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The 18-hole Jackson Country Club in Murphysboro, IL is a private golf course that opened in 1923. Designed by David Gill, Jackson Country Club measures 6014 yards from the longest tees and has a slope rating of 124 and a 69 USGA rating. The course features 3 sets of tees for different skill levels.
Keller's Crossing at Stone Creek
The 18-hole Keller's Crossing at Stone Creek (previously known as Stone Creek Golf Club & Resort) in Makanda, IL is a public golf course that opened in 2000. Designed by Jerry Lemons, Keller's Crossing at Stone Creek measures 6875 yards from the longest tees and has a slope rating of 140 and a 74 USGA rating. The course features 4 sets of tees for different skill levels. The greens are bent grass and the fairways are midlawn bermuda.
Just Add Water Bait, Tackle & More LLC
Just before you get to the Lake of Egypt stop in to Just Add Water and get yourself some bait. Break a rod? No problem. We have bait, tackle, and rods as well. Check out our large selection of multi-color baits. No matter if your fishing with minnows or spinners, we have it all.
The HUB Recreation Center is a 64,000 sq. ft. building where activities such as swimming, exercising, and playing sports radiate throughout the facility. The first floor includes the following: Lounge area, snack bar, gymnasium, first aid, competition pool, therapy pool, recreation pool featuring a water slide, lazy river, wading pool, party rooms, conference room, youth center, men's locker room, women's locker room, and family locker room, pool viewing area and on-site child watch for members. The second floor includes the following: Three lane running/walking track, cycling room, two group exercise rooms, free weights, elliptical, machine training, treadmills and more. We encourage members and guests to explore the state-of-the-art amenities we offer Southern Illinois and beyond.
Mandala Gardens offers pathways of beauty and hidden benches. Find quiet sitting spots, have a chat with our goats, chickens, and ducks, and simply enjoy the day. We have a rainbow variety of heirloom vegetables and potted herbs available for purchase when in season. If you are interested in holding a wedding or reunion or other event here, contact us for fees and dates. We also host senior photos, maternity photos, homecoming and prom photos, etc. for a small fee. The money earned from entrance fees and herbs/vegetable sales is directly invested into growing Mandala Gardens.
South Marcum Campground sits along the banks of Rend Lake in the heart of Southern Illinois. With plenty of unobstructed views of the water, campers are able to take in scenic sunsets as well as enjoy activities such as bank fishing, right from the campground.
A retreat center and summer residential camp with 1 and 2 week summer sessions for 2nd-8th graders just 2 miles southeast of Rend Lake.
They named Longshadow Gardens after the long shadows cast by tall Oaks, Hackberries and Sassafras across our hilltop meadows. Twenty years ago, determined to create fine garden ornaments and a great Garden, they purchased a neglected farm with breathtaking views, grottoes, waterfalls and limestone bluffs adjacent to the Shawnee National Forest. After clearing weeds away, they planted Boxwood allees, Yew, Dawn Redwood, Bald Cypress, Roses, Prairie and ornamental grasses, rows of Lavender and billows of Nepeta. Garden ornaments are nestled as focal points in evocative settings. Mown grass paths and shaded walks lead through a carpet of woodland treasures including spring ephemerals, wild Orchids, Spicebush, Witch hazel, and many more. They support our passion for gardening by designing and hand crafting Longshadow dry cast limestone planters and garden ornaments in buildings that blend into our rural surroundings. Their motto is Fabricia in Horto Nostro, Latin for "Factory in a Garden." In their factory they hand craft the finest garden ornaments and planters in the world. In Longshadow Gardens, they strive to attain fleeting moments of memorable beauty.
Mudline Lodging Cabin, RV & Campsite Rental in Southern Illinois is one of the closes rentals to Kinkaid Lake and in the heart of Southern Illinois in a quiet country setting. We currently have 1 fully stocked Cabin (Whitetail), 1 Rental RV (Fully stocked) & 1 full hook-up Campsite. Mudline Lodging is the perfect location for your Hunting, Fishing, Family Vacation, Romantic Weekend, or Girls Get-A-Way. We are able to fit your every need.
Prepare for a summer adventure at the full-service marina offering long term slip rentals and transient rentals. Water-ski, cast a line from a fishing boat or join friends on a pontoon boat.
A state-licensed hunting preserve, we provide hunters with a good environment and quality deer management. Also quail, pheasant,chukar and dove hunting available. Package prices available upon request for walk-in hunts, corporate & business hunts.
Pirate Pete's Family Entertainment Center
Pirate Pete's is an arcade with a large snack bar, pool tables, laser tag, and redemption prizes. Features a 2000 square foot laser tag room. Fun for kids and adults alike!
120 camping sites with electricity and 8 tent sites on beautiful Rend Lake. Full hookups on selected sites. Beach.
Beautiful campground on Rend Lake with 118 sites with electricity. Full hookups available on selected sites. Three picnic shelter areas (wheelchair accessible). One group area with 21 wooded campsites for $100 a day.
Include a golf course, swimming pool, and clubhouse. The dining room overlooks the pool and number nine green.
Clean, dry and heated pits. Yearly membership and day hunting available. Excellent hunting in fields (2 pits). Plus hunting in one pit over water. 3/4 mile on refuge frontage. Guides available.
Camper and tent sites, approx. 60 hookups; shaded, family-oriented camping. Only 2 mi. to Rend Lake.
Located 1.7 miles west of Illinois Route 148 on Grassy Road just south of the Crab Orchard Wildlife Refuge. Waterfowl hunting on 960 acres. Guides available. One of the top three harvest clubs in the southern Illinois quota zone.
Locally owned sporting goods store opened in 1980. Specializes in hunting and fishing accesories, apparel, and much more. Find decoys, ammunition, and archery supplies all in one stop.
Located on the west side of Rend Lake off of Route 148. Offers electricity, water and sewer, shower house, bottle gas filed, dumping stations as well as campers to rent. Owners: Robert and Angela Holder.
Hunt from heated pits over flooded corn, natural wetlands, food plots, and over 2 miles of levee controlled water on 100 acres. 530 total acres devoted to waterfowl hunting, excellent duck hunting. Corporate rates and custom packages available. Located 1 mile south of Marion on the west side of Route 37.
Duck and goose hunting, 1 blind, waterfront, decoys available. Lunch provided.
CITY:Creal Springs
Best Holiday Trav-L-Park-Benton
A private, family-oriented RV campground with 120 sites from tents to huge recreational vehicles. Peaceful, wooded setting close to all the activities at Rend Lake.
Campground with 100 sites with electricity located on Rend Lake. The Seasons Lodge Restaurant, the Rend Lake Gold Course, and the Southern Illinois Artisans Shop are all within walking distance.


