text:
For any academic/research writing, incorporating references into a document is an important task. Fortunately, LaTeX has a variety of features that make dealing with references much simpler, including built-in support for citing references. However, a much more powerful and flexible solution is achieved thanks to an auxiliary tool called BibTeX (which comes bundled as standard with LaTeX.)
BibTeX provides for the storage of all references in an external, flat-file database. This database can be linked to any LaTeX document, and citations made to any reference that is contained within the file. This is often more convenient than embedding them at the end of every document written. There is now a centralized bibliography source that can be linked to as many documents as desired (write once, read many!). Of course, bibliographies can be split over as many files as one wishes, so there can be a file containing references concerning General Relativity and another about Quantum Mechanics. When writing about Quantum Gravity (QG), which tries to bridge the gap between these two theories, both of these files can be linked into the document, in addition to references specific to QG.
If you are writing only one or two documents and aren't planning on writing more on the same subject for a long time, maybe you don't want to waste time creating a database of references you are never going to use. In this case you should consider using the basic and simple bibliography support that is embedded within LaTeX.
LaTeX provides an environment called
that you have to use where you want
the bibliography, that usually means at the very end of your
document, just before the \end{document}
command. Here
is a practical example:
\begin{thebibliography}{9} \bibitem{lamport94} Leslie Lamport, \emph{\LaTeX: A Document Preparation System}. Addison Wesley, Massachusetts, 2nd Edition, 1994. \end{thebibliography}
OK, so what is going on here? The first thing to notice is the
establishment of the environment. thebibliography
is a
keyword that LaTeX recognizes as everything between the begin and
end tags as being data for the bibliography. The optional argument
which I supplied after the begin statement is telling LaTeX how
wide the item label will be when printed. Note however, that it is
not a literal parameter, i.e the number 9 in this case, but a text
width. Therefore, I am effectively telling LaTeX that I will only
need reference labels of one character in width, which means no
more than nine references in total. If you want more than ten, then
input a two-digit number, such as '99' which permits fewer than 100
Next is the actual reference entry itself. This is prefixed with
the \bibitem{cite_key}
command. The
cite_key should be a unique identifier for that particular
reference, and is often some sort of mnemonic consisting of any
sequence of letters, numbers and punctuation symbols (although not
a comma). I often use the surname of the first author, followed by
the last two digits of the year (hence lamport94). If that
author has produced more than one reference for a given year, then
I add letters after, 'a', 'b', etc. But, you should do whatever
works for you. Everything after the key is the reference itself.
You need to type it as you want it to be presented. I have put the
different parts of the reference, such as author, title, etc., on
different lines for readability. These linebreaks are ignored by
LaTeX. I wanted the title to be in italics, so I used the
command to achieve this.
To actually cite a given document is very easy. Go to the point
where you want the citation to appear, and use the following:
, where the cite_key
is that of the bibitem you wish to cite. When LaTeX processes the
document, the citation will be cross-referenced with the bibitems
and replaced with the appropriate number citation. The advantage
here, once again, is that LaTeX looks after the numbering for you.
If it were totally manual, then adding or removing a reference
would be a real chore, as you would have to re-number all the
citations by hand.
Instead of WYSIWYG editors, typesetting systems like TeX or LaTeX \cite{lamport94} can be used.
Sometimes you want to refer to a certain page, figure or theorem
in a text book. For that you can use the arguments to the
\cite[p. 215]{citation01}
The argument, "p. 215", will show up inside the same brackets
When a sequence of multiple citations are needed, you should use
a single \cite{}
command. The citations are then
separated by commas. Here's an example:
The result will then be shown as citations inside the same brackets.
If you only want a reference to appear in the bibliography, but
not where it is referenced in the main text, then the
command can be used, for example:
Lamport showed in 1995 something... \nocite{lamport95}.
A special version of the command, \nocite{*}
includes all entries from the database, whether they are referenced
in the document or not.
I have previously introduced the idea of embedding references at
the end of the document, and then using the \cite
command to cite them within the text. In this tutorial, I want to
do a little better than this method, as it's not as flexible as it
could be. Which is why I wish to concentrate on using BibTeX.
A BibTeX database is stored as a .bib file. It is a plain text file, and so can be viewed and edited easily. The structure of the file is also quite simple. An example of a BibTeX entry:
@article{greenwade93, author = "George D. Greenwade", title = "The {C}omprehensive {T}ex {A}rchive {N}etwork ({CTAN})", year = "1993", journal = "TUGBoat", volume = "14", number = "3", pages = "342--351" }
Each entry begins with the declaration of the reference type, in
the form of @type
. BibTeX knows of
practically all types you can think of, common ones are:
book, article, and for papers presented at
conferences, there is inproceedings. In this example, I
have referred to an article within a journal.
After the type, you must have a left curly brace
' to signify the beginning of the reference
attributes. The first one follows immediately after the brace,
which is the citation key. This key must be unique for all entries
in your bibliography. It is this identifier that you will use
within your document to cross-reference it to this entry. It is up
to you as to how you wish to label each reference, but there is a
loose standard in which you use the author's surname, followed by
the year of publication. This is the scheme that I use in this
Next, it should be clear that what follows are the relevant
fields and data for that particular reference. The field names on
the left are BibTeX keywords. They are
followed by an equals sign (=) where the value for that field is
then placed. BibTeX expects you to explicitly label the beginning
and end of each value. I personally use quotation marks ("),
however, you also have the option of using curly braces ('{', '}').
But as you will soon see, curly braces have other roles, within
attributes, so I prefer not to use them for this job as they can
get more confusing. A notable exception is when you want to use
characters with umlauts (ü, ö, etc), since their notation is in the format
, and the quotation mark will close the one
opening the field, causing an error in the parsing of the
Remember that each attribute must be followed by a comma to delimit one from another. You do not need to add a comma to the last attribute, since the closing brace will tell BibTeX that there are no more attributes for this entry, although you won't get an error if you do.
