as the other late Pleistocene warming and cooling events could not possibly have been caused by slow, Croll-Milankovitch orbital forcing, which occurs over many tens of thousands of years. The ice core isotope data thus essentially killed the Croll-Milankovitch theory as the cause of the Ice Ages.
In an attempt to save the Croll-Milankovitch theory, Broecker and Dention (1990) published a paper postulating that large amounts of fresh water discharged into the north Atlantic about 12,800 years ago when retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet allowed drainage of glacial Lake Agassiz to spill eastward into the Atlantic Ocean. They proposed that this large influx of fresh water might have stopped the formation of descending, higher-density water in the North Atlantic, thereby interrupting deep-water currents that distribute large amounts of heat globally and initiating a short-term return to glacial conditions. If indeed that was the case, then the Younger Dryas would have been initiated in the North Atlantic and propagated from there to the Southern Hemisphere and the rest of the world. Since that would take time, it means that the YD should be 400-1000 years younger in the Southern Hemisphere and Pacific areas than in the Northern Hemisphere. However, numerous radiocarbon and cosmogenic dates of the Younger Dryas all over the world indicate the cooling was globally synchronous. Thus, the North Atlantic deep current theory is not consistent with the chronology of the Younger Dryas.
The climatic fluctuations before and after the Younger Dryas, as well as the fluctuations within it, and the duration of these changes are not consistent with a single event cause of the YD. Neither cosmic impact or volcanic eruptions could produce the abrupt, multiple climatic changes that occurred during the late Pleistocene.
What is wrong with using standard Gregorian dates, or Hebrew years, or something that is NOT a relative measurement. /rant off
Thanks for posting this. I've always been interested in the Younger Dryas era and the following warming.
Maybe someone comments at WUWT on the article.
Do you love the first graph that has wild temperature swings, and there is a teensy weensy blip with an arrow pointed at the present with a label "global warming"? Also, note that the temperature of the little ice age appears to be higher than our current temperature.
Still meditating.
Pet peeve. Sorry. I did like the article.
Andrew says:
Don-Its true that events like the younger dryas do not appear to be orbitally forced, but good agreement has been shown between the rate of change of global ice volume and the near Arctic circle summer insolation. It is certainly clear that some spikes of rapid change exceed what would be expected from Milakovitch alone, but I wouldnt be so quick to say that the Milankovitch theory of the glaciations is dead at all. The long term correlation is quite good. We just need to invoke other factors for some episodes that deviate from the right Milankovitch model.
This is all very fascinating to me.....more from the comments:
Dennis Cox says:
The article states:
The climatic fluctuations before and after the Younger Dryas, as well as the fluctuations within it, and the duration of these changes are not consistent with a single event cause of the YD. Neither cosmic impact or volcanic eruptions could produce the abrupt, multiple climatic changes that occurred during the late Pleistocene.
In point of fact, since the given astronomical model for the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis is the progressive disintegration of the progenitor of the Taurids, as described in The Structure, and Evolution of the Taurid Complex by D.I. Steel et al. and proposed in W.M. Napiers Paleolithic Extinctions and the Taurid Complex, it should be noted that the YDIH as written does not propose a single event at all.
The progenitor of the Taurid family of objects is thought to have entered the inner solar system, and a very short period elliptical orbit that crossed the orbits of all the planets of the inner solar system sometime between 20,000 and 30,000 YA. The astronomical data on the Taurids is as good as anything you can dig up with a shovel, and trowel. And that evidence indicates the 50 to 100 km wide Taurid Progenitor object immediately began to breakup as soon as it entered the inner solar system.
The the Earths passage though the debris from the progressive breakup of the Taurid Progenitor would have resulted in devastating impact showers, and storms of varying intensity twice a year for thousands of years, both before, and after, the start of the Younger Dryas.
The evidence so far is implying that the event at the start of the YD that produced a global impact layer comparable only to the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary layer that marks the extinctions of the dinosaurs 65 million YA was only the worst of many annual cluster airburst events of varying intensity over a period that lasted for many millennia.
Jim Clarke says:
What I find most interesting is that, according to the Greenland ice core (figure 1) Greenland has been about 3-5 degrees C warmer than it is now for most of the Holocene! All those gloom and doom studies about the rapidly melting Greenland ice sheet are maybe just picking up on the very beginning of a return to Holocene average!
has no institution ever considered that there might be an irregular rotational hotspot in the earths core that gives more heat to the southern hemisphere during glaciations, and that it may be the cause of deglaciations? This is the case with some of Saturns moons Enceladus, where the southern tip is excessively warm, as a result of its core, and has more heat coming out of the southern cap, whilst the north is frozen. Geo-thermal events must have a considerable, if hitherto unstudied impact, particulary submarine.
Its one of climatologys great weaknesses that the entire earth is not studied, and only the atmposphere
You miss the big picture: when I looked at the first figure I recognised it looks like a diagram of an engine where somebody turned first time the key and it rumbled a couple of times before it died.
Thats the Younger Dryas break.