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Cameras & Lenses » Cameras » Digital SLR Cameras » Nikon
The Nikon D700 Digital SLR is designed for the serious photographer, offering 12 megapixels in a full-frame (FX) format, and incorporating many of the crowd-pleasing features of the popular D3 and D300 digital SLR cameras. The Nikon D700 features a sensor area of 36.0 x 23.9mm, a high sensitivity range of ISO 200-6400, the Nikon 51-point AF system, Scene Recognition, auto exposure and auto white balance detection, as well as continuous shooting up to 5fps (or up to 8fps when using the optional Multi-Power Battery Pack MB-D10). Providing flexibility and ultimate image control, the D700 is a truly impressive piece of equipment. More
Please Note: This model is now discontinued and a new version is now available: Nikon D800 Digital SLR Camera Body.
Nikon D700 - 2 Year Warranty
To take advantage of the extended warranty you are required to register the product within 30 days of purchase. The camera or kit must have been distributed by Nikon UK & Republic of Ireland, through an official UK retailer such as Wex Photographic.
For details on how to register your product online please click here. Alternatively you can complete the in-box warranty slip or telephone 0800 408 5060 (Nikon UK).
Nikon D700 – Large image sensor
The D700 digital SLR delivers outstanding picture quality throughout its wide ISO sensitivity setting range, through the employment of a FX-format CMOS 36x23.9mm image sensor. The large pixel size that the full-frame FX format allows, ensures a higher signal-to-noise ratio, and the wide dynamic range and enhanced circuit-layout competently increases the strength of the electrical signal from the pixels.
Nikon D700 – Wide sensitivity
The wide sensitivity range of the Nikon D700 delivers excellent image quality at low sensitivity settings, and while at the high ISO settings, even up to 6400, the camera provides exceptionally low-noise characteristics. The D700 enables you to increase ISO sensitivity up to HI 0.3, HI 0.5, HI 0.7 and HI 1, the equivalent of ISO 12,800, and HI 2, the equivalent of ISO 25,600. You can also decrease it to Lo 1, the equivalent of ISO 100, Lo 0.7, Lo 0.5 and Lo 0.3, giving you greater versatility when shooting.
Nikon D700 – High speed performance
The D700 digital SLR has a speedy start-up time of only 0.12 seconds, with only a fractional shutter release time lag of 40ms – as seen on the flagship Nikon D3. The camera offers a continuous shooting speed of 5 frames per second when using the included rechargeable Li-ion EN-EL3e battery, and up to 8 frames per second with the optional Multi-Power MB-D10 battery pack and rechargeable Li-ion EN-EL4a/a or 8 AA size batteries. Compatible with high speed UDMA Compact Flash cards, the Nikon D700 is able to handle cards with a 35 megabyte recording speed.
Nikon D700 – Super Scene Recognition System
Nikon have made some improvements to their 1.005 pixel RGB light sensor, so that information from the sensor can be utilised to determine auto exposure, auto white balance and auto focus. The camera features 3D tracking in AF, so using the Scene Recognition System, the position of the subject can be tracked and the AF points are automatically shifted to match the movement of the subject within the frame. The Scene Recognition System also plays a significant part in the accuracy of the auto exposure and auto white balance detection.
Nikon D700 – Perfect Picture Control
Whether you are beginning your first journey with a DSLR or a seasoned user, the Nikon Control System enables you to create just the image you want by making adjustments to image sharpening, tone compensation, brightness, tone and saturation. The Picture Control System provides four fundamental setting options: Standard, Neutral, Vivid and Monochrome.
Nikon D700 – DX cropping mode
The Nikon D700 enables you to choose between FX format (36x24) or DX format (24x16). When in Auto DX crop (the default setting), the Nikon D700 will automatically select DX format when a DX Nikkor lens is attached.
Nikon D700 – 51-point high-density AF system
The Multi-CAM 3500FX autofocus sensor module which features 51 AF points is included in the Nikon D700, through which fifteen cross-type sensors located in the centre recognise and detect the subject, even with apertures as small as f/5.6. The way in which the 51 AF points work is linked to the Scene Recognition System. The Nikon Scene Recognition System aids the camera in delivering more advanced subject detection and focus tracking performance. You can select a single AF point from either the 51 or 11 focus points, and in dynamic-area AF mode, you can select from 9, 21 or 51 areas. The 51-point option allows you to utilise the 3D tracking mode, which automatically shifts the focus point to match the subject's movement. The Nikon D700 also offers auto-area AF mode, giving greater priority to the subject's position when selecting AF points.
(based on 34 reviews)
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Reviewed by 34 customers
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(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Superb camera, with great noise control
By Rupert [...]
from Cornwall
About Me Semi-pro Photographer
Comments about Nikon D700 Digital SLR Camera Body:
A great camera even now four years on, the D800 has a large file size in RAW and the video does not appeal. I think the D700 could run along side the D800 quite easily if you do not need the large pixel count.Quality is super, bulid is solid, speed is also fast. All you need to obtain pro results.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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(1 of 7 customers found this review helpful)
nikooooooooonnn d700
By ritzmen lawas
from sutton london
About Me Photo Enthusiast
what a piece of kit!!! had it for one year plus now since i bought it and but sadly due to work busy and conflict schedules i haven't been out shooting but if i got one i will certainly do . there is no regret of buying this, what an investment until now i am still loving it!!! best with my 24-70mm 2.8 and 70-200mm 2.8 vr 2.
(7 of 7 customers found this review helpful)
A Milestone
By Dan
from Norwich
A living legend, as rightly suggested by others on here. 12 MP may well be the perfect trade between usable file sizes and image quality. No matter what the digital trimmings, it's the big analogue slice of silicon in the middle that makes any digital camera fly, and this sensor is a proven winner on all fronts. Built to last, with the ergonomic on-body Nikon Pro camera control set. ISO quality that was unheard of in the days of 35mm film. Accurate AF and full compatibilty with most of the classic F lenses you might already have, and at their original focal lengths. Big, light gathering pixels that help make your image pop. It was a success on day one, and still a success now. Technology marches on, but this camera demonstrates that there's more to an image than pixel counts or digital features. If there are downsides, they are the big shutter mechanism that isn't as discreet as the D300 or the D7000. It's also a heavy camera, especially if carried alongside multiple fast zooms. In the digital age, it's not often that a camera garners praise from every corner, let alone consistently for three years at the pace of modern tech. It will be a future classic; invest in it while you can!
(12 of 14 customers found this review helpful)
A Legend
By Hartmanngrid
from Oxfordshire
Now that I am retired I can turn my photography to any aspect that takes my fancy. The D700 rises to the challenge every time.The real advantage of the D700 over the D3 is weight. I've never bothered with the MB-D10 battery grip because you just end up with the weight of the D3 - just have a few ordinary batteries in you pocket, a battery change only take moments.The D700 is a photographer's camera. It takes pictures and doesn't pretend to do anything else. The D700 doesn't have video. My feeling is if you want video get a video camera! It is a bit like using a hammer to put screws in, you can do it but a screw driver will do it better!The D700 is probably one of the best cameras Nikon has ever made. It's not pretentious, it is an amazing work horse - it won't let you down.
(2 of 7 customers found this review helpful)
Everything you've heard is true
By Lordbeau
from Berkshire
About Me Pro Photographer
The D700 is still Nikon's best camera at this price-point. However, 12MP doesn't really cut it but if you can live with that, as a camera it is in a league of its own.
(12 of 12 customers found this review helpful)
The DSLR that turned me Digital
By TimPix
from Salisbury
My F100 was all the camera I wanted, & needed. It wasn't digital though and customers wanted digital. Never having picked up a digital camera before I ordered the D700 as soon as it was announced. On spec and the fact that the many 14mm superwide shots that had won competitions for me would still be at 14mm.I've now run off over 60,000 shots with it. The metal bottom corners now a little shiny. It still astounds me and those who see it being used and the results. There's still things I'm exploring with it - ie the AF. I could never have afforded the D3. It's like comparing the F100 to the F5; in almost everything the D700 is equal to the D3. For the majority what it doesn't is more than offset by bearable size and weight and at least 1/3 less cost. The pop-up flash surprised me, both by its inclusion and by its usefulness. Either as a trigger for a slave in the studio or for just about enough to get you by if the flashgun goes flat or for fill-in effect. It can pop up inadvertantly during busy handling though, which is a nuisance. The big, bright screen (compared to others its age) is great for showing subjects and models.If there's a criticism, it's that you have to take your right hand off, and thus your eye, to adjust the ISO. That's on the left. Otherwise, the creative exposure balancing of the two wheels front and back become second nature and almost infinate. The D700 allows you to do your job seemlessly when you want it to, accompany you on your time off yet still not restrict you creatively.
(9 of 9 customers found this review helpful)
By Johnjo
from Aberdeen
Hard to find anything critical to say about this camera. It has done everything I have asked of it - and more - capturing images that I would have never been able to get with my previous camera (another Nikon). An absolute star performer.
(0 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
absolute stunning body value for money
By benoboy
from bexleyheath
Great for holiday or for my job as well.
(9 of 12 customers found this review helpful)
Just Top Drawer
By Russ Barnes Photography
from West Midlands
I thought about this purchase for months because I genuinely didn't really believe it would be as evolutionary for me as people said.Let me put it in simple terms - shots on the D700 at ISO 1000 look identical to what my D90 managed at ISO 200 in terms of noise. If you don't believe me, go and try it for yourself before you buy. This fact alone is worth its price - it means that you can shoot everything sharper because you can of course increase the shutter speed with no loss of quality where the higher ISO is concerned... just awesome.
(5 of 5 customers found this review helpful)
Fantastic Kit
By AirImage
from Prestwick
I have been using my D700 for 18 months now for wedding, events, fashion shoots and portrait work. Awesome camera. I bought it as a backup body to my D3 after deciding to go FX format. No regrets at all.Excellent ISO performance in low light and image quality, ruggedly built and plenty of camera set up customisation are the key factors for me. It is also more compact and lightweight than the D3 giving the same image performance.Although the pop-up flash is fairly puny and gives horrible results as a light source, it works very well as a commander for remote speedlights. This is one area where it beats the no-flash D3.The more expensive cameras (D3 series) have extras like dual card slots, faster frame rates, longer battery life, etc. These can be useful for professionals on more demanding shoots.Definitely a great investment if you have (or plan to get) FX lenses.
Please Note: Used items are not eligible for Promotional or Cashback Offers.
Included Accessories: Rechargeable Li-ion Battery EN-EL3e, Quick Charger MH-18a, USB Cable UC-E4, Video Cable EG-D100, Camera Strap AN-D700, Body Cap BF-1A, Accessory Shoe Cover BS-1, LCD Monitor Cover BM-9, Software Suite CD-ROM
Wex Photographic is a trading name of Warehouse Express Limited (registered as company no. 03366976).
Showroom: Unit B Frenbury Estate, Drayton High Road, Norwich, NR6 5DP. Registered Office: 13 Frensham Road, Sweet Briar Industrial Estate, Norwich, Norfolk, NR3 2BT.
Technical specifications are for guidance only and cannot be guaranteed accurate. All offers subject to availability and while stocks last. Errors and omissions excepted.
Warehouse Express Limited acts as a credit intermediary for a single lender, Clydesdale Financial Services Limited (trading as Barclays Partner Finance), a wholly owned subsidiary of Barclays Bank PLC. Clydesdale Financial Services Limited is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (Financial Services Register number: 311753) and is registered in England under company number 2901725. Its registered office is: 1 Churchill Place, London E14 5HP. Credit is subject to application and status.
© 2017 Warehouse Express Limited

