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Logical inconsistency of Darwinism
March 2, 2013 | Posted by niwrad under Darwinism, Intelligent Design |
I already wrote about some internal contradictions of evolutionism here here here here and here.
Today I deal with another logical inconsistency of Darwinism that is directly related to its foundations.
Darwinian evolution, which is supposed to have created purposelessly all the biological complexity on Earth, would work according to genetic variations and natural selection. Organisms with traits that give them a reproductive advantage over their competitors pass these advantageous traits on, while traits that do not confer an advantage are not passed on to the next generation. Natural selection is the process in populations by which advantageous traits that enhance reproduction are selected for and are passed on to the next generation. These traits would arise because of many small genetic variations. These conditions produce competition between organisms about reproduction.
Unfortunately these processes cause no creation of systems. They have engineering power equal zero.
In fact, such Darwinian processes are incapable in principle to create a new complex biological function. First, I explain why they are unable to create functions different from reproduction. Organisms are giant hierarchies of functions, each function performed by one or more systems. Among these functions only some have to do specifically with reproduction. The functions that are not involved directly with reproduction cannot be created by evolution, indeed given its very definition. Conceptually, if a process selects only for a single function cannot create entire sets of many functions, as organisms are. Therefore evolution, which selects for the reproductive function only, cannot create different functions from nothing.
As a simple analogy, if a car factory builds and selects devices to get the movement of the car only, it will never produce the car systems that are not directly related to movement (e.g. the steering system, the brake system, the air conditioned, the seats, the rear-view mirror, etc.).
Now let's see why also the function of reproduction is an insurmountable problem for evolution. Here I explained why just reproduction in a single cell is unreachable by chance and necessity. To greater reason, reproduction in organisms, which is far more complex than in unicellulars, is unreachable. Evolution works by many small steps, not few giant leaps. So it takes a long series of genotypic variations before the phenotype eventually makes a difference in terms of reproduction. But, before such reproductive advantage is reached, the small useless variations in the genotypes are discarded in the population, then evolution can not even begin.
In the car analogy, if the factory, when developing by small variations the engine (that is directly related to movement), discards these variations because they don't yet cause movement, the factory will produce not even the smallest part of the engine.
The car analogy explains because the car factories (and by the way any industry) are based on intelligent design, not Darwinian evolution.
The bottom line is that if evolution neither creates the function of reproduction nor the functions unrelated to reproduction, then it produces no biological complex function at all. After all, how could evolution create functions when function is purpose and evolution is purposeless?
48 Responses to Logical inconsistency of Darwinism
Very good point to bring up! On Darwinian evolution all that matters is reproductive success. All other functions are highly superfluous to the 'survival of the fittest' dictum of Darwinism!
Dr. Stephen Meyer makes a very interesting comment here about 'simple' self-replicating molecules which got simpler very quickly by neo-Darwinian processes;
In a classic experiment, Spiegelman in 1967 showed what happens to a molecular replicating system in a test tube, without any cellular organization around it. … these initial templates did not stay the same; they were not accurately copied. They got shorter and shorter until they reached the minimal size compatible with the sequence retaining self-copying properties. And as they got shorter, the copying process went faster. – Stephen Meyer – The Nature of Nature: Examining the Role of Naturalism in Science (Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2011), p. 313–18.
This following link, to a book, has a nice short overview of the classic self-replicating experiment in 1967 by Spiegelman, which Dr. Meyer just talked about, in which the self-replicating molecule got stripped down to its bare essentials in a test tube,(i.e. Spiegelman's monster), instead of evolving any new complexity that might lead to self sustaining capability;
Origins of Life – Freeman Dyson – page 75
http://books.google.com/books?.....38;f=falseIn the following article, Dr. Michael Behe defends the one 'overlooked' protein/protein binding site generated by the HIV virus, that Darwinists Abbie Smith and Ian Musgrave had found, by pointing out it is well within the 2 binding site limit he set in "The Edge Of Evolution":
Response to Ian Musgrave's "Open Letter to Dr. Michael Behe," Part 4
"Yes, one overlooked protein-protein interaction developed, leading to a leaky cell membrane — not something to crow about after 10^20 replications and a greatly enhanced mutation rate."
http://behe.uncommondescent.co.....he-part-5/An information-gaining mutation in HIV? NO!
http://creation.com/an-informa.....ion-in-hivIn fact, I followed this debate very closely and it turns out the trivial gain of just one protein-protein binding site being generated for the non-living HIV virus, that the evolutionists were 'crowing' about, came at a staggering loss of complexity for the living host it invaded (People) with just that one trivial gain of a 'leaky cell membrane' in binding site complexity. Thus the 'evolution' of the virus clearly stayed within the principle of Genetic Entropy since far more functional complexity was lost by the living human cells it invaded than was ever gained by the non-living HIV virus. A non-living virus which depends on those human cells to replicate in the first place. Moreover, while learning HIV is a 'mutational powerhouse' which greatly outclasses the 'mutational firepower' of the entire spectrum of higher life-forms combined for millions of years, and about the devastating effect HIV has on humans with just that one trivial binding site being generated, I quickly realized that if evolution were actually the truth about how life came to be on Earth then the only 'life' that would be around would be extremely small organisms with the highest replication rate, and with the most 'mutational firepower', since only they would be the fittest to survive in the dog eat dog world where blind pitiless evolution rules and only the 'fittest' are allowed to survive. The logic of all this is nicely summed up here:
Richard Dawkins interview with a 'Darwinian' physician goes off track – video
Excerpt: "I am amazed, Richard, that what we call metazoans, multi-celled organisms, have actually been able to evolve, and the reason [for amazement] is that bacteria and viruses replicate so quickly — a few hours sometimes, they can reproduce themselves — that they can evolve very, very quickly. And we're stuck with twenty years at least between generations. How is it that we resist infection when they can evolve so quickly to find ways around our defenses?"
http://www.evolutionnews.org/2.....62031.htmlMusic and verse:
MercyMe – Beautiful
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vh7-RSPuAAIsaiah 54:1
"Sing, O barren woman, you who never bore a child; burst into song, shout for joy, you who were never in labor; because more are the children of the desolate woman than of her who has a husband," says the LORD. -
2William J MurrayMarch 2, 2013 at 10:16 am
Queue materialist chorus: "But, given enough time, basic materials, chemical interactions and chance, everything that can happen will happen."
Eventually. In some universe, somewhere, somewhen.
Niwrad: The functions that are not involved directly with reproduction cannot be created by evolution, indeed given its very definition.
Niwrad, I see your point. Is it possible to name functions which are not in anyway connected to reproduction – directly or indirectly?
For instance one could argue that being smarter, stronger etc. indirectly enhances reproduction capabilities, hence the filter of natural selection can get a grip on those. -
4William J MurrayMarch 2, 2013 at 10:46 am
It seems to me that life began, pretty much, with the worlds best, most prolific, and hardiest replicator – a bacteria-like cell. Many bacteria are very hardy life-forms, able to survive in all kinds of conditions and able to reproduce faster that just about anything else.
In evolutionary terms – the capacity for ongoing reproductive success – nothing beats bacteria. Everything evolution has produced since then is less viable than the original The more systems and complexity you add, the more chance for problems and catastrophic system failure.
What has evolution produced that is more progeny-successful than bacteria? The more complex the life form, the less progeny, the more frail in terms of environmental adaption. Why did evolution create so many strains of organisms that are less hardy, and less progeny-successful than the original?
Why don't humans live longer, reproduce more often, why aren't they naturally viable in more environments? By evolutionary standards, humans are not the "height" of evolution, but rather just that which fell through the cracks of natural selection. complex life isn't the result of unguided evolution, it's that which exists in spite of it.
IMO evolution, on its own, wouldn't produce humans or elephants or sharks; it would just produce really tough, competing bacteria that lived and reproduced forever, feeding on sunlight, chemicals and perhaps each other.
This following link, to a book, has a nice short overview of the classic self-replicating experiment in 1967 by Spiegelman, which Dr. Meyer just talked about, in which the self-replicating molecule got stripped down to its bare essentials in a test tube,(i.e. Spiegelman's monster), instead of evolving any new complexity that might lead to self sustaining capability;
Thanks for pointing us to this book. Couple of thoughts:
1- We should be careful to not refer to a "self-replicating" molecule. It didn't self-replicate; an enzyme was used to replicate the viral RNA. I don't mean to be pedantic, but this is something I watch for pretty closely. The alleged "self-replicating molecule" is a critical component of the materialist creation myth. And yet, I have never been able to find an example of such an entity, although I ask at every turn. Every story I have seen so far about self replicating molecules turns out, on further inspection, to include at least some kind of replicating enzyme or agent in addition to the molecule being replicated.
2. It is not clear that what occurred in the Spiegelman experiment even qualifies as an example of Darwinian evolution, as stated in the book. Yes, being able to reproduce more quickly is one of the things that Darwinian evolution touts as an advantage, but here we have a single molecule being replicated by an enzyme in a test tube. We don't have a situation where a self-replicating organism is taking in energy and utilizing that energy for its work, including reproduction. In Spiegelman's case, we have a simple situation with two molecules, one of which interacts with the free monomers in the solution, binds them in sequence as fast as it can, without necessarily trying to reproduce the original strand (although that template was initially used). As the process continued and, it sounds like, sped up, the monomers were eventually exhausted by the enzymes as they quickly grabbed all the monomers in sight and bound them in chains.