If you look at the Pleistocene 10Be levels in Figure 2 of the link I provided in my previous comment (Russian Journal of Earth Sciences) you see a rapid decline of 10Be (denoting increased solar activity) as it warms and then a very sudden and deep increase in 10Be production during the YD which would normally indicate a sudden and deep reduction in solar magnetic field activity. There is also, of course, another possible cause. To assume that 10Be production is a good proxy for solar magnetic activity one assumes that GCRs are constant. Maybe they arent. Maybe we are buffeted from time to time by gusts of dense cosmic rays or maybe sometimes pass through a stream of them where there are just more of them. The point is that it could be a combination of both things working at the same time. Maybe we get more GCRs hitting the atmosphere because the solar system is passing through an area with more GCRs and not because the sun changed. The GCRs are subject to being channeled by magnetic phenomena in the Galaxy.
So while we do know that solar magnetic activity can modulate GCRs reaching Earth, to assume that is the ONLY thing that chances those numbers might be a bit naive. Maybe we are bombarded from time to time with what amounts to shock waves or gusts of these particles. Maybe we find ourselves in streams of them. But one things does seem clear: for most of the Pleistocene the 10Be production was much higher than it has been during the Holocene. Why? I guess we will find out shortly.
The YD can be looked at as a cool interval or two successive warm intervals, the first short, the second long (the Holocene). The 2 warm periods of different length paradigm makes more sense. Just before the YD were deep glacial conditions and the YD was just a drop back to current glacial normality after an abortive jump to interglacial conditions. The first spike was an abortive interglacial, the second a successful one.
Indeed, if we remind ourselves that these very short abortive interglacial spikes occurred regularly throughout the glacial period, then the YD cool interval disappears as an anomaly, it is just an abortive interglacial spike that just happened to occur shortly before the successful interglacial rize which unlike the abortive spikes held on stably to the interglacial attractor rather than falling away from it.
Further, if we consider glacial and interglacial being alternate attractors in a nonlinear/nonequilibrium climate system, then abortive interglacial spikes and the less frequent interglacial rises which stick are an expected and normal behaviour.
Thus the YD is not in any way a problem except a problem of imagination and paradigm of the observer. The need for every upward or downward wiggle of earths climate history to have some discreet and unique external forcing comes from ignorance of quasi-chaotic systems and a deficient paradigm. It is even slightly absurd to imagine the climate system to be so passive.
Earths climate can change BY ITSELF.
OK it might be entrained in a simple or complex way by external periodic forcing, but it is not slavishly forced. Hunting for the magic celestial rhythm is futile.
Both 14C and 10Be production rates in the upper atmosphere changed during the YD. 14C and 10Be are isotopes produced by collision of incoming radiation with atoms in the upper atmosphere. The change in their production rates means that the Younger Dryas was associated with changes in the amount of radiation entering the Earths atmosphere, leading to the intriguing possibility that the YD was caused by solar fluctuations.
At about this time there was a magnetic reveral (the Gothenberg). Changes in the magnetic field of the Earth could have changed the amount of radiation entering the Earths atmosphere.
Michael g. Wallace says:
Nice article. In response to some other comments, I dont see how anyone can claim to see a correlation between Milankovitch and past glacial oscillations. There are many intervals of time over the past several 100K glacial cycles where orbital forcing is the opposite of the global temperature trend. Its no surprise that Principal Component Analyses applied to Milankovitch dont match up with PCA applied to O18. I have seen a paper by Roe which shows a better match of these, but only when some nonlinear cause and effect assumptions are applied. When you invoke nonlinear causation, you can prove anything.
Also amusing how people dont seem to worry about squaring Milankovitch with pre Quaternary climate patterns, going back hundreds of millions of years, where no ice ages have been identified. Orbital cycling likely persisted throughout that period, but for some reason that no scientist has been able to explain, or has bothered to try to explain, Milankovitch impacts were apparently nil.
I think the description of the sudden warming period (over decades) should by itself kill any claims that current warming and sea level rise rates are unprecendented. And that should kill any certainty about anthropogenic catastrophic climate change. But for some reason it wont.
Dennis Cox says:
The absence of a time lag between the N and S Hemispheres glacial fluctuations precludes an ocean cause and is not consistent with the North Atlantic Deep Ocean Water hypothesis for the cause of the Younger Dryas, nor with a cosmic impact or volcanic origin.
On the contrary, Im thinkin that an event that produced a global impact layer is perfectly consistent with The absence of a time lag between the N and S Hemispheres glacial fluctuations. So while that absence of a time lag between the two hemispheres is not consistent with the Deep Ocean Water hypothesis, it is consistent with a cosmic event of sufficient magnitude that it simultaneously emplaced high energy blast-effected materials into a global stratigraphic layer.
*****************************************EXCERPT**************************************<cotwome says:
Just for fun:
New Evidence Supports Cosmic Impact Theory
http://www.archaeorama.com/archaeology/cosmic-impact-theory/ P>
Rather revealing study in comparisons of warming and cooling cycle intensities.
Makes our current warming/cooling cycles seem puny.
Be sure and go to link at #19 and scan down to post #2 where Sunkenciv puts up an extraordinary series of links for more reading....amazing !!
