text:
Optimal Abolition of FCC Spectrum Allocation
Ronald Coase based his 1959 call for spectrum markets on theoretical conjecture. Today abundant evidence supports his case. Targeted liberalization in cellular markets, as contrasted with regulatory planning of the digital TV transition and other traditional policies, suggest enormous efficiency gains are available from wider use of "the price system." With exclusive frequency rights assigned to owners, markets widely reconfigure spectrum use, coordinating complex spectrum sharing. Resulting social gains include increased consumer surplus from enhanced technological innovation and wireless service competition. A social bonus arrives in the benefits associated with wider scope for free speech. Yet, the administrative allocation system continues to distribute rents and garner political support. Liberal reforms, in contrast, produce large but broadly dispersed efficiency gains and are undersupplied. This paper proposes an incremental extension of property rights in spectrum to move beyond the current rent-seeking equilibrium, eliminating the Federal Communications Commission's centralized spectrum allocation process and, with it, an "attractive nuisance" generating anticonsumer outcomes.
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Volume (Year): 22 (2008)
Issue (Month): 1 (Winter)
Pages: 103-128
Handle: | RePEc:aea:jecper:v:22:y:2008:i:1:p:103-128 |
Note: | DOI: 10.1257/jep.22.1.103 |
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Peter Cramton, 2002. "Spectrum Auctions," Papers of Peter Cramton 01hte, University of Maryland, Department of Economics - Peter Cramton, revised 16 Jul 2001.
- Coase, R H, 1998. "Comment on Thomas W. Hazlett: Assigning Property Rights to Radio Spectrum Users: Why Did FCC License Auctions Take 67 Years?," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 41(2), pages 577-580, October.
- Herzel, Leo, 1998. "My 1951 Color Television Article," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 41(2), pages 523-527, October.
- Paul Klemperer, 2002.
"What Really Matters in Auction Design,"
Journal of Economic Perspectives,
American Economic Association, vol. 16(1), pages 169-189, Winter.
- Professor Paul Klemperer, 2000. "What Really Matters in Auction Design," Microeconomics 0004008, EconWPA.
- Klemperer, Paul, 2000. "What Really Matters in Auction Design," CEPR Discussion Papers 2581, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Peter Cramton & Evan Kwerel & John Williams, 1998.
"Efficient Relocation of Spectrum Incumbents,"
Papers of Peter Cramton
98jleer, University of Maryland, Department of Economics - Peter Cramton, revised 12 Jul 1998.
- Cramton, Peter & Kwerel, Evan & Williams, John, 1998. "Efficient Relocation of Spectrum Incumbents," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 41(2), pages 647-675, October.
- Melody, William H, 1980. "Radio Spectrum Allocation: Role of the Market," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 70(2), pages 393-397, May.
- repec:reg:rpubli:123 is not listed on IDEAS
- Hazlett, Thomas W, 1998. "Assigning Property Rights to Radio Spectrum Users: Why Did FCC License Auctions Take 67 Years?," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 41(2), pages 529-575, October.
- R. Preston McAfee & John McMillan, 1996. "Analyzing the Airwaves Auction," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 10(1), pages 159-175, Winter.
- anonymous, 1978. "Communication," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 24(9), pages 919-919, May.
- Minasian, Jora R, 1975. "Property Rights in Radiation: An Alternative Approach to Radio Frequency Allocation," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 18(1), pages 221-272, April.
- Smith, Henry E, 2002. "Exclusion versus Governance: Two Strategies for Delineating Property Rights," The Journal of Legal Studies, University of Chicago Press, vol. 31(2), pages 453-487, June.
- Hazlett Thomas W & Ibarguen Giancarlo & Leighton Wayne, 2007. "Property Rights to Radio Spectrum in Guatemala and El Salvador: An Experiment in Liberalization," Review of Law & Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 3(2), pages 437-484, December.
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text:
Serious Education ... plus the most fun you can have in metal finishing.
"Gold Recovery for Dummies?"
An ongoing discussion from 2005 through 2015 . . .
(2005)Q. Well Hello. I just stumbled across this forum as I was looking for information on Gold Scrap Recovery and thought it was as good a place as any to start. I have read the posts and have to say that I agree with the many warnings associated with the use of ANY chemical. With that said, I am an engineer working in the Semi Conductor industry and have worked with a myriad of chemicals including Nitride, Phosphorous, Hydrofluoric and Sulfuric acid and others. I am pretty well versed in the care and use of said chemicals and have access to a rather well furnished lab. I also have access to many old high-end computer components containing a relatively fair amount of gold. Not to mention a large amount of old jewelry and plate items.
Now that I have set the stage, I wish to ask of those "in the know" for a "Gold Recovery for Dummies" version.
Also, would it be feasible to attempt recovery from ceramics and pottery that contain GOLD embellishments?
Any help would be appreciated. Thank you in advance for your time. Regards
Still Searching.
Cory G [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]Engineer/Hobbyist - Caldwell, Idaho
A. Hi, Cory. Info on the internet is, as you know, a food fight rather than a sit-down dinner--but letters 771b and 18889 are a good start. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
A. You can leach it off with a 5% solution of sodium or potassium cyanide (REALLY TOXIC STUFF!), a dash of 35% Hydrogen Peroxide [linked by editor to product info at Amazon] makes it work faster. Then you can electroplate out the gold.the solution is reusable just add a little more cyanide if it quits working. Another method is digest the metal in 50% nitric acid this will leave pieces of gold leaf behind which you can filter out. Gets kinda expensive unless you have a cheap source of HNO3. As far as the gold on pottery goes you would have to process a heck of a lot since it's only a few millionths of an inch thick. You can kill the cyanide with calcium hypochlorite for disposal. I once got about 3 oz of gold off mil spec connector pins but I had to process about 27 pounds of them. Good luck and be very careful with the cyanide.
Jan S [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]- Dallas, Texas
November 19, 2009
A. Well Cory I am an Engineer for a large gold mine. You have a good idea here... The Chemistry problems are real, as you know. And I'm sure you know that I WOULD NOT LEACH AT MY HOUSE or try to make any CN product without being in a proper lab or a place designed for it. Always keep CN solutions at a pH of 10.5, realize that if your pH hits 9.3 your gassing of half of the CN in your solution...BAD NEWS. At 10.5 your only losing <1%. If the pH gets over 11 the solution has a hard time picking up gold.