subset: commoncrawl


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Verified Purchase
For those of you who do not like buckwheat groats, this cereal has an extremely mild buckwheat flavor that is delicious with fruit, maple syrup and organic sausages. A perfect cereal for those with sensitive stomachs. I've been enjoying this cereal for the past 4 years!
For those of you who do not like buckwheat groats, this cereal has an extremely mild buckwheat flavor that is delicious with fruit, maple syrup and organic sausages. A perfect cereal for those with sensitive stomachs. I've been enjoying this cereal for the past 4 years!
Posted by Reviewer1184822 on May 14, 2009
I can only tolerate a few grains and buckwheat is a great alternative to grains. This cereal tastes really great, I add a spoon full of jam in the mornings, but it tastes wonderful with pretty much anything. I can't go without it.
Creamy and good
Posted by nattfisk on Jul 13, 2012
I use this in my daily porridge, together with some steel cut oats. It makes the porridge lovely and creamy, it's easy to cook and tastes really good. I soak them overnight and rinse them properly before cooking. They do not taste as bitter as many raw buckwheat products do. You can also use these for baking, both gluten free and with wheat, barley and rye.
Wonderful breakfast
Posted by Reviewer2627242 on Jul 05, 2011
This is a tasty and healthy breakfast food. For extra protein, we add vanilla protein mix which makes it creamy, especially served over fresh peaches!
Best hot cereal ever
Posted by CoolinArizona on Feb 25, 2011
I was looking for something new in hot cereals and came across Bob's Red Mill Buckwheat. Although it says wheat, it is wheat free and gluten free. I was pleasantly surprised that it is so delicious and has the most creamy texture almost like tapioca pudding. Another great plus is that it is a great source of protein. My niece has given it to her 2 yr old who needs more protein as she isn't eating much meat these days and it was a big hit. Has become my new favorite hot cereal.
Easy to use and filling too
Posted by Reviewer2027897 on Mar 04, 2011
A little goes a long way. This is an easy to use wheat/gluten-free breakfast cereal, recommended by my nutritionist
Excellent for warding off pre-diabetes - full of soluble fiber
Posted by Reviewer2905303 on Apr 05, 2011
Good, healthy food. Prepare using half milk and half water. Once cooked, stir in vanilla stevia or Slimsweet (lo han)and maple flavoring. Can be cooked ahead of time and eaten later at room temperature as a snack food.
Great Stuff
Posted by Reviewer1729995 on Apr 21, 2011
Great stuff, I just add water and stevia to sweeten it, but it's naturally sweet so I sometimes forego the stevia.
Delicious breakfast cereal!
Posted by Reviewer1942804 on Apr 30, 2011
I eat this almost every morning, it cooks on the stove in about 3 minutes. I add cinnamon, some raisins, fresh fruit and milk. No need for additional sugar unless you want to add a little honey.
1st Time Try
Posted by Reviewer2763918 on May 04, 2011
I'm glad I gave it a go. It has a nice creamy texture. Nice to try something just a bit different from your usual hot cereal and of course, so good for you.


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Diba Tenith Sandal
Sorry, this item is sold out!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Item # dsw12prod4290031
Show off your colorful style in the Diba Tenith. With a sky-high heel, this platform sandal is sure make you stand out.
- Metallic faux leather upper
- Also available in a faux patent leather upper
- Ankle strap with an adjustable buckle
- Crisscross straps at toe opening & instep
- 1" platform, 4½" heel
- Synthetic sole
- Imported
- View more Women's Diba Shoes
By: Thursday12
Location: MA
April 07, 2015
Shiny pump
"These are shiny and easily scuffed. My left shoe strap is an inch shorter than the strap on the right shoe, but there are enough holes to work. I don't think anyone would really notice. They fit true to size and are not too high because of the platform."
By: Shaunna
Location: Columbus, OH
May 23, 2014
Not Quite
"These shoes are very cute - less chunky than I imagined they would be. They were a little high for me and the toe has no roll to it, making them too difficult to walk in. I admit, I'm not a pro in heels so I may not be the best judge."
By: RosemaryM
Location: Detroit, MI
April 15, 2014
"Really fun, exactly what I wanted. Love the "mirrored" finish. Only complaint is there is some glue on the side of shoes which is probably only noticeable close up because of the finish."
By: AshleyT18
Location: Windham, CT
April 03, 2014
So Adorable
"This shoe was a purchase for my sister wedding. It came in 4 days after ordering. Super sexy shoe Ill be able to wear it with other dresses I own. Heel is nice for support. Wish I could give a half star more the only thing is that the straps are a little lose to my foot and a few more holes for the top strap. Other than that the shoe fits to what my normal size shoe is which is a 10."
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11. Congratulate your ESP members when the earn special licenses and certifications required to do their work!
This one goes with #138 from the Ideas to Reach All Members thread.
It's not uncommon for our ESP members to earn special certificates and licenses in order to perform their jobs. For example, custodians require special certifications and licenses to maintain certain pieces of equipment, etc. Oftentimes these qualifications are not easy to achieve.
When the certifications and licenses are awarded, remember to thank your ESP members for earning the credentials. Consider celebrating them at a faculty meeting or special party. Promote their work in your association newsletter, website, or social media resources.
For example, here's an article from the NJEA Reporter that recognizes school bus drivers on their safety and security training (page 5): http://www.njea.org/pdfs/Reporter_March2008.pdf?1389154004843
Also see this article on page 3: http://www.njea.org/pdfs/Reporter_Feb06.pdf?1389156503125
Here's another article on page 20: http://www.njea.org/pdfs/Reporter_Jan04.pdf?1389159782544


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Rachel Zoe Dora Bootie
Sorry, this item is sold out!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Item # 276886
Be bold in black and gold! There's no better color combo out there right now, so jump aboard the hottest trend in the fiercely fabulous Dora bootie by Rachel Zoe.
- Suede upper
- Side button accents on cuff
- Back zipper
- 1¾" platform, 5½" stacked heel
- Synthetic sole
- Imported
Tell us what you think!
Everyone has an opinion. Here's your chance to share yours! Be the first to write a review of this product and help your fellow shoppers pick the best of the best.


