text:
Fruit Mysteries
Lesson 10 of 17
Objective: SWBAT identify relationships among different combinations of a number. SWBAT find a solution that fits the clues given in a story context.
Thomas Young
Big Idea: Calling all Sleuths! Take out your magnifying glasses and get ready to solve some mathematical mysteries. Your young mathematicians will need to use the clues to try and solve each task. Good look Jr. Detectives and get to work!
Thomas Young
Warm Up
You will need to make two copies of the ten frame cards that are in the section resource before you start this part of the lesson.
"I would like each of you to sit and face the smart board. Today, I am going to flash two ten frame cards at the same time. I will turn them over for three seconds and then cover them. I will give you a few seconds and then show you the same two cards again (for three seconds). Your job is to figure out how many dots there were in all. I will then display the cards (until finished with this round) and allow you to check your work. I would like you to explain how you figured out how many dots you saw. I will call on students to share ether thinking. You can then decide if it is who you solved it or if you used a different approach."
I will do this for cards that make ten (i.e. 6 +4). Repeat this several times. I am doing this so that the students ar practicing using their complements of ten and work on their fluency within ten (CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.1.OA.C.6).
Resources (1)
Resources (1)
Introducing Fruit Mysteries
I like to start this lesson with a magnifying glass (a big one) to capture the students attention and gain their interests in the lesson.
"What is a detective? Have you ever seen a detective use one of these (pull out magnifying glass)? Why do detectives use this tool? Yes, it is to look for clues. Well today, you are all going to become math detectives. You will be solving story problems in which you will have to use clues to find the correct solutions. We will be finding combinations of Apples and Bananas (yesterday's lesson), however you will have to make sure that each combination that you create fits the clues given.
Let's try one together. I am going to team you up and give each of you 10 red cubes (apples) and 10 yellow cubes (bananas). I will then read the problem to you. Remember, I want you to visualize what is going on before you do anything else, so please focus on the information first.
I have 5 apples and bananas. There are more apples than bananas. How many of each could I have?"
I will reread the problem and then ask students to explain what is going on in the problem (through the use of their visualization). I want them to understand that there are specific clues that they need to pay attention to (the total and the fact that there are more apples).
"Did anyone notice the two clues that were given? Yes, there is a total of 5 and there are more apples than bananas. I am going to write those two clues on the whiteboard.
Now, your job is to work with your partner and figure out how many combination there can be. Remember it has to equal 5 but have more apples."
I then give the students a few minutes to work together to solve the problem.
"Who can give me one of the combinations that they found?"
I will take each example suggested and then write it on the whiteboard. We will check each combination with the clues, to make sure that they fit. There is an example in the section resource of this chart.
Resources (1)
Resources (1)
I then hand out the 4 Fruit Mystery problems that are int he section resource. You will need to make enough copies for each student. I read the first problem out loud to the class, so that everyone is clear on the first one and can get right to work. I read the other problems to students as needed.
I will ask most of my class to work not his by themselves. I will put two of my students in a group and work with them as they try to work with this concept and task. First graders differ widely in how readily they can solve these kinds of problems. You will have to know your own group and manage the breakup accordingly.
"I now want you to go and solve the 4 mysteries that are on your paper. Remember to underline the clues and check your answers to make sure they fit."
As I was working with my group of two (these students need a lot of modification and individualized attention), one of the girls noticed that she could start with all of one type of fruit and then just add more of the other. I have included a video of her thinking in the section resource.
This student was able to generalize a structure/rule and apply it to her thinking. This allowed her to quickly solve the problem and to systematically create the combinations.
The students are meeting the CCSS practice standards by using quantitative reasoning by "creating a representation of the problem, considering the units involved, attending to the meaning of quantities, not just how to compute them; and knowing and flexibly using different properties of operations and objects. (CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP2)"
Resources (2)
Lesson Wrap Up
I gather the students back on the carpet and have them face the easel once again. I want to go over the first mystery.
"I want to reread the first mystery. I have 9 pieces of fruit. Some are apples and some are bananas. I have more apples. How many of each could I have?
Who can tell me a way they found a combination. Hannah said that she used cubes and that she used 5 red cubes and 4 yellow cubes. Let's see if that answer fits are clues. Does it equal 9? Are there more apples than bananas. Emma wrote the equation 5A+4B=9. Does this equation match what Hannah did?" In this case students are able to analyze the situation and can recognize and use counterexamples. They are justifying their conclusions, communicating them to others, and responding to the statements of others (CCSS.MATH.PRACTICE.MP3).
I continue to write examples given, connect them to other students' thinking and then check them with the given clues. There is a photo in the section resource of this chart.
Resources (2)
Continued Practice
During the last trimester of our school year, I want to really focus on fact fluency and build upon the students ability to solve within ten fluently (CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.1.OA.C.6). I am going touse the Mad Minute Routine. This is a very "old school" routine that some may question. However, I truly feel students need practice in performing task for fluency in a timed fashion.
You will need to purchase for own copy of the book in order to have permission to print this sheet and have copies of the additional sheets. It is a very cheap buy online.
"Today we are going to start a new routine. It will involve you solving addition equations in a set amount of time. We will try and do this each and everyday that we have math class. I would like each of you to find a spot in the room where you can work by yourself. Once I give you your paper, I will need you to put your name on it. When I say go you will all start at the same time. I will give you 1 minute to solve as many problems as you can."
To see a video of this in action or a sample fact sheet click here. This link will bring you to the lesson that I introduced this in. If you go to the Continued Practice section, you will find the resources in that section.
It is important that students obtain fact fluency for two reasons. In order for students to complete more complex tasks, they must have this fact knowledge in place. This way the focus is in the higher level skills and not on the basic computation. This fluency also allows for connection to additive reasoning. The other importance of fluency is that students who enter third grade lacking addition fact fluency, tend to struggle with the multiplication and learning those facts.
Similar Lessons
Identify Related Facts - Day 1 of 2
Environment: Urban
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Making 6 & 7
Environment: Urban
- UNIT 1: Counting Quantities
- UNIT 2: Working with Numbers, Operations, and Story Problems
- UNIT 3: Counting & Comparing
- UNIT 4: Blending
- UNIT 5: Building Numbers
- UNIT 6: Shapes Within Shapes
- UNIT 7: Data and Analysis
- UNIT 8: Non Standard Measuring
- UNIT 9: Shapes Within Shapes
- UNIT 10: Working with Numbers, Operations, and Story Problems
- UNIT 11: The Number 10 and the Addition and Subtraction Concept
- UNIT 12: The Ten Concept: Counting On and Off the Decade and Knowing 10 More/ 10 Less
- UNIT 13: Fraction Action Lessons
- UNIT 14: Counting by Groups
- UNIT 15: Complements of 10 and 20
- UNIT 16: Money!
- UNIT 17: Shapes, Blocks, and Attributes
- UNIT 18: Reviewing Data Collecting and Graphing
- LESSON 1: The Number Ten
- LESSON 2: Three Stacks
- LESSON 3: Complements of 10
- LESSON 4: Seeing Ten
- LESSON 5: What's Under the Sheet? Part,Part, Total Within 10 and 20
- LESSON 6: Go Fish
- LESSON 7: A 10 Party!
- LESSON 8: Finding the Unknown: Solving Problems with Unknown Change
- LESSON 9: 12 Apples and Bananas
- LESSON 10: Fruit Mysteries
- LESSON 11: Twenty Twenty
- LESSON 12: More Fruit Mysteries
- LESSON 13: Assessing Ability to Find Combinations of 10
- LESSON 14: Is It True or Is It False?
- LESSON 15: More Subtraction Action
- LESSON 16: Solving Story Addition and Subtraction Problems
- LESSON 17: Assessment of Unit Concepts: Addition and Subtraction Story Problems


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
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+ taxes & licensing
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text:
Apa Kabar Villas
- Suites
- Airport Transportation
- High-speed internet in room
- Room service
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Non-smoking rooms
Photos of Apa Kabar Villas
- Beach
- Swimming pool
- Restaurant
- Outdoor pool
- Refrigerator in room
- Wireless internet connection in public areas
- High-speed internet in room
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Non-smoking rooms
- Air-Conditioning
- Kitchenette
- Free parking
- Family rooms
- Suites
- Airport Transportation
- Concierge desk
- Multilingual staff
- Room service
- Continental Breakfast
- Kids activities or Babysitting
- Laundry
TripAdvisor Reviews Apa Kabar Villas Amed
Travel Blogs from Amed
Not What We Expected
Despite having a fairly aggressive driver, who drives like my sister Cindy, we had a great trip to Amed from Bedugul. The road hugged the coast from Singaraja at the northern tip of Bali all the way to the center of the eastern side where Amed is located. We saw some beautiful coastline, as well as a cremation ceremony and a burial ceremony we had …
The other Bali
... the most beautiful just here. A wide scenery in a valley between hills, majestic Gunubg Agung in the background and here and then a small village with nothing but farmers. In one of them I got invited to share some food with the people who were about to prepare a wedding (almost deja-vu, i just didn't get to meet the bride, haha). Amed, the place I stay now, is a small village at the coast, today mosty visited by divers. During my evening snorkling I even found (i ...
