text:
Type: Task
Status: Closed
Priority: Critical
Resolution: Fixed
Affects Version/s: 2.0
Fix Version/s: 2.0
Component/s: Web Services
Affected Branches:MOODLE_20_STABLE
Fixed Branches:MOODLE_20_STABLE
This issue is about the new web service infrastructure in Moodle 2.0.
Specification: http://docs.moodle.org/en/Development:Web_services
Note: This issue was previously about implementing the web service functions in Moodle 2.0, but it ended up to be more a melting-pot of our work on the web service design. You can find the web service functions implementation issue here :
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MDL-20806 Web service functions
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All of these subtasks need specifications and discussion before development
We have I implemented some functions as first prototype.
Howevere we need write access to the CVS, we lost it since the migration from sourceforge.
Users : granludo pigui tusefomal davcastro
All developers need to go here to reapply now: http://moodle.org/cvs (make sure you log in)
I've "accepted" request from developer "pigui" granting CVS access to "/contrib/plugins/mod/wiki" as requested.
Note that, in the request, "pigui" asked about extra-access to know where to store their WS-related code.... Martin?
Pigui, any progress on this? I can't see any and it's getting urgent.
we have developped for two years web services for Moodle 1.8.2, under PHP5.
They are available on http://www.assembla.com/spaces/MoodleWSPourGenDep.
On this site, you'll find also a PHP client and a Java client to test these web services and see how to use them.
These web services have been developped during a project name Bricoles and the PhD Thesis in Computer Science and Learning Sciences of Pierre-André Caron. See http://noce.univ-lille1.fr/projets/bricoles/ for the project and http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00156376 for the thesis.
The goal of these web services is to help learning design using Model Driven Engineering.
We (NOCE research team) have developped a Model Driven Learning Engineering workshop, including two free tools :
- ModX that allows to build learning design metamodels and model
- GenDep that allows to deploy a learning setup model on a learning platform.
GenDep uses web services to communicate with the learning platform.
GenDep already exploits Moodle, Ganesha, Claroline and Wiki MST webservices to deploy learning setups.
ModX and GenDep are available at : http://noce.univ-lille1.fr/projets/ModX/index.php
We have presented our project at french-speaking Moodlemoot 2007 and we will present the evolution of our work at french-speaking Moodlemoot 2008.
We are currently studying how to articulate our web services with those described in this issue.
WSDL description of web services for Moodle 1.8.2 developped by NOCE research team in Bircoles project.
Done... we have commited our work. We will try to work directy over the cvs when all of us can access it without problems.
There's a layer of php functions implementing the functionality, there's also a SOAP layer that implements calls to these php functions and finally there's a pyton client that connects to the soap ws.
Next week we will post more detailed documentation.
Some documentation about what's going on http://blogs.dfwikilabs.org/moodle_ws/2008/04/14/a-proposal-of-interoperability-architecture-for-moodle/
At the French MoodleMoot 2008, Frederic Hoogstoel, author of a SOAP WS with operations mostly aimed at creating "personnalized" courses from a learning profile determined outside Moodle (ie create/modify categories and courses, adding sections, forums, wikis...to courses and enroling/unenroling) , and me, current maintainer of the OK Web service implementation, that is more focused on "getting informations out of Moodle" (users, courses, activities, roles, grades...) have agreed to merge our two implementations that are really complementary.
Most of the operations he is currently supporting are not in mine and conversely.
We are really waiting for Ludo's implementation of " STANDARD list of CORE web service function" to start reducing our lower layer (server.class.php) that currently speaks (most of the time) to Moodle core API and in some rare cases do direct SQL calls ( such as when retrieving last activities in a course).
In the meantime we will focus on "merging" our high layer implementations that will finally propose about 80 operations, why names and parameters as per current OK WS 1.5.10 revision ( see wspp directory in CVS contrib/patches/ws )
More to come in future weeks.
If you can read french, our two communications at the Freench MM2K8 are here
Hi all,
I would need more information about your work on Web Services for Moodle 2.0.
I went to have a look to the contrib folder in patches/dfws.
Tell me when I'm wrong:
- Functions defined in the Moodle 2.0 specification are in the "apis" repository
- "inout" repository contains all way to access to these functions (SOAP, XML-RPC, REST)
- The repository mod is for module web services (not in the Moodle 2.0 specification yet)
- There is an api.php, connect.php and lib.php file in the project root repository.
It's apparently not the last version of your work, can I get an access to the last version?
Who works on what exactly?
Do we really need all this code for Moodle 2.0? (it could be a stupid question but I read somewhere that it was first based to work with Moodle 1.8)
Does the last code version follow the Moodle 2.0 specification?
For information, I'm still a recent Moodler, and not an expert in web services yet.
I'm a bit confuse, I'd really appreciate more information.
Have you a way to communicate easily? You can contact me on skype, my skype account is firstname.lastname@example.com
Last point, I can not access to the two French discussions. I created a "jerome" account on the French Moodlemoot website but I'm not allowed to access to these conversations.
Thanks a lot for your help.
I finally succeeded to get dwfs running against a test Moodle 1.9 ... First the webservice directory MUST be at the "root" of the Moodle installation, nowhere else ...
The excellent point about this implementation is that the WSDL required by SOAP client in generated "on the fly" by collecting all datatypes and functions declarations from the files present in directories apis/* and mod/* , but they use the outdated nusoap library. A possible issue will be performance since the WSDL will be recomputed at each call.
Currently I got some answers from :
- http://mymoodle/webservice/inout/direct/client.php after editing line 4 of this script to give an admin login/password or an user with manual access. The call mdl_course_get_courses_by_user gives no anwser for user id 4, where it should give 2 courses...
- the python SOAP client navega.py do work, but again I got no answers at get_my_courses.
- http://mymoodle/webservice/inout/soap/client.php does not run due to a broken nusoap.php file in webservice/inout/soap/nusoap , an hardcoded URL string and a wrong second argument (true)...
It is still unclear to me why there is two entry points (connect.php and inout.php ) and how the security is implemented , i.e how a single call to connect is required before jumping to inout.php and how inout.php reject unconnetd operations... but I am still searching
By quickly peeking in apis directory, I noticed that all functions that address creating or deleting Moodle entities (course, user...) do not check for roles... and call directly the delete_course() or delete_user() APi functions.
As far as the specifications are concerned it is true that the functions do not have yet the proposed names
but that could be easily solved. A more important problem is the parameters ; the calls only use Moodle internal IDS to identify the objects, where it is clear that for external information systems, these values are irrelevant. External system should not keep track of these numbers and talk to Moodle using "idnumbers" at least for users and courses. We have suggested in the specs that all calls should include a parameter stating what field of Moodle should be used to identify something, with a default to "idnumber".
I think Ludo's team should concentrated on writing the code in apis/ and mods/ directory, with the help of Moodle core developers, that are the most competent people on that matter, using the inout/direct/* scripts to test them out and let others take care of the real clients. Currently, people that already have implemented WS for Moodle ( Frederic and me for SOAP and Linux Box Corporation for XML-RPC) and eager to replace their "low level layer" that talks directly to Moodle API or do SQL calls by a set of well established functions located in Ludo's apis/ and mod/ directories
My 2 cents...
I forgot to say that there are some interesting docs at http://blogs.dfwikilabs.org/moodle_ws/.
Some entries are in spanish, but Google translator has been my friend as always
One more step to do :
Python client navega.py do work as expected if you add the table mdl_api_session to Moodle database.
Copy & paste webservice/webservice/inout/soap/base_de_dades.txt file content into phpmyadmin
CREATE TABLE mdl_api_session (
id bigint(10) unsigned NOT NULL auto_increment,
userid bigint(10) unsigned NOT NULL default '0',
username varchar(100) NOT NULL default '',
ip varchar(25) NOT NULL default '',
content text NOT NULL default '',
session_id varchar(40) NOT NULL default '',
expires bigint(10) unsigned NOT NULL default '0',
PRIMARY KEY (id)
) Engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='Store session data from usemdl_api_sessionrs migrating to other sites' AUTO_INCREMENT=1
So I start to understand how security is implemented. Operation mdl_config_login located in connect.php add a record to mdl_api_session table and that record is fetched back by inout.php and deleted by a call to mdl_config_logout operation.
In a prod version, database updates should be done by standard Moodle manipulations .
I played harder on current dfws implementation and start to have some good results with it ...
Attached a modified version of cvs:/moodle.org/contrib/patches/dfws/webservice.
Unpack it at the root of you Mooalde and read the README_IMPORTANT.TXT for security.
- My goal was ONLY to try to understand how it works and check that adding operations
was easier than in other implementations. That is TRUE !
- a basic api for categories has been added in apis/ to test adding operations.
Currently there is only one entry : mdl_category_get_categories(parent,recurse). DONE
- UTF-8 encoding of the WSDL is enforced if Moodle's database is unicode. DONE
- the current "security mechanism" by requiring first a call to mdl_config_login(user,pwd)
and then passing back the sessionid to all calls to inout.php has been removed since it does not work.