With that said you can get gold out of anything and they are right NaCN works great for a lot of "host" materials, but do NOT use it where acids or S's are present. Also realize that in our leach pads we use a basic rule: 150 micrograms takes 45 days in a leach pad with cyanide consecration of .2 lbs/ton and an application rate of .003 GPM/ft^2 (you will be much high on both of these numbers). The big problem is cyanide the problem is you will have to make it; no one will sell it to you. You're a chemist and probably can think of ways to make it. (to help make sure no one gets hurt I'm going to let you do some of the Engineering work) But one way is NaCl, C (flower will work) and N2(g) from a welding store, e's are involved, you get the picture.
When extracting make sure your CN Solution has flow, the amount of gold is directly linked to CN concentration, the overall solution can (when ratios are right) hold 500 oz gold / ton of solution.
Remember pH pH pH
You can skip any carbon loading for concentration and go straight to electrolysis. Start with 6V don't use a Cu cathode, use gold, this will keep you from having to refine with acids and some other headaches.
Remember pH and do NOT pour the CN solution down the sink. If you're going to pour make sure the CN is totally killed with something like CaO, Baking soda
Anyway stay safe, good luck, Gold may hit $1500 + in 2010. A lot of the big companies are planning on it.
Anyway there are a lot of in's and out with gold extraction, have fun.
- Elko, Nevada
Q. I am currently researching on methods which I can use to recover gold from electronic components, mainly IC chips. I have also researched that using aqua regia to dissolve the gold might work but how would I then precipitate out the gold? I would also know the standard ratio of hydrochloric acid to nitric acid to use in aqua regia. Thank you.
Hashvin P [last name deleted for privacy by Editor]student - Singapore
Q. I want to know the gold recovery through eco-friendly from the gold ornamental working places. This question arises because the gold loss cost will be the part of product cost. Compared to the other metals, gold is the costliest metal which is used as an ornament.
Is there any easiest method for gold recovery from various dusts without using acids and chemicals?
Employee - Tamil Nadu, India
A. It is becoming My experience that the Most Profitable avenue for you would be to split all your "scrap" into manageable "Lots" & sell it on ebay to others! I am so far just buying and trying to Recover & Refine:
Computer Scrap ~ one, two & three pound lots.
Jewelry ~ 15 to 100 gram lots.
Allow others to "enjoy" the illusion of easy money & get paid for the most part top $$$.
- BHC, Arizona
February 12, 2008
Q. Hi, I'm really interested to know how to recover gold from the computers motherboards, IC's, microprocessors and all that is related with electronic circuit boards. Any ideas will be appreciated. Thanks in advance.
Jorge Fajardo- Bogota, Colombia
February 13, 2008
! E-waste is a huge worldwide environmental problem, and two pieces of the problem are:
- Doing the process in uncontrolled environments whereby the toxins become spread everywhere.
- "Cherry picking" the gold, which leaves the remainder of the waste of insufficient value for anyone to ever attempt to collect and recycle.
Mankind has hopefully advanced beyond killing a whale for a barrel of sperm oil or an elephant for five pounds of ivory and leaving the rest to rot. Every environmental organization in the world is begging you not to follow the same path with e-waste, trying to recover a smidgeon of gold, and leaving acres of highly toxic electronic components polluting the earth. Please view a couple of the dozens of videos on "ewaste" on YouTube before proceeding.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
March 11, 2008
A. Please realize that these items were not "dipped" in gold in the fashion of chocolate covered strawberries, Andy. They were nickel plated for brightness and then electroplated with a very very thin layer of gold, probably less than 20 millionths of an inch thick. Look at a feeler gauge 2 thousandths of an inch thick, if you can find one that thin, and recognize that the gold is less than 1/100 of that thickness. You will certainly not recover it as a "shell" of any sort.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
April 28, 2008
Q. I want to find gold; I know it is in computer boards and other electronics. What else has it in it. Maybe glucose test strips? Do they contain gold also?
Lonnie Keithcurious, seller - Meigs, Georgia
September 30, 2008
Q. I have old computer parts that I am scrapping. I have been tearing them down and taking them to recyclers who say that they send them out to other plants because of EPA regulations. I am having trouble believing them and also making any money. Metal is way down and I have a large amount of plastic to get rid of. Anybody know the rules about chemically removing the gold and platinum?
Steve Pruittcomputer recycler - St Regis, Montana
October 4, 2008
Q. I would like to ask this question: Are the contacts in the mylar strips on print cartridges gold plated?
James Mills- Big Spring, Texas
A. Hi, James. At a very small risk of oversimplification, if a low voltage electrical contact is the color of gold, yes, it is gold plated.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
April 7, 2009
Q. I was attempting to electroplate out the copper and nickel from circuit board connectors. I am using a vinegar and salt mix for my electrolyte. the connectors are used as the anode. A sheet of copper approx. 6" x 3" is my cathode.
Power is a 12 V 2 A transformer.
My theory was that the Acetic acid with added sodium chloride would dissolve the copper and nickel allowing it to plate onto the copper sheet while the gold would sink to the bottom.
The first attempt seemed to follow this theory; however, I did not notice any change in the thickness of my cathode. I figured this was due to how little copper plated out prior to the gold flaking off.
Repeating the process with the already saturated mix resulted in the mix taking on more of a milky white appearance. I am guessing this batch must have had a different metal in it somewhere but I am unsure what metal would cause such a reaction. the solution also seems to have particles of corroded copper (dark green) floating on it.
my questions are: 1. any theories on what would cause this? 2. why am I still not seeing the cathode getting thicker after almost 4 weeks of total run time?
Joshua Werthobbyist - crescent city, California
November 19, 2009
! Dear readers! If you overheard doctors discussing an appendectomy, you would not try one based on what you heard :-)
Please remember that internet forums are a "one-room schoolhouse" where you will read snippets on subjects that may be dangerous to dabble in if you are not trained in that field. The idea of anyone who is not a trained professional chemist with haz-mat certification trying to make cyanide is frightening.