It can take a while to learn what the reference types are, and what fields each type has available (and which ones are required or optional, etc). So, look at this entry type reference and also this field reference for descriptions of all the fields. It may be worth bookmarking or printing these pages so that they are easily at hand when you need them.
BibTeX can be quite clever with names of authors. It can accept names in forename surname or surname, forename. I personally use the former, but remember that the order you input them (or any data within an entry for that matter) is customizable and so you can get BibTeX to manipulate the input and then output it however you like. If you use the forename surname method, then you must be careful with a few special names, where there are compound surnames, for example "John von Neumann". In this form, BibTeX assumes that the last word is the surname, and everything before is the forename, plus any middle names. You must therefore manually tell BibTeX to keep the 'von' and 'Neumann' together. This is achieved easily using curly braces. So the final result would be "John {von Neumann}". This is easily avoided with the surname, forename, since you have a comma to separate the surname from the forename.
Secondly, there is the issue of how to tell BibTeX when a reference has more than one author. This is very simply done by putting the keyword and in between every author. As we can see from another example:
@book{goossens93, author = "Michel Goossens and Frank Mittlebach and Alexander Samarin", title = "The LaTeX Companion", year = "1993", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", address = "Reading, Massachusetts" }
This book has three authors, and each is separated as described. Of course, when BibTeX processes and outputs this, there will only be an 'and' between the penultimate and last authors, but within the .bib file, it needs the and's so that it can keep track of the individual authors.
In the event that BibTeX has been set to not preserve all capitalization within titles, problems can occur, especially if you are referring to proper nouns, or acronyms. To tell BibTeX to keep them, use the good ol' curly braces around the letter in question, (or letters, if it's an acronym) and all will be well! Or you can put the whole title in curly braces:
title = "{The LaTeX Companion}",
Below you will find a few additional examples of bibliography entries. The first one covers the case of multiple authors in the Surname, Firstname format, and the second one deals with the incollection case.
@article{AbedonHymanThomas2003, author = "Abedon, S. T. and Hyman, P. and Thomas, C.", year = "2003", title = "Experimental examination of bacteriophage latent-period evolution as a response to bacterial availability", journal = "Applied and Environmental Microbiology", volume = "69", pages = "7499--7506" } @incollection{Abedon1994, author = "Abedon, S. T.", title = "Lysis and the interaction between free phages and infected cells", pages = "397--405", booktitle = "Molecular biology of bacteriophage T4", editor = "Karam, Jim D. Karam and Drake, John W. and Kreuzer, Kenneth N. and Mosig, Gisela and Hall, Dwight and Eiserling, Frederick A. and Black, Lindsay W. and Kutter, Elizabeth and Carlson, Karin and Miller, Eric S. and Spicer, Eleanor", publisher = "ASM Press, Washington DC", year = "1994" }
If you have to cite a website you can use @misc:
@MISC{website:fermentas-lambda, AUTHOR = "Fermentas Inc.", TITLE = "Phage Lambda: description \& restriction map", MONTH = "November", YEAR = 2008, HOWPUBLISHED = "\url{http://www.fermentas.com/techinfo/nucleicacids/maplambda.htm}" }
Actually this is not very difficult. At the end of your LaTeX
file (that is, after the content, but before
, you need to place the following
\bibliographystyle{plain} \bibliography{sample1,sample2,...,samplen} % Note the lack of whitespace between the commas and the next bib file.
Bibliography styles are files recognized by BibTeX that tell it how to format the information stored in the .bib file when processed for output. And so the first command listed above is declaring which style file to use. The style file in this instance is plain.bst (which comes as standard with BibTeX). You do not need to add the .bst extension when using this command, as it is assumed. Despite its name, the plain style does a pretty good job (look at the output of this tutorial to see what I mean).
The second command is the one that actually specifies the
.bib file you wish to use. The ones I created for this
tutorial were called sample1.bib, sample2.bib, .
. ., samplen.bib, but once again, you don't include the
file extension. At the moment, the .bib file is in the
same directory as the LaTeX document too. However, if your .bib
file was elsewhere (which makes sense if you intend to maintain a
centralized database of references for all your research), you need
to specify the path as well, e.g
Now that LaTeX and BibTeX know where to look for the appropriate
files, actually citing the references is fairly trivial. The
is the command you need,
making sure that the ref_key corresponds exactly to one of
the entries in the .bib file. If you wish to cite more that one
reference at the same time, do the following:
\cite{ref_key1, ref_key2, ...,
The addition of BibTeX adds extra complexity for the processing of the source to the desired output. This is largely hidden to the user, but because of all the complexity of the referencing of citations from your source LaTeX file to the database entries in another file, you actually need multiple passes to accomplish the task. This means you have to run LaTeX a number of times, where each pass, it will perform a particular task until it has managed to resolve all the citation references. Here's what you need to type:
latex latex_source_code
(doesn't require
.tex extension)bibtex latex_source_code
(Do NOT use .tex
extension)latex latex_source_code
(doesn't require
.tex extension)latex latex_source_code
(doesn't require
.tex extension)After the first LaTeX run, you will see errors such as:
LaTeX Warning: Citation `lamport94' on page 1 undefined on input line 21. ... LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references.
The next step is to run bibtex on that same LaTeX source (and not on the actual .bib file) to then define all the references within that document. You should see output like the following:
This is BibTeX, Version 0.99c (Web2C 7.3.1) The top-level auxiliary file: latex_source_code.aux The style file: plain.bst Database file #1: sample.bib
The third step, which is invoking LaTeX for the second time will see more errors like "LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross-references right.". Don't be alarmed, it's almost complete. As you can guess, all you have to do is follow its instructions, and run LaTeX for the third time, and the document will be output as expected, without further problems.
