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Aerotech Ensemble
VxWorks 6.x compiler error
The GNU preprocessor assertions in motor.h are deprecated with the VxWorks 6.x compiler. Test for CPU macros that are compatible with VxWorks 6.x have been added. This change prevents an "Error: unknown bit order!" compiler error with VxWorks 6.x.
Aerotech Ensemble
OMS MAXv WatchDog Timeout Counter
For OMS MAXv firmware ver:1.33 and above, the EPICS driver reads the MAXv's Watchdog Timeout Counter at bootup, and with every motor status update. If the Counter is nonzero, an error message is sent to both the errlog task and the console. Since a watchdog timer trip indicates that the MAXv has rebooted and no longer has valid motor positions, the controller is disabled and is no longer available to EPICS until after the VME crate has been power cycled. Other MAXv boards in the system are unaffected by this scenario.
To better communicate this problem to the user, several medm displays have been changed. Small displays (motorx_tiny.adl, motorx.adl) will show a yellow border around their position readback values. Larger displays (motorx_more.adl, motorx_all.adl) will display the message "Controller Error" in yellow. The following error message at the console and/or in the errlog is definitive;
OMS MAXnet motor controller support
Jens Eden's (PTB) added support for the OMS MAXnet motor controller using an asyn motor port driver
64-bit compatability
64-bit compile problems with the PI E816 and Aerotech Ensemble device drivers were fixed. Mark Rivers made numerous changes to eliminate all 64-bit compiler warning messages.OMS MAXv
Dirk Zimoch (PSI) fixed a bug in the OMS MAXv driver that caused the set_status() function to overwrite the home switch status in the response string
asyn motor
Highland Technologies
Support for the Highland Technologies V540 motor controller has been removed.
Aerotech Ensemble
RES field deleted
The RES field was removed from the motor record database definition with this release (R6-5). The RES field has been depreciated by the MRES field since R4-5.
Aerotech Soloist and Ensemble motor controller support
Two new drivers from Aerotech were add; an asyn motor version of the Ensemble and the Soloist under the old driver architecture. Since the Ensemble network connection requires period communication from the host to prevent the Ensemble from closing the network socket, the Ensemble support based on the old device driver architecture will be removed after R5-6. The asyn motor architecture supports continuous, periodic updates; the old architecture does not.
ADEL and MDEL fields added
Matthew Pearson (Diamond) added support for the ADEL and MDEL motor record fields. Unlike most records, the ADEL/MDEL fields in the motor record apply to the User Readback Value (RBV). See the motorRecord.html document for details.
Synchronize field (SYNC)
When the SYNC field is set to Yes(1) the record sets the Drive fields (VAL/DVAL/RVAL) to their readback values (RBV/DRBV/RRBV) and sets SYNC field back to No(0).
Stale SET position data from OMS VME58 controllers.
A problem with certain OMS VME58 firmware versions (2.24-8S and all 2.35 versions) has arisen since modifications made under R6-3. When the user sets the motor record's position, the previous target and readback positions are read from the controller on the next update. This occurs with the previous release (R6-3) because the "stale data delay" was changed from 10ms to zero for the drvOms58 driver.
With this release the driver searches all VME58 board ID's for either 2.24-8S or any 2.35 version. If any board is found with these versions, the "stale data delay" is set to a non-zero value for all VME58 boards in the system.
"tdir=" error messages
A problem was reported by Emma Shepherd (Diamond) with the previous release if the "Use RDBL Link" field (URIP) was set to "Yes". The NTM logic was sending stop commands and issuing the "tdir=.." message to the console if the RDBL link was used. This error was the result of changes to the NTM logic in R6-3.
With this release, the NTM logic is restored to using feedback rather than reference positions. In addition, an "NTM deadband factor" field (NTMF) is added to allow the user to set the NTM deadband as follows;
NTM deadband = NTMF * (|BDST| + RDBD)
NTMF must be >= 2. If properly configured, the NTM deadband prevents NTM logic from issuing a STOP command at the end of a DC motor move that overshoots its' target position.
Access Security Level changes
Major changes have been made to the Access Security Level (ASL) attribute of the motor record fields. With previous releases, the following fields were set to ASL=0; FOF, VOF, SSET, SUSE, VBAS, VMAX, SBAS, SMAX, UREV and MRES. All other fields were set to ASL=1 by default.
With this release, the policy is to set all the fields that the user requires to do the following to ASL = 0;
All other fields are set to ASL = 1.
This means that out of the list of fields that were previously set to ASL=0; VBAS, VMAX, SBAS, SMAX, UREV and MRES are now set to ASL=1.
OMS MAXv A24/A32 VMEbus addressing bug fix
Previous releases had a problem with the OMS MAXv device driver when it was configured for more than one board, and, either A24 or A32 addressing was specified. The driver was not sizing the address space occupied by each MAXv correctly.
asyn motor archtecture updates
Deferred moves for asyn motors
The asyn motor framework now supports a flag to indicate that moves should be deferred. When at zero, moves proceed as normal. When set to one, moves should be deferred and remembered by the controller driver, but not executed immediately. When set back to zero, the controller driver should then start all the moves (or at least moves to the last requested demand positions) that have been deferred, as near to simultaneously as is possible for the particular model of controller. The flag is implemented per-controller, so all axes on a particular controller instance are affected, but axes on other controllers via the same driver are unaffected.
It is the responsibility of the motor controller driver to actually provide such functionality, or to give an error if the parameter is not recognised. Currently the Newport XPS controller driver and the Delta Tau PMAC driver (in the tpmac module available from Diamond) support this.
To use the flag, connect to any asyn port/addr combination on the controller, using the parameter "DEFER". e.g. for a bo record, use DTYP=asynUInt32Digital, OUT=@asynMask(port,1,1)DEFER, ZNAM="Go", ONAM="Defer"
64-bit compatiablity
Previous releases of the motor record distribution would not compile for 64-bit platforms. Numerous minor modifications were made for this release to attain 64-bit compatibility. Note that at the time of writing (03/14/08), this release was successfully compiled on a Linux Fedora Core 6 x86_64 host using gcc version 4.1.2, but there are bugs. Since EPICS base (R3.14.9) has not had all the bugs wrung out (Mantis ID's #309, #310), there are no immediate plans to debug 64-bit related problems.
attocube systems AG ANC150
Ron Sluiter added support for the attocube systems AG ANC150 Piezo Step Controller.
Aerotech's Ensemble
Chad Weimer (Aerotech) added support for Aerotech's Ensemble family of digital servo controllers.
Physik Instrumente GmbH & Co. Model E-816
John Hammonds added support of the Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co. E-816 motor controller.
save/restore of motor positions
Mark Rivers found and fixed a bug in the motor record that resulted in motor positions not being initialized from save/restore at boot-up if the retry deadband field (RDBD) was not included in a save set.
motorUtil error message
A bug was introduced into the shell command "motorUtilInit()" affecting these versions of the motor distribution; R6-2, R6-2-1 and R6-2-2. This bug resulted in the erroneous error message; "motorUtilInit: Prefix %c: has more than 53 characters. Exiting"
DC motor support
Two changes were made to the motor record to better support DC motors.
Examples renamed
The examples iocNoMPF and iocWithMPF were renamed iocNoAsyn and iocWithAsyn, respectively.
Animatics Corporation SmartMotor
Shifu Xu's support for the Animatics Corporation SmartMotor was added.
piezosystem jena, Inc. EDS
Joe Sullivan added support for the piezosystem jena GmbH EDS data interface module.
Kohzu SC-800
Ron Sluiter added support for the Kohzu SC-800 stepper motor controller.
Newport PM500 Initialization Problem
The PM500 driver was not issuing the correct command when it queried for the number of axes at boot up. This resulted in a "PM500 system error" message on the 1st axis.
Overwritten PID Parameters
A bug was introduced with R6-0; the OMS device support was overwriting PID parameter fields during its' normalization calculation.
Motor Position Initialization
There was a bug in the logic that determines the precedence between using the controller's or save/restore's motor position at boot-up. Negative controller positions were not handled correctly.
Newport Build Problem
Due to releasing R6-1 during Newport development, R6-1 can result in linker errors on the symbol "xpsgathering". Newport users should upgrade to R6-2.
Thorlabs model MDT695
Joe Sullivan added support for Thorlabs Piezo Control Module, model MDT695.
EPICS base R184.108.40.206 or greater. See the "Required Modules" section of the Motor Record web page for details.
PI C-862 communiation errors
A 17ms "status update delay" was added to the driver to prevent the controller from dropping communication characters. This problem resulted in erroneous error responses from the controller.
motorStatus[xx].adl displays
All motorStatus[xx].adl displays were modified to show motor position with text rather than with bar graphs.
Physik Instrumente GmbH & Co. Model E-710
Joe Sullivan added support for the Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co. Model E-710 motor controller.
EPICS base R220.127.116.11 or greater. See the "Required Modules" section of the Motor Record web page for details.
OMS MAXv Polling Rate
The OMS MAXv polling rate, which is set from the MAXvSetup() st.cmd command, is allowed to be as high as the OS clock rate; i.e., (1/epicsThreadSleepQuantum()).
Changes to New Focus Device Support
The New Focus Model 8750 Network Controller device support ("PMNC8750") has been changed to "PMNC87xx". It now supports both the 8750 and 8752 models.
Physik Instrumente GmbH & Co. Model C-862
Mohan Ramanathan and Ron Sluiter added support for the Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co. Model C-862 motor controller.
ACS Tech80 SPiiPlus
Joe Sullivan added support for the ACS Tech80 SPiiPlus motor controller.
Spectra-Physics Encoder Mike
Joe Sullivan added support for the Spectra-Physics Encoder Mike Controller (Model: 18011).
EPICS base R126.96.36.199 or greater. See the "Required Modules" section of the Motor Record web page for details.
Soft Motor allocation limit
Peter Denison (Diamond Light Source) enhanced the Soft Channel device support by eliminating the 50 soft motor limit and replacing it with an unlimited linked list.
All motors done/stop/moving utility
Kevin Peterson's (UNI-CAT) motorUtil task was added to the motor record distribution. The motorUtil task monitors and maintains 3 PV's; $(P)alldone, $(P)allstop, $(P)moving. motorUtil is a replacement for the all_com_##.db distributed with the STD support module. See the motorUtil.db file for details.
Asyn Motor
Peter Denison (Diamond), Nick Rees (Diamond) and Mark Rivers (APS) have added a new motor record device support architecture based on ASYN; called "asyn motor" support. The asyn motor support is an attempt to define a clean, extensible API for motor controller drivers to support. This is a preliminary release of work in progress. Do not use asynMotor device support at this time, except for development and testing purposes only.
New Focus 8750 Network Controller
Joe Sullivan added support for the New Focus Model 8750 Network Controller.
Physik Instrumente (PI) E-662 piezo controller
Joe Sullivan added support for the Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co. Model E-662 piezo controller.
Newport XPS-C8 asyn motor support
Mark Rivers added asyn motor support for the Newport XPS-C8 motor controller. This is a preliminary release of work in progress. However, it has fewer problems than the previous XPS support, so we recommend using the new asyn support for the XPS, with the understanding that it is still under development.
Trajectory Scanning
Mark Rivers added the Trajectory Scanning software for both the Newport MM4005 and XPS-C8 motor controllers to the motor record distribution.
OMS PC68 and PC78 support
Brian Tieman and Ron Sluiter added support for the standalone, RS-232 versions of the OMS PC68 and PC78 model controllers. The same device driver (OMS PC68/78) supports both models.
EPICS base R3.14.7 or greater. See the "Required Modules" section of the Motor Record web page for details.
Faulhaber MCDC2805
Mark Rivers added support for the Faulhaber MCDC2805 servo controller.
Parker Hannifin, Compumotor Division, 6K Series
Joe Sullivan added support for Parker Hannifin, Compumotor Division, 6K Series controllers.
EPICS base R3.14.7 or greater. See the "Required Modules" section of the Motor Record web page for details.
With this release, if the absolute values of both the save/restore's target position and the controller's commanded position are greater than the re-try deadband (RDBD) at boot-up, then DVAL will be initialized from the controller's value. In other words, if the absolute value of the controller's commanded position is greater than the re-try deadband at boot-up, than the controller's position takes precedence over the save/restore value.
Physik Instrumente (PI) C-630
Kurt Goetze added support for the Physik Instrumente (PI) model C-630 motion controller.
Physik Instrumente (PI) C-848
Support added for the Physik Instrumente (PI) C-848 motor controller.
EPICS base R3.14.7 or greater. See the "Required Modules" section of the Motor Record web page for details.
IMS MDrive users must make the following configuration changes to their MDrive's as described in the distribution document "motorR5-6/motorApp/ImsSrc/README".
EPICS base R3.14.7 or greater. See the "Required Modules" section of the Motor Record web page for details.
The motor record distribution has been converted from MPF to ASYN R4.1. All support for MPF has been removed.
Slew acceleration calculations were incorrect. Instead of the correct calculation; A = (Vf - Vo) / t, the record was using A = Vf / t, which is correct only if Vo (VBAS) is zero. Thanks to Harvey Rarback for pointing out this long standing error.
EPICS base R3.14.6 or greater. See the "Required Modules" section of the Motor Record web page for details.