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Inter Milan 2007 home black short.designed with royal blue stripe coming down on each side.3D crest and embrpoidered Nike swoosh in front.Features elastic waist with inner liner and inner draw string.100% polyester.
Soccerplus first opened in 1994. We were one of the first soccer websites to hit the webView more
Address: 1640 E. Washington Blvd.
Pasadena, Ca 91104, USA
Phone: 1-800-945-7291
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Showing 1-24 of 110 items found in Places to Stay
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Two-bedroom (can rent as a one-bedroom) townhouse with a golf course view in the Galena Territory near Eagle Ridge Resort. Pull-out sofa, washer/dryer, HDTV & WiFi. Call/e-mail for reservations, brochure.
Located on Main Street with private parking, 305 North provides the best lodging downtown Galena has to offer. Newly-remodeled suites make your stay most enjoyable. Inquire about groups.
Providing 29 beautiful, affordable vacation rental homes, most with hot tubs & pool tables! Whatever the size of your group, we have a home that will make your Galena getaway special.
Galena Territory-Apple Canyon Lake country homes. Large selection of 1-5 bedroom homes in the popular Galena resort areas. Adjacent homes available for large groups. Swimming, golfing, fishing, horseback riding.
Aalto's Station House Cottages at Irish Hollow
Delivered gourmet breakfast by a wood burning fireplace, hiking trails, relaxing massage, seasonal packages, beautiful gardens, seven-course candlelight dinners, lush furnishings and amenities, all nestled in a gorgeous countryside setting.
Aaron's Cottages & Cabins at the Goldmoor
Luxurious cottages and cabins on the magnificent Goldmoor estate overlooking the Mississippi River and featuring elite amenities, dining, spa services and beautiful gardens.
Abbey's High St. Bed & Breakfast
Elegant award-winning 1850s mansion. Relaxing English gardens, gazebo, porches & parlors. Breathtaking views, walk to downtown. Antique décor, canopy beds, finest linens, Jacuzzis, fireplaces. Complimentary breakfast, beverage bar and chocolates.
Abe's Spring Street Guest House
Historic Galena icehouse with private spacious suites offering romance, comfort, relaxation. King beds. VCR/DVD, hot tub, Glaze & Graze, patio deck. Library, reading lamps, pottery gallery on-site. Walk to downtown.
Our secluded home sits high above it all on Cogan Drive in Galena Territory. It is surrounded by forest on three sides and has two decks, overlooking 10-15 miles of trees, farmland and pastures. It is located very close to the Owners Club pool and recreation facility and very close to the Marina. At the Marina one can rent row boats and pontoons for relaxation or fishing. Right outside our home and running through the entire territory are miles and miles of trails that are perfect for hiking and cross-country skiing. We are 2 minutes from the championship golf courses located at the resort. We are 10-15 minutes from the downhill skiing at Chestnut Mountain. We are 10 minutes from the quaint restaurants and shopping of downtown Galena. Also, located in the area are wineries and Kayaking facilities.
Walk the floors shared by Lincoln and Grant in this 1845 home. Stroll the gardens where Grant trained his troops. Relax in the screened porch or in the cozy parlor. Walking distance to Main Street, our inn has five beautifully decorated guest rooms, several with fireplaces and views of our garden.
Alice's Snyder House was built in 1856 and retains the charm of a bygone era. Decorated with many antique treasures, each room has a unique personality, perfect for a stay in the area.
Boyhood estate of Civil War General Augustus Chetlain. Five 1800s original log cabins boast rustic charm, double whirlpools, wood burning fireplaces, full baths, satellite TV/DVD, mini-fridges, microwaves, coffeemakers. Pets welcome!
We offer upscale vacation rental homes (three-five bedrooms) with an attention to detail that will make you smile. Clean homes, comfortable beds and competitive rates.
This romantic 1846 mansion welcomes you to its whispers of the past and its unique historical experience. Beautiful new luxurious bathrooms, finest linens and antiques, yet casual and comfortable.
Harvest Home is nestled in a secluded area of The Galena Territory, 10 minutes to Galena's historic Main Street. The Territory offers great views, activities, and peace and quiet.
Enjoy lodging in our 1848 bed-and-breakfast. Park your vehicle and stroll the two blocks to shopping, sites and restaurants. Full breakfast and a home-baked dessert in the evening. Reduced rates Sunday-Thursday.
Belle Aire Mansion and Guest House
Experience true hospitality with innkeepers who have been welcoming guests for 25 years! Find peaceful contentment and history in one of Galena's oldest (1836) homes. Whirlpool/fireplace suites available.
Winner of 'Best Breakfast' and 'Best Innkeeper' awards! This 1858 mansion across from Grant's home, is a short walk to town. Bottomless chocolate chip cookies, ice cream bars, popcorn and dessert. Our B&B is the perfect place for weddings or private parties.
Best Western Designer Inn and Suites
Standard rooms have spacious living areas, microwaves and refrigerators. Most rooms have private balconies or patios, some have fireplaces. Whirlpool and theme rooms available. Indoor/year-round outdoor pool and hot tub.
A beautiful vacation home located on a wooded lot with great views in the Galena Territory. Sleeps 10 (one king, four queens, one queen sofa sleeper, two twin futons), satellite TV, game room with electronic darts, foosball, arcade video game.
Located in the heart of Northwestern Illinois and close to the Mississippi River, we are a sportsman's dream lodging location whether you are hunting, boating, fishing or bird watching. We are handicap accessible and offer queen and double beds and direct TV. Just 4 miles north of the Mississippi Palisades State Park.
Blanding Landing Recreation Area
Located on Mississippi River. Camping, fishing/boating accessibility, playground, potable water, showers, flush toilets. Class A campground, 50-amp electric. Reservations accepted.
High on the bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River, these uniquely built log cabins can sleep six and are situated right next to the Mississippi Palisades State Park with nature trails connecting the two. Cabins have 1 or 2 lofts, bathroom with shower, kitchens, heat/AC and TV. Open year around.
Brierwreath Manor Bed & Breakfast
Elegant Queen Anne with wraparound porch located one block from Main Street. Antique furnishings, queen and twin beds, hot/cold drink buffet and homemade chocolate chip cookies for your comfort.


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Today Blizzard announced Diablo III:
"wo decades have passed since the demonic denizens, Diablo, Mephisto, and Baal, wandered the world of Sanctuary in a vicious rampage to shackle humanity into unholy slavery. Yet for those who battled the Prime Evils directly, the memory fades slowly and the wounds of the soul still burn.
When Deckard Cain returns to the ruins of Tristram's Cathedral seeking clues to new stirrings of evil, a comet from the heavens strikes the very ground where Diablo once entered the world. The comet carries a dark omen in its fiery being and it calls the heroes of Sanctuary to defend the mortal world against the rising powers of the Burning Hells--and even the failing luminaries of the High Heavens itself.
* Explore a fully-realized Sanctuary--the living, breathing gothic fantasy world of Diablo III rendered in gorgeous 3D.
* Battle the unholy forces of the Burning Hells with all-new character classes like the otherworldly Witch Doctor, or with re-imagined warriors from Diablo's past: such as the fierce Barbarian.
* Rain Hell on your enemies wielding the interactive environment as a weapon: lay cunning traps, turn destructible objects against your foes, and use environmental obstacles to your advantage--all powered by the Havoc physics system.
* Experience the intensity of multiplayer Diablo III over an all-new, wickedly-enhanced Battle.net platform with numerous enhancements to make connecting with your friends easier--and cooperative gameplay more fun. "
Here is a link to several videos include an awesome teaser trailer:
I can't wait...I was a HUGE fan of the first two! What are your thoughts? Memories or moments of previous versions? Things you'd like to see in the 3rd? Speak people!


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This year, nearly 30 faculty members and administrators will volunteer to serve as First-Year Advisors for Detroit Mercy Law's JD and Dual JD students. What does this mean to you? It means that your advisor will contact you to arrange a time to visit. Detroit Mercy Law's First-Year Advising Program does not focus solely on academic advising, but also on helping students succeed in their first year, become fully engaged with the law school, and enjoy their legal education.
Your advisor will e-mail you using your Detroit Mercy Law e-mail address; please check your e-mail frequently and please reply to your advisor.


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5/29/12 Anti-Sharia activist, blogger and media personality Pam Geller; Chris Hayes apologizes; Can Ted Cruz win his primary in Texas? Join us tonight at 10pmET, 7pm Pacific on the CDNews Network on Blogtalk Radio.
Update: Orange County Republican and candidate for County Supervisor Todd Spitzer will join us to discuss his race against Deborah Pauly and the ensuing controversy. 7:30Pacific


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Measure the mashed bananas carefully. Using too much banana makes the cake sink and gives it a gummy texture.
Bananas and chocolate are a great flavor combination. You can frost this moist, tasty cake with Betty Crocker® Rich & Creamy chocolate frosting.
This cake makes a great banana sundae. Split each cake serving horizontally in half and add your favorite ice cream on the bottom half. Cover with top of cake and drizzle with chocolate and caramel toppings. Add a maraschino cherry with a stem, if you like.