If you want a pdf output instead of a dvi output you can use pdflatex instead of latex as follows:
pdflatex latex_source_code
(doesn't require
.tex extension)bibtex latex_source_code
(Do NOT use .tex
extension)pdflatex latex_source_code
(doesn't require
.tex extension)pdflatex latex_source_code
(doesn't require
.tex extensionBelow you can see three styles available with LaTeX:
To number the references in order of apperance, rather than
alphabetical order use ieeetr
Web page http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~kjt/software/latex/showbst.html
contains more examples.
As you can see, there is no field for URLs. One possibility is to include Internet addresses in howpublished field of @misc or note field of @techreport, @article,@book:
howpublished = "\url{http://www.example.com}"
Note the usage of \url
command to ensure proper appearance
of URLs.
Another way is to use special field url and make bibliography style recognise it.
url = "http://www.example.com"
You need to use \usepackage{url} in the first case or \usepackage{hyperref} in the second case.
Styles provided by Natbib (see below) handle this field, other styles can be modified using urlbst program. Modifications of three standard styles (plain, abbrv and alpha) are provided with urlbst.
If you need more help about URLs in bibliography, visit FAQ of UK List of TeX.
One of the main advantages of BibTeX, especially for people who write many research papers, is the ability to customize your bibliography to suit the requirements of a given publication. You will notice how different publications tend to have their own style of formatting references, to which authors must adhere if they want their manuscripts published. In fact, established journals and conference organizers often will have created their own bibliography style (.bst file) for those users of BibTeX, to do all the hard work for you.
It can achieve this because of the nature of the .bib database, where all the information about your references is stored in a structured format, but nothing about style. This is a common theme in LaTeX in general, where it tries as much as possible to keep content and presentation separate.
A bibliography style file (.bst) will tell LaTeX how to format each attribute, what order to put them in, what punctuation to use in between particular attributes etc. Unfortunately, creating such a style by hand is not a trivial task. Which is why Makebst (also known as custom-bib) is the tool we need.
Makebst can be used to automatically generate a .bst file based on your needs. It is very simple, and actually asks you a series of questions about your preferences. Once complete, it will then output the appropriate style file for you to use.
It should be installed with the LaTeX distribution (otherwise, you can download it) and it's very simple to initiate. At the command line, type:
latex makebst
LaTeX will find the relevant file and the questioning process will begin. You will have to answer quite a few (although, note that the default answers are pretty sensible), which means it would be impractical to go through an example in this tutorial. However, it is fairly straight-forward. And if you require further guidance, then there is a comprehensive manual available. I'd recommend experimenting with it and seeing what the results are when applied to a LaTeX document.
If you are using a custom built .bst file, it is important that
LaTeX can find it! So, make sure it's in the same directory as the
LaTeX source file, unless you are using one of the
standard style files (such as plain or plainnat,
that come bundled with LaTeX - these will be automatically found in
the directories that they are installed. Also, make sure the name
of the .bst file you want to use is reflected in the
command (but don't include
the .bst extension!).
When writing documents in languages other than English, you may find it desirable to adapt the appearance of your bibliography to the document language. This concerns words such as editors, and, or in as well as a proper typographic layout. The babelbib package can be used here. For example, to layout the bibliography in German, add the following to the header:
\usepackage[fixlanguage]{babelbib} \selectbiblanguage{german}
Alternatively, you can layout each bibliography entry according to the language of the cited document:
The language of an entry is specified as an additional field in the BibTeX entry:
@article{mueller08, % ... language = {german} }
For babelbib to take effect, a bibliography style supported by it - one of babplain, babplai3, babalpha, babunsrt, bababbrv, and bababbr3 - must be used:
\bibliographystyle{babplain} \bibliography{sample}
Many online databases provide bibliographic data in BibTeX-Format, making it easy to build your own database. For example, Google Scholar offers the option to return properly formatted output, but you must turn it on in the Preferences.
One should be alert to the fact that bibliographic databases are frequently the product of several generations of automatic processing, and so the resulting BibTex code is prone to a variety of minor errors, especially in older entries.
Although it can take a little time to get to grips with BibTeX, in the long term, it's an efficient way to handle your references. It's not uncommon to find .bib files on websites that people compile as a list of their own publications, or a survey of relevant works within a given topic, etc. Or in those huge, online bibliography databases, you often find BibTeX versions of publications, so it's a quick cut-and-paste into your own .bib file, and then no more hassle!
Having all your references in one place can be a big advantage. And having them in a structured form, that allows customizable output is another one. There are a variety of free utilities that can load your .bib files, and allow you to view them in a more efficient manner, as well as sort them and check for errors.
If you are writing a book or report, you'll likely insert your bibliography using something like:
\begin{thebibliography}{99} \bibitem{bib:one_book} some information \bibitem{bib:one_article} other information \end{thebibliography}
This will create a chapter-like output showing properly all your references. Even though it looks like a chapter, it will not be handled like that so it will not appear on the Table of Contents at the beginning of the document. If you want your bibliography to be in the table of contents, just add the following two lines just before the thebibliography environment:
\clearpage \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
The first line just terminates the current paragraph and page. If you are writing a book, use \cleardoublepage to match the style used. The second line will add a line in the Table of Contents (first option, toc), it will be like the ones created by chapters (second option, chapter), and the third argument will be printed on the corresponding line in the Table of Contents; here Bibliography was chosen because it's the same text the thebibliography environment will automatically write when you use it, but you are free to write whatever you like.
If you use hyperref package, you should also use
command to enable hyperlinking from
the table of contents to bibliography.
\clearpage \phantomsection \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
This trick is particularly useful when you have to insert the bibliography in the Table of Contents, but it can work for anything. When LaTeX finds the code above, it will record the info as described and the current page number, inserting a new line in the Contents page.
If you instead want bibliography to be numbered section or chapter, you'll likely use this way:
\clearpage \section{Bibliography} \renewcommand*{\refname}{} \begin{thebibliography}{99}
This will define heading of bibliography to be empty, so you can start normal section before bibliography.
