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Categories ▾
−Fall Extravaganza9:00 am – 2:00 pm
Harmony River is hosting their Fall Extravaganza on Saturday, Nov. 7th from 9a-2p. Arts, Crafts,and Baked Goods for sale, Vendors on hand, Lunch is available, No admission charge.+9:00 amFall Extravaganza
−Lutefisk Dinner11:00 am – 7:00 pm
Scandian Grove Lutheran Church of Norseland is having their Lutefisk and Meatball Supper on Saturday, Nov. 7th from 11a-2p and 4-7 pm. Cost is $16 for adults, $6 for ages 6-12, and 5 and under eat free.+11:00 amLutefisk Dinner
−Poultry Party5:30 pm – 8:00 pm
The Stewart American Legion is hosting their Poultry Party and Raffle on Saturday, Nov. 7th starting at 5:30 pm at Cactus Jacks 2 in Stewart. Free BBQ's and Beer 6:30-8 pm, Raffle, Paddle Wheel and more at the event.+5:30 pmPoultry Party
−Omelet Breakfast9:00 am – 12:30 pm
The Hector Lioness Club will be having their Omelet Breakfast on Sunday, Nov. 8th from 9a-12:30p at the Hector Methodist Church. Proceeds will be used for projects in the community.+9:00 amOmelet Breakfast
−Turkey Dinner10:00 am – 1:00 pm
The Church of St. Mary in Arlington invites everyone to their Turkey Dinner on Sunday, Nov. 8th from 10a-1p. Cost is $10 for adults, $5 for chid. Serving Turkey, Stuffing, Mashed Potatoes and all the fixin's!+10:00 amTurkey Dinner
−Soup and Sandwich Luncheon10:30 am – 1:00 pm
St. Paul's Lutheran Church of Green Isle is having a Soup and Sandwich Luncheon from 10:30a-1p on Sunday, Nov. 8th. Serving Chili, Chicken Noodle, Cream of Broccoli, and Wild Rice Soups. Adults are $8, Children 6-10 are $4 and 5 and under are frfee. Proceeds used for local and world mission projects.+10:30 amSoup and Sandwich Luncheon
−Turkey Bingo6:30 pm – 8:00 pm
St. Thomas More Church of Lake Lillian has Turkey Bingo on Sunday, Nov. 8th at 6:30 pm. Free Lunch and Door Prizes given away. Everyone is welcome.+6:30 pmTurkey Bingo
−Brownton Legion Meeting7:30 pm – 9:00 pm
The Brownton American Legion Post and Auxiliary will be meeting on Monday, Nov. 9th at the Brownton Community Center starting at 7:30 pm.+7:30 pmBrownton Legion Meeting
−Senior Dance1:30 pm – 4:30 pm
The Next Senior Dance at the Cosmos Legion will be Wednesday, Nov. 11th from 1:30-4:30 pm with music by Michael James.+1:30 pmSenior Dance
−Monthly Community Dinner5:00 pm – 7:00 pm
The Brownton Congregational Church invites you to their Monthly Community Dinner, the 2nd Wednesday of each Month. Next one is Nov. 11th from 5-7 pm. Cost is only a Free Will Donation.+5:00 pmMonthly Community Dinner
−Trees and Traditions9:00 am – 2:00 pm
Christ the King Lutheran Church of Hutchinson hosts their annual Trees and Traditions event on Saturday, Dec 5th from 9a-2pm. View decorated trees, table settings, collections, and quilts…Shop at the Country Store, Bake Shoppe, or Silent Auction…and enjoy lefse and krumkakka demonstrations. Light lunch available for $5 from 11a-1:30p.+9:00 amTrees and Traditions
−International String Trio7:00 pm – 8:30 pm
The Hutchinson Concert Association presents "The International String Trio" on Thursday, Nov. 12th at 7 pm in the Hutchinson High School Auditorium. Hear music from Bach to the Beatles. Tickets are $20 at the door or with a concert membership. Questions? Contact Cyndi at 234-6762.+7:00 pmInternational String Trio
−Chow Mein Dinner11:00 am – 1:00 pm
The Church of Peace, NYA is having a Chow Mein Dinner on Friday, Nov. 13th from 11a-1p. Cost is a free will offering.+11:00 amChow Mein Dinner
−Holiday Open House5:00 pm – 7:00 pm
The Emmaus Gift Shop of Litchfield is having their Holiday Open House on Friday, Nov 13th from 5-7 pm and Saturday, Nov. 14th from 9a-1p. Bake Sale on Saturday at 9 am including Scandinavian Treats.+5:00 pmHoliday Open House
−Documentary Premiere7:00 pm – 8:30 pm
The Mcleod County Historical Society is hosting a premiere of the documentary "Little Crow and the Dakota War" on Saturday, Nov. 14th at 7 pm. Popcorn and Refreshments will be served. More info at mcleodhistory.org+7:00 pmDocumentary Premiere
−Bouja/Chicken Noodle Soup Sale8:30 am – 12:00 pm
The Next sale of Bouja and Chicken Noodle Soup is Sunday, Nov. 15th at St. Anthony's Church of Watkins from 8:30a-Noon. Bouja is $13, Chicken Noodle is $12 per gallon. You may preorder by calling Larry at 320-764-2965.+8:30 amBouja/Chicken Noodle Soup Sale
−Hot Dish Sunday10:30 am – 1:30 pm