Anymore can call an inout operation that do not return a "complex type" such as mdl_user_add_instance
without authentfication. DONE
I would suggest that the sessionid be added as the first parameter to all calls
but mdl_config_login and tested against the database... like it is currently done in OK Tech WS implementation. TODO
-since there is currently TWO entry points (connect.php and inout.php) the service names MUST be different
to allow automatic classes generation by wsdl2xxx utilities without overwriting ...DONE
- for testing SOAP clients, see the directory inout/soap/testing and the file README_IMPORTANT.TXT.
correct some typos in first version attached.
Can an user with admin privileges remove the previous version. Thkx
In this subtask http://tracker.moodle.org/browse/MDL-13127 I and David are talking about the parameters for the delete_user function BUT the issue here migth affect all the API because
we should have a consistent way of passing parameters. Shall we debate it there?
I don't get it. Can you post an example when passing parameters is not consistent?
The technical specification (http://docs.moodle.org/en/Development:Web_services) should mention the parameters for every functions. Let us know where the specs are incomplete.
I did not explain myself - language issues - What I mean is that the way parameters are passed should be alike in all functions.
Absolutely they should be consistent.
I like the idea of passing an array of "field" -> value like:
array (
'idnumber' => '434343',
'email' => 'email@example.com',
'id' => '3'
Where they are processed in order. Does that make sense to all?
delete user with idnumber 434343
delete user with email email@example.com
delete user with id 3
Obviously this could delete a lot of users at once:
array (
'firstname' => 'Martin'
Perhaps we should allow wildcards too:
array (
'lastname' => 'Doug%'
Hmm... acording to this who do we delete 3 users with id 4,5,6 ... the position of the associative array "id" s is taken...
So how do we doi it? separating id's by commas?
My idea is that we should implement ONE function to do all the heavylift ( delet the user and the role asocciations and so on ) ... this function shuld be invoqued by 4 functions like delete_users_by_id delete_users_by_username ...
So it may be easy for the user developer and from the maintenance point because just one function
>In any order, and any number or items, where they are logically joined with AND in the function. Does that make sense to all?
So if you mean delete user whose idnumber is 434343 AND email=fred@xxx AND id=3 ??? :In that case is it too much demanding on the external SIS that will likely not know anything about Moodle internal ids and does not want to know about them.
And if you mean user whose idnumber is 434343 OR email=fred@xxx OR id=3 , it does not make sense to me either since, when writing processes to sync Moodle with my SIS it is very unlikely that I shall scan my database twice, once for idnumber and one for email. If in my place idNumber are the "primary key", I shall use it anywhere, if it is the email, I shall uses is instead, but never both...
I think Ludo's question is more :
-Shall we have ONE public operation delete_users (array of some info, corresponding field name in Moodle ) that could be called as :
res = delete_users (array(1,2,3), 'id')
or res = delete_users (array('CS27001','CS27002',...), 'idnumber')
or res = delete_users (array(jack@here,fred@ther,...), ,'email')
or res = delete_users (array(jack,fred,...), 'username')
- Or shall we have four public operations :
res = delete_users_byid (array(1,2,3')
or res = delete_users_byidnumber('CS27001','CS27002',...)
or res = delete_users_byemail (array(jack@here,fred@ther,...)
or res = delete_users_byusername (array(jack,fred,...)
and make delete_users private to avoid devastating calls such as delete_users (array(1),'confirmed') or delete_users(array('patrick'),'firstname')... unless you feel that it should be allowed
Also the question of wildcards should be addressed (permitted or not) such as delete_users (array('CS%','idnumber) ....
To me it should not be permitted to delete_users for safety reasons ; it that case we should request a true identifying id (unique in database) ;
in contrast it should be allowed in get_users . I shall be happy with a get_users(array(1),'deleted')
Yep, fair enough Patrick, though I prefer the field name to be first (same as get_records etc)
delete_users ('id', array(1,2,3) )
I'm not keen on one function per field ... that would get unmanageable rather quickly!
As everybody agreed, I updated the specs for delete_users() : http://docs.moodle.org/en/Development:Web_services#delete_users
I added some Patrick's comment into a TBD paragraph.
For any change to do in the specs let me know.
Thanks everybody.
hi all,
why not consider a solution based on SCA (http://www.osoa.org/display/PHP/SCA+with+PHP) ? Not only in this particular task (that could be the first dev) but also in whole next moodle dev?
1 y ago, when i started implementing a prototipal impl of a gateway between moodle and a student information system i thought it was the way; now i think it can be the way for moodle too.
what do you think about it?
Hi Matteo,
the proposed architecture consists of 3 layers. The first one consists in "putting the house in order". Meaning that we need a stable and consisten API to access to the Moodle core, that can be used for non moodle-core iniciates and that can resists changes (because we can change its implementation as the core evolves). Then we have proposed an architecture that allows to build diferent ws connectors. Because we don't one one aproach we want it all
So in this framework we can the implement thinks like the current oktech ws, something based on osa, or what my team did in the campus project (http://campus.org) with the OKI OSID's http://oki-project.org
Take a look at http://blogs.dfwikilabs.org/moodle_ws/2008/04/14/a-proposal-of-interoperability-architecture-for-moodle/ for more details and send us feedback.
Hi Mateo,
I quickly peeked at SCA site and indeed found some nice features such as automatic generation of a WSDL from a set of well commented php classes and functions, something Ludo is currently doing using the "old" nusoap library for his sample SOAP server, and me by hand (
So SCA could indeed be used to write the high level ws connectors Ludo is talking about. They claims to support a fair amount of protocols such as :
binding.ebaysoap Binding Documentation
binding.jsonrpc Binding Documentation
binding.message Binding Documentation
binding.restresource Binding Documentation
binding.restrpc Binding Documentation
[binding.simpledb Binding Documentation]
[binding.soap Binding Documentation]
binding.xmlrpc Binding Documentation
However I also noticed on their download page : "SCA is in its early stages while SDO has achieved a stable state. " , and that nothing has been released since august 2007...
Hi patrick, we used nusoap for a proof of concept development cause the guy who was coding it knew the APi.
I'm more into REST rigth now, IMO SOAP is not the way. But as I said I don't want any ws protocol... "I want them all".
I added some comments to user and course functions.
I would like to discuss about get_user and get_course. It's important to define what are User and Course objects.
I'm completely agree with Jordi.
First of all we have to define what are the user & course objects or instead of this define an array structure to start.
From a philosophical point of view, idl like this API to be COMPLETELLY INDEPENDENT FROM WHAT'S INSIDE THE MOODLE CORE. It needs to be independent from the implementation, if we return the user object or the course object and some darn day this changes in moodle 2.1 then... to the hell with the stability of the api. That's why we need to work with something like asociative arrays like MD suggested, and lock it. we can adapt implementations of the functions to each evolution of the core. but what the users whant is something fixed that does not change.
Please, pigui, put here a link to the working phpdoc that we where working yesterday and lets talk about it.
Hello All,
Would it make sense to add a "reset_courses" function to the list of standard core functions?
One of the requirements in our moodle implementation is to reset all courses by category at the end of a term. Since we have over 500 courses, resetting these manually would have been an administrative challenge.
We use the Ok Tech WS to control enrolments and retrieve grades into our SIS and have modified some of their functions to work with collections of courses under a category. We added a simple reset_courses() web method and since it it was a good solution for our requirements, I thought it might be a candidate to add to the list of standard webservices core functions...
Hello Ken,
Could you disclose yours modifications to OK Tech Implementation ? They could benefit to others while waiting for the official Moodle 2.0 API layer. Especially the grade part that has not been tested in production to my knowledge.
Hi Patrick,
I posted the modifications to the Web Services forum here:
Hope this will be of some benefit...
Hi, we here at the Moodle Partner company in Switzerland ( liip.ch ) would like to implement some web services for the quiz module. See
What is the status of web services for Moodle 2.0 currently? I've seen http://cvs.moodle.org/contrib/patches/ws/ ,which looks nice, but it's only an implementation for SOAP, unless I'm missing something.
We'd like to contribute what we do, but we're not sure how best to proceed now though. Assuming we develop these services using XML-RPC, where would these fit in in the CVS repository?
A little background:
For versions 1.4 and 1.5 of Moodle we developed a flash client for a customer; the flash client then talked to the Moodle via a custom script; the output was in IMS-QTI 2.0 format. This allows for the creation of very nice professional-looking "quizzes"; the user management, quiz and question details are handled in Moodle. This has proven to work very well. A couple of examples (in German / French only, sorry) can be seen here:
Back then, we had to modify the quiz handling and the question fields a bit (e.g. adding overall feedback). We'd like to update to using Moodle 1.9 / 2.0 and later, and get away from having to make core hacks to Moodle. The customer has agreed to opensource the updated IMS-QTI2-rendering flash client (which we will also contribute to the Moodle community, assuming that there's some way to get the necessary information from Moodle without having to make core hacks). We'd like to be able to get the necessary quiz information using a standard interface, that will not greatly change for each new version of Moodle. So, we're proposing to develop these: http://docs.moodle.org/en/Development:Quiz_web_services .
We would appreciate some feedback. We have a project scheduled to start soon, and would very much like to be able to develop something that the greater Moodle community can profit from.
Best regards,
@Brian Pleaase contact me at firstname.lastname@example.com so we can talk about this possible collaboration.
I started writing some documentation on Moodle docs:
About the web service module: http://docs.moodle.org/en/Development:Web_services
About the Moodle API: http://docs.moodle.org/en/Development:Moodle_API
It's still work in progress and you're welcome to participate.
Cool Jerome. We like this kind of structure. I'm creating a subtask to reimplement all of the functions above defined using this structure. I'm reopening all functions again .
I committed on HEAD an alpha version of web service with Rest implementation. I used Ludo Team's work as a base.
You'll find:
- A rest server is in /webservice/rest
- A rest client is in /webservice/rest/client
- Some User core functions are in /user/api.php
- The web service description for these functions are in /user/wsapi.php
The /webservice/rest folder also contains a lib.php file that check the web service description in order to call the core function.
Some explanation about the process can be find here: http://docs.moodle.org/en/Development:Do_we_need_named_parameters#Web_Services_.2F_Moodle_API
If you like to run it, go to: http://your_moodle/webservice/rest/testclient/
All feedback are welcome.
We are adding functionalities suggestions in the API discussion page.
Hi, I am going to add a kill switch for this feature - I do not think this should be enabled by default especially until we get some security implemented.
Please add if (empty($CFG->enablewebservices))
into each new script, thanks
Hi, here is a update about last days web service implementation:
- few updates on the documentation: http://docs.moodle.org/en/Development:Do_we_need_named_parameters#Web_Services_.2F_Moodle_API
- SOAP and REST client/server have been updated and works for basic get/create/delete/update functions.
- SOAP has now a wsdl generator
- A setting to enable/disable web services has been added into the administration
Many stuff still need to be implemented before to reach a "stable" API:
- access control (with token, session)
- SOAP: call the generator automatically and only when necessary, manage token with SOAP
- ful test of client/server for the user basics functions (optional parameters need to be tested, core functions reviews)
- implement an entire module core api and ws functions, as the forum.
- need to implement a third web service protocol
At this moment Petr will be working on access control and some core functions, Ludo team's soon on module forum web services, and I on SOAP, the full test and others stuff. I'll organize a talk between all of us.
Hello Jerome,
I noticed that since few days, updates to /webservice directory and /lib/moodlewsapi.php and all
*/api.php and µ:wsapi.php are not anymore mirrored to the european mirrors (with anonymous login) I use to use for automatic nightly checkouts of latest updates.
I have to use my cvs account on cvs.moodle.org to retrieve your work on web services and thus I have to do it manually every morning to keep the pace ... Surprisingly these updates are nevertheless available by anonymous http access on http://cvs.moodle.org .
Is this intentional ?
I am glad to learn that a wsdl generator is in progress, since in my SOAP implementation I have a wsdl2php.php script that generates php client classes "a la" java or python.
Patrick, all mirrors should be a complete copy of the main repository. I've been told there were some problems on some european servers last week. There could also be some delay for the copy (in hours).
It should work but if it happens again, I'll alert our new sys admin.
Brian King: I'm sending an email to you, sorry for this late answer.
Will any of these fix the pull/push of quiz grades into the gradebook for 1.9.2? Please refer to http://tracker.moodle.org/browse/MDL-18032
Thomas please do not post unrelated questions in other bugs. Tim already told you that your problem is not a moodle bug.
Groups are nearly finished, we are going to start with course functions.
Hi all,
I wrote a document about the current web service implementation: http://docs.moodle.org/en/Development_talk:Web_services#Design_state_at_the_16_Feb_2009
I explain some interrogation I've got about the design, the use of zend component... I invite you to read it and express your opinion
For people who didn't read the previous link, here is situation:
Web Service API design: I think it's good, we should keep the description array as it's easy to understand by developers. The only thing still needed to be defined is: how to we define an array/object parameter? It could be good to support it if we want to support multiple operations at the same time: delete_users(id1, id2, id3,...)).
I said it "could be" because at this moment no servers in HEAD need the description array for this kind of web service function. The current SOAP/XMLRPC servers support this kind of function but use phpdoc. And I'm not sure that a RESTful server would support this kind of function.
REST protocol: I don't know yet how RESTful protocol support multiple operations. Moreover for implementing a real RESTful server we would need to improve the description array (web service API need to know if the web service function is GET/POST/PUT/DELETE).
SOAP protocol: I like the zend_soap server (and zend WSDL generator) in HEAD. With an accurate documentation generator, it should be easy to create a client.
I think we should remove the PHP soap client/server that I created, as well as the WSDL generator.
XMLRPC protocol: same as SOAP
AMF: I need to have a better look, for later.
As usual any comments are welcome, I'm most that listening for advices on the REST protocol and also the support of array in the description (web service API design)
I talked with Martin and we should be able to get rid of the description array and have all the same information into the phpdoc. I'll come back soon to you with a solution for all the mentioned points (web service description + RESTful server). Sorry for the noise
I've seen the documentation.php file. I'm wondering how this file is integrated in the Moodle language system.
Hi Ralf, I think we need a webservices.php file in the lang folder. I'll add lang support to the documentation.php.
Hi I committed the new web services API design. It now use only the phpdoc. We generate the description array from these phpdoc now.
Here it how we need to write the phpdoc:
- @param array|struct $params - no change to this line
- @subparam string $params:student->name - student name
':' colon character indicates that the left word is considered as a non associative array
'->' arrow indicates that the left word is an object/associative array
However when we generate the description array, the non associative arrays are translated by associative arrays with all key starting by 'multiple:'. For example the description array for the above phpdoc would be:
description['functionname'] = array('params' => array('multiple:student' => array('name' => string)))
I'll update the Moodledocs with more information.
Web service task list
To be done for 2.0 release
- write all external API file (+ add clean_parameter())
- implement the token generation/checking with Moodle 2.0 Session into webservice/lib.php
Under decision
- our REST sever is not RESTful and use POST parameters. After discussion with Martin, it could be good to use only GET params for the "REST" server. However if many of you wanna a RESTful server it could be implemented. We would need to add an annotation to all function phpdoc (example: @httpmethod GET, @httpmethod PUT, @httpmethod POST, @httpmethod DELETE)
- implement AMF server => generate PHP value object class from the phpdoc (use @subparam and @subreturn annotations)
Hi Jerome,
Soap is not working.... there are some problems with the token.
I'm always geting 2147483647 (the bigest integer) instead of the hardcoded 465465465468468464.
The token must be a lower int value or a string.


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- Aim 4 Peace – Aim 4 Peace is a comprehensive public health strategy designed to reduce violence by supporting people active in their community and by connecting residents to basic services.
- Battle of the Belt – Battle of the Belt is a program developed to reduce the number of motor-vehicle-related injuries and fatalities among Missouri high school students by increasing their safety belt use.
- Yellow Dot Program - provides a yellow dot window cling to be affixed in the back left rear window as a notification that there is medical and personal information available in the glove compartment of the involved vehicle. This decal provides immediate recognition for first responders that could be invaluable in providing emergency care but also in the patient handoff at the trauma center. The program is free to the community and has been shared with countless church groups and senior communities.
- Mocktail Social – Mocktail drink samples are offered to employees along with educational material about drinking and driving, and also with mocktail recipes.
- Annual Injury Prevention Fair- Held at the City Market in the Spring, this fair provide information to help Kansas Citians avoid common, everyday injuries.

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37 element(s)
Workshop on awareness raising and capacity building on the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and its implementation at the national level
02/04-12-2014New Delhi (India)
UNESCO in association with Sangeet Natak Akademi Delhi organised a 2.5 day workshop from 2-4 December 2014 on the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Participants were familiarised with the fundamentals of the Convention such as the importance of community-based inventory and multiple options for safeguarding measures. The workshop also provided a training session by Ms Shubha Chaudhuri, a UNESCO trained facilitator. The case studies by organizations working with communities at the grassroots elaborated further on community participation in documentation, and culture based livelihoods for rural development. On the last day participants were involved in an engaging role-play exercise of developing the ICH inventory. They were divided into three groups – community, NGO, and government officials. The exercise demonstrated the perspectives of each group about other stakeholders, and challenges of working together. Another enriching aspect of the workshop was a qawaali and sattreya dance performance followed by Q&A sessions with the performers. UNESCO Delhi now plans to organise such workshops in different regions within India to encourage greater involvement of the state governments.
9th session of the Intergovernmental Committee
24/28-11-2014Paris (France)
Capacity-building Workshop on the Elaboration of Community-based Intangible Cultural Inventory
17/25-11-2014Bujumbura (Burundi)
A capacity-building workshop for the preparation of community-based inventories of intangible cultural heritage was organized by the UNESCO House for a Culture of Peace in Burundi in partnership with the Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture. The workshop, which was held in the Bujumbura Community Centre, has trained 29 participants from the Ministry and representatives of cultural associations engaged in activities for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage, in the methodology for developing inventories with the participation of communities according to the principles of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. The vast majority of participants had benefited in the past from training on the implementation of the Convention at the national level and were therefore already familiar with the key concepts and notions of the Convention. The workshop was facilitated by Mr. Domitien Nizigiyimana, expert of the World Network of UNESCO for the Intangible Cultural Heritage, and included a practical course of carrying out field inventory to apply the theory learned during the previous days.
This training was a real success in many respects. First by the active involvement of participants throughout the workshop, which particularly appreciated the practice through the practical course. The respect for gender equality and the presence of young people has diversified views and mobilize shared interest with regard to the intangible cultural heritage. Another lesson learned is that this kind of exercise helps to reassure communities that are very concerned about the uncertain future of their intangible cultural heritage which, according to them, was abandoned by the youth. Communities expressed great satisfaction of having been contacted prior to the workshop to gather their consent by asking to deliver their knowledge for the sake of the practice course and of having stayed together with the participants during the course which allowed a lot of exchange.