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1Michael Ford, 1Richard Jones, 1Ravi Amunugama, 1David Allen1MS Bioworks, 3950 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A. 48108
2Jacqui Mendez, 2Nancy Murphy, 2Marie Schwinn, 2Hélène Benink, 2Danette L. Daniels, and 2Marjeta Urh2Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, WI U.S.A. 53711
The understanding of protein complex assembly and mapping of protein interactions has rapidly grown in recent years due to significant advances in mass spectrometry. As experiments turn toward characterization of the human proteome and the complexity it presents, a need remains to efficiently capture complexes intact, particularly weak or transient interactors as well as large multiprotein complexes. Here we present a new technology based upon the use of a protein fusion tag, termed HaloTag, which allows for highly specific and covalent immobilization of proteins complexes, as well as the ability to do correlative cellular localization studies using fluorescent ligands. In studies presented here, this technology was used to further understanding of the multi-protein Mediator complex assemblies and their cellular function.
Download the poster
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Accommodations are available during Oberlin College Conservatory Auditions to be held on February 11, 17, 18 and 25 as well as March 2 and 3, 2012. For available room options, please visit our Accommodations page.
5 Corners is perfect place for your son or daughter to retreat either before or after their audition. Situated just 15 minutes north of Oberlin, 5 Corners is conveniently located minutes from the Ohio Turnpike, Interstate 80, Interstate 90 and State Route 2. Also enjoy the many restaurants and entertainment options within walking distance from the inn.
The staff of 5 Corners will work with you to provide the best accommodations possible during this very important audition. Have an early audition? Try one of our breakfast-to-go's. They are included in the room rate along with off street parking, complimentary WIFI, snack basket and soft drinks.


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Qaisra Khan, exhibition project curator
The exhibition Hajj: journey to the heart of Islam is now installed inside the Reading Room of the Great Court. It's the result of many, many months of work by not only the curators of the exhibition but also the project managers, conservators, museum assistants, the display, mounting, lighting designers, digital media design teams, graphic designers, construction teams, and art transportation companies! With everybody making sure all objects arrive safely and unpacking and putting them safely into their respective cases, this was truly a team effort. To get all of the objects displayed inside the exhibition space took over a month…and it's finally ready!
Although as curators we had carefully selected each of the objects that feature in the exhibition, some of the objects travelled from far flung places and we had never seen them in the flesh before. Being close to these objects while they were being installed was a wonderful experience – they all surpassed our expectations! The scope of the exhibition, with 40 lenders from 13 different locations from around the world, is vast – and it has been an amazing achievement to get such wonderful objects together to represent the story of Hajj.
I was completely amazed, for example, by the wonderful Hajj banner from the Harvard Art Museum made out of beautiful scarlet red silk, which measures 369.5cm x 190.5cm. Dated 1683, it tells the story of the movement of Hajj caravans. This banner was carried from North Africa, which was part of the Ottoman Empire, by members of the Qadiriyya Sufi order on Hajj. It is a striking object which would have been seen by pilgrims from a great distance, decorated with floral patterns typical of the Ottoman era. The inscriptions in the North African style of script, known as Maghribi, clearly confirm its use on Hajj. In the 17th century this must have been a splendid beacon to guide pilgrims who were traversing great distances to reach the place of their dreams.
The exhibition opens to the public next Thursday 26 January and runs until 15 April 2012. I hope you can come along.
Leave a comment or tweet using #hajjexhibition to let us know what you think about the exhibition
Hajj: journey to the heart of Islam is open from 26 January to 15 April 2012.
Find out more
In partnership with King Abdulaziz Public Library, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
HSBC Amanah has supported the exhibition's international reach outside the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Filed under: Exhibitions, Hajj: journey to the heart of Islam


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BC Footwear Roma Flat
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Rock the perfect summer flat with the BC Footwear Roma. Cute cutouts on this casual peep toe slip-on will take your look from flat to fabulous.
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Fillmore Canopy Bed
- Overview
With or without hanging sheers, this classic canopy bed creates a cozy haven for your child. Its clean lines and architecturally inspired details recall built-in furniture from an earlier era.
- Twin: 41" wide x 79.75" long x 79.25" high
- Full: 56" wide x 79.75" long x 79.25" high
- Get tips on how to measure for furniture
- Expertly crafted of solid sap gum wood, rubberwood, plywood, anegre veneers and MDF (medium density fibreboard) an engineered wood that lends exceptional strength and ensures that the bed will endure over time.
- The use of anegre veneers results in high-quality furniture with flawless surfaces and consistent color tones.
- Features intricate crown molding and posts.
- Our voile canopy sheer (sold separately) slips over the posts for a romantic finishing touch.
- Slat-roll foundation is designed for use with or without a box spring.
- Assembly required.
- Dimensions & Care
- Overall: 41" wide x 79.75" long x 79.25" high
- Headboard: 41" wide x 49.75" high x 1.75" thick
- Footboard: 41" wide x 29.5" high x 1.75" thick
- Side Rails: 75" long x 8" high x 1" thick
- Slats: 14
- Weight: 129.25 pounds
- Overall: 56" wide x 79.75" long x 79.25" high
- Headboard: 56" wide x 49.25" high x 1.25" thick
- Footboard: 56" wide x 29.5" high x 1.25" thick
- Side Rails: 75" long x 8" high x 1" thick
- Slats: 14
- Weight: 139.25 pounds
- Dust often using a soft, dry cloth.
- Protect from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures.
- Blot spills immediately with a clean, damp cloth.
- We do not recommend the use of chemical cleansers, abrasives, furniture polish or wax.
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November 26-27th, 2010 come to Sparta, Wisconsin for the 21st Razzle Dazzle Art Review at the SpARTa Art and Fine Craft Cooperative Expressions Studio, at 117 S. Water Street.
Join Expressions Art Studio and Gallery in Historic Downtown Sparta for two days of Special Holiday Shopping, sales and demonstrations for the artist lover in your life.
Need more information contact http://www.bikesparta.com/ 608-269-4123
Spend your pre-holiday shopping at the Razzle Dazzle Art show while staying at our Sparta Wisconsin Bed and Breakfast.


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|Bauer Lightweight Warm-Up Team Jackets Jr
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The Bauer Lightweight Warm Up Jackets are your classic hockey team warm up jackets. The Bauer Lightweight Warm Up Jackets have replaced the Bauer Warm Up Jackets, and will work as replacement product for teams formerly using the Bauer Warm Up Jacket. The back vent opening and bottom inside zipper allows for easy embroidery work.
- Model Numbers: 1039288-91
- Bauer Junior Sizing Guidelines:
Jacket size / Chest size (inches)
Jr. XXS (4) / 22-23"
Jr. XS (5-6) / 24-26"
Jr. Small (7-8) / 26-29"
Jr. Medium (10-12) / 29-32"
Jr. Large (14-16) / 32-34.5"
Jr. XL (18) / 34.5-35.5"
- Materials:
- 100% Water-resistant polyester dobby
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- 3 outer zippered pockets with nylon pull tabs
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- Angled on left breast for team embroidery
- Great team jacket - Blank space allows room for a custom team logo