The Brownton Congregational Church Ladies invite you to Hot Dish Sunday, November 15th from 10:30-1:30 pm. Cost is $8 for adults, $4 for Children 4-10, and Kids under 3 along with All Veterans eat Free.+10:30 amHot Dish Sunday
−Love Potion #103:30 pm – 6:00 pm
The GSL Panther Association presents Love Potion #10 featuring the Whitesidewalls and Michael Patrick "Records" Ryan, Nov. 15th at 3:30 pm at the Glencoe City Center. Tickets are $25 and availavle online (glencoemn.org) or at the City Offices. The Panther Association will have a variety of desserts available for purchase and a cash bar.+3:30 pmLove Potion #10
−God's Acre5:30 pm – 9:00 pm
The God's Acre Banquet at United Lutheran Church in Lake Lillian will be on Sunday, November 15. Social hour is at 5:30, dinner is at 6:00 and music and message by "Allen and Matt" will be at 7:00.+5:30 pmGod's Acre
−DC Turkey Bingo6:00 pm – 7:00 pm
The Dassel Cokato Wrestling Team is holding their Turkey Bingo Fundraiser on Thursday, Nov. 19th at the High School Commons. $10 per person, proceeds support the Wrestling team.+6:00 pmDC Turkey Bingo
−HL Library Event6:15 pm – 8:00 pm
The Howard Lake Library is hosting an evening of fun and information for children ages birth-5 years old and their families on Thursday, Nov. 19th from 6:15-8 pm. Free Refreshments and a gently used book for each child. Plus there will be free resources from the library, WIC, Public Health, HLWW ECFE, and other community resources.+6:15 pmHL Library Event
−Meeker County Light of Love Holiday Trees7:00 pm – 8:00 pm
Light a bulb in Meeker County this year for the Light of Love Holiday Trees around the communities. To light a bulb contact Ecumen Home Care and Hospice of Litchfield. Tree Lighting Ceremonies will be held: Nov 19th in Cosmos at 7 pm – Nov. 20th in Atwater at 6:15 pm – Nov. 21st in Litchfield at 3 pm – Nov. 29th in Kingston @ 4:30 pm – Nov. 30th in Darwin at 6:30 pm – Dec 11th in Dassel @ 4:30 pm.+7:00 pmMeeker County Light of Love Holiday Trees
−Kingston Chili Feed5:00 pm – 7:00 pm
The Kingston Apostolic Lutheran Church has their annual Chili Feed on Friday, Nov. 20th from 5-7 pm. Serving Chili, Cornbread, and more. Craft and Baked Goods for sale also.+5:00 pmKingston Chili Feed
−Darwin Drifters Membership Drive6:00 pm – 7:30 pm
The Darwin Drifters Snowmobile Club is having their annual Membership Drive on Friday, Nov. 20th at the Darwin Rod and Gun Club. Dinner served from 6-7:30 pm, Walk Ins Welcome. Memberships are $10.+6:00 pmDarwin Drifters Membership Drive
−Brownton Fun Night and Raffle7:00 pm – 9:00 pm
The Brownton American Legion has their Annual Fun Night and Raffle on Friday, Nov. 20th at 7 pm. Drawings for Cash Prizes, as well as Hams and Turkeys. It's at the Browton Community Center.+7:00 pmBrownton Fun Night and Raffle
−The Wizard Of Oz7:00 pm – 9:00 pm
Mayer Lutheran High School presents The Wizard of Oz, Nov. 20-22nd. Show times Friday and Saturday are 7 pm, and Sunday is 2 pm. More info at mayerlutheran.org+7:00 pmThe Wizard Of Oz
−Turkey Bingo7:00 pm – 8:30 pm
The Hamburg Lions are hosting turkey Bingo on Friday, Nov. 20th, 7 pm at the Hamburg Community Hall. Get 25 games for $8, with Turkeys, Hams, and Sausage as the prize. Burgers, Beverages, and Popcorn will be available. Door Prizes, and Meat Raffles are also a part of the fun. Proceeds used for Brunch with Santa.+7:00 pmTurkey Bingo
−Poultry Party7:30 pm – 9:00 pm
The Plato Bluejays are hosting a Poultry Party on Friday, Nov. 20th at 7:30 pm at the Plato Hall.+7:30 pmPoultry Party
−Craft, Bake, and Toy Sale8:00 am – 3:30 pm
The Holy Family CCW is having their annual Craft, Bake and Gently Used Toy Sale on Saturday, Nov. 21st from 8a-3:30p at the Church of the Holy Family in Silver Lake. Quilts of all sizes, Homemade Kolaches, Baked Good, Christmas Items and more!+8:00 amCraft, Bake, and Toy Sale
−Arts/Crafts Fair9:00 am – 2:00 pm
The 37th annual FINE ARTS EXPO and 35th annual CREATIVE CRAFTS FAIR will be held Saturday, November 21, 9 am-2 pm in the Activity Center HLWW Middle School in Howard Lake. Free admission. There will be 80+ artists and craft persons exhibiting their works for sale. No admission fee, bring friends and family. Food stand, bake sale and prizes.+9:00 amArts/Crafts Fair


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subset: commoncrawl


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Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ! According to his great mercy, he has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead.