Training Workshop on the the implementation of the 2003 Convention
10/14-11-2014Niamey (Niger)
A representative of the Ministry of Culture, Arts and Leisure of Niger will open next Monday 10 November a five-days Training workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, with the participation of the Spanish Technical Bureau of Cooperation in Niger.
Organized together with the National Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums of Niger and the support of UNESCO, the workshop (held in Niamey from 10 to 14 November) is the first of three major training activities of the capacity-building programme implemented in Niger for the safeguarding of its living heritage. The training will provide participants with knowledge, tools and resources on the principles and mechanisms of the Convention and its Operational Directives. The aim is to help Niger to fulfil its national obligations under the Convention by developing a sufficient level of national capacity, both within public institutions and among the main actors of civil society and communities.
The workshop will be immediately followed by a consultation meeting on the national institutional and legislative framework of cultural heritage in order to discuss, propose and validate specific amendments to the law n 97-022 on national cultural heritage of Niger and the related decree for its application so as to ensure its applicability for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage in Niger. This consultation meeting takes place in the framework of the revision process of the law, an effort initiated by the national authorities in 2013.
The next step will be training on the preparation of community-based inventories of the intangible cultural heritage, followed by two pilot inventory projects in the field where the methodologies and tools conveyed during the training will be applied.
Workshop in Mozambique: towards a national strategy for the safeguarding of cultural intangible heritage
27-10-2014/01-11-2014Chinhambudzi, Manica and Maputo (Mozambique)
The Mozambican Institute for Socio-Cultural Research, Arquivo do Património Cultural (ARPAC), in cooperation with UNESCO organizes a workshop from 27 to 31 October 2014 in Manica and Maputo. The event will highlight how inventories of intangible cultural heritage are a key step for further safeguarding measures. It will further review the results of previous project activities to develop a national strategy for the promotion and safeguarding of Mozambique's intangible cultural heritage. On 1 November, an extra day will be dedicated to the planning of future activities of the framework project serving Lusophone African countries, financed thanks to the generous contribution from Norway to the Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund.
- List of participants: Portuguese
- Preliminary version of the Mozambique Inventory Report: Portuguese
- Programme 1 November: Portuguese
- Programme 27-31 October: Portuguese
Workshop on community-based inventorying in Myanmar
27-10-2014/03-11-2014Nyaung Shwe (Myanmar)
From 27 October to 3 November 2014, a workshops included in the project for strengthening the capacities of Myanmar for implementing the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage took place in Nyaung Shwe (Inle, Southern Shan State) and was dedicated to community-based inventorying. The workshop has been attended by 38 participants from different ministries and institutes including among others the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Transports, Myanmar Historical Commission, the National Library, Yangon University and the University of Culture of Mandalay. Several community members of the region participated also in the workshop as bearers of intangible cultural heritage expressions representative of the country's cultural diversity.
Facilitated by two members of the network of UNESCO-trained experts, Noriko Aikawa-Faure from Japan and Paritta Koanantakool from Thailand, this training aimed at equipping participants with essential knowledge and skills to enable them to plan and facilitate the elaboration of inventories of intangible cultural heritage adapted to the characteristics of the communities who practise and transmit it. The workshop also included two days of field practice within local communities in Taunggi, Kyauk Tine and Inle Lake areas.
Expert meeting on safeguarding intangible cultural heritage and sustainable development at the national level
29-09-2014/01-10-2014Istanbul (Turkey)
At the request of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, UNESCO is organizing an expert meeting in Istanbul, Turkey, from 29 September to 1 October 2014, generously funded and hosted by the Turkish National Commission for UNESCO. The aim of the meeting is to draw up preliminary recommendations for a possible new chapter of the Operational Directives on safeguarding intangible cultural heritage and sustainable development at the national level.
- Background note and agenda
ITH/14/EXP/1: English|French
- Concept note: Intangible cultural heritage and sustainable development
ITH/14/EXP/2: English|French
- Draft Operational Directives on 'Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage and sustainable development at the national level'
ITH/14/EXP/3: English|French
- List of participants
ITH/14/EXP/4: English/French
Review meeting of the global capacity-building strategy for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage in Europe and Central Asia
23/26-09-2014Sofia (Bulgaria)
After three years of implementation, time has come to take stock of UNESCO's global capacity-building strategy for strengthening safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage in Central Asia and Europe. Therefore, the Regional Centre for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in South-Eastern Europe is hosting, a review meeting in Sofia, Bulgaria, from 23 to 26 September 2014 co-organized with the Intangible Cultural Heritage Section of UNESCO. It will be the fourth review meeting of its kind after one in the Asia-Pacific region (Beijing, November 2012), another for Latin America and the Caribbean region (Cuzco, September 2013) and the third for the Arab region (Kuwait City, 9 to 10 May 2014).
These meetings provide an occasion to review the programme and upgrade knowledge on the most recent developments of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, while also introducing new training and guidance materials developed recently by the Intangible Cultural Heritage Section.
A group of 20 participants will come together in Sofia, including UNESCO-trained facilitators involved in delivering the global capacity-building strategy in Europe and Central Asia, UNESCO Programme Specialists from the Intangible Cultural Heritage Section and Field Offices and professional staff of the Centre. The important review and training exercise is possible thanks to the generous support of the Bulgarian authorities and funds from the Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund.
Joint training on the implementation of the 2003 Convention for the Dutch Caribbean islands
08/12-09-2014Phillipsburg (Sint Maarten)
Within the scope of a two-year project to strengthen the necessary safeguarding frameworks on the Dutch Caribbean islands and Suriname, the first joint training will take place in Phillipsburg, Sint Maarten from 8 to 12 September 2014, bringing together representatives from across six islands (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) for training on the implementation of the Convention.
This training will be followed by a second joint training to be held in Curacao in March 2015, covering the processes and framework for community-based inventorying of intangible heritage and subsequent inventory field exercises to be conducted on the six islands. A national training on ratification and implementation of the Convention is also being organized to address the specific needs of Suriname.
As a part of UNESCO's global capacity-building strategy and thanks to the contribution from the Government of the Netherlands to the Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund, this project is being implemented by the UNESCO Kingston Cluster Office for the Caribbean with the support of National Commissions for UNESCO in the various countries, as well as national and local stakeholders.
Capacity-building workshop on ICH community-based inventorying
05/15-09-2014Bamako (Mali)
Un atelier de formation à l'inventaire participatif sur le patrimoine culturel immatériel (PCI) s'est déroulé au Musée national de Bamako, du 5 au 15 septembre 2014. Cet atelier fait partie de la première phase du projet « Inventaire du patrimoine culturel immatériel du Mali en vue d'assurer sa sauvegarde urgente », qui est le premier projet à avoir été financé au titre du mécanisme d'assistance internationale d'urgence du Fonds du patrimoine culturel immatériel de la Convention de l'UNESCO pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel, pour un montant de plus de 300 000 dollars.
Organisé par la Direction Nationale du Patrimoine Culturel du Mali (DNPC) en collaboration avec l'UNESCO, l'atelier a été placé sous la présidence de Mme N'Diaye Ramatoulaye Diallo, Ministre de la Culture pour la cérémonie d'ouverture, en présence de M. Lazare Eloundou, Représentant du Bureau de l'UNESCO à Bamako et des représentants de plusieurs partenaires techniques et financiers dont ceux de la MINUSMA et de l'Ambassade de France au Mali.
La formation, première d'une série d'ateliers à venir au niveau local sur l'inventaire participatif du patrimoine immatériel, a réuni au total 20 participants, dont certains membres des antennes régionales de Gao, Kidal, Mopti et Tombouctou et des agents de la DNPC, et a été facilitée par deux experts du réseau UNESCO venus du Burkina Faso et du Burundi. Grâce à l'appui logistique de la MINUSMA, les participants venant des régions du nord ont pu effectuer le voyage jusqu'à Bamako et prendre part aux différents modules de formation dans les meilleures conditions.
Le patrimoine immatériel du Mali, une richesse nationale à préserver
« La compréhension du patrimoine culturel immatériel de communautés différentes contribue au dialogue interculturel et encourage le respect mutuel pour d'autres modes de vie. Il contribue à la cohésion sociale et aide les individus à éprouver un sentiment d'appartenance à une communauté et à la société dans son ensemble », a déclaré M. Lazare Eloundou, Représentant du Bureau de l'UNESCO à Bamako, dans son mot de bienvenue.
La crise sécuritaire et socio-politique qu'a connue le Mali entre avril 2012 et janvier 2013 a particulièrement ébranlé le patrimoine culturel immatériel du nord du pays. La sauvegarde urgente de ce patrimoine culturel doit donc demeurer une priorité absolue dans le contexte post-crise de ces régions. La connaissance et l'identification de ce patrimoine vivant fait de pratiques et manifestations culturelles séculaires, lesquelles sont des composantes essentielles du tissu identitaire malien, sont en effet cruciales pour le retour d'une coexistence harmonieuse et d'une paix durable entre les peuples.