CaO or baking soda will NOT destroy cyanide; cyanide treatment requires alkaline chlorination.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
October 28, 2010
Q. I have a bunch of unopened bottles of precious metal glazes for ceramics.
Each says it has a net weight of 1 gram of gold or platinum.
Is there a way to recover the metal from these liquids?
hobbyist - SLC, Utah, USA
October 19, 2011
Q. Sir, I am doing the scrap gold. I got a problem in gold recovery that is, actually I am using the method of collecting the gold coated material and adding the nitric acid and giving the heat. After boiling the acid, the gold layer appearing the top, collecting the gold layer, when I try to heat that gold it becomes nothing. All coated material gone. Any suggestion on this? One problem is nickel; a extract in this method I believe that nickel combines with gold; this my case.
Mulka Kalidasgold worker - Hyderabad, India
October 30, 2011
Q. Metal recovery from Philosophers Stone after conversion. I have been working on this process for sometime, I am not 100% certain of the yield as yet as the conversion process is a little messy - basically what is left after extraction is a fine white powder a little like talc then this is converted to metal form, it maybe more beneficial to keep in the white powder form for the properties it contains, however once converted back precious metals show and this has the higher market value at this point. Is it better to have someone else extract the metal elements from this powder rather than if I do this myself, are there any decent metal recovery company's I could send this to in Australia.
Andrew RuselleOpportunist - Australia
For every ounce of scrap gold you are going to refine you will need a capacity of 300 milliliter container for the aqua regia solution.
1. Place impure gold to be dissolved into a glass or plastic container.
2a. Aqua regia - Mix one part nitric acid to 3 parts hydrochloric acid. OR
2b. To the container, add 30 milliliter of nitric acid for every ounce of metal.
To the container, add 120 ml of hydrochloric or muriatic acid for every ounce of metal in the container.
3. Allow impure gold to dissolve for an hour to overnight for complete dissolution.
4. Once all gold is dissolved, filter out any particles out of the acid solution containing the liquified gold into another glass container using a fine stainless strainer. The remaining particles should not be discarded as these may contain other precious metals!
5. The acid containing the dissolved gold will be an amber to emerald green color depending on the purity of the gold and should be clear (not murky or cloudy). If the acid solution containing the dissolved gold is murky, it may contain particles and should be re-filtered with a finer grade paper filter.
6. Slowly, add the water/urea (urine ) to the acid solution containing the dissolved gold. The acid solution containing the dissolved gold will foam with the addition of the water/urea (urine). Do not add the water/urea (urine) so quickly that the acid foams out of its container. When the acid solution containing the dissolved gold stops reacting to the addition of water/urea (urine), stop adding the water/urea (urine). You've just raised the pH of the acid from 0.1 To 1.0, killing the nitric acid but not the hydrochloric.
7. Add precipitant ( sodium bisulfite ) slowly in minute amounts to the acid solution containing the dissolved gold, immediately the acid solution containing the dissolved gold will change to a muddy brown appearance as brown particles of gold form in the solution. Occasionally agitate the solution with a glass stir rod, as the brown particles continue to form they will sink to the bottom of the container, this brown "mud" is, despite its appearance, pure gold.
8. Allow precipitant ( sodium bisulfite ) to fully draw out all the gold out of the solution, test for gold in the remaining solution, if it tests positive for gold, you may have to add more precipitant ( sodium bisulfite ).
9. To test the solution for remaining gold, first immerse the end of the stirring rod in the acid. Remove it and touch that end to a paper towel to make a wet spot. Put a drop of gold detection liquid on the wet spot on the paper towel. If any gold is still dissolved in the acid, the wet spot will turn a purple-black or a purple-brown. If you see this color change then give the precipitant more time to work and/or add more precipitant.
10. Now all the gold should be drawn out of the solution and the acid should now be a clear amber color with a brown mud settled at the bottom.
11. Using a fine paper filter, pour off the acid into another container allowing the mud to stay in the filter. The mud is pure gold.
12. When all the acid is poured off, return the mud to a container for rinsing, add tap water to the mud. Stir and let the mud settle. Using a fine paper filter, pour off the tap water into the container with the acid. Do not pour off any particles of brown. Repeat this rinsing 3-4 times or more.
13. After completing the final tap water rinse, rinse once again with aqua ammonia ( %10 ammonia to %90 distilled water ) white vapors will appear. The aqua ammonia cleans impurities from the gold mud while, at the same time, it neutralizes any acid still clinging to the gold mud.
14. While in the fine paper filter, give the mud on last rinse, this time with distilled water until mud and filter is clean.
15. Take filter with clean gold mud and gently squeeze of any excess water and place filer with mud into crucible for melting.
16. Once melted, the gold will again take on the appearance of metal. If you've followed the instructions carefully and used filters, the gold will be 999.5 % Pure with virtually no losses.
17. Platinum- If you had platinum in your gold, it will not dissolve, to any appreciable degree, in the room temperature aqua regia. It will be left behind when you pour off the aqua regia, prior to precipitation. To insure high purity of the platinum, you will need to re-refine this material. Put this material in a fresh aqua regia bath. This time, however, heat the acid to simmering. Continue heating until all the platinum is dissolved (that may take 1-2 hours). When completely dissolved at 1 ounce of ammonium chloride for every ounce of dissolved platinum. The platinum will precipitate as a red mud. If you want to leave the iridium in the platinum, then wait for it to precipitate before recovering the platinum. Iridium will precipitate as a blue-black mud after the platinum precipitates. Platinum group metals will also show up on the stannous chloride test. Platinum turns red, palladium Palladium turns orange and iridium turn blue-black.
January 16, 2012
A. Philosophers stone? Alchemy? When using nitric acid to remove base metals in gold recovery it is very easy to misplace your gold. On electronics that use gold for shielding (such as RF shielding) the gold can be very thin and instead of coming off in foils will separate into finely divided particles and will get lost in trash. Another cause for missing gold recovered this way is bad work habits. Dirty glass that has been cross contaminated will hold chemicals that can't be seen. Did you use the glassware for any solution that contained a HCl acid solution? If so, remember that you can't rinse acids from materials. If you use a container for a HCl solution and then rinse well, and then use it for a nitric acid solution a weak aqua regia will form and dissolve values. A small amount of HCl will make quite a bit of AR solution. As far as the philosophers stone, the only one I can think of is the one in the Harry Potter stories. Values that have been precipitated have distinct colors and as far as white powder goes metal salts can be white if crushed finely enough. If you would like some help, put the witchcraft aside and let me know what you did to get what you have and I will try to give some advise on what it is and what can be done with it.