Another even easier solution is to use section inside of the renewcommand block:
\renewcommand{\refname}{\section{Sources}} \begin{thebibliography}{9} ... \end{thebibliography}
You may wish to use
counteract the extra space the blank refname
Using the standard LaTeX bibliography support, you will see that
each reference is numbered and each citation corresponds to the
numbers. The numeric style of citation is quite common in
scientific writing. In other disciplines, the author-year style,
e.g., (Roberts, 2003), such as Harvard is preferred, and
is in fact becoming increasingly common within scientific
publications. A discussion about which is best will not occur here,
but a possible way to get such an output is by the
package. In fact, it can supersede LaTeX's own
citation commands, as Natbib allows the user to easily switch
between Harvard or numeric.
The first job is to add the following to your preamble in order to get LaTeX to use the Natbib package:
Citation command | Output |
\citet{goossens93} | Goossens et al. (1993) |
\citep{goossens93} | (Goossens et al., 1993) |
\citet*{goossens93} | Goossens, Mittlebach, and Samarin (1993) |
\citep*{goossens93} | (Goossens, Mittlebach, and Samarin, 1993) |
\citeauthor{goossens93} | Goossens et al. |
\citeauthor*{goossens93} | Goossens, Mittlebach, and Samarin |
\citeyear{goossens93} | 1993 |
\citeyearpar{goossens93} | (1993) |
Also, you need to change the bibliography style file to be used,
so edit the appropriate line at the bottom of the file so that it
reads: \bibliographystyle{plainnat}
. Once done, it is
basically a matter of altering the existing \cite
commands to display the type of citation you want.
The main commands simply add a t for 'textual' or
p for 'parenthesized', to the basic \cite
command. You will also notice how Natbib by default will compress
references with three or more authors to the more concise 1st
surname et al version. By adding an asterisk (*), you can
override this default and list all authors associated with that
citation. There are some other less common commands that Natbib
supports, listed in the table here.
The final area that I wish to cover about Natbib is customizing
its citation style. There is a command called
that can be used to override the defaults
and change certain settings. For example, I have put the following
in the preamble:
The command requires six mandatory parameters.
Style | Source | Description |
plainnat | Provided | natbib-compatible version of plain |
abbrvnat | Provided | natbib-compatible version of abbrv |
unsrtnat | Provided | natbib-compatible version of unsrt |
apsrev | REVTeX 4 home page | natbib-compatible style for Physical Review journals |
rmpaps | REVTeX 4 home page | natbib-compatible style for Review of Modern Physics journals |
IEEEtranN | TeX Catalogue entry | natbib-compatible style for IEEE publications |
achemso | TeX Catalogue entry | natbib-compatible style for American Chemical Society journals |
rsc | TeX Catalogue entry | natbib-compatible style for Royal Society of Chemistry journals |
.So as you can see, this package is quite flexible, especially as you can easily switch between different citation styles by changing a single parameter. Do have a look at the Natbib manual, it's a short document and you can learn even more about how to use it.
This page uses material from Andy Roberts' Getting to grips with
Latex with permission from the author.


text:
Asparagus Quiche Recipe
In anticipation of my next culinary mystery book purchase I decided to make the crustless Asparagus Quiche (alas no quirky name) from Diane Mott Davidson's...
cottage cheese, salt, +asparagus, +cayenne, +dijon mustard, +eggs, +cheese, +parmesan cheese, +paprika, +heavy cream
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Divine Crab Quiche
This is simply Divine! It is a simple quiche made with fresh ingredients and cooked in a casserole dish with no crust. It is wonderful straight from the...
cottage cheese, salt, +basil, +butter, +cheddar cheese, +crab meat, +eggs, +flour, +mushroom, +spinach, +hot sauce, +onion powder, +parmesan cheese, +sour cream
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This recipe has been in our family for so many years, I no longer remember where it came from. It's easy and quick and people seem to really enjoy it.
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You can add vegetables, different cheeses, anything your like in a quiche. Prep:15m
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This is an easy quiche recipe to make with or wihtout a crust.Feel free to add chopped cooked vegetables to the mixture.
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I came up with this when I was among the many doing the Atkin's Low Carb dieting... This was something tasty without all the carbs. You may have to play...
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text:
Correlates of pain interference in multiple sclerosis.
Title | Correlates of pain interference in multiple sclerosis. |
Publication Type | Journal Article |
2006 | |
Authors | Osborne TL, Turner AP, Williams RM, Bowen JD, Hatzakis M, Rodriquez AA, Haselkorn JK |
Journal | Rehabilitation Psychology |
Volume | 51 |
Issue | 2 |
Pagination | 166-174 |
Multiple Sclerosis, Pain, Veterans, Yes | |
Objectives: To describe pain interference and explore its associations with several indexes of health and psychosocial functioning among veterans with multiple sclerosis (MS). Study Design: Cohort study linking computerized medical records and survey questionnaire. Participants: Four hundred fifty-one veterans with MS. Outcome Measures: Pain Effects Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, Modified Social Support Survey, items from the Short Form Health Survey and the North American Research Consortium on MS Registry Survey (NARCOMS) Performance Scales. Results: Participants reported a moderate level of overall pain interference. Increased fatigue, poorer general health, and greater depression symptom severity each were significantly associated with higher levels of pain interference. Conclusions: Pain interference in MS is associated with a variety of other clinically meaningful indexes of functioning. Pain in MS should be treated aggressively to minimize functional impairment. |


text:
I have lost at least 30 pounds due to my dental complications and surgeries. The excruciating pain, cost of having a dentist rip stuff out of your mouth, and the smell of abscesses building up one after another is just no fun.
Additionally, having everything in your closet and drawers not fit you whatsoever and not being able to buy a new wardrobe is aggravating. I do have a new sewing machine. Though I don't have any experience in making adult clothes, I figured this was a golden opportunity to learn how. Plus, if I screw up, it's not like I ruined someone else's clothes!
Here is one of the old blouses of mine....I love the material still but gosh it could fit an elephant. Was I really this big?!