La formation de 10 jours avait pour but ultime de définir les bases de la stratégie d'inventaire du patrimoine culturel immatériel (PCI) du nord Mali et de la sensibilisation des communautés à la préservation de cette richesse culturelle. De fait, comme l'a souligné la communauté internationale dès 2003 dans le préambule de la Convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel, ce dernier est le « creuset de la diversité culturelle et garant du développement durable » de nos sociétés et communautés.
Des modules de formation adaptés au travail de terrain
L'un des objectifs de la formation était aussi et surtout de fournir les outils techniques et pédagogiques nécessaires aux personnels qui sera chargé de piloter l'exercice d'inventaire afin qu'ils puissent à leur tour véhiculer ces connaissances aux équipes d'enquêteurs qui réaliseront l'inventaire aux côtés des communautés. Les participants ont pu explorer une multitude de sujets, tels que la typologie du patrimoine immatériel à inventorier, le cadre institutionnel et règlementaire qui s'applique à la gestion du PCI au Mali, la stratégie et les techniques de l'inventaire, un état des lieux des ressources du PCI pour chacune des régions représentées ou encore la dimension linguistique rattachée à ce processus de documentation.
« Aux participants, il permettra de mieux connaître les objectifs de la Convention de 2003 pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel et de maitriser les outils, les techniques et le matériel d'inventaire. L'atelier sera surtout une opportunité pour mieux comprendre la nécessité de sauvegarder, par les communautés, les ressources du patrimoine culturel immatériel dans nos localités marquées par la civilisation de l'oralité », a rajouté le Ministre de la Culture, Mme N'Diaye Ramatoulaye Diallo, dans son discours d'ouverture.
« La formation nous a appris beaucoup de nouvelles choses, car lorsqu'on parle de patrimoine immatériel, il faut dire que nous n'en n'avons qu'une connaissance très superficielle. Les démonstrations m'ont donné une grande satisfaction et je tiens aussi à féliciter les facilitateurs pour leurs qualités pédagogiques. J'ai aimé leur facilité d'esprit et d'expression et grâce à leur enseignement, je vais pouvoir continuer à me recycler », a tenu à souligner M. Boubacar Touré, participant de l'atelier et ancien Directeur Régional de la Jeunesse, des Sports, des Arts et de la Culture de Tombouctou.
Les modules dispensés sur le terrain, notamment avec la communauté de Sogonafing, un quartier situé en commune III de Bamako, ont permis aux participants de se familiariser avec les aspects concrets et pratiques
« C'était vraiment intéressant, le stage sur le terrain nous a surtout beaucoup appris. Nous avons acquis de nouvelles connaissances et appris comment procéder et comment s'adresser aux gens. Avec ces connaissances, nous pourrons mettre en pratique et former d'autres personnes sur le terrain », a également affirmé Mme Assitan Samaké, venue de l'aire culturelle du Djitoumou, région de Koulikoro.
Cette activité est en lien avec le processus de mise en œuvre du projet de réhabilitation du patrimoine endommagé du nord Mali, entamé par le bureau de l'UNESCO à Bamako en mars 2014 et constitue un pas de plus vers une cohésion sociale et une paix retrouvée.
« Le but des inventaires n'est pas tant de constituer un fonds documentaire à des fins muséales ou de recherche mais bien de permettre aux communautés, par l'identification et la définition de leur propre patrimoine culturel immatériel, de faire un premier pas vers son respect et la compréhension de son utilité dans le développement de la vie communautaire, que ce soit par exemple au niveau de la santé, de l'éducation, de l'environnement ou de la résolution des conflits », nous rappelle Cécile Duvelle, Secrétaire de la Convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine immatériel.
La prochaine étape du projet est l'organisation par les antennes régionales de la formation des équipes de l'inventaire des cercles et communes du ressort de chacune des quatre régions.
How to provide policy advice effectively?
25-06-2014UNESCO Headquarters (France)
What can we learn from other programmes and organizations to refine UNESCO's approach to policy advice in the field of intangible cultural heritage? How can we create synergies with the policy work undertaken under the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005)? These are key questions of a one-day workshop that the Intangible Heritage Section is organizing on 25 June 2014 at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris with the participation of its own staff and colleagues working on the diversity of cultural expressions. Development experts from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), UNESCO's Education Sector and the International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) are guest speakers. The work of conceptualizing appropriate approaches and formats to support countries in developing relevant legislation and policies for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage benefits from the support of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund and is urgently needed, as confirmed by the recent evaluation by the Internal Oversight Service of UNESCO's standard-setting work of the Culture Sector.
Curaçao national consultation meeting
24/25-06-2014Willemstad (Curaçao)
Organized by The Curacao National Commission for UNESCO in collaboration with the UNESCO Kingston Cluster Office for the Caribbean, a national consultation meeting was held on 24 and 25 June 2014 at the Jeugd Centrale Curacao (JCC), Curacao. The meeting brought together some 15 participants representing the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports, National Archaeological-Anthropological Museum (NAAM), Museum Tula, The Curacao Museum, culture experts, crafts persons and practitioners from Curacao. The objective of the national consultation was to sensitize stakeholders on the upcoming project 'Strengthening the capacities of Suriname and Dutch Caribbean islands for implementing the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage,' funded by an earmarked contribution from the Government of the Netherlands to the Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund.
Tunisia: INV workshop
21/28-06-2014Kerkennah (Tunisia)
National Consultation for Strengthening Capacities to Safeguard Intangible Cultural Heritage for Sustainable Development in Ethiopia
10/11-06-2014Adama (Ethiopia)
Review meeting: safeguarding intangible cultural heritage of Belize, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago
10/11-06-2014Kingston (Jamaica)
Second meeting of category 2 centres in the field of intangible cultural heritage
06-06-2014Paris (France)
The meeting will be an excellent opportunity for the participants to take stock of the recent developments in the life of the Convention and the larger trends underway at UNESCO concerning category 2 centres. It will also facilitate joint efforts for the integration of the Organization's medium-term strategy (37 C/4) and programme and budget for the coming quadrennium (37 C/5) into the medium-term and short-term planning of the respective centres, enabling them to continue to contribute effectively to UNESCO's work.
- 37 C/5 MP IV Expected Result 6: National capacities strengthened and utilised to safeguard intangible cultural heritage, including indigenous and endangered languages, through the effective implementation of the 2003 Convention: English|French
- Agenda: English|French
- Evaluation and renewal process: a case study (presentation): English-French
- Medium-term strategy for UNESCO's cooperation with category 2 centres in the field of intangible cultural heritage 2014-2021: English|French
- Recent developments in the life of the Convention and the Organization (presentation): English
Reference documents
- Draft Agreement concerning the Regional Centre for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Latin America (CRESPIAL) in Cusco, Peru: English|Spanish
Executive Board/General Conference documents
- Integrated Comprehensive Strategy for Category 2 Institutes and Centres
37 C/Resolution 93: English|French|Spanish|Russian|Arabic|Chinese
For further information:
5th session of the General Assembly
02/05-06-2014Paris (France)
Needs assessment and national consultation Workshop for strengthening capacities to safeguard Intangible Cultural Heritage for sustainable development in Ethiopia
26-05-2014/12-06-2014Ethiopia (Ethiopia)
Ethiopia is an ancient country with a remarkable rich linguistic and cultural diversity. This diversity includes tangible and intangible heritage with both traditional and modern cultural expressions, language, and centuries old know how in handicraft production. In fact, Ethiopia's cultural industry is perhaps one of the oldest in the world and is exceptionally diverse. The other intangible heritage of Ethiopia is equally rich with an exceptional variety including ceremonies, festivals, celebrations, rituals, and other living expressions. Moreover, eight of the Ethiopia's cultural and natural heritage sites are listed on UNESCO's World Heritage Lists attesting to the outstanding universal value of Ethiopia's heritage. The rich cultural landscape is further enhanced by the representation of numerous religions including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and other traditional religions. The peaceful coexistence of these religious communities for centuries is a testament to Ethiopia's social cohesion. Moreover, Ethiopia is a land endowed with immense biodiversity. Safeguarding and harnessing these assets would enable Ethiopia to capitalize on its rich heritage for socio-economic wellbeing of the people of Ethiopia and for sustainable development.
Ethiopia ratified the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2006.Ratification of the Convention was therefore, a landmark achievement for the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. This bold move gave the country an opportunity to conserve, promote, safeguard and develop it's cultural diversity for sustainable development. Coupled with it's existing legal and policy frameworks such as the 1995 constitution, the 1997 cultural policy and the 209/2000 proclamation which established the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH), the country had therefore positioned itself to harness it's potential in the development of the culture sector and particularly pay special attention to it's rich intangible cultural heritages of over eighty ethnic groups.
As a signatory to the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, the Ethiopian government was thus bound to observe it's obligation under the Convention and it's operational directives. Since 2006 and using it's existing legal, policy, and institutional frameworks, the Federal Democratic Government of Ethiopia through the Authority for Research in Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) began the work of implementing the convention at the national level. A national workshop to sensitize stakeholders on the implementation of the convention was organized. Later on Inventories were developed for the ICH of many Nations, Nationalities, and peoples of Ethiopia with much of the expertise for such undertakings coming from ARCCH. Ethiopia has one element (Meskel) inscribed in the List of Elements in Need of Urgent Safeguarding and a few others such as the Ashura Festival have been lined up for nomination into the lists within the framework of the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.