Jeff Massey- Decatur, Alabama, USA
February 5, 2012
Q. What chemicals are used to decay gold from ore so that you can extract 90-100%? I would like to extract 100% of gold from its ore -- what chemical can be used to insure all the gold within an ore is extracted?
Abdulkarim a- Cottbus, Germany
March 12, 2012
Q. My first couple of batches with AR (aqua regia) worked out great and got really clean gold out of it after melting. I tried sub zero the last few times and it has left me a mess! I know there is gold in it I should have about a half oz somewhere in my buckets. After dropping the gold with smb it turns brown and eventually developed but unlike the first few batches with nitric acid it is reacting like pd during the wash and is nearly impossible to pour off. After boiling in distilled water to help bond it together through out the many washes it is turning black and has edges on it and melts to a dark silver lead color. What is going on? I have read that too much smb will drop lead and other metals with the gold but it is brown at first and is super buoyant. Is this large brown sponge good? Should I just wait it out till it settles and not boil it? I have distilled some of this brown sponge but by the time it dries it is not brown anymore! I am very confused and frustrated. Also with the nitric I didn't get the return I was expecting but at least I got some gold out of it! Will the aluminum foil drop the gold and all if I end up having to start completely over? I tried another batch of AR with this black substance powder and still no luck! Is it the sub zero or just a mistake on my part? Please if anyone can help! I thought it would be easy after the first couple batches but now have way too much money invested to not be getting a return.
- New Mexico, USA
March 30, 2012
Q. I have removed gold connectors and other gold pieces. I need to know the simplest way to smelt it and where I can purchase the products. Can you please help me?
BONNIE STARRgold smelter - Dyer, Indiana
A. Chemical extraction of precious metals from ore is a very long and tedious process. First, the ore has to be roasted to a red hot temperature and held there for 20-30 minutes; this reduces the sulfides to sulfur dioxide and the organic carbons to carbon dioxide. Next, you need to mill the material to about 200 mesh. The first chemical leach will need to be ferric chloride; this will remove iron; heating the material speeds this process up. After the solution turns black, decant and rinse well several times with water. Next, add diluted sulfuric acid and stir; heating the material speeds this process; this removes any iron oxides left from the ferric chloride wash. Rinse with water with several cycles. Now you are left with a good material fit for leaching with AR. There are a couple of other leaches but they are far more dangerous than the one I described.
Jeff Massey- Decatur, Alabama
June 23, 2012 -- this entry appended to this thread by editor in lieu of spawning a duplicative thread
Q. Certain easy steps to refine gold from old cpu using Nitric acid or AR?
Hello. I started my refining process since two weeks before, I am stuck up in the nitric acid process. I am able to see the golden foils in the bottom of the glass jar along with other metals, which I am not able to separate. Kindly help in this step.
Syed Nooruddin- Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA
October 24, 2012
Q. Hi I recycle computers. I want to know is there a way to get gold without dangerous chemicals? If I could learn without danger to my life?
larry lanecrap - Illinois usa
February 3, 2013
Q. I am an avid treasure hunter and I find lots of gold plated, gold filled, and silver plated items yearly. I know they do not have a tremendous amount of precious metal on these items yet if I could recover it inexpensively it would eventually add up. I also have several pounds of gold plated electronic scrap I would like to recover the gold from. So my question is simply what is the most cost effective, safest and simplest method of doing this. I have an extensive background in both OSHA and EPA regs. and have spent many hours in chemical environments. Is this a viable idea / hobby that will allow me to make a few bucks without investing a fortune with no hopes of a return?
Ralph Waldrop- Seymour, Tennessee, USA
February 14, 2013
Q. I want to use the electrolysis method -- reverse plating!!
I have gold covered items mainly leaf over paper. I also have computer parts.
I would just like to be able to actually use a glass fish bowl type - 4 gallon capacity - what type solution would help the transfer of the gold from the host to the anode?
I would prefer no hazardous solution - I also have already made arrangements for a scrap yard to recycle left over scrap materials.
This is a hobby type endeavor. I don't want to do the e-bay thing. Just want to see if I can do this.
What solution do I need?
- Lancaster, New York, USA
June 24, 2013
Q. Hi. I am trying to get gold from cell phones. There is lots there and I am grinding the gold off, then using sulfuric acid. It is getting most of the stuff to dissolve the silica but the copper is still there? I have seen your posts on different ways to extract gold and lots of techno-babble. I am dyslexic but not dumb. Need to know safe and productive way to retrieve gold. There are lots of phones out there and money to be made. Any help would be good, thank you.
Logan Yeates- Mission, BC, Canada
June 25, 2013
A. Hi Logan. Do you know the thickness of the gold plating, so you have some idea of how much gold is there? You will never know whether your process is highly efficient or ludicrously wasteful and just pouring most of the gold down the drain until you start with that.
I don't enjoy being difficult, but this page includes exactly the step-by-step instruction you seek (for example, the 17 steps generously offered by C. Wilford), but you dismiss them as "techno-babble". People have told you there is no safe way for someone with no chemistry knowledge and training to dabble around in complex chemical recovery operations involving cyanide and aqua regia, yet you ask for the "safe and productive way".
You can't simply say "tell me how to perform an appendectomy the safe and productive way with no techno-babble", and expect an easy to understand answer. White washing a fence can be made simple; complex chemistry can't. If you don't learn the relevant chemistry it will forever remain techo-babble to you. You really have only 3 choices: stop, continue to live dangerously, or commit yourself to studying and learning the subject. My personal choice was stop. Good luck.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
October 14, 2013
Q. I have a question. How to get the gold out of the liquid after using Muriatic acid and Peroxide? It is green from copper. OK. But it has a lot of gold in that liquid.