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Summary: Dihydrofolate reductase
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Dihydrofolate reductase Edit Wikipedia article
|Dihydrofolate reductase
Crystal structure of chicken liver dihydrofolate reductase. PDB entry 8dfr
|EC number
|CAS number
|IntEnz view
|BRENDA entry
|NiceZyme view
|KEGG entry
|metabolic pathway
|PDB structures
|RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
|Gene Ontology
|AmiGO / EGO
|Dihydrofolate reductase
|Pfam clan
|R67 dihydrofolate reductase
High-resolution structure of a plasmid-encoded dihydrofolate reductase from E.coli. PDB entry 2gqv
Dihydrofolate reductase, or DHFR, is an enzyme that reduces dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, using NADPH as electron donor, which can be converted to the kinds of tetrahydrofolate cofactors used in 1-carbon transfer chemistry. In humans, the DHFR enzyme is encoded by the DHFR gene.[4][5] It is found in the q11→q22 region of chromosome 5.[6] Bacterial species possess distinct DHFR enzymes (based on their pattern of binding diaminoheterocyclic molecules), but mammalian DHFRs are highly similar.[7]
A central eight-stranded beta-pleated sheet makes up the main feature of the polypeptide backbone folding of DHFR.[8] Seven of these strands are parallel and the eighth runs antiparallel. Four alpha helices connect successive beta strands.[9] Residues 9 – 24 are termed "Met20" or "loop 1" and, along with other loops, are part of the major subdomain that surround the active site.[10] The active site is situated in the N-terminal half of the sequence, which includes a conserved Pro-Trp dipeptide; the tryptophan has been shown to be involved in the binding of substrate by the enzyme.[11]
Dihydrofolate reductase converts dihydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate, a methyl group shuttle required for the de novo synthesis of purines, thymidylic acid, and certain amino acids. While the functional dihydrofolate reductase gene has been mapped to chromosome 5, multiple intronless processed pseudogenes or dihydrofolate reductase-like genes have been identified on separate chromosomes.[12]
Found in all organisms, DHFR has a critical role in regulating the amount of tetrahydrofolate in the cell. Tetrahydrofolate and its derivatives are essential for purine and thymidylate synthesis, which are important for cell proliferation and cell growth.[13] DHFR plays a central role in the synthesis of nucleic acid precursors, and it has been shown that mutant cells that completely lack DHFR require glycine, an amino acid, and thymidine to grow.[14] DHFR has also been demonstrated as an enzyme involved in the salvage of tetrahydrobiopterin from dihydrobiopterin[15]
DHFR catalyzes the transfer of a hydride from NADPH to dihydrofolate with an accompanying protonation to produce tetrahydrofolate.[13] In the end, dihydrofolate is reduced to tetrahydrofolate and NADPH is oxidized to NADP+. The high flexibility of Met20 and other loops near the active site play a role in promoting the release of the product, tetrahydrofolate. In particular the Met20 loop helps stabilize the nicotinamide ring of the NADPH to promote the transfer of the hydride from NADPH to dihydrofolate.[10]
Clinical significance
Dihydrofolate reductase deficiency has been linked to megaloblastic anemia.[12] Treatment is with reduced forms of folic acid. Because tetrahydrofolate, the product of this reaction, is the active form of folate in humans, inhibition of DHFR can cause functional folate deficiency. DHFR is an attractive pharmaceutical target for inhibition due to its pivotal role in DNA precursor synthesis. Trimethoprim, an antibiotic, inhibits bacterial DHFR while methotrexate, a chemotherapy agent, inhibits mammalian DHFR. However, resistance has developed against some drugs, as a result of mutational changes in DHFR itself.[16]
DHFR mutations cause a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of folate metabolism that results in megaloblastic anemia, pancytopenia and severe cerebral folate deficiency which can be corrected by folinic acid supplementation .[17]
Therapeutic applications
Since folate is needed by rapidly dividing cells to make thymine, this effect may be used to therapeutic advantage.
DHFR can be targeted in the treatment of cancer. DHFR is responsible for the levels of tetrahydrofolate in a cell, and the inhibition of DHFR can limit the growth and proliferation of cells that are characteristic of cancer. Methotrexate, a competitive inhibitor of DHFR, is one such anticancer drug that inhibits DHFR.[18] Other drugs include trimethoprim and pyrimethamine. These three are widely used as antitumor and antimicrobial agents.[19]
Trimethoprim has shown to have activity against a variety of Gram-positive bacterial pathogens.[20] However, resistance to trimethoprim and other drugs aimed at DHFR can arise due to a variety of mechanisms, limiting the success of their therapeutical uses.[21][22][23] Resistance can arise from DHFR gene amplification, mutations in DHFR, decrease in the uptake of the drugs, among others. Regardless, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in combination has been used as an antibacterial agent for decades.[20]
Folic acid is necessary for growth,[24] and the pathway of the metabolism of folic acid is a target in developing treatments for cancer. DHFR is one such target. A regimen of fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and methotrexate was shown to prolong survival in patients with advanced gastric cancer.[25] Further studies into inhibitors of DHFR can lead to more ways to treat cancer.
Bacteria also need DHFR to grow and multiply and hence inhibitors selective for bacterial DHFR have found application as antibacterial agents.[20]
Classes of small-molecules employed as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase include diaminoquinazoline & diaminopyrroloquinazoline,[26] diaminopyrimidine, diaminopteridine and diaminotriazines.[27]
Potential anthrax treatment
Dihydrofolate reductase from Bacillus anthracis (BaDHFR) a validated drug target in the treatment of the infectious disease, anthrax. BaDHFR is less sensitive to trimethoprim analogs than is dihydrofolate reductase from other species such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. A structural alignment of dihydrofolate reductase from all four species shows that only BaDHFR has the combination phenylalanine and tyrosine in positions 96 and 102, respectively.
BaDHFR's resistance to trimethoprim analogs is due to these two residues (F96 and Y102), which also confer improved kinetics and catalytic efficiency.[28] Current research uses active site mutants in BaDHFR to guide lead optimization for new antifolate inhibitors.[28]
As a research tool
DHFR has been used as a tool to detect protein–protein interactions in a protein-fragment complementation assay (PCA).
CHO cells
DHFR lacking CHO cells are the most commonly used cell line for the production of recombinant proteins. These cells are transfected with a plasmid carrying the dhfr gene and the gene for the recombinant protein in a single expression system, and then subjected to selective conditions in thymidine-lacking medium. Only the cells with the exogenous DHFR gene along with the gene of interest survive.
Dihydrofolate reductase has been shown to interact with GroEL[29] and Mdm2.[30]
Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [§ 1]
- ^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601".
- ^ "Drugs that physically interact with Dihydrofolate reductase view/edit references on wikidata".
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:".
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
- ^ Chen MJ, Shimada T, Moulton AD, Harrison M, Nienhuis AW (December 1982). "Intronless human dihydrofolate reductase genes are derived from processed RNA molecules". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 79 (23): 7435–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.79.23.7435. PMC 347354. PMID 6961421.
- ^ Chen MJ, Shimada T, Moulton AD, Cline A, Humphries RK, Maizel J, Nienhuis AW (March 1984). "The functional human dihydrofolate reductase gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 259 (6): 3933–43. PMID 6323448.
- ^ Funanage VL, Myoda TT, Moses PA, Cowell HR (October 1984). "Assignment of the human dihydrofolate reductase gene to the q11----q22 region of chromosome 5". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 4 (10): 2010–6. doi:10.1128/mcb.4.10.2010. PMC 369017. PMID 6504041.
- ^ Smith SL, Patrick P, Stone D, Phillips AW, Burchall JJ (November 1979). "Porcine liver dihydrofolate reductase. Purification, properties, and amino acid sequence". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 254 (22): 11475–84. PMID 500653.
- ^ Matthews DA, Alden RA, Bolin JT, Freer ST, Hamlin R, Xuong N, Kraut J, Poe M, Williams M, Hoogsteen K (July 1977). "Dihydrofolate reductase: x-ray structure of the binary complex with methotrexate". Science. 197 (4302): 452–5. doi:10.1126/science.17920. PMID 17920.
- ^ Filman DJ, Bolin JT, Matthews DA, Kraut J (November 1982). "Crystal structures of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus casei dihydrofolate reductase refined at 1.7 A resolution. II. Environment of bound NADPH and implications for catalysis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257 (22): 13663–72. PMID 6815179.
- ^ a b Osborne MJ, Schnell J, Benkovic SJ, Dyson HJ, Wright PE (August 2001). "Backbone dynamics in dihydrofolate reductase complexes: role of loop flexibility in the catalytic mechanism". Biochemistry. 40 (33): 9846–59. doi:10.1021/bi010621k. PMID 11502178.
- ^ Bolin JT, Filman DJ, Matthews DA, Hamlin RC, Kraut J (November 1982). "Crystal structures of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus casei dihydrofolate reductase refined at 1.7 A resolution. I. General features and binding of methotrexate". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257 (22): 13650–62. PMID 6815178.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: DHFR dihydrofolate reductase".
- ^ a b Schnell JR, Dyson HJ, Wright PE (2004). "Structure, dynamics, and catalytic function of dihydrofolate reductase". Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure. 33 (1): 119–40. doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.33.110502.133613. PMID 15139807.