UNESCO's highest priority for implementing the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage is a global capacity-building strategy, put in place to strengthen countries' capacities for the sustainable safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) and for harnessing its potential for sustainable development while promoting broad public knowledge and support for the Convention's concepts and objectives.
The Federal Ministry of Culture and Tourism is the relevant Ministry charged with the responsibility of conservation, promotion, development and the safeguarding of culture of the Nations, Nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia for Sustainable Development. Through the ARCCH, much has been done regarding the implementation of the Convention. There is however, a lot that can be achieved if the Government lays a solid foundation for the implementation of the convention.
Morocco: inventory workshop. Marrakech
20/27-05-2014Marrakech (Morocco)
Myanmar pursues its march towards safeguarding intangible heritage
19/24-05-2014Mandalay (Myanmar)
The workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention provided an overview of the objectives and key safeguarding concepts of the 2003 Convention as well as the national obligations of States Parties and the mechanisms for international cooperation. Thirty-five participants benefitted from the workshop. Most of them took part during the consultation meetings in November 2013. Cultural Officers of seven out of eight States were present. Most of the Ministry officials who participated in the workshop came from the Department of Archaeology and National Museum which has conducted significant researches and documentation of ICH through the network of State Museums and Cultural Officers. The increased number of participants from the Department of Archaeology and National Museum resulted in a more productive discussion and allowed for more state (provincial) level inputs.
This workshop was initially planned to cover both the ratification and implementation of the 2003 Convention. However, Myanmar ratified the 2003 Convention two weeks before the start of the workshop, thus the two expert facilitators, Paritta Koanantakool and Noriko Aikawa-Faure, adjusted their training programme to focus only on the effective implementation of the Convention at the national level. The facilitators included in the workshop agenda a day-long field study visit in locations where the crafts and rituals mentioned below were practiced. The field trip provided the participants to understand the essential role of communities in safeguarding ICH.
• Bronze casting craft in Tamapawaddy, Chanmyathase Township, Mandalay
• Silk weaving craft in Muand Dan Quarter, Amarapura Township, Mandalay
• Nat spirit worship in Mandalay where four spirit mediums/practitioners were interviewed.
Training-of-trainers workshop: implementing the UNESCO 2003 Convention at national level
12/16-05-2014Trondheim (Norway)
In 2014, the training of trainers on the implementation of the Convention was the first step to build a core group of facilitators from Nordic countries (Norway, Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Sweden) who can deliver capacity-building courses for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage and for other aspects of the implementation of the ICH Convention.
Community-Based Inventorying of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Tajikistan
11/17-05-2014Dushanbe (Tajikistan)
Regional workshop: conceptual and legal frameworks for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage in the Arab region
05/09-05-2014Kuwait (Kuwait)
About 30 representatives of Ministries of Culture and UNESCO-trained experts from different countries in the Arab region will discuss with UNESCO and ALECSO the needs and challenges of developing conceptual and institutional frameworks for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage. The two international Organizations are co-organizing this meeting in collaboration with the Kuwait National Council for Culture, Art and Letters from 7 to 9 May 2014 in Kuwait City thanks to the generous hospitality of the Government of Kuwait.
The expert facilitators and UNESCO staff will stay on in Kuwait for a second meeting to review the progress and challenges of implementing UNESCO's capacity-building programme for intangible cultural heritage and make recommendation on ways forward in the Arab region (10 to 11 May).
Training of trainers in inventory of tangible and intangible cultural heritage
05/10-05-2014Yaoundé (Cameroon)
Le Bureau de Yaoundé a apporté son expertise et sa contribution à l'Atelier de formation de formateurs en inventaires du patrimoine matériel et immatériel organisé à Yaoundé du 5 au 10 mai 2014 avec 55 participants dont les représentants des 10 régions du Cameroun en faisant une communication sur la Convention de 2003, l'importance de la participation des communautés dans les inventaires et les enjeux de l'élaboration des dossiers d'inscription sur la Liste représentative du patrimoine culturel immatériel.
Résultats :
- Les participants connaissent mieux la Convention de 2003
- Le Ministère des Arts et de la Culture s'est engagé à lancer les inventaires
Perspectives :
- L'organisation d'autres ateliers dans les régions avec les communautés
- Lancement effectif des inventaires
- Appui à la préparation des dossiers de candidature pour l'inscription sur la Liste représentative du patrimoine culturel immatériel
Iraq: Workshop on the Implementation of the 2003 Convention
13/17-04-2014Erbil (Iraq)
Workshop on community-based inventorying in Dominican Republic
31-03-2014Baní (Dominican Republic)
From 31 March 31 to 6 April, the Dominican Republic hosts a workshop on intangible cultural heritage community-based inventories within the framework of a regional project for strengthening national capacities for the effective safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage in Cuba, Dominican Republic and Haiti, with the support of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund, thanks to the generous contribution of Norway.
Conducted by two members of the UNESCO network of facilitators, María Ismenia Toledo (Venezuela) and Enrique Pérez López (Mexico), the workshop brings together 30 specialists, students and bearers of intangible cultural heritage for a training on the approach promulgated by the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage to inventories and the role played by communities. The theoretical training is complemented with a technical part on data collection and a field exercise with the Chuineros of Cañafístol in Baní, in the province of Peravia, whose improvised songs in couplets are at risk of disappearing.
This activity has been made possible thanks to the support of the Vice Ministry of Cultural Heritage and the Cultural Centre of Perelló, located in Baní, which was instrumental in obtaining the Chuineros' free, prior and informed consent.
Joint meeting of the Bodies of the Convention
27/28-03-2014Paris (France)
Morocco: workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention
26/30-03-2014Agadir (Morocco)
Du 26 au 30 mars, Agadir a accueilli une première rencontre nationale dans le cadre du projet de renforcement des capacités pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine vivant mis en œuvre dans les trois pays grâce à la généreuse contribution de la Norvège au Fonds du patrimoine culturel immatériel.
Organisé par le Bureau de l'UNESCO à Rabat, cet atelier a compté avec la présence non seulement des agents du Ministère de la culture et des représentants des communautés locales concernées, mais aussi avec la représentation des Ministères de l'artisanat, de l'agriculture, de l'éducation et du tourisme.
L'intégration du patrimoine vivant dans des politiques multisectorielles ainsi que la bonne compréhension des concepts clés de la Convention du patrimoine immatériel auprès des différentes parties prenantes sont essentielles pour sa mise en œuvre efficace. Ces questions ont été abordées dans cet atelier de formation qui a été animé par M. Ahmed Skounti (Maroc) et M. Mohamed Ould Mohamed Lemine Beijeu (Mauritanie), facilitateurs du réseau de l'UNESCO dans le domaine du patrimoine immatériel.
- List of participants : French
Using Natural and Cultural Heritage in Sustainable Development – Synergy for Development
24/26-03-2014Bergen (Norway)
The theme of the international conference 24-26 March in Bergen (Norway) focuses on the UNESCO Conventions on World Heritage (1972), Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) and Diversity of Cultural Expression (2005).
The overall goal of the conference is, to explore synergies between the three conventions, how they can be utilized to realize their related ambitions and how other UNESCO related instruments, regional and national mechanisms and practices can be fruitfully implement as a whole.
The conference will examine the following questions:
• How can synergies between the conventions and other mechanisms and practices be obtained on the ground – what works in practice?
• What is the role of tangible as well as intangible cultural heritage and cultural expressions in contributing to sustainable development?
Target participants include researchers in cultural and natural heritage and sustainable development, practitioners in management of heritage sites and related instruments on the local level and higher levels. The conference will serve as a platform for exchange of ideas. It will provide:
• researchers with feedback on their findings and ideas for their work,
• local heritage managers with inspiration for new solutions,
• UNESCO and national level heritage managers with ideas for strategic developments,
Strengthening sub-regional Cooperation and National Capacities in Seven Southern African Countries for implementing the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage
18/20-03-2014Harare (Zimbabwe)
Within the framework of the UNESCO/Flanders Project on Strengthening sub-regional cooperation and national capacities in seven Southern African countries for implementing the 2003 Convention for the safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), the UNESCO Harare Multisectoral Regional Office (MSRO) organised a two-day workshop 18 – 20 March 2014 in Harare, Zimbabwe. This workshop brought together twenty-two participants from Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The workshop was facilitated by the UNESCO certified trainers in ICH, Mr. Stephen Chifunyise and Mr. Lovemore Mazibuko. Also in attendance and assisting with training was Mr. Marc Jacobs, from the Flemish Interface Centre for Cultural Heritage (FARO).
Workshop Objectives
- Train at least two participants from each beneficiary country on the scope and objectives of the implementation of the 2003 Convention at national level with a focus on inventorying, preparation of international assistance requests and nomination files.
- Define and agree on the specific actions aimed at strengthening policy, legal and institutional frameworks of the beneficiary countries with reference to the provisions of the 2003 Convention and the Operational Directives.
- Create and agree on project activities and timelines which will guide the beneficiary countries in executing set action plans and main project goal of reinforcing the national capacities for the implementation of the 2003 Convention.