Gili Trawangan
... the sun go down. Earlier on during our walk we had passed by a 'picnic' area on the sunset side, so we poured some vodka into a plastic bottle, picked up some coke, ginger ale, and plastic cups en route to the decking area. We arrived with plenty of time to set the GoPro on a time lapse, enjoying a few drinks, and have a good catch up with Becci. The sunset was incredible, an array of oranges, reds, pinks, purples and blues, with the perfect amount of cloud in the sky. ...
Gilli Trawangan, Indonesia.
... was beautiful of Bali and it's volcanos in the Hazey distance. Our boat was uber fast! We had lost the little one that piled the people on. It took around an hour to get to the first stop, Gilli Trawanggan. The sea was clear, better than what we had seen so far in Bali. There were loads of little tourist boats and fishing boats. The boats spoil the scenery! Such a nuisance. Once we got off, down the rickety ladder being held up against the moving boat by about 5 men ...
Surpsie in paradise villa!
... back door of the villa by the staff and to hide by
the pool in the covered lounging area which looks out onto the impossibly beautiful
blue sea which wraps the coast line for more than 180 degree's. We didn't even
have time to say hello to Eug at this point, so we followed one of the guys who
works here (Made) and hid under some cushions. Jess was guided down, enticed by
some excuse to check something out by the pool and before we knew what we ...


text:
In a previous post, I discussed an article
by Oberon (Otter) Zell in which she argues that the
Genesis account proves that there was a multiplicity of gods at creation. However, the central point of her essay was
that pagans are not descendants of Adam and Eve and have no need for redemption
because they do not suffer from original sin.
Hence, she informs her Christian interlocutors that she is from "the
other people."
This is quite an extraordinary claim, and it is hard to
tell whether the author seriously believes this claim or whether it is just an
argument designed to rebuff the missionaries.
Whatever her real motivations are, her mishandling of Scripture must be
addressed. After the discussion of
creation, her article zips through five chapters of Scripture in an attempt to
prove that Yahweh is the God of Semites and thus, any sins and consequences of
sins believed by Semites are not the concern of pagans. She ends her article
with the following words:
Neither heaven nor hell is our destination in the afterlife; we have our
own various arrangements with our own various deities. The Bible is not our
story; we have our own stories to tell, and they are many and diverse.
Zell's literalism becomes a serious problem as she
discusses the creation of Eve. We must always keep in mind that although
Scripture is rooted in history, its primary aim, particularly in the first
eleven chapters of Genesis, is not to offer a historical account but rather to
make theological points through stories. She objects to the account of the
creation of Eve, saying, "Yahweh God built the rib he had taken from the man
into a woman, and brought her to the man. Right. Man gives birth to woman. Sure
he does."
Zell seems to understand this account as a birth
narrative. This would be an unusually
painless birth giving indeed. That is not what is being recounted at all. The
fact that Eve is said to be made from the rib of Adam does not imply man gives
birth to women. Rather, it is telling us that women are made of the same
substance as men. The woman is a fitting
counterpart to the man because she, unlike animals, shares the same nature. And thus, the man proclaims, "This at last is
bone of my bone and flesh of my flesh" (Gen 2:23).
Also, in our English account of Genesis there are two different
Hebrew words translated as "the man."
One is hahadam, which is would
more accurately be translated "the human or humankind," and ish, which specifically means a male
human being. The word ish is used for the first time Genesis 2:23
after the formation of the woman, who is isha. Until then, the human creature is not defined
as male. The same word hahadam is used to describe the creation
of humanity in Genesis 1:27, who are said to be male and female (here generic
words masculine and feminine are used).
In other words, God creates one human race which is male and female and
the woman is the counterpart to the man.
Therefore, the appropriate sexual partner for a man is a woman. The narrator follows by saying "Therefore, a
man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife, and they become
one flesh." This is the thesis of
Genesis 2 and sadly, many, including Christians, miss the point because they
spend a lot of time focusing on ribs.
Moreover, it is evident from the snarky "Right. Man gives
birth to woman," that Zell does not believe that this is a true story. Thus, I am compelled to ask, why waste our
time with an argument about how you are not part of Yahweh's little experiment
when you don't believe it actually happened?
Would it not be more intellectually serious to just say, "That's
ridiculous." After all, does Zell really think that there are multiple strands
of humanity, created by different deities, unrelated genetically to each other?
Or since according to Zell, the guilt ridden, modesty-obsessed Cain married
among the pagans, does this mean there are half-fallen humans running around?
Also, since most pagans wear clothes does that not mean that they too feel
shame when they are naked? Furthermore, what happens when a pagan converts to
or from Christianity or Judaism? Does this person move from having original sin
to not having it or vica versa? Did Zell
consider all the ludicrous implications of this argument?
Of course, the real problem is that Zell does not understand
the fall or original sin. It is actually
the least objectionable of Christian doctrines. Even if one does not buy the
Genesis account, it's pretty hard to deny that human beings are sinful. Zell
seems to think that a distinguishing feature of the fall is modesty and she
says, "It follows that those who feel no shame in being naked are, by definition,
not carriers of this spiritual disease of original sin!"
Even if that were true, that would only account for a
tiny subset of humanity. Moreover, the author does not discuss the most
important part of the fall which are the curses described in Genesis 3:14-19. As a result of the fall, there is spiritual
conflict (the serpent is a symbol for Satan), suffering and difficulty, male
domination over women, and of course death.
By arguing that pagans are "the other people," and "unfallen," she is
actually saying that pagans live painless, sinless, harmonious lives and that
they are immortal. Of course, that is obviously
not true, and if Zell understood what was being described in the Fall, she would
never make such a claim.
After all, when the "gods," as she claims, created the
heavens and the Earth in Genesis 1 did "they" not say over and over again, "It
is good?" Yet, we all know that there is
much to life on Earth that is indeed not good.
Genesis 3, the fall, tells how God's good creation has become "not
always so good." The Judeo-Christian
answer to the problem of evil, pain and death is that humanity rebelled and
continues to rebel against God. If Zell
thinks that only part of humanity has original sin, how does she account for
the fact that pagans suffer equally from the consequences of the fall? Why were the other gods not around to protect
their pagan creatures from the consequences of Yahweh failed project? Zell
repeatedly points out that Adam does not die immediately after the fall but
there is no denying the fact that he, like all of us, died eventually. Of course, there could be alternative explanations
for why there is evil, pain and death but one of them cannot be, "We are the
other (unfallen) people."
Lastly, the Christian doctrine of original sin explains
an undeniable datum of human existence, which is our inability to do the good
that we wish to do; that instead, we opt for the evil that we actually we wish
we did not do (Roman 7:14-25). Everyone
who has struggled with something as small as trying to diet or something more
serious like being faithful to one's spouse and all the shortcomings that all
of us experience daily know that this true.
It is extremely difficult by our own power to tame our wills; to do what
we know is good for ourselves and for others even when we want to. We are
sinful. We are fallen. This is in essence the doctrine of original sin and
there is only one rational explanation that anyone would deny it—she has never
met another human being, including herself.


text:
The tuition classification statutes place the burden of proof on the student to provide clear and convincing evidence of eligibility. Tuition classification is governed by state law (CO Revised Statutes §23-7-101, et. seq.) and by judicial decisions that apply to all public institutions of higher education in Colorado. Fort Lewis College does not have discretion to make exceptions to the rules as established by state law. There is no provision in the state statutes for retroactive compliance. Because Colorado law governs Colorado residency status, the fact that a student might not qualify for in-state status in any other state does not guarantee in-state status in Colorado.
Requests and petitions for in-state residency and complete documentation MUST be submitted by the first day of classes in order to be considered for that term.
Documentation submitted after these deadlines CANNOT be considered until the next, subsequent term. If you have any questions, please contact the Office of Admission: (970) 247-7184.
"Domicile" is used to describe the place where an individual has demonstrated intent to make a permanent home and legal residence. Both physical presence (see #1 below) and evidence of intent (see #2 below) must be in place to begin the domicile year. Financial emancipation (see #3 below) is an additional requirement applied to students 22 years or younger whose parents do not permanently reside in Colorado.
Colorado residency requires a domicile in Colorado for 12 continuous months on or prior to the first day of classes of each semester. Since domicile is defined as a permanent home and legal residence, being in Colorado solely for school purposes and/or temporarily for other purposes does not qualify as domicile for Colorado residency.
1. Physical presence is your actual permanent home and legal residence. Proof of physical presence may include all of the following:
2. Evidence of intent to make Colorado your permanent home and legal residence is demonstrated by giving up all your legal ties with your prior state and establishing them with Colorado for 12 continuous months. Proof that demonstrates evidence of intent, as specified by the residency statute, may include all of the following:
Intent is demonstrated by several kinds of connections with the state dated one year prior to the beginning of classes. There is no formula or checklist to follow in establishing domicile. Generally, physical presence (as shown by rent receipts, leases or statements from landlords, home ownership, etc.) plus one connection with the state will not be sufficient to establish domicile. Several connections are necessary, and the more connections that are made, the greater chance a person has of qualifying for residency. Any connections maintained with any other state during the 12-month period for establishing domicile may be viewed as negative intent to make Colorado one's permanent home. 3. Financial emancipation applies to minors under 23 years of age who are no longer considered dependents and are not supported by their parents. An emancipated minor can establish domicile on the date of emancipation. Proof of emancipation is documented by submitting a Petition for In-State Tuition Classification to the Office of Admission by the close of business on the first day of classes. Evidence of legal ties outside of Colorado during the domicile year that demonstrate residency in another state may include the following:
Please click here for additional information and answers to frequently asked questions.
Students who have initially been denied eligibility for in-state tuition may use the Petition for In-State Tuition Classification to appeal this decision. Contact the Office of Admission at 970-247-7184 or email@example.com for additional information.


text: U.S. News California: Rare Case of TB in Fresno CountyOctober 9, 2008 A man now hospitalized in medical isolation has Fresno County's first-ever case of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). Dr. Kenneth Bird, the county's TB control and deputy health officer, said the man is from a group at high risk for TB, which can include immigrants and homeless persons. King said the patient is not homeless. The man was diagnosed with TB in early August, "but he had gone a long time undiagnosed with TB. By the time it was diagnosed, it had advanced," King said. Late last month, doctors diagnosed the man's TB strain as extensively drug-resistant. County health workers have been contacting everyone potentially exposed to the patient. Test results so far indicate that only one person, a child in the man's home, may have TB. The health department has not yet confirmed the child is infected, and if so, whether the strain is XDR-TB. California has up to three XDR-TB cases each year, according to Dr. Jennifer Flood, chief of surveillance and epidemiology at the state Department of Public Health TB control branch. This represents less than 1 percent of the nearly 3,000 TB cases recorded annually in the state. California has had 20 XDR-TB cases since 1993. The patient seems to be improving, Bird said, but will remain contagious for weeks or months and will need treatment for at least two years. Fresno Bee 10.07.2008; Barbara Anderson This article was provided by CDC National Prevention Information Network. It is a part of the publication CDC HIV/Hepatitis/STD/TB Prevention News Update.


text:
Saturday, February 4, 2012
Beautiful TEMBANG SUNDA CIANJURAN cassette, no info who's the artists,all it says is IBU SAODAH....
3 comments:
Despite what is printed on the insert, the music on this cass. in what sounds like laras pelog and sorog (I can't read the titles on the insert - the res. is too low) is actually 'kacapi suling', an all-instrumental genre derived from tembang sunda performances. I'm not sure who the musicians are, though the pitch is uncharacteristically low, equivalent to a 64 cm suling.
It appears (most of?) the compositions, originally songs in the Cianjuran tradition, were composed by Nyi Saodah Harnadi Natakusumah (again, can't read the text on the insert). She was among the leading 20th c. Cianjuran singers, composers, and teachers of singers such as Euis Komariah.
An example of her mamaos singing late in her career when her voice had lowered considerably in pitch: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CF7dDN1nO5A Too bad this recording ends before the panambih, which lends a feeling of incompleteness to the selection. I believe the juru suling here is Pa Burhan Sukarma, one of my guru suling, in early prime of his career. During a lesson in the early 90s, Pa Burhan referred to Saodah Harnadi Natakusumah tellingly as "Ibu tembang" (mother of song).


text:
Encrypting mail in Thunderbird
Encrypting Mail
Enigmail has three basic modes: sign, encrypt, and sign and encrypt simultaneously. When you sign an email, the add-on will use your private key to sign the text.
If the recipient uses Enigmail or a similar solution, they will be able to detect manipulation easily. At the same time, the signature lets you verify that an email really is from the person who claims to have sent it. However, this mode does not encrypt messages; they are sent in the clear.
In encrypt mode, Enigmail will not sign the message, but it will encrypt the message with the recipient's public key to make sure that only the intended recipient can read the message. Of course, encryption does not let the recipient verify the identity of the sender.
For the best of both worlds, you would want to let Enigmail encrypt the message with the recipient's public key while signing it with your own private key. This mode is a must for confidential messages.
To test your setup, try sending a message to yourself. In Thunderbird, compose a new message: Enter your own email address as the recipient, add a subject line, and add body text. To encrypt and sign the message at the same time, which hopefully is the configuration you have chosen, select OpenPGP | Encrypt message and send the message. At this time, you will be prompted to enter your passphrase.
In a few seconds, you should receive a message. If your password is still in memory (five-minute limit), Enigmail automatically will decrypt; if not, it will prompt you for your password. Thunderbird will tell you that the message was correctly signed and decrypted and that the signer's key has been correctly identified. An email that is not correctly encrypted is useless to the recipient.
Key Management
To encrypt a message for another recipient, the procedure is basically the same as in the previous example: Compose an email in the normal way and select the corresponding menu item to tell Enigmail to encrypt, or sign, or both. A correspondent might send you an encrypted message, too. But where does the key enter into this?
To sign the message, you do not need the recipient's key. In the worst case, the recipient might not use GnuPG-compatible encryption and will wonder what the signature in the message means, but this will not prevent them reading the message. However, this does not apply to encryption.
To read an encrypted message, the recipient needs GnuPG or a compatible solution, and you must know the recipient's public key.
To exchange encrypted messages with a contact, both of you need each other's public keys.
Previously, I looked at two critical identifying characteristics of a key: its ID (this is 90690901 for the 2,048-bit version in the example), and its fingerprint (AF84 9339 … in the example). Among the various approaches, you can exchange keys personally (i.e., by email or USB stick.)
To send a public key by email, create a message and click Attach my public key in the OpenPGP menu, which tells Thunderbird to add an attachment with your key to the mail. Then send the email with a text explaining the attachment to the recipient.
Key Servers
In addition to this, there are key servers that do nothing but keep public keys that anybody can retrieve. Publishing your own public key on a key server makes sense.
To do so, open the OpenPGP menu in the Thunderbird mail view and select Key Management…. This takes you to the Key Manager dialog, which shows you a list of keys (your key ring) – your own key and keys belonging to people with whom you exchange messages. Right click your own key and select Upload public keys to key server….
In the dialog that appears, press OK to confirm the default key server – most key servers replicate their data anyway – then OK again to tell Enigmail to upload the key to the key server.
Downloading third-party keys is just as easy. If you receive a signed message but do not have a local copy of the matching key, Enigmail will tell you that the key is missing. To retrieve the key from a key server, you can click the letter icon on the right of the window. Also, you can search for a key manually via OpenPGP | Key Management… | Key server | Find key… and store the key locally. Search for the user's name, the key ID, or the email address.
If you receive a key as an email attachment – that is, if somebody you correspond with sends you a key – right click the attachment and select Import OpenPGP key. After both of you have done this, you can exchange encrypted messages. But how do you make sure that the key is from the person the sender claims to be? The fingerprint I previously referred to gives you this ability. In the Key Manager (menu OpenPGP | Key Management…) you can double click a key to display its properties.
The fingerprint lets you verify a key's identity. If you want to be certain that the key really is from the person who claims to have sent it, you should use some other method to contact them. Phone the key owner, for example, and compare fingerprints on the phone. If the fingerprints match, you can safely assume that you have the right key and the right person. Now there really is nothing to stop you from exchanging encrypted messages.
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Publication number | US7424058 B1 |
Publication type | Grant |
Application number | US 09/672,352 |
Publication date | Sep 9, 2008 |
Filing date | Sep 28, 2000 |
Priority date | Sep 28, 2000 |
Fee status | Paid |
Publication number | 09672352, 672352, US 7424058 B1, US 7424058B1, US-B1-7424058, US7424058 B1, US7424058B1 |
Inventors | Clinton A. Staley, Darren Alexander Giles |
Original Assignee | Autodesk, Inc. |
Export Citation | BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan |
Patent Citations (23), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (20), Classifications (30), Legal Events (6) | |
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet | |
The invention relates to video data encoders and decoders.
Data encoding enables digital images and videos to be compressed so that less data is needed to transmit the images or videos. To increase the amount of compression, lossy encoding can be used. Loosy encoding provides more compression at a price of some loss of image or video quality. The quality may be defined by a sum of root-mean-squared differences between relative illuminations of the original image and the image generated from encoded data, i.e., summed over the pixels entire image.
Some "lossy" encoders have control input terminals for setting either the amount of compression or the quality of the image obtainable from the encoded output data. Selecting a higher compression generally results in lower image or video quality. A reduction in image or video quality may also result from the transmission of the encoded data.
In a first aspect, the invention features a process for encoding video or image data. The process includes estimating forms of a plurality of functions and estimating a best quality value for producing encoded frames with sizes that satisfy one or more constraints. The best quality value might assign the same quality to each frame, or may assign different qualities to each frame, in order to produce a best overall quality for a sequence of frames. Each function relates encoded size to encoded quality for an associated frame. Each frame has data for an image. The constraints are associated with such considerations as transmission line bandwidth, receiver buffer size and/or total size for the entire frame sequence. The estimating a best quality value is based in part on the functions. The process also includes transmitting a sequence of frames where the quality values for at least some of the frames have been determined based on the estimated best quality value.
In some embodiments, the process also includes encoding at least some of the frames of the sequence with the best quality value in response to estimating the best quality value.
In some embodiments, each act of estimating one of the forms also includes computing a plurality of pairs of encoded quality and encoded size values for each frame of the sequence from encoded frame data and determining a functional relationship between values of the encoded quality and the encoded size for the plurality of pairs of values. The act of computing may further include encoding each frame of the sequence with a plurality of qualities to compute encoded data sizes associated with each of the plurality of qualities. The acts of encoding a frame with the plurality of qualities may be performed in parallel.
In some embodiments, the estimating a best quality value further includes selecting an encoded quality of one of the plurality of frames and deciding whether the encoded size associated with the encoded quality satisfies a constraint based on transmission bandwidth, receiver buffering, or receiver prebuffering.
In some embodiments, the process may determine the encoded size associated with each encoded image quality from the functional relation between the encoded quality and the encoded size for the associated frame.
In a second aspect, the invention features a system for encoding image frames. The system includes a variable bit-rate encoder and a controller connected to receive data on sizes of image frames encoded by the encoder. The controller controls quality of the encoded frames produced by the encoder. The controller is capable of causing the encoder to generate encoded data at a rate responsive to one of a bandwidth of a transmission line and space in a receiver buffer.
In some embodiments, the controller is configured to determine a relation between quality of an encoded image frame and amount of encoded data from the received size data.
In some embodiments, the controller is configured to determine a best quality value for encoding an image frame from size data on data frames encoded with different qualities.
In a third aspect, the invention features a program storage media storing a program of computer executable instructions that cause a computer to perform one or more of the above-described processes.
Other advantages and features of the invention will be apparent from the following description of an embodiment thereof and from the claims.
The encoded data frames are compressed with respect to data from the source 12. The encoded data frames have either a standard format, e.g., Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) or the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) formats, or a proprietary format, e.g., Sorenson compression format.
For each image frame, the encoder 16, permits control of the quality, Q, of the encoded data frame produced through control signals sent to terminal 22. Nevertheless, for a selected quality, Q, the encoder 16 may produce different amounts, S, of encoded data for each image frame. The frame-to-frame differences in the amounts, S, of produced encoded data are related to differences in image content. For image frames having more detail and/or associated with more object motion, the encoder 16 generally generates larger encoded data frames.
The feedback data from the encoder 16 indicates the amount, S, of encodes data produced for an associated image frame. The analyzer 20 uses the feedback data, i.e., values of S, to select the image quality, Q, produced by the encoder 16 on a frame-by-frame basis.
The analyzer 20 controls the encoder 16 by sending control signals to control terminal 22. The control signals determine whether encoded data frames are sent to the line 18 or simply used to generate feedback data. The control signals also set the quality, Q, of individual encoded frames from the encoder 16. The control signals set the quality, Q, of the encoder 16, to produce a "best quality sequence" for a sequence of frames in a scene, sometimes referred to as a clip. This might include, for example, the majority of frames in the sequence having a "best quality value," QB, (discussed in detail below) and higher quality values for the beginning and ending frames of a sequence. Higher qualities for the beginning and ending frame of a sequence can be useful, because these frames may be seen in still form during editing, and the beginning frames may fall after a cut in the movie and have greater visual impact. The best quality value, QB, is a value that is typically determined for an entire video program, and it is considered the best quality value for the series of frames in light of defined constraints, e.g., bandwidth constraints on transmission line 18, buffering and prebuffering constraints for receiver 24, and/or constraints on total size for the compressed program.
Referring to
To avoid gaps and irregularities, an encoder may be controlled to produce encoded data frames at a constant rate. But, producing encoded data at a constant rate leads to fluctuations in image quality, because encoding algorithms produce different amounts of encoded data for each image frame. Fluctuations in image quality can disturb viewers. To avoid such fluctuations, an encoder can be operated so that image quality for the majority of frames remains constant in light of constraints based on transmission bandwidth and receiver buffering and prebuffering. As noted above, it may be desirable to have the beginning and ending frames encoded at a higher quality than other frames, and there may be other reasons to make variations from a uniform quality value
For a selected sequence of image frames, the process 50 determines a separate function, S(Q), relating quality, Q, to amount, S, of encoded data for each image frame (step 52). The process 50 determines S(Q) for each image frames of the sequence using a set of data points {(Q,S)} associated to the frame and an interpolation process. Based on the function S(Q), the process 50 iteratively performs a binary search (or other subdividing search mechanism) to find a best quality value, QB1, for which the sequence of frames satisfies the user-defined constraints, e.g., transmission line constraints, receiver constraints and/or total size constraints (step 54). The user-defined constraints impose limits on the amount, S, of encoded data per frame and are associated with the bandwidth of the transmission line, buffering and prebuffering characteristics of the target receiver, and/or total size of compressed data. As described below, other search techniques can be used in place of a binary search.
The process 50 encodes each frame of the entire sequence with the value of the best quality value, QB1 found through the binary search (step 56). The process 50 checks whether each encoded data frame actually satisfied the constraints of the transmission line and target receiver (step 58). The check includes calculating the actual amount, S, of data produced for each frame when encoded with the quality QB1. To calculate the amount of data, the process 50 actually encodes each frame at the quality QB1 and determines how much data is produced. If each encoded data frame actually satisfies the constraints, the process 50 can then actually transmit the sequence of encoded image frames to the transmission line and receiver (step 60).
If one or more of the encoded frames does not satisfy the constraints, the process 50 adds the calculated (QB1,S) to the set {(Q,S)} of data points previously used to define the function S(Q) for each frame (step 62). Then, the process 50 loops back 64 to determine new S(Q)'s, i.e., based on the new set {(Q,S)} and to find a new best quality value, QB2. Since the new point (QB,S) is generally closer to the "actual" best quality value, QB, the new functions S(Q)'s ordinarily produce a better approximation to the actual QB. Thus, performing the loop 64 once or twice usually generates a quality satisfying the constraints from the transmission line and receiver buffer.
For each selected quality Q, the amount, S, of encoded data varies from frame to frame, because the content of each image changes in a frame-to-frame fashion. The content changes may include differences in motion and image detail. The differences in the content of each image change the amount of data, S, need to encode the image to a selected image quality.
The set of Q values covers the range between the upper and lower bound to indicate the behavior of S(Q). The process 70 uses the measured (Q,S) pairs to estimate the form of the function S(Q) (step 76). For example, the process 70 may use a Catmull-Rom curve fitting algorithm to estimate the form of S(Q). Generally, S(Q) is a monotonic function of Q, i.e., higher selected qualities require more encoded data for the same image frame.
The process 70 also performs a binary search (or other search) for the best quality value, QB, i.e., step 54 of
The model simulates constraints on amounts of encoded data, S, which are imposed by the transmission line and the receiver's input buffer and/or the total size constraint. The transmission line has a bandwidth that limits the rate at which encoded data can be transmitted to the receiver without loss, i.e., limiting the amount of data produced by encoding each image frame. The size of the receiver buffer imposes both buffering and prebuffering constraints. The buffering constraint limits the amount of encoded data that can be accepted by the receiver without loss resulting from insufficient buffer space to store incoming data prior to decompression and play,i.e., also limiting the amount of encoded data per image frame. The prebuffering constraint limits the amount of data that may be sent before the first group of pictures (GOP) is removed from the receiving buffer and displayed. The viewer at the receiving end perceives this as a delay before display begins, so prebuffering must be limited to a small amount of time.
For simple constraints, the algorithm operates by directly determining, via a closed-form equation, whether the SM values satisfy the constraints. For more complex constraints, the algorithm simulates the process of transmitting, receiving, and displaying the frames at a level of detail sufficient to determine whether the constraints are met. Such a level of detail can readily be simulated at low cost, since the actual data need not be compressed, transmitted, nor uncompressed. The simulation simply tracks the size and timing of data transfers that would occur in actual transmission, without modelling the detailed data content.
The state of the receiver buffer depends on both the buffering and prebuffering constraints. The model simulates the time-evolving state of the buffer to determine whether a sequence of data amounts, S, for encoded data frames either overfills the receiver buffer or results in an empty receiver buffer when data is needed at the receiving end for the next GOP. The model assumes that the buffer is initially empty, but may allow for a certain amount of buffer filling, prebuffering, prior to simulating the removal of data from the receiver buffer.
The total size constraint can be a particular concern for offline or archival compression.
If the constraints are satisfied, the process 70 determines whether the present and last estimates for the best quality value, QB, are within a predetermined distance of each other (step 84). If the two estimates are within the distance of each other, the process 70 outputs the estimate for QB (step 86). If the estimates are not within the preselected distance, the process 70 resets the lower bound for the best quality value, loQ, to QM (step 88). Then, the process 70 loops back 70 to select a quality that is partway (halfway if using binary search) between the present upper and lower bounds as the next estimate for best quality value, QB. The last estimate for QB, i.e., QM, has become the new lower bound, loQ, for the best quality value in the next iteration of the binary search.
If the constraints are not satisfied, the process 70 selects QM to be the new upper bound for the best quality value (step 92). Then, the process 70 loops back 94 to select a new estimate for the best quality value QB that is partway (halfway if binary) between the new upper and lower bounds, e.g., (loQ+hiQ)/2 if binary. The search algorithm rapidly converges to a estimate of the best quality value, QB, with the preselected range of the actual best value.
In some embodiments, the process 70 of
In some embodiments, steps 104-112 are performed for a plurality of values, QS1 . . . QSN, in parallel instead of serially. These steps are computationally slow, because each image frame of the selected sequence is encoded multiple times—each encoding of an image frame is computationally slow. Performing the needed frame encodings in parallel can produce an important increase in the speed of the process 100 for estimating S(Q).
Referring to
Performing the final compression at the best quality value, i.e., step 58 of
Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. For example, instead of doing a search for the best quality value, QB, by a binary search, one can use another search mechanism, e.g., another search mechanism that reduces the search range by subdivision. Some variants of the binary search include picking a dividing point for the current range that is not centered exactly, but falls at an interpolated point in the range. For instance, if the bottom and top ends of a range have sizes 50 and 100, and if one is looking for a size of 60, one might choose a dividing point closer to the bottom than to the top end of the range.
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U.S. Classification | 375/240.23, 375/E07.181, 375/240.12, 375/E07.157, 375/E07.167, 375/240.01, 375/E07.158, 375/240.03, 375/E07.173, 375/E07.103, 375/E07.172, 375/E07.13, 375/240 |
International Classification | H04N7/12 |
Cooperative Classification | H04N19/154, H04N19/15, H04N19/436, H04N19/149, H04N19/172, H04N19/192, H04N19/164, H04N19/162 |
European Classification | H04N7/26A6E4G, H04N7/26L6, H04N7/26A8P, H04N7/26A6U, H04N7/26A6E4E, H04N7/26A10T, H04N7/26A6W, H04N7/26A6Q |
Date | Code | Event | Description |
Jun 15, 2004 | AS | Assignment | Owner name: AUTODESK, INC., CALIFORNIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MEDIA 100 INC.;REEL/FRAME:014734/0183 Effective date: 20040607 |
Apr 23, 2012 | REMI | Maintenance fee reminder mailed | |
May 2, 2012 | SULP | Surcharge for late payment | |
May 2, 2012 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 4 |
Apr 6, 2016 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 8 |
Apr 6, 2016 | SULP | Surcharge for late payment | Year of fee payment: 7 |


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Determination of the degradation kinetics of anthocyanins in a model juice system using isothermal and non-isothermal methodsTools Harbourne, N., Jacquier, J. C., Morgan, D. J. and Lyng, J. G. (2008) Determination of the degradation kinetics of anthocyanins in a model juice system using isothermal and non-isothermal methods. Food Chemistry, 111 (1). pp. 204-208. ISSN 0308-8146 Full text not archived in this repository. To link to this item DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.023 Abstract/SummaryThe effect of temperature on the degradation of blackcurrant anthocyanins in a model juice system was determined over a temperature range of 4–140 °C. The thermal degradation of anthocyanins followed pseudo first-order kinetics. From 4–100 °C an isothermal method was used to determine the kinetic parameters. In order to mimic the temperature profile in retort systems, a non-isothermal method was applied to determine the kinetic parameters in the model juice over the temperature range 110–140 °C. The results from both isothermal and non-isothermal methods fit well together, indicating that the non-isothermal procedure is a reliable mathematical method to determine the kinetics of anthocyanin degradation. The reaction rate constant (k) increased from 0.16 (±0.01) × 10−3 to 9.954 (±0.004) h−1 at 4 and 140 °C, respectively. The temperature dependence of the rate of anthocyanin degradation was modelled by an extension of the Arrhenius equation, which showed a linear increase in the activation energy with temperature.
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Maybe I missed the announcement that on Sundays you can park in bike lanes?
I was pretty surprised to run into (not literally-because I was forced into traffic lanes to avoid these parked cars) at least 5 cars parked in the bike lanes on 15th Street NW. The thing that really stood out: these guys had to squeeze in behind the posts designed to, you know, separate the bike lanes from the traffic lanes.
I'm well aware of what a challenge it can be to find parking in downtown DC--hunting for a spot during business hours on a weekday is guaranteed to raise your blood pressure, but what's up with this?
Anyone have an idea?
For the record, only two were out of state plates---NY and MI.
This in no way negates my lovely encounter with a perfectly nice man on Saturday who was impressed because instead of racing him to one of two parking spaces on Connecticut Avenue afternoon, I backed up so he could take the first slot, and I took the second.
As he got out of his car he joked "You canNOT be a native Washingtonian and be that courteous!" I admitted I'm no native, but I'd cop to the charge of being courteous. We laughed and shook hands.
Then I went to put a quarter in my meter and found it was broken. So I called it in. Now here's another nice encounter: I couldn't find the number on the meter to report back to the call-taker. Instead of copping an attitude or getting impatient, she simply asked me for the block designation and I offered the number on the nearest meter as another way of giving her the closest possible location. She was so nice and friendly I told her so, and you could hear the smile in her voice.
So bike-lane-takers, you didn't ruin my weekend or really grind my gears, but what's with the lane-hogging?
I'm a DC-based reporter shifting from the driver's seat to the bike lane. And you can come along for the ride.
Monday, February 14, 2011
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I have been chomping at the bit to show you this insanely perfect birthday party. My friends Steph & Matt threw their kiddos Rylie (3) and Mason (1) a joint birthday bash that is TO. DIE. FOR. darling!Steph approached me a few months ago to help with the paper goods, and knowing how stylish and fun she is, I jumped at the chance. Her daughter Rylie is obsessed with Olivia The Pig and though Steph wasn't really keen on throwing a "character birthday" at first, she dove in and made it hip, cool, and decidedly un-character-centric. She had me focus on red & white stripes like Olivia's tights with a kick of blue to tie in the boy vibe. Her challenge was trying to figure out how to make an "Olivia" party work for both a boy and girl… Thank goodness Olivia has a little brother… so we added him to the invitation. It worked out perfectly! One of my absolute favorite things I have ever seen is how she made characters more like art by drawing them in chalk on black paper. How insanely genius is that? Totally copying this one day! It totally upped the style of the party while giving her kiddos the characters that they love so much. Win-win! Mom gets a good looking party, kids get Olivia and Ian. Perfection!Look how cute!Another fabulous and totally big impact punch was the way she hung letters from the ceiling that read "Rule #100: Red is the best color for absolutely positively everything." I am so glad she tried this Idea Thief idea though she said it was the Pita of the party. (What's a Pita? Read this post to refresh your memory.) It was worth all the curse words, because it turned out smashingly. The dessert table was styled to perfection! Those cakes? Seriously to die for! And the best deal ever apparently. If you're in the San Diego area, you've got to check out The Crimson Cake in Encinitas. She made red & white striped tablecloths out of fabric from Ikea and I love how she put Olivia books on each of the food & drink tables. Such a nice way to tie in the theme. I am still doing back flips over those chalkboard characters though! Too cute!Um, can you get over the cookies & milk set up? No? Me neither. Straw through the cookie = fabulosity. Cake pops? Check. Love that they were stick side up. Super cute and no styrofoam to deal with. Red, white & blue strawberries? Perfect for the theme!Steph had me create "Rule" signs to place around the house. I guess Olivia has really funny rules on the TV show. They looked so cute throughout the party.Olivia & Ian only popped up in a couple unexpected places, like the flowers. So brilliant and subtle.