Plasma, Solar Outbursts, and the End of the Last Ice Age
The Official Website thereof ^ | prior to July 15, 2011 | Dr. Robert M. Schoch
Posted on Fri 15 Jul 2011 10:15:16 AM PDT by SunkenCiv
15,000 to 11,000 years ago Earth experienced a series of climatic fluctuations... there was a short cold spell, known as the Younger Dryas, before the final warming and... end of the last ice age. Based on Greenland ice core data, the Younger Dryas began... 10,900 B.C., and its ending... circa 9700 B.C. and may have occurred within an incredible three years... I once hypothesized that comets were responsible. A comet hitting the land or a shallow ocean, or exploding above the land's surface, scattering dust and debris into the atmosphere, would cause global cooling... This pattern fits well with the cooling at 10,900 B.C. and there is evidence of a cometary explosion over North America at this time... comets hitting deep oceans were responsible. A comet might break the thin oceanic crust, releasing heat from the hot magma beneath. Vaporized and displaced water would rain down on Earth, and tsunamis would wash across coastal areas, warming the planet... [But] Plasma hitting the surface of Earth could heat and fuse rock, incinerate flammable materials, melt ice caps, vaporize shallow bodies of water creating an extended deluge of rain, and send the climate into a warming spell. The release of pressure that follows the melting of thousands-of-meters-thick ice sheets can induce earthquakes and even cause hot rock under pressure to melt and erupt to the surface as volcanoes... The plasma event of 9700 B.C. eradicated advanced civilizations and high cultures of the time, and... could be the basis for the nearly universal myth of a Golden Age, a time when beings on Earth had mental abilities far surpassing those of later times. The 9700 B.C. event may be the original basis for the Atlantis legends; the timeframe fits well with Plato's account.
(Excerpt) Read more at robertschoch.com ...
Very nice, comprehensive thread on the glitch coming out of the Wisconsin Ice Age. Thanks!
I thought the hypothesis from the comment ( See # 10 on this thread ) made sense.
They could not take advantage of their success however because Obama traveled back in time and drove them off.
Man , ...there is just so much good stuff out there on these great internet sites.
The Cycle of Cosmic Catastrophes:
Flood, Fire, and Famine
in the History of Civilization
by Richard Firestone,
Allen West, and
Simon Warwick-Smith
|GGG managers are SunkenCiv, StayAt HomeMother & Ernest_at_the_Beach
Thanks Ernest! I blush!
It was all those SUV's back then.
I assume that PH- Post Hegira would be the norm by now but Moslems are not all that clear just when H was and there are several date systems stemming from it. Choosing one would upset adherents of the others.
How about 14,000 Winters ago, or many moons have passed since....
An excellent run down of the complex climate changes after the end of the recent great Ice Age. Personally, I am inclined to think the several of the major ice ages were caused by major terrestrial events. The Long Valley and Yellowstone megavolcanic events over 700,000 and 600,000 year ago come to mind. On the other hand I would not be surprised if others were begun by major boloid events. I think Firestone et al give an excellent easy to read account of events that may have caused the Younger Dryas. As one comment points out there could have been several such events relatively close in time.
The great Chesapeake Meteor event around 34 million years ago was one of several in that period. A ten mile diameter crater was found of that age off Toms River, NJ. Also Popogai (sp?), a 60 mile diameter crater in Russia has that age. On the other hand while the most recent ice age began about 125,000 ya, around 74,000 ya the megavolcano Toba left a crater 18 by 65 miles and the charts show a major downturn in temperature for that period.
In Egyptian history there is a period of perhaps 200 years prior to 2,000 BC known as the First Intermediate Period, documented in the Ipuwer papyrus housed in the Leyden (sp?) Museum. Checking on craters, I found that there were a number of significantly large boloid craters (from 5 to 14 miles in diameter) in Argentina with the right age for that period. SC has reported on the 2 mile diameter crater found in the drained Iraq Marshes also about 2,000 BC.
Detail on the eruption of Laacher See Volcano in Germany, 12,900 ya is well described in Hans-Ulrich Schmincke's book Volcanism (2004). This Plinian eruption was slightly larger than Pinatubo. In other words there are potential a number of potential interactive forces at work influencing the Younger Dryas.
While, I think that a lot more needs to be known and worked out scientifically about anthropogenic climate influence, I think the basic thing we have to realize is that there are a number of possible potential influence on climate. Since highly educated scientists tend to be experts on volcanoes, cosmic events, climate, archaeology, or ancient history, etc, we have lacked a fully functioning interdisciplinary approach to answering such complex questions. One of the things I love about both Catastrophism and GGG is that these sites bring together a number of gifted and curious amateur science sleuths.
But that's me.
I want a fixed date from SOMEWHERE. ANYWHERE works... Jan 1st, 1970 is special for me. 1340607344
Meh... Demand a fixed time constant. It's for the wimmen.
Thanks glee'.
So the sun did it?
Not "Ug" Gore, the global warming cave man with his stone-age hockey sticks telling fellow troglodytes they had to stop cutting down trees for fire, and burning fields to catch game?
I always thought it was Ug and his mamma Ob (aka Ob-mamma) who ended stone-age man made global warming, reversed the rising sea levels, thus creating the Garden of Eden in the Persian Gulf... ?
So now after all these years, you tell us Ug Gore and his Ob-mamma have been getting credit they didn't deserve?
Well, then shhhhhhhhhh... don't tell anybody else.
BP is based on an absolute date, 1950 — that's the radiocarbon baseline date.