If the motor record is processed and there are no functions to perform (i.e., no current or outstanding move request), then the motor record will perform a status update using the STUP field.
OMS MAXv device supportDevice support for Oregon Micro Systems, Inc. MAXv controller was added.
Delta Tau PMAC
Device support for Delta Tau's PMAC2-VME controller was added.
EPICS base R3.14.5 or greater. See the "Required Modules" section of the Motor Record web page for details.
OMS VME58 Servo Limit Switch Problem
The motor record would lock-up when a user tried to move off an activated limit switch with the OMS VME58 servo motor controller board (i.e., model -8S). Although this problem has been resolved there is a design problem with the OMS VME58 servo controller that prevents it, in most cases, from moving off an activated limit switch. Users are advised to avoid this situation
Encoder Resolution (ERES) Polarity
Previous releases of the motor record forced the sign of ERES to match the sign of MRES. With this release, ERES and MRES may have different signs. This allows the user to change the sign of ERES rather than reverse encoder wires when the motor and encoder direction are reversed. Warning! This does not work with controllers that are doing closed-loop control; e.g., DC motors. Reference (D/A) and feedback (encoder) signals must have the same polarity for DC motors or the motor will literally run away.
PID parameter initialization
PID parameters (i.e., PCOF, ICOF and DCOF fields) were not initialized at boot-up. With this release, if the GAIN_SUPPORT bit in the MSTA is true, each nonzero, PID parameter will be initialized. For backwards compatibility, zero valued PID parameters will not be initialized.
IMS MDrive Device Driver
Previous releases of the IMS MDrive device driver did not work. Thanks to Kevin M. Peterson (UNI-CAT) for identifying and fixing the errors in previous releases. A README file has been added to the ImsSrc directory that documents how the MDrive must be initialized before using it with this device driver.
Three Device Drivers New To R3.14.x
The following three device drivers have been ported from the R3.13.x compatible version of the motor record:
Status Update (STUP)
The STUP field (Status Update) has been modified due to bug fixes. The STUP field functions as follows;
With the STUP field it is possible to have another EPICS record periodically write ON(1) to the motor record's STUP field. This would result in continuous, periodic status updates.
EPICS base R3.14.4 or greater. See the "Required Modules" section of the Motor Record web page for details.
Newport MM3000 Communication
Communication with the Newport MM3000 motor controller was getting out of synchronization whenever the MM3000 responded with an error message. This problem was resolved by having recv_mess() in drvMM3000.c detect an error message response, print the error message and then, recursively, call itself. This restored communication transmit/receive synchronization.
OMS VX2-006 Spurious Interrupts
Spurious interrupts were occurring with OMS VX2-006 ver 1.04 controller boards. For the sake of throughput, the OMS VME8/44 device driver enables the done (DON_E) and input buffer full (IBF_E) interrupts, but disables the transmit buffer empty (TBE_E).
The OMS boards are RORA VME type interrupters. The "release" register is the status register. It contains information on the status of the transmit/receive buffer interrupts and the done interrupt. Since the device driver was not using the transmit buffer empty interrupt, it was polling the status register when sending a command to the controller. With the VX2, if the IRQ became active during a status register read cycle, the IRQ was negated at the end of the cycle and the CPU board generated a spurious interrupt.
The VME8/44 models somehow prevented the spurious interrupts from occurring by latching the IRQ, if and when, the IRQ became active during a status register read.
This problem has been fixed by using all of the OMS board interrupts (i.e., enable transmit buffer empty). The OMS VME8/44/VX2/VS4 design is limited with regard to interrupts by an all or none choice.
Backlash Correction Bug Fix
With release R4-7, there was a slight (undocumented) modification made to the way that backlash correction functioned. If a move is in the preferred direction and the backlash speed and acceleration are the same as the slew speed and acceleration, then the backlash move is skipped and the motor moves directly to the target position.
Unfortunately, there was a bug in the logic that appeared only when MRES< 0. When MRES < 0, and the backlash speed and acceleration were the same as the slew speed and acceleration, the motor record did the opposite of the requirements; i.e., it did backlash correction when the move was in the preferred direction and did not do backlash correction when the move was not in the preferred direction.
Newport ESP300 Device Driver Crash
The Newport ESP300 would randomly crash at boot-up because an internal parameter ("drive_resolution") was not always, under all configurations, initialized. With this release, the "drive_resolution" is set based on the response to the ESP300 "SU?" command.
In addition, the user is required to set MRES to the resolution of the controller as explained in the distribution document motor/motorApp/NewportSrc/README.
Update Rate Bug Fix
There were two timing related bugs with the previous release (R5.1). First, the update rate was not working properly. The end result was that the motor task was polling controllers as fast as possible. Second, there was an error in the motor_task function process_messages() that enforces a time delay between UNDEFINED or IMMEDIATE type commands (e.g., LOAD_POS, SET_ENC_RATIO, etc.) and an INFO type command. One result of this error was that on OMS VME58 controllersan INFO update after a LOAD_POS command would, intermittently, yield the previous position.
Backlash Correction after Jogging Bug Fix
Backlash correction after jogging was not working for controllers that do not support multiple position commands on the same command line (e.g., Newport ESP300). This has been corrected with this release with one caveat; in contrast to the feature described in Backlash Correction Bug Fix above, backlash correction is always done after jogging, regardless of the jog acceleration and speed parameters
DLY field
Although there is no explicit statement in the motor record documentation, most user's would expect the "Readback settle time" field (DLY) to update the readback after the delay timeout. It did not do this. With this release, the readback is updated one time after the timeout.
Since a functioning DLY field performs the same function as the drvReadbackDelay variables, with the added advantage that the delay can be motor specific, the drvReadbackDelay variables have been deleted (except for the MM4000).
EPICS base R3.14.2 or greater. See the "Required Modules" section of the Motor Record web page for details.
motorRecord.dbd has been modified. This requires rebuilding any and all user trees (i.e., <ioctop>) that load the motor record (see README items #3 and #4 for details).
New Features
motorRecord.dbd has been modified. This requires rebuilding any and all user trees (i.e., <ioctop>) that load the motor record (see README items #3 and #4 for details).
Case #1: The motor record is given a new position, which is in the opposite direction from the current motor motion. If NTM is yes, the motor is immediately stopped and given a motion command to the new position. If NTM is no, the motor completes the previous move before it is given a motion command to the new position.
Case #2: The motor record is given a new position, which is in the same direction as the current motor motion, but the new position is closer to the motor's current position than the original target position. If NTM is yes, the motor is stopped after it has gone past the new position; then a command is given to return to the new position. If NTM is no, the motor completes the previous move before it is given a motion command to the new position.
Case #3: The motor record is given a new position, which is in the same direction as the current motor motion, but the new position is further from the motor's current position than the original position. After the motor reaches the original target position and stops, a command is given to the new target position. This case is independent of NTM.
New Features
motorRecord.dbd has been modified. This requires you to 'rebuild' any and all user trees (i.e., <ioctop>) that load the motor record (see README item #2 for details).
Communication Retries
Once a communication error is detected, one retry is attempted (Further retries are made, if the position RETRY field is non-zero). If the retry fails, then a communication error is reported. No further attempt is made to communicate with the controller until subsequent user input (e.g., a new target position is entered). This change affects all device drivers using GPIB or RS232 serial communication mechanisms (i.e., non-VME Bus boards).
The requirements on how the motor record processes a new target position while the motor is in motion have never been specified. The requirements are as follows:
Case #1: The motor record is given a new position, which is in the opposite direction from the current motor motion. The motor is immediately stopped and given a motion command to the new position.
Case #2: The motor record is given a new position, which is in the same direction as the current motor motion, but the new position is closer to the motor's current position than the original target position. The motor is stopped after it has gone past the new position; then a command is given to return to the new position.
Case #3: The motor record is given a new position, which is in the same direction as the current motor motion, but the new position is further from the motor's current position than the original position. After the motor reaches the original target position and stops, a command is given to the new target position (Previous motor record versions ignored the new target position.)
The Driver Power Monitoring feature (available only with OMS VME58 controllers) was erroneously and randomly being enabled. This resulted in the error message Drive power failure at VME58 card# motor# appearing at the VxWorks console.
Soft Channel device support modifications
Bug Fix for Array Holes in VMEbus based controllers
For VMEbus based motor controllers only (i.e., OMS), a hole in an array of VME based motor controller boards caused the system to crash with a memory access error on the address of the missing controller. For example, if oms58Setup(3, 8, 0x4000, 190, 5, 10) was issued without a board at 0xFFFF5000, a bus error would occur if the user attempted to move a motor on the missing board.
This release allows holes in an array of VMEbus based motor controllers.
RES Field
With previous releases of the motor record, the RES field was set to either ERES or MRES, based on whether or not the following statement was true; MSTA indicates an encoder is present, AND, UEIP is set to YES. This state (i.e., MSTA indicates an encoder is present, AND, UEIP is set to YES) resulted in the record converting all position and velocity related values from EGU's to raw encoder counts before sending them to the motor controller. This is the manner in which the OMS controllers work (see OMS User's Manual, ER# command).
With this release, all raw positions, velocity and acceleration are in terms of
motor steps. The RES field is preserved for backward compatibility only. With
this release, the RES field is always equal to MRES.
Previous motor record releases put both the "slew" and backlash correction moves on the same motor controller command line. Some controllers (i.e., OMS) handled this correctly by processing the slew move followed by the backlash correction move. Other controllers (i.e, Newport) did not handle this correctly and processed the commands immediately, resulting in the controller moving to the target position without backlash correction, but at the backlash correction velocity.
With this release, backlash correction commands are not issued to the controller until after the slew move is completed.
The MSTA field has been modified by providing separate +/- limit switch status bits. The MSTA bits are defined as follows:
- DIRECTION: (0:Negative, 1:Positive)
- DONE: motion is complete.
- PLUS_LS: plus limit switch has been hit.
- HOMELS: state of the home limit switch.
- Unused
- POSITION: closed-loop position control is enabled.
- Unused
- HOME: if at home position.
- PRESENT: encoder is present.
- PROBLEM: driver stopped polling.
- MOVING: non-zero velocity present.
- GAIN_SUPPORT: motor supports closed-loop position control.
- COMM_ERR: Controller communication error.
- MINUS_LS: minus limit switch has been hit.
New Features
Advanced Control Systems and Mclennan device driver support
Mark Rivers has added device driver support for the following motor controllers:
Disable Travel Limits
The travel limits can be disabled by setting both dial high and low limits equal to zero; i.e., DHLM = DLLM = 0.
RVAL ignored error
A problem was discovered with entering target positions through RVAL. If the difference between the current and the next target position (i.e., RDIF, DIFF) was less than the retry deadband (RDBD), and the next target position was in the "preferred direction", then the new RVAL was ignored. This error occured on releases as far back as V3.4.
Jog velocity and acceleration parameters
Two new fields (JVEL and JAR) were added to support jog velocity and acceleration parameters. These fields are only supported with Oregon Micro Systems, Inc device driver support. The JVEL field allows the user to change the jog velocity of the motor on-the-fly.
This release of the motor record is strictly a bug fix release; no new features have been added.
STOP field hangs record
An error was introduced into the motor record with the release of V4.2 (see README file item #14 under V4.2 ). This error occurred if the STOP field was activated when the motor was not moving (i.e., MIP = 0). The motor record would become "stuck", and not respond to a move request (due to the internal state machine associated with IP being set to the "stop" state), until the condition was cleared by either a SPMG-stop or some other user action that forced the MIP field to zero.
HIDEOS support removed
HIDEOS is no longer supported. MPF is the only supported alternative to HIDEOS.
This release of the motor record is compatible with EPICS R3.13.2 and above.
motorRecord.dbd has been modified. This requires you to 'rebuild' any and all user trees (i.e., <ioctop>) that load the motor record (see README item #20 for details).
Precedence between field pairs
