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Steamboat Springs As the craft brew market continues to expand in the U.S., Steamboat Springs High School graduate Jordan Gardenhire went a different direction.
Brewing battleground
The craft brewing industry is blowing up across the country. It's no surprise that Colorado is one of the states with a large stake in the claim. Now, two companies are coming to Steamboat Springs, looking to get a piece of an estimated $10 billion pie.The 1997 Steamboat graduate is the co-founder and brewmaster for Baja Brewing Co. based out of San Jose Del Cabo, Mexico. He opened the brewery and brewpub in 2007 and has gone from producing 800 barrels per year to more than 2,400.
"It's easily 15 to 20 years behind the U.S.," Gardenhire said about the craft brewing industry in Mexico. "It feels like what I imagine it was like to be in the craft brew industry 20 years ago in the U.S."
Gardenhire graduated from the University of Colorado in 2002 and then moved to Mexico where he planned to stay for one year. He fell in love with the area and saw the lack of craft beers.
In 2006, he went to the American Brewer's Guild school, which allowed him to get into the Mexican market early.
That certainly has helped his business, but Gardenhire points to the camaraderie of brewers as one of the tough parts of being in Mexico.
"We were the only brewery in the whole state (of Baja California Sur) for the first five years," he said. "But there is something to to be said about the camaraderie and having some friendly competition. It's different, but I'm not sure if it's better or worse. It's definitely different than starting in a place like Boulder."
Gardenhire has broken into the U.S. market — the brewery's flagship beer, Cabotella, can now be found in Colorado, Texas, Arizona and New Mexico.
The next stop is trying to penetrate California's craft brew market.
Baja Brewing now brews eight beers, and Gardenhire said he doesn't see the industry slowing down.
Even the craft brewing industry in Mexico is beginning to take off. When he started, there were no home brew clubs in the country. Now there are at least 10.
At a recent beer convention in Mexico City, Gardenhire said there were more than 40 booths set up.
"In my mind, it's following what happened in the U.S.," he said. "People are interested in better-quality drink and food now. They're more educated on beer in general. It's going to continue to grow really fast here in Mexico."
To reach Luke Graham, call 970-871-4229, email email@example.com or follow him on Twitter @LukeGraham


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Chapter 1 Physical Quantity
1. A physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured and consists of a numerical magnitude and a unit.
2. Physical quantities can be classified into two types: base quantities and derived quantities.
3. Five of the base quantities are length, mass, time temperature and electric current.
Base quantity | Simbol | SI unit | Symbol for the unit |
Length | l | Metre | m |
Mass | m | Kilogram | kg |
Time | t | Second | s |
Temperature | T | Kelvin | K |
Electric current | I | ampere | A |
4. Derived units are constructed using the base units.
Physical quantity | Symbol | Relation with base quantity | Formula | SI units |
Volume | V | Length (m) × Length (m) × Length(m) | V = l3 | m3 |
Velocity | v | Displacement (m) / Time (s) | v = s/t | ms3 |
Density | ρ | Mass (kg) / Volume (m3) | ρ = m/V | kg m-3 |
Force | F | Mass (kg) × Acceleration (m s-2) | F = ma | N |
Electric charge | Q | Current (ampere) × time (s) | Q = It | C |
5. In scientific notation, the numerical part of a quantity is written as a number between 1 and 10 multiplied to the power of a whole number.
M × 10 n, 1 < M < 10 and n is an integer. |
6. Prefixes.
Prefix | Symbol | Standard Form | Example |
Tera- | T | 1012 | Terametre (Tm) |
Giga- | G | 109 | Gigabyte (GB) |
Mega- | M | 106 | Megawatt (MW) |
kilo- | k | 103 | Kilometre (km) |
hecto- | h | 102 | Hectometre (hm) |
deka- | da | 101 | Dekametre (da m) |
deci- | d | 10-1 | Decimetre (dm) |
centi- | c | 10-2 | Centimetre (cm) |
milli- | m | 10-3 | Milligram (mg) |
micro- | μ | 10-6 | Microwatt (μW) |
nano- | n | 10-9 | Nanosecond (ns) |
pico- | p | 10-12 | Pikometre (pm) |
7. A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.
8. A scalar quantity has magnitude but no direction.
9. The resultant force of two vectors acting at a point can be found using the parallelogram method.
Chapter 2 Measuring Process
1. A micrometer can be used to measure up to accuracy of 0.01 mm.
2. A vernier calliper can be used to measure up to accuracy of 0.01 cm.
3. The volume of liquids can be measured with a measuring cylinder, pipette and burette.
4. Time can be measured with either an analogue of digital stopwatch. However, the digital stopwatch is more accurate.
5. Consistency is a set of readings that are close to each other.
6. Accuracy is a measurement that is close to the actual value of the quality being measured.
7. A graph must be drawn with the best line through the points.
8. In plotting a graph, we must know the manipulated variable and the responding variable.
Chapter 3 Energy
1. Energy is the capacity to do work.
2. The energy of motion is kinetic energy.
3. Kinetic energy, .
4. Potential energy is stored energy.
5. Change in gravitational potential energy.
6. There are various forms of energy.
7. Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
8. Energy can be converted from one form to another.
Chapter 4 Heat
1. Heat is the thermal energy that is being transferred from a body or system to another as a result of a difference in temperature.
2. When the rate of the transfer of thermal energy is the same for two objects in contact, the two objects are a state of thermal equilibrium.
3. A mercury or alcohol thermometer works on the principle of expansion of liquids.
4. In an electrical resistance thermometer, the resistance of a wire changes with temperature.
5. The thermal energy required to overcome the attraction of the molecular forces is called latent heat.
6. Specific latent heat of fusion (lf) of a substance is the quantity of heat needed to change a unit mass of the substance from solid to liquid without a change in temperature.
7. Specific latent heat of vaporisation (lv) of substance is the quantity of heat needed to change a unit mass of the substance from liquid to gaseous state without a change in temperature.
Chapter 5 Electricity
1. Current flows from the positive to the negative terminal of a cell, but electrons move in the opposite direction.
2. Current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charge (Q).
3. The relationship between charge, current and time is given by the formula .
4. An oscilloscope (CRO) can be used to display a waveform of the AC current.
5. Potential difference, , where E = energy, Q = charge.
6. Root mean square voltage, .
7. Root mean square current, .
8. Mean power = .
Chapter 6 Sources of Energy
1. During nuclear fission, the nucleus splits into two or more parts.
2. Rods of cadmium are lowered into a reactor to control the reaction. The rods regulate the nuclear divisions by absorbing a number of freed neutrons.
3. Energy released during fission heats water, creating high pressure steam. The steam is used to drive a turbine connected to an electrical generator.
4. Nuclear fusion is the union of two small nuclei, such as those of hydrogen, to form another heavier nucleus, such as helium.
5. Fusion occurs in a tokomak or in the sun.
6. Solar energy can be harnessed in two main ways, which are for heating and for the production of electricity.
7. Transparent materials used as covers will determine the amount of solar radiation absorbed.
8. Biomass energy comes from plants that store the energy from the sun. The burning of biomass substances will produce energy.
9. The kinetic energy of wind can turn the turbine of a windmill.
10. At the bottom of the windmill, there is a generator the produces electricity.
11. Geothermal energy is produced from heat in the earth's crust.
12. Exploration of renewable energy sources is important to the economies, society and the environment.
13. There is a need to increase the efficiency of energy used.
Chapter 7 Periodic Table
1. The Periodic Table contains elements arranged with their proton numbers in increasing order. The columns are called groups and the rows are called periods.
2. The electron configuration of an element indicates its group and period. Elements in the same group have the same number of outermost electrons and similar chemical properties.
3. The Group 1 elements (the alkali metals) are Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr. They are soft metals with low densities and melting point, and very reactive. The hardness and melting points decrease, but densities and reactivities increase on going down the group.
Equation: 2M + 2H2O à 2MOH + H2.
4. Hydrogen is in Period 1 and in a group by itself.
5. The Group 17 elements (the halogens) are F, Cl, Br, I and At. Their physical states change from gas (F2, Cl2) to liquid (Br2) to solid (I2, At).
X2 + H2O à HX + HOX
X2 + 2NaOH à NaX + NaOX + H2O
X2 + 2Na à NaX
3X2 + 2Fe à 2FeX3
6. The Group 18 elements (the noble gases) are He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Rn have low densities and boiling points. The boiling point increases on going down the group. Their atoms have a duplet or an octet arrangement of outermost electrons; they are inert gases.
7. The last elements in Group 1, Group 17, Group 18 and all actinoids are radioactive. Elements with proton number 92 and higher are synthetic and radioactive.
8. The period 3 elements are Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Al are metals, Si is a metalloid and P, S, Cl and Ar are non-metals. Oxides of the metals are basic; while silicon dioxide and oxides of the non-metals. Oxides of the metals are basic; while silicon dioxide and oxides of the non-metals are acidic.