The way I normally track stuff, it's about 1341103503. Also based on an arbitrary date of Jan 1st, 1970. Plus or minus the leap second we're stacking on that today.
And of course, Gregorian.
But Julian, depending on if I'm reading old russian books.
We're old enough to pick ONE standard and stick with it.
And figure out what we mean about what a second is.
I bitch about time eternally.
That Edgar Allen Poe short story must drive you haywire, eh? ;')
But I DO know what standard was used during Poe's time, so to speak.
In the western world it was all the same.
Today? Gotta ask what time definition is in use. With or without leap seconds? Would you like a leap second with that?
Meh... My one little hotspot that I bitch about.
This post, along with Figure 1, correlates nicely with written history starting about 10,000 years ago.
So warm weather is pro-human which is consistent with all forms of liberalism which is anti-human. Hence the irrational preoccupation of liberals with global warming as a catastrophic event.
Thanks for the ping and the links...will check them tomorrow.
Thanks for the ping and the links...will check them tomorrow.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
By GARY ARRINGTONSports writer
It was to be a lazy Saturday, maybe do a little housework, maybe watch a little television, maybe have a little nap and definitely sleep in. At least that is what my wife thought it was going to be as we went nighty night the night before.
First thing Saturday morning that changed this well thought out plan of action was the fact that she woke up early and it was not my fault. No alarm clocks, no phone calls and even the blinds closed tight did not prevent her from waking up at least two hours earlier than she really wanted to or I would have suspected to have happened. As I lay there quietly not disturbing the peace and quiet, just in case she was going back to sleep, I figured out it wasn't working for her and said "Now what are we going to do?" She ignored me.
When she finally decided that sleeping in was officially off the list for this Saturday morning, I suggested that we had several options. After careful consideration we decided to go to JoJo's basketball game at the high school. Now really, why would anybody schedule a junior jazz game at eight o'clock on a Saturday morning? Don't they know that getting up and going out this early in the dead of winter on a Saturday morning is un-American or something like that.
Well, we sat through that game, played with grandkids and then, since it was Audie's turn to play at 9 a.m., we decided to sit through another one. At least it was the next game at the same school and we didn't have to travel or anything. It is amazing how many other grandparents also got out of bed early that morning to watch their grandkids play.
Well, now we had the rest of the day to do whatever, right? Wrong. Now we were off to a gymnastics meet at Huntington Elementary. Not only did we get up earlier that suspected the night before but now we were going to lose the whole morning as we supported grandkids and their activities. This is OK because it was grandkids and then we would have the rest of the day to do whatever like nap or watch TV or nothing at all. Wrong again.
Baby-sitting was next for us. Jackie could rest while I played with Dalton. But one thing led to another and I had to leave for what I thought would be just a few minutes. Two hours later I returned to salvage what was supposedly left of this once promising Saturday. We would return Dalton to his mother and then the rest of the afternoon was ours. Nope.
Jackie, not me, then suggested that we go to the CEU basketball games and so off we went. The games were good and CEU won and it is now 7 p.m. at night. The day was almost gone but there still was time for a movie or a nap before bedtime, or so I suggested. Nope wasn't going to happen. After a quick bite, it was off to Wal-Mart just to pick up some pictures. Right. You want me to believe that we are going to go to Wal-Mart just to pick up pictures at the photo department and leave. Not going to happen, and sure enough it didn't.
As long as we were there, we needed ink for the printer but which one did we need. I was lucky, I knew what printer it was and we found the right cartridge. But that brings up a question, why are there so many different ink cartridges? I thought these computer guys were smart, why can't they make the same cartridge work in every printer? But I deviate.
We then worked our way through the grocery department and eventually out of the store and to our home. It was now 9:30 p.m., the day was gone and nothing had really been accomplished that was on our list from the night before but that was OK. It had been a good day and really I would not change a thing.


text:
The Environmental Litigation Industry At Work In Duck Creek
I wish to offer some food for thought with regards to the benefits of livestock grazing in Utah. The public seems to hear quite a bit of negative opinion about grazing, so I must set the record straight. When done properly, grazing increases the variety and number of wildlife species, improves water quality and helps support our food supply and the local economy.
The perfect example of grazing's benefits to the environment is on display at the 200,000 acre Deseret Land and Livestock Ranch in Rich County.It is impossible to argue against the value of the ranch's excellent livestock management that improves watershed/riparian health, wildlife habitat and benefits recreational opportunities.
The Deseret Ranch is stocked with cattle and sheep at more than double the stocking rate on most public lands, yet during the past 30 years wildlife numbers have increased substantially. Wildlife species that are referred to as "indicator" species such as sage grouse have increased by five times during that time, while almost all other areas in the Intermountain West have seen sage grouse numbers decline. Not only have sage grouse benefited at DLL, but elk numbers have doubled, pronghorn antelope have increased from 0 to more than 700 and the ranch has been designated an "Important Global Bird Area" by The National Audubon Society with more than 270 species of birds that use the ranch.
The Western Watersheds Project reports that it has studied thousands of small areas in the Duck Creek cattle grazing allotment in Rich County and says this substantiates their anti-grazing position. Small samples may have some validity, but often a small sample is not an accurate indication of the larger watershed health. The complaints related to the Duck Creek allotment may have some value, only because the ranchers' original plan to implement a DLL-style management plan was thwarted by environmental groups.