As a result, I'm not sure this process counts as "evolution" any more than having two molecules interact chemically in a test tube, say, an epoxy resin exposed to a hardener. Yes, the resulting reacted molecules quickly displace the original epoxy resin, and the process indeed speeds up as the remaining epoxy resin reacts with the hardener and gets used up. But we could hardly say that the resultant molecule that eventually took over the entire solution did so because of the "Darwinian struggle for existence," to use the book's term.
IMO evolution, on its own, wouldn't produce humans or elephants or sharks; it would just produce really tough, competing bacteria that lived and reproduced forever, feeding on sunlight, chemicals and perhaps each other.
Indeed. There is no rational reason to think that evolution would or should ever create anything beyond, say, aggressive bacteria. And evolution doesn't really have any goal or direction. Gould said that if we were to replay evolution on the Earth things could turn out completely differently the next time around.
In other words, what is the evolutionary explanation for why we have whales and dolphins and tigers and humans? The evolutionary answer is quite simple:
Stuff Happens.
A few notes:
i.e. Since successful reproduction is all that really matters on a neo-Darwinian view of things, how can anything but successful reproduction be realistically 'selected' for? Any other function besides reproduction, such as sight, hearing, thinking, etc.., would be highly superfluous to the primary criteria of successfully reproducing, and should, on a Darwinian view, be discarded as so much excess baggage since it would slow down successful reproduction.
Natural Selection Reduces Genetic Information – Dr. Georgia Purdom – video
http://www.metacafe.com/watch/4036808"A Dutch zoologist, J.J. Duyvene de Wit, clearly demonstrated that the process of speciation (such as the appearance of many varieties of dogs and cats) is inevitably bound up with genetic depletion as a result of natural selection. When this scientifically established fact is applied to the question of whether man could have evolved from ape-like animals,'.. the transformist concept of progressive evolution is pierced in its very vitals.' The reason for this, J.J. Duyvene de Wit went on to explain, is that the whole process of evolution from animal to man " ' . . would have to run against the gradient of genetic depletion. That is to say, . . man )should possess] a smaller gene-potential than his animal ancestors! [I] Here, the impressive absurdity becomes clear in which the transformist doctrine [the theory of evolution] entangles itself when, in flat contradiction to the factual scientific evidence, it dogmatically asserts that man has evolved from the animal kingdom!" —Op. cit., pp. 129-130. [Italics his; quotations from *J.J. Duyvene de Wit, A New Critique of the Transformist Principle in Evolutionary Biology (1965), p. 56,57.]
http://www.godrules.net/evolut.....vlch15.htmThe Frailty of the Darwinian Hypothesis
"The net effect of genetic drift in such (vertebrate) populations is "to encourage the fixation of mildly deleterious mutations and discourage the promotion of beneficial mutations,"
http://www.evolutionnews.org/2.....ian_h.htmlNatural Selection Reduces Genetic Information – No Beneficial Mutations – Spetner – Denton – video
http://www.metacafe.com/watch/4036816EXPELLED – Natural Selection And Genetic Mutations – video
http://www.metacafe.com/watch/4036840"…but Natural Selection reduces genetic information and we know this from all the Genetic Population studies that we have…"
Maciej Marian Giertych – Population Geneticist – member of the European Parliament – EXPELLEDTo point out part of the problem with the natural selection mechanism, one skeptic of evolutionary theory once asked this question to a Darwinist:
"How did natural selection ever 'get purchase on a pimple' to turn it into wing?"At Why Evolution Is True, the Chewbacca Defense – David Klinghoffer – December 13, 2012
Excerpt: "There is no compelling empirical or theoretical evidence that complexity, modularity, redundancy or other features of genetic pathways are promoted by natural selection….Many aspects of complexity at the genomic, molecular and cellular levels in multicellular species are likely to owe their origins to these non-adaptive forces, representing little more than passive outcomes."
(Lynch, "The evolution of genetic networks by non-adaptive processes," Nature Rev. Gen., 8:803-13, (October, 2007))
So if the "complexity, modularity, redundancy or other features of genetic pathways" and "many aspects of complexity at the genomic, molecular and cellular levels in multicellular species" aren't easily explained by natural selection, that's a lot.
http://www.evolutionnews.org/2.....67451.htmlDarwin proven wrong, again! Experimental Evolution Reveals Resistance to Change
Excerpt: Our work provides a new perspective on the genetic basis of adaptation. Despite decades of sustained selection in relatively small, sexually reproducing laboratory populations, selection did not lead to the fixation of newly arising unconditionally advantageous alleles.
http://www.uncommondescent.com.....to-change/I got a new copy of ReMine's The Biotic Message and re-read his chapters on Natural Selection and I get to see it all in action. (UD Blogger – Mung)
Inventive natural selection is the distinctive evolutionary mechanism – essential to Darwinian theory. Evolutionists presume it creates new adaptations by somehow traversing the hills and valleys of the fitness terrain. But they do not attempt to defend it as testable science. Rather, for the defense they shift back to the naive version – survival of the fittest. Then they might offer some tautology to help expunge all doubt.
When challenged, they shift between various formulations They use naive natural selection to convince the public that evolution is simple, testable, and virtually inevitable.
When opponents point out that such continually uphill evolution is refuted by the data, evolutionists effortlessly shift away from naive natural selection. Then they charge that the opponent has a poor understanding of evolutionary theory.
In short, evolutionists merely shifted away from criticism, then focused their arguments (and your attention) in a direction that seemed to overcome the criticism. This phenomenon occurs at several levels.
Biological adaptation by natural selection is not inevitable, nor is the theory scientific. It had merely lent support to the philosophy of naturalism.Genetic diversity and selection in the maize starch pathway:
The tremendous diversity of maize and teosinte has been the raw genetic material for the radical transformation of maize into the world's highest yielding grain crop.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.g.....tid=130568the entire spectrum of dog sub-species has been found to have less genetic diversity than the parent wolf species:
,,the mean sequence divergence in dogs, 2.06, was almost identical to the 2.10 (sequence divergence) found within wolves. (please note the sequence divergence is slightly smaller for the entire spectrum of dogs than for wolves)
http://jhered.oxfordjournals.o.....0/1/71.pdf -
podcast – On this episode of ID the Future, Casey Luskin talks with geneticist Dr. Wolf-Ekkehard Lönnig about his recent article on the evolution of dogs. Casey and Dr. Lönnig evaluate the claim that dogs somehow demonstrate macroevolution.
Part 2: Dog Breeds: Proof of Macroevolution?
http://intelligentdesign.podom.....7_07-08_00Single male and female sheep maintain genetic diversity.
A mouflon population (considered an ancient "parent" lineage of sheep), bred over dozens of generations from a single male and female pair transplanted to Haute Island from a Parisian zoo, has maintained the genetic diversity of its founding parents.This finding challenges the widely accepted theory of genetic drift, which states the genetic diversity of an inbred population will decrease over time. "What is amazing is that models of genetic drift predict the genetic diversity of these animals should have been lost over time, but we've found that it has been maintained,"
Dr. David Coltman, an evolutionary geneticist at the University of AlbertaAllozyme evidence for crane systematics and polymorphisms within populations of sandhill, sarus, Siberian and whooping cranes.
"This is contrary to expectations of genetic loss due to a population bottleneck of some 15 individuals in the 1940s. The possibility should be explored that some mechanism exists for rapidly restoring genetic variability after population bottlenecks."
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1:279-288- Dessauer, H. C., G. F. Gee, and J. S. Rogers. 1992.These following studies and video, on Cichlid fishes, are evidence of the 'limited and rapid variation from a parent kind' predicted by the Genetic Entropy model:
African cichlid fish: a model system in adaptive radiation research:
"The African cichlid fish radiations are the most diverse extant animal radiations and provide a unique system to test predictions of speciation and adaptive radiation theory(of evolution).—-(surprising implication of the study?)—- the propensity to radiate was significantly higher in lineages whose precursors emerged from more ancient adaptive radiations than in other lineages"
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.g.....d=16846905"We found an enormous amount of diversity within and between the African populations, and we found much less diversity in non-African populations," Tishkoff told attendees today (Jan. 22) at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Anaheim. "Only a small subset of the diversity in Africa is found in Europe and the Middle East, and an even narrower set is found in American Indians." Tishkoff; Andrew Clark, Penn State; Kenneth Kidd, Yale University; Giovanni Destro-Bisol, University "La Sapienza," Rome, and Himla Soodyall and Trefor Jenkins, WITS University, South Africa, looked at three locations on DNA samples from 13 to 18 populations in Africa and 30 to 45 populations in the remainder of the world.-
If Modern Humans Are So Smart, Why Are Our Brains Shrinking? – January 20, 2011
Excerpt: John Hawks is in the middle of explaining his research on human evolution when he drops a bombshell. Running down a list of changes that have occurred in our skeleton and skull since the Stone Age, the University of Wisconsin anthropologist nonchalantly adds, "And it's also clear the brain has been shrinking."