L. Kiss- Tucson, Arizona
October 15, 2013
A. Hi L. Please try to phrase your question in terms of the detailed step-by-step instructions that C. Wilford posted. You can certainly ask for clarification of a step that you don't fully understand, but you can't reasonably ask how to just skip steps 6 through 15, and instead jump from step 5 to step 16 in one leap :-)
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
December 5, 2013 -- this entry appended to this thread by editor in lieu of spawning a duplicative thread
Q. Hi friends!
There is no e-waste recycling company in our country. I have the question of how to recover gold from discarded cell phones. I need to learn a complete process to recover gold and other precious metal from them. Please somebody help me.
Himel Jahan
- Dhaka, Dk, Bangladesh
December 21, 2013
Q. My uncle is also getting into this. Anybody have ideas to extract gold from rocks and circuit boards? Is there any way to do this like smelting? Any chemicals or etc.? Please post if so.
Cory Mill- Belton, North Carolina, US
Recovery of gold from cyanide solutions that have sodium chloride?
January 21, 2014Q. Good afternoon. I wonder if anyone knows how to recover gold from cyanide solutions when the solution containing gold has also added sodium chloride?
What happened is, trying to recover gold from PGC salt (potassium cyanide and gold), which was dissolved in water and carried electrolysis but by mistake addition of sodium chloride which changed the color of the solution to a pale yellow, then added potassium cyanide to improve conductivity but did not recover anything in electrolysis, and nothing that I could form compounds with sodium chloride. I think that when you add the sodium chloride of the gold PGC AuCl4 step.
- Bogota, Colombia
PGC electrowinning/recovery
January 21, 2014Q. Good afternoon ,
We tested the effectiveness of the PGC recovery through the electrowinning process but we are having complications; we used our existing equipment to recover 446.7 grams of PGC , which was dissolved in 35.4 liters of water and processed for 4 hours. Seeing no apparent results, we added 150 g of sodium chloride dissolved in 800 milliliters of water with the idea of breaking the link of cyanide -- this process took 3 hours, the color of the solution changed to yellow and the cathodes changed their color to copper. Because of this, we assume that the brass was being attacked; we added KCN 705 grams dissolved in 1.7 liters of water and left for 7 hours, but so far there is only a small gold layer on the cathode.
We do not know if they could have made another compound which is not compatible with the recovery process; we think that may have formed AuCl4 gold tetrachloride, sodium cyanide, PGC in solution, or sodium hydroxide .
The main question is: which compound is formed by adding sodium chloride to dissolved PGC? The result of this reaction? And how to recover the gold contained in it?
We appreciate your kind cooperation.
- Bogota, Colombia
January 23, 2014
A. Hello Daniel,
Your first run with PGC and water would not work at all because there are not enough "throwing" salts in the PGC to plate with. I don't know what, if anything, sodium chloride would do to hamper your efforts on the second run. What I do know is that you will never get your money's worth trying to electrowin gold. You will never plate all the gold out of solution because once the concentration of gold drops to a certain level, the current efficiency suffers dramatically. This matter is worse if you don't adjust the current on the rectifier accordingly as you go along. when you had PGC in salt form you could have easily sold it back to the supplier, or a local shop that plates gold. This is easy to do especially if the PGC is still sealed in its container. Now you have choices to make that will cost you more money because you will have to have it refined. You can drop the gold out of solution with aqua regia, or run it through a resin column designed for gold recovery or use a gold bug. Sorry, I cannot explain precipitation with aqua regia because it should be left to professionals that have done it before, and have the proper safety equipment and facility to do it in.
Process Engineer - Malone, New York, USA
February 7, 2014
Q. Thanks for your answer, we already made the aqua regia procedure,IF SOMEONE WANTS TO DO THIS PLEASE BE CAREFUL: CIANHIDRIC ACID [hydrogen cyanide] IS PRODUCED IS EXTREMELY HARMFUL.
200 ml were taken, by titrating the amount of free cyanide was determined. Based on this a few drops of hydrogen peroxide was added to remove free cyanide, thereafter rechecked and with only a single drop of silver nitrate liquid changed color. Then added 100 ml of aqua regia, let it warm up until boiled over, then we add urea to adjust the hp, and then 5 grams of sodium metabisulphite dissolved in 20 ml of water to precipitate the gold, allowed to decant. Black colored precipitate appeared which was filtered and melted but did not show gold, according to the concentration should be 1.6 grams.
We are still having problems :-(
- Bogota colombia
February 11, 2014
A. Hello Daniel,
If you refer to the letter on this thread dated Jan 7, 2012 by C Wilford, it will give you step by step instructions.
process engineer - Malone, New York
Is potassium cyanide the best electroplating substance?
November 21, 2014Q. Hello. I am getting into the electroplating business. I actually have tons of computers and someone told me in order to get off the gold from within the computer components, I could get potassium cyanide. But from my findings and comments on this site, it seems expensive. So I want to know if that is the best way to get off the gold. Any other suggestions? I will like to get answers or someone who can sell potassium cyanide cheap.
Jones Moorebuyer - Austin, Houston, Texas
November 2014
A. Hi Jones. Potassium cyanide is one of the fastest acting and most potent poisons known. Are you sure you have enough chemical knowledge, and a secure enough and well-equipped enough industrial facility to deal with it safely? The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence, and the path to quick riches always seems to involve the fields we know little about.
Good luck, but I wouldn't even attempt to buy potassium cyanide until I completed a haz-mat training course.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
November 28, 2014
Q. I got quality potassium cyanide from an online store. They gave me instructions on how to handle potassium cyanide. I am still undergoing an intense training on how me and my team can use the product on the vast room of spoiled computers I have. Thanks again. Any other suggestions will really help me on how to handle it and how to do my electroplating.
Jones Woodson- Austin, Houston, Texas
November 2014
A. Hi again Jones.
I think the first question/suggestion after you've received proper haz-mat certification is how will you be measuring the amount of gold on the spoiled computers. There is just no point in attempting any recovery method until you know how to accurately track the gold, because you'll have no idea how efficiently you are operating and where the gold losses are taking place (also some gold is too thin to recover any value from).