At boot-up, if one field of a field pair (i.e., VMAX/SMAX, VBAS/SBAS, VELO/S, BVEL/SBAK) is zero and the other field is nonzero, the nonzero field takes precedence. If both fields of a given field pair are nonzero, the RPS member of the field pair (i.e., SMAX, SBAS, S, SBAK) takes precedence. This requirement was lost with the release of V4.0.
Moving Off a Limit Switch with a Oms58 device
An error occurs with the OMS VME58 when the user runs the motor into a limit switch and then attempts to move away from the limit switch. If either an absolute or incremental move is utilized to move away from the limit switch, the OMS VME58 ignores the 1st move attempt. Subsequent moves work. In addition, the user can jog off a limit switch. This error was hidden in most applications if RTRY was nonzero.
Separate motion commands for target and backlash moves
The record level support assumed that the motor controller would accept two motion commands on the same command line. This occurs when backlash compensation is enabled. Since the IM483[PL/SM] controller does not have this capability, support for a command line "record separator" character was added. The record separator is defined as an ASCII (IS2) character = /x1E. Currently, only one record separator is allowed in a command line.
Errors introduced in V4.0
Unfortunately, several errors were introduced into the motor record with V4.0. The following have been fixed:
Newport PM500 device support
Device driver support for the Newport PM500 is available for this release of the motor record. This device/driver is based on Mark River's PM500 V2.0 release.
Intelligent Motion Systems, Inc. IM483 device support
Device driver support for Intelligent Motion Systems (IMS) IM483[I/IE] is available
with this release. Two different device/drivers are available for the same
motor controller. The two device/drivers, IM483PL and IM483SM, correspond
to the two available IM483 communication modes, party line and single mode,
respectively (see the IMS Software Reference Manual for details).
Although the motor record software in this release is compatible with EPICS baseR188.8.131.52 and above, the directory structure, the "make" files and the configuration files are intended for the "unbundled" architecture of EPICS R3.13.2 and above.
Several errors in the OMS VME58 driver were found. All the errors caused the same problem. Namely, erroneous retries occurred intermittently when multiple axes were commanded to move on the same controller. This error occurred because old position data was being passed back from the driver after Done was detected. The erroneous intermittent retries occurred more often when the Oms setup parameters called for a high frequency (e.g., 60 Hz) "polling" rate and OMS board interrupts were enabled.
A problem with issuing a stop command (via either the STOP or SPMG field) was found
with all OMS boards and all versions of the OMS device drivers.
The root cause of this problem is a statement in the OMS manual that is not entirely
correct; the AC and VL commands are not completely queued.
Release 4.0 of the motor record is only compatible with EPICS baseR126.96.36.199 and above. This document describes changes made to the motor record and its' associated device driver support between versions 3.5 and 4.0.
Since the GAIN field is redundant (i.e., PID parameters can be set individually) it has been removed.
Previous releases of the motor record had a potential problem associated with the homing function. The motorx_all.adl V1.9 MEDM display sets the HOM[F/R] fields on and off, corresponding to the user pressing and releasing the respective home button. Depending on the pollRate defined in the st.cmd Setup command and the speed at which the user toggled the HOM[F/R] buttons; the record level software would turn off the DMOV field when the HOM[F/R] button was turned off and a motor status update had not yet been received. As a result, when the motor completed it's homing function the command positions (i.e., VAL, DVAL, RVAL) were not updated.
All previous motor record releases contained the DMOV problem; the commanded position
update problem was limited to the previous release (V3.5). With this release,
a dbPutField to either HOMF or HOMR is valid on a FALSE to TRUE transition (i.e.,
0 to 1), but a TRUE to FALSE transition (i.e., 1 to 0) will result in an error.
motorx_all.adl_V2.2 (which is included with this distribution) sets the HOM[F/R]
fields on when the user presses the homing button, but is does not set it
off when the button is released. The motor record clears the HOM[F/R] field
when the homing operation is done (i.e., completed or terminated).
If both the auto restore and controller target position values are non-zero at boot-up, then DVAL will be initialized from the controller's value. In other words, the controller's target position takes precedence over the autorestore value when both systems have non-zero DVAL values. As before, it is assumed that a zero target position from autorestore or the controller at boot-up are default values, and hence, they are ignored in favor of a non-zero value.
Previous releases of the motor record allowed the auto restore to take precedence
over the controller when initializing the target position (i.e., DVAL).
In order to support the new VMAX/SMAX fields, the Access Security Level for the following fields have been changed from one to zero:
Although the previous motor record release (V3.5) had device driver support for the MM4000, it is not recommended for use with either the MM4000 or the MM4005 controllers. The following changes were made to the previous release to create, what is now, the MM4000/5 device driver support:
Through an odd set of circumstances the Oms58 driver was not performing status updates on PowerPC (PPC) platforms. All users of the OMS VME58 controller on a PPC platform must upgrade to Motor Record version 4.0 for full functionality.
Newport MM3000 Device Support
Device driver support for the MM3000 exist for this release of the motor record. Note the following differences between the MM4000 and MM3000 device drivers:
With previous release, if the Oms or Oms58 driver was some how omitted from the database, a "... card does not exist" error message would result. With this release, an explicit error check and corresponding error message (i.e., "Oms[58] driver uninitialized. ") is issued at record initialization if a required driver is not initialized. (Because of the particulars of MM[3000/4000] initialization, this is not an issue with Newport controllers.)
Maximum velocity fields have been added; VMAX in EGU/s units and SMAX in RPS units.
In order to support BURT, range checking is done in such a way that any minimum (i.e., VBAS/SBAS) or maximum (i.e., VMAX/SMAX) value entered is valid. For example, if the minimum is entered and it exceeds the maximum, then the maximum is set to the new minimum value. Slew (VELO/S) and backup velocity (BVEL/SBAK) fields are forced by the motor record to be within the range set by VMAX/SMAX and VBAS/SBAS, inclusively. For example, if VELO is entered and it is less than the minimum, then VELO is set to VBAS.
To facilitate software upgrades, a zero VMAX disables maximum velocity error checking. Those who use both BURT and VMAX (i.e., nonzero VMAX) should insure that VMAX and VBAS are placed before VELO and BVEL in their BURT request files. VMAX/SMAX have Access Security Level zero.
motorx_setup_1.7.adl (which is included with this distribution) includes
support for the maximum velocity fields.
Release 3.5 of the motor record is only compatible with EPICS baseR220.127.116.11 and above. This document describes changes made to the motor record and its' associated device driver support between versions 3.4 and 3.5. Those changes are as follows:
This feature is available only with OMS VME8/44/58 or Newport MM4000 device support (i.e., devOms, devOms58, devMM4000). Three motor record fields are available to the user to send ASCII command primitives to the servo control board at fixed, predefined, times. Each of the following fields is defined as a character string:
1. INIT - Sent at record initialization.
2. PREM - Sent before every command string that causes motion.
3. POST - Sent after a complete motion is finished or when an overtravel limit switch is detected.
No error checking is done by the motor record or the device driver to insure that the command strings are valid. Command primitives that result in a response from the motion control board are valid, but the response is not processed.
The following unused motor record fields were deleted: MODE, TRAK, MDEL, ADEL, CVEL, POSM, ALST, MLST
Device directive definition and processing:
User I/O #0 <> X axis
The immediate goals for soft channel motor record device support were twofold. First, to solve the problem of nonlinear position conversion in the data base, rather than in the record. Second, to provide a more flexible motor record interface for Table Records and SPEC.
New fields have been added to the motor record to support the Soft Channel device
driver. The new fields are all database links associated with existing
motor record fields. The new links and their associated fields are listed
in the table below:
|Link Type
|Associated Field
* - Not a new field, but a new function provided only by soft channel device support.
The Soft Channel database links are only processed when the Soft Channel device driver is selected. These links are ignored when using any other Motor Record device driver. At this time, the above links are not dynamically retargetable.
The OUT, DINP and RDBL are monitored for value changes via a CA event task.
Users must choose either a dial input link (RDBL) or a raw input link (RINP), but
not both.
This is Mark Rivers MM4000
device support ported to the latest motor record release. The following are
the functional differences between Mark's version 1.01 and
this release:
- When either user or dial travel limit values are entered, a validity check is made using the travel limit values from the MM4000 control. User and dial travel limit values are valid if they are within the travel limits set on the front panel of the MM4000 controller. Attempting to enter a travel limit outside the MM4000 controller's range results in the travel limit being reset to the MM4000's value.
- Servo support has been extended to the MM4000 controller.
With this release there are two ways to set the motor controllers' PID parameters; either through the Combined Gain field (i.e., GAIN) or through the individual PID gain parameter fields (i.e., PCOF, ICOF, DCOF). Let the motor controller PID parameters be represented by CKP, CKI and CKD; then the relationship between these two methods is as follows:
For the MM4000 For all OMS controllers
Note that setting any of the individual PID record fields is notreflected in the value of the GAIN field.
Device support for the Highland V544 is available with this release. This version (i.e., version 1.3) is functionally the same as the earlier release (i.e., version 1.2). No new features have been added.
This document describes changes made to the motor record and its' associated device driver support between versions 3.3 and 3.4. Those changes are as follows:
A design error was discovered in the OMS device drivers (drvOms and drvOms58). The EPICS device driver support task (i.e., tmotor) would query the OMS motion controller for status information immediately after a motion command. Since the state of the controller board was in the midst of changing, this sometimes resulted in inconsistent or conflicting status information being returned to the motor record. This problem was remedied by enforcing a minimum time delay (16.67 ms) between a motion command and a status query.
It is difficult to enumerate the symptoms associated with this problem. Sometimes they exhibited themselves intermittently, other times bad data stayed in the record. Several symptoms are as follows:
- Erroneous motor stops being issued by the device support when changing motor direction.
- Backlash occurring when the motor is moving in the same direction as the sign of BDST.
- DVAL and RBV becoming out-of-synch. RBV would always be an old value from the previous move.
The motor record classifies a motor as a servo if it has two features; an adjustable closed loop position response gain and the ability to enable/disable closed loop position control (i.e., motor torque). A motor lacking either of the above two features is classified as a stepper and is supported by the standard motor record features. The following three motor record fields support servo motors:
1. GAIN - Closed loop position response gain of the motor.
2. CNEN - Enable/disable closed loop position control request.
3. STEN - Closed loop position control status (i.e.,
Currently, servo support is only available with OMS's VME58 device support (i.e., VME58-[4S/8S/2S2/2S6/4S4/6S2] model boards). At driver initialization, the driver automatically detects whether or not the underlying device supports the use of the GAIN field and thereby classifies the motor as a stepper or a servo. Bit#11 of the MSTA field is set on/off based on the results of this test. If the device supports the GAIN field, then bit#11 of the MSTA is set on and all of the above servo fields are enabled. Otherwise, they are disabled and bit#11 of the MSTA is set off. When the servo fields are disabled, they can still be read or written to without an error response.
The VME58 device support allows the closed loop position gain of the motor to be set directly through the GAIN field. For the VME58, setting the GAIN field value results in the Combined Coefficient command (i.e., KK#) being executed with the GAIN field value as the argument to the command. This command, in turn, sets the PID loop parameter values (with the OMS VME58, gain changes do not take effect until the command velocity is zero).
The user can request that the closed loop position control be enabled or disabled
by setting the CNEN field nonzero or zero, respectively.
Likewise, the user can monitor the state of closed loop position control (i.e., enabled/disabled) by reading the STEN field. See the OMS "VME58 Family User's Manual" for further details.
Three motor record fields are available to the user that can be used to send ASCII command primitives to the servo control board at fixed, predefined, times. Each field is defined as a character string.
1. INIT - Sent at record initialization.
2. PREM - Sent before every command string that causes motion.
3. POST - Sent after a complete motion is finished.
No error checking is done by the motor record or the device driver to insure that the command strings are valid. Command primitives that result in a response from the motion control board are valid, but the response is not processed.