1 Peter 1:3
Besides being "busy" and slower to mature than Labs, what other traits do Boykins have? How are they in the house?
I ask because our son in law fishes and would love to have a dog in the boat with him. He also hunts... ducks and pheasants. Years ago he had a Brittany Spaniel and loved it. I don't think he has ever heard of a Boykin. It sounds like a dog that would fit his needs. Our big black Labs are just too big for his small fishing boat. His ideal dog would be a house-companion dog, too. You know... sit next to you on the couch and watch TV with you type of dog.
Tell me more about Boykin personalities...
Harley was indeed a bulldog among bulldogs. *observes moment of silence*[/QUOTE]
Yes Sir he is very missed. Now in memory of him i want to take a nap....
Your son in law's situation seems very close to mine. I'm hoping for a dog to hang out in the boat while I fish, be a good house pet for my wife while I'm at work, and still go get a duck. Based on the research I've done the Boykin seems like a perfect fit. I realize a lab can easily fullfil those roles as well, but size comes into play because my wife doesn't want a huge dog in the house.
Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ! According to his great mercy, he has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead.
1 Peter 1:3
Mine stays in the house when we are home he sleeps in the bed with my wife and I every night. They are fine in the house but because they are busy they can get into some trouble. No different than any other house dog they just need something to keep them busy besides your shoes or socks or toilet paper. I use a kong to keep mine occupied he is absolutely crazy about that damn thing. He will hide it from his self under the couch or under a blanket and the have a ball hunting it up after he hides it from himself. Some days I work from home and he can be found laying at my feet under my desk. One thing that needs to be taught is the "place" command. So if the dog is being annoying or just too busy running around the house I tell him "place" and point to his bed or place mat and keep him there while I go about my business. Boykins are very energetic dogs so they need to be ran and worked as much as you can just to burn off some of that energy. As far as hunting out of a smaller boat they are the best there is, mine loves to jump up on the front deck of my 14 foot Jon boat and go as fast as we can go. He thinks he is the captain of the biggest ship in the world and he is much easier to get in and out of the boat than a 80 pound dog. As far as training them like others have said you train them just like any other dog but learn how to read your dog, they do get bored with doing the same drills over and over. All in all anyone looking for a smaller retriever or upland flusher can't go wrong with a Boykin. They can even be trained to point and flush on command if that's your cup of tea. You can PM me or give me a call if you want.
http://www.gameandfishmag.com/2010/0..._gf_aa056302a/ The breed is AKC recognized now as well and can participate in AKC spaniel and retriever hunt tests as well as other venues if AKC registered.
Health issues are a definite challenge in this breed. Sadly, many breeders do not even do basic OFA health clearances before breeding on parents. ACVO eye clearance, OFA cardiac, OFA patellas, and Exercise Induced Collapse (EIC) are other concerns. There are also certain lines that seem to contain more epilepsy, severe skin and food allergies, and aggression, and overshot and undershot bite.
Terrie Tomlinson
Frontier Retrievers
HR Frontier's True Grit With a Cause "Rooster"
Frontier's Gossip Girl With A Cause "Gabby"
Boykin Spaniels: Max, Rummy, Luna, Jewels, Bella, Maisie, Pepper, Wager, Ruby
In Memory:
HRCH Frontier's Cherokee Rebel MH (5-9-2000 to 12-6-2011)
Moonstone's Little Girl Found MH (3-20-1998 to 5-2-2008)
HR Five Star Winning Sue SH (4-16-2006 to 9-11-2016)
Calebri's Take the Money and Run JH (3-3-2008 to 6-20-2012)
Boykin's have changed tremendously in the past fifteen years.