"Shrinking?" I ask. "I thought it was getting larger." The whole ascent-of-man thing.,,,
He rattles off some dismaying numbers: Over the past 20,000 years, the average volume of the human male brain has decreased from 1,500 cubic centimeters to 1,350 cc, losing a chunk the size of a tennis ball. The female brain has shrunk by about the same proportion. "I'd call that major downsizing in an evolutionary eyeblink," he says. "This happened in China, Europe, Africa—everywhere we look."
http://discovermagazine.com/20.....-shrinking -
A. L. Hughes's New Non-Darwinian Mechanism of Adaption Was Discovered and Published in Detail by an ID Geneticist 25 Years Ago – Wolf-Ekkehard Lönnig – December 2011
Excerpt: The original species had a greater genetic potential to adapt to all possible environments. In the course of time this broad capacity for adaptation has been steadily reduced in the respective habitats by the accumulation of slightly deleterious alleles (as well as total losses of genetic functions redundant for a habitat), with the exception, of course, of that part which was necessary for coping with a species' particular environment….By mutative reduction of the genetic potential, modifications became "heritable". — As strange as it may at first sound, however, this has nothing to do with the inheritance of acquired characteristics. For the characteristics were not acquired evolutionarily, but existed from the very beginning due to the greater adaptability. In many species only the genetic functions necessary for coping with the corresponding environment have been preserved from this adaptability potential. The "remainder" has been lost by mutations (accumulation of slightly disadvantageous alleles) — in the formation of secondary species.
http://www.evolutionnews.org/2.....53881.htmlThe Cambrian's Many Forms
Excerpt: "It appears that organisms displayed "rampant" within-species variation "in the 'warm afterglow' of the Cambrian explosion," Hughes said, but not later. "No one has shown this convincingly before, and that's why this is so important.""From an evolutionary perspective, the more variable a species is, the more raw material natural selection has to operate on,"….(Yet Surprisingly)…."There's hardly any variation in the post-Cambrian," he said. "Even the presence or absence or the kind of ornamentation on the head shield varies within these Cambrian trilobites and doesn't vary in the post-Cambrian trilobites." University of Chicago paleontologist Mark Webster; article on the "surprising and unexplained" loss of variation and diversity for trilobites over the 270 million year time span that trilobites were found in the fossil record, prior to their total extinction from the fossil record about 250 million years ago.
http://www.terradaily.com/repo.....s_999.html -
For argument sake on seeing the point regarding reproductive selection advantage: Why would selecting for something else (bigger teeth to eat your with for example) NOT be ALSO selecting for reproduction due to a gained survival advantage?
In my opinion, Darwinian evolution is a religion of cretins, created by cretins for cretins. The logical fallacies of the theory of evolution are many and glaring. That such a cretinous and mediocre theory has lasted for so long does not reflect well on humanity. Something is wrong with us collectively, as a species.
Alan, but that's assuming you have teeth in the first place to select from, why should teeth (or the 'pathway' thereof) ever be selected for in the first place when reproduction, 'survival of the fittest', would favor getting energy as efficiently as possible,,,
notes to that effect:
Doug Axe: Lignin & the Coherent Design of the Ecosystem – podcast
Excerpt: Lignin provides a paradoxical case for the Darwinian method of evolution, but fits perfectly into a design oriented scientific paradigm. Thirty percent of non-fossil organic carbon on the planet is lignin, so in a Darwinian world, something should have developed the ability to consume lignin–but it hasn't. Lignin binds together and protects plant cellulose, which is vital to all types of large plant life; "The peculiar properties of lignin therefore make perfect sense when seen as part of a coherent design for the entire ecosystem of our planet."
http://www.idthefuture.com/201.....ent_d.htmlThe Lignin Enigma By Ann Gauger – July 2012
Excerpt: How can one mechanism [Darwinism] have been at the same time so effective and so ineffective? That tension vanishes completely when the design perspective is adopted. Terrestrial animal life is crucially dependent on terrestrial plant life, which is crucially dependent on soil, which is crucially dependent on the gradual photo- and biodegradation of lignin. Fungi accomplish the biodegradation, and the surprising fact that it costs them energy to do so keeps the process gradual. The peculiar properties of lignin therefore make perfect sense when seen as part of a coherent design for the entire ecosystem.
http://www.biologicinstitute.o.....nin-enigmaDarwinists tried, and failed, to overturn the Lignin egnigma:
Lignin: The Enigma Remains – Ann Gauger – July 2012
http://www.evolutionnews.org/2.....61821.html -
13niwradMarch 2, 2013 at 1:55 pm
Box #3 & alan #10
Most apparatuses in higher organisms are not related to reproduction: e.g. cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, urinary, immune, muscular, skeletal, nervous, respiratory systems.
Consider how much stuff is working when an organism simply lives without being in the act of reproducing. Moreover there are a lot of things in living beings that are merely aesthetic.
Any single generic unspecified selection is not enough to account for such abundance of specified functionalities.
14timothyaMarch 2, 2013 at 2:58 pm
This is a truly bizarre post. Even if you believe natural selection doesnt happen, talking about "Any single unspecified selection" is a contradiction in terms. A "selection" is "specified" by its definition: the action of environmental factors in selecting a specific genetic alleles that cause a specific physical trait.
And where did you get the peculiar idea that natural selection only acts on reproductive systems?
15sterusjonMarch 2, 2013 at 3:12 pm
Ladies and Gentlemen,
As is so often the case, the discussion has quickly gotten side tracked. The commenting is focused on whether there are any such things as biological subsystems which do not have any influence whatsoever on an organism's reproductive success. That is entirely beside the point, in my opinion. The principal point that Niwrad has, I think, ably articulated is:
Unfortunately these processes cause no creation of systems. They have engineering power equal zero.
The processes in question being:
….Natural selection is the process in populations by which advantageous traits that enhance reproduction are selected for and are passed on to the next generation. These traits would arise because of many small genetic variations. These conditions produce competition between organisms about reproduction.
Does anyone have any rational refutation of Niwrad's just quoted declaration? Or, lest some onlooker be left with the impression that the declaration is unassailable, do some feel we should proceed to "talk amongst ourselves" to divert the focus away from the true topic at hand.
As for my part, I totally agree with Niwrad. Disabuse us, if you can.
16niwradMarch 2, 2013 at 4:21 pm
It is standard definition of evolutionary theory that natural selection is what allows species to have more offspring, and it is the job of reproductive systems to create offspring, what else.
I speak of "unspecified selection" (about Darwinian natural selection) because I mean "specification" in the technical sense of ID theory, where it is always coupled with "complexity" and "information".
17computeristMarch 2, 2013 at 4:22 pm
If survive -> random change -> if survive -> random change -> if survive -> random change -> …
That is apparently (at its base) all that is needed to account for biological function.
18niwradMarch 2, 2013 at 4:40 pm
Survival (no death = no destruction) is not a sufficiently specified and focused goal to create new complex specified functional information in the systems.
Please, apply your method to the car analogy and see it doesn't work. In car industry, if engineers adopted uniquely "no destruction" as their goal no car would arise.
19computeristMarch 2, 2013 at 4:56 pm
Hi niwrad,
You said:
Survival (no death = no destruction) is not a sufficiently specified and focused goal to create new complex specified functional information in the systems.
I completely agree.
How can we prove something that is obviously false (what is obviously true for Darwinists) to be false?
20niwradMarch 2, 2013 at 5:19 pm
How can we prove something that is obviously false (what is obviously true for Darwinists) to be false?There are many ways. Here are some:
To show that evolution disagrees with fundamental principles.
To show its internal contradictions, since a false thing necessarily produces contradictions.
To show that the evidences of evolution are illusions.
To calculate the probabilities of evolution and show that it is implausible.
To simulate evolution on computer and show that it cannot produce the marvels it pretends.
Mapou, I do believe you are insulting cretins. I once witnessed evidence of this, during a Mass, when a young man so severely brain-damaged at birth that he was crippled and could not speak, just make noises.
At the elevation of the Sacred Host, he kind of rose up, excitedly crying out in what seemed like a kind of ecstasy. The heart has its reason, about which the poor old bonce knows next to nothing.
So it takes a long series of genotypic variations before the phenotype eventually makes a difference in terms of reproduction.
Not necessarily. There are single point mutations that can and do make a difference in humans. For example sickle-cell anemia is just one point mutation and in areas in which malaria is rampant, having sickle-celled trait is a plus.
Also it isn't the useless that gets tossed. It is the detrimental- and it has to be very or extremely detrimental. Whatever works usually gets to survive and have a chance to reproduce.
IOW it doesn't have to be the best, it just has to be good enough, according to Mayr ("What Evolution Is").
All that said, it is still very obvious that natural selection doesn't do anything- well it can undo what artificial selection has wrought. But it definitely is NOT the designer mimic Darwin thought it was. Perhaps he should have listened to Blythe instead of trying to make something out of nothing.
Niwrad (13)
Most apparatuses in higher organisms are not related to reproduction: e.g. e.g. cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, urinary, immune, muscular, skeletal, nervous, respiratory systems.The apparatuses you mention have at least an indirect relation to reproduction. They enhance life expectancy so there is more time for reproduction.
The smartest, strongest, and healthiest bacteria will live longer and will produce more offspring.Niwrad (13)
The functions that are not involved directly with reproduction cannot be created by evolution, indeed given its very definition. Conceptually, if a process selects only for a single function cannot create entire sets of many functions, as organisms are. Therefore evolution, which selects for the reproductive function only, cannot create different functions from nothing.There is no such thing as selecting only for reproduction, because reproduction is influenced by many other functions; health, strength, smartness, the ability to find food, life expectancy etc.
24William J MurrayMarch 2, 2013 at 5:39 pm
And yet, the history of evolution is one of an arrow that leads towards less reproduction and more chance of biological system failure, instead of towards greater reproduction and less chance of biological system failure.
Odd, isn't it?
25sterusjonMarch 2, 2013 at 5:59 pm
I suspect that computerist was being satirical.
Be that as it may, I believe that some here misunderstand what natural selection really is doing. It is not selecting for anything. It is selecting against the unfortunate.
See if everyone else here can follow. An individual antelope does not have to be faster than the cheetah. He does not even have to be the the fastest in the herd. He just has to be faster than the poor sap that is running along side of him. You see, natural selection doesn't select the upper tail of the bell curve. It discards the lower tail of the curve. Everyone else gets to make babies irrespective of how fast each of them can run relative to his cousins.
So, you see, natural selection doesn't really operate on the (very specific) fastest antelope since being the fastest has no impact on how many babies he has relative to other members of the general population. Hence, Niwrad's reasoning that natural selection has no significant purchase on characteristics that do not directly affect reproduction.
PS. Seems there is no way to avoid getting side tracked. Oh well.
Box you state:
"There is no such thing as selecting only for reproduction because reproduction is influenced by many other functions; health, strength, smartness, the ability to find food, life expectancy etc."
But reproduction IS the ONLY thing that matters in the final accounting. If being unhealthy and weaker, instead of healthier and stronger, as in Behe's first rule of adaptive evolution,,,
"The First Rule of Adaptive Evolution": Break or blunt any functional coded element whose loss would yield a net fitness gain – Michael Behe – December 2010
Excerpt: I dub it "The First Rule of Adaptive Evolution": Break or blunt any functional coded element whose loss would yield a net fitness gain.
http://behe.uncommondescent.co.....evolution/Then unhealthy and weaker individuals are favored in reproductive success. ,,, I would classify 'ability to find food' as another limiting factor in that those organism which found their food more efficiently and reproduced more rapidly as a result would be a success evolutionarily speaking, thus as niwrad pointed out, why all the excess functionality past reproductive success???
Consider the following paradox of photosynthesis,,, Plants perform photosynthesis. Plants use massively complex machinery within their cells to capture the light from the Sun and produce sugars (food). The benefit of this is, of course, that they eventually provide food for animals and humans.
But plants also then break down the very food that they make by using another set of extremely complex machinery to get ATP (the 'energy currency' molecule of the cell) from the sugars that they initially built.
Yet, this makes no sense from an evolutionary perspective because the plants should have only formed the complex machinery (if evolution had any power to create complex machinery in the first place) to take the power of light and convert it directly to ATP so that they could use it themselves instead of producing more 'food' than is necessary…that would be more energetically feasible. But, lo, that's not what happens,,,Moreover photosynthesis is found to be widespread among different bacteria phyla with no clear evolutionary relationships between them:
The Elaborate Nanoscale Machine Called Photosynthesis: No Vestige of a Beginning – Cornelius Hunter – July 2012
Excerpt: "The ability to do photosynthesis is widely distributed throughout the bacterial domain in six different phyla, with no apparent pattern of evolution. Photosynthetic phyla include the cyanobacteria, proteobacteria (purple bacteria), green sulfur bacteria (GSB), firmicutes (heliobacteria), filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs (FAPs, also often called the green nonsulfur bacteria), and acidobacteria (Raymond, 2008)."
http://darwins-god.blogspot.co.....8048253561"Despite its complexity, C4 photosynthesis is one of the best examples of 'convergent evolution', having evolved more than 50 times in at least 18 plant families (Sage 2004; Conway Morris 2006)."
http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/.....9.full.pdfYet on a design perspective all this excess makes perfect sense:
Psalm 104:14
He causes the grass to grow for the cattle, And vegetation for the labor of man, So that he may bring forth food from the earth,Sex really drive's niwrad's point home. Exactly why should single cell bacterial organisms which, as far as evolution is concerned, are by far the all time reigning champions of 'survival of the fittest', care to severely curtail their unmatched reproductive success with such a 'cumbersome' thing as sex?
Ian Juby's sex video – (Can sexual reproduction plausibly evolve?) – video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab1VWQEnnwMSex Is Not About Promoting Genetic Variation, Researchers Argue – (July 7, 2011)
Excerpt: Biology textbooks maintain that the main function of sex is to promote genetic diversity. But Henry Heng, Ph.D., associate professor in WSU's Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, says that's not the case.,,,
,,,the primary function of sex is not about promoting diversity. Rather, it's about keeping the genome context — an organism's complete collection of genes arranged by chromosome composition and topology — as unchanged as possible, thereby maintaining a species' identity. This surprising analysis has been published as a cover article in a recent issue of the journal Evolution.,,,
For nearly 130 years, traditional perceptions hold that asexual reproduction generates clone-like offspring and sexual reproduction leads to more diverse offspring. "In reality, however, the relationship is quite the opposite," said Heng.,,,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/re.....161037.htmAnd then there is the sloth:
Meet the sloths – video
https://vimeo.com/11712103,,and myriad more examples,,, None of this makes any sense on evolution!
Amazed – Kutless
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaJ-wiGgrDs -
Box (23) There is no such thing as selecting only for reproduction because reproduction is influenced by many other functions; health, strength, smartness, the ability to find food, life expectancy etc.
Bornagain77 (26)
But reproduction IS the ONLY thing that matters in the final accounting.Yes, but my point is that reproduction does not operate in isolation from other factors.
Bornagain77 (26) If being unhealthy and weaker, instead of healthier and stronger, as in Behe's first rule of adaptive evolution, (..) then unhealthy and weaker individuals are favored in reproductive success.
So you are saying that under certain circumstances 'loss of function mutations' (equates being unhealthy and weak) can result in a longer life and so more reproduction.
I do not want to get into semantics here. It was not my intention to define 'health' or 'weak' irrespective from environment – a whale is pretty helpless on a mountain. I prefer not to use the term 'fitness', but maybe there is no choice.Bornagain77 (26)I would classify 'ability to find food' as another limiting factor in that those organism which found their food more efficiently and reproduced more rapidly as a result would be a success evolutionarily speaking, thus as niwrad pointed out, why all the excess functionality past reproductive success???
My point is that bacteria with a good capability to find food reproduce better than the ones who are struggling. So the 'ability to find food' is indirectly selected upon.
Bornagain77 (26)Exactly why should single cell bacterial organisms which, as far as evolution is concerned, are by far the all time reigning champions of 'survival of the fittest', care to severely curtail their unmatched reproductive success with such a 'cumbersome' thing as sex?
Excellent point. W J Murray(4 & 26), Eric Anderson(6) are making a similar strong argument.
However it is obvious that bacterial reproduction is being influenced by a number of factors. And Niwrad does not make a convincing case stating that natural selection cannot reach those. -
Well Box, for now I agree to disagree for I think the logic niwrad laid out is pretty clear cut. Perhaps something will come up in a bit to help clarify it more clearly for you. Maybe something along the lines of thermodynamics???
29uoflcardMarch 2, 2013 at 11:21 pm
I'm an ID advocate, but I have to agree with the ID skeptics here…I'm not understanding this post. Or maybe I am and it is simply wrong. A properly functioning heart does not "directly" affect reproduction, but I'd say an organism with a strong heart has a lot better chance at reproductive success with one that is missing a couple heart valves…?
30computeristMarch 3, 2013 at 1:34 am
I will reiterate:
"If survive -> random change -> if survive -> random change -> if survive -> random change -> …"
According to the Darwinists and apparently the entire "scientific community", this is what is supposed to account for all biological function.
Darwinists should put their money where their mouth is and prove it.
31niwradMarch 3, 2013 at 4:58 am
Timothya #23:
The apparatuses you mention have at least an indirect relation to reproduction. They enhance life expectancy so there is more time for reproduction. The smartest, strongest, and healthiest bacteria will live longer and will produce more offspring.
There is no such thing as selecting only for reproduction, because reproduction is influenced by many other functions; health, strength, smartness, the ability to find food, life expectancy etc.Bacteria remain bacteria, don't become Mozart because of natural selection rewarding the "smartest, strongest, and healthiest" (see Lenski's experiment).
If "there is no such thing as selecting only for reproduction", tell me what natural selection selects for. You cannot say that "it selects for all", because selection for all is no selection.
Now consider the apparatuses, necessary to all higher organisms. They say evolution creates them by a series of small variations. But these series is necessarily so long that in countless steps no selection is possible because the function is yet not working. Also if selection selects for that specific function, it cannot decide if it works better for the simple fact that it doesn't yet work at all. Moreover, since the small variations in the genotypes are useless, they are discarded in the population.
Evolution is a thing that can not even begin. Natural selection can work only when organisms are already alive and well, perfectly constructed, when the job is already done by intelligent design.
Niwrad (31): Bacteria remain bacteria, don't become Mozart because of natural selection rewarding the "smartest, strongest, and healthiest" (see Lenski's experiment).
For clarity, I'm not a member of the naturalistic faith. I do not believe that unguided material processes can account for life.
Niwrad (31): If "there is no such thing as selecting only for reproduction", tell me what natural selection selects for. You cannot say that "it selects for all", because selection for all is no selection.
Can a car be fast without suspension when the terrain is rough? If the road is long and curly doesn't a car need a gas tank and steering capabilities?
Isn't it obvious that reproduction is connected to many things depending on environment?Niwrad (31): Now consider the apparatuses, necessary to all higher organisms. They say evolution creates them by a series of small variations. But these series is necessarily so long that in countless steps no selection is possible because the function is yet not working.
Very strong argument. It's a different argument though.
33niwradMarch 3, 2013 at 5:53 am
Joe #22
"There are single point mutations that can and do make a difference in humans. For example sickle-cell anemia is just one point mutation and in areas in which malaria is rampant, having sickle-celled trait is a plus."Ok, Joe, a single point mutation can avoid an illness. But the problem with evolutionists is the creation of complex systems. A complex system cannot be created by a single point mutation.
Box you state:
"Very strong argument. It's a different argument though."
I see the confusion. It is not a different argument because niwrad's argument in the OP is as thus:
The functions that are not involved directly with reproduction cannot be created by evolution,,,
The bottom line is that if evolution neither creates the function of reproduction nor the functions unrelated to reproduction, then it produces no biological complex function at all. After all, how could evolution create functions when function is purpose and evolution is purposeless?Your objection, Box, is that the enhancement, (or diminishment), of a already existent function, on top of the reproductive function, has an effect on reproductive success. Yet niwrad is not denying that an already existent function built on top of reproduction can have an effect on reproduction. He's denying that reproductive success can lead to any of the myriad of functions that are not DIRECTLY related to reproductive success.
35niwradMarch 3, 2013 at 6:39 am
Box #32
"Can a car be fast without suspension when the terrain is rough? If the road is long and curly doesn't a car need a gas tank and steering capabilities? Isn't it obvious that reproduction is connected to many things depending on environment?"My argument is that car suspension, gas tank and steering capabilities don't arise if the engineers are focused on (select for) the engine only. Analogously, complex biological apparatuses (also if indirectly related to reproduction) don't arise if natural selection is focused on (selects for) reproduction only (or whatever generic goal).
Any organism is a hierarchy of functions. Any function, indeed because implies a complex system, must be tuned individually if it must work. E.g. you don't obtain the echometer of bats by generically selecting for reproduction only. Why only bats (and some other species) have echometer and not all organisms? Why most organisms reproduce well without echometer?
You say, echometer helps bats to survive and then to reproduce. Ok, but this happens when the echometer is finished and working. When the echometer is developing is useless, its genotypic data are detrimental and, as such, are discarded.
36niwradMarch 3, 2013 at 6:49 am
uoflcard #29
Please, for my answer,
goto #31
goto #33
goto #35 -
Box, as ill-equipped as I am to discuss this, let's try to take a closer look at this from the thermodynamic perspective. The most successful 'reproducer' in the Darwinian scheme of things (survival of the fittest and all) is the lowly bacterium. And yet if you had an imaginary microscope that could register just how far out of thermodynamic equilibrium things were, you would be bored to tears noting just a few bits of information out of thermodynamic equilibrium from the surrounding environment here and there,, UNTIL your imaginary microscope scanned across the 0.2-2 microns in width and 1-10 microns in length of a nonspherical bacterium. There, as Michael Denton put it:
"Although the tiniest living things known to science, bacterial cells, are incredibly small (10^-12 grams), each is a veritable micro-miniaturized factory containing thousands of elegantly designed pieces of intricate molecular machinery, made up altogether of one hundred thousand million atoms, far more complicated than any machine built by man and absolutely without parallel in the non-living world". Michael Denton, "Evolution: A Theory in Crisis," 1986, p. 250.
"To grasp the reality of life as it has been revealed by molecular biology, we must first magnify a cell a thousand million times until it is 20 kilometers in diameter and resembles a giant airship large enough to cover a great city like London or New York. What we would see then would be an object of unparalleled complexity,…we would find ourselves in a world of supreme technology and bewildering complexity."
Geneticist Michael Denton PhD., Evolution: A Theory In Crisis, pg.328To put this into a thermodynamic perspective:
"a one-celled bacterium, e. coli, is estimated to contain the equivalent of 100 million pages of Encyclopedia Britannica. Expressed in information in science jargon, this would be the same as 10^12 bits of information. In comparison, the total writings from classical Greek Civilization is only 10^9 bits, and the largest libraries in the world – The British Museum, Oxford Bodleian Library, New York Public Library, Harvard Widenier Library, and the Moscow Lenin Library – have about 10 million volumes or 10^12 bits." – R. C. Wysong
http://books.google.com/books?.....;lpg=PA112'The information content of a simple cell has been estimated as around 10^12 bits, comparable to about a hundred million pages of the Encyclopedia Britannica."
Carl Sagan, "Life" in Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropaedia (1974 ed.), pp. 893-894of note: The 10^12 bits of information number for a bacterium is derived from entropic considerations, which is, due to the tightly integrated relationship between information and entropy, considered the most accurate measure of the transcendent quantum information/entanglement constraining a 'simple' life form to be so far out of thermodynamic equilibrium.
"Is there a real connection between entropy in physics and the entropy of information? ….The equations of information theory and the second law are the same, suggesting that the idea of entropy is something fundamental…" Siegfried, Dallas Morning News, 5/14/90, [Quotes Robert W. Lucky, Ex. Director of Research, AT&T, Bell Laboratories & John A. Wheeler, of Princeton & Univ. of TX, Austin]
For calculations for information, from the thermodynamic perspective, please see the following site:
Moleular Biophysics – Information theory. Relation between information and entropy: – Setlow-Pollard, Ed. Addison Wesley
Excerpt: Linschitz gave the figure 9.3 x 10^12 cal/deg or 9.3 x 10^12 x 4.2 joules/deg for the entropy of a bacterial cell. Using the relation H = S/(k In 2), we find that the information content is 4 x 10^12 bits. Morowitz' deduction from the work of Bayne-Jones and Rhees gives the lower value of 5.6 x 10^11 bits, which is still in the neighborhood of 10^12 bits. Thus two quite different approaches give rather concordant figures.
http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/~a.....ecular.htmNow Box, if one were to have an imaginary microscope that could register how far out of thermodynamic equilibration things were from the surrounding environment. An imaginary microscope that noted, for the vast majority of times, just a few bits of information out of thermodynamic equilibrium here and there, and then suddenly you scanned across 100 million pages of information that were out of thermodynamic equilibrium, you would rightly be amazed that such a thing even existed, and also be highly suspect of any claims that information could be added onto that mountain of information by the surrounding environment (instead of the surrounding environment eroding that mountain of information away!!)
The following article shows just how gargantuan of a step it was for scientists to 'intelligently' add just a single bit of information to overcome thermodynamic considerations here:
Maxwell's demon demonstration turns information into energy – November 2010
Excerpt: Until now, demonstrating the conversion of information to energy has been elusive, but University of Tokyo physicist Masaki Sano and colleagues have succeeded in demonstrating it in a nano-scale experiment. In a paper published in Nature Physics they describe how they coaxed a Brownian particle to travel upwards on a "spiral-staircase-like" potential energy created by an electric field solely on the basis of information on its location. As the particle traveled up the staircase it gained energy from moving to an area of higher potential, and the team was able to measure precisely how much energy had been converted from information.
http://www.physorg.com/news/20.....nergy.htmlMoreover, Darwinists developed the 'neutral' theory of evolution to try to deal with the unbridgeable steps towards 'higher functionality'. Yet from a thermodynamic, and reproduction (survival of the fittest), perspective, this is, to put it mildly, a extremely problematic conjecture on their part:
"Moreover, there is strong theoretical reasons for believing there is no truly neutral nucleotide positions. By its very existence, a nucleotide position takes up space, affects spacing between other sites, and affects such things as regional nucleotide composition, DNA folding, and nucleosome building. If a nucleotide carries absolutely no (useful) information, it is, by definition, slightly deleterious, as it slows cell replication and wastes energy.,, Therefore, there is no way to change any given site without some biological effect, no matter how subtle."
– John Sanford – Genetic Entropy and The Mystery of The Genome – pg. 21 – Inventor of the 'Gene Gun'A graph featuring 'Kimura's Distribution' being properly used is shown in the following video:
Evolution Vs Genetic Entropy – Andy McIntosh – video
http://www.metacafe.com/watch/4028086There is no, as far as I am aware, any evidence that these acute thermodynamic considerations have been overcome by Darwinian processes. (Behe; First Rule of Adaptive Evolution)
Niwrad (35): My argument is that car suspension, gas tank and steering capabilities don't arise if the engineers are focused on (select for) the engine only.
I agree, but the engineers are not just focused on the engine. The focus is on speed. The car is selected when it is fast. But in order to be fast there are more things involved than just the engine; how about wheels? The focus is on 'everything that contributes to speed' in formula 1 racing.
Analogously, the focus is on offspring. In order to have a lot of offspring there are more things involved than just reproduction capability. Like Uoflcard (29) notes 'an organism with a strong heart has a lot better chance at reproductive success with one that is missing a couple heart valves'. -
39niwradMarch 3, 2013 at 9:25 am
you by-pass my "echometer" counter-objection, then I repeat it with the uoflcard's heart:
Heart helps organisms to survive and then – indirectly – to reproduce, but when the heart is finished and working.
When the heart is developing by trial & error, but yet not functioning (**), natural selection doesn't consider it an help to have offspring, then doesn't promote it. If natural selection doesn't promote the heart, it cannot arise by evolution. Analogously, all apparatuses cannot arise by evolution.
(**) You admit that an apparatus complex like the cardiovascular one doesn't arise instantaneously, in a "whooop", I hope.
Science proceeds by assigning causes to effects.
"It just happened, that's all" is not a cause of anything.
Therefore, Darwinism is not science.
Bornagain77 (37) Box, as ill-equipped as I am to discuss this, let's try to take a closer look at this from the thermodynamic perspective.
In my book you are an expert on this subject – and many others. The thermodynamic argument (second law) is indeed a very strong argument against all attempts of a naturalistic explanation of life.
– – – –Niwrad (35): You say, echometer helps bats to survive and then to reproduce. Ok, but this happens when the echometer is finished and working.
So you do agree that evolution promotes the echometer – once it is in place and functional. I was under the wrong impression that you disputed this. I apologize for my misunderstanding. My confusion started when you wrote that evolution 'only' selects for the reproductive function and went on (post 13) listing functions which were 'not related'.
Niwrad (35): When the echometer is developing is useless, its genotypic data are detrimental and, as such, are discarded.
So your point is really about the impossibility of the step-by-step formation of complex systems; a problem related to Behe's irreducible complexity. This is indeed a strong argument against unguided evolution.
42niwradMarch 3, 2013 at 1:14 pm
yes, systems help survival and reproduction when they are in place and functional. After all, natural selection is an engine of elimination of individuals not good to survive and reproduce. It works as a post-processor, so to speak. As such, natural selection cannot account for the initial elaboration of the systems.
As a metaphor, natural selection is a "teacher" who tests the "students". But the students must be created in the first place by their parents, father "intelligent design – essence/quality" and mother "matter – substance/quantity".
In a sense, the error of biological evolutionism is to think that testing has creative power. In engineering no one confuses the roles of design and testing.
43computeristMarch 3, 2013 at 1:37 pm
Micro-evolutiona could potentially optimize existing function if changes are constrained while maintaining functional integrity.
44computeristMarch 3, 2013 at 1:37 pm
45niwradMarch 3, 2013 at 2:17 pm
yes, microevolution is the fine tuning and limited variation of bio-systems that are just from the beginning equipped, by intelligent design, of the complex potentiality of being fine tuned and slightly changed.
Related notes to 'slightly changed':
Scientists Discover What Makes The Same Type Of Cells Different – Oct. 2009
Excerpt: Until now, cell variability was simply called "noise", implying statistical random distribution. However, the results of the study now show that the different reactions are not random, but that certain causes (environmental clues) lead to predictable distribution patterns,,,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/re.....204217.htmBacteria 'Invest' (Designed) Wisely to Survive Uncertain Times, Scientists Report – Dec. 2009
Excerpt: Essentially, variability of bacterial cells appears to match the variability in the environment, thereby increasing the chances of bacterial survival,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/re.....112102.htmDe Novo Genes: – Cornelius Hunter – Nov. 2009
Excerpt: Cells have remarkable adaptation capabilities. They can precisely adjust which segments of the genome are copied for use in the cell. They can edit and regulate those DNA copies according to their needs. And they can even modify the DNA itself, such as with adaptive mutations,,,,One apparent de novo gene is T-urf13 which was found in certain varieties of corn.
http://darwins-god.blogspot.co.....ation.htmlThe secrets of intelligence lie within a single cell – April 2010
Excerpt: Yet something amazing is happening here: because the damage to the Antithamnion filament is unforeseeable, the organism faces a situation for which it has not been able to adapt, and is therefore unable to call upon inbuilt responses. It has to use some sort of problem-solving ingenuity instead.
http://www.newscientist.com/ar.....-cell.htmlNew Research Elucidates Directed Mutation Mechanisms – Cornelius Hunter – January 7, 2013
Excerpt: mutations don't occur randomly in the genome, but rather in the genes where they can help to address the challenge. But there is more. The gene's single stranded DNA has certain coils and loops which expose only some of the gene's nucleotides to mutation. So not only are certain genes targeted for mutation, but certain nucleotides within those genes are targeted in what is referred to as directed mutations.,,,
These findings contradict evolution's prediction that mutations are random with respect to need and sometimes just happen to occur in the right place at the right time.,,,
http://darwins-god.blogspot.co.....ected.htmlHow Predictable Is Evolution? – Feb. 19, 2013
Excerpt: "In all three populations it seems to be more or less the same core set of genes that are causing the two phenotypes that we see," Herron said. "In a few cases, it's even the exact same genetic change.",,,
"There are about 4.5 million nucleotides in the E. coli genome," he said. "Finding in four cases that the exact same change had happened independently in different populations was intriguing."
http://www.sciencedaily.com/re.....172155.htmLearning from Bacteria about Social Networking (Information Processing) – video
Excerpt: I will show illuminating movies of swarming intelligence of live bacteria in which they solve optimization problems for collective decision making that are beyond what we, human beings, can solve with our most powerful computers.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJpi8SnFXHs -
Darwin was a johnny come lately and it's a mystery why he chose special creation as his foil.
48KrishnamJuly 7, 2013 at 4:44 pm
Excellent! It's so clear that even I can understand how flawed Darwins theory is. I can see the end of Darwins theory. Or many be it should be named Flawed Darwins Theory?
Are there any theories that were destroyed by new generation apart from Darwins Theory? What will happen to Darwins Theory when it is confirmed it's flawed? Just asking.
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hi guys!
i would like to ask help from you. My problem is i need a code for binary search tree which is user defined input (numbers) that automatically arrange itself into a tree and also using traversals(in-order,post-order,pre-order)...
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Re: binary search tree
Posted 25 March 2009 - 05:54 AM
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Uslan Hotel
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TripAdvisor Reviews Uslan Hotel Kusadasi
Travel Blogs from Kusadasi
Kusadasi and Ephesus
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... ways. Alex and I had traditional Turkish food with Turkish coffee and apple tea (which I am now in love with!) We were able to connect with their free wifi which was sorely needed after a few days of no internet. After lunch we walked along the marina and all the way back to the port where we found a Starbucks! Frappacino were exactly what we needed after a day in the hot sun. We then looked around the bazaar where we bumped into the others who were shopping ...
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Muqtedar Khan Boots Israeli Vet from Panelby Winfield Myers • Oct 25, 2007 http://www.campus-watch.org/blog/2007/10/muqtedar-khan-boots-israeli-vet
Campus Watch Associate Fellow Asaf Romirowsky was removed from an academic panel at the University of Delaware yesterday because one of the panelists, Muqtedar Khan, refused to share the panel with a veteran of the Israeli Defense Forces. Michael Rubin at NRO's The Corner has posted the details: receive the latest by email: subscribe to campus watch's free mailing list This text may be reposted or forwarded so long as it is presented as an integral whole with complete and accurate information provided about its author, date, place of publication, and original URL.
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simple commentReader comment on item: The Evil Isn't Islam Submitted by ayman (Qatar), Jun 13, 2003 at 10:15 islam as we find it in the holy Quran and hadith is full of statements which can be used to support horrible things, for example the supression of women. don't be simple minded and say they are muslims who distorted islam. it is a fact that islam in many essential parts and in its political form or use against others is bad.Note: Opinions expressed in comments are those of the authors alone and not necessarily those of Daniel Pipes. Original writing only, please. Comments are screened and in some cases edited before posting. Reasoned disagreement is welcome but not comments that are scurrilous, off-topic, commercial, disparaging religions, or otherwise inappropriate. For complete regulations, see the "Guidelines for Reader Comments". << Previous Comment Next Comment >> Reader comments (1260) on this item
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Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you. For everyone who asks receives, and he who seeks finds, and to him who knocks it will be opened Matthew 7:7-8
Given To You. Matthew 7:7-8, Painting With Light. Mixed media on canvas. Copyright 2009 by Mark Lawrence. All Rights Reserved.
* Painting With LightThis painting has been rendered with a unique Painting with Light technique that paints the picture using the selected Bible verse text as the paintbrush. You are seeing the verse above painted imperceptibly millions of times repeatedly across the canvas!
VerseVisions Inspirational Art with a Promise from God. Perhaps God caught your attention with this art so He could touch and encourage you with this special verse.
This art is available as a Limited Collectors Edition Fine Art Giclee, ultra-hand embellished, hand-signed and numbered by Mark Lawrence. Collectors Editions are limited to 100 and are available at MarkLawrenceGallery.com.
Contact email@example.com if we can assist you in any way with your Mark Lawrence acquisition.


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boucle and denim.
it's been a long time since i have worn this jacket and thought it time to pull it back out of the closet. this is my grandmothers vintage chanel jacket, one of the many things i treasure of hers. it really needs to be altered to fit me better, but i'm afraid of someone screwing it up. i love all the small details, including the striped lining and chain at the base. okay i'm off to take advantage of starbucks free coffee day.
boucle jacket: grandma's vintage chanel, bodysuit: aa, jeans: forever 21, boots: sam edelman, belt: grandma's vintage chanel.
32 comments:
This outfit is a perfect example of modern vintage. You are wearing a gorgeous vintage piece, the Chanel tweed jacket from your grandmother, and have mixed it just right. You look hip and fresh and modern. That jacket is amazing! The detailing and the quality construction shine through, even in a photo!
I can see why Marta of wierbowa witka likes your blog so much! NOW I've found a new one to follow too! Cheers. xo. Bella QI'm so incredibly envious of this look, especially that lovely Chanel jacket! The way you experiment with so many contrasting textures influences me to be far more daring with my own style
Thank you for your lovely comment! I understand what you mean. Living in a relatively unavailing city has definitely made me realize the importance of my own style, i'm often recognized just by my hair
Kirstie Marié
xif only my grandmother were oh so fashionable. she only likes thing that have an elastic waist. it's amusing. i used to stay up all night until an obscene time in the morning and it took me YEARS to correct my sleeping habits. all i can say is i miss all that free time but my skin looks 100% better hahahhaha
ReplyDeleteloves it, Tessa. Classy yet cool.
And what now, Starbucks is giving away their coffee for free? Finally at a price that's fair ...
Love from Berlin.
P.S Do you realize that AA shit is expensive here? They take the dollar amount and just add a euro symbol in front of it. Crazy. It's like shopping ... I don't know; Diesel or DKNY.


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Qingdao might spell the Future of Sailing
by Marine Business World on 22 Aug 2010
Qingdao Olympic Regatta 2008. Yin Jian (CHN) on the gold medal winner's podium. Guy Nowell ©
China has a very long sailing history. The Chinese explorer and trader Zheng Ho sailed to India and on to Africa between 1405 and 1433, but sailing as a sport has not on China's radar for the first hundred years of the modern Olympic competition.
The International Olympic Committee began talking to the Chinese coastal city of Qingdao in 2001 and upon its confirmation in 2004 as the Beijing Olympic sailing venue, Qingdao embarked on a major redevelopment program of its waterfront shipyard area.
Half a billion US dollars later, Qingdao delivered, building a sailing precinct which is unequalled around the world. China's self styled 'Sailing City' grabbed the international sailing spotlight with the organization of the successful 2008 Olympic Sailing regatta.
It was of historic significance and when Chinese RS:X windsurfer Yin Jian won the first ever Olympic sailing medal for China, it fired the collective Chinese imagination. This medal could be the start of a flood of sailing medals in years to come.
As Kjell Borking, the Vice President of EUROSAF, the peak European sailing body commented today at the 2010 International Sailing Forum in Qingdao ''The explosion of sailing in Asia is both a joyous and a sad time for this European dominated sport.'
Borking predicts that European influence could wain rapidly as China and the other Asian countries have the potential to achieve as much progress fast tracking sailors into high performance programs over the next 20 years as Europe has done in the Olympic century.
What might change the European domination of sailing?
Just numbers - that is all.
Xia Geng, the Mayor of the city of Qingdao for the last decade, and the city fathers are talking about steering sailing, as a sport, on a scale in a way that only the most populous nation on earth can do.
There are a million children at school in Qingdao and there is conversation that suggests up to ten percent of the children could experience sailing as a school sport. That is 100,000 potential sailors, in just one Chinese city of eight million, in a country of 1,300 million.
The centre of the sailing world could move rapidly east!
However the road ahead could be bumpy, with many hard decisions ahead.
If you want to link to this article then please use this URL: www.sail-world.com/73660
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Elliott 6 metre selected for 2012 Olympics
The ISAF Council followed its usual conservative approach today when it opted for the same classes
The ISAF Council followed a conservative approach today when it opted for the same classes to contest the same events in the 2012 Olympic as they had done in the 2008 Olympics. The only addition is the introduction of the Elliott 6 metre in the Womens Match Racing event, which will make its debut at the 2012 Olympics.
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Ainslie and Sensini win ISAF Rolex Sailor Awards
Ben Ainslie (GBR) and Alessandra Sensini (ITA) winners of the ISAF Rolex Sailor of the Year Awards
Ben Ainslie (GBR) and Alessandra Sensini (ITA) have just been announced as the winners of the ISAF Rolex Sailor of the Year Awards at a dinner in Madrid, Spain
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Not time to change Olympic windsurfer says Pryde
A proposal to switch windsurfing boards for 2012 Games from existing Neil Pryde RS:X to a new Formula board.
At this weeks ISAF meeting amongst the agenda items is a proposal to switch windsurfing boards for the 2012 London Olympic Games from the existing Neil Pryde RS:X to a new Starboard built Formula board.
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Tornado moots one design for 11th Olympic medal
discussions were underway within the IOC with regards to a submission submitted by Paul Henderson
The structure of the Tornado class has gone through many changes over the past 11 months. The Tornado Class/Multihull community became to complacent believing that multihull was safe and would always be part of the Olympic program, this lead to a major shock to us all at the 2007 Annual ISAF meeting in November.
Posted on 21 Oct 2008
ISAF Working Party support NZ design for Olympics
ISAF working party supports Elliott 6m be chosen as the equipment for the 2012 Olympics in the new Womens Match Racing
A Working Party from the International Sailing Federation has made a submission to the International Sailing Federation supporting the previous submission from Yachting New Zealand that the Elliott 6m be chosen as the equipment for the 2012 Olympics in the new Womens Match Racing Event.
Posted on 6 Oct 2008
Slingsby stumbled in Qingdao. What Happened?
Tom Slingsby was a gold medal favourite going into the Olympic regatta. Tom talks about what happened and the future.
Australia's Laser sailor Tom Slingsby was the gold medal favourite going into the Olympic regatta. But he had a shocker, finishing 22nd overall. Now Tom talks about what happened and the road ahead.
Posted on 25 Sep 2008
Balboa Yacht Club welcomes Paralympic sailing hero
United Airlines delivered precious cargo to Orange County's John Wayne Airport this afternoon.
United Airlines delivered precious cargo to Orange County's John Wayne Airport this afternoon. Over 100 Balboa Yacht Club members, friends and family welcomed home Paralympic Gold Medallist, Nick Scandone; his wife, Mary Kate; his loyal friend and coach, Mike Pinckney and his devoted brother, Vince (Rock).
Posted on 19 Sep 2008
If Everyone could have seen them dance .....
If everyone could have seen them dance like no one was watching
Spending the last two weeks with the sailors, coaches, assistants, friends, families, care givers and International Association of Disabled Sailors (IFDS) officials during the 2008 Paralympics Sailing Regatta in Qingdao, China was the most rewarding experience of my career as a sailing journalist. These people are amazing!
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An exciting finale to the 2008 Paralympic Sailing
An exciting finale to the 2008 Paralympic Sailing Competition in Qingdao
An exciting finale to the 2008 Paralympic Sailing Competition in Qingdao ended with gold medals going to Canada's Paul Tingley in the 2.4 Metre, US pair Nick Scandone and Maureen Mckinnon-Tucker in the SKUD18 and German trio Jens Kroker, Robert Prem and Siegmund Mainka in the Sonar.
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Images of Qingdao- Final racing and Medal Ceremony
Dan Tucker presents a portfolio of images from the Medal Ceremony at the 2008 Paralympics
Dan Tucker presents a portfolio of images from the Medal Ceremony at the 2008 Paralympics
Posted on 15 Sep 2008


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Boy Meets Boy star: "I felt betrayed"; Queer Eye for the Straight Guy debuts tonight.
The star of Boy Meets Boy, James, says he "felt betrayed" when he learned that some of his final three suitors might be straight, Newsweek reports. He says, "They told me they put the twist in there because they wanted straight people to watch. I said to them, 'Well, you've played gay people as entertainment for straight people. Of course they're going to watch." The openly gay producer of the show, Douglas Ross, asks, "Why do gay people need to be protected from participating in reality shows with twists? I don't see us as a victimized minority. We're capable of handling this." Newsweek also talks to one of the straight suitors, who says he found himself "crotch to crotch with this 6-foot-4 guy—who also turned out to be straight. I'm thinking, 'Is my mother gonna see this?'" The show debuts July 29 on Bravo.
+ plus: Bravo's Queer Eye for the Straight Guy debuts tonight at 10 p.m.


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L'Occitane Olive Body Milk
- 2 reviews See the Breakdown
- Product Info | Add Your Review
L'Occitane Olive Body Milk Reviews
this body milk really moisturizes and softens your skin. The scent is really nice too. However, if you apply it everyday, it runs out pretty fast for a 22 dollar bottle. If you have normal skin, this should be great, but if you have dry skin like I do, this might not be enough, and two applications a day will be necessary. — 8 years, 12 months agoThis review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 1 of 1 people said helpful
Fabulous after bath treat
I wouldn't think about leaving my bathroom after a bath without first applying some of this Olive Body Milk to my skin. It's simply divine! — 9 years, 1 month agoThis review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 0 of 0 people said helpful


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This page requires a MaxPreps membership account. Don't stress... It's free and easy to setup.
The Churchland Truckers football team won Friday's home non-conference game against George Washington by a score of 31-22.
The Churchland Truckers (Portsmouth, VA) football overcame the visiting George Washington Eagles (Danville, VA), 31-22 in Friday's non-league bout.
In their next game, the Truckers clash with the Maury Commodores (Norfolk, VA) in a AAA Eastern bout, on Thursday, September 22. Churchland will attempt to move on its 1-2 season record. The Commodores enter the bout with a 0-3 record after their 47-21 non-league loss to Lakeland (Suffolk, VA).
The Eagles (1-2) will now prepare for their bout against Lake Taylor (Norfolk, VA). The Titans enter the non-league bout with a 2-1 record. In their last bout, Lake Taylor thwarted Wilson (Portsmouth, VA), 52-19, in a league bout.


text: civil rights In Nashville, Rep. John Lewis Gets Surprise From His Civil Rights Past By Tony Gonzalez • Nov 21, 2016 It was a weekend for Rep. John Lewis to remember his past. The Georgia Democrat and civil rights icon filled a Nashville auditorium and told stories of his role in the student movement. And he showed that he can still rally a crowd of hundreds. "When you see something that is not right, not fair, not just," he said, "you have a moral obligation, a mission and a mandate, to stand up, to speak up and speak out, and get in the way, get in trouble, good trouble, necessary trouble." WKU Legal Scholar to Testify in Support of Adding LGBT Community to Kentucky Civil Rights Act By Kevin Willis • Feb 16, 2016 yuriy kirsanov, 123rf Stock Photo Efforts to expand Kentucky's Civil Rights Act are getting a boost from a Western Kentucky University legal scholar. History Professor Patti Minter is testifying Wednesday in Frankfort in support of a bill that would offer greater legal protections to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals. Martin Luther King III Speaks at Murray State University By Matt Markgraf • Feb 8, 2016 Rob Canning, WKMS The oldest son of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King says he thought the United States would be at a different juncture as a nation when it comes to civil rights in the 21st century. Martin Luther King III spoke at the Murray State University 12th Annual Presidential Lecture Series Monday night. [Audio] How Civil Rights Era, Pulitzer Prize-Winning Photo was Gifted to Murray State By Matt Markgraf • Feb 8, 2016 Pogue Library at Murray State University is home to numerous special collections and oral history projects. Tucked among these documents is the Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph of Coretta Scott King and her daughter Bernice at Martin Luther King Jr.'s funeral taken by Owensboro native Moneta Sleet Jr. On Sounds Good, Matt Markgraf speaks with Sarah Hopley, Special Collections & Exhibits Librarian, about how this photo, and a thank you letter signed by Sleet ended up in the archives at Murray State. [Audio] MSU's First African American Graduate Speaks on Human and Civil Rights Accomplishments By Kate Lochte & Kaylan Thompson • Aug 14, 2015 Murray State University 1961 Shield Yearbook, Courtesy of Wesley Bolin at Pogue Library A group of six college students walked from Murray State University across the street to a small restaurant, about to quietly protest its "white-only" policy. Entering the establishment, the five white boys from New York ordered meals for the group. When the food was ready, Nancy Tyler Demartra, the first African American to attend MSU full-time and eventually graduate, stood up to pay. When the cashiers refused her money, the entire group said "no, thanks," and walked out. It took about three months of visits like these, but with the help of others on campus the group finally pushed the restaurant to adopt an "open" serving policy. That was 1961. Fifty-four years later, Nancy speaks with Kate on Sounds Good about her experiences at MSU and her accomplishments in the Human and Civil Rights arenas. Tennessee Community Pushes To Reopen 'Civil Rights Hero' Cold Case By Debbie Elliott • Jul 16, 2015 A rural West Tennessee community is pushing the Justice Department to reopen a 75-year-old civil rights murder case. Elbert Williams is believed to be the first NAACP official killed for seeking to register black voters. Yet the mysterious story of his 1940 murder is not widely known. Clues about Williams' murder are thought to be buried with him, here in the Taylor Cemetery just outside Brownsville, Tenn. Local attorney Jim Emison walks to a corner of the cemetery, set off by two towering oaks. "This is the area where we believe he lies," Emison says. Hear Dozens of Interviews with Civil Rights Activists at Vanderbilt's Digital Archive By Kate Lochte & Matt Markgraf • Jun 22, 2015 whospeaks.library.vanderbilt.edu On the Kentucky side of the border along Tennessee sits a little railroad town named Guthrie, the home of the nation's first poet laureate and three-time Pulitzer Prize winning novelist and poet Robert Penn Warren, known as "Red" Warren, born in 1905. During the Civil Rights Movement, Warren wrote a book titled Who Speaks for the Negro? featuring interviews with activists like Malcom X, Martin Luther King Jr. and many others. For nearly a decade, these interviews have been available online for listening. On Sounds Good, Kate Lochte learns more about the digital archive from Mona Frederick, Executive Director of the Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities at Vanderbilt University. [Update] Retired Tenn. Lawyer Researches Cold Case of Murdered Civil Rights Era NAACP Official By Kate Lochte & Matt Markgraf • Jun 15, 2015 Photos courtesy of Jim Emison Second Update: NPR's All Things Considered reported on this effort. Here's the link to their story: Tennessee Community Pushes To Reopen 'Civil Rights Hero' Cold Case Update: Part two of this conversation, which aired on Sounds Good Friday, June 19, has been added to this story, along with its narrative. Brownsville, Tennessee is in Haywood County mid-way northeast of Memphis and southwest of Jackson. On Saturday, the Haywood High School Gymnasium is the site of a Community Memorial Service honoring civil rights activist Elbert Williams on the 75th anniversary of his death. Alamo, Tennessee lawyer Jim Emison retired in 2011 and began a quest to understand more about the death of Elbert Williams, whose murder was never solved. Williams was the first known NAACP official to be killed for his involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. Jim Emison speaks with Kate Lochte on Sounds Good about what he's learned. UT Martin Hosts 15th Annual Civil Rights Conference Next Week By Kate Lochte & Matt Markgraf • Feb 17, 2015 UT Martin logo, utm.edu The University of Tennessee at Martin hosts its 15th Annual Civil Rights Conference next week. Conference Director, Assistant Professor of History Renee LaFleur previews the multi-day event whose keynote speaker is presidential historian and Director of the Lyndon B. Johnson Library since 2009, Mark Updegrove. On Sounds Good, Kate Lochte speaks with LaFleur about the theme of how President Johnson's "Great Society" contributed to the Civil Rights Movement and other featured speakers at the event. Same Sex Marriage: County Officials Mulling Future of Courthouse Weddings By Allison Crawford • Feb 12, 2015 Allison Crawford As Alabama becomes the most recent state to issue same sex marriages, some lawmakers there are decrying a federal judge's decision to strike down the ban and the U.S. Supreme Court's refusal to intervene. Kentucky, another largely conservative state, may receive a final decision on its gay marriage ban this summer. The impending decision has some public officials reexamining their role as marriage officiants. Listen Listening... / 3:59 Same Sex Marriage: County Officials Mulling Future of Courthouse Weddings Pages1 2 3 next › last »


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Wednesday, July 10, 2013
Run the Jewels - Self-Titled (GIF Album Review)
1. Run the Jewels
2. Banana Clipper (feat. Big Boi)
3. 36" Chain
5. Sea Legs
6. Job Well Done (feat. Until the Ribbon Breaks)
7. No Come Down
8. Get It
9. Twin Hype Back (feat. Chest Rockwell)
10. A Christmas Fucking Miracle
Killer Mike and El-P on some dynamic duo sh*t! El's beats hit you like...
...and Killer Mike (and El Producto)'s bars wreck shop like...
What more can I say?
Bottom Line:
Run the Jewels - Self-Titled (GIF Album Review)
Ivan Rott
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Well, it just never ends...looks like someone has decided to disrespect my blog once again, and on Dec 15, 2011, posted some VERY VULGAR comments as far back as 2008 posts, and targeted someone very specific...
I'm sad that someone is so hateful...I'm sad I have to start a new blog simply becasue someone can't be mature and needs to grow up. I have my feelings on who it is...so, I will be careful who to give my new link to.
For this coward who has no morals or life, other than to degrade someone else, my advice to you is to seek counselling...life is too short to hate the way you hate. Your life must be pretty sad if you have nothing better to do than go thru my Blog and make hateful comments...I feel sorry for you, as you certainly need help!
Mo News-keeping friends connected
A fun way to keep friends who are near or far, close and in-touch!
Tuesday, January 3, 2012
Wednesday, December 21, 2011
Saturday, December 17, 2011
Filliben Tree Trim
A tough day, the first w/o my dad...his FAVE event... but with so much family and friends, it certainly makes it easier to get thru with lots of laughs!
Friday, December 9, 2011
Monday, December 5, 2011
"To love means loving the unlovable. To forgive means pardoning the unpardonable. Faith means believing the unbelievable. Hope means hoping when everything seems hopeless."
G. K. Chesterton
This sign caught my attn while at the annual post Thanksgiving prayer service/Santa visit at my relatives house. This year has been extremely challenging in many ways...I'm learning to not sweat the small stuff...learning to love unconditionally and forgive...life is too short and I want to enjoy every day of the future and not dwell on the past!
Sunday, December 4, 2011
Trim the Tree
Sausage & gravy on the stove...turkey chili in the crock...xmas music flowin'...a nice day to deck the halls....:)
Saturday, December 3, 2011
Holiday Dinner Party
The annual xmas couples dinner was hands down the best...love Firebird's...awesome food and awesome friends!
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Submission + - Sports-based MMO coming to market (hexus.net)
Corbets writes: Ok, let's be clear from the start — I work for the company, so this is probably going to be considered a shameless plug. Still, I've been reading all kinds of stories about MMOs on Slash for years, and I've yet to see anything mentioned about our game, so here's a link. People here have been talking about "seeing something different" in MMOs for a while now — and our game is definitely unique. True avatar evolution, an advanced metabolism system and its sport focus are just some of the fascinating aspects of the game. Beta test starting soon, guys and gals. ;)