text:
Rock & Candy Tumbler Pinstripe Flat
Sorry, this item is sold out!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Item # dsw12prod4340017
Kick it a casual and cool slip-on sneaker from Rock & Candy. The pinstripe print adds a dash of carefree fun to the Tumbler flat.
- Pinstripe print canvas upper
- Center elastic straps
- Rubber sole
- Imported
- View more Women's Rock & Candy Shoes
By: cpears
Location: Boston
May 05, 2013
"These shoes are perfect for what I bought them for - throwing them on quick for errands or walking my dog. I like them best from the side view, when you look down on them while wearing them the toe of the shoe looks wider because of the material covering it but that won't deter me from wearing them. Also when I walk the shoe bends in the middle a little but I'm not sure if this is just because I got a slightly bigger size than my foot. Overall, for the price they are very easy to walk around in for a casual shoe."
By: KarenJR
April 27, 2013
By: AwesomeAmber
Location: Lynnwood
April 22, 2013
great everyday shoe
"Comfy for on the go errands and a casual day in the office."
By: KatMF
Location: Portland, OR
March 22, 2013
Cute and simple
"These shoes fit perfectly, and honestly better than expected. These types of shoes often lead to blisters on my heels, but these ones didn't even require a break-in period."
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Search results for 'bunting'
4 ft. X 6 ft. Cotton U.S. Flag with Dyed Star Field$37.40Heavyweight domestic cotton bunting has a vintage texture and appearance. The colors are rich and vibrant. Featuring sewn stripes and dyed stars, this flag is finished with canvas heading and solid brass grommets. Annin's Bulldog brand. Learn More
Bunting with Repeating Small U.S. Flag pattern Cotton Sheeting 4 in. x 21 ft.$11.10Flag pattern size is 4 in. x 6 in. Polyester/Cotton blend. Learn More
Stars & Stripes Patriotic bunting 1 1/2 ft. x 20 ft.$24.40Total length is 20 feet. Polyester/Cotton blend . Learn More
Decorators' Bunting, three sewn stripes of red ,white and blue-Polycotton-60 yd. Bolt$397.80Cotton Sheeting, 36 in. wide. Learn More
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Cotton Sheeting Welcome Bunting with Eagle Center-3 ft .X 9 ft.$71.20No need for half fans or pre-pleated fans. All three pieces are sewn together in one piece. Finished with canvas heading and four grommets for easy display. Learn More
Welcome Bunting with Colonial Star Pattern in the Center- Nyl-Glo-3 ft. X 9 ft.$63.10Made with Nyl-Glo Nylon. Features a printed center and sewn stripes. Learn More
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Full Bolt of 1 1/2 ft. wide Stars & Stripes Patriotic bunting.$141.50Total length is 60 yards. Polyester/Cotton blend . Learn More
Bunting with Repeating Large U.S. Flag pattern-Polycotton-1 ft. x 25 ft.$22.20Flag pattern size is 12 in. x 18 in. Polyester/Cotton blend. 25' in length Learn More