The drink station was adorbs. Love how they put the glasses in the front drawers of that table.And let's just talk about this photobooth set-up for a second? "Say Oink!" hung about the peeps and thought bubbles on sticks shouted out birthday blessings to Rylie & Mason. Can you get over how cute that foursome is? It's like looking at a cool Barbie & Ken's family! Too darling!
The birthday kiddos had the best day and the time, love and energy you guys put into this was not lost on anyone there. It was beyond adorable!
How cute are they?Everyone got to take home a bag o' sugar on their way out! But who would want to leave a party like this? I sure didn't! What a way to celebrate two very darling birthday piggies! All of these stunning photos (except for the two bad ones I took) are by Elizabeth Patton who happens to be Steph's very talented friend. Absolutely great work to all involved! Yay for great parties!
Tag Archives: girl and boy joint birthday party
First Birthday Party :: Beach Theme
I have literally been dying to share this insanely fresh and fabulous "both"day party with you all! Our little friends Dane & Ryley are each other's cousins and their fantastic parents (Becky & Brad and Nicole & Andy) threw their kiddos – born only weeks apart – a beachy 'both' day party! The invite said "It's O'FISH'ial! Dane & Ryley are ONE!" (Can you get over those highchairs? Me neither! So cute!)Let's take a gander at the stunning park they threw this shindig in. Oh and that peak of blue between the trees there? Just the ocean. No big deal. How pretty, huh?There honestly was so much to love here! One of my favorite things is how they managed to make this party cool enough for a boy but sweet enough for a girl. It was such a great example of how to throw a joint party for different sexes. "Catch of the day cookies" from Gwynn Wasson Designs. Oh come on! How cute! They also used printables from Catch My Party. What a great mix! Their dessert table was so cute! My favorite detail was that the cupcakes matched the balls in the inflatable pools. Such great synergy! Speaking of the pools, they set up a few inflatable pools from Target and filled them with balls from Walmart ($10 for 150 of them!) They had so many babies there and it was THE BEST activity for them. Added bonus that it was so adorable and theme-related! What a no-brainer! A perfect idea for summer parties!They made PB&J sandwiches for all the kiddos in the shape of a fish. So cute! The grown-up food was pretty cute too.
And check out these fishy nibbles. My 3-year-old loved eating Nemo!
My favorite detail and hands-down the most brilliant thing I have seen in the party world as of late was their use of flagging tape – NOT ribbon – to stream around branches and umbrellas. It looked so whimsical and fun and it was just really quite beautiful. The best part about it? It is CHEAP! What's flagging tape? It's what police use as "Caution" tape but it comes in really cute designs and colors. From what I googled it goes for about $1.50 a roll. That's bananas cheap! You get the effect of a ribbons without the price. Idea Thieves, take note! This is one worth stealing. (I certainly intend to!)Yet another thing I loved was that they rolled two big wagons down to gather gifts for the wee ones. It not only looked cute, but was totally practical… They just had to roll the wagon to the car and unload. You can't go wrong with bubble favors. Here's another view of the park. How cute do all the big blankets, pools, balls, and umbrellas look? What a fabulous first birthday for two of the cutest little wee ones I've ever seen. And because who doesn't like to look at cute babies, here's a pic of the birthday cousins.To die for right? The party AND the babies! I know that Becky & Nicole worked so hard on making such an adorable party for their little ones, but I'm told that the VIP award goes to Dooey – Dane & Ryley's grandma Judi. Way to go! What an adorable celebration. Not a detail missed! A perfect beachy birthday for two very darling beachy kiddos.Please note: I had nothing to do with this darling party! (Though I wish I did!) If I missed any of the details and you want a little more information, I am happy to ask the party throwers for you. Just leave a comment below.
(All photos by either me, my sister Ellie, my friend Steph, or the birthday boy's mom Becky. Sorry I don't know which is which!)


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"Soviet KGB may have killed Albert Camus, claims paper" Is the wreckage still around?
"The Real Strauss-Kahn Story Back at the New York Times" The NYT published as fact some outright lies spread by the defense team.
"DSK's Accuser Is Looking More Credible, but Will It Matter?" Of course, she was always entirely credible. It was the DSK-protecting media that lied.
"James Galbraith on How Fraud and Bad Economic Thinking Got Us in This Mess" The necessity of severely punishing all the fraud ties back to the de Soto arguments about the connection between wealth creation and the rule of law. Of course, as the United States is well and truly fucked, none of the fraud will be punished.
"Israeli textbooks portray Palestinians as 'terrorists, refugees, and primitive farmers'" Exactly what you'd expect from a violent racist supremacist state.
"New Orleans Cops GUILTY, But Not of Murder." Everything in New Orleans is imbued with magic, including police firearms. This story takes me back.
"The Rebels Advance On Brega"
"Obama announces "historic" manned mission halfway to Mars." Obama's extreme over-cleverness is leading him dangerously close to becoming a permanent joke punchline.
I PROMISE to never overload you like this again! Click here for Part One: Don't
Miss the first half of this batch!
On to Russia:
1 hour ago


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Eric D. Lalonde Khanloo |
A Bennett Inequality for the Missing Mass.
[draft] | |
Novel Bernstein-like Deviation Bounds for the Missing Mass. 31st Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI), 2015.
[pdf] | |
Novel Deviation Bounds for Mixture of Independent Bernoulli Variables with Application to the Missing Mass.
[draft] Summary: This is an instance of variance control problem where we shrink the variance while controlling the magnitude of terms. We improve state-of-the-art for both upper and lower deviation bounds on missing mass in the case of small deviations. We introduce a thresholding mechanism that helps reveal high concentration of missing mass around its mean for small deviation sizes by harnessing worst-case distributions that may otherwise inflate the variance. Interestingly, Lambert function plays a crucial role in our thresholding procedure. | |
A Large Margin Framework for Single Camera Offline Tracking with Hybrid Cues.
Computer Vision and Image Understanding (CVIU), 2012.
(with Ferdinand Stefanus, Mani Ranjbar, Ze-Nian Li, Nicolas Saunier, Tarek Sayed and Greg Mori) [pdf] [more details] Summary: We pose tracking as a structured input-output prediction problem. We devise a large-margin criterion for learning to combine static and dynamic information for tracking via trajectory optimization and build a system for automatic detection and tracking of pedestrians. |
You may find it useful to play with sims freeplay cheats if you do not have too much free time. It helps by auto generating lp and simoleons.


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Generally, when the media takes to agreeing on a topic, I like to disagree.
Recently, and more so in the wake of Super Bowl 46, the media has begun to suggest that Tom Brady is overrated, and perhaps that Eli Manning is an elite level Quarterback.
Based on my two ranking systems for Quarterbacks, Brady is a bit overrated, and Manning is exactly an average QB in the regular season, but he will sometimes rise to elite status in the postseason. You might call him "situationally elite" (to use the latest en vogue sports buzzword, ie "The Patriots have a good situational defense").
My two quarterback rating systems are "Forward Yards per Snap" and "Quarterback Efficiency Rating" ("QBER").
Forward Yards per Snap calculates the number of forward yards each Quarterback produces by crediting him for his rushing yards plus his passing yards minus the yards produced by his receivers after the catch and minus the negative yards produced by turnovers (-30 yards) and sacks (-yards lost). The NFL average Forward Yard Per Snap for QBs in 2011 was 1.32 yards per snap.
QBER grades the efficiency of each Quarterback by calculating the number of yards he advances the football for every "dead" or "negative" play he produces (dead or negative plays being plays on which there is no gain or there is a loss). In the case of QBER, receiver yards are included, and turnovers and sacks are penalized in a like manner to Forward Yards per Snap. In 2011, the average QBER for QBs who took at least 200 snaps was 12.82 yards per dead play.
QBER= Passing Yards + Rushing Yards – Yards lost on Sacks – 30xTurnovers / Incompletions + Sacks
Frwd Yards per Snap = Passing Yards – Receiver Yards after the Catch + Rushing Yards – Yards lost on Sacks – 30xTurnovers / Snaps Taken under Center
Aaron Rodgers the Top Elite: Both Regular and Postseason Numbers
So I went back using Yahoo Sports and calculated the Forward Yards per Snap and QBERs, regular and postseason, for seven "elite" QBs: Aaron Rodgers, Peyton Manning, Mike Vick, Brett Favre, Eli Manning, Tom Brady, and Drew Brees. In nearly every category, Aaron Rodgers of the Green Bay Packers grades out the best in both the post and regular season, albeit on a smaller sample set than his counterparts.
Here are the numbers, in no particular order:
RODGERS | Snaps | Frwd Yards | FYpS | QBER |
Career | 4864 | 10024 | 2.06 | 17.97 |
Playoffs | 375 | 820 | 2.18 | 18.22 |
Career ('98) | 12524 | 16477 | 1.31 | 13.41 |
Playoffs ('98) | 513 | 626 | 1.22 | 12.12 |
Career | 12752 | 25204 | 1.98 | 17.24 |
Playoffs | 1096 | 2002 | 1.82 | 16.59 |
Career | 9766 | 15581 | 1.59 | 16.84 |
Playoffs | 631 | 1282 | 2.03 | 18.49 |
Career | 8891 | 13640 | 1.53 | 15.89 |
Playoffs | 1055 | 1359 | 1.29 | 13.29 |
Career | 7457 | 10123 | 1.36 | 12.26 |
Playoffs | 616 | 986 | 1.59 | 12.64 |
Career | 5351 | 10728 | 2.01 | 13.95 |
Playoffs | 302 | 474 | 1.57 | 12.87 |
Rodgers tops in all categories but one
As you can see, Aaron Rodgers leads in every category except for one: Postseason QBER. Drew Brees is the leader in that category, but only by a slight amount.
As you can further see, most of the Quarterbacks performances decline just slightly (about 9%) in the postseason except for three: Brees, Rodgers, and Super Bowl Champion Eli Manning. In the last three cases, performance actually ROSE in the postseason.
The True Elites: Rodgers, Peyton, and Brees (and maybe Vick)
When you combine both ratings, the ability to produce forward yards, and the ability to be an efficient Quarterback, Aaron Rodgers stands alone. Not even Peyton Manning can equal his numbers. Rodgers is both productive (he has now produced three seasons in a row where he averaged +2.0 forward yards per snap — a remarkable accomplishment) and efficient (this season his 23.89 QBER was the best in the NFL).
The very best Forward Yard per Snap season I have yet to calculate was the 2010 season for Michael Vick. Vick produced an absolutely incredible 3.6 Forward Yards per Snap. That is almost the equivalent of Wilt Chamberlain's 50 point per game average. The problem with Vick is two fold. He is not very efficient, and his QB style lends itself to injury. Otherwise, he is the ultimate weapon in the backfield.
Brady slightly overrated, and Favre was too (post 1998, at least)
Brady, on the other hand, really has never been. The only season where he has averaged +2.0 Forward Yards per Snap was 2007, and most of those yards were produced on deep passes to Randy Moss. Otherwise, Brady has just been slightly above average in terms of both efficiency and production.
I threw Brett Favre in there just for fun. Or rather, because people in Green Bay still tend to overrate him. As you can see, past 1998 (I have no Yahoo Stats for seasons beyond that) Favre was just okay. And in 2005, he was unbelievably brutal. Favre accounted for 36 Packer turnovers BY HIMSELF. You simply cannot win doing that.
Eli comes to play in the postseason, so do Brees and Rodgers (usually)
As for the Super Bowl MVP, Eli Manning, he was terrific on Sunday, producing 2.41 Forward Yards per Snap, and a QBER of 21.47. The thing about Eli, though, is that he gets "Favrish" sometimes in the regular season, and puts balls where they should not be. Then he's also had some postseason stinkers (those were the years the Gmen were one and done). But, for some reason, in two of his postseasons, he's really stepped up his game, and the results have been great for New York.
The other guy who has been fantastic in the postseason has been New Orleans Drew Brees. In fact, I have no idea how his team lost to Seattle or San Francisco the last two postseasons when in each instance they have had a quarterback who played at such a high level. Your defense has to be truly crappy to overcome a great quarterbacking exhibition, and that is what Brees produced in the last two Saints postseason losses.
Rodgers, on the other hand, can fairly be blamed for what happened to the Packers in the 2011 postseason. He was inefficient against the Giants (QBER: 11.17) and the Packers were not built to overcome such things. However, in every other postseason game he has played in he has been spectacular (+2.0) and so he was due for a stinker, and he had one. But by my numbers he is still the best in the business, both in the regular season and in the postseason.
Tags: Aaron Rodgers, Eli Manning, Forward Yards per Snap, NFL, Quarterback Efficiency Rating, Tom Brady, Ty Willihnganz


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One would hope that the Washington Post, where the news masthead is "Democracy Dies in Darkness," and whose emails soliciting subscriptions tell recipients that "Democracy needs great journalism," searched far and wide for the most credible person they could possibly find to criticize the foreign-policy impact of how the Trump administration "twists the truth." Apparently, the best person they could find for the job was ... Susan Rice?
The Washington Post, which recently changed its web masthead's motto to "Democracy Dies in Darkness," also promises potential subscribers "Award-winning content" and "Top political coverage." We've yet to hear from the Post where it would categorize its original description Sunday of destruction perpetrated by far-left environmentalist vandals — as "a daring act of defiance" — at Trump National Golf Club in California.
It all started with an ignorant tweet by Vox's Matt Yglesias, who falsely claimed that "It's impressive that the IRS never leaks." The New York Times's Nick Kristof, apparently unaware or indifferent to the fact that he was simultaneously engaging in breathtaking hypocrisy and playing with fire, saw an opportunity to advertise his paper's law-subverting services, and tweeted the paper's physical address to those who are "in IRS and have a certain president's tax return that you'd like to leak."
Late Friday afternoon, Brian Slodysko at the Associated Press published a legitimate but overwrought news story on how Vice President Mike Pence, while Indiana's governor, had "emails about state business distributed from a private AOL account that was hacked last year." But the AP reporter also published Karen Pence's still-active AOL email address for no conceivably justifiable reason. Now the wire service is refusing to pull stories containing it.
It's becoming quite obvious that the Associated Press, which has tilted ever more to the left for several decades, has been on the verge of going completely off the rails since their coordinated plan to elect Hillary Clinton failed in November. Naturally, the AP has directed its ever-increasing hostility at Donald Trump and his administration since that fateful day — seldom more obviously than in Tammy Webber's treatment of Trump's tribute to Ryan and Carryn Owens in his Tuesday speech to a joint session of Congress.
It hasn't taken much time for the seedy, left agenda-driven unprofessionalism of Politico alum Glenn Thrush, who while there sent "an entire section of an article pertaining to (Hillary Clinton campaign manager) Podesta for approval before publication," to make its presence felt at the New York Times, his new place of employment. In a Friday diatribe disguised as a dispatch which appeared on the front page of the paper's Saturday print edition above the fold, Thrush quoted six words from Trump's speech earlier that day at CPAC, and deliberately misinterpreted them.
Donald Trump, like virtually every president before him, is upset that there have been leaks to the news media (and heaven knows who else) from his administration. In his Thursday press conference, Trump emphasized that leaks of classified information or matters relating to national security are "criminal" acts — because they are — and promised to pursue the leakers. That, and Trump's Friday afternoon tweet — that "The FAKE NEWS media ... is the enemy of the American People!" — was apparently enough to send the Washington Post's Margaret Sullivan scurrying under her bed, shaking in fear. Spare me the hysteria.
One of the more amusing yet pathetic spectacles of the Trump administration's early weeks — the ongoing establishment press fury at the richly deserved lack of respect it is getting from the President and his press secretary — neared meltdown yesterday. This occurred because Donald Trump wasn't asked a question everyone knew he wouldn't answer if asked about Michael Flynn at a joint press conference with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. On Monday, Scott Whitlock at NewsBusters covered the joint temper tantrum/pity party at MSNBC in which Brian Williams — that's right, "Mr. Madeup Stories" himself — and Katy Tur engaged. CNN, CNN.com, the Washington Post, the New York Times, the Associated Press and others joined the roster of not so fine whiners.
It tends to be good advice to avoid automatically assigning negative or malicious intent, such as a desire to play "gotcha," when someone's actions, inaction, or statements might have simply arisen from breathtaking ignorance. But what if it appears to a combination of both traits? That seems to be the case with New York Times reporter Maggie Haberman's Saturday morning tweet. Haberman, whose access to search engines was presumably intact at the time, asked, "Other than San Bernardino shootings, has there been a terrorist attack involving a non-US-born attacker since 9/11?"