- ^ Urlaub G, Chasin LA (July 1980). "Isolation of Chinese hamster cell mutants deficient in dihydrofolate reductase activity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 77 (7): 4216–20. doi:10.1073/pnas.77.7.4216. PMC 349802. PMID 6933469.
- ^ Crabtree MJ, Tatham AL, Hale AB, Alp NJ, Channon KM (October 2009). "Critical role for tetrahydrobiopterin recycling by dihydrofolate reductase in regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase coupling: relative importance of the de novo biopterin synthesis versus salvage pathways". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (41): 28128–36. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.041483. PMC 2788863. PMID 19666465.
- ^ Cowman AF, Lew AM (November 1989). "Antifolate drug selection results in duplication and rearrangement of chromosome 7 in Plasmodium chabaudi". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 9 (11): 5182–8. doi:10.1128/mcb.9.11.5182. PMC 363670. PMID 2601715.
- ^ Banka S, Blom HJ, Walter J, Aziz M, Urquhart J, Clouthier CM, Rice GI, de Brouwer AP, Hilton E, Vassallo G, Will A, Smith DE, Smulders YM, Wevers RA, Steinfeld R, Heales S, Crow YJ, Pelletier JN, Jones S, Newman WG (February 2011). "Identification and characterization of an inborn error of metabolism caused by dihydrofolate reductase deficiency". American Journal of Human Genetics. 88 (2): 216–25. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.01.004. PMC 3035707. PMID 21310276.
- ^ Li R, Sirawaraporn R, Chitnumsub P, Sirawaraporn W, Wooden J, Athappilly F, Turley S, Hol WG (January 2000). "Three-dimensional structure of M. tuberculosis dihydrofolate reductase reveals opportunities for the design of novel tuberculosis drugs". Journal of Molecular Biology. 295 (2): 307–23. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.3328. PMID 10623528.
- ^ Benkovic SJ, Fierke CA, Naylor AM (March 1988). "Insights into enzyme function from studies on mutants of dihydrofolate reductase". Science. 239 (4844): 1105–10. doi:10.1126/science.3125607. PMID 3125607.
- ^ a b c Hawser S, Lociuro S, Islam K (March 2006). "Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors as antibacterial agents". Biochemical Pharmacology. 71 (7): 941–8. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2005.10.052. PMID 16359642.
- ^ Narayana N, Matthews DA, Howell EE, Nguyen-huu X (November 1995). "A plasmid-encoded dihydrofolate reductase from trimethoprim-resistant bacteria has a novel D2-symmetric active site". Nature Structural Biology. 2 (11): 1018–25. doi:10.1038/nsb1195-1018. PMID 7583655.
- ^ Huennekens FM (June 1996). "In search of dihydrofolate reductase". Protein Science. 5 (6): 1201–8. doi:10.1002/pro.5560050626. PMC 2143423. PMID 8762155.
- ^ Banerjee D, Mayer-Kuckuk P, Capiaux G, Budak-Alpdogan T, Gorlick R, Bertino JR (July 2002). "Novel aspects of resistance to drugs targeted to dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1587 (2-3): 164–73. doi:10.1016/S0925-4439(02)00079-0. PMID 12084458.
- ^ Bailey SW, Ayling JE (September 2009). "The extremely slow and variable activity of dihydrofolate reductase in human liver and its implications for high folic acid intake". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (36): 15424–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902072106. PMC 2730961. PMID 19706381.
- ^ Murad AM, Santiago FF, Petroianu A, Rocha PR, Rodrigues MA, Rausch M (July 1993). "Modified therapy with 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and methotrexate in advanced gastric cancer". Cancer. 72 (1): 37–41. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19930701)72:1<37::AID-CNCR2820720109>3.0.CO;2-P. PMID 8508427.
- ^ Srinivasan B, Skolnick J (May 2015). "Insights into the slow-onset tight-binding inhibition of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase: detailed mechanistic characterization of pyrrolo [3,2-f] quinazoline-1,3-diamine and its derivatives as novel tight-binding inhibitors". The FEBS Journal. 282 (10): 1922–38. doi:10.1111/febs.13244. PMC 4445455. PMID 25703118.
- ^ Srinivasan B, Tonddast-Navaei S, Skolnick J (October 2015). "Ligand binding studies, preliminary structure-activity relationship and detailed mechanistic characterization of 1-phenyl-6,6-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine derivatives as inhibitors of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 103: 600–14. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.021. PMID 26414808.
- ^ a b Beierlein JM, Karri NG, Anderson AC (October 2010). "Targeted mutations of Bacillus anthracis dihydrofolate reductase condense complex structure−activity relationships". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 53 (20): 7327–36. doi:10.1021/jm100727t. PMC 3618964. PMID 20882962.
- ^ Mayhew M, da Silva AC, Martin J, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Hartl FU (February 1996). "Protein folding in the central cavity of the GroEL-GroES chaperonin complex". Nature. 379 (6564): 420–6. doi:10.1038/379420a0. PMID 8559246.
- ^ Maguire M, Nield PC, Devling T, Jenkins RE, Park BK, Polański R, Vlatković N, Boyd MT (May 2008). "MDM2 regulates dihydrofolate reductase activity through monoubiquitination". Cancer Research. 68 (9): 3232–42. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-5271. PMC 3536468. PMID 18451149.
Further reading
- Joska TM, Anderson AC (October 2006). "Structure-activity relationships of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis dihydrofolate reductase: toward the identification of new potent drug leads". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 50 (10): 3435–43. doi:10.1128/AAC.00386-06. PMC 1610094. PMID 17005826.
- Chan DC, Fu H, Forsch RA, Queener SF, Rosowsky A (June 2005). "Design, synthesis, and antifolate activity of new analogues of piritrexim and other diaminopyrimidine dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors with omega-carboxyalkoxy or omega-carboxy-1-alkynyl substitution in the side chain". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 48 (13): 4420–31. doi:10.1021/jm0581718. PMID 15974594.
- Banerjee D, Mayer-Kuckuk P, Capiaux G, Budak-Alpdogan T, Gorlick R, Bertino JR (July 2002). "Novel aspects of resistance to drugs targeted to dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1587 (2-3): 164–73. doi:10.1016/S0925-4439(02)00079-0. PMID 12084458.
- Stockman BJ, Nirmala NR, Wagner G, Delcamp TJ, DeYarman MT, Freisheim JH (January 1992). "Sequence-specific 1H and 15N resonance assignments for human dihydrofolate reductase in solution". Biochemistry. 31 (1): 218–29. doi:10.1021/bi00116a031. PMID 1731871.
- Beltzer JP, Spiess M (December 1991). "In vitro binding of the asialoglycoprotein receptor to the beta adaptin of plasma membrane coated vesicles". The EMBO Journal. 10 (12): 3735–42. PMC 453108. PMID 1935897.
- Davies JF, Delcamp TJ, Prendergast NJ, Ashford VA, Freisheim JH, Kraut J (October 1990). "Crystal structures of recombinant human dihydrofolate reductase complexed with folate and 5-deazafolate". Biochemistry. 29 (40): 9467–79. doi:10.1021/bi00492a021. PMID 2248959.
- Will CL, Dolnick BJ (December 1989). "5-Fluorouracil inhibits dihydrofolate reductase precursor mRNA processing and/or nuclear mRNA stability in methotrexate-resistant KB cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (35): 21413–21. PMID 2592384.
- Masters JN, Attardi G (March 1985). "Discrete human dihydrofolate reductase gene transcripts present in polysomal RNA map with their 5' ends several hundred nucleotides upstream of the main mRNA start site". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 5 (3): 493–500. doi:10.1128/mcb.5.3.493. PMC 366741. PMID 2859520.
- Miszta H, Dabrowski Z, Lanotte M (November 1988). "In vitro patterns of enzymic tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 184.108.40.206) expression in bone marrow stromal cells". Leukemia. 2 (11): 754–9. PMID 3185016.
- Oefner C, D'Arcy A, Winkler FK (June 1988). "Crystal structure of human dihydrofolate reductase complexed with folate". European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS. 174 (2): 377–85. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14108.x. PMID 3383852.
- Yang JK, Masters JN, Attardi G (June 1984). "Human dihydrofolate reductase gene organization. Extensive conservation of the G + C-rich 5' non-coding sequence and strong intron size divergence from homologous mammalian genes". Journal of Molecular Biology. 176 (2): 169–87. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(84)90419-4. PMID 6235374.
- Masters JN, Yang JK, Cellini A, Attardi G (June 1983). "A human dihydrofolate reductase pseudogene and its relationship to the multiple forms of specific messenger RNA". Journal of Molecular Biology. 167 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(83)80032-1. PMID 6306253.
- Chen MJ, Shimada T, Moulton AD, Cline A, Humphries RK, Maizel J, Nienhuis AW (March 1984). "The functional human dihydrofolate reductase gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 259 (6): 3933–43. PMID 6323448.
- Funanage VL, Myoda TT, Moses PA, Cowell HR (October 1984). "Assignment of the human dihydrofolate reductase gene to the q11----q22 region of chromosome 5". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 4 (10): 2010–6. doi:10.1128/mcb.4.10.2010. PMC 369017. PMID 6504041.
- Masters JN, Attardi G (1983). "The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA coding for the human dihydrofolic acid reductase". Gene. 21 (1-2): 59–63. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(83)90147-6. PMID 6687716.
- Morandi C, Masters JN, Mottes M, Attardi G (April 1982). "Multiple forms of human dihydrofolate reductase messenger RNA. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of their DNA coding sequence". Journal of Molecular Biology. 156 (3): 583–607. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(82)90268-6. PMID 6750132.
- Bonifaci N, Sitia R, Rubartelli A (September 1995). "Nuclear translocation of an exogenous fusion protein containing HIV Tat requires unfolding". AIDS. 9 (9): 995–1000. doi:10.1097/00002030-199509000-00003. PMID 8527095.
- Mayhew M, da Silva AC, Martin J, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Hartl FU (February 1996). "Protein folding in the central cavity of the GroEL-GroES chaperonin complex". Nature. 379 (6564): 420–6. doi:10.1038/379420a0. PMID 8559246.