text:
Top Definition
describing someone whom you find absolutely delicious
The new kids's definitely pantropical
by Teekadilly March 08, 2011
The Urban Dictionary Mug
One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids.Buy the mug
The Urban Dictionary T-Shirt
Smooth, soft, slim fit American Apparel shirt. Custom printed. 100% fine jersey cotton, except for heather grey (90% cotton).Buy the t-shirt


text: Well over a year has passed since the events of INFINITE CRISIS, including the retreat of the Amazons to the realm of the Gods. But now they're back, screaming for vengeance! What could compel the Amazons to renounce their peaceful ways and attack America? The answers will prove useless to a country and hero population utterly unprepared for this savage attack. And where is Wonder Woman while all this is going on?


text:
|Tacki Mac Patrick Kane Pro Ribbed Stick Grips
Lowest Price Guarantee
Combine the Tacki-mac® grip with the Tacki Mac's Attack pads™ for your total game control!
- Wrapped ribbed grip - Thinner overall grip than other Tacki-mac® grips. Features circular rings for grip.
- Diagonally wrapped ideally for a right-handed player - Ridges wrap in the same direction as the fingers of the left hand when griping the stick.
- Length: 7 1/2" (including 1/4" butt end)
- The wetter it gets, the tighter it holds
- Consistent feel from grip to grip
- Won't crack or dry out
- Saves money on tape
- Prolongs the life of glove palms
- Quick and easy to apply:
- Slips over the end of the stick with a little water and soap
- Double sided adhesive tape holds it in place
- Complete instructions included in package
- Fits senior, intermediate and junior sticks and shafts
Comments: Kane grip is the thinnest of all the varieties, but I have decided that I like more of a knob than this grip offers. I don't think this one protects your gloves as well because there is no knob. I actually wore down the corner of this grip at the top, that is how thin it is. But definitly a better feel for the stick than the 'ribbed' one that IW says is most popular.
From: Gear Executive, Fort Collins, CO
Comments: Perfect grip! Thin design yet very durable. I've tried a few others but the Kane grip feels the best!
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Comments: Great grip stick, easy installation, great choice.
From: Valencia, Venezuela
Comments: The Kane grip nice and also thin, like the "wrapped texture" one, not the thick "ribbed wrapped"
From: Ryan
Comments:These Kane grips are totally legit!
From: Derek USA


text:
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ARS Wood Grip Pruning Saw Straight Blade 4mm Pitch 250mmSpecifications:Surface Finishing: Hard-Chrome PlatingMaterial: High-Carbon SteelTooth Grinding: Curvature GroundTooth Type: TURBOCUTImpulse Hardend: NoTooth Pitch: 4mmTooth Thickness: 1.3mmOverall Length: 415mmWeight: 140gBlade Length: 250mmSpare Blade: 25KL-1Applications: Grapes / Fruits / Camping / Landscaping
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Tooled-Up.com78 Suez RoadBrimsdownEnfieldMiddlesexEN3 7PSTel : 0208 805 3535


text:
Well i was right about them making it to the outskirts of fishman island after the volcano, and I guess my prediction of surume being sacrificed was semi wrong LOL i want to count the fact he was knocked out
He is officially to weak to be an SH IMO hes been knocked out twice in one arc.
I was right that he was working for the fishman
I was right that he was a small fry which was why he was guiding the entrance and I was right the fishman would not react completely well to him knocking out surume. Most of my predictions came true. I am still wanting to see fishman island because I wonder if its in a bubble itself.


text:
Sole Obsession Cathice-08 Wedge Sandal
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Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Item # 269084
Exude an exotic vibe in the Cathice-08 wedges from Sole Obsession. Florals and animal prints on this gorgeous wedge sandal will brighten your style.
- Leopard and flower print fabric upper
- Braided raffia trim
- Ankle strap with adjustable buckle
- Round peep toe
- 2" platform, 5¼" floral print wedge
- Synthetic sole
- Imported
By: AnjaD
Location: Austin, TX
March 29, 2014
Very comfy heels
"Not only are these wedges really beautiful (the pictures don't do them justice), they are so comfortable with a soft cushioned insole. Love them!"
By: Jocita
Location: Michigan
March 26, 2014
In Love With These Shoes
"I took a gamble on purchasing these shoes and I am glad that I did. I can't WAIT for spring/summer weather to finally get here so that I can rock these wedges. At first I thought the patterns all together looked weird, but there are so many clothing possiblities that you can wear with this shoe...legs, jeans, dreses in an array of colors and prints. You have to think out of the box - these shoes will definately stand out. The only issue that I have it that they are kind of stiff around the openings (where the polka dot print portion comes in contact with your foot). I will use Dr. Scholls cushion tape to make those areas less rough. Easy fix to a great shoe!!!"
By: Kayla1
Location: Tampa
September 14, 2013
"I absolutely love these wedges! They match just about anything!"
By: ShoesLuvATL
Location: Atlanta, GA
August 21, 2013
Wanted to love them but...
"...the quality of the thick braided bottom and the fact that it looked so out of place in person just didn't work for me. I wanted to love the art of the shoes...but I just couldn't get past that braided bottom - ruined it for me."
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text:
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Stop the Summer Slide with Sweet Reads from St. Louis County Library
Tue, 06/04/2013 (All day)
St. Louis County Library is rolling out a new partnership with the Hazelwood School District this summer called Sweet Reads. SLCL will bring a mobile unit with books and the system's popular summer reading club to students in the north St. Louis County neighborhoods near Twillman and Larimore elementary schools starting June 11.
The decline of reading skills in the summer months is a recurring issue for teachers, parents and students. Often, it is the students who can least afford to lose the reading gains they've achieved during the school year, falling farther behind when they return to the classroom after summer break. The Sweet Reads van will increase exposure to literature over the summer while offering incentives and encouragement. Students who complete SLCL's summer reading club will be given a certificate that can be redeemed at school for a special reward.
SLCL will bring the Sweet Reads van to locations listed below on Tuesdays from 11:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m. during June 11 - July 23. The Sweet Reads van will feature a variety of books for all ages, as well as registration information for the library's summer reading clubs. Those who sign up for summer reading club can return their log sheets to the Sweet Reads van and redeem prizes. A library card is not required to check out items from the van, individuals will be asked to return items when finished.
Sweet Reads Van Stops:
Colonial Meadows Apartments
1800 San Luis Dr., St Louis MO 63138
Windham Chase
12401 Horizon Village Dr., St Louis Mo 63138
Oak Park Apartments
11185 Oak Parkway Ln., St Louis Mo 63138
Countryside Apartments
1604 Rosado Dr., St. Louis MO 63138
To learn more about the Sweet Reads van please call 314-994-3300 ext 2330.
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text:
Poppie Jones Sequin Bowler Satchel
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Item # dsw12prod4460085
Sparkle in the latest trends when you're carrying the Poppie Jones Sequin Bowler Satchel. This stylish and spacious bag is a must have this season!
- Faux leather and sequin satchel
- Top zip closure
- Rolled faux leather handles with 7" drop
- Fabric lining with zip pockets and two slip pockets
- Dimensions 13" x 6" x 11"
- Imported
Tell us what you think!
Everyone has an opinion. Here's your chance to share yours! Be the first to write a review of this product and help your fellow shoppers pick the best of the best.


text:
more spoilers
thanks to MangaUploader78
This is something about Naruto and his teammates
Kiba: Sasuke is about 25 km southeast from here
Naruto: "something" let's hurry 'tebayo!
Yamato: !!
: You!
Everyone (?): Akatsuki
Pein stands behind Kakashi
Pein: …
Yamato: あいつが相手となるとまずすぎる
Kakashi: Yamato, do you know that guy?
Yamato: Something about he knows Pein, his family and his Kekkei Genkai, which is related to his pupils
Pein dissapears
Yamato: !
: Makes some Wood jutsu
The jutsu Yamato made appears
5 people fall under Yamato's jutsu
Yamato: Telling naruto something about the wooden prison he made for protection
: "i think that he is not sure about what he can do with that kekkei genkai"
Yamato takes out a kunai and kakashi his sharingan
Someone from hebi: He seems to be tired
Karin: Sasuke seems to be seriously injured
重吾: Meanwhile I'll be watching
Back with Itachi
Kisame: So your little brother is alive?
Itachi: いやそうではない…
Kisame: まだ他にもうちは一族がいるんですか?
Itachi: …
Back with naruto and the others
Pein stabs Yamato in the chest
Yamato's jutsu is released and Naruto is free again
Kakashi: こいつはやばすぎる,お前達は急いで退け
Naruto don't want to retreat
Naruto: Kage bunshin no jutsu
Kiba: Stop it Naruto
Something that Kakashi hits Naruto causing him to faint
Someone named "Tusk" (I think is a nin dog) takes Naruto and leaves
Kakashi: Mangekyou Sharingan
Pein: …
Next Chapter: Kakashi VS Pein, conclusion!!


text:
The Blues staved off a second half fightback from the Rebels to claim a 36-32 victory in Auckland on Saturday.
The Blues staved off a second half fightback from the Rebels to claim a 36-32 victory in Auckland on Saturday.
The home side laid the foundation for this win in the first half, when they ran in five tries, with right wing Frank Halai leading the way with a deserved hat-trick.
The opening minutes were highlighted by several errors at the breakdown from the Blues. James O'Connor had an opportunity to open the scoring from the kicking tee twice inside the first five minutes but he missed both penalty attempts.
Blues goal-kicker Chris Noakes also missed a shot at goal, shortly afterwards, but Halai scored the game's opening try in the 10th minute after Angus Ta'avao did well to draw in a defender before offloading to the flyer.
Noakes missed with the conversion attempt and his poor start to the game got even worse when he missed a vital tackle on Mitch Inman which allowed the Rebels centre to score the visitors' first try two minutes later.
The Blues restored their lead, in the 18th minute, when Francis Saili clung to a brilliant Rene Ranger offload on his bootlaces, before kicking ahead and beating the cover defence in a race to the ball behind the Rebels' try-line.
Five minutes later Halai got in for his second try after running onto a long pass from Charles Piutau before Scott Higginbotham struck back with a five-pointer for the visitors after shrugging off a sluggish tackle from Ali Williams.
Halai secured his hat-trick in the 31st minute after Ranger put him in the clear with a perfectly-timed long pass inside the Rebels' 22. The big wing still had work to do and stepped out of a tackle from Cooper Vuna before touching down.
The Rebels suffered a major setback midway through the half when, first, O'Connor was forced off with a chest injury, and then his replacement Angus Roberts also cried off with a dislocated shoulder after spending only six minutes on the field.
The Melbourne-based outfit started the second half brightly and after Jarryd Saffy and Cadeyrn Neville were both held up over the try-line they were eventually rewarded, in the 46th minute, when Lachlan Mitchell crashed through a tackle from Ranger before dotting down.
The visitors were dominant for the next 20 minutes, scoring a further 10 unanswered points through another Inman try – after Higginbotham took a quick tap penalty close to the Blues' try-line – and a conversion and a penalty from Jason Woodward.
With the score at 29-25 to the hosts, the Rebels were brimming with confidence but Ranger took the wind out of their sails when he burst through a gap in their defence, at a ruck, to score the hosts' sixth try.
To their credit, the Rebels did not surrender and they clinched their second bonus-point – for losing by less than seven points – when Woodward scored another try, which he converted in injury time.
The scorers:
For Blues:
Tries: Halai 3, F Saili 2, Ranger
Con: Noakes 2, Kerr
For Rebels:
Tries: Inman 2, Higginbotham, Mitchell, Woodward
Con: Woodward 2
Pen: Woodward
Blues:15 Charles Piutau, 14 Frank Halai, 13 Rene Ranger, 12 Francis Saili, 11 George Moala, 10 Chris Noakes, 9 Piri Weepu, 8 Peter Saili, 7 Brendon O'Connor, 6 Steven Luatua, 5 Ali Williams (c), 4 Anthony Boric, 3 Angus Ta'avao, 2 Quentin MacDonald, 1 Tim Perry
Replacements:16 Gafatasi Su'a, 17 Ofa Tu'ungafasi, 18 Ronald Raaymakers, 19 Luke Braid, 20 Jamison Gibson-Park, 21 Baden Kerr, 22 Lolagi Visinia.
Rebels: 15 Jason Woodward, 14 Tom English, 13 Mitch Inman, 12 Lachie Mitchell, 11 Cooper Vuna, 10 James O'Connor, 9 Nick Phipps, 8 Scott Higginbotham (captain), 7 Scott Fuglistaller, 6 Jarrod Saffy, 5 Cadeyrn Neville, 4 Hugh Pyle, 3 Laurie Weeks, 2 Shota Horie, 1 Nic Henderson.
Replacements: 16 Ged Robinson, 17 Paul Alo-Emile, 18 Luke Jones, 19 Gareth Delve, 20 Nic Stirzaker, 21 Angus Roberts, 22 Bryce Hegarty.
Referee: Garrat Williamson


text: Rhinoplasty by Dr Hosnani, cartilaginous (bony) nose, semi fancy result. Case number 72 Home | Back to gallery cartilaginous (bony) nose surgery, semi fancy Nose type is cartilaginous (bony). Result of surgery is semi fancy . Dorsal hump of the nose is removed. Length of the nose is reduced. Nasal tip is slightly up-rotated. 72 Rhinoplasty by Dr Hosnani, cartilaginous (bony) nose, semi fancy result. Case number 72 What is your opinion about this nose job? How do you rate from 1 to 5? 1- Very Good 2- Good 3- So So 4- Bad 5- Very Bad 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Gallery of bony nose ⋄ Cartilaginous nose with thick skin ⋄ Gallery of deviated nose ⋄ Gallery of Front views ⋄ Gallery of Female rhinoplasty ⋄ Gallery of Male rhinoplasty ⋄ Gallery of Meaty nose ⋄ Gallery of Men rhinoplasty, natural result ⋄ Men with Semi-Fancy result ⋄ Rhinoplasty Natural result ⋄ Nose-forehead depression ⋄ All cases ⋄ Gallery of Nostrils ⋄ Gallery of Profile views ⋄ Rhinoplasty Semi-fancy result ⋄ Thick skin nose with strong cartilage ⋄ Gallery of droopy nose ⋄ Wide nose made narrower ⋄ Gallery of Women rhinoplasty, natural result ⋄ Women with Semi-Fancy result ⋄


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By Brendan Conway
If you can't beat 'em, join 'em, is one of the themes Steve Garmhausen relates in Barron's over the weekend in the trend of mutual-fund managers who use exchange-traded funds.
Yes, there are mutual-fund managers who buy ETFs instead of stocks and bonds, and they do it for purposes besides just parking their cash. There's specifically a group of 100 or so whose strategies are premised almost entirely (or even entirely) on buying and selling ETFs.
They're expensive, generally speaking. The author finds mutual funds of ETFs charge an average 1.55%, versus a combined average of 1.39% for the corresponding categories of mutual funds. Part of the reason: highly "tactical," aggressive "allocation" funds are common in this group. Such funds often trade more actively than plain-vanilla stock funds. All that trading means the strategies aren't cheap.
I finished the story with the impression that some of these strategies are straightforward enough that a self-directed investor can implement them on his own. Why pay a mutual-fund manager 1% or more of your assets every year when you can do something similar inside your Schwab or Fidelity account?
If you like the underlying ETFs, just buy them – unless you're a true believer in the allocation strategy in the mutual fund. Or if you don't want to be bothered monitoring a portfolio on your own.
From Garmhausen:
[T]he past five years have seen the launch of about 100 funds that hold at least 80% of their assets in ETFs, according to Morningstar. And it's becoming more and more common for managers of conventional mutual funds to use ETFs here and there for "tactical" purposes.
Of the funds where ETFs are the primary investment vehicle, most are asset-allocation funds. Asset-allocation funds are designed to serve as a complete investment portfolio; their managers choose and combine investments with the aim of meeting specific investment goals.
Historically, asset-allocation funds have invested in other mutual funds. But a growing number are using ETFs, citing their low costs, liquidity, and tax efficiency.
The example in Garmhausen's story is AdvisorOne Amerigo fund (CLSAX), whose 3-year return of 12.3% compares to the S&P 500 total return's 17.9%. That fund's top holdings include Vanguard Dividend Appreciation (VIG), SPDR Select Sector Energy (XLE) and Financial Select Sector SPDR (XLF).
The biggest ETF-enabled mutual funds by assets include TransAmerica Tactical Income (IGTAX). This one has a 1-year return of 1.5%. At latest disclosure, it was nearly two-fifths invested in the two biggest junk-bond ETFs, iShares iBoxx $ High Yield Corporate Bond Fund (HYG) and SPDR Barclays Capital High Yield Bond ETF (JNK). Its expense ratio is 1.30% and the annual portfolio turnover is 142%, according to Morningstar.
Another is the $1.4 billion Virtus Dynamic AlphaSector A (EMNAX), charging 2.76%, with a 3-year return of 4.4% and 165% turnover. All data according to Morningstar.
This niche may be one of those cases where less is more.


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Center for Innovation in Teaching & Learning (new)
Center for Innovation in Teaching & Learning (new)
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Event Detail Information
Creating Effective Student Teams and Assignments
SpeakerCheelan Bo-Linn
Date Oct 31, 2012
Time 3:00 pm - 5:00 pm
Location 428 Armory Bldg
Cost Free, but registration required.
Sponsor Center for Teaching Excellence
Contact Cheelan Bo-Linn
E-Mail email@example.com
Phone 217.244.3859
Registration Registration
Event type Conference/Workshop
Views 4206
With the increased demand for students to work effectively in teams, many instructors have implemented short-term and semester-long team projects in their courses. There are many benefits derived from this type of cooperative learning strategy if key issues are addressed.
- What are some of the considerations for making this a valuable learning experience?
- How should teams be created?
- What are important skills that students should learn?
- What makes a good team assignment?
- How do we assess team work?
We'll address these questions and more in this highly interactive workshop. Handouts with sample assessment forms will be provided.


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Risk Management
Hazmat Term
is the systematic application of policies, practices, and resources to the assessment and control of risk affecting human health and safety and the environment. Hazard, risk, and cost/benefit analysis are used to support development of risk reduction options, program objectives, and prioritization of issues and resources. A critical role of the safety regulator is to identify activities involving significant risk and to establish an acceptable level of risk. Near zero risk can be very costly and in most cases is not achievable.
Hazardous Materials Safety term


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- Product Details
- Fabric Estimator
- Rewards
Want a uniquely textured cotton? Then take a closer look at this fantastic material!! Here we have a neat, light-weight, black, pintucked cotton woven that is put together in a way, making it looks like it contains tone on tone stripes. The reason for that look is due to the pintucks being slightly raised, creating shadows on the fabric, and also creating a uniquely texture surface. This material is soft with a crisp drape, perfect for interesting shirts and blouses, attractive dresses, fascinating pants, etc.
Color: Black
Width: 33"
Content: 100% COTTON
Learn about fabric careHOW TO CARE FOR COTTON FABRICS: Machine-wash warm or cold, tumble dry. Pull straight from the dryer to prevent wrinkles, or iron while damp. Prewash cotton fabrics before cutting out your pattern. Mood strongly recommends test-laundering a swatch, if you plan to wash your garment or home furnishings yourself.
PLEASE NOTE: The above numbers are estimations only. Please take into account garment size, lining and fabric width.


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By PHIL FAUVERGuest Writer
The Emery County Commission met on Aug. 11 for their regularly scheduled meeting. They ratified the State of Utah bailiff and security services contract which is a standard form that comes once a year. The State paid $12,500 for these services to the county.
The commission considered and approved a resolution establishing an Ambulance Advisory Board, which would include the Emery County Sheriff, an Emery County Commissioner and five ambulance supervisors from the following areas Green River, Castle Dale, Orangeville, Huntington, and Emery. The resolution states that the initial board will consist of LaMar Guymon Sheriff, Commissioner Laurie Pitchforth, Green River Supervisor, Castle Dale Supervisor, Orangeville Supervisor, Huntington Supervisor and Emery Supervisor.
The Emery County School District requested and received a building permit fee waiver of $2,101.60 for Emery High School project house. Emery High builds a project house every year to teach students the skills necessary for constructing a house. The commission considered and approved the asset purchase agreement and customer request work agreement between Emery County and Rocky Mountain Power for the upgrade, transfer and sale of the Cedar Mountain, Utah power line. Emery County owns the power line in the Green River city right of way. The power line is approximately two miles long. On top of Cedar Mountain is the repeater station that puts television into Green River as well as into San Juan County. The power line is in need of repair as recent storms have caused extensive damage. A few days there was no power to the repeater and it ran on standby power. The repairing of the line and the repeater has been discussed previously. It was determined it would last through another year before putting it into the budget. Rocky Mountain Power has surveyed the power line back to Price. They want $71,550 to upgrade the power line.
The $500 is for a permit from the Bureau of Land Management. There is one customer on the existing power line which Emery County has been sharing with and selling power to. Under the franchise agreement Emery County is not allowed to sell power. The cost of this project will be $71,550 to the county and looking at the budget, there is $109,000 in the Communications budget that will not be spent this year. Commissioner Kofford suggested that $71,550 be taken from the communications budget and use it for this power line. Commissioner Kofford sent a letter to Bruce Adams of San Juan County. San Juan County participates 50 percent in keeping this power line and repeater operating. Adams replied they would send their money before the end of the year. The actual expenditure by the county will be about $36,000.
The Commission ratified the Federal Aid Agreement Supplement between Emery County and Utah Department of Transportation for the South Moore Cut off Road - Phase VII. A contract was signed in March for approximately $4 million. As it was completed in design the cost increased to $6,530,658. It became necessary to sign this contract to get the project on the UDOT bid list which will be Aug. 14. The county portion is $1,210,674. that amount may change as the bids come in, but that is the amount of money that is allocated for this project.
The commission considered and approved a contract for consultant services to develop, revise and update Emery County's Emergency Operation Plan. This is being paid for by Home Land Security in conjunction with Carbon County and Grand County. The contract indicates the rate of pay and per diem expenses. All three counties are signing this agreement. Note that it will not go over the amount budgeted for the consultant.
A 3 percent increase and a 4 percent COLA was approved for John Conder who has successfully completed his 6 month orientation period. Approval was given to start recruitment of seven part-time people, working 19 3/4 hours per week as life guards. A lot of the existing staff will be leaving for college soon.
Lee Ann Seely was hired as a 90 day temporary at the Museum of the San Rafael. The commission meeting minutes for July 13, 14 and 28 were approved.
Commission reports:
Laurie Pitchforth said the fair is over and it was a success, we had the largest crowd ever on Friday night for the rodeo. All three nights were very well attended. She thanked all who helped with the preparation, presentation and clean up.
The Chili Cook Off went very well. Commissioner Kofford took second place while BK's took first in the Chili Cook Off.
Jeff Horrocks was out of state during some of the events. He did participate in the parade at the fair.
Gary Kofford attended the CIB meeting and received $800,000 for the Care Center. The total project is $1,600,000. The municipal building authority will match 50 percent. Carter Construction started on the project Aug. 10.
The Commission approved a project for 400 South and 400 West in Huntington. The Goblin Valley part three is bid. Goblin Valley part two, Brown Brothers started that project.
Congressman Jim Matheson was in town and met with mayors and other elected officials from Carbon and Emery County at Castle Valley Outdoors for a luncheon. Commissioner Kofford picked him up at I-70 and Moore Road. They then drove the Moore Road Cut Off as it was Matheson's first time to see that project. Jim Matheson did go to the lamb fry and visited for an hour or so. State Rep. Kay McIff was in the parade and also helped with the chili cook off.


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There are unlimited possibilities for student involvement. USAO provides you with the tools to put your ideas and education into action. Any media project I can imagine, I can make happen with the help of my professors. -Alicia Working/Mustang, OK
Most people are born with the ability to acquire good communication skills and the communication program can help students realize their full potential.
Communication, by its very nature, is interdisciplinary, requiring a broad understanding of human behavior; an awareness of the vast diversity, as well as the strong similarities, among humans and human cultures; the global nature of how humans are connected to each other; and the critical need to communicate accurately and ethically.
The goal of the USAO communication program is to teach students how to increase shared understanding-- whether interpersonally, in small groups, in a public forum, or among millions through the mass media. Rather than the narrow view of a specialist, today's communication graduate must develop a broad perspective that allows him or her to create effective messages in oral, written, and visual form. This is the focus of the USAO program as students learn how, why, and with what effects humans communicate.
The curriculum is based on journalistic principles grounded in research and ethical application of theory in real-world situations. Courses in news reporting, public relations, public speaking, small group dynamics, mass media, graphic design, and photography prepare students for careers in virtually any arena or further study on the graduate level. In addition to the core communication courses that are required of all communication majors, the department also offers special topics and workshops that are generated by the interests of both students and instructor, such as broadcast production, television programming and humor in communication.
Note: Items on this page and page links are intended for informational purposes only. Please consult the current USAO catalog for actual class requirements for this or any other major field of study. Current USAO students should consult their advisor.


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By PATSY STODDARDEditor
The spirit of the season is giving and give is what local businesses have done. An idea to spread a little cheer to local rest homes was started by the Eastern Utah Broadcasting system, which includes KOAL, KRPX and K98.3 radio stations, Gordon's Nursery and Floral and ECI-Electrical Contractors, Inc.
They teamed up to bring a bit of holiday color to the lives of residents of local nursing homes and care centers. On Dec. 11, Paul Anderson and Santa's helpers delivered poinsettias to the Emery County Care and Rehabilitation Center in Ferron.
The residents all expressed their surprise at the special delivery. Resident Clyde Cox said, "Look at the pretty flowers."
Merlin Black said, "How nice of them to do this for all of us."
Maggie Hansen never at a loss for words said, "How special this makes us feel." She directed those delivering the flowers to make sure they made it around to each room.
Anderson said, "We hope to do this every year. We are delivering 250 poinsettias to the area care centers."
Along with each poinsettia plant was a card which listed those who donated the flower. Each card said, "May the wondrous spirit of Christmas fill your heart today."
And the wondrous spirit did fill the halls and rooms of the care center as the flowers will brighten the rooms and hearts of the residents for weeks to come.
The residents expressed their thanks for the beautiful flowers and the surprise delivery.


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Pet Supplies Plus
Tag Archives: Pet Supplies Plus
November 2010 Your Story Featuring Casey, the Australian Shepherd
Written by Joanna Noblesville, IN I had been watching craigslist for an Aussie for weeks, and one finally popped up! The ad was short on details, but the picture looked like a roly-poly puppy. Turns out, he was a neglected, overfed, roly-poly 1.5 year old living in a 1 bedroom apartment. The owners were fed up with his energy, and handed him & his supplies off to us for free. We were his third home in his short life, and he just needed to learn that we weren't going to pass him off again. Casey needed more room to run,


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On July 27, 2013, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite captured this image of the Mile Marker 28 fire burning about 15 miles northeast of Goldendale, Washington. Red outlines indicate hot spots where MODIS detected unusually warm surface temperatures associated with fire. The lower image, a photograph taken by a firefighter on the Washington Incident Management Team 2, shows a column of smoke billowing from the blaze on July 28.
A total of 2,205,000 acres (892,331 hectares) had burned during the 2013 wildfire season in the United States by July 26, 2013, according to the National Interagency Fire Center. Over the past ten years, the average number of U.S. acres burned by July 26 was significantly higher—3,977,074 acres (1,609,465 hectares).
Further Reading
- Inciweb (2013, July 29) Mile 28 Marker Fire. Accessed July 29, 2013.
- National Interagency Fire Center (2013, July 29) Year-to-date Statistics. Accessed July 29, 2013.
- Tri-City Herald (2013, July 28) Goldendale wildfire up to nearly 27 square miles. Accessed July 29, 2013.
NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Caption by Adam Voiland.
- Instrument(s):
- Terra - MODIS
- Photograph


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Current Exhibits
Special Collections
- About Special Collections
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Web Exhibits
Unitrans at 40
Moving Students Through the Decades
Previously on display in the Special Collections Display Cases during Winter Quarter 2008. Now, presented here as a web exhibit.
Exhibit prepared by Sara Gunasekara, Collections Manager
In the late 1960s, the Associated Students of UC Davis explored possibilities for providing bus transportation to students traveling between the City of Davis and the campus. The University Transport System, or Unitrans, was founded by ASUCD and service officially began on February 28, 1968 with two London double decker buses operating on two routes. Today, Unitrans provides transportation with 40 buses on 15 routes, carrying over 3 million passengers a year. The exhibit chronicles the history of Unitrans, which is celebrating its 40th year of operation.
Special Collections is charged with collecting, preserving, administering, and providing access to the University Archives. This exhibit draws materials from several University Archives Collections including: the Unitrans Archives, Chancellor's Archives, University Communications Archives, and the University Archives Serials Collection.
Timeline of events leading up to the official founding of Unitrans in February 1968
Ribbon cutting ceremony for new transit coaches, February 1982.
Bus schedules from the 1980s
Construction of the Unitrans Garage, 1986
Article from the Davis Enterprise, February 1986
Route Map for 1986-1987
Images (unless otherwise credited) are the property of the Regents of the University of California; no part may be reproduced or used without permission of the Department of Special Collections.


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Pocket-sized heart shaped promotional pill box is ideal for carrying a variety of pills, large and small.
This heart shaped promotional hot/cold pack is filled with non-toxic gel beads that stay hot or cold. Perfect for school nurses and daycares.
Show your concern for heart health with this Heart-Shaped Promotional Pedometer.
The original Press n' Stick Custom Calendar - named one of the five most innovative products for over 100 years in Promotional Products.
Put your logo on the USA Heart Patriotic Custom Stress Ball that expresses your patriotism and shows your love!
Your recipients will love to use these unique Whizzie Spotter Tie custom luggage tags to easily spot their luggage when traveling.
Show how much you care with this heart shaped promotional magnet.
Give a promotional item that your recipients will love to use and hand out these unique Whizzie Spotter Tie custom luggage tags to easily spot their luggage when traveling.
Sized to handle large logos, these logo sticky notes will show the love.
Made of polished aluminum, this promotional heart ornament features a silver string and red bead attached. A perfect gift for the holidays and simply to show someone you care.
This fun, heart-shaped promotional magnet is also a picture frame.
Show some love for your customers with these heart shaped magnetic custom clips.
Show your clients and employees some love by handing out these fun valentine heart shaped stress balls.
Show you care with this rectangular promotional magnet with a heart shape attached.
Promo button with blinking light will make your logo shine.
What's not to love about a convenient promotional tape measure like this?
This promotional hand fan is a cool way to promote your logo. Perfect for healthcare, daycares and much more.
Put your heart into your next promotional campaign with ePromos' heart promotional items. They are great for giveaways or trade shows, and can be imprinted with your company name or logo to effectively get your name out there. ePromos has a heart shaped box, stress balls, keychains, candles, and many other heart shaped items. With such a large variety, you are sure to find the right one for you!


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I made this poster, inspired by the old blaxpoitation films. But you know... with Trolls.
I made this poster, inspired by the old blaxpoitation films. But you know... with Trolls.
I like the concept, but the woman doesn't really seem to fit. Maybe have a female troll an 'fro' out her head spikes.
She is a troll, I forgot to add her tusks-thingies (maybe females don't have tusk-thingies? Lol, idk). I like the idea for the fro head-spikes though, but I honestly probably won't go through with it. This was just threw together for a class who knows nothing of warmahordes so I could get a grade so w/e. =]. I just put it up here because I thought people would get a kick out of it, but I guess not. Thanks though!
I don't understand it (I never saw the inspiration), but that woman troll would definitely get the class's attention ^.^.
"The question that sometimes drives me hazy: am I or are the others crazy?" Albert Einstein
I got a kick out of it /thumbs up (said in a barry white voice)
Dear Game Designers,
Rock is Broken, Paper is fine
sincerely, Scissors
"It's not your faction, it's you"
He's a complicated troll that no one understands, but his keg carrier *borka*
My teacher made a really good point and said I should have put him in pimp clothes. I can't help but agree, so I may go back at some point and change that plus add some fro-spikes to female sexy-troll over there
The big blue one needs shades. Big shades.
That he does... that he does. I don't know why modernizing their clothing didn't occur to me while I was working on this.