List of documents
Elaboration of nomination files to the ICH Lists in Bhutan
04/08-03-2014Paro (Bhutan)
Inventory workshop in Mauritania
04/11-03-2014Aleg (Mauritania)
Workshop on community-based inventorying in Guatemala
25-02-2014/04-03-2014Guatemala (Guatemala)
From 25 February to 4 March 2014, the last of the workshops of the project for strengthening national capacities for the effective safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage in Central America took place in Guatemala City and is dedicated to community-based inventorying. The workshop was intended for the technical staff of the Department of Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Culture and Sports of Guatemala and for community members who bear intangible cultural heritage manifestations representative of the country's cultural diversity.
Facilitated by two members of the network of UNESCO-trained experts, Eva Martínez from Honduras and Enrique Pérez López from Mexico, this training aimed at equipping participants with essential knowledge and skills to enable them to plan and facilitate the elaboration of inventories of intangible cultural heritage adapted to the characteristics of the communities who practise and transmit it.
The workshop included two days of field practice in the town of Chinautla, 10 km from the capital city, whose indigenous Maya-Pocomam population manufactures with technical precision pots and vases, among other pieces, with mud, straw and clay. This traditional craftsmanship which is passed down from mother to daughter since childhood, was declared Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Nation by the Government of Guatemala in 2013.
Elaboration of Nomination Files to the ICH List in Sri Lanka
11/15-02-2014Galle (Sri Lanka)
Training on the implementation of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage at the national level in Eastern Cuba
11/14-02-2014Santiago de Cuba (Cuba)
From 11 to 14 February, the Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the Caribbean is organizing a capacity-building workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage at the national level in Santiago de Cuba in Eastern Cuba. The workshop will bring together about twenty participants from the eastern provinces and Camagüey. Bearers of intangible cultural heritage from the region, alongside members of provincial councils and national institutions such as the National Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage or the Cuban Institute for Cultural Research, will receive intensive training on the objectives and key concepts of this Convention as well as on the obligations assumed by States that have ratified it and the mechanisms it provides for international cooperation.
Organized as part of the regional capacity-building programme benefiting Cuba, Dominican Republic and Haiti and funded through the generous contribution of Norway to the Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund, the workshop will be facilitated by two UNESCO-trained experts, Adriana Molano Arenas from Colombia and Francisco Javier López Morales from Mexico. It will offer a platform where participants will reflect collectively on experiences and challenges in safeguarding intangible cultural heritage within the broader context of sustainable development.
Tunisia: workshop on the implementation of the 2003 Convention at the national level
26-01-2014/01-02-2014Matmata (Tunisia)
Training on the use of the mechanisms of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Lao PDR
20/24-01-2014Vientiane (Lao People's Democratic Republic)


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This A list entertainer (singer) is looking great and doing great, but not that long ago she was a mess and there is a video being sold which shows her having sex with a guy and getting urinated on. The guy is doing the selling.
You beat me! 🙁ReplyCancel
Kesha used to drink the stuff too hopefully she broke that habit.ReplyCancel
What a nice guy. The chick must not enjoy load on her face, so he washed it off for her. A true gentleman.ReplyCancel
Heisenberg is killing it today.ReplyCancel
Oh, Kesha. This is sad.ReplyCancel
Great item.
How rhe heck is one hit wonder k_$hit A?ReplyCancel
What the fresh hell is exciting about someone urinating on you? Or watching a video of someone using another someone as a lav? These things are not right.ReplyCancel
@Sugar, "RISING STAR" -I wish we could tell her noooooo,don't do it!! I'm glad she's doing well.ReplyCancel
The guy was probably English. Now where the heck did I set my ginger root?ReplyCancel
I root for Kesha.ReplyCancel
I am angry at the lack of blinds all weekend, especially since I wasn't around last week…
No wonder this weekend was such a shitshow on here
+1 I will produce it one day when I'm rich, betch!!!!ReplyCancel
Change this to A list reality star and it would fit Kim Kardashian also (or as someone referred to her last week as the' little Armenian urinal':)ReplyCancel
Maybe the guy wanted to punish anyone who tried to do coke off her naked body. Using "Count logic" is truly mind-expanding.ReplyCancel
Kesha and Lovato not A list. Xtina or Britney FTW.ReplyCancel
If its Brit then the guy selling is AdnanReplyCancel
I don't think it's Britney. If that tape existed Sam Lutfi would have sold it a long time ago.
I vote Lady Gaga.ReplyCancel
@Groggy: yer lips to god's ear. Like a Talk Soup/Tosh.0 type thing, but with a wife beater earing degenerate sitting in a lazy boy, drinking beer and smoking pot during the show.
@Sherry: Sometimes I'll just slip on some boots and run out side, behind the garage and pee. Other times I'll stand far back from the toilet, arch it in, and just walk forward as the pressure diminishes. A rare occurrence is hopping right into the shower and just letting it fly while washing. Bonus to that is knocking one out before the hard on goes away.
If you mean it as part of sex, right after cumming, it is easy to pee w/ semi or full wood. Gotta flush that sticky stuff outta there. If not stuff might get stuck together and lead to a split stream pee later on. That is the frigging worst. Clamping off yer dick, thinking, "What do I do? What do I do? Fuck this hurts! Screw it, I'll just towel off the floor when I'm done and throw it right in the wash. Aaaaah."ReplyCancel
Wait, is that like INSTANT STAR?!?!
Waits for NOBODY to get that reference…ReplyCancel
+1 only reason I've ever heard of her is DM. I'm older, but not dead.i don't have kids, but I'm an LA resident surrounded by tbe biz. I know not 1 song if hers. In my world, today and 6 months ago, she's a nobody. Not trying to be rude – I know there's ppl rooting for her. I have not seen anything noteworthy.ReplyCancel
And if u need someone to tinkle onu to make it tbe biz u should contact PMK. She's the expert on spinning that into a career.ReplyCancel
+ 3. Voting for me, taylor, and Selena.ReplyCancel
GWizzzz, I hate that fetish. (Except Laff when I think about KK putting up with dat sheet) I had to give up a sexy beast bcuz I got tired of having to try covert operations to get to the bathroom and lock tbe door b4 he could get there in time to wrestle over the door with me.ReplyCancel


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Douglas County has used the same game plan most of the season.
The Huskies like to play physical and run the football.
Douglas County rushed for 526 yards in a 64-34 first round Class 5A playoff victory over Legend Nov. 1 at Douglas County Stadium.
Nothing will change Nov. 8 when 16th-seeded Douglas County (7-3) travels to Boulder to take on top-seeded Fairview (9-0) at Recht Field.
"We've talked to our kids all year long about being physical and when you get in the playoffs, it is whoever is the top physical, injury-free team," said Douglas County coach Jeff Ketron.
Legend quarterback Peyton Remy passed for 368 yards and four touchdowns against the Huskies, and Ketron expects to face another aerial attack against Fairview.
Fairview averages 328.1 yards per game passing. Senior quarterback Anders Hill has thrown for 2,865 yards and 27 touchdowns.
"They are the No. 1 seeded team in the state," pointed out Ketron. "They are a lot like Legend at throwing the football around. They have a great quarterback, a great receiver and we just have to go play physical football. Obviously our offense will be our best defense.
"That's how it is whether it is college in the bowl season or the NFL, when you get to the later part of the year the offenses are better than the defenses. It's just that it takes a long time for offenses to jell, and when they do then they are successful."
Douglas County's running game jelled and spoiled Legend's first-ever trip to the state playoffs.
Trey Smith rushed for 216 yards and four touchdowns, JP Rubino gained 128 yards and a TD and quarterback Rope Ruel added 111 yards rushing and two scores.
"It felt good," said Rubino. "Our linemen worked hard on being physical and we tried to beat them down and it worked out well.
"We have to work hard and not take this being cocky. We have to focus on Fairview and just hit them hard. As long as we play as a team and work hard, I feel like we can come out and rush for another 500 yards."
Legend wound up the season with a 6-4 record.
Remy is a junior but the Titans' top two receivers, Elijah Cherrington and Cody Dengal, are seniors, along with running back Joshua Miskol.
Cherrington caught 10 passes for 213 yards and two TDs against the Huskies while Dengal had five catches for 99 yards and a touchdown.
"We had a good season," said Legend coach Rob Doyle. "It was our first trip to the playoffs and first winning season. We were disappointed in the result of the game but very proud of what our kids accomplished this year."


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Lung Disease & Respiratory Health Center
Breathing Problems: Causes, Tests, and Treatments
In this article
Which Tests Are Used to Diagnose Breathing Problems? continued...
Spirometry is a simple breathing test. It measures how much air you can blow out of your lungs and how fast you can blow it. This breathing test is used to determine the amount of airway obstruction. A methacholine challenge test may be performed to help establish a diagnosis of asthma. Your doctor will know which test is best for your situation.
In some cases, the doctor may take an X-ray to see the structures inside your chest, including the heart, lungs, and bones. A chest X-ray is a good test to diagnose pneumonia. It can't, though, identify most breathing problems by itself. For some people with breathing problems, a CT scan of the chest is needed. This scan looks for any problems in the lungs. A CT scan uses X-rays and a computer to create detailed images.
If you suffer with chronic sinusitis, your doctor may order a special sinus CT scan. This scan will be used to evaluate your sinuses. Once the problem is diagnosed, your doctor may prescribe effective treatment to help resolve the breathing difficulty.