A few years ago a committee of interested stakeholders and several accredited range scientists proposed a grazing management program, similar to the DLL model, that would allow for time-controlled grazing on the Duck Creek allotment. But environmental groups, including The Western Watersheds Project, challenged the plan on legal grounds.
It is important to point out that Utah enjoys the benefits of many positive and productive environmental groups that share a commitment for improved resource health. They participate in useful collaborative efforts without the threat of litigation.
However, I am disappointed with some organizations that claim to work to protect the lands, but fail to participate with agencies and other stakeholders to explore, study and formulate policy to protect the lands when given the chance; as is the case in the Duck Creek example. Rather, they make it a practice to bring legal challenges that cost taxpayers billions of dollars for agencies to defend while also being reimbursed with taxpayer dollars for bringing the action in the first place.
According to research conducted by Cheyenne, Wyo. property rights attorney, Karen Budd-Falen, more than $4 billion dollars was paid to three environmental groups between 2000 and 2009 for litigating environmental challenges. http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2365392/posts.
One of those three groups is Western Watersheds Project, a litigant in the recent Duck Creek case. In essence, federal taxpayer dollars are paying for both sides of the lawsuit, and this system, propagated under the Equal Access To Justice Act, has created a huge business in environmental lawsuits.
I have learned to respect and honor the range scientists who serve in our agencies and universities. I have little confidence in scientists who are appointed by an organization that uses public dollars to limit proper grazing techniques, then uses public dollars again to challenge the results. If environmental organizations are truly concerned with land health they would participate with stakeholders from the beginning to develop proper management and restoration projects.
A short video of the benefits of time-controlled grazing is available on the Internet at: http://ag.utah.gov/news/timecontrolledgrazing.html
Leonard Blackham, Utah Commissioner of Agriculture and Food.


text:
Type: Sub-task
Status: Closed
Priority: Blocker
Resolution: Fixed
Affects Version/s: 2.0
Fix Version/s: 2.0
Component/s: Backup, Course completion
Affected Branches:MOODLE_20_STABLE
Fixed Branches:MOODLE_20_STABLE
Understand and add course completion stuff to backup:
New tables:
- course_completion_aggr_methd
- course_completion_criteria
- course_completion_crit_compl
- course_completion_notify
- course_completions (user level)
New columns:
- course->enablecompletion
- course->completionstartonenrol
- course->completionnotify
Gliffy Diagrams
- All
- Comments
- Work Log
- History
- Activity
- Links Hierarchy
Assigning to Sam temporarily, but Aaron we could really use your help on this if you're available!
Hey Martin/Sam,
I'm available to answer any questions you might have
Hi Martin,
I'll start looking at this first thing tomorrow.
Hi Aaron,
I've got a question that you might be able to answer for me.
I've begun mapping this out and there is one potentially gray area within the database structure that I need to know about.
I see that course_completion_criteria and course_completion_crit_compl store a reference to the course they are related to, however it looks as though course_completion_crit_compl always relates to a single course_completion_criteria.
What I need to know is whether the two always store a reference to the same course, either way it is fine, it's just likely to affect the backup structure for course completion.
If you don't know don't worry, I am about to head off for the day and will look into it tomorrow myself I havn't heard.
Other than that one check I believe I have a plan now, and will start putting it alltogether tomorrow.
Hi Sam,
The reference to the course in course_completion_crit_compl is just an extra reference for making queries easier. It should always map to the same course id as the related course_completion_criteria does.
Hope that helps,
Also, the notify table is unused and can probably be dropped altogether.
Cool thanks Aaron,
I've just talked to Martin regarding the notify table and we've decided to include it in the backup in case we end up writing the feature in the future.
Hi Eloy,
I've attached a patch of my current progress here and if you have a moment I'd love for you to look it over.
Currently it is 90% done, there are two issues I am aware of:
- For one reason or another it is not restoring course_completion_crit_compl records... maybe to do with the next thing.
- I have no clue how to map the course_completion_criteria::moduleinstance field back to the correct moduleid during restore. I saw some method of processing after the fact, and also noted you have a backup ids table, perhaps that is the answer... could you please shed some light on that for me??
Other than that I believe the backup is fine, and the restore will be two once I resolve the above.
I'm going to be away Monday and Tuesday so I'll continue on Wednesday.
Hi Eloy,
Any chance I could get you too look at this shortly for me?
Yeah, I thought you were out all the week, hence I had this planned for next weekend. Will move it to later today if possible. Thanks for pinging me.
Hehe no worries, would've loved a week off... but there's only so much time one can spend with visitors before work becomes appealing once again
Hi Eloy,
I've attached a new patch that fixes up most of the remaining issues.
Presently I think the only thing left to be done that isn't working presently is restoring course completion criteria that relate to a module.
What do you think is the best way to go around this? I have is the module type and the module instance id which I need to map to the newly restored module instance id.
Hi Sam, some comments after (finally!) reviewing the code:
1) The "userscompletion" setting only determines if the user related information must be included in backup and restore. Just that. So, all the rules/criteria/whatever must be included in backup and restore without depending of the setting. So I would take out that condition from the backup/restore tasks. And, instead, use that setting within the backup/restore steps to decide about to backup/restore the tables having user-related information.