In a late Wednesday afternoon NewsBusters post, I commented on the extraordinary hostility reporters at the Associated Press exhibited towards Donald Trump and his administration during their first two full business days in power. In that post, I wondered if they might be carrying a childish grudge over not being able to ask the first question at Press Secretary Sean Spicer's briefings, as they virtually always have since last decade. An unbylined late Tuesday AP report spotted by John Hinderaker at Powerline confirmed my suspicion. They're mad as hornets, and clearly can't handle it.
Since last decade, it's been White House tradition that the press secretary typically calls on an Associated Press reporter to ask the first question at briefings. Trump administration Press Secretary Sean Spicer has not selected AP for the first question at either of his first two briefings, and numerous press outlets have noted that avoidance. It's more than fair to ask, given the tone of the AP's Trump administration coverage so far this week, whether the wire service's reporters are now carrying a horribly unprofessional grudge, causing them to become even more hostile in their reporting than they were during the 2016 election campaign and the presidential transition. (Update, Jan. 26: They definitely are.)
At 6:55 a.m. on Sunday, Angie Goff of NBC4 in Washington, whose Twitter handle is @OhMyGOFF, tweeted, "JUST IN: The White House releases statement ..." on Saturday's "Women's Marches" in Washington and elsewhere. Goff attached the alleged "White House" statement. 2-1/2 hours later, White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer tweeted that "The White House has not issued a statement." Good grief.


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Friday, January 13, 2012
Oh, the irony!
A virtual prize of £850 if you can spot the irony in this story that appeared in The Galloway Gazette:
[With thanks to the person who sent me this, who shall remain nameless.]
[With thanks to the person who sent me this, who shall remain nameless.]
Child Support
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Here's the back
I used Sewing Clothes Kids Love To Wear by Nancy Langdon.
This is not a dress to put together in an afternoon. It's a dress that takes a couple of days, so be prepared. Love the results though and Super L does too.
Saving bananas one banana at a time.
Oh my goodness! That is an incredibly darling dress! Your talent always amazes me :)
Awww, thanks. My talent amazes me too sometimes, but only when I've had such lack that when something finally turns out I'm always astounded.
Right now here dress is sitting in the washer for the third time in a row. She got chocolate ice cream on it, and it won't come out.


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A classic, thorough treatment of God's way of peace and assurance for a sinner.
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A biker gang hears the wonder of what Christ gives a sinner in this life.
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That point where you no longer care how the team wins, as long as they win?......I'm there
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That point where you no longer care how the team wins, as long as they win?......I'm there
I'm not a perennial moaner (well not on this board anyway) and I don't enjoy when the Ravens lose. But that last few drives, and the defensive performance all game, was just really bad. It is the first time I've ever felt this way about a Ravens win, so overwhelmed with the feeling that we escaped the inevitable, and deserved, defeat.
I mean even if you want to look at the offense they were sporadic performers that put the D in holes a few times.
I'm usually on your side but come on. This is Ravens message board and we're going to have to discuss the issues with the team. There is a glaring, consistent issue with this team and it needs to be dissected and discussed...INTELLIGENTLY.
We won and you bet your sweet ass I'm happy. But it's just not possible for us to do this for 18-19 games. There needs to be a change.
We're 5-1! I have a smile on my face. But I want to see this team win the Super Bowl and I think you would agree that this defense needs to improve to do that. Maybe it's the addition of a healthy Suggs, maybe it's some personnel change along the D Line, maybe it's a scheme change. I think all of these things warrant some merit and discussion.
Go Ravens.
The problem is the brain trust puts the brakes on the offense, then mashes the pedal down, then brakes it again - like its a friggin chess game. Just open it up - let Joe go full speed and worry about where the defense is at the end of the game.
Personally I'm thinking this is going to be a special year for the Ravens. In years past, we lose this kind of game. Many times has the other team got the breaks and won(steelers, pats, and falcons). Yea, ryan was fantastic today( despite his play) they won by a last minute field goal again. I'll take the win and be happy about it. To those who complain and bitch(well you are consistent as usual)
Does anyone feel like the efficiency of our offense is actually a problem? We're almost too good. We come out on the field and score in like 2 to 3 minutes and then it's right back on for the defense.
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It's only an issue when your defense doesn't force the opposing team to punt at any point in the game. The Cowboys had ONE punt today. ONE. In the third quarter.
If the defense makes one or two other stops and the offense continues to score you could be looking at a 3 score differential today.
Sure, I get that. By the same token, we have no clock management anymore. Score wise, we're even, but our terribad defense has to play a lot more. They're already struggling and now we're forcing them to struggle more.
I understand that it's a catch 22, but I'm just putting it out there
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Nebraska Grannies Rock The Keystone XL Pipeline
A group of Nebraska grannies is taking a stand — or seat — against the construction of the Keystone XL pipeline with a series of rocking-chair protests in the state.
They call themselves the Grandmothers' Apple Pie Brigade, a coalition of women throughout the state who are taking action to protect the land they hope to hand down to their grandchildren but is being threatened by the construction of the pipeline.
Their most recent campaign will be aimed at halting construction of the proposed Keystone XL pipeline, which is poised to pass through the eastern portion of their state. To draw attention to the wide array of Nebraskans opposed to the foreign corporation-sponsored pipeline project, they'll set up their rocking chairs in various demonstrations throughout Nebraska, hoping to rock their way to victory for future generations.
Their focus will be on President Barack Obama, who will have the final say on whether to approve the proposed 1,700-mile pipeline route. The pipeline is expected to transport 800,000 barrels of tar sands oil a day.
While Obama has delayed the pipeline in the past, analysts expect he'll give it a green light this time around. During a recent climate change address to the nation, Obama said the pipeline will be halted only if its net effects are proven to increase carbon pollution. In March, the State Department released a report indicating the pipeline would have no impact on climate change, using the logic that tar sands would continued to be extracted in Alberta, Canada, with or without U.S. approval of Keystone XL.
The Apple Pie Brigade began their effort in 2011, using their baking skills as a form of protest aimed at Nebraska's Republican Gov. Dave Heineman. The goal was to pressure Heineman to call a special session with legislators to discuss the Keystone XL's proposed route.
Their efforts didn't sway the governor, but they didn't stop there.
In 2012, they gathered to protest a pro-Keystone XL bill intended to start the process of evaluating potential routes for the pipeline. Opponents of the proposal expressed concern over the propensity for spills that could devastate water supplies and farm and ranch lands.
"We don't have expense accounts and millions of dollars for ads. We don't have PR firms, we don't have lobbyists or well-paid attorneys. We have only our voices, our sincerity and our love of this state," Mary Pipher, a member of the Apple Pie Brigade, said in 2012 press conference held at the Nebraska State Capitol.
The sentiment expressed by Pipher was echoed by grandmothers who took to the podium, expressing their desire for their point of view to be heard.
"We grandmothers are for clean water," grandmother Nancy Packard said while holding a baby. "We are for conservation. We are for uncontaminated soil. We are for taking care of things. We are for lawmakers who think."
Now the grandmothers are hoping their movement catches on throughout the nation. Their most recent rocking chair protests will be posted on their website, www.applepiebrigade.org, which is set to launch soon.
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Apple Is Latest Hacking Target
iPhone users should be on alert: Apparently, hackers have exposed a bug in iOS that can be exploited and allows access to Apple mobile devices.
The security flaw in Apple's iOS operating system came to light on Wednesday as the website www.jailbreakme.com released code that Apple customers can use to modify the iOS operating system through a process known as "jail breaking."Security experts warned that criminal hackers could download that code, reverse engineer it to identify a hole in iOS security and build a piece of malicious software within a few days.
Apple has long spoken out against jailbroken phones and their security risks. But Adrian Kingsley-Hughes argued on his ZDNet blog that perhaps jailbreaking the phones makes them more secure. He wrote:
One of the reasons given by Apple for locking down the iOS platform is security. A locked down OS is more secure than one that isn't because it doesn't allow unsigned code to be run on the platform. But what happens when a zero-day vulnerability is discovered that allows the security system to be bypassed that will take days, maybe weeks, to be fixed by Apple has already been patched by the jailbreak community? This is when a jailbroken device becomes more secure than one protected by Apple's security mechanisms.
According to Computerworld, Apple is working to fix the vulnerabilities.
These hacking incidents are doing one positive thing, at least. They are putting data security on the front page. We saw the fallout from the Sony breach. Could you imagine if iTunes were hacked? I don't know what data Apple keeps stored for iTunes, but the number of people who have an iTunes account and who could possibly be affected by a breach could be staggering.