Now that you're working with the potassium cyanide, you seem to have forgotten your own name :-)
Plus your IP address shows that you're not even posting from the continent you claim you're on; frankly, it doesn't sound like you're very proud of the recovery operation you are doing :-(
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
Gold in suspension
September 19, 2015Q. Hello, I've acquired a property with a vast amount of computer components. The components were originally purchased at a NASA auction, so they have a high amount of precious metals. I've attempted selling, but since the parts are antiquated there is not much interest. So I've been attempting to recover some of the precious metals.
I've been using a mix of 50/50 32% hydrochloric acid and 3% hydrogen peroxide. I've been extracting excess copper with electro-less crystallization with stainless steel.
After extraction, I'm having a lot of gold, and I'm assuming other precious metals in suspension. After washing, I've been using a surfactant and still have inadequate precipitation. Is there a easy cheap flocculant to knock the gold out? And will I still have silver and other metals dropping out as well?
Hobbyist/Recycler - Merritt Island
October 18, 2015
A. Hi kevin ,
basically which flocculant you use in gold deposition?
I can definitely solve your problem only if you share which process you applied?
Is it flocculation process or precipitation of gold?
cac admixtures - mumbai,india
October 25, 2015
Q. Hello,
I have been doing aqua regia, but the gold that came out is not pure 99%, it is always 97-98%. How do I increase the purity?
- Surabaya, Indonesia
October 30, 2015
A. Hi SAPI,
You are doing something wrong in your process; after aqua regia process you should get minimum 99.1 to 99.5% gold purity as per my experience.
CAC admixture - Mumbai, india
Hydrazine hydrate concentration for gold recovery
May 3, 2016Q. I have a job of gold recovery from cyanide solution, waste scrap of jewellery, etc. I have a problem with this.
When I complete aqua regia, I add a little amount urea. After that I add hyrazine hydrate solution 80%. I dilute it with 100 ml hydrazine and 400 ma water. After addition of it, precipitation occurs, but gold that precipitates is in the form of dust, not in a spongey big ball.
What the problem is I can't understand.
And when I filter it with filter paper some amount of gold dust filters out at bottom of flask. So please help me what is the problem I'm facing.
- rajkot, India
May 3, 2016
A. I've been refining for 50 years and I have never worried about what the precipitated gold looked like. As long as I got it all out (as confirmed by testing the solution with stannous chloride), I wasn't concerned about the appearance. It always looks a little bit different, even if you split the solution and precipitate the 2 halves separately.
Chris Owen- Nevada, Missouri, USA
August 15, 2016
A. Dear sir,
I had gone through your problem; while forming nuggets, your water temp should be low. Maybe your water quantity is low, so you're pouring hot melted metal increases the water temp.
And rotate your water in clockwise direction and pour your melted metal in anti-clockwise direction.
CAC admixtures - Mumbai,india
May 25, 2016
Q. My question is about gold recovery. I am facing a problem during its final stage. When I make aqua regia it becomes muddy. After that I filter it with paper. Then also it becomes muddy. Now I add urea and hydrazine. So gold becomes precipitated. But when I filter the solution precipitated gold also filters out. I don't know what is the problem. Please help to solve it.
Ritesh Parmar- rajkot, India
August 15, 2016
A. Hi, Ritesh Kumar
I can solve your problem. As per my past experience, you are recovering gold from either polish or carpet burned dust. This problem will not occur in filing dust.
Main root cause is addition of urea; don't add urea and check. Urea lowers the acidic pH. Hydrazine also is a base pH.
So lower concentration of gold, do't add urea.
CAC admixtures - Mumbai,india
June 4, 2016
Q. What would be the easiest way to recover gold from concentrate and with WHAT chemicals?
TRACY NEUWERTH- mogale city, SOUTH ARICA
June 2016
? Hi Tracy. Please pardon my ignorance and tell me exactly what "gold concentrate" is.
Ted Mooney, P.E. RET
Pine Beach, New Jersey
August 15, 2016
A. Hi Tracy,
Gold concentrate may be gold dissolved solution.
Ferrous sulphate is better chemical for reducing gold.
CAC admixtures - Mumbai,india

subset: commoncrawl


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Christian Reformed Church
The Christian Reformed Church in North America is a conservative, Evangelical, American Protestant denomination in the Reformed tradition. It subscribes to the historic creeds of the Church as well as the Three Forms of Unity. In 2005 it reported 187,000 full members and 1340 clergy in 776 churches. It is the second largest of the conservative Reformed denominations in the United States and operates its own network of K-12 parochial schools. Its headquarters are in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
The CRC emerged from the Dutch immigrant community in the U.S., which is centered in western Michigan. It is slightly more liberal overall than the three smaller churches which separated from it—the Protestant Reformed Church, the Orthodox Christian Reformed Church and the United Reformed Churches in North America—but more conservative than the other major body of Dutch origin, the Reformed Church in America.
See also
Further reading
- Zwaanstra, Henry. Reformed Thought and Experience in a New World: A Study of the Christian Reformed Church and Its American Environment 1890-1918. The Netherlands: Kampen, 1973. 331 pp.


text:
For more than 15 years, Keep Port St. Lucie Beautiful has been making our city shine. From helping neighborhoods organize cleanups to our Adopt a Street program, the foundation of neighborhood oriented government, we are always at the forefront of beautification and urban transformation.
It's an easy way to remember the goals of Keep Port St. Lucie Beautiful (KPSLB), along with its efforts to bring the community together to protect and preserve the environment.
Taking its lead from Keep Florida Beautiful and Keep America Beautiful, Keep Port St. Lucie Beautiful aims to improve our quality of life through education, beautification, and litter control.
Engaging individuals to take greater responsibility for improving their community environments.
As a recognized leader in community improvement, Keep America Beautiful is guided by these principles:
KPSLB puts these principles into action in the following ways:
The Port St. Lucie Community supports KPSLB through sponsorships and donation. Check out our information regarding Sponsors and Donations.
Keep Port St. Lucie Beautiful has partnered with Call2Recycle since 2006 to collect cell phones and rechargeable batteries. The Call2recycle company sends us empty boxes and once the boxes are full we ship them back to the company for recycling. There is no charge to KPSLB. It is convenient for the employees and the residents to recycle phones and rechargeable batteries year round. KPSLB places recycling boxes at several City locations.