2) In the other side, there is one $CFG setting that should be used to completely disable restoring of ANY course completion information. It is $CFG->enablecompletion. You should check for it in the execute_condition() method of restore_course_completion_structure_step. See, for example, how we are handling restore_userscompletion_structure_step observing that exact setting.
3) Also, I consider that the course completion is something really similar to the gradebook information, meaning that we only can include modules infomation (criteria) if we know that ALL the activities are being included in backup. And the same happens in restore: We only can restore course information criteria if all the activities are being restored. Else, it can fail horrible (non existing mappings => orphan records...). I'd suggest you to take a look to the execute_condition() of the backup_gradebook_structure_step and restore_gradebook_step classes, they achieve exactly that (detecting that all the activities have been included).
4) About criteria information related to one module, you can safely get mappings for the 'course_module' itemname. But obviously, that only can be done after all the modules have been restored, so I guess you'll need to move the restore_course_completion_structure_step() from the course task to the final task (once more, like the gradebook). All the mappings are only available there.
Hope it helps. Finally.. note that I haven't tested it at all, so I rely on you about all the structures being complete and so on. Great work, thanks!
Cool, thanks for the feedback Eloy
I've just attached the revised patch which makes the following changes:
- userscompletion setting is now checked only for the structure that relies on the user being included. This is the course_completions, and course_completion_crit_compl tables.
- $CFG->enablecompletion is now checked on restore.
- course completion is now only included in backup/restore if ALL activities are included.
- The course completion steps have been moved to the final task.
Regarding your latest patch... just two comments:
1) I see the "userscompletion" setting in action @ backup, but seems that restore is ignoring it completely. We must skip the course_completions, and course_completion_crit_compl paths based on that setting.
2) I see there are some dates that aren't being rolled on restore. In theory all them must be rolled. I've followed the all approach in the rest of restore code.
3) Also, when applying apply_date_offset() I've seen that you're doing one is_empty() check, what is the rationale about that? The method is clever enough to skip rolling zeros... do you need the is_empty() for something else? Note we can replace the == check by is_empty() within the function, just to keep restore code clear. Feel free to do so.
Cool thanks Eloy,
I've attached the latest patch now that makes the following changes:
- userscompletion settings used in restore like backup
- All dates are now rolled
- Removed the empty call around the apply_date_offset
In regards to rolling the date offsets, indeed in this case I had only rolled the configuration related dates and had kept the dates used primarily for record keeping as is.
The empty is simply there for cautionary sake, when developing I kept running into notifications about undefined properties for $data objects and as such opted to wrap optional properties with empty calls (if default==null) or isset for properties with defaults.
Cheers Sam
Just a note to remember the need to change the way restore works for unmached criterias. We need to skip them completely (and their child records).
The rest looks perfect, yay! Ciao
Awesome thanks Eloy.
I've changed the handling of criteria that can not be restored as suggested and have now commit the patch after testing again of course
Great Sam!
I've reviewed last changes and the $skipcriteria thing seems perfect.
Just one final comment: Shouldn't we be using the $skipcriteria thing also for non-matched module instances?
Edited: Ah, forget this. Course completion only happens if ALL the activities have been included in backup and in restore, so we never should find non-matched module instances.
Edited2: In any case... perhaps it is a simple and good thing to do to set $skipcriteria = false if not matching happens (makes it clear IMO).
For your consideration, thanks!
Hi Eloy, just commit a fix to ensure use $skipcriteria.
You are write technically we should never arrive at the situation where that does not work however I think you are right, it'll make the code clearer.


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b.o.c Batik Flat
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Worst Friend of Jennifer Aniston: Courteney Cox
January 16, 2007 12:00:00 Posted at January 16, 2007 12:00:00
No matter which way you slice it, this dress sucks donkey ass. ASS. All of it is ass - the fabric, the way it cuts off her arms, her makeup…all of it is ass. Southern. Belle. Ass. But curiously enough, those are also some very healthy looking breasts. Like expectant breasts. Shall we start a new rumour? Is Courteney Cox pregnant again? Source


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made with hugs and kisses July 7, 2013 0 comments
• Meet the Author • made with hugs and kisses
Hi there, I'm Hannah Smith! I taught myself to sew about 5 years ago and haven't looked back since. I love to dabble in all things creative from sewing to jewellery making to baking and crochet. My crafting addiction has led to me to develop a hoarding problem, most recently of vintage patterns :D Follow my adventures over on the Made with Hugs and Kisses Blog xXx
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Korean Ginseng Root, Tea and Extract BenefitsKorean Red Ginseng Root is Korean ginseng that has been cultivated and aged for 4 - 6 years or more, and goes through an extensive cleaning, steaming and drying process to improve its efficacy. Korean ginseng benefits include an increase in energy and is commonly thought to give an immune system boost, as evidenced in scientifc studies. Korean ginseng root is part of the Panax species of ginseng, which has the active ingredient of ginsenosides. Ginseng is classified by the FDA as a GRAS product, or Generally Recognized as Safe. Korean ginseng root is also available in the form of red ginseng tea and red ginseng extract for ease of consumption.