MgO + 2HCl à MgCl2 + H2O
SiO2 + 2NaOH à Na2SiO3 + H2O
S + O2 à SO2; SO2 + H2O à H2SO3
9. The transition elements in Period 4 are in Group 3 to Group 12 (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn). They are metals, solid, have high densities and melting points and they formed coloured compounds.
10. An element is made of one type of atoms only. A compound is made of two or more different types of atoms. Matter can exist as elements, compounds and mixtures.
Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding
1. Atoms or ions with the duplet or octet valence electron configuration are stable.
2. Atom achieves a stable electron configuration by sharing, donating or receiving valence electrons.
3. Atoms of metals donate one or more valence electrons to become positive ions.
4. Atoms of non-metals receive one or more valence electrons to become negative ions.
5. Non-metallic atoms share one or more valence electrons to achieve the duplet or octet valence electron configuration.
6. An ionic compound is the electrostatic force of attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion.
7. An ionic compound is formed from a metal and a non-metal.
8. Ionic compounds are insulators in the solid state; conductors when melted of dissolved in water and have high melting points. Some ionic compounds are soluble in water.
9. A covalent bond is the electrostatic force of attraction between the shared electrons and the nuclei of both atoms.
10. Covalent compounds are insulations, generally have low melting points and most of them are insoluble in water.
Chapter 9 Mole Concept
1. Relative atomic mass of X =
2. Relative molecular mass of X =
3. Relative molecular mass of Xa = a × Relative atomic mass of X
4. Relative molecular mass of XaYb = (a × Relative atomic mass of X) + (b × Relative atomic mass of Y)
5. 1 mol = 6.02 × 10 23 = Avogadro's number.
6. Number of moles of atoms =
7. Number of moles of molecules =
8. Number of atoms = Number of moles of atoms × Avogadro's number.
9. Number of molecules = Number of moles of molecules × Avogadro's number.
10. Balanced chemical equation: Number of atoms of reactants = number of atoms of products.
Chapter 10 Respiratory System
1. The lungs are organs that facilitate the intake of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide.
2. Respiration is the oxidation of glucose with the release of energy in living cells.
3. The energy is used to perform activities in the cells.
4. There are two types of respiration; aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
5. Aerobic respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen, releasing a large amount of energy (36 ATP). Carbon dioxide and water are released as waste products.
6. Anaerobic respiration in human involves breakdown of glucose with the release of a small amount of energy (2ATP) and acid lactic in the absence of oxygen.
7. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen in yeast producing ethanol and carbon dioxide.
8. In human muscle cells, anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid.
9. When oxygen enters the blood in our lungs, it binds with the haemoglobin in the red blood cell to form oxyhaemoglobin and is transported to the tissues and organs. Carbon dioxide is transported in the form of carbonic acid and carbaminohaemoglobin from the body cells to the lungs where it is expelled.
10. In case of lung failure, a ventilator or respirator can assist breathing.
11. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency treatment to assist an individual who is out of breath for a while before proper treatment can be carried out.
12. Asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia and bronchitis are some of the diseases and illnesses infecting the lungs.
13. Healthy lifestyle includes abstaining from smoking and doing regular exercises.
14. Conservation of air is essential to ensure healthy air quality.
Chapter 11 Digestive System
1. The human digestive system consists of mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, duodenum, ileum, colon, rectum and anus.
2. Digestion is the process of breaking down food molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by cells.
3. There are two types of digestive processes: that is mechanical and chemical.
4. Chemical digestion involves hydrolysis that is catalysed by enzyme.
5. Enzymes need suitable environments to function actively. Their activity will depend on factors such as pH and temperature.
6. Gastritis, constipation, appendicitis and diarrhoea are some diseases related to the digestive system.
7. People who practice good nutrition, hygiene and exercise regularly are healthy for many years. Therefore, we must practice good eating habits.
Chapter 12 Circulatory System
1. Blood has two major constituents; plasma and cellular elements.
2. Plasma plays a role in carrying dissolved substances, as well as being involved in osmotic balance and pH buffering.
3. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells are involved in defence and immunity. Platelet is important in blood clotting.
4. Blood types depend on the antigen on the red blood cells: antigen A and antigen B.
5. Plasma also contains proteins called antibodies: Anti-A and Anti-B.
6. Blood compatibility depends on reactions between antigens and antibodies.
7. Rh factor is another group of antigens on the surface of red blood cells of humans.
8. Blood clotting stops blood loss by clumping blood cells which are trapped by the fibrin strands and protect the wound from entry of harmful microorganisms.
9. A cardiac cycle is made of an auricular systole, a ventricular systole and a complete auricular ventricular diastole.
10. Heartbeat increases when blood pressure rises and decreases when blood pressure drops.
11. The lymphatic system cleanses the lymph by collecting excess tissue fluid that leak from the capillaries and return them to the blood circulation.
12. The flow of lymph: lymph capillary à lymph vessel à lymph node à lymph duct à larger lymph vessel à left or right subclavian vein à vena cava à heart.
13. The lymphatic system filters lymph, fights infection and returns tissue fluid back to the circulatory system.
Chapter 13 Excretory System
1. Excretion is the process of moving metabolic wastes products and toxic materials, such as urea, ammonia and uric acid.
2. Kidneys and skin play an important role in excretion.
3. Defecation is removing indigestion food from digestive system.
4. Urine formation involves three processes : Filtration, selective reabsorption and secretion.
5. Skin removes toxic wastes from the body through sweating. Sweat is a mixture of water, salts and urea.
6. We can prevent the kidney related diseases by reducing salt and sugar intake in our diet, drinking plenty of water, avoiding medications without proper prescription and avoiding drugs and alcohol.
Chapter 14 Reproductive System
1. The menstrual cycle is a cycle of physiological events of the female reproductive system in every 28 days.
2. The menstrual cycle, involves changes in hormone levels which in turn causes changes to the ovaries and uterus.
3. The four hormones that affect the cycle are follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), oestrogen and progesterone.
4. Spermatogenesis is the development of male gametes or sperm cells that occurs in the testes, which is triggered by the hormone FSH.
5. Oogenesis is the development of an ovum that takes place in the ovary.
6. The fusion of the haploid sperm and haploid egg nucleus to produce a diploid zygote is called fertilisation.
7. Reproductive technology such as In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), Gamete Intra Fallopian (GIFT) and Zygote Intra Fallopian (ZIFT) help to solve infertility problems.
8. The foetal phase is the beginning of the 9th to the 40th week, where organs begin to function and growth rapidly.
9. Amniotic fluid protects the foetus from mechanical damage by cushioning sudden movements, facilitates the movement of the foetus and maintains a relatively constant temperature in the environment surrounding the foetus.
10. The placenta secretes estrogen and progesterone, allows exchange of nutrients and waste between maternal and foetal circulation, and acts as a partial barrier from harmful substances.
11. Birth occurs in three stages: dilatation, delivery and afterbirth.
12. An infected reproductive system can cause illness and infertility. Sexually transmitted infection (STI) involves infections that can be passed from an infected partner to his or her partner during sexual intercourse.
Chapter 15 Biodiversity (Biokepelbagaian)
1. Biodiversity refer to the diversity of biological resources. (kepelbagaian sumber hidup di dunia)
2. Biodiversity includes genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.
3. Abiotic factors include water, soil, sunlight, temperature and they influence the survival of the biotic components in the different ecosystems.
4. The interrelationships between the abiotic and biotic components have created three major ecosystems in Malaysia; the marine, the wetlands and the tropical rainforest ecosystem.
5. The stress factors are the disruptive causes of the ecosystems equilibrium.
6. The ecosystem imbalance caused by the human activities has lead to biodiversity declining in the ecosystem.
7. The impacts of biodiversity decline are species extinction, endangered species and threatened species.
8. Measures should be taken to prevent biodiversity from declining in the ecosystem.
9. Means of conservation include the protection, management and renewal of natural resources.
10. Aims of conservation are to preserve biodiversity, provide food and other natural resources, balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide, preserve water and catchments areas.
Chapter 16 Biotic Resources
1. Biotic resources are organisms that provide raw materials for agriculture, medicine, construction, nutrition and many more.
2. In agriculture, food crops and marine are the main biotic resources. They can be modified into high yield producers, biological pest control and pollinators.
3. In the medicine sector, biotic resources can be manufactured into antibiotics.
4. Traditional or alternative formulations include herbal health supplements.
5. Mushrooms, seaweeds, raw vegetables and honey bees are examples of biotic resources providing valuable nutrients.
6. Timber, rattan, and bamboos are biotic resources used for building constructions and furniture.
7. Other uses of biotic resources are as ingredients in the catchment areas.
8. Tropical forests provide fresh water trapped in the catchment areas.
9. Water catchment is an area of land where water collects and drains into streams and rivers or lakes.
10. The catchment areas provide environmental services such as provide fresh water, recycle water, store fresh water, flood regulator and prevent soil erosion.
11. Destruction of water catchment will disrupt the water cycle, the supply of fresh water and it cause flood and landslides.
12. Human activities like throwing rubbish into rivers, seas and streams add to the destruction of the catchment areas by.
13. Human, animal and industrial waste can cause diseases, deformities and even death.
14. Effects of development on tropical rainforest will cause loss of habitat, loss of carbon dioxides, CO2 sink, loss of biodiversity, loss of possible medicinal plants, soil erosion, water pollution and ecosystem destruction.
15. Biotic resources are meant to be utilised but in a sustainable manner.
Chapter 17 Balance in Ecosystem
1. Changes in the flora and fauna within a community take place through ecological succession.
2. Primary succession takes place where no community previously existed. It starts with soil building, often by lichens and other pioneer organisms. This is followed by grasses and mosses. Eventually this is replaced by more complex communities until climax state is reached.
3. Secondary succession, the establishment of a new community where the previously community has been destroyed or disrupted, occurs more rapidly than primary succession.
4. Causes of extinction including habitat loss, pollution, and over exploitation are now largely responsible for the loss of biodiversity.
5. Conservation techniques involve habitat preservation and habitat restoration in order to maintain a stable and balanced ecosystem.

subset: commoncrawl


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In Reply to: Where are the data to prove listeners could hear a difference with and w/o the ultra high frequencies? posted by Richard BassNut Greene on April 24, 2007 at 09:38:35:
That's a serious question.IF (note: big "if") you want to find out whether HF content can be perceived by listeners in some way (note: I did not say 'heard' for reasons I will state a little later), then I think as an initial test it is more than reasonable to start with subjects who are under 35 and largely female, and with music with a high HF content, because if you can't get a positive result under those circumstances you would seriously need to consider giving up on the hypothesis. If you get a positive result under those circumstances, then you could be encouraged to continue with a wider range of test subjects including strong representation from older people and males, and with music with less HF content to see just how perceivable the HF content is for a wider and more representative set of subjects and with a wider range of music if, of course, you were interested in the question from a musical enjoyment angle rather than a straight perception angle which I'm not certain the researchers are. I think it's actually worth while starting out by seeing whether people who are most sensitive to higher frequencies in sound show a response than by starting out with a sample of people who are less sensitive to higher frequencies or even with a group of people representative of the population as a whole. I'd rather establish that some "more sensitive" people show a response and then see just how representative their response is than come up with a negative result from a less sensitive group that leads to the question being dropped and ending up not knowing that some people do show responses.
Now, as to "hearing". Our various senses register a wide range of stimuli including, in total, a much wider band of the radiation spectrum than any single sense registers. We can feel low frequency sound if the volume is high enough, and we can feel subsonic frequencies that we can't 'hear'. Does that feeling aspect of low frequency perception affect our experience of the low frequency sound that we hear, and does it affect our enjoyment of that sound? Under some conditions, I think it does. I like the vibratory effect I've perceived with bowed double bass sounds at time, and it adds to my enjoyment of the auditory aspect of the sound. Testing has failed to show that people can hear pure tones much above 20 kHz, and that we lose the ability to hear the last 5 kHz or so of that with increasing age. Does that mean that frequencies above 20 kHz don't contribute to our perception of sound? Not necessarily. What if frequencies above that are perceived by one of our other senses, as subsonic frequencies can be perceived? If that is the case, does such perception modify our overall perception of sound containing HF content in its overtone structure? That's a hard set of questions to answer but they are worth asking.
What this study attempts to do is to ascertain whether there is a difference in perceptual response to sounds containing HF content to similar sounds with the HF content filtered out. The brain measures are a good, objective means of determining whether there is a difference in response and this study indicates that there were differences. That's a good starting point but there are a lot of things that need to be sorted out before one can know what that really means. Amongst those things that need to be sorted out are:
- whether this study can be replicated with different subjects from the same demographic (ie under 35, largely female) with similar test signals. The reason for that is simply that this is the starting point and if there was some problem with this study that threw up a false positive result, it would be nice to find that out early;
- next, if replication is possible, what happens when the demographics of the test group are changed to a more representative sample? How do age and gender affect the results?
- next, vary the test signals with different sounds and music to determine how the proportion and nature of the HF content affects the results.
- and somewhere in the process, start trying to find out just what mechanisms are involved in the perception of the HF content. Is it hearing or some other sense.
- finally, at least as far as science is probably concerned but hopefully a little earlier for those of us with more personal interests in this particular question, is resolving the issue of whether such perception—once we're genuinely satisfied that it is present—modifies our enjoyment of music and in which ways does it do so.
I reckon this is a damn good study for an initial foray into an extremely interesting area. It doesn't answer all of the questions, and it raises a few of its own, but at least it gives some good strong support to a push for further investigation into the area and I think that's a very good thing. I think it was worth doing the study and I think it was worth publishing the results as they are because that may well encourage others to look at the topic and that's essential to the process of finding out a bit more about it.
As for your final comments on FM quality and sound quality in general. I don't know whether the best sound quality I've heard is from CD or from vinyl because I've heard damn good sound from both and we know vinyl does contain higher frequencies than CDs do. I quite enjoy FM radio from time to time. I'm also 60 this year and, though I haven't had my hearing tested in years, I do know that I can't hear a 15 kHz test tone on my system at the levels at which I normally listen to music. I also know that I prefer the sound of CDs on my system (no vinyl source in my system) to the sound of FM radio. Is that because CDs contain higher frequency content than FM—content at frequencies that I know I can't "hear", because my CD player is of better quality than my FM receiver, for some other reason, or for a combination of 2 or more of those reasons? I don't know the answer to those questions and I'd venture to suggest that neither do you. At least this study is a first step to answering some of those questions and it's nice to see that step taken.
I'm not unaware of problems with this study but I'd rather appreciate it for what it does than rubbish it because I don't like its shortcomings and/or have severe doubts about what it sets out to prove. I think the researchers deserve a fair bit of credit for their work on this one.
David Aiken
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Follow Ups
- Are these biases? - David Aiken 19:00:57 04/24/07 (7)
- They are if the study is to correlate with people visiting this website and the typical music they listen to - Richard BassNut Greene 08:46:36 04/25/07 (4)
- Re: They are if the study is to correlate with people visiting this website and the typical music they listen to - David Aiken 16:37:15 04/26/07 (3)
- Because the study results were used by someone here to support the purchase of supertweeters by someone else here! - Richard BassNut Greene 07:38:53 04/28/07 (1)
- Re: Because the study results were used by someone here to support the purchase of supertweeters by someone else here! - David Aiken 13:31:08 04/28/07 (0)
- Like we used to say in the seminary - tlyyra 01:20:24 04/27/07 (0)
- Re: Are these biases? - morricab 08:01:55 04/25/07 (0)
- Exactly - tlyyra 01:28:16 04/25/07 (0)
You can not post to an archived thread.


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Large Rectangle with Center Diamond Pattern
by Jane Sowerby
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Large Rectangle with Center Diamond Pattern
by Jane Sowerby
Pattern Description from Victorian Lace Today: "I have chosen the diamond pattern partly for its simplicity and partly because it is one of the earliest Victorian Lace Patterns."
Difficulty: Easy Lace
Measurements: 22" x 78"
Yarn Weight/Yardage: #2 Fine Weight / 750 yds
Yarn & Colorway: ROWAN Kidsilk Haze 4 balls in 595 Liqueur
- 4.5mm/US 7 circular needles, or size to obtain gauge, 60 cm (24") or longer
- Two 4mm/US 6 double-pointed needles
- Stitch markers
- Blunt needle
- Small amount smooth yarn for cast on
Pages: 20-21
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70% Mohair, 30% Silk
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Albert Brousseau
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East Side advocate and former constable dies at 76
Updated 12:20 am, Friday, June 29, 2012
Matthew "Nite" Marshall was the first African American to be elected to the constable's office in San Antonio. He served four terms as constable for Precinct 4 from 1988 to 2004.
He also was an advocate for the East Side, a musician and a cook.
"Nite was a gourmet cook," his good friend Charles Clack said.
Marshall died Thursday of natural causes. He was 76.
"My dad always tried to help others," said his son, Matthew Marshall Jr., "He was always fair with people and tried to give them better opportunities."
During his 40 years in law enforcement, Marshall was responsible for issuing citations both civil and criminal, performing evictions, dealing with truant students, and policing. Before being elected constable, he also served as guard at the county jail and in the Civil Division of the Sheriff's Office.
"I found him to be a wonderful constable and devoted to his job," Precinct 4 County Commissioner Tommy Adkisson said. "He did a really fine job, was relevant, well connected, and had a great service mentality working with everybody."
Marshall also was known for his work with youths. He volunteered at the East Side Boys and Girls Club and the YMCA, promoting gang prevention and athletics and raising money for summer programs for kids. He volunteered for the annual Eastside Boys & Girls Club Steak & Burger Picnic and the Boys & Girls Club & YMCA Radiothon.
He also helped raise money for the state hospitals and schools.
In the mid-'90s, when five separate gangs were fighting over territory on the East Side, Marshall's office set up crime prevention programs to help create a safe place in the neighborhood.
Later, Marshall introduced drug sniffing dogs to Bexar County as part of his anti-drug efforts.
"Nite was always a major presence at political functions," said Precinct 2 County Commissioner Paul Elizondo, who in the late '50s played in a band with Marshall. "He was always a gentleman and will be sorely missed."
After Marshall's retirement in 2004, he spent most of his time traveling with his wife to see their son and grandson.
As for that nickname, there are various explanations for its origin.
Some say it dates to his school days as a jokester, others his penchant for working overnight shifts, still others say it refers to his dark complexion.
"He was dark as night," said Clack, who, like Marshall, is African American. "He never took offense to it, and everybody knew him by that name."


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In this problem set, learners will analyze a graph of the reflectivity of soil and two kinds of vegetation to understand how scientists use these measures to identify different materials. Answer key is provided. This is part of Earth Math: A Brief... (View More) Mathematical Guide to Earth Science and Climate Change. (View Less)


text:
hi.is anyone still there?
i've popped in to tell you about my shop.
it is only for a couple of weeks.
hopefully i will have enough time to clear out some of this stuff i have laden myself down with.
i wish i had the energy for a market stall, or a pop up shop or more friends to give it to.
i also wish shipping charges werent so crazy.
please take a look.
i am in tokyo at the moment.laying quite low.
it is cold which makes that easy and hard.
we will go to australia the end of this month for a long while i suppose.
or until another plan arises.
i will tell you about it when i am there.
right now all my energy goes other places.
tonight hana told me she doesnt understand anything.just out of the blue.totally seriously.she did then go on to say she understands hello and things like that.but i am not to tell her cousins..i wish i told her i didnt understand very much either but i didnt.because i didnt think of it. so i will tell her in the morning.and she probably won't understand me.
peach? blossom petals this time last year
i am sorry.incase you were wondering, i should have written sooner, that my family and i are all fine after the devastating earthquake and tsunami that hit japan.it was very very hard for me to leave japan and my husband to come back to australia. if you can please donate money to the redcross
or second harvest or help japan in anyway you can.
love, melinda.
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Republic of South Ossetia | ||||||
Anthem: National Anthem of South Ossetia |
Map of South Ossetia
South Ossetia (green)
Capital | Tskhinvali 42°14′N 43°58′E / 42.233°N 43.967°E |
Official language(s) | Ossetic, Georgian, Russian1 | |||||
Recognised regional languages | Georgian | |||||
Government | Republic | |||||
- | President | Eduard Kokoity | ||||
- | Prime Minister | Vadim Brovtsev | ||||
Independence1 | from Georgia | |||||
- | Declared | 28 November 1991 | ||||
Area | ||||||
- | Total | 3,900 km2 1,506 sq mi |
- | Water (%) | negligible | ||||
Population | ||||||
- | 2000 estimate | 70,000 | ||||
- | Density | 18/km2 46.6/sq mi |
Currency | Russian ruble (RUB ) |
Time zone | (UTC+3) | |||||
Drives on the | right | |||||
1 | Russian language is "official language of government authorities, public administration and local self-government". |
South Ossetia (pronounced /ɒˈsɛtɪə/[1] o-SET-ee-ə or /ɒˈsiːʃə/[2] o-SEE-shə; Ossetic: Хуссар Ирыстон, Khussar Iryston; Russian: Южная Осетия, Yuzhnaya Osetiya; Georgian: სამხრეთ ოსეთი, Samxret Oseti) is a disputed region and partly recognized state in the South Caucasus, located in the territory of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the former Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.[3]
The Republic of South Ossetia declared its independence from Georgia in 1990. The Georgian government responded by abolishing South Ossetia's autonomy and trying to retake the region by force.[4] This led to the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War.[5] Georgia tried to retake South Ossetia by force on two other occasions, in 2004 and 2008.[6] The last attempt led to the 2008 South Ossetia war, during which Ossetian separatists and Russian troops gained full, de-facto, control of the territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast.
In the wake of the 2008 South Ossetia War, Nicaragua, Russia, Venezuela and Nauru recognized South Ossetia as an independent republic.[7][8][9][10] Georgia does not recognize South Ossetia's existence as a political entity, and considers most of its territory a part of the Shida Kartli region within Georgian sovereign territory.[11]
Contents |
South Ossetia covers an area of about 3,900 km2 (1,506 sq mi) on the southern side of the Caucasus, separated by the mountains from the more populous North Ossetia (part of Russia) and extending southwards almost to the Mtkvari river in Georgia. It is extremely mountainous, with most of the region lying over 1,000 m (3,281 ft) above sea level, and its highest point is the Mount Khalatsa, at 3,938 m (12,920 ft) above sea level. Its economy is primarily agricultural, although less than 10% of South Ossetia's land area is cultivated. Cereals, fruit and vines are the major produce. Forestry and cattle industries are also maintained. A number of industrial facilities also exist, particularly around the capital, Tskhinvali.
The Ossetians are originally descendants of the Alans, a Sarmatian tribe. They became Christians during the early Middle Ages, under the Byzantine and Georgian influences. Under Mongol rule, they were pushed out of their medieval homeland south of the Don River in present-day Russia and part migrated towards and over the Caucasus mountains (into the kingdom of Georgia and into the lands of present-day North Ossetia-Alania),[12] where they formed three distinct territorial entities. Digor in the west came under the influence of the neighboring Kabard people, who introduced Islam. Kudar in the south became what is now South Ossetia, part of the historical Georgian principality of Samachablo[13] where Ossetians found refuge from Mongol invaders. Iron in the north became what is now North Ossetia, under Russian rule from 1767. The vast majority of the Ossetians are Orthodox Christians; there is also a significant Muslim minority.
The modern-day South Ossetia joined Russia in 1801, along with Georgia proper, and absorbed into the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, South Ossetia became a part of the Menshevik Georgian Democratic Republic, while the North Ossetia became a part of the Terek Soviet Republic. "The Georgian Menshevik government accused Ossetians of cooperating with Russian Bolsheviks. A series of Ossetian rebellions took place between 1918 and 1920 during which claims were made to an independent territory. Violence broke out in 1920 when Georgian Mensheviks sent National Guards and regular army units to Tskhinvali to crush the uprisings. Ossetian sources claim that about 5,000 Ossetians were killed and more than 13,000 subsequently died from hunger and epidemics"[14]
The Soviet Georgian government established after the Red Army invasion of Georgia in 1921 created the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast in April 1922. Although the Ossetians had their own language (Ossetian), Russian and Georgian were administrative/state languages.[15] Under the rule of Georgia's government during Soviet times, it enjoyed partial autonomy, including speaking the Ossetian language and teaching it in schools.[15]
The tensions in the region began to rise amid the rising nationalism among both Georgians and Ossetians in 1989. Before this, the two communities of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast of Georgian SSR had been living in peace with each other except for the 1918-1920 events. Both ethnicities have had a high level of interaction and high rates of intermarriages.[citation needed]
The influential South Ossetian Popular Front (Ademon Nykhas) was created in 1988. On 10 November 1989, the South Ossetian regional council asked the Georgian Supreme Council (in Russian: Верховный Совет Грузии) for the region to be upgraded to that of "autonomous republic". In 1989, the Georgian Supreme Council established Georgian as the principal language countrywide.[14]
The Georgian Supreme Council adopted a law barring regional parties in summer 1990. This was interpreted by Ossetians as a move against Ademon Nykhas and led to Ossetians proclaiming South Ossetia as the South Ossetian Democratic Republic on September 20, 1990,[17][18] fully sovereign within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Ossetians boycotted subsequent Georgian parliamentary elections and held their own contest in December. The Georgian government headed by Zviad Gamsakhurdia declared this election illegitimate and abolished South Ossetia's autonomous status altogether on 11 December 1990.[14]
Violent conflict broke out towards the end of 1990. Russian and Georgian interior ministry troops were dispatched to South Ossetia in December, with war starting on January 5, 1991, when Georgian troops entered Tskhinvali.[19] The fighting was characterised by general disregard for international humanitarian law by uncontrollable militias, with both sides reporting atrocities.[19] During the war, many South Ossetian villages were attacked and burned, as were Georgian houses and schools in Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia. As a result, approximately 1,000 died and about 100,000 ethnic Ossetians fled the territory and Georgia proper, most across the border into North Ossetia. A further 23,000 ethnic Georgians fled South Ossetia and settled in other parts of Georgia.[20] Many South Ossetians were resettled in uninhabited areas of North Ossetia from which the Ingush had been expelled by Stalin in 1944, leading to conflicts between Ossetians and Ingush over the right of residence in former Ingush territory.
The western part of South Ossetia was affected by the 1991 Racha-Java earthquake, which killed 200 and left 300 families homeless.
In 1992, Georgia accepted a ceasefire to avoid a large scale confrontation with Russia. The government of Georgia and South Ossetian separatists reached an agreement to avoid the use of force against one another, and Georgia pledged not to impose sanctions against South Ossetia. However, the Georgian government still retained control over substantial portions of South Ossetia, including the town of Akhalgori.[21] A peacekeeping force of Ossetians, Russians and Georgians was established. On 6 November 1992, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) set up a mission in Georgia to monitor the peacekeeping operation. From then until mid-2004 South Ossetia was generally peaceful. In June 2004, serious tensions began to rise as the Georgian authorities strengthened their efforts to bring the region back under Tbilisi rule, by establishing an alternative pro-Georgian government for South Ossetia in Tbilisi. Georgia also sent police to close down a vast black market complex, which was one of the region's chief sources of revenue, leading to fighting by Georgian troops and peacekeepers against South Ossetian militiamen and freelance fighters from Russia.[22][23] Hostage takings, shootouts and occasional bombings left dozens dead and wounded. A ceasefire deal was reached on 13 August though it was repeatedly violated.
The Georgian government protested against the continually increasing Russian economic and political presence in the region and against the uncontrolled military of the South Ossetian side. It also considered the peacekeeping force (consisting in equal parts of South Ossetians, North Ossetians, Russians and Georgians) to be non-neutral and demanded its replacement.[24][25] This criticism was supported by the U.S. senator Richard Lugar.[26] EU South Caucasus envoy Peter Semneby said later that "Russia's actions in the Georgia spy row have damaged its credibility as a neutral peacekeeper in the EU's Black Sea neighbourhood."[27] Later, Joseph Biden (Chairman, U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee), Richard Lugar, and Mel Martinez sponsored a resolution accusing Russia of attempting to undermine Georgia's territorial integrity and called for replacing the Russian-manned peacekeeping force operating under CIS mandate.[28]
The prelude to the conflict began with violent clashes on Wednesday, 6 August 2008 with both sides claiming having been fired upon by the other. Separatist authorities in South Ossetia said that Georgia shelled South Ossetian villages, killing six Ossetians.[29][30] The Georgian interior ministry claimed Georgian forces had returned fire only after South Ossetian positions shelled Georgian-controlled villages injuring six civilians and one Georgian policeman. The Georgian interior ministry accused the South Ossetian side of "trying to create an illusion of serious escalation, an illusion of war." In addition, the commander of the Georgian peacekeeping unit General Kurashvili accused the Russian peacekeepers of participating in the shelling of the Georgian villages.[31] South Ossetia denied provoking the conflict.[32][33]
According to Moscow Defense Brief, over the course of several days in early August, the Georgians concentrated a significant number of troops and equipment, including the full 2nd, 3rd and 4th Infantry Brigades, the Artillery Brigade, the elements of the 1st Infantry Brigade, the separate Gori Tank Battalion, among others — all in all, up to 16,000 men — in the Georgian enclaves in the South Ossetian conflict zone, under cover of providing support for the exchange of fire with Ossetian formations."[34] International Institute for Strategic Studies and Western intelligence experts give a lower estimate, saying that the Georgians had amassed about 12,000 troops and 75 tanks on the South Ossetian border by 7 August.[35]
On 7 August, Georgian and Ossetian forces agreed on a ceasefire.[36] However, in the first hours of 8 August 2008, Georgia launched a massive attack. According to a report prepared by the Georgian government, the Georgian army had to act after a large number of Russian troops and around 150 armored vehicles and trucks started invading the Georgian territory through the Roki tunnel on the night of August 7, and Russians and Ossetian militia started a heavy artillery bombardment of the Georgian populated village Tamarasheni located on the outskirts of Tskhinvali at 9pm on August 7.[37] However, an OSCE monitoring group in Tskhinvali did not record outgoing artillery fire from the South Ossetian side in the hours before the start of Georgian bombardment, and NATO officials attest to minor skirmishes but nothing that amounted to a provocation, according to Der Spiegel.[38] Georgia's claim that it responded to a large-scale Russian invasion has received little support from Georgia's allies, the US and NATO.[39]
The accounts of who started the war remains contradictory. Erosi Kitsmarishvili, Georgia's former ambassador to Moscow and a confidant of President Mikheil Saakashvili, in his testimony to the Parliament of Georgia said that Georgian government was preparing to start the war in South Ossetia..[40]
After a prolonged artillery attack, Georgian troops with tanks and air support entered South Ossetian-controlled territory.[41][42][43] On the same day, twelve Russian peacekeepers were killed and nearly 150 injured.[44] Heavy fighting was reported in Tskhinvali for most of 8 August, with Georgian forces attempting to push Ossetians slowly from the city.[45] The following day, Russia deployed forces into South Ossetia to remove Georgian forces from South Ossetia. Additionally, Russia targeted Georgia's military infrastructure to reduce Georgia's ability to conduct another incursion. Russian troops and the South Ossetians pushed the Georgian army out of South Ossetia and moved farther, occupying Gori, Kareli, Kaspi and Igoeti in Georgia proper. Parallel to these events Russian forces also entered western Georgia from another breakaway region of Abkhazia occupying Zugdidi, Senaki and the major Georgian port of Poti.
Following an EU sponsored cease-fire between Georgia and Russia, Russia pulled its forces back to Russia and South Ossetia, finishing the withdrawal by 8 October. The war left mostly Ossetian city Tskhinvali in ruins, ethnic Georgian villages burnt and razed to the ground, leaving 24,000 Ossetians and 15,000 ethnic Georgians displaced, according to an Amnesty International report. [46][47]
The European Union, Council of Europe, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and most UN member countries do not recognize South Ossetia as an independent state. The de facto republic governed by the secessionist government held a second independence referendum[48] on 12 November 2006, after its first referendum in 1992 was not recognized by most governments as valid.[49] According to the Tskhinvali election authorities, the referendum turned out a majority for independence from Georgia where 99% of South Ossetian voters supported independence and the turnout for the vote was 95%.[50] The referendum was monitored by a team of 34 international observers from Germany, Austria, Poland, Sweden and other countries at 78 polling stations.[51] However, it was not recognized internationally by the UN, European Union, OSCE, NATO and the Russian Federation, given the lack of ethnic Georgian participation and the legality of such a referendum without recognition from the Georgian government in Tbilisi.[52] The European Union, OSCE and NATO condemned the referendum.
Parallel to the secessionist held referendum and elections, the Ossetian opposition movement (People of South Ossetia for Peace) to Eduard Kokoity, the current President of South Ossetia, organized their own elections in contemporaneously Georgian-controlled areas within South Ossetia, in which Georgian and some Ossetian inhabitants of the region voted in favour of Dmitry Sanakoyev as the alternative President of South Ossetia.[53] The alternative elections of Sanakoyev claimed full support of the ethnic Georgian population.[citation needed]
In April 2007, Georgia created the Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia[54][55][56][57] and staffed by ethnic Ossetian members of the separatist movement. Dmitry Sanakoyev was assigned as the leader of the Entity. It was intended that this provisional administration would negotiate with central Georgian authorities regarding its final status and conflict resolution.[58] On 10 May 2007, Sanakoyev was appointed by the President of Georgia as the Head of South Ossetian Provisional Administrative Entity.
On July 13, 2007, Georgia set up a state commission, chaired by the Prime Minister Zurab Noghaideli, to develop South Ossetia's autonomous status within the Georgian state. According to the Georgian officials, the status was to be elaborated within the framework of "an all-inclusive dialogue" with all the forces and communities within the Ossetian society.[59]
Following the 2008 South Ossetia war, Russia recognized South Ossetia as independent.[60] This unilateral recognition by Russia was met by condemnation from Western Blocs, such as NATO, OSCE and the European Council due to the violation of Georgia's territorial integrity.[61][62][63][64] The EU's diplomatic response to the news was delayed by disagreements between Eastern European states and the UK wanting a harsher response and Germany, France, and other states' desire not to isolate Russia.[65] Former US envoy Richard Holbrooke said the conflict could encourage separatist movements in other former Soviet states along Russia's western border.[66] Several days later, Nicaragua became the second country to recognize South Ossetia.[60] Venezuela recognised South Ossetia on September 10, 2009, becoming the third UN member state to do so.[67]
On August 30, 2008, Tarzan Kokoity, the Deputy Speaker of South Ossetia's parliament, announced that the region would soon be absorbed into Russia, so that South and North Ossetians could live together in one united Russian state.[68] Russian and South Ossetian forces began giving residents in Akhalgori, the biggest town in the predominantly ethnic Georgian eastern part of South Ossetia, the choice of accepting Russian citizenship or leaving.[69] However, Eduard Kokoity, the current president of South Ossetia, later stated that South Ossetia would not forgo its independence by joining Russia: "We are not going to say no to our independence, which has been achieved at the expense of many lives; South Ossetia has no plans to join Russia." Civil Georgia has said that this statement contradicts previous ones made by Kokoity earlier that day, when he indicated that South Ossetia would join North Ossetia in the Russian Federation.[68][70]
During the opening ceremony of a new building of the Georgian Embassy in Kiev (Ukraine) in November 2009 Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili stated that residents of South Ossetia and Abkhazia could also use its facilities "I would like to assure you, my dear friends, that this is your home, as well, and here you will always be able to find support and understanding".[71]
South Ossetia |
This article is part of the series: |
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Other countries · Atlas Politics portal |
Until the armed conflict of August 2008, South Ossetia consisted of a checkerboard of Georgian-inhabited and Ossetian-inhabited towns and villages.[72] The largely Ossetian capital city of Tskhinvali and most of the other Ossetian-inhabited communities were governed by the separatist government, while the Georgian-inhabited villages and towns were administered by the Georgian government. This close proximity and the intermixing of the two communities has made the Georgian–Ossetian conflict particularly dangerous, since any attempt to create an ethnically pure territory would involve population transfers on a large scale.
The political dispute has yet to be resolved and the South Ossetian separatist authorities govern the region with effective independence from Tbilisi. Although talks have been held periodically between the two sides, little progress was made under the government of Eduard Shevardnadze (1993–2003). His successor Mikheil Saakashvili (elected 2004) made the reassertion of Georgian governmental authority a political priority. Having successfully put an end to the de facto independence of the southwestern province of Ajaria in May 2004, he pledged to seek a similar solution in South Ossetia. After the 2004 clashes, the Georgian government has intensified its efforts to bring the problem to international attention. On 25 January 2005, President Saakashvili presented a Georgian vision for resolving the South Ossetian conflict at the PACE session in Strasbourg. Late in October, the U.S. Government and the OSCE expressed their support to the Georgian action plan presented by Prime Minister Zurab Noghaideli at the OSCE Permanent Council at Vienna on 27 October 2005. On 6 December, the OSCE Ministerial Council in Ljubljana adopted a resolution supporting the Georgian peace plan[73] which was subsequently rejected by the South Ossetian de facto authorities.
On September 11, 2006, the South Ossetian Information and Press Committee announced that the republic would hold an independence referendum[48] (the first referendum had not been recognized by the international community as valid in 1992)[74] on 12 November 2006. The voters would decide on whether or not South Ossetia "should preserve its present de facto status of an independent state". Georgia denounced the move as a "political absurdity". However, on 13 September 2006, the Council of Europe (CoE) Secretary General Terry Davis commented on the problem, stating that it would be unlikely that anyone would accept the results of this referendum and instead urged South Ossetian government to engage in the negotiations with Georgia.[75] On 13 September 2006 European Union Special Representative to the South Caucasus, Peter Semneby, while visiting Moscow, said: "results of the South Ossetian independence referendum will have no meaning for the European Union".[76] Peter Semneby also added that this referendum would not contribute to the peaceful conflict resolution process in South Ossetia.
Ethnic Ossetians and Russians living in South Ossetia nearly unanimously approved a referendum on 12 November 2006 opting for independence from Georgia. The referendum was hugely popular, winning between 98 and 99 percent of the ballots, flag waving and celebration marked were seen across South Ossetia, but elsewhere observers were less enthusiastic. Ethnic Georgians living in South Ossetia boycotted the referendum. International critics claimed that the move could worsen regional tensions, and the Tbilisi government thoroughly discounted the results. "Everybody needs to understand, once and for all, that no amount of referenda or elections will move Georgia to give up that which belongs to the Georgian people by God's will," declared Georgi Tsagareishvili, leader of the Industrialist's bloc in Georgia's parliament.[77]
The People of South Ossetia for Peace was founded in October 2006 by the ethnic Ossetians who were outspoken critics and presented a serious opposition to secessionist authorities of Eduard Kokoity.
The group headed by the former defence minister and then prime minister of secessionist government Dmitry Sanakoyev organized the so-called alternative presidential election, on 12 November 2006– parallel to those held by the secessionist authorities in Tskhinvali.[53] High voter turnout was reported by the alternative electoral commission, which estimated over 42,000 voters from both Ossetian (Java district and Tskhinvali) and Georgian (Eredvi, Tamarasheni, etc.) communities of South Ossetia and Sanakoyev reportedly received 96% of the votes. Another referendum was organized shortly after asking for the start of negotiations with Georgia on a federal arrangement for South Ossetia received 94% support. However, People of South Ossetia for Peace turned down a request from a Georgian NGO, "Multinational Georgia", to monitor it and the released results were very likely to be inflated.[22]
According to the International Crisis Group, "Georgian government's steps are non-violent and development-oriented but their implementation is unilateral and so assertive that they are contributing to a perceptible and dangerous rise in tensions".[22]
Initially the entity of Sanakoyev was known as "the Alternative Government of South Ossetia", but during the course of 2007 the central authorities of Georgia decided to give it official status and on 13 April the formation of "Provisional Administration of South Ossetia" was announced.[78] On 10 May 2007 Dmitry Sanakoyev was appointed head of the provisional administrative entity in South Ossetia.[79]
An EU fact finding team visited the region in January 2007. Per Eklund, Head of the Delegation of the European Community to Georgia[5] said that "None of the two alternatives do we consider legitimate [in South Ossetia]."[80]
Before the Georgian-Ossetian conflict roughly two-thirds of the population of South Ossetia was Ossetian and 25-30% was Georgian. The eastern quarter of the country, around the town and district of Akhalgori, is predominantly Georgian, while the center and west are predominantly Ossete. Much of the mountainous north is scarcely inhabited. (See map at Languages of the Caucasus.)
Because the statistical office of Georgia was not able to conduct the 2002 Georgian census in South Ossetia, the present composition of the population of South Ossetia is unknown,[81] although according to some estimates there were 47,000 ethnic Ossetians and 17,500 ethnic Georgians in South Ossetia in 2007.[82]
2009 Population Estimate: During the war, HRW stated that 15,000 Georgians fled and a total of 500 citizens of South Ossetia were killed.[83][84] This left the estimated population at 54,500. However Russia's reconstruction plan involving 600 million dollars in aid to South Ossetia may have spurred immigration into the De Facto independent Republic, especially with Russia's movement of 3,700 soldiers into South Ossetia, in order to prevent further incursions.[85] RIA Novosti places the population of South Ossetia at 80,000 although, this figure is probably too optimistic.[85]
Ethnicity | 1926 census | 1939 census | 1959 census | 1970 census | 1979 census | 1989 census | 2007 estimate |
Ossetians | 60,351 (69.1%) | 72,266 (68.1%) | 63,698 (65.8%) | 66,073 (66.5%) | 65,077 (66.4%) | 65,200 (65.9%) | 47,000 (67.1%) |
Georgians | 23,538 (26.9%) | 27,525 (25.9%) | 26,584 (27.5%) | 28,125 (28.3%) | 28,187 (28.8%) | 28,700 (29.0%) | 17,500 (25.0%) |
Russians | 157 (0.2%) | 2,111 (2.0%) | 2,380 (2.5%) | 1,574 (1.6%) | 2,046 (2.1%) | 2,128 (2.1%) | 2,100 (3.0%) |
Armenians | 1,374 (1.6%) | 1,537 (1.4%) | 1,555 (1.6%) | 1,254 (1.3%) | 953 (1.0%) | 871 (0.9%) | 900 (1.3%) |
Jews | 1,739 (2.0%) | 1,979 (1.9%) | 1,723 (1.8%) | 1,485 (1.5%) | 654 (0.7%) | 648 (0.7%) | 650 (0.9%) |
Others | 216 (0.2%) | 700 (0.7%) | 867 (0.9%) | 910 (0.9%) | 1,071 (1.1%) | 1,453 (1.5%) | 1,850 (2.6%) |
Total | 87,375 | 106,118 | 96,807 | 99,421 | 97,988 | 99,000 | 70,000 |
Following a war with Georgia in the 1990s, South Ossetia has struggled economically. South Ossetian GDP was estimated at US$ 15 million (US$ 250 per capita) in a work published in 2002.[87] Employment and supplies are scarce. Additionally, Georgia cut off supplies of electricity to the region, which forced the South Ossetian government to run an electric cable through North Ossetia. The majority of the population survives on subsistence farming. Virtually the only significant economic asset that South Ossetia possesses is control of the Roki Tunnel that used to link Russia and Georgia, from which the South Ossetian government reportedly obtains as much as a third of its budget by levying customs duties on freight traffic.
President Eduard Kokoity has admitted that his country is seriously dependent on Russian economic assistance.[88]
South Ossetia's poverty threshold stood at 3,062 rubles a month in the fourth quarter of 2007, or 23.5 percent below Russia's average, while South Ossetians have incomparably smaller incomes.[89]
Before the 2008 South Ossetia war, South Ossetia's industry consisted of 22 small factories, with a total production of 61.6 million rubles in 2006. In 2007, only 7 factories were functioning. In March, 2009, it was reported that most of the production facilities are standing idle and are in need of repairs. Even successful factories have a shortage of workers, are in debt and have a shortage of working capital.[89] One of the largest local enterprises is the Emalprovod factory, which has 130 employees.[89]
The South Ossetian authorities are planning to improve finances by boosting the local production of flour and thus reducing the need for flour imports. For this purpose, the area planted with wheat was increased ten-fold in 2008 from 130 hectares to 1,500 hectares. The wheat harvest in 2008 was expected to be 2,500 tons of grain. The South Ossetian Agriculture ministry also imported some tractors in 2008, and was expecting delivery of more farm machinery in 2009.[89]
Russia is planning to spend 10 billion rubles in the restoration of South Ossetia in 2009.[89]
Scenery in central South Ossetia. |
A South Ossetian woman. |
South Ossetian performers. |
School Number 2 in Tshkinvali |
WARNING: Open warfare has ceased in South Ossetia, but now is not a good time to travel to the region. The country is still too dangerous to visit, and the situation is in a still dangerous state of flux. |
South Ossetia is a separatist region of Georgia, mostly located in Shida Kartli.
There is surprisingly little to see in South Ossetia. And it is hard to go see what little there is, owing to the ongoing separatist conflict between the Ossetes and the Georgian central government and to the security vacuum the conflict has created. Sure, the mountains are beautiful, but they are just as beautiful in the regions to the west and east (Racha and Kazbegi Region) where there is far less danger of being kidnapped or caught in crossfire. And if Ossetian culture is what you want, head to North Ossetia. Most of South Ossetia's population has fled there to escape the conflict and it is a good deal safer than South Ossetia, albeit it too is not that safe.
South Ossetia was an autonomous region of the Georgian SSR under the Soviet Union. In 1989, amid rising nationalist sentiment throughout the Soviet Union, the government of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region passed a resolution to merge with the North Ossetian ASSR, in Russia, but the Georgian SSR government promptly overturned this resolution. In 1991, the president of Georgia declared that Russian would no longer be an administrative language of the new country, and that Georgian would thus be the sole administrative language. Alarmed Ossetes pressed for official status for Ossetian and either greater regional autonomy or full secession from the Georgian Republic to join with North Ossetia, in Russia. Nationalist tensions escalated on both sides until violent conflict broke out between the formerly neighborly ethnicities, resulting in a full-scale war between Ossetian separatists and the Georgian national government.
Under Russian pressure, the Georgian central government agreed to a ceasefire, policed by Russian peacekeepers, which theoretically holds to the present. However during the 8th of August 2008 the military of Georgia launched a milatary assult against the reagion in order to regain Georgian control. The attack which killed several South Ossetians and Russian peacekeppers quickly drew Russia into into the conflict, responding with aerial bombing, house to house fighting, and tank warfare. After quickly driving out Georgian forces and putting towns once under Georgian control into the hands of the South Ossetian government. The war was brought to an end by a ceasefire agreement, calling on both sides to withdraw to the positions they held before the conflict. Despite this however Russian forces still patrol the area. The government of Russia now recognizes South Ossetia as a legitimate, independent country, greatly angering Georgia and its western allies, but causing celebration among the Ossetians.
And just so you sound sophisticated: a person is an Ossete (ah-SEET), the ethnicity and the language are Ossetian (ah-SEH-tee-ahn), and the land is Ossetia (ah-SEH-tee-ah).
English-speakers are virtually non-existant.
The people of South Ossetia can speak Ossetian, Russian and Georgian. However most people will refuse to talk in Georgian and may act hostile towards you if you do, due to the conflict between South Ossetia and Georgia that has been ongoing since the early 90's and experienced a highly publicized war in 2008.
As of now the border is guarded by Russian forces that are extremely unlikely to let you in.
Ossetian food is delicious, a Caucasian cuisine similar to, but significantly different from Georgian cuisine. Be sure to feast on Ossetian pie, a dish similar to khachapuri, but with meat and mushrooms instead of cheese.
South Ossetia is probably the most dangerous region of Georgia and should be avoided. Visitors are advised to prepare for traveling in a war zone. As mentioned above civilian causalities are common and it is quite possible to get caught in the crossfire. Weapons are also all over the place, often in the hands of bandits, other minor criminal outfits, splinter rebel groups, and ordinary, fearful civilians. Foreign visitors have disappeared in South Ossetia, never to be heard of again.
The Ossetes are understandably jumpy and may arrest travelers taking photographs of, well, anything. It is also a bad idea to voice your political opinions regarding the conflict—better to listen to locals' perspectives and to be vaguely sympathetic.
If kidnapped, or taken hostage, it is best to remain passively cooperative. Your captors may well seem friendly (for them, the region's chaos is daily life), and you are likely to be released, but don't count on this.
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South Ossetia
South Ossetia (Ossetian: Хуссар Ирыстон, Xussar Iryston; Russian: Южная Осетия, Yuzhnaya Osetiya; Georgian: სამხრეთ ოსეთი, Samkhret Oseti (unofficial)) is a de facto[1] independent, disputed place in South Caucasus. It declared independence from Georgia in 1990, but it was only recognized by three other countries.
South Ossetia was a Soviet oblast (region) with some self-rule and controlled big parts of the region. When it declared its independence in 1990, Georgia tried to take back the region by force and it led to the 1991-1992 South Ossetia War. Georgia tried to retake South Ossetia again in 2004 and in 2008. In 2008, Ossetia's fighters were backed by Russian troops and they gained full control of the region, but its separation from Georgia has only been recognized by three other countries (Russia, Nicaragua and Venezuela) and Abkhazia (a similar place), and it is de jure (officially) a part of the Georgian region (mkhare) of Shida Kartli.
The rebels were supported by Russian and Cossack forces but, Georgia itself refuses to recognize rebel South Ossetia as an independent state; the government calls it by the medieval name of Samachablo or, more recently, Tskhinvali region (after the republic's capital).


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Lesson at a Glance
The Big Idea
Check for Understanding
Unit 3, Lesson 4: We Have Symbols (pp. 118-121)
Framework Concept: Values The flag and the Statue of Liberty are meaningful symbols of our country.
The Statue of Liberty stands for ___________.
Ask them to illustrate their sentences.
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Top Definition
random word shouted by people with torettes, meaning basically anything.
"thats fustik"
"your fustik"..etc
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July 10, 2008
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Friday, March 16, 2012
It Is My Duty
39 comments:
no kidding they get frustrated. there is so much traffic!! wow, i've never seen a more busier road. that is nuts!! ha. ha!! oh, i can sympathize ... my mom & dad enjoyed the occasional embarrassing moment or two, & i wished i could hide or run away. it give you a better sense of self. in other words makes you a better person. (:
ReplyDeleteSecond post I read this morning about someone driving to work through beautiful nature. A great life style. I was reminded of all the traffic I drove in as I made my way through Beverly Hills to my job at the University for all those 30 some years that I lived and worked in LA. So good for you, Michelle.
ReplyDeleteBeen there with the embarrassed daughters covering their faces and crying, 'Mum for crying out loud, you *can't* take photos here. *Everyone* will see you (there weren't many people around, but it's true that everyone you *do* see here on this island does know you. Poor girls can't even kid on they're from the other end of the country and are silly tourists).
Oh, the joys of motherhood ;)
And - for you - the joys of such scenery.... Love itOh my, your pictures look so much like the part of KY my family lives in. I might get to go back in June.
I know what you mean about embarrassing your kids with your obsession over taking pictures.
Even my grown son got embarrassed when we took our drive through our home town last year and I was getting out to take pictures of all the places we had lived.