January 2016 to November 2016
58 Lbs. batteries,
22 cell phones
January 2006 to November 2016
794 Lbs. batteries,
138 cell phones
Drop off locations:


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Khuskhus Pictures
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Khuskhus Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Khuskhus
Literary usage of Khuskhus
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. The Book of Health by Malcolm Alexander Morris (1883)
"When the machine is in action, the hot air thus sucked in is cooled by passing
over and through the interstices of the khuskhus. The tattie is sufficient ..."
2. Life in India by Charles Dutton (1882)
"Another means of lowering the temperature usually adopted is by having tatties
or screens of khuskhus grass fixed in the open doorways. ..."
3. Opportunities for Industry and the Safe Investment of Capital; Or, A by Edwin Troxell Freedley (1859)
"... various works of Bombay—inlaying of ivory, horn, ebony and sandal-wood ;
likewise Mats, Baskets of khuskhus and of other materials, and japanned Boxes. ..."
4. The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: Commercial by Edward Balfour (1885)
"... into Britain principally from Calcutta, as ornaments of khuskhus fans, baskets,
etc., and on muslins to enrich the embroidery ..."


text:
The exhibit combines immense urban views with digitally projected film clips and dramatic enlargements of more than 160 rare and unusual production stills. The imaginative displays capture the epic relationship between the real New York and its cinematic portrayal over the decades, beginning with the American film industry's origins on the sidewalks of Manhattan more than a century ago. It will also look at the cinematic New York practically invented just for movies during Hollywood's Golden Age in the '30s and '40s, as well as the more realistic vision provided by location shoots in the actual city from the late 1940s to the present.
Adding to the unique attraction of this exhibit are six "scenic backing" paintings used in such films as Alfred Hitchcock's North by Northwest and Vincente Minnelli's The Clock. These gigantic, meticulously rendered cityscapes, some more than 25 feet high and 60 feet long, have never been exhibited for the general public. Shown above is one of the pictures I made of one of the scenic backing (ca 1950) from MGM Studios depicting the skyline of midtown Manhattan.
Tuesday, June 19, 2007
CELLULOID SKYLINE: NEW YORK AND THE MOVIES is a spectacular multi-media exhibit that will bring to life the glittering cinematic metropolis of "movie New York." The free, four-week exhibit, based on James Sanders' award-winning book of the same name, opened in Vanderbilt Hall at the Grand Central Terminal last May 25 and will run through this month. "From the steel and concrete skyscrapers reaching towards the clouds to the glow of Broadway lights, from the gritty setting of a subway car to the grand lady standing in the harbor, New York is a truly magical place, and nowhere is that magic captured better than in the works of some of our finest filmmakers," said Sanders. "This is not a conventional museum-style exhibit, but rather a vast, immersive, magical environment that allows people to walk into the 'movie New York' of their dreams."
1 comment:
Hi, Nice stuff. I found a cool news widget for our blogs at www.widgetmate.com. Now I can show the latest news on my blog. Worked like a breeze.
- June 20, 2007 at 3:59 AM
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Related Sections: | Fairfield | Solano County |
Rancho Solano Golf Course
3250 Rancho Solano PkwyFairfield, CA 94533
Phone: (707)429-4653Fax: (707)427-8944
This course features large greens, similar to Augusta National, which are loaded with undulation, so putting is a real challenge. The signature hole is #14, a 442-yard, par 4, requiring the average golfer to give it all he has in order to reach the green in two. The electric carts here offer the electronic shot selector for distances to the flag sticks.
Holes: 18 | Greens: Bent Grass | Fairways: Bent Grass |
Greens Fees: | $20-$49 |
Course Type: | public |
Dress Code: | No tank tops or cutoffs |
Season: | Open all year (closed on Mondays) |
Guest Policy: |
* Update this Course: Update/modify the details for this golf course's listing.
*All Greens Fees provided are subject to change. Please call the golf course to confirm the current fees.


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Anti-racism conference, hypocritical talkfest
Having now taken the time to read the Durban I and Durban II Declarations a couple of thoughts come to mind.
These are that the documents are full of a lot of high sounding verbiage about the need to eliminate racism, xenophobia, intolerance etc. There is worthy language about education, indvidual freedoms, cultural diversity and freedom from oppression.
Stuff that very few would quarrel with.
Then let us realize that among the nations signing up to this are many who on any assessment do not allow many, if any, of the objectives and principles to be manifested in their countries.
Hypocrisy is one word which comes to mind.
Serum permalinkApril 22, 2009 8:44 pm
"Hypocrisy is one word which comes to mind."
Farce would be another word that comes to mind.
A farce because in spite of tinkering around the edges of the Durban II document purportedly making improvements to the text, it would be worse than useless because this would merely serve to sanitise the process of reaffirming the racist declaration of Durban I, a core mission of Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), and confirmed by providing a platform for Ahmadinejad who, with grotesque pleasure, rubbed the participants' noses in it.
Comments are closed.


text: Pebble Beach Ferrari 599 PreviewDavey G. Johnson8/22/06 2:15pmFiled to: News599FerrariFioranoNew CarsPebble Beachpen pendleton4EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink This image was lost some time after publication. Being a Ferrari owner apparently has its perks, one being an invite to the Ferrari North America preview of the 599 Fiorano. We tagged along with Pen to check out the scene and were greeted by some magically delicious Ferrari-branded sportswear-clad ladies, one of whom seemed to take quite the shine to Pen, as she was a Navy brat who used to cut through the Camp Pendleton Marine base on her way to the beach, which was named for one of Pen's relatives, General Joseph Henry Pendleton. Meanwhile, we were disappointed that the 599s in attendance were sporting the upgraded tire and wheel packages, rather than the base Satano-star Pentagram examples. We mean, really, shouldn't the Beelzebubbian initimidation factor be worth a premium? Alternately, the boys in Maranello could pervert Chrysler's slogan: "Ferrari: Lucifer Comes Standard." Related: Ferrari Panamerican Starts This Week; More from Pebble Beach [Internal] Reply4 repliesLeave a reply


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Barneys New York Woven Tote
Barneys New York
Woven Tote
Select Returns & Free Shipping on All U.S. Orders. See Details
- Polished goldtone hardware.
- Lined with beige canvas. Zip pocket and two slip pockets at interior.
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Please call 1.888.222.7639 to speak with a Customer Service Representative.
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Friday, 6 January 2017, 19:56
I am sweet, well spoken, outgoing, down to earth with a great sense of humor. The time we share will be well enjoyed. I'm trustworthy, reliable, and completely genuine. The sincerity in my eyes will have you in absolute lust
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Medical Definition of Collagen
Collagen: The principal protein of the skin, tendons, cartilage, bone, and connective tissue. Collagen is an essential part of the framework of the design of our various body tissues.
Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionaryhttp://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2786
Last Editorial Review: 5/13/2016
Drug Medical Dictionary of Terms by Letter
Medical Dictionary Term:


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While you were working...Today's news you might've missed:
Mila Kunis: Body not the same after 'Black Swan'Mila Kunis didn't play coy about the hard work required to replicate a dancer's physique in her 2010 movie "Black Swan," and the actress says her body hasn't been the same since. After working to drop 20 pounds for the Darren Aronofsky film, "My shape is different," the 28-year-old actress tells Harper's Bazaar in the magazine's April issue. "When I got down to 95 pounds, I was muscles, like a little brick house, but skin and bones. When I gained it back it went to completely different areas...I'd be happy if my a** got bigger, [but] all the weight that left my chest went to my side hip, my stomach." Susan Sarandon on aging gracefullyHollywood is notoriously tough on older women, but as Helen Mirren, Meryl Streep and Susan Sarandon have proved, there's nothing at all to fear about being seasoned. Sarandon, 65, has watched herself mature on the big screen for decades. Now starring alongside Jason Segel, Ed Helms and Judy Greer in this month's comedy "Jeff, Who Lives At Home," the actress reveals what she's learned about aging gracefully in the business. "The thing that I finally told my daughter, which dawned on me at one point, was that you have to love your imperfections, because that's what makes you you," Sarandon says. "Not that I would be so eager to jump around with my clothes off at this point in my life, but understanding that your face is you, and whatever your anxieties are, don't take it out on your body." Patricia Heaton apologizes for Sandra Fluke commentsRush Limbaugh isn't the only one apologizing for inflammatory remarks made toward Georgetown law student Sandra Fluke. Last week, actress Patricia Heaton unleashed a series of controversial tweets directed at Fluke after she spoke up in support of broad health care coverage that included contraception, but Heaton's since apologized. According to the Los Angeles Times, "The Middle" actress posted (and has since removed) remarks such, "If every Tweaton [which is what she calls her followers] sent Georgetown Gal one condom, her parents wouldn't have to cancel basic cable, & she would never reproduce - sound good?" Queen Latifah to produce talent competition for The CWIf you live and breathe for singing competitions, fantastic news (everyone else, feel free to sigh along with us): The CW is plotting another one. On the heels of "The X Factor," "The Voice," "The Sing-Off," and the more O.G. "American Idol" comes "The Star Next Door," courtesy of Queen Latifah. According to Entertainment Weekly, Latifah's on board to produce the series for The CW, which will feature Gloria Estefan and country singer/songwriter John Rich as "superstar mentors." Barenaked Ladies to score 'Animal House' musical"Animal House" didn't make our list of movies we wish would become musicals, but we think this is a solid idea nonetheless. On Monday, the 30th anniversary of "Animal House" star John Belushi's death, Universal Pictures Stage Productions announced that the 1978 film is going to become a musical, the New York Times reports. "Book of Mormon's" Casey Nicholaw is on board as choreographer and director, and The Barenaked Ladies will provide the score. |
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Magic Sands
Joan Kocak 2/17/2007 6:23:17 AM
absolutely gorgeous shot, love the angle, great clarity and colors- #606910Janine Russell 2/17/2007 5:42:38 PM
Lance, excellent colors, clarity and lighting. #3959267Ariel Lepor 3/22/2007 6:35:27 PM
Wow, this is such a beautiful shot! I love everything about it!!! #4082589Kay E. Mahoney 3/22/2007 8:06:23 PM
Congratulations on your beautiful finalist. Good luck in the next round. #4083635Siete Meeter 3/23/2007 5:57:38 AM
Amazing image and colors! Congratulations on a well deserved finalist! #4086401Robin R. 3/23/2007 12:29:00 PM
Wonderful capture. #4088627Kay E. Mahoney 3/24/2007 7:19:29 PM
Congratulations on your second place winner. #4093901Janine Russell 3/24/2007 7:45:18 PM
Lance, congratulations on your Second Place Win. #4094034Suzanne Colson 3/24/2007 8:04:01 PM
Absolutely beautiful shot!! Congrats on your 2nd place win!!! #4094199Dianna Hauf 3/26/2007 4:02:03 PM
Lance, I am awful for not seeing this any sooner than on the POTD!!! This is incredible! One of the most awesome captures yet! Of course I am a Sea Turtle (Honu) NUT! Truly, this is gorgeous, clear, and colorful! Congratulations to you on your win! #4100020North Shore, Oahu
Uploaded on 2/16/2007 11:09:14 PM
Camera: Canon EOS Digital Rebel XT (350D) Digital SLR Camera
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text:
The Three-Cornered Hat...
ALARCON, Pedro Antonio de. Duvoisin, Roger (illustrator)
Price: $75.00
Place Published: Los Angeles
Publisher: Limited Editions Club
Date Published: 1959
Description: Translated by Martin Armstrong, with an Introduction by Gerald Brenan. Color illustrations by Roger Duvoisin. 155 pages. 4to, buckram-backed patterned cloth, board slipcase. Los Angeles: The Limited Editions Club, 1959.
Comments: One of 1500 numbered copies, signed by the illustrator.
Signed: YEdition: Limited
Binding: hardcover
Condition: fine
Language: English
Type: Books
Book ID: 33390


text:
Now Foods Super Enzymes, Dr. Recommended, 180 Tablets, From NOW Foods
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