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Ways of having chemotherapy
This page is about the different ways you can have chemotherapy. You can find the following information
There are different ways of getting chemotherapy drugs into your body. The best way for you depends on
- The type of cancer you have
- Where the cancer is in your body
- The particular drug you are having
The most common ways of having chemotherapy are either directly into the blood stream through a drip or an injection (intravenously), or as tablets or capsules (orally)
Less often, a drug may be injected into muscle or into the layer of fat just under the skin. For some types of cancer including brain tumours and leukaemia you may have a drug as an injection into the spinal fluid. For cancers that are in a body cavity, such as bladder cancer, you may have chemotherapy directly into the cavity. Other much rarer ways of having chemotherapy are as an injection into an artery near the tumour or directly into the tumour.
For some types of skin cancer, you may have chemotherapy as a cream.
You can view and print the quick guides for all the pages in the having chemotherapy section.
To damage and kill the cancer cells, the chemotherapy drugs must be absorbed into your blood and carried throughout your body. There are different ways of getting the drugs into your body. Doctors call these routes of administration. The best way for you depends on
- The type of cancer you have
- Where the cancer is in the body
- The particular drug or drugs you are having
The most common ways of getting the drugs into your body are
- Directly into the blood stream as an injection or through a drip (intravenously), often using an infusion pump
- Taking them as tablets or capsules – orally
These links will take you to other pages with more information about these ways of having chemotherapy.
Less often, drugs are injected into
- A muscle – intramuscular
- The layer of fat just under the skin – subcutaneous
- An artery – intra arterial
- The fluid around your spine or brain – intrathecally
- A body cavity – intracavitary, such as the bladder, chest cavity, or tummy (abdominal cavity)
- The space between the membranes that cover the lungs – intrapleurally
- Directly into the tumour – intralesional or intratumoral
For some types of skin cancer, you may have chemotherapy in a cream.
Sometimes your doctor may need to use 2 or more methods of giving chemotherapy at the same time.
The links will take you to the brief information below on each of these ways of giving chemotherapy.
Injections into muscle
The muscles in your thigh and buttocks are the most common areas for giving intramuscular chemotherapy. Drugs you have this way are absorbed into the blood more slowly than intravenous chemotherapy. This means that the effects can last longer than chemotherapy that you have injected into a vein.
Injections under the skin
The skin of the abdomen, thigh and upper arm are the most common areas for giving subcutaneous chemotherapy. You may be able to give these injections yourself. This link will take you to more information about subcutaneous injections.
The video below shows you how to give an injection just under your skin (subcutaneously).
View a transcript of the video showing how to give a subcutaneous injection (opens in new window)
Chemo into an artery
Intra arterial chemotherapy means having drugs injected directly into arteries close to the cancer. This gives a very high dose of chemotherapy to the tumour, but less to the rest of the body. To have this treatment, you need to have a tube put into the artery under local anaesthetic.
This is a highly specialised way of giving chemotherapy and not available in all hospitals in the UK. The most common type of cancer treated in this way is liver cancer. The drugs are injected into the artery that supplies the liver (the hepatic artery). Intra arterial chemotherapy is used more rarely for other types of cancers, and usually only within clinical trials because it isn't yet clear how well it works.
The side effects of having chemotherapy in this way are generally the same as having it intravenously. There is a slightly increased risk of stomach irritation when you have this treatment for cancer in the liver. This is because some of the drug may get into the blood supply to your stomach. Your doctor may give you some tablets to help protect your stomach.
Chemo into the spinal canal
For most cancers, it is not necessary to inject chemotherapy drugs into the fluid around the spine and brain. But it is an important part of the treatment for some types of leukaemia and lymphoma as well as some types of brain tumour. To have chemotherapy in this way, you have an injection into your spine in your lower back. It is similar to having a lumbar puncture.
Chemo into a body cavity
Intracavitary chemotherapy means injecting chemotherapy through a tube (catheter), directly into a body cavity. It gives a very high dose of chemotherapy to the tumour, but only a very low dose to the rest of the body. You may have intracavity chemotherapy for
- The bladder – intravesical
- The abdominal cavity – intra peritoneal
- The chest cavity – intrapleural
Intravesical chemotherapy means having a solution of a chemotherapy drug into your bladder. There is more about intravesical chemotherapy in the bladder cancer section.
The peritoneum is a membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs in the abdomen (tummy). Intra peritoneal (IP) chemotherapy means having the drugs injected directly into the cavity inside the peritoneum.
This treatment is not used very often in the UK. When it is used, it is mainly for treating ovarian cancer that has spread to the peritoneum. There is more about intra peritoneal chemotherapy in the ovarian cancer section. Doctors may also use intra peritoneal chemotherapy to treat a rare type of cancer of the abdominal lining called peritoneal mesothelioma.
Chemo into the pleura
You can have chemotherapy injected directly into the space between the 2 layers of skin-like tissue covering the lungs (the pleura). This is called intrapleural chemotherapy. Doctors sometimes use it to treat lung cancer or breast cancer that has spread to the lining of the lung.