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12 Aug 2010 | #1 |
MS Warns of Attacks Targeting the Windows Service Isolation Feature
Microsoft has issued a Security Advisory designed to inform customers of the potential attacks targeting the Windows Service Isolation, a feature which is included into all supported Windows operating systems, including Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2. According to the Redmond company, a problem has been identified in the manner in which the NetworkService token can be received and leveraged in association with RPC calls, via the Windows Telephony Application Programming Interfaces (TAPI) transaction facility. Microsoft insists that this issue does not require a security bulletin to be patched, and that customers can already access an update that will bulletproof their systems against attacks. Microsoft Warns of Attacks Targeting the Windows Service Isolation Feature - - Softpedia |
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12 Aug 2010 | #2 |
just ignore the bogus registry cleaner ad, which would probably cause more problems than the subject of the article on the page
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Should I retest? Maybe TMI
Okay, I have been on BC since my son was 6 months. He is 5 years old today. I was supposed to start my period on the 30th of November...the only times I am late is because of pregnancy. I missed a pill one time, because I was so tired, forgot about it, and then I threw one up a few weeks ago. Those are the only two times I know of not taking it correctly. So I am like 7 days late...which like I said never happens unless I am pregnant. I took a test on Tuesday, and it came up negative. I kept rechecking it every hour and it was still negative (plain as day). So I didn't think anything of it. Then on Wednesday, I bled a little bit, but it was only when I wiped...and sorry if TMI but it was clear, mucousy, and blood tinged. On Tuesday I bled pink blood when I wiped...I took the other test this early morning (first pee). After a minute it showed negative, so I just put it up. After my class (two hours later), I went and grabbed it, and there was a faint positive line. Should I retest, or could it just be evaporation lines? Just weird that if it was evaporation lines, it wouldn't have done it to the first test.
Thanks for any advice
Okay, so this morning I woke to what I think is my period...not sure why I was late, but still scared it may be a miscarriage? A little worse cramping than my normal period, but not sure what miscarriage "blood" looks like, any different from a period?
How can you miss something that may or may not have been there? I have been depressed all day. I know we weren't trying...and the timing really isn't good, but, at least 3/4 of me was really excited.


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1 dead, 15 injured in Cincinnati nightclub gunfight
A gunfight broke out inside a crowded Cincinnati nightclub early Sunday, leaving one man dead and 15 others wounded after a dispute among several patrons escalated into a shootout, authorities said.
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Russia's opposition, often written off by critics as a small and irrelevant coterie of privileged urbanites, put on an impressive nationwide show of strength Sunday with scores of protest rallies spanning the vast country. Hundreds were arrested, including Alexei Navalny, the anti-corruption campaigner who is President Vladimir Putin's most prominent critic.
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oab mittsommerkollektion
With our little midsummercollection we want to provide you with the right soundtrack for chirring crickets, social beer and the morning after. In a colourful drive the lady and the gentlemen take us away with them on a trip from Munich via Dresden to Leipzig, with stops at Schmalkalden and Hanau to Bonn, to set off for Bielefeld from where we go to the famous city of Hamburg. And after a long voyage with a wide variety of beats, synths, guitars and vocals we reach Cyprus the pearl of Mediterranian. We hope you enjoy and you are relaxed, if we jump off after summer. Feedback? Here!
(written & produced by themselves)
* now only available on Electric Delicate Rec. ** licenced to Native Instruments Traktor 3 ***not available
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Bliss Foot Patrol Reviews
Soft and silky soles are all yours with this amazing smoothing cream
This is one of the best foot creams I've ever used and most importantly, repurchased - the best sign of a best beauty buy! After dry filing rough areas, use both hands to massage one foot at a time with this menthol wonder cream. You can then slip on a pair of socks to lock the moisture in, preferably at night so you can wear them in bed and you wake up with the most tender tootsies and silky ...read moresoles! A great tip is it to rub the excess on your hands over your knees and elbows for a sneaky smoother without using a manual scrub. This marvel dissolves dead skin cells and delivers a non-sticky or gloopy moisture shot to the new skin underneath! — 9 years, 2 months agoThis review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 3 of 3 people said helpful


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07-09-2008, 11:29 AM | #1 (permalink) | |
convinced that Raptors fans are only happy when
they're unhappy.
Retired Administrator
Join Date: Dec 2007
Location: Almonte
Posts: 12,770
DCI - Devlin Checks In
Just doesn't have the same ring to it.
Anyhow, I guess its official now and the Raptors have given Matt his own blog ala Chuck's CCI for the last couple seasons. Quote:
07-09-2008, 11:34 AM | #2 (permalink) | |
is pounding the rock!
Senior Member, Eh?
Join Date: Mar 2008
Location: Toronto
Posts: 1,598
Well at least he's got the chemistry with Jack which may help a lot.
And I laughed at this part: Quote:
He seems like a pretty nice guy and all. I just hope he can be a little more enthusiastic is all I ask more. And they're right, he's got huge Shaq-sized shoes to fill. |
07-09-2008, 11:44 AM | #3 (permalink) |
giant steps
Join Date: Dec 2007
Posts: 15,190
he's got tiny, irritating, pea-sized shoes to fill. he could go out there and belch continuously for two and a half hours and I'd find him 10 times more entertaining than corny catch-phrase chuck.
07-09-2008, 11:59 AM | #4 (permalink) |
is pounding the rock!
RF Affiliate
Join Date: Jun 2008
Posts: 522
Seems like a quality guy.
Love the fact that he's trying to Canadianize the kids already. It seems like you guys have been a little harsh on him, no? I mean, NBC and TNT are huge networks...they don't hire too many scrubs, especially for events as big as the playoffs or the Olympics. "It's about the game" is really the main thing I wanted to hear from him, and he said exactly that. And you can't complain about chemistry with Jack. |
07-09-2008, 12:01 PM | #5 (permalink) | |
The Killing Joke
And I agree with SWAG, he seems like a nice guys, has a nice resume and genuinely seems to be excited at being here. |
07-09-2008, 12:05 PM | #7 (permalink) | |
nosce te ipsum
Join Date: Dec 2007
Location: east side.
Posts: 13,266
personally, i just want Matt to be himself and do what comes naturally. Hopefully MLSE haven't been coaching him into taking on an uber lame personality. |
07-09-2008, 12:16 PM | #9 (permalink) | |
is pounding the rock!
RF Affiliate
Join Date: Jun 2008
Posts: 522
He was canned enthusiasm. (Think the NBA's Dick Vitale) He thought we were all very interested in his dinner plans, or other totally irrelevant personal information. He wasn't particularly basketball savvy. Catchphrases in general usually suck. Chuck's catchphrases were painful. That's just me though. I totally understand why people like him. Hell, I've never heard a negative thing about him as a person. I'd just rather not listen to him call an NBA game. |
07-09-2008, 12:44 PM | #11 (permalink) |
Senior Member
Join Date: Apr 2008
Posts: 3,415
I miss Chuck already.
Sounds like Matt is going to be almost as interesting as John Saunders was.... which is to say not at all. I'd be thinking about using the mute button, but then I'd miss Jack! Fuck. |
07-09-2008, 03:09 PM | #13 (permalink) |
effin' ineffable
In the Paint
Join Date: Dec 2007
Location: Toronto
Posts: 30,070
He seemed ok on his short appearance on RapsTV after the press conf. today. I could do with a good dose of vanilla, and I love that he is connected with Jack. I was worried that Leo was the connection.
07-09-2008, 03:36 PM | #14 (permalink) |
is pounding the rock!
Senior Member, Eh?
Join Date: Mar 2008
Location: Toronto
Posts: 1,598
For some who missed him during the press, here's a recap:
- One of the best situations in the NBA - Chuck was integral part of org for 10 years, has been a good friend over the years - With today's pressers, knowing that Bosh, O'Neal and Calderon, along with all the others, very exciting - Happened very quick - Was told at a dinner that Chuck left - Got in touch with Toronto immediately - Had great conversations with the team - Organization committed to winning - Unbelievable market in a beautiful city - Lots of family up here - Wanted to be back with a team after being released by Charlotte last year after their own regional network closed down - Wanted to come back to the best situation possible, and he feels Toronto is it - When you talk to people around the NBA, people speak extremely highly of the organization |
07-09-2008, 03:52 PM | #17 (permalink) |
giant steps
Join Date: Dec 2007
Posts: 15,190
i give a flying fuck. chuck made the games unbearable unless the volume was turned off. if you're going to listen to a guy for 2 and a half hours three nights a week, 8 months per year, you'd better not think he's a total douche.
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Aww My eldest 2 did that some years back - amazing isn't it! Perfect shot for today methinks!
That lamb does not look like it's going to let go without a fight, lol! ;O) Very cute pic!
Lovely - Ruby looks like she's enjoying herself (while you hold onto that bottle for dear life) We used to live near a family farm in Dorset so were regular visitors - the goats used to freak me out!
Awww this is so adorable! I love lambs x
That may just get my vote for cutest pic of the day!
oh now thats just adorable x
Lovely pic - a really special experience.
We love feeding the lambs. Great photo!
Awww, can't beat spring for the fun things you can do x
we did that once , with kids rather than lambs, amazing how quick they empty the bottles!! good fun though.
Lovely thing to do with children and a great pic. But with my Magpie head on, I am loving that bracelet! My try is over at http://gigglingatitall.blogspot.com
Awwwwww, cute! :)
I used to love feeding the animals like this when I was wee!
Thanks for all your lovely comments. This was a special day out with Granny and Pops.Happy Easter everyone x
Lovely photo!