- Gross M, Robinson CV, Mayhew M, Hartl FU, Radford SE (December 1996). "Significant hydrogen exchange protection in GroEL-bound DHFR is maintained during iterative rounds of substrate cycling". Protein Science. 5 (12): 2506–13. doi:10.1002/pro.5560051213. PMC 2143321. PMID 8976559.
- Schleiff E, Shore GC, Goping IS (March 1997). "Human mitochondrial import receptor, Tom20p. Use of glutathione to reveal specific interactions between Tom20-glutathione S-transferase and mitochondrial precursor proteins". FEBS Letters. 404 (2-3): 314–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00145-2. PMID 9119086.
- Cody V, Galitsky N, Luft JR, Pangborn W, Rosowsky A, Blakley RL (November 1997). "Comparison of two independent crystal structures of human dihydrofolate reductase ternary complexes reduced with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and the very tight-binding inhibitor PT523". Biochemistry. 36 (45): 13897–903. doi:10.1021/bi971711l. PMID 9374868.
- Vanguri VK, Wang S, Godyna S, Ranganathan S, Liau G (April 2000). "Thrombospondin-1 binds to polyhistidine with high affinity and specificity". The Biochemical Journal. 347 (Pt 2): 469–73. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3470469. PMC 1220979. PMID 10749676.
External links
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR001796
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR009159
This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.
Dihydrofolate reductase Provide feedback
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Internal database links
External database links
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR001796
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) (EC) catalyses the NADPH-dependent reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, an essential step in de novo synthesis both of glycine and of purines and deoxythymidine phosphate (the precursors of DNA synthesis) [PUBMED:2830673], and important also in the conversion of deoxyuridine monophosphate to deoxythymidine monophosphate. Although DHFR is found ubiquitously in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and is found in all dividing cells, maintaining levels of fully reduced folate coenzymes, the catabolic steps are still not well understood [PUBMED:3383852].
Bacterial species possesses distinct DHFR enzymes (based on their pattern of binding diaminoheterocyclic molecules), but mammalian DHFRs are highly similar [PUBMED:500653]. The active site is situated in the N-terminal half of the sequence, which includes a conserved Pro-Trp dipeptide; the tryptophan has been shown [PUBMED:6815178] to be involved in the binding of substrate by the enzyme. Its central role in DNA precursor synthesis, coupled with its inhibition by antagonists such as trimethoprim and methotrexate, which are used as anti-bacterial or anti-cancer agents, has made DHFR a target of anticancer chemotherapy. However, resistance has developed against some drugs, as a result of changes in DHFR itself [PUBMED:2601715].
Gene Ontology
The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.
|Molecular function
|dihydrofolate reductase activity (GO:0004146)
|Biological process
|nucleotide biosynthetic process (GO:0009165)
|oxidation-reduction process (GO:0055114)
|glycine biosynthetic process (GO:0006545)
Domain organisation
Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...
The graphic that is shown by default represents the longest sequence with a given architecture. Each row contains the following information:
- the number of sequences which exhibit this architecture
a textual description of the architecture, e.g. Gla, EGF x 2, Trypsin.
This example describes an architecture with one
Gladomain, followed by two consecutive
EGFdomains, and finally a single
- a link to the page in the Pfam site showing information about the sequence that the graphic describes
- the UniProt description of the protein sequence
- the number of residues in the sequence
- the Pfam graphic itself.
Note that you can see the family page for a particular domain by clicking on the graphic. You can also choose to see all sequences which have a given architecture by clicking on the Show link in each row.
Finally, because some families can be found in a very large number of architectures, we load only the first fifty architectures by default. If you want to see more architectures, click the button at the bottom of the page to load the next set.
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Pfam Clan
We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the UniProtKB sequence database, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...
There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.
Alignment types
We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:
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- the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
- full
- the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
- Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
- UniProt
- alignment generated by searching the UniProtKB sequence database using the family HMM
- alignment generated by searching the NCBI sequence database using the family HMM
- meta
- alignment generated by searching the metagenomics sequence database using the family HMM
You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:
- jalview
- a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
- an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
- PP/Heatmap
- an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.
You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:
- Selex
- Stockholm
You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.
You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.
View options
We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.
|Representative proteomes
1Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available
Key: available, not generated, — not available.
Format an alignment
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We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.
|Representative proteomes
|Raw Stockholm
You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.
HMM logo
HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...
If you find these logos useful in your own work, please consider citing the following article:
This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.
Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.
Curation and family details
This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
|Seed source:
|Previous IDs:
|Finn RD, Griffiths-Jones SR
|Number in seed:
|Number in full:
|Average length of the domain:
|158.70 aa
|Average identity of full alignment:
|31 %
|Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:
|76.44 %
HMM information
|HMM build commands:
build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 17690987 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
|Model details:
|Model length:
|Family (HMM) version:
|download the raw HMM for this family
Species distribution
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This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...
This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.
How the sunburst is generated
The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.
In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:
- superkingdom
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
Colouring and labels
Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.
As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.
Anomalies in the taxonomy tree
There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.
Missing taxonomic levels
Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.
Unmapped species names
The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.
So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".
Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.
Too many species/sequences
For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.
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The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...
Species trees
We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.
Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.
If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.
Interactive tree
For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.
We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.
Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.
We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.
You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:
- show/hide the summary boxes
- highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
- expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
- select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
- save a plain text representation of the tree
Please note: for large trees this can take some time. While the tree is loading, you can safely switch away from this tab but if you browse away from the family page entirely, the tree will not be loaded.
There are 4 interactions for this family. More...
We determine these interactions using iPfam, which considers the interactions between residues in three-dimensional protein structures and maps those interactions back to Pfam families. You can find more information about the iPfam algorithm in the journal article that accompanies the website.
For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the DHFR_1 domain has been found. There are 600 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein seqence.
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The Worlds most expensive dessert has been created using
Callebaut Chocolate!
Marc Guibert, Head Chef at Lindeth Howe Restaurant has created the dessert using Callebauts Grenade, Madagascar, Ecuador and Sao Thome chocolate. The main dessert is layered with different types of ganache and flavours including peach, orange and whiskey with a champagne jelly, light biscuit joconde base, and finished with a bitter dark chocolate glaze and gold leaf. It is presented with champagne and strawberry caviar and then cased in a Faberge style chocolate egg which is decorated with chocolate roses and gold leaf and covered in gold dust. It also comes with a bottle of Chateau d'yquem.
The Dessert retails for £22,000 and is a World Record .. beating the last dessert of £12,000 from New York's Serendipity Restaurant.