I had erroneously believed the shirt was a peasant style blouse too....but when I took a closer look at the neckline, I realized that was not true. This meant it would be harder to take the extra inches out of it's neckline. (My plan was to yank some elastic out of the neckline...)
Taking out inches from the flat seam parts wasn't an option with my novice sewing skills! So I had to work with the gathered sleeves/neckline part and take out elastic from there. I ended up taking out two inches of elastic from each side. I carefully seam ripped out the casing beforehand and then inconspicuously sewed up the small section of ripped out seams afterwards. Turned out perfect. However, now the sleeves are VERY poofy! Oh well. Maybe this will become a new fashion trend. :P
I tried this elephant blouse on and got my pins out and pinned all the way down the sides to reflect how I wanted the blouse to eventually fit me. This wasn't an exact science. I had watched my mom, who is a professional tailor, do this a million times. However, I had no clue what I was doing! :D I didn't take a picture of this step because it was hard enough to pin a blouse to my own body much less take a picture of myself. You should have seen the odd looks my 4 year old was giving me too!
The above three pictures reflect the side seams being pinned. I ended up taking up two inches from each side through the chest (right under the armpit) and one inch from each side at the bottom where the blouse hits my hips. I needed this blouse to still fit loosely so I can fit it over my head still and it drapes nicely still. I figured these measurements would give me an Aline blouse which is flattering on anyone. I'm not sure what the original blouse shape was suppose to be.....military tank? Bloated elephant? Obese person 3 days post-mortem (i.e post-mortem bloating)?! We will never know.
I ironed the shirt on the sides where my pins were. This gave a nice crisp crease all the way down. Then, I took the pins out. I then got the blouse inside out and observed those pretty creases as a guideline to where I need to sew my new side seams. I'm sure there's a better method of taking up the sides. However, I was taking in a shirt I had to alter on myself. That's not easy no matter what mad skills you possess.
As I was reflecting on how awesome and crafty I was, I realized that those poofy clown sleeves had an armpit two inches away from my new side seam. :( In case you are not following me, this meant I would have a gap between the armpit and the new seam. I would need to close it up before I eventually cut off the access material I took in! Either that, I would need to sew a new side seam for the sleeves too. Ugh. The sleeves were already weird in my opinion. I didn't want to make them weirder with my lovely sewing skills.
I concocted an idea that I would just angle the old armpit to the new armpit and then sew down the sides of the blouse where that ironed crease was. man I'm brilliant. :P
Now I have sewed all the way down the blouse....neat,straight seam and the blouse is laying nice and flat. Yea! Time to cut the excess fabric off and then serge or overlock those seams. Even though this blouse will still fit loosely, i wanted to use a stretch stitch because I knew I would be moving a lot in it....i am a very active person with wild children. :P
WARNING: ugly pictures of me coming up next. Please take your elderly family and young children away from the computer screen. Some material may be offensive to some audience members. :P
So obviously it's nearly impossible to take a picture of yourself even with a mirror. I promise you the blouse looks awesome, symmetrical, and professional....I don't know how i pulled it off! But, I decided this blouse still needed something a bit more interesting. Plastic surgery wasn't in my cards :D so I went with black lace. You can NEVER go wrong with lace! And, fortunately for me, it's super popular right now!
I wound my bobbin with some elastic thread too and shirred just a small portion of the sides so now it has a slight upwards direction on each side and gives the appearance that my waist is even smaller. This is a great idea for anyone to do to their DIY fashion projects so they can instantly "lose" 5 pounds! Even if you shirr just one side, it gives visual interest and draws the eye away from your pudginess.
Next time I will show you what to do with one of a jillion slutty shirts that seem to be hitting the store racks lately and make it into something you can actually wear to church, your conservative in-laws house, or your hyper-opinionated mom's house (although she can't say "you're not wearing that to your dad's funeral?!" anymore because the poor guy finally died!).
Happy sewing!
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I gave that a try with the following result:
I think this must be an internal thing. "This is perl 5, version 14, subversion 2 (v5.14.2) built for x86_64-linux-gnu-thread-multi ". Thanks for the help... It is always better to have seen your target for yourself, rather than depend upon someone else's description. In reply to Re^2: Stumped by a warning (carp)
by Wiggins


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1898 - The battleship USS Kentucky (BB 6) is launched in Newport News, Va.
1903 - Adm. George Dewey is commissioned Admiral of the Navy, the only person to hold this rank. Upon his death Jan. 16, 1917, Congress deactivates the rank.
1919 - The battleship USS Idaho (BB 42) is commissioned. Idaho serves with the Pacific fleet, participating in gunfire support of the Aleutian, Marianas, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa Campaigns, and is in Tokyo Bay Sept. 2, 1945 when Japan formally surrenders.
1936 - USS Balch (DD 363), named after Rear Adm. George B. Balch, is launched.
1944 - USS Bowfin (SS 287) attacks a Japanese convoy, sinking both a transport and army cargo ship.
1977 - The initial service acceptance trials for the CH 53E Super Stallion are completed at Naval Air Test Center (NATC), Naval Air Station Patuxent River.
1986 - The first operational use of a Harpoon missile in combat is used by A-6A aircraft from VA-34 against a Libyan Combatant II G-class fast-attack missile craft. The engagement occurs after Libyan armed forces fire missiles at U.S. Navy forces operating in the Gulf of Sidra. Retaliatory strikes by A-7E Corsair II aircraft put the SA-5 missiles out of action at Surt and VA-85 aircraft then sink the missile craft.
2009 - Coastal patrol craft USS Chinook (PC 9) arrives at Umm Qasr, Iraq. During this port visit to Iraq, she is the first U.S. Navy ship to stay overnight.


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.223 Remington. What is the best bullet weight range for this twist? Best powders?
Thanks, Daniel.
.223 Remington. What is the best bullet weight range for this twist? Best powders?
Thanks, Daniel.
Last edited by BUSHMASTER1; 10-28-2009 at 01:59 PM. Reason: Insufficient info.