Chemo into your tumour
Chemotherapy injected directly into your tumour is called intralesional or intratumoural chemotherapy. Doctors may suggest this for a rare type of cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma. But it is still very experimental and not widely used. Research is going on into using this type of chemotherapy for head and neck cancers and some other cancers.
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Learning Center Search Results
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Introduction to Polish Research
In this introduction to Polish research course Cecile Wendt Jensen will dispel the myths that records were destroyed during the world wars and that language barriers make Polish research difficult. She will also give examples and suggestions on how to use records, databases and archives.
In this course you will learn how to research Polish individuals who were displaced during and after World War II.


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Jambu Waterbug Barefoot Slip-On
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Item # 256449
Take on the great outdoors in the Jambu Waterbug. From Jambu's Bare Feet™ collection, this minimalist and durable design was created with your comfort and outdoor adventures in mind.
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Another great shoe from Jambu
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Like bedroom slippers
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Rachel Zoe Danielle Bootie
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Go bold in the Rachel Zoe Danielle Bootie! This buckled bootie has a sky high platform and heel to take your style to the next level
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Fact or Fiction? employs graphic panels and constructible toy "nanobots" to teach visitors what's real in nanotechnology, and what remains science fiction. Learn about the potential risks and benefits that could come with nanoscale robots, and the challenges that still prevent us from creating them. Build a toy nanobot—what could it do if it were real?
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What Ever Happened to All-Natural Drugs Like Heroin?
Immune cancer! Alpha males! Child naps! Hospital sepsis! Kidney disease! Erectile cure! More diabetes! Designer drugs! And you won't want to miss today's fruit that will kill you! It's your Tuesday Health Watch, where we watch your health—opioidally!
- Scientists did a thing to "immune system" to make cancer die. I think they should make all cancer die and people live.
- Alpha males tend to dominate positions of power, but is their personality putting their long term health at risk? I hope so. Fuck those guys.
- "A Child's Nap Is More Complicated Than It Looks." Really? Lay down and pretend to be asleep or I'll wrap you in masking tape until you are a mummy. Doesn't sound so complicated to me.
- Hospitals are gonna try really hard not to give you sepsis while you're in there, because it could cause you to die and all, but look, hospitals are really busy okay, so just bear with them okay? Just have a seat over there in the sepsis chair and they'll be right with you, okay?
- Let me get this straight: you have kidney disease, but you still use NSAIDs? What are you, stupid? What are you thinking? What the fuck is wrong with you? What the fuck is wrong with you? Hey. Hey. Look right here. What the fuck is wrong with you?
- Healthy lifestyle changes like diet and exercise can go a long way towards curing erectile dysfunction. Not as long as a robot cock, of course.
- Okay so they thought there were only 285 million people with diabetes, but now it looks like there are actually 366 million people with diabetes. Hey, what's an extra 81 million people with diabetes? I'll tell you what it's not, is a lot of extra blood sugar!!
- The UN says that synthetic drugs like ecstasy and meth are now more popular than good old-fashioned natural drugs like coke and heroin. Ugh, putting all that artificial stuff in your body, I just can't imagine. I'll stick with the blood-encrusted speedball spike, thank you.
- Will that cantaloupe be the one that kills you? Yes.


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E-mail to a friend
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My meals yesterday consisted entirely of french fries
. All different kinds. No other food was eaten.
@Sugar – I prefer tater tots.ReplyCancel
Taters totsReplyCancel
Not a fan of Sweet Potato fries.
A Public Service Announcement for Women With Weak Vaginas
YouTube video, Why Lift Weights With Your Vagina
Kungfuvagina.com quiz to see if you have a weak vagina and how to sign up for an 8 week $550 vaginal strengthening course.ReplyCancel
Hash browns count?ReplyCancel
I think you can because you pan fry them @Reno and they fit in all dayReplyCancel
As long as they weren't blue waffle fries (and I have never clicked on FSP's links, I know better), you're probably OK.ReplyCancel
" I lurve me sum fried pertaters…mmmhmmm":DReplyCancel
What the eff is a freedom fry?
Anything like a book-burning?
When France refused to join us in our righteous petroleum war. Congress passed a bill changing the name French fry to Freedom friesReplyCancel
Wait. They actually passed a bill. Renaming french fries. To freedom fries.
I can't tell if you are jokingReplyCancel
I thought that was at Desert Storm when this happened..Damn I'm getting them all confused…ReplyCancel
See, we Canadians take our french fries seriously, see poutine tabernac! above, but to pass a bill…and spend money…ReplyCancel
Lol @ sugar. BBT in the only movie that made him A+ for a red hot second ( that and Annie Jo and her blood vial necklace…Remember when he demanded it back at the divorce so she couldn't curse him?)ReplyCancel
Anjie Jo spelchzeck…ReplyCancel
Fries are manna from heaven. Ohhhh, with cheese sauce! Or gravy! One of my carb-laden weaknesses.ReplyCancel
Wafflehouse covered and smothered…
Shredded potatos with grilled diced onions and smothered with cheese..delicious.
The only problem? I have never been in a wafflehouse that wasn't rat infested at 2am..it would make me seriously consider my home fried drunken state but then I would think about their crisp bacon and their eggs over easy…white toast golden brown…
Swirling the crispy potato's thru that rich yolk as I used the toast as a second fork…


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