My boy was a big one, or so I thought when he was young at a very muscular 34 pounds. It seems that they have been bred to be larger now.
They have a rep for being hyper. Yes, if things that pulled his trigger were introduced (birds) he would loses his cool but he rode shotgun in my Jeep or in the front seat of a jon boat and enjoyed being with his human as much as any dog I've seen. He was dang sure more laid back than my lab when he had plenty of people time.
He wasn't aggressive, but he didn't like his space to be invaded either. I learn quickly to let him pull the cuckleburrs from his coat. That said if you rode to far without give him a little love he would rest his paw on the console intill you paid him some attention.
As far as water attitude, well, its a thousand wonders he wasn't eaten by an alligator. He liked to swim more than any dog I have ever seen. If he found water, he went swimming, for as long as he wanted to (i mean like 20 minutes straight) no matter if you wanted him to or not. Before the alligators got bad on the main lake on Lake Eufaula, he would go water skiing with me. On a beach break, if a low flying bird came by he would give chase and if it worked out just right he would swim so far off the bank I would get nervous and go get him in the boat. I'm talking 5-600 yards out to sea and no sign of turning around.
He was vocal, on a chase, as was bred for early on in Boykins. They were originally used to find and bust up flocks of turkeys in the fall for a hunter to call back together. He would bark (yip really) every step as he chased a crippled dove all the way across a peanut field.
He was the best dog I have had the privilege of owning, or being owned by. His heart was ten times bigger than his body. I almost lost him duck hunting a lily pad pond when he was three. I sent him on a retrieve and he got tangled in the pads. Just before his nose went under, he made it to a log and climbed on. He took one really deep breathe, saw the duck twenty yards further and was launching off the log as I caught his back leg from the front of my gheenoe. He wined like a mad man until I poled to open water and sent him for his duck. For that reason, I've switched to a lab as my hunting, retriever. As big as Sports heart was, he didn't have the hind quarters to back it up. He picked up lots of doves and quail after that hunt, but no more ducks. I grew up with Brittneys and own one now. If you son in law likes a Britt as a pet, a Boykin would be at least as good of a choice.
JGorman, I just saw that you said you were "living" in Starkville. Don't want you're wife mad at me or you but I was thinking you were a college kid and I promise that curly furball was a 10-1 favorite over labs on campus back in the old days!
Last edited by leemac; 04-03-2013 at 05:21 PM.
"That's a fine dog you got there son. Looks like one of ya'll got the brains and the other one got the driver's license.".
leemac you're thinking right, I just got married and am trying to finish up at school (wrap it in maroon and white, if you will). While I'm sure he'll be a lady killer, Lord knows that's the last thing I need. I've about bitten off more than I can chew with the one cute little sorority girl I was lucky enough to snag... Don't need any more.
Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ! According to his great mercy, he has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead.
1 Peter 1:3
Waiing on a Brandwine pup myself. did lot of research. tHEY ARE A GREAT BREED.
Chase perfection and accept excellence- Vince Lombardi
never seen one, going to look them up good luck


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Maureen Dawn Healy, author of Energetic Keys to Indigo Kids.
Topic: Raising and resonating with today's new children
Issues: Recognizing "indigo" children (highly sensitive, hyperactive, creative, but defiant); harnessing and redirecting that special indigo energy; triggers that set off bad behavior; why punishment may make problems worse.
Sharon Meers, coathor of Getting to 50/50.
Topic: How working parents can have it all.
Issues: Why two careers are better than one; busting myths about work, women, and men; how your husband solves the work-life riddle; success doesn't require 24/7; what women gain from working motherhood.
Podcast: Play in new window | Download


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Filming at Sydney Opera House
All requests to film on Sydney Opera House's site must gain prior approval from Sydney Opera House.
Please note: all applications for filming must be submitted a minimum of two weeks before the preferred filming date.
Sydney Opera House is one of the busiest performing arts centres in the world. With so much onsite activity we must comply with strict site safety and conservation management plans to protect all our staff and visitors.
Sydney Opera House abides by the film friendly principle and will work to facilitate on-site filming requests where it can, provided these requests do not interfere with our sponsorship agreements, commercial revenues or day to day operations.
Sydney Opera House receives partial funding for building maintenance from the State Government of NSW, but is otherwise responsible for driving close to 80% of its own commercial revenues. It is our responsibility therