text:
Key messages
- Advise on adequate physical activity, calcium and vitamin D, especially in the young and elderly
- Use specific anti-osteoporotic drugs after osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women
- Ensure sufficient vitamin D and calcium in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
- Optimise patient compliance with bisphosphonates to achieve fracture risk reduction
- Use bisphosphonates carefully to avoid adverse effects
Osteoporosis is a major public health problem in Australia. Osteoporotic fractures occur in 1 in 2 women and 1 in 3 men over the age of 60 years, causing morbidity and premature mortality.1,2 The annual health care costs in Australia are estimated at over $7 billion.3 Lifestyle interventions and drug therapy can help to reduce the impact of osteoporotic fractures. This Prescribing Practice Review deals with the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
Advise on adequate physical activity, calcium and vitamin D, especially in the young and elderly
Provide advice on lifestyle interventions early in life
Modifying lifestyle-related risk factors can help reduce the risk of osteoporosis later in life.4,5 Advise families about diet and physical activity to maximise peak bone mass in adolescence.
Encourage weight-bearing exercise, especially in children and adolescents
Regular weight-bearing exercise in childhood and early puberty builds bone mass and strength more effectively than exercise in adulthood.4,6 For healthy children (> 8 years of age) and adolescents, recommend regular physical activity (at least 10 and up to 60 minutes on most days of the week) that includes weight-bearing and jumping activities.5
In healthy adults, (including postmenopausal women), weight bearing exercise and moderate to high-impact resistance training can help increase bone mass or slow the rate of bone loss due to ageing.2,6
In people with osteoporosis the goal of exercise is to prevent falls. Recommend low-impact exercise that improves muscle strength and balance (e.g. Tai Chi)3, and avoid vigorous exercise, as this may cause fractures. There is no evidence that weight-bearing exercise reduces the risk of osteoporotic fracture.
Promote adequate dietary calcium in infants, children and adolescents
Average calcium intake in Australia is well below recommended levels (especially in young women)4,7
Adequate calcium is critical during childhood and adolescence, when bone mass accrual is greatest.4,5
Encourage families to consume calcium-rich, low-fat (for children over 2 years of age) dairy and non-dairy foods as part of a well-balanced diet.4,5
Recommend sources of calcium and the daily intake needed for all age groups
(see NPS News 53)
The recommended daily intake of calcium for children and adolescents is:
- Children (5–9 years): 800–1000 mg daily
- Children and adolescents (9–18 years): 1000–1300 mg daily.4,5
Adequate calcium intake can be provided by 3 serves of dairy food per day (4 for adolescents) — 1 serve = 250 mL milk or 200 g yoghurt or 40 g cheddar cheese.4,5
Calcium-rich non-dairy foods (e.g. almonds, beans, dried figs, tofu, broccoli, bok choy, tinned salmon and sardines) and calcium-fortified foods are a good option for people who cannot tolerate dairy products. They may also be recommended for people unable to consume the adequate number of serves of dairy food per day.
Calcium supplements are necessary when dietary intake is insufficient, which is common in older people.2
Advise on the amount of sunlight exposure to prevent vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption. Exposing the hands, face and arms to direct sunlight (without sunscreens or glass barrier) for 5–15 minutes 4–6 times a week can prevent vitamin D deficiency.8 Recommended exposure times will vary depending on skin type, latitude and season (see NPS News 53). Elderly people and people with dark skin need more frequent exposure.9
Prolonged sun exposure has no added benefit for vitamin D synthesis and increases the risk of skin cancer.9–11
Use specific anti-osteoporotic drugs after osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women
Alendronate and risedronate are first line for established osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
Alendronate reduces the relative risk of vertebral and non-vertebral (including hip) fractures by about 50% in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis. Risedronate also reduces the relative risk of vertebral fractures by about 50%, and the risk of non-vertebral and hip fractures by 20% to 40%.12–16 As such these bisphosphonates are considered first-line osteoporotic treatment, especially for elderly women who are at high risk of hip fracture. In the Fracture Intervention Trial, alendronate reduced the absolute risk of a radiographically detectedA vertebral fracture (8% vs 15% with placebo, NNT = 14) and any clinically diagnosedB fracture (13.6% vs 18.2% with placebo, NNT = 22) over 3 years in postmenopausal women with existing vertebral fractures.17
In a similar population, risedronate reduced the absolute risk of a new radiographically detected vertebral fracture over 3 yearsC (11.3% vs 16.3% with placebo, NNT = 20) and non-vertebral fractures (5.2% vs 8.4% with placebo, NNT = 31).18
A. Defined as a decrease of 20% and at least 4 mm in any vertebral height from the baseline radiograph to the end of the study.B. Vertebral or non-vertebral fractures at any site that came to medical attention, and were confirmed by radiograph or bone scan.
C. Defined as a 15% reduction or more in the anterior, posterior or middle vertebral height and a change from grade 0 (normal) to grades 1 (mild), 2 (moderate) or 3 (severe).
Reserve other bisphosphonates for second-line use
Ibandronic acid and etidronate reduce the risk of vertebral fractures. Unlike alendronate and risedronate, there is no evidence that they reduce the risk of non-vertebral fractures, and therefore they may be less suitable for women at high risk of hip fracture.
Daily ibandronic acid has been shown to reduce the relative risk of a radiographically detected vertebral fracture by about 62% in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis (absolute risk 4.7% vs 9.6% with placebo).19 There is less evidence for the efficacy and safety of ibandronic acid in fracture prevention compared with other bisphosphonates. Evidence for the efficacy and tolerability of once-monthly ibandronic acid in vertebral fracture risk reduction has been largely extrapolated from studies of daily dosing.20
Reserve ibandronic acid as an alternative option for postmenopausal women who cannot tolerate other bisphosphonates or a more frequent dosing regimen.21
Etidronate reduces the relative risk of vertebral fractures by between 40% and 50%.12–14 It may be used if alendronate or risedronate are not tolerated, but has a more complex cyclical dose regimen that may be less convenient for some people.21
Raloxifene is an option when bisphosphonates are not tolerated or are contraindicated
Consider raloxifene, a selective oestrogen-receptor modulator, for postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis who are unable to take bisphosphonates and/or are at high risk of breast cancer. Raloxifene reduces the risk of vertebral fractures but, similar to etidronate and ibandronic acid, it has not shown an effect on non-vertebral fractures22,23, and thus is less suitable for women at high risk of hip fracture. In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and a previous fracture, raloxifene reduced the relative risk of a radiographically detected vertebral fracture by about 30% over 3 years (absolute risk over 3 years was 14.7% with raloxifene vs 21.2% with placebo, NNT = 15).23 The added advantage of raloxifene is that it may protect against breast cancer. Over 8 years, raloxifene reduced the relative hazard of invasive oestrogen receptor–positive breast cancer by 76% (0.8 cases per 1000 woman–years with raloxifene vs 3.2 cases per 1000 woman–years with placebo).24
The advantages of fracture and breast cancer risk reduction with raloxifene need to be weighed against the increased risk of thromboembolic disorders for individual women. Raloxifene is associated with a 3-fold increased risk of venous thromboembolism.23 In a study of the effect of raloxifene on breast cancer and coronary events, the absolute risk reduction over 5.6 years for invasive breast cancer with raloxifene (1.2 per 1000 woman–years) was largely offset by an increased absolute risk of venous thromboembolism (1.2 per 1000 woman–years) and fatal stroke (0.7 per 1000 woman–years) compared with placebo.25
Raloxifene is contraindicated in women at high risk of venous thromboembolism, such as those who are immobilised for long periods. Other side effects such as hot flushes and leg cramps are common and could offset the benefits in some women.23
Strontium is another option for women who are unable to take bisphosphonates
Strontium ranelate is an oral form of strontium (not radioactive) that has recently been listed on the PBS for osteoporosis. Strontium reduces the risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures26 and provides an alternative for women who are unable to take bisphosphonates. The efficacy of strontium in reducing hip fractures has not been sufficiently established.26 Strontium is also a suitable alternative to raloxifene in postmenopausal women at risk of non-vertebral fractures and who are not considered at high risk of breast cancer.
In postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis, strontium reduced the relative risk of a new radiographically detected vertebral fracture over 3 years by about 40% (absolute risk 20.9% vs 32.8% with placebo, NNT = 8).27 and the relative risk of non-vertebral fractures by 16% (absolute risk 11.2% vs 12.9% with placebo).28
Strontium was well tolerated in clinical trials but has been associated with an increased annual incidence of venous thromboembolism (0.9% vs 0.6% with placebo).29 The long-term safety and efficacy of strontium remain unknown.
Advise women to take strontium at bedtime, at least 2 hours after food, calcium-containing products or antacids.21
For more information see NPS RADAR: Strontium ranelate (Protos) for secondary prevention in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
What is the role of hormone replacement therapy?
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should not be prescribed for the sole purpose of reducing the risk of osteoporotic fracture.21,30 The primary role of HRT is for short-term control (up to 5 years) of moderate to severe menopausal symptoms21, with fracture prevention as a secondary benefit.
The increased risk of coronary heart disease, breast cancer, thromboembolic events and stroke associated with the use of HRT is likely to outweigh the benefits for reducing fracture risk.2,3,31,32
Address other modifiable risk factors
Drug therapy may not modify certain risk factors for fracture, such as falls.33
Use other interventions with osteoporotic drug therapy to help reduce fracture risk, such as smoking cessation, reduced alcohol intake, appropriate exercise and fall- prevention strategies.3 Ensure an adequate daily intake of calcium and vitamin D and use supplements for people unable to otherwise meet recommended daily intake.3
Ensure sufficient vitamin D and calcium in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
How much vitamin D is enough?
The recommended daily intake of vitamin D varies with age:
- Children and adolescents: 200 IU (5 micrograms) daily
- Adults ≤ 50 years: 200 IU (5 micrograms) daily
- Adults 51–70 years: 400 IU (10 micrograms) daily
- Adults > 70 years: 600 IU (15 micrograms) daily
- Adults at high risk of deficiency: 800 IU (20 micrograms) daily (see over).9
Screen for vitamin D deficiency in those at risk due to inadequate sunlight exposure, especially the elderly and housebound or institutionalised people.9 Provide supplements, in conjunction with adequate calcium, for those unable to achieve adequate sun exposure.
Prescribe high-dose supplements in vitamin D deficiency
Treat moderate-to-severe vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-OHD] level < 25 nmol/L) with high-dose vitamin D supplements (3000–5000 IU/day). Continue high-dose treatment for 6–12 weeks, then reduce to 1000 IU/day thereafter.9,10 Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is available as a single ingredient vitamin supplement in 1000 IU formulations. Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) is only available in over-the-counter vitamin and mineral supplements and may be less effective than cholecalciferol in elevating serum 25-OHD levels.21 Calcitriol is inappropriate for the treatment of vitamin D deficiency.9,21
Use calcium and vitamin D supplements for elderly people in residential care
In elderly institutionalised women with inadequate calcium and/or vitamin D intake, supplementation with calcium 450–1200 mg/day and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) 700–800 IU/day has been shown to reduce the risk of hip and other non-vertebral fractures compared with placebo.34,35
Calcium must be used with vitamin D, and both need to be used with drug therapy for osteoporosis: either alone is insufficient to prevent fractures in people with adequate intakes and those who have already had a fracture.
Optimise patient compliance with bisphosphonates to achieve
fracture risk reduction
Long-term compliance with bisphosphonate therapy is necessary to minimise the risk of fracture
Compliance with long-term osteoporotic therapy is often poor.36,37 Incorrect or inconsistent use, or early discontinuation of osteoporotic therapy can reduce gains in bone mass and increase fracture risk.38,39
Common reasons for non-compliance include dosing inconvenience (having to stay upright) and adverse effects. Other factors include a lack of awareness of treatment benefits and the length of time to remain on treatment.39
Check compliance with drug therapy regularly
Ask patients about their compliance with drug therapy using open questioning (e.g. have you ever missed any of your tablets?).40–42
Motivate patients to stay on treatment by highlighting the benefits of persistence rather than the negative consequences of stopping treatment early.39 Reiterate the purpose and likely duration of treatment. When needed choose medications with less frequent dosing regimens to reduce inconvenience37, but encourage proper use to reduce side effects regardless of the bisphosphonate or dosing regimen used. Ask patients if they are having any side effects and provide information (e.g. consumer medicine information) about how they can be prevented or reduced.
Use bisphosphonates carefully to avoid adverse effects
Prevent gastrointestinal effects by proper administration
Correct dosing of bisphosphonates optimises bioavailability and reduces the risk of adverse gastrointestinal effects.21 Instruct patients to take bisphosphonates early in the morning (with the exception of etidronate, which can be taken at bedtime) on an empty stomach. The medication must be swallowed whole (not crushed, chewed or sucked) with a full glass of water, and the patient must remain upright for 30 minutes to 1 hour after the dose to prevent adverse gastrointestinal effects such as dyspepsia, abdominal pain and oesophageal ulceration.21,31
Advise patients not to consume any food or any other drink for at least 30 minutes after alendronate or risedronate (2 hours for etidronate and 1 hour for ibandronic acid). Avoid taking other medications (antacids, calcium, iron and mineral supplements) for 30 minutes after alendronate (2 hours for risedronate and etidronate and 1 hour for ibandronic acid) to allow absorption.21,31
Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a rare complication of bisphosphonate therapy
Bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw is rare but serious and difficult to treat. Most cases have occurred in patients with multiple myeloma or metastatic cancer treated with intravenous bisphosphonates.43 Although less common, some cases have been reported with oral bisphosphonates for osteoporosis.43
To reduce the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw, check that all patients (including those with dentures), have had a recent dental health assessment and that all necessary dental treatment has been completed before starting bisphosphonate therapy.44,45
- Advise patients about how they can maintain good oral hygiene during treatment and when possible recommend regular dental check-ups. Advise patients with dentures to use soft liners or leave dentures out altogether.
- Advise patients and carers that the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw is small, but to report any signs and symptoms (including oral pain or soreness, loose teeth or exposed bone) without delay.
- Examine the oral cavity regularly and refer to a dentist if osteonecrosis of the jaw is suspected.43–45
Whether or not bisphosphonate therapy should be withheld before dental surgery or once osteonecrosis develops, has not been established. There are anecdotal reports of complete resolution after bisphosphonates were withdrawn for several months.43
Expert reviewer
Professor Leon Flicker, President, Australian Society for Geriatric Medicine (ASGM)
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions in Australia 2005. Canberra: AIHW, 2005. (accessed 2 July 2007).
- Osteoporosis Australia. Preventing the fracture cascade - for the general practitioner. Sydney: Osteoporosis Australia, 2007. (accessed 2 July 2007).
- Sambrook PN, et al. Med J Aust 2002;176 Suppl:S1–16.
- Greer FR, et al. Pediatrics 2006;117:578–85.
- US Department of Health and Human Services. Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, US: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2004. (accessed 2 July 2007).
- Forwood MR, Larsen JA. Aust Fam Physician 2000;29:761–4.
- Osteoporosis Australia. Medicine Today 2005;6:43–50.
- Osteoporosis Australia. Calcium, vitamin D and osteoporosis. Sydney: Osteoporosis Australia, 2006. (accessed 2 July 2007).
- Working Group of the Australian and New Zealand Bone and Mineral Society, Endocrine Society of Australia and Osteoporosis Australia. Med J Aust 2005;182:281–5.
- Nowson CA, et al. Aust Fam Physician 2004;33:133–8.
- Osteoporosis Australia. Risks and benefits of sun exposure position statement. Sydney: Osteoporosis Australia, 2005.
- Stevenson M, et al. Health Technol Assess 2005;9:i–310.
- Wells G, et al. Bisphosphonates for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis (Technology report no 69). Ottawa: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, 2006. (accessed 2 July 2007).
- Kanis JA, et al. Health Technol Assess 2002;6:1–146.
- Cranney A, et al. Endocr Rev 2002;23:508–16.
- Adachi JD, et al. Aging Clin Exp Res 2005;17:150–6.
- Black DM, et al. Lancet 1996;348:1535–41.
- Harris ST, et al. JAMA 1999;282:1344–52.
- Chesnut IC, et al. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19:1241–9.
- Miller PD, et al. J Bone Miner Res 2005;20:1315–22.
- eAMH [online]. 2007; January 2007. (accessed 2 July 2007).
- National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). Bisphosphonates (alendronate, etidronate, risedronate), selective oestrogen receptor modulators (raloxifene) and parathyroid hormone (teriparatide) for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. Technology Appraisal 87. London: NICE, 2005. (accessed 2 July 2007).
- Ettinger B, et al. JAMA 1999;282:637–45.
- Martino S, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:1751–61.
- Barrett-Connor E, et al. N Engl J Med 2006;355:125–37.
- O'Donnell S, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(4):CD005326.
- Meunier PJ, et al. N Engl J Med 2004;350:459–68.
- Reginster JY, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:2816–22.
- Servier Laboratories (Australia) Pty Ltd. Protos product information, 28 May 2007.
- Seeman E, Eisman JA. Med J Aust 2004;180:298–303.
- O'Neill S, et al. Aust Fam Physician 2004;33:910–9.
- Cauley JA, et al. JAMA 2003;290:1729–38.
- McClung MR, et al. N Engl J Med 2001;344:333–40.
- Avenell A, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(3):CD000227.
- Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. JAMA 2005;293:2257–64.
- Sambrook P, Cooper C. Lancet 2006;367:2010–8.
- Sambrook P. Aust Fam Physician 2006;35:135–7.
- Caro JJ, et al. Osteoporosis Int 2004;15:1003–8.
- International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). The adherence gap: why osteoporosis patients don't continue with treatment. Nyon (Switzerland): IOF, 2005. (accessed 2 July 2007).
- Nelson MR, et al. Med J Aust 2006;185:487–9.
- Osterberg L, Blaschke T. N Engl J Med 2005;353:487–97.
- Stephenson B, et al. JAMA 1993;269:2779–81.
- Woo SB, et al. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:753–61.
- Cheng A, et al. Aust Dent J 2005;50:S4–13.
- Sambrook P, et al. Aust Fam Physician 2006;35:801–3.


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subset: commoncrawl


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File this under epic commitment. Taylor Swift recently tweeted out a fan video that wowed her (for good reason!). Thousands of dominos were formed into an epic fan tribute tracking Tay-Tay's work through the years. It's well worth a bit of mid-workday procrastination, trust us. Watch it here !
photography by YOUTUBE


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Comments for:WNAMM10: Teenagers On the Loose21-Jan-10 8 Comments... Comments are closed while we transition to Disqus The Guvnor Said... Its a circuit bent VL-Tone on steroids!!! FANTASTIC. I want one. Especially that vector graphic screen display. 21-Jan-10 01:15 PM Benedict Johnson Said...
The most mysterious music machine ever created; it just begs more and more questions!
Not least of all, who's actually going to use it? It's so small and portable, yet there's no midi connectivity. Who's it aimed at? Probably not hip-hop guys, probably not dance guys.. keys like that aren't enough to be performed on so probably not rock/pop guys. It's obviously not a toy, but it doesn't do anything that would excite professionals. Except for it's radio receiver, it doesn't do anything that hardware can't do.
It's like an Apple product - you just want it!! It'd probably be useful for sequencing on the subway. Maybe it's great live, you just have to tap the tempo like a Kaossilator mk1? Maybe it's the perfect companion to the Microsampler; tools for a new generation of instrumentless musicians?
I'm actually more interested to see what the next "OP-2" or whatever proceeds this will be like 22-Jan-10 03:51 AM Benedict Johnson Said... PS - I know nothing of the VL-Tone, so I speak with the authority of the uninformed! 22-Jan-10 03:52 AM Prophet2010 Said... Has there been any information on how much sample memory it will have? I mean can you actually save samples or would you lose your samples once you power off. For completely warping samples and doing live stuff more on the noise side of electronic music (like Black Dice, Dan Deacon etc) this seems pretty stellar. 22-Jan-10 11:11 AM Yes Said...
I'd say it'd cater a lot to the circuit-bent/noise/chip scenes.
Which aren't great begin with... so... I can't say I'd put my money on something as such, that can easily be done many other means on the market as it is. Pointless really. 22-Jan-10 04:55 PM Robbie Ryan (I Love Analogue) Said... I have to agree with Benedict here...what is the purpose of this device? It seems a powerful synthesizer, and of course it's a wonderful display, but pros will want to hook up it up to an external MIDI controller or sequencer, which there is no possibility. So then you have the DJ toy category, which is where the Kaoss pad and stuff are now, but this is going to cost well over a grand when it goes into production, with the display and all. And while it's a cool-looking user interface, I can't imagine people using this as their ONLY controller for soft synths and the like. And tell me why they rented a booth at NAMM and flew out here for a project that isn't even going to sell a single unit for well over a year? Are they looking for investors? 24-Jan-10 11:41 AM Robbie Ryan (I Love Analogue) Said... By the way, Nick...I haven't mentioned this yet, but your audio and video at NAMM this time round were tops...especially on the Moog Taurus demo. Well done! 24-Jan-10 11:42 AM Emil Said... I am a professional producer and I play keyboards and eveen though I would want to control this via a full size keyboard, I want one, even though I have to play the tiny keys... I have the strange urge to grab it and twist its little knobs and pound its little plastic buttons... its strangely appealing... but not for a thousand dollars... for four hundred dollars YES sign me up.. for a thousand, no thanks I'll use my large collection of soft synths 30-Aug-10 12:11 PM Comments are closed while we transition to Disqus |


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he doesn't look straight at all- he looks fucking hot. Gay men are fucking hot.
this is just GLORIOUS!!!!!!!
That's my dad!
Is that a 'Stang with a pink soft top? WTF?? ;) peace
Wait...as opposed to Ace and Gary?Haha! This is probably one of the funniest things I've seen in a while.


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-> Measure your progress in each topic through a slick graph
App Changes
- July 18, 2013 Initial release


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Title | Court drops one of three charges against Swedish journalists |
Publisher | Reporters Without Borders |
Publication Date | 3 November 2011 |
Country | Ethiopia |
Topics | Freedom of expression | Freedom of information | Freedom of speech |
Cite as | Reporters Without Borders, Court drops one of three charges against Swedish journalists, 3 November 2011, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4eb3c8292.html [accessed 30 March 2017] |
Disclaimer | This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States. |


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Welcome to the Arbtalk.co.uk | Discussion Forum for Arborists.
If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.
General chat Discuss every day issues in the tree care industry. If you're unsure where to post your topic please choose this forum. |
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Senior Member, Raffle sponsor 2010, 2011
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Don't know if it's something that these do, but I know they run courses locally that do cater for children too.
Yorkshire Hurdles: Woodland Management and Crafts |
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Welcome to Wild Country Walk Abouts
Mate of mine good bloke, PM me if you need any info |
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Notes from Dr. RW
Hospitalist resources and more.
Sunday, October 12, 2008
Wound care tips
Today's Hospitalist
on a presentation on this topic at SMH 2008 and links us to the free full text
. This is an area of emerging importance and represents one of those new skill sets hospitalists will have to embrace.
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Written on: 09/11/2013
Excellent Service would use again we had no delays with flights all flights were on time, accommodation was excellent we had a great room in a 3 star hotel in a great location, transfers were on time excellent service, are tickets and paper work were with us very quickly sunshine kept us informed of any changes by e-mail I would like to thank the staff of sunshine holidays on there excellent service and will be booking through yourselves again in the near future. I will be telling everyone that is booking a holiday to go through yourselves better than any travel agent I have ever booked through.
Visit sunshine.co.uk


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225 50 R17 94Y tyre prices
What is the price for a 225/50R17 94Y tyre
Asked on 04/01/2012 by chris jones
You still have 5000 characters Answer this question
Latest answer
Answer | Author | Date |
Hello, You can find out price information on this page : http://www.rezulteo-tyres.co.uk/size-search-tyres?tsfid=ts4f152b8a377a5 the rezulteo team | cgallet | 17 Jan 09:20 |
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Brian O'Dwyer Skater Profile
Sponsors: DC Shoes, Travel Skateshop
Hometown: Westfield, NJ, Stance: Goofy, Age: 17, Status: Am
Last Update:
Wednesday, March 30, 2016
an Update
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- Contest Results - over a decade's worth of contest history.


text:
Business Times - 09 Jun 2009
Lower job loss rate does not equal a recovery
By LEON HADAR
US President Barack Obama returned to Washington, after his trip to the Middle East and Europe, where he will presumably try to boost efforts towards what some officials and pundits are describing now as 'economic recovery'.
Economic recovery you said? But the US Labor Department reported on Friday that 345,000 Americans lost their jobs last month - adding to the six million already out of work since this recession began - as US unemployment rose to 9.4 per cent, which is the highest rate since 1983. And if one recalls the so-called 'bank stress tests', the unemployment rate applied in their worst case scenario was 8.9 per cent. So a 9.4 unemployment rate does not sound like great economic news.
Yet, both officials in Washington and investors in Wall Street seemed to be in a cheerful mood after the report was issued on Friday and digested over the weekend. They pointed out that the May figures were lower than expected and that it was the fewest jobs lost in eight months.
Hence, the current conventional wisdom is that the rate of US job losses is slowing down, that the economy is coming to the end of the plunge, the downturn is slowing, and it is possible that the worst is behind us and that the roller coaster is at the beginning of an upturn.
Indeed, there are signs that some sectors, such as health care, hospitality and education, are even adding jobs, while in industries such as retail, construction and finance, the job losses have clearly slowed down.
But vice-president Joseph Biden wasn't celebrating when he talked with reporters over the weekend. But he sounded a bit optimistic and made it clear that the Obama administration was going to do its best to accelerate the economic momentum.
'As much progress as we've already made, we still have a long, long way to go on the road to recovery,' Mr Biden said. 'A lower job-loss rate is not our goal,' he stressed. 'We will not be satisfied until we're adding jobs on a monthly basis' while getting Americans into secure jobs with good incomes, he said.
As part of this strategy, Mr Obama explained yesterday how the administration was speeding up implementation of his US$787 billion economic stimulus plan to boost its recovery efforts. More than 150,000 jobs have been saved or created by the first 100 days of the stimulus. Another major reason for the decline in job cuts have been the improving conditions in the financial markets.
But it was not surprising that the Republicans in Washington have been accentuating the negative. 'Today's announcement that the unemployment rate hit a 26-year high of 9.4 per cent demonstrates how much middle-class families, small businesses, and workers are struggling during one of the worst economic downturns in decades,' House Minority Leader, Republican John Boehner of Ohio said in a statement. He said the economy has lost more than 2.5 million jobs since the stimulus took effect 100 days ago.
Moreover, many economists expect the unemployment rate to rise above 10 per cent by the end of the year, getting close to 10.8 per cent which was the record for the post-1945 period. Indeed, there are growing concerns that the bankruptcy of General Motors could drive job losses higher in the coming months. Also worrisome is the very slow growth in the level of hourly wages. And if you add the official unemployment figures to part-time workers and those who are not counted as unemployed because they have stopped looking for work, the rate of underemployment is probably above 16 per cent.
The expectation among administration officials is for more improvement in the labour markets as the effects of the economic stimulus package become more evident in the construction industry as well as in the health and education sectors. They hope the economy will start to pick up by the end of summer. The hope is that the GDP growth will then start heading towards positive territory, indicating that the recession could be over.
At a minimum, the signs that the US economy may finally bottom out coupled with a slow recovery could certainly spell political good news for Mr Obama and the Democrats as they prepare for the midterm Congressional election next year.
But with their wealth eroded and facing high debt burden and tight credit conditions, most Americans still face bleak economic times, especially if the unemployment rate rises above 10 per cent. And even if the US economy starts to recover, the concerns over rising debt and the potential for inflation and growing downward pressure on the US dollar could mean that the good economic news could be followed by more bad economic news.
Copyright © 2007 Singapore Press Holdings Ltd. All rights reserved.


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Health and fitness are not seasonal activities. It is a lifestyle. Here in Candle 'n Caleb, we believe that working out need not be a serious business. So we make the ordinary extraordinary by injecting fun into our athletic wear.
Each item is designed and made with love and good karma to bring out your inner superhero because we know that each milestone you make either on the track, gym, water or steep climbs was earned with blood, sweat, and occasional tears.
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Look and feel your best at whatever you're doing with these Superhero slim-fit leggings. It is designed to help you perform well in and out of a sporting environment. Its stretchable, breathable, sweat wicking and quick drying fabric grant you the added benefit of optimum movement. Pick out one in your favorite NFL team design and cheer them on their way to victory.
Fabric Type: Knitted
Waist Type: High
Length: Ankle-length
Material: 88 % Polyester, 12% Spandex
Thickness: Standard
Size information
Unit: CM 1(cm)=0.394(in) 1(in)=2.54(cm)


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Cross Country Holidays. |
Short break, Weekend, Week long holiday, Full details of programs and accomodation click here.... |
Special Events |
FLOWERHILL and AREA 2016 EVENTS: Leacarrow is of course where the landowners are very kind to let us ride over their properties so a big thank you to them as well. |
Agents |
If you wish you can book through our agents, with whom you get extra hours riding each day, better horses and the benefit of the agents insurance. Sweden: HorseXplore, Italy: Audrey Catherine Martin firstname.lastname@example.com, Ireland and England: Zara's Planet |
Videos of Flowerhill |


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About Meridien Ten
Founded in 1991 Meridien Ten is cycling tour operator for Croatia. The company is specialized in bike holidays, offering Self guided and guided tours, as well as quality bike rental! Meridien Ten works with individuals and groups, offering unique and authentic experiences in Croatia known only to insiders. Meridien Ten team constantly seeks to exceed customer's expectations; in terms of our service, Croatian attractiveness and the service provided!


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- « Previous Releases | Next Releases »
New Campaign Shows Guests That the Company is a Great Local Restaurant Choice, Too
LEBANON, Tenn. --(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Since its first restaurant and country store opened 42 years ago inLebanon, Tenn. ,Cracker Barrel Old Country Store has been sought out by travelers as a place for a hospitable stop with good food, honest value and a selection of unique gifts. To broaden its appeal as a local restaurant option, Cracker Barrel recently engagedEuro RSCG Chicago to refresh its brand communications — and consumers are just now seeing the first of these efforts."The new campaign really captures the multifaceted experience that makes Cracker Barrel special and presents us in a fresh way," said
Chris Ciavarra , Senior Vice President of Marketing for Cracker Barrel. "We're excited about its potential to drive traffic with both increased frequency from our current guest base as well as by drawing new guests into our stores."Cracker Barrel is the top
Full Service Restaurant people think of while traveling, and its guest base has been loyal for decades. Through the recession Cracker Barrel's business has not experienced as much volatility as seen by many other restaurants. People love the brand because of the distinctive and authentic experience they have when visiting. The old country store's unique products and gifts, top-selling country albums guided by guest interest, and Americana memorabilia on the walls are as much a part of the experience as the warm welcome and good meals at a fair price.Euro's new campaign, "Handcrafted by Cracker Barrel," features broadcast, digital and mobile components. These include:
Television spots using shadow boxes like on Cracker Barrel walls to tell stories about the brand. One explores the care that goes into making the food, and the other shows what it feels like to be a guest at Cracker Barrel. Both feature custom music.
Radio spots featuring the voices of actors from different local theatre groups, deepening the brand's connection to local communities. These local ties also will be extended online.
An online engagement strategy through the company's website and Facebook page. The first effort was the development of a digital, mobile checkers game and promotion that extended to a live store event.
Music releases, including album design and marketing, available exclusively at Cracker Barrel stores. The September launch of The Oak Ridge Boys' album, "It's Only Natural," was the first piece. Production is under way for the next release, due out in January.
"We wanted to capture the authentic and unique Cracker Barrel experience that brings their loyal guest base back again and again, and present it in a new way," said
Jason Peterson , Chief Creative Officer ofEuro RSCG Chicago . "We really felt music could play an important role. Cracker Barrel publishes and runs their own record label, and has deep roots in country music. So we created unique tracks for each of the commercials as we saw a great opportunity to blur the lines between contemporary country music and music for a TV commercial."From a media perspective, the reach of the advertising has been expanded dramatically. Typically, 17 to 20 markets have been covered for seasonal promotions; this year, Cracker Barrel's holiday program will include national television and radio spots in more than 100 markets. Every piece of the program, broadcast or otherwise, underscores the company's mission of pleasing people.
About Cracker Barrel
Cracker Barrel Old Country Store provides a friendly home-away-from-home in its old country stores and restaurants. Guests are cared for like family while relaxing and enjoying real home-style food and shopping that's surprisingly unique, genuinely fun and reminiscent of America's country heritage … all at a fair price. The restaurant serves up delicious, home-style country food such as meatloaf and homemade chicken n' dumplins as well as its made-from-scratch biscuits using an old family recipe. The authentic old country retail store is fun to shop and offers unique gifts and self-indulgences.Cracker Barrel Old Country Store Inc. (Nasdaq: CBRL) was established in 1969 inLebanon, Tenn. , and operates 608 company-owned locations in 42 states. Every Cracker Barrel unit is open seven days a week with hours Sunday through Thursday,6 a.m. —10 p.m. , and Friday and Saturday,6 a.m. - 11 p.m. For more information, visit crackerbarrel.com.About
Euro RSCG Chicago Euro RSCG Chicago is a leading integrated marketing communications agency serving clients including Groupon, Sears Holdings Corporation, Sprint, Citigroup, EFFEN® Vodka, Hornitos™ Premium Tequila, Sauza® Tequila and Pucker™ Vodka.Euro RSCG Chicago is part of theEuro RSCG Worldwide network which is made up of 233 offices located in 75 countries throughoutEurope ,North America ,Latin America , andAsia-Pacific . The network, named to Advertising Age's 2010 A-List and Campaign's 2009 Network of the Year, provides advertising, marketing services, interactive/social media and corporate communications solutions to global, regional and local clients.Euro RSCG Worldwide is the largest unit of Havas Worldwide, a world leader in communications (Euronext Paris SA : HAV.PA).CBRL-G
Cracker Barrel
Julie Davis , 615-443-9266
orEuro RSCG Chicago Steve Sapka , 305-479-5208
Corporate Communications
Cracker Barrel Old Country Store News Provided by Acquire Media


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Top Items:
Chris Frates / NationalJournal.com:
Republicans, White House in Talks Toward Big Fiscal Deal — GOP senators and Obama's chief of staff have been meeting for weeks to set a course that might avoid a crisis when America hits its debt limit in the fall. — At least a dozen Republican senators are regularly meeting …
Firedoglake, Crooks and Liars, Washington Wire, The Hill, ABC News, Hullabaloo, Yahoo! News, Booman Tribune, susiemadrak.com and The Reaction
The Fix:
Senate immigration plan wins majority support from public
Senate immigration plan wins majority support from public
NationalJournal.com, Right Turn, CNN, Outside the Beltway, The Plum Line, Post Politics, The Hill, Hot Air, Politico, First Read, Daily Kos and Washington Post
Ginger Gibson / Politico:
What happened to Benghazi probe?
What happened to Benghazi probe?
Althouse, Chicago Boyz, Hot Air, CNN and The Hill
Jeanne Marie Laskas / GQ Magazine Online:
Have You Heard the One About President Joe Biden? — That's No Joke. Consider: He is the most quietly effective politician in D.C. (Don't laugh.) The "Most Influential Vice President in History." (Seriously, stop laughing.) One of our nation's most senior statesmen. (Look it up!)
Yahoo! News, msnbc.com, The Reliable Source, The Fix, BuzzFeed, TheBlaze.com, ABC News and CNN
Tal Kopan / Politico:
GQ interview: Joe Biden hedges on 2016
GQ interview: Joe Biden hedges on 2016
The Hill, BizPac Review, National Review and The PJ Tatler
Laura Bassett / The Huffington Post:
Planned Parenthood To Close Three Texas Clinics — Planned Parenthood on Wednesday informed staff at three of its facilities in Texas that they would be closing, according to people familiar with the decision. — The three clinics are located in Bryan, Huntsville and Lufkin, Texas.
ThinkProgress, LifeNews.com, Daily Kos, The PJ Tatler, Weasel Zippers, The Raw Story, msnbc.com and Shakesville
Patrick Howley / The Daily Caller:
IRS lawyer says scandal was overseen by D.C., names names — Top IRS officials in Washington, D.C. planned and oversaw the agency's improper targeting of conservative groups, according to the 72-year old retiring IRS lawyer who will testify Thursday before the House Oversight Committee.
Fox News, Scared Monkeys, Questions and Observations, Pat Dollard and Ed Driscoll
Darrell Issa / USA Today:
Rep. Darrell Issa: IRS Tea Party trail leads to DC
Rep. Darrell Issa: IRS Tea Party trail leads to DC
msnbc.com and The Raw Story
The Daily Show with Jon Stewart:
Back in Black - New York Versus Texas — Rick Perry tries luring New York businesses to Texas, but Lewis Black is none too impressed with the Lone Star State. (06:36)
Mediaite, Above the Law, The Raw Story and Trail Blazers Blog
Jake Miller / CBS News:
Texas governor Rick Perry signs controversial abortion law
Texas governor Rick Perry signs controversial abortion law
Alan Colmes' Liberaland and Right Wing Watch
Justin Sink / The Hill:
Pelosi: GOP needs 'lesson on the birds and the bees' amid abortion fights
Pelosi: GOP needs 'lesson on the birds and the bees' amid abortion fights
LifeNews.com, Yahoo! News, Weasel Zippers and Shakesville
Chris Geidner / BuzzFeed:
House Republicans Cave On Marriage Fight — "[T]he House now seeks leave to withdraw as a party defendant." House Republicans stop defending statutes similar to the Defense of Marriage Act that ban recognition of same-sex couples' marriages. — Via: J. Scott Applewhite / AP
Yahoo! News, Poliglot, Joe. My. God., Truth Wins Out, SCOTUSblog and Daily Kos
Meredith Shiner / The World's Greatest …:
Testy Meeting Among Senate GOP on 'Nuclear Option' Deal — A meeting of Senate Republicans on Wednesday grew tense as Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., told his members he could have gotten a better deal on nominations than the one negotiated by rank-and-file Republicans.
The Hill, Firedoglake, Washington Monthly, WHAS, The Huffington Post, Alan Colmes' Liberaland, Taegan Goddard's … and Booman Tribune
Jon Lovett / Salon:
Liz Cheney for Senate — Vicious, cynical and talented Liz Cheney is perfect — Liz Cheney, the infamous political operative and daughter of Vice President Dick Cheney, announced last night that she is running for Senate. After careful consideration, I believe this is welcome news …
ThinkProgress, New York Magazine, Daily Kos and The Week
Gail Collins / New York Times:
The Cheney in Waiting — Dick Cheney's daughter wants to be a senator!
The Cheney in Waiting — Dick Cheney's daughter wants to be a senator!
American Spectator, Slate, ThinkProgress, Balloon Juice and Washington Examiner
Chicago Tribune:
Michelle Obama, daughters catch Beyonce while in town — Staff report — First lady Michelle Obama, in town to spotlight school career programs, took a side trip with her daughters to a Beyonce concert at the United Center Wednesday night. — A motorcade carrying Obama and her daughters …
Reuters, Gawker and Weasel Zippers
Peter Baker / New York Times:
Moscow Trip for Obama May Be Off as Snowden Tensions Build — WASHINGTON — President Obama may cancel a scheduled trip to Moscow to meet with President Vladimir V. Putin in September as the standoff over the fate of Edward J. Snowden, the former National Security Agency contractor seeking asylum there …
Right Turn, Mediaite, Outside the Beltway, Hot Air, Guardian and Taegan Goddard's …
Daniel Halper / Weekly Standard:
Congressman: Benghazi Survivors Forced to Sign Non-Disclosure Agreements — Congressman Frank Wolf, a Republican from Virginia, said today on the House floor that survivors of the Benghazi terror attack have been forced to sign non-disclosure agreements: — "On Tuesday I raised the question …
Sister Toldjah, The Daily Caller, Hot Air, BizPac Review and The PJ Tatler
Michael Simkovic / Concurring Opinions:
Brian Tamanaha Says We Should Look at the Below Average Outcomes (And We Did) — Brian Tamanaha's response to The Economic Value of a Law Degree, as reported by Inside Higher Education doesn't capture the contents of the study. According to IHE, Tamanaha said:
Wonkblog, Inside Higher Ed, Discourse.net, Balkinization, TaxProf Blog and Law Librarian Blog
Steven M. Davidoff / DealBook:
Debating, Yet Again, the Worth of Law School
Debating, Yet Again, the Worth of Law School
The Volokh Conspiracy, Above the Law, Brian Leiter's Law … and Discourse.net
Conor Friedersdorf / The Atlantic Online:
Prominent Democrats Are Now Comfortable With Racial and Ethnic Profiling — How else can one interpret President Obama and Senator Chuck Schumer saying that the NYPD's Ray Kelly would make a good secretary of Homeland Security? — On Wednesday, President Obama assured a Univision reporter that Ray Kelly …
Colorlines, National Review and NY1
Matthew Yglesias / Slate:
For Coalition Politics; Against Hypocrisy Trolling
For Coalition Politics; Against Hypocrisy Trolling
Lawyers, Guns & Money
Sarah Kliff / Washington Post:
The Obamacare provision that terrifies insurers — President Obama is set to speak this morning about how the health-care law is cutting premiums for millions of Americans. His remarks will focus on a small Affordable Care Act provision known to health wonks as the "medical loss ratio."
The Fix, Daily Kos, Post Politics and Wonkblog
Rich Yeselson / Politico:
Ted Cruz is a legitimate 2016 threat — Ted Cruz is heading to Iowa this week for the state GOP's summer picnic. He's going to New Hampshire to speak before the Republican State Committee on Aug. 23 He visited South Carolina, another early primary state, in May.
Washington Monthly, Hullabaloo and Shakesville
Nasser Al-Awlaki / New York Times:
The Drone That Killed My Grandson — SANA, Yemen — I LEARNED that my 16-year-old grandson, Abdulrahman — a United States citizen — had been killed by an American drone strike from news reports the morning after he died. — The missile killed him, his teenage cousin and at least five …
Discourse.net, emptywheel, Mediaite and Shakesville
Ramsey Cox / E2-Wire:
Senate votes to end debate on McCarthy's nomination to lead EPA — The Senate voted 69-31 Thursday to end debate on the nomination of Gina McCarthy to lead the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). — More than 10 Republicans voted with Democrats to advance McCarthy's nomination process.
Hadas Gold / Politico:
DNA test: Rep. Steve Cohen not the father — The woman whom Rep. Steve Cohen has been claiming is his out-of-wedlock daughter is not, according to a paternity test revealed on Thursday. — CNN had a paternity test done on Victoria Brink with Cohen's participation, although the Tennessee Democrat did not appear on camera.
CNN and FishbowlDC
John Cook / Gawker:
Here's Where Your Crackstarter Money Is Going — As you may recall, roughly six weeks ago we succeeded in raising $200,000 from readers in an effort to purchase and publish a video of Toronto mayor Rob Ford smoking crack cocaine. I'm disappointed to announce definitively that the money …
Guardian and canada.com


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Oct 25 2005 5:08PM
Posted by Rob, Tuesday, October 25, 2005 5:08 PM
Brian Schaefer and crew are eating sawdust all week
building the Damn Am at Volcom street course. You'll be able to watch that contest live online at Volcom.com. I'm guessing the camera will be pointed at the Adio Dunk Tank with all your favorite hot moms in it at around 2 or 3pm Cali time on Sunday.
Post Tags:


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The program envisions launching groups of UASs from existing large aircraft such as bombers or transport aircraft—as well as from fighters and other small, fixed-wing platforms—while those planes are out of range of adversary defenses. When the gremlins complete their mission, a C-130 transport aircraft would retrieve them in the air and carry them home, where ground crews would prepare them for their next use within 24 hours.
The gremlins' expected lifetime of about 20 uses could provide significant cost advantages over expendable systems by reducing payload and airframe costs and by having lower mission and maintenance costs than conventional platforms, which are designed to operate for decades.
- Composite Engineering, Inc. (Roseville, Calif.)
- Dynetics, Inc. (Huntsville, Ala.)
- General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc. (San Diego, Calif.)
- Lockheed Martin Corporation (Dallas, Tex.)
"We've assembled a motivated group of researchers and developers that we believe could make significant progress toward Gremlins' vision of delivering distributed airborne capabilities in a robust, responsive and affordable manner," said Dan Patt, DARPA program manager. "These teams are exploring different, innovative approaches toward achieving this goal and are rolling up their sleeves for the hard work ahead."
Phase 1 of the Gremlins program is designed to pave the way for a proof-of-concept flight demonstration that would validate an air recovery concept of multiple gremlins. The program plans to explore numerous technical areas, including:
Launch and recovery techniques, equipment and aircraft integration concepts
Low-cost, limited-life airframe designs that leverage existing technology and require only modest modifications to current aircraft
High-fidelity analysis, precision digital flight control, relative navigation and station keeping


text:
Fluoroperm 60 Contact Lenses
- As Low As: $29.99 per box
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- Contains: 1 Lens
- Email to a Friend
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Enter Prescription or Call 1-800-516-LENS (516-5367)
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- BC / Base Curve a number between 8.0 and 10.0
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- Power / Sphere / Rx a number between -20 and +20
In Addition for astigmatic patients:
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For Multifocal, Bifocal lenses or Presbyopia:
"Addition" or "add" is usually preceded by "+" or is listed as "low", "mid" or "high" depending on the lens manufacturer.
Product Details
Product Information:
Gas Permeable lenses are custom lenses and are specially manufactured to the exact specifications of your prescription. In some cases additional charges may apply if your prescription calls for specialized parameters. These specialized parameters include (but are not limited to) such options as Front, Back, and Bi-Toric Designs.
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Fluoroperm 60 Reviews
No blurriness is a very good thing
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Rated 9 stars from 2 customer reviews at JustLenses.com


text:
Literature on the History of South East Asia |
Burma | Thailand |
The Shan States include Baw (Maw), Hopong (Hopon), Hsahtung (Thaton), Hsamöngkem (Thamaingkan),
Hsawnghsup (Thaungdut), Hsenwi (Theinni ; North Hsenwi and South Hsenwi), Hsihkip (Thigyit), Hsipaw (Thibaw),
Kehsi Mangam (Kyithi Bansan), Kengcheng (Kyaingchaing), Kenghkam (Kyaingkan), Kenglön (Kyainglon),
Kengtung (Kyaingtong), Kokang, Kyon, Kyawkku Hsiwan (Kyaukku), Laihka (Legya), Lawksawk (Yatsauk), Loi-ai (Lwe-e),
Loilong (Lwelong), Loimaw (Lwemaw). Manglon, Monghsu, Mawkmai (Maukme), Mawnang (Bawnin), Mawson (Bawzaing),
Mongkawng (Mogaung), Mongkung, Mongleng (Mohlaing), Monglong, Mongmit (Momeik), Mong Nai (Mone),
Mongnawng, Mong Pai (Mobye), Mong Pan, Mong Pawng (Maing Pun), Mongping (Maingpyin), Mongsit (Maingseik),
Mongtung (Maington), Mongyang (Mohnyin), Mongyawng,Namhkai (Nanke), Namhkok (Nankok), Namhkom (Nankon),
Namtok (Nantok), Namkhok-Nawngwawn, Panglawng, Pangmi, Pangtara (Pindara), Pwehla (Poila), Sakoi,
Samka, Tawngpeng, Wanmaw (Bhamo), Wanyin (Banyin), Wuntho (Wynn Tho), Yawnghwe (Nyaungshwe), Ywangan (Yengan)
From 1886 to 1948 part of British Burma. From 1948 to 1962 part of the Union of Burma which provided a degree of autonomy for the states. The Wa States were used by Kuomintang Chinese forces as a base of operations against the PRC. Development of the Golden Triangle. Since 1962 Burma saw constitutional changes which resulted in centralization, the disregard of regional autonomy and democratic rights & institutions. Timeline : Shan List of Wars, Burma |
E x t e r n a l . F i l e s |
Country Profiles | Links, Portals | Organizations | Accounts of History | Politics | Military History | Economic History |
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Article : Shan State, from Wikipedia The Shan States of Burma : Toyotas, Traders and Tribes, by Leslie Nevison |
Historical |
Links | General |
Category : Shan State, from Wikipedia |
Organizations | on Asian History |
International Association of Historians of Asia (IAHA) |
Timelines |
Search Google News Archive for Shan States, click Timeline |
Accounts of History | General |
Article : Shan State : History, from Wikipedia;
Shan History, from YWAM History, from shanland.org History of the Shan States, from Thaiyai.com L. Milne, Shans at home. With two chapters on Shan history and literature (1910), posted on Internet Archive |
Specific Periods |
Burma : Sahibs in the Shan States, from drugtext.org A Forgotten Invasion : Thailand in Shan State, 1941-1945, from CPA Media |
Politics |
Shan, from UNPO International Boundary Studies, posted at Florida State Univ.; scroll down to No.33 (Burma-Laos), study, no maps; scroll down to No.42 (Burma-China), study, 2 maps; scroll down to No.63 (Burma-Thailand), study, 1 map Sai Wansai, Shan-Burmese Relation : Historical Account and Contemporary Politics, posted by Shanland |
Military |
A Forgotten Invasion : Thailand in Shan State, 1941-1945, from
CPA Media |
Economy & Finances |
Burma's Poppy Trail, from CPA Media |
Ethnography |
Languages of Myanmar, from Ethnologue How Wild are the Wa ?, from CPA Media Articles : Shan People, Va People, from Wikipedia F. Fryer, Tribes on the frontier of Burma (1907), posted on IA L. Milne, Shans at home. With two chapters on Shan history and literature (1910), posted on Internet Archive |
Religion |
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Some facets of Hsipaw's History, from myanmar.com |
Institutions |
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Article Khun Sa, from Wikipedia Freedom Heroes : Inge Sargent (wife to Prince of Hsipaw), by Jennifer Beck |
Others |
Historical Data | Lists of Statesmen |
Shan and Karen States, from World Statesmen List of Shan State Rulers, from Wikipedia |
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Historical Population Statistics : Myanmar, Provinces, from Population Statistics |
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Search National Archives (UK) |
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Treaties |
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Kanbawsa - A Modern Review, by Mi Mi Khaing (1950es description of
the Shan States) |
Historical Maps |
Maps of the Greater Wa Speaking Area, from SOAS Wa Dictionary Project |
Historical Encyclopedia Entries |
Secular |
Article Shan States, from EB 1911 Article Keng Tung, from EB 1911 |
Religious |
Economic |
Geographical |
J.G. Scott, J.P. Hardiman, Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States (1901),
posted on Internet Archive Article Shan States, Hopong (S.C.), Hsahtung (S.C.), Hsamonghkam (S.M.), Hsawnghsup, N. Hsenwi (N), S. Hsenwi (N.), Hsipaw (N.), Kehsi Mansam (S.E.), Kenghkam (S.E.), Kenglon (S.E.), Kengtung (S.), Kyawkku (S.M.), Kyong (S.M.), Laihka (S.E.), Lawksawk (S.C.), Loi-ai (S.M.), Loilong (S.M.), Loimaw (S.M.), Manglon (N.), Maw (S.M.), Mawkmai (S.E.), Mawnang (S.M.), Mawson (S.M.), Monghsu, Mongsang (S.E.), Mongkung (S.E.), Mongnai (S.E.), Mongnawng (S.E.), Mongpai (S.C.), Mongpan (S.E.), Mongpawn (S.E.), Mongsit (S.E.), Namhkai (S.M.), Namhkok (S.C.), Namtok (S.M.), Nawngwawn (S.C.), Pangmi (S.M.), Pangtara (S.M.), Poila (S.M.), Sakoi (S.C.), Samka (S.C.), Wa States, Wanyin (S.C.), Yawnghwe (S.), Yengan (S.M.) from Imperial Gazetteer of India (c. 1905) |
Ethnological |
The Tai Nation : Shans and Laos pp.202-203 in A.H. Keane,
The World's Peoples: A Popular Account of Their Bodily & Mental Characters
Historical |
Parliamentary Debates |
Hansard (British Parliament) |
Tour Guides, Travelogues |
C.M. Enriquez, A Burmese loneliness; a tale of travel in Burma, the Southern Shan States and Keng Tung (1918), posted on
Internet Archive S.H. Holt, A Thousand Miles on an Elephant through the Shan States (1890), Internet Archive |
Institutions | Archives |
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Flag of Shan State, from FOTW |
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RHS Bibliography UK National Archive Online Library ISBN Database |
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Internet Archives Gutenberg Library Online e-corpus |
on Burma |
Online Burma/Myanmar Library |
Online Journals | Guides |
Electronic Journals Online |
General Accounts |
Nicholas Tarling, The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, 4 vol.s, Cambridge : UP (1992) 1999, KMLA Lib.Sign. 959 T188c |
Historical Dictionaries |
Articles : Paoh pp.438-440, Shanland pp.509-512, Wah pp.605-607,
in : James Minahan, Nations without States, A Historical Dictionary of Contemporary National Movements, Westport CT : Greenwood 1996 [G] |


text:
John McWhorterThe Power of BabelJohn McWhorterThe Power of BabelA Natural History of LanguageQUALITY PAPERBACK
EAN: 9780060520854Release Date: 1/7/2003
LIST PRICE: $13.99 (you save $2.80)
Main description:There are approximately six thousand languages on Earth today, each a descendant of the tongue first spoken by Homo sapiens some 150,000 years ago. While laying out how languages mix and mutate over time, linguistics professor John McWhorter reminds us of the variety within the species that speaks them, and argues that, contrary to popular perception, language is not immutable and hidebound, but a living, dynamic entity that adapts itself to an ever-changing human environment. Full of humor and imaginative insight, The Power of Babel draws its illustrative examples from languages around the world, including pidgins, Creoles, and nonstandard dialects. |


text:
Just a Substitute Teacher.....
The Blog adventures of a Substitute Teacher...
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Wednesday, February 21, 2007
Winter Broke Week...
The schools are out for this week. I did get a full week in before the winter break.
"Winter Break Week" is actually "Winter Broke Week" for substitute teachers.
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