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Puma Axel Ballet Flat
Sorry, this item is sold out!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Looks like you've got more shoe shopping to do - have fun!
Item # dsw12prod4600177
Burn through those afternoon errands in the women's Axel Ballet flat from Puma! With underfoot cushioning, a lightweight, flexible design and breathable mesh upper, these slip-on shoes are perfect for the woman on the go who likes their look sporty-chic!
- Breathable mesh, synthetic and fabric upper
- Slip-on design
- Pull tab on heel for easy on/off
- Elastic collar for snug fit
- Breathable soft fabric lining
- Cushioned footbed
- Textured, flexible rubber outsole provides traction
- More colors available
- Imported
- View more Women's Puma Shoes
By: laurenalew
Location: Michigan
July 01, 2013
"I was so excited when I bought these. I had been looking forever for a pair of cute and comfy flats. I really thought these were perfect because for the basic try-on time period they felt great. I've worn them at least 6 times now and every time I wear them for more than 10 minutes, they start to rub my pinkie toe and push my big toenail into my skin :( they make my feet ache forever and the rubber bit on the back also starts to dig in after a while. It's such a shame because they are very cute. If it weren't for all the pain they cause I would recommend them. Hopefully not everyone has my bad luck!"
By: spindle
Location: Minneapolis
June 26, 2013
"These shoes are fantastic! I was looking for something comfy with a fun look and these totally fit the bill. I will definitely be getting more!"
Click anywhere to close this.


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"We can only understand macroevolution - the comings and goings of species and higher taxa through time - if we link the microevolutionary processes studied by geneticists with Earth's dynamic environmental history."- Knoll, 2003 , Life on a Young Planet.
Evidence for evolution is often taught using the fossil record and biogeography whereas the mechanisms of evolution are generally taught from a genetic and molecular/cell biology perspective. Taught together, modern biology and Earth history can be used to teach a well-rounded basic unit on evolution or to deal with particular important and problematic topics such as:
- The origin of life: We're eager to learn how life formed on the early Earth, because we are now searching for extraterrestrial life and trying to decide what kinds of worlds to look at. How the first cells formed is purely hypothetical at this stage, but the hypotheses depend greatly on what geology can tell us about the Earth's early atmosphere, the chemistry (and stability!) of the oceans. How early? We're not sure, but the search for the earliest fossils and biomarkers continues.
- Taxonomy: Modern taxonomists are working out lineages and revising older taxonomies by combining information on the morphological characters of living species within a group and their extinct fossil relatives with genetic information on the living species. Without the data from fossils, it is impossible to work out consistent relationships among many living species. Interestingly, many taxonomists are primarily stratigraphers, working to correctly identify index fossils in order to work out accurate stratigraphic relationships.
- Rates and mechanisms of speciation and extinction: Estimations of past biodiversity and changes in rates of appearance and disappearance of taxa from the fossil record help us understand the processes of speciation and extinction. This information in turn is invaluable for determining the extent of the current biodiversity crisis. Taxonomic training is also important for this project.
- Human evolution and the question of race: Recent molecular studies indicate that modern humans have a recent common ancestor and that this person is likely to have lived in Africa. However, the "Out-of-Africa" theory is also based on the distribution of fossil human remains controversial. A New Perspective on Race
The above list is by no means complete.
As evolution is a very broad topic, a variety of different courses on the subject will use Earth history in different ways.
- One of the most familiar is Invertebrate Paleontology, since many invertebrate lineages have excellent fossil records.
- An Earth history approach has also become a valuable tool for studying Biogeography.
See also the Mechanisms of Evolution Links
Below are web resources relevant to the specific subjects described above.Astrobiology
- NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI). This site provides information on NAI research, a library of publications, sections for teachers and students, and an Ask An Expert section. The student section features Astro-Venture, where students can search for and build a habitable planet; Habitable Worlds, to search the solar system for planets that might support life; and Mysteries of Microbes, containing videos and biographies of astrobiologists. The teacher section contains an astrobiology-related resource catalog of NASA sites. (more info)
- The Astrobiology Web. This site contains astrobiology news and links about: astrochemistry, bioinformatics, biosatellites, gravitational biology, hydrothermal vent communities, genomics, astropaleobiology, radiation physiology, the search for exterrestrial intelligence (SETI), extremophiles, exopaleontology, cell biology, evolution, planetary protection, and space medicine. There are also links to NASA TV and video feeds, astrobiology press releases, and an introduction to what an astrobiologist is. (more info)
- Bryant's online book: Biodiversity and Conservation: A Hypertext Book (more info)
- Changing Paleoclimates and Mass Extinctions (more info) This article provides a model for climatic change and relates climatic cycles with major extinction events in the history of the Earth. It discusses the mechanisms behind modern climate zones (circulation, storm systems, seasons), astronomical models, climatic models (obliquity conditions, rising sea levels, current conditions), and mass extinctions and model timing (causes of extinction events, predicted vs. documented extinctions, and extinction-driven evolution). A geologic time scale provides a reference for climatic conditions at different periods in Earth history. References are provided for additional information.
- Extinction ( This site may be offline. ) This site discusses and defines a number of extinction concepts and provides a survey of some important extinction and extinction-like events, primarily from the Phanerozoic. There is information about species transitions, abrupt and mass extinctions, patterns and causal mechanisms of extinction, and isotope studies. Events that occurred during the Proterozoic, Vendian-Cambrian, Upper Cambrian (Dolgellian, Marjuman-Steptoean), Permian-Triassic, Triassic-Jurassic, and Cretaceous-Tertiary are discussed as well as extinction events of the modern era.
- Extinction: Forest Fires Among the Trees of Life (more info) This outline of a presentation on extinction reviews the various catastrophic events that could lead to extinction and lists the five great mass extinctions. Climate change is identified as the linking factor and recovery is also explained.
- Tracking the Course of Evolution: Extinction (more info) This essay on mass extinction events (Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic, Cretaceous) in the geologic record is a chapter from History of Life, a book written by Richard Cowen, in which he discusses the general geologic body of knowledge surrounding each mass extinction event. Additionally, the author provides thirty-two (32) bibliographic references (primarily peer-reviewed science journals) on these mass extinction events.
- Understanding Evolution (more info) From the University of California Museum of Paleontology at Berkeley, this site includes links to Evolution 101 which features extensive information on evolution, K-16 teaching materials, a resource library, and news articles and highlights.
- A Guide to the 8 Orders of Trilobites (more info) : a marvelously detailed site!


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Was: $
Lowest Price Guarantee
The Elite Pro Series Waxed Oval Hockey Skate Laces are the preferred laces for pros like Alexander Ovechkin. The 3/8" Pro Oval lace features a wax coating for durability and grip, and molded plastic tips to prevent fraying. Most noticeably, the Elite Oval lace doesn't stretch when lacing-up, or or loosen during play like other laces do. Makes a great gift for any hockey player!
- Lace Sizing Guidelines:
Lace Size / Skate Size
72" / Yth 8 - JR 3
The "Yellow" lace is not a standard yellow, but more of a gold. See picture.
The "White" is more of a light Grey on the "Black/White" lace. See picture.
- Colors:
- White with black stripes
- Black with white stripes
- Yellow with black stripes
- 3/8" wide
- Lightweight but durable
- Waxed
- Molded plastic tip
- Prevents fraying and makes lacing-up easy
- Sold in pairs
The "Yellow" lace is not a standard yellow, but more of a gold. See picture.
The "White" is more of a light Grey on the "Black/White" lace. See picture.
Comments: Best lace ive used. Lays flat and looks really good and stays tight, dont have to worry about them twisting or coming loose.
From: Simon, Canada
Comments: I've gone through so many different brands trying to find the "perfect" pair of laces, which I found with the Elite Oval Laces. Seriously buy these! They're thick compared to most and retain the wax after many hockey games. Worth every penny!
From: Andrew, TX
Comments: Great waxed laces. Used to have to tighten my laces 3-4 time a game. Now I never have to re-tighten them. I think the oval design makes them stand apart from any other waxed lace. Normal waxed laces hold almost too well. Un-tying is a nightmare. The ovals are easy to un-tie. A must have!!
From: Chris, Spokane, WA
Comments: Keeps skates tight, sometimes too tight. Had to start lacing my skates looser in the middle. But otherwise, great laces. Will always buy these.
From: Wayne
Comments: These laces definitely hold well but they twist in your hands and have too much wax on them. They do what they are supposed to do but I guess I like less wax. Overall a good product for those that do not want their laces to move at all.
From: Roy
Comments: I liked them in the beginning but now really do not like them. They twist and hurt my hands when pulling skates tight. They still keep my skates tight even after having them for about 4 months. Overall they are good and do a good job of what they claim to do.
From: Brian
Comments: Solid laces that have held up well to weekly use for over a year. You can definitely tell there is a wax coating and it helps the laces get tight and stay tight throughout skating, but isn't so thick that you feel it too much on your fingers. The material is strong and hasn't gotten any nicks or tears in it. I bought the white laces and they have picked up stains pretty well and are noticeably dirty but what skate laces don't get that way I guess. The one thing that is bothersome is that the laces, I guess due to their oval shape, tend to get twisted up really easily and often. This might not bother some, but it's pretty unavoidable that these laces will get twisted up just from regular use. Otherwise solid and durable laces that tighten up well
From: Steve
Comments: As claimed, these laces hold very well and do not stretch. However, these laces do tend to twist a lot when lacing up your skates. If you're like me and like to keep your laces straight, I would not recommend them. If that doesn't bother you, I haven't found any other laces that could be laced this tightly.
From: Jazzman
Comments: Great waxed laces, my skates stay much tighter than with other brands. They are thicker than normal laces, but feel much more durable and are well worth the money.
From: Jim, MA
Comments: I'm in college and work as a floor guard at a roller rink. These laces help keep my skates tied tight which is helpful, especially since I do not have to retie them while working a long or busy session.
From: Eric, Los Angeles, CA


text:
The Wild Horse Annie Act
Velma B. Johnston, also known as "Wild Horse Annie."
During the 1950s in Nevada, Velma B. Johnston, later known as "Wild Horse Annie," became aware of the ruthless and indiscriminate manner in which wild horses were being gathered from the rangelands. Ranchers, hunters, and "mustangers" played a major role in harvesting wild horses for commercial purposes.
Wild Horse Annie led a grassroots campaign involving mostly school children. The exposure of how wild horses were being treated outraged people and ultimately got the public fully engaged in the issue. Newspapers published articles about the exploitation of wild horses and burros and, as noted in a July 15, 1959, Associated Press article, "Seldom has an issue touched such a responsive chord."
The Public Rangelands Improvement Act (Public Law 95-514) established or reaffirmed:
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