Can Allergy Tests Determine the Cause of Breathing Problems?
Allergy tests may help your doctor identify the cause of your breathing problems. There are several types of allergy tests your doctor might use. One of them is the prick technique. In this test, the doctor first puts a tiny drop of allergen on your skin. Then the doctor makes a puncture with a needle directly in the drop of allergen extract. If you are allergic to the specific allergen, your body will react to it by turning red at the site. You may also experience itching and swelling at the site of the allergen placement.
Another type of skin test involves your doctor injecting the allergen extract directly under the skin using a syringe. Other allergy tests include:
- allergy blood tests (called a RAST or radioallergosorbent test)
- a challenge test, in which the doctor introduces tiny amounts of the suspected allergen by inhaled, oral, or other routes
These tests are used less frequently than the skin testing.
After performing allergy tests, your doctor may know what's triggering your breathing problems. Then the doctor will be able to treat your allergy symptoms more effectively.


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Jack Benny Center for the Arts
The Jack Benny Center for the Arts provides year round classes in art, music, dance and theatre for youth and adults. Waukegan Symphony Orchestra and Concert Chorus performs year round. The Waukegan History Museum offers tours, classes and programs. Special events include Ray Bradbury's Dandelion Wine Fine Arts Festival the first Saturday in June and the Joseph A. Favero Memorial Do It Yourself Messiah is traditionally held on the third Saturday in December.
Krannert Center for the Performing Arts
What Lincoln Center is to New Yourk and Kennedy Center is to Washington D.C., Krannert Center is to the Midwest—a magnificent showcase for the performing arts. KCPA is a premier educational and professional performing arts complex and is the setting for over 300 performances each year. A professional laboratory for the University of Illinois dance, theatre, opera and music departments, the Center also hosts internationally famous artists such as Emmy Lou Harris, Herbie Hancock, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Mark Morris Dance Group, and is home to the Champaign-Urbana Symphony and Sinfonia de Camera.
The Midwest Institute of Opera is Bloomington-Normal's newest opera company. Performances are held at Illinois State University's Center for Performing Arts Concert Hall. The Institute brings in opera professionals from New York City and participants have come from all over the U.S., Canada, Egypt and Australia. Operas are performed in their original language (with English supertitles) and all productions are fully staged and costumed.
The Sanfilippo "Place de la Musique"
Contact Visit McHenry County for information on tours. A private estate located in Barrington Hills, featuring the world's finest collection of automatic music instruments, including the world's largest theater organ. Private group tours or 40 or more. Charity gala events & concerts. A summer concert series and a Christmas concert supporting the Sanfilippo Foundation open to the public with pre-purchased tickets. Concerts include time to explore the Sanfilippo Collection. See website for details and tickets.
Light Opera Works presents a season of professional musical theater with a full orchestra at Cahn Auditorium.
This opera company specializes in a unique repertoire that focuses on works from the 17th, 18th and 20th centuries, performed beautifully in a small venue.
Lyric Opera of Chicago is one of the world's great opera companies. It is renowned internationally for its artistic excellence and financial strength. Founded in 1954, since its earliest years Lyric has distinguished itself by presenting the finest international singers, directors, and designers in classic and less-familiar operatic repertoire and in world-premiere productions. Opera performances are from September through March.
The world-renowned Lyric Opera of Chicago performs in one of North America's most beautiful opera houses, the Civic Opera House. The decorative character of the entire building is a hybrid of Art Nouveau and Art Deco styles. Comedy-tragedy masks and cornucopia of instruments abound as playful ornaments around entrances, inspired by the Paris Opera House designed by Jean-Louis-Charles Garnier. The famous painted fire curtain (depicting the parade scene from Aida) and the interior decoration details of the Civic Opera House were created by American artist Jules Guerin in a palette of salmon pinks, roses, olives, golds and bronzes.
Carterville High School Performing Arts Theatre
This 750 seat theatre features a full orchestra pit, large stage, air conditioning and convenient and ample parking for audience members. From a performance standpoint, the auditorium also features a large backstage dressing area and wondrous acoustics.
This theatre offers affordable, live entertainment, comedy, concerts, dance and family shows. Group discounts/theatre rentals; perfect for meetings, performances, fundraisers and banquets.
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A Tribute to Dorothy Hewett
7pm Saturday 26 April
In collaboration with the National Gallery of Australia and Currency Press, the Australian National Playwrights Conference will celebrate the life and work of an outstanding and inspirational playwright.
The audience will travel through the Australian galleries including works by Dorothy's artistic contemporaries and will be greeted by readings from her plays, compositions from her productions and anecdotes by artists and colleagues who worked closely with her.
The event will finish in the Small Theatre with a special champagne toast to a unique artist.
$15; Members/ANPC Guests/ Concessions $10
Pre-purchased tickets essential
email firstname.lastname@example.com
phone +61 2 6240 6504
For further information: Greg Marginson +61 2 6240 6524


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false pdp {"scheme":"product1_cr"}
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Can you tell me what this cami measures across the bust, both stretched and unstretched? My daughter usually wears a size 14, but is a bit on the chesty side. It looks darling, hope it can fit!
Age: 55-64
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2 years, 8 months ago
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Main Content
Facilities Operations
Our mission is to maintain and enhance the physical facilities and grounds of the university. We provide Southern with the designing, planning, construction, maintenance, and repair services for the university's buildings, grounds, and utility systems while providing the highest quality of service to the campus community. In order to do this, we solicit your help and suggestions for improvement.
Robert G. Sheeley
Associate Vice President for Capital Budgeting & Facilities Operations
Facilities News
Any disaster or unusual occurrence threatening life or property should be reported immediately to the University Police at extension 2-5375.
See: Emergency Preparedness at Southern
Reporting Problems With Facilities
Present the following information directed as indicated below:
- Name and telephone number
- A detailed description of the emergency
- Name of the building or the address
- Room number or specific location
6:30 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., Monday through Friday:
Call the Facilities Operations Dispatch Office at Extension 2-6051
After 2:00 p.m. on weekends and holidays to report emergency situations:
October 15 - April 30
Call the University Heating Plant at Extension 2-5498. It is staffed 24 hours each day.
May 1 - October 14
Call the University Police at Extension 2-5375.
SeeClickFix went live on 6/28/2011. SeeClickFix will help our students, faculty and staff to report issues on campus that need to be addressed in a timely manner. Our campus community can now report on the following topics using a computer on campus or using their phones (they will be able to download an app for their phone).
- Road/Parking Lot Issues
- Campus Sidewalk Issues
- Outdoor Lighting Issues
- Indoor Lighting Issues - Not Dorm Rooms
- Entrance/Exit Door Issues
- Public Bathrooms Issues
- Indoor/Outdoor Graffiti Issues
- Broken Windows /Glass
Our Web address is http://www.southernct.edu/facilities/seeclickfix/
SeeClickFix is Web-based and anyone can report issues from their computer or phone. The Web link and phone app are based on Google Maps and when you click on the web link or the app on your phone, Google Maps using GPS will pinpoint your location and show a street map of our campus. You then will be able to drag a red flag to the exact location of the issue you want to report. Members of our campus community will be able then to choose which topics to report and give a short description of the problem. On your phone, you can even take a picture of the problem and attach it to the work request. All issues reported will be viewable on our Facilities website. The requester and our campus community will be able to follow the progress of all work requests. Notifications (emails) are sent to the proper individuals who are responsible to respond to the work requests and to the one that reported the problem. So everyone will know when an issue is being worked on and fixed.


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MANUFACTURER: Bushnell
Review This Item
If you like spending time around water, but fishing your binos out of a pond or snowbank isn't what you had in mind, never fear. The BUSHNELL H2O 10x26 Compact Binoculars (151026) have a waterproof construction and textured, non-slip rubber pads, which give you a grip on the situation, even where it is slippery, wet and wild.
This compact model has an inverted porro-prism design for high quality and reduced size. The H20 series binoculars are O-ring sealed and nitrogen purged to completely lock out moisture should you spill, take one overboard, or simply run into foul weather along the way. Rubber armoring with textured pads gives you a grip in slippery situations.
Multi-coated optics and premium-quality BaK-4 prism glass maximize light transmission and image clarity. You'll quickly see how a little planning on the part goes a long way to magnify your adventures on and around the water.
Try Bushnell H2O Binoculars. They go where other binoculars can't!
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Rebels Odeon Gladiator Sandal
Sorry, this item is sold out!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
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Item # 278576
The pop of color on the Rebels Odeon kicks this gladiator sandal up a notch above the rest. Mixed materials and a strappy look make this flat sandal perfect for your warm weather wardrobe.
- Faux leather and patent upper
- Adjustable buckle closure
- Heel zipper
- Synthetic sole
- Imported
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April 18, 2013
Amazing flats
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April 10, 2013
rebels odeon gladiator
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IntroductionLatvia (lătˈvēə) [key], Latvian Latvija, officially Republic of Latvia, republic (2011 provisional pop. 2,067,887), 24,590 sq mi (63,688 sq km), north central Europe. It borders on Estonia in the north, Lithuania in the south, the Baltic Sea with the Gulf of Riga in the west, Russia in the east, and Belarus in the southeast. Riga is the capital and largest city.
Sections in this article:
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: CIS and Baltic Political Geography