Thanks,probably should hav noted it must be magazine length tolerant. I think the VLD will be too long.
I have a Tikka T3 Lite Stainless that has the 1-8" barrel. Rifle shoots everything very well including 40 grain bullets. Best accuracy has been with 50 grain bullets but again it shoots them all very well.
You did not list what type of shooting you are wanting to perform with your rifle. If it is only target work then maybe a 68-80 grain bullet would be your best choice. The 52 grain match bullets shoot very well in most 223's.
Last edited by Stormbringer; 10-28-2009 at 02:54 PM. Reason: typo
Thanks for the replies,it's for an evil black rifle, that are sometimes not well recieved on this forum. I have ordered a Larue stealth upper and wanted to have loads ready when it gets here. I was hoping the lighter bullets would work. I'll start with my regular loads and see what happens.
A 1x8 twist will handle bullets up to 80gr. It will shoot the light ones very well also. To recomend a bullet weight depends on what your doing. If it is just blaster ammo find some surplus 55 or 62gr. bullets. If you want some more accuracy I would suggest the Sierra 69 or 77 MK or the Hornaday 75 gr. BTHP.
Check this out. Lot info one place.
Bushmaster1: Three of my six 223 chamberings ( 2 Kriegers actually said to be 1-7.8 & 1 Hart 1-8) are matched with the distances involved. For 100 to 200 yds. the 55 Hornady V-Max is first choice. For 200 to 300 yd., the 69 gr. Sierra #1380 is the #1 choice. For everything beyond 300 yd., the 77 gr. Sierra #1477 and the 80 gr Sierra #1480 are both used. The great thing about the "fast" twist is the versatility: they will work with just about any bullet weight, although I must admit I've never gone below 50 gr., and only a very few of those. Other three chamberings are 1-9 and I've never gone heavier than 69 gr. Varget is my number one powder choice for all.
Last edited by f d shuster; 10-28-2009 at 07:35 PM. Reason: additional comment
I load mine with
Powder = H4198
Bullet = 40 Grain VMax
Primer = Wolf Small Rifle Magnum or Rem 7 1/2
Brass = Anything I find.
Shoots great.
Thank you all!
If you don't have the rifle you'll want to pick up some mag-length bullets like 75 BTHPM Hornady, 77 Nosler or 77 SMK and load them to 2.25". Use Varget, RE15, 4895 or VV N140 or 540. Any primer except Winchester or Remington 6 1/2 (7 1/2 work great).
Once you get the rifle and can measure the throat, then you can explore the possibilities of VLD-type bullets and get some single-load bullets like 75 AMAX, 80 Nosler or 80 SMK, etc.
ETA: Some people like TAC powder too. Very dirty, but if that's what you have, it may work well.
Last edited by BottleBaby; 10-29-2009 at 07:19 AM.
SMK 69 And H-322.
Check your chamber with a dummy round/empty brass. Some chambers are a little smaller.
Drop the round in, with the upper open. To make sure it will go in.
Helped out a guy last year. He built/customed his AR. Looked great. But, his ammo was getting jammed in the chamber.
He needed to set his die a little lower.
Another problem. He made 500 rounds. While waiting for all the parts.
I agree, bullet choice depends on distance and intended use. For a bushy, use pulled 3rd world bullets. J/k.
Seen lots of guys report 40gr was their best bullet at 100 yards with 1:8tw AR. I like the ball and short cut powders for .223, especially the smaller bullets. R15 and Varget have done well too.
I shot highpower off and on for years. All the 1in 8 twist barrels I have had contact with like the heavier bullets. 75 gr hornady, 77 Sierra (never herd of one that wouldn't shoot these well), 77gr nosler ( good value and the same as Sierra) and so forth.
For longer ranges th 80gr will usaully work but ofcourse these are seated long so they don't fit any magazines. 80 gr sierra's are the standard and are far less picky. The 80gr noslers are again almost a clone of the Sierra. The 80 gr Bergers can work extremely well are can be fussy about powder and seating depth.


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Lot 106: Two Mexican Carved Wooden Santos - Early 20th C
November Clearance Online Timed Auction
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November 7, 2016
Louisville, CO, USA
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Mexico, early 20th century CE. This is a pair of carved wooden santos, one of the Virgin Mary, the other of a monk-like male figure with bleeding stigmata and a cross. Size of largest: 5.5" W x 10.5" H (14 cm x 26.7 cm)
Provenance: Ex-Morgan collection, Santa Monica, CA
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Condition Report: Wear to paint give these a nice vintage patina.


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Lambda calculus! But it doesn't have integers (or any data types for that matter), you say? Sure it does, it has Church numerals!
Yeah, at some point we have to convert the Church numeral to something that Perl can print.. but you get the idea. blokhead In reply to Re: Adding 2 + 2 (Church numerals)
by blokhead


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I wonder if they have considered that not voting can be a decision -- an informed decision, no less. Maybe we should be amazed at how few people pay attention to what politicians actually do, and this fact we deduce from the fact that they do vote.
Here's what I propose, to increase voter turnout among "young people": Put "none of the above" on each and every ballot, as an option. Count those votes, along with those for candidates. If more than 50 per cent of the people vote for "none of the above", the election is held again. This time, none of the original candidates are allowed to run. This continues until the people find someone they want to vote for.
I can hear the objection: The electoral system wouldn't function. Democracy would grind to a halt. But think about this: isn't it true that democracy should grind to a halt when over 50 per cent of the people don't think that any of the people offering to represent them are worthy of the job?
Piq: Your objection is interesting, but just read the above paragraph. Could you respond to that, please? You say that the president would lack popular support. Does this mean that the president, as it stands now, does have popular support?
Piq: You are correct. Even though the option was there, most people did not take advantage of it for those very reasons.
Embers: True, they did have that. They even had candidates who weren't Communists. Oddly enough, few people voted for them, and often those same people ran intro problems finding jobs down the road.
Artfuldodger: While the current president may not have popular 'support,' as in the majority of the people standing behind his actions, he does have minority support and popular apathy. I doubt that this is a good thing, however it appears to work at least to some extent. The real beef I have with "None of the above" is that it implies absolute cluelessness as to who the leader should be. As I stated before, those people who select "None of the above" will belong to many factions and any one of their individual leaders will bring forth violent opposition by the other factions as well as the mainstream, making the position less than productive.
Artfuldodger: True, possibly it should grind to a halt. However, do you expect it to present the people with that option? It seems more reasonable that the status quo gov't would do all it can to keep any dissidents out of power and maintain the appearance of a supportive public.
http://www.noneoftheabove.net None of the Above is a North Carolina bluegrass band. Did you know that?
http://www.expage.com/noneoftheaboveband None of the Above is the name of a garage band in Latham, New York. Bet you didn't know that.
It's also the name of a song by Duran Duran.
There is also a man somewhere in this country who has chosen to legally change his name to None of the Above, hoping that some day that phrase will achieve a majority in an election, and he can step in on a technicality and claim the seat. Would that work? Probably not, but such a thing could take up a lot of time in the courts. At any rate, my point is, when you vocally announce or silently write or punch a chad in a punch card or otherwise vote for None of the Above you are still voting for something that exists in the universe, which is counterproductive to the act itself. Further, there are organizations which take up this nomenclature for various reasons, each potentially meaning well, but indirectly diluting the purpose of this phrase. By being a None of the Above organization, they defeat the purpose of voting for that phrase. If you vote None of the Above, you want to vote for nothing, correct? Yet since entities claim that nomenclature, you are inneffectively voting for something when you vote for nothing.
Catch-22: This is like going to a nondenominational church.
None of the Above is already an option in Nevada and other parts of the USA. In fact some countries of the world have adopted it. However it is at present not a viable option for the US as a whole, considering how our voting system in America is designed to purposefully squelch out any votes of nonconfidence. In theory, every time a single registered voter chooses not to vote in a given election, be it because they feel it a complete waste of time, or are simply too busy, or they forget, that abscent vote should immediately be registered numerically into the total as a vote of no confidence. It is not. Because of this, our entire voting system is irrelevant and purposeless. The voice of the American people is not being heard. In Australia, where all citizens are required to vote by law, a NOTA vote makes sense. However, in the USA it simply dilutes the minority of active voters even further, all to the advantage of the corrupt politician, who takes these variables into account when he vindictively connives his way into office.
If you have ever stood in a room filled with people, but not a single person is speaking, you know as well as I how strong and profound such silence can be. Yet that is deemed irrelevant and is ignored by our society, which is why our political system is inherently such a joke. Something this basic and obvious is void in our political system. Our present voting system only counts those individuals who actually speak out, ignoring those who fall silent, as if a registered voter's silence is less important to the total as a registered voter who joins a chorus. Further, someone who jokingly or in all seriousness chooses to vote for Mickey Mouse is ignored, for he is not speaking in unison with one of the two main choirs. The concept of adding none of the above to the political ticket is yet another red herring to insure for all politicians everywhere that the status quo will be upheld, and that the voice of the true majority in this country, the silent majority, is forever ignored in favor of the noisy minority.
We cannot have true democracy in America or anywhere so long as the mute are considered dumb.
For more information:
http://www.nota.org http://www.votenoa.com http://www.homestead.com/none_of_the_above_party http://www.nader96.org/bnota.htm http://europe.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/03/04/noneoftheabove http://hep.physics.wisc.edu/~jnb/nota.html http://hep.physics.wisc.edu/~jnb/nota_alternate.html http://www.cascadepolicy.org/nota.htm
Actually, for Adelaide University Union elections, there is a No Candidate option on the ballot. The election is run as an ordinary preferential ballot, except if No Candidate wins an absolute majority then the position is left vacant.
They also have Council Vacant for ballots where multiple vacancies are to be filled. These are filled using Hare-Clark proportional representation, except if Council Vacant wins more than half first preference votes then all positions are vacant.
I would like to see them do something like this in parliamentary elections. I suppose if that were tried, though, and three parties were equally strong and equally opposed, there would be a lot of half-empty parliaments.
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Perfume Bottle Packaging
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About this Order
This order concerns violations by VRG Linhas Aéreas S.A. d/b/a GOL Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes (GOL) of the consumer protection provisions contained in 14 CFR Parts 259 and 399 and 49 U.S.C. § 42302, as well as the statutory prohibition against unfair and deceptive practices, 49 U.S.C. § 41712.


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I'm so bummed. Recently realized that opening night is at the same time as my vacation, when I'll be in the woods with no service or accessibility whatsoeverrrr.
Wow, you can reserve those a month ahead of time? O_O Crazy. I'll be watching it streamed on my trusted movie website, lol.


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Designing Great Beers: The Ultimate Guide to Brewing Classic Beer Styles
by Ray DanielsAuthor Ray Daniels provides the brewing formulas, tables, and information to take your brewing to the next level in this detailed technical manual.
Product Details
- 9780937381502
- Publisher:
- Brewers Publications
- Publication date:
- 01/28/1998
- Pages:
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- 7.18(w) x 10.07(h) x 0.95(d)
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This work covers the art and science of recipe formulation so that everyone can understand it. Everyone who has mastered the basics of brewing will find interesting and useful information between its covers. The first ten chapters of the book cover the mechanics of recipe formulation including theory, resources and calculations. These may be studied intensely or saved for later reference. The real treasure trove of the text comes in the 14 chapters that make up the second section of the book. These chapters examine the brewing of classic styles from bock to barley wine and old ale to oktoberfest. They present detailed historical information as well as analyses of more than 700 successful and award-winning commercial and homebrewed recipes. All of the information in this book is clearly presented so that it is accessible to brewers of all stripes. The recipe analyses are presented in graphic form and each style chapter concludes with 'Key Success Factors' so that brewers can quickly grasp and apply this knowledge in their own recipes. Everyone who has been bitten with the brewing bug seems to have a constant thirst for knowledge as well as beer. Designing Great Beers delivers a wealth of information that will quench those thirsts while putting new pages in every brewer's recipe journal. Bronze Medal Winner - 1997 North American Guild of Beer Writers Quill and Tankard Awards
This book is packed with great historical information. There arent recipes to copy, but a sound princple for constructing most styles of beers. The history goes to 1996 though, so comparison to commercial products lacks examples of great craft beer currently representing or changing the classic styles. Book would be useful for extract, partial mash, and all grain brewers. Not for first yime brewer because it does not cover the basics; the reader should have several successful brews complete to gain benefit of this book.
Great book for the all grain brewer! This book delves deep into malts and the chemistry of brewing. Learn to brew specific styles of beer and learn how to make your own variations of those styles.. and develop your own original beer! Great book for learning to design award winning brews!
Even if you are not ready to make your own recipes, this book will help you understand why the recipes you use are built that way. The information in this book will help to tweak your current brews or give you the understanding to step out and brew some great beers of your own. I can't say enough about it, it simply is a must have!


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Beautiful Sydney Harbour as your playground...just imagine the possibilities! Getaway on a EastSail yacht and enjoy the feeling of simply sailing. Bareboat charter is available to experienced sailors who are keen to do all the "work" themselves. With more than 25 hire boats, we have Sydney's most exciting yacht charter fleet to choose from. From an easily handled Beneteau 33.7 to the Sydney 36 speed machines to the magnificent Beneteau 40.7's, all EastSail yachts are specially equipped for an ideal combination of luxury and performance. Standard facilities include: well-equipped galley with gas oven, crockery and cutlery; fridge or icebox; private bathroom with hot water; cd stereo; full safety inventory. On request and at no additional cost, we can also provide a dinghy and children's life jackets. Linen available at additional fee. Skippers or hostess are also available. Notes:
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Everyone, post the best games of the Toronto Raptors, where the whole arena was packed and the crowd was crazy! I only started watching in 2011 so I wanna watch the great moments of the past!
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Everyone, post the best games of the Toronto Raptors, where the whole arena was packed and the crowd was crazy! I only started watching in 2011 so I wanna watch the great moments of the past!
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06-07 playoffs, game 2, at home vs Vince and the Nets. We won. I was watching at a sports bar and it was madness there, we were chanting Defense and screaming after made 3's, I can only imagine what the live sounds at the arena was that night. When the confetti fell at the end of the game it was one of the most satisfying moments watching as a fan.
Loudest I've experienced myself might actually be Terrence Ross' 51 point night vs Clippers this year, but that might just be fresh in my mind.
Jeremy Lin's buzzer beater
Right in the middle of Linsanity and the crowd was hyped about that shot, it was really cool to see live and I couldn't help but cheer for the kid!
Game 3 and 4 of the 2008 playoffs. Absolutely electric.
Made a thread similar to this a couple of months ago. My all time fave Raptors game was the game against the Nuggets. VC vs Van Exel.
geez as a die hard raps fan since 1998 & product of the VC era...most of the great franchise games i'd say happened in the early 2000's.
1. Carter dropping 51 points in a win over Phx on NBC national tv
2. First Playoff series win over the Knicks in Game 5 in 2001
3. MoPete's buzzer beater against the Wizards to send the game to OT
One of the best, but also worst for me, was against Boston. Can't remember when exactly, 2009 or 2010 I think. Went to double overtime (I think) in Boston. Best because Bargs just killed it. He almost led us to an upset against the Big Three Celtics on the road; he kept hitting huge shot after huge shot. Worst because this game alone made me stick in his corner much longer than I should have, and who knows, maybe Colangelo too.
This wasn't at the ACC, but still....listen to the crowd erupt:
Oh, and Carter ended up hitting the game-winning 3 at the buzzer.
OH man, I was pissed after that game lol. We were the team that was supposed to stop Linsanity and we actually were on our way, but Dwayne Casey failed to make adjustments, unlike the Knicks where they had Shumpert on Calderon. Can't remember who was our best perimeter defender though at that time though (James Johnson? Barbosa?). And when he hit the game winner, all the fans just erupted like someone from the Raptors hit the game winner. Probably folks from Agincourt and/or Markham lol.
My best game though would be the Indiana game last year at Indiana. We were down most for most of the game, Psycho T hacked Jonas who was just coming from an injury, Bargs and Hibbert were jawing, Rudy Gay's steal of West's pass a la Mo Pete and Michael Ruffin, Amir's buzzer beater to force OT, and that Gay game-winner in OT over Paul George.
Last edited by 2KJ; Mon Feb 24th, 2014 at 08:52 PM.
Haha I remember that. I was so upset that game, because I wanted the Raptors to end the Linsanity streak. But it was an awesome moment, and Im actually happy Lin's biggest moment occurred here in Toronto. I laugh when I see the highlights, and you would think that the game was in New York given how the crowd erupted.
Its funny how so many game winners come off of that straight-on 3 pointer. You would think that a method would be developed to guard that and any possible drive/ and kick by now.
I know this may be a bit controversial but I think the Raptors have proven that they're the best team in the NBA from Canada
-random Facebook user. 2016
Playoff games like the ones against Orlando and New Jersey were loud. I was also at the first game against Philly after they eliminated us from the Eastern Final the previous year, and it was a great atmosphere.
Mike Breen and the U.S. national announcers were blown away at how loud the ACC was during that Philly series.
Like a lot of kids my age, I was a Bulls fan in the Jordan days. Of course, Toronto got a team of their own and that changed things for me, but you can be sure that I watched every second of this game. Nobody would have told you going in that it would have ended the way it did.
That video just brought back waaaaaaay too many awesome memories. Just hearing names like Carlos Rogers and Tracy Murray made me smile.
Alvin Robertson buddy.....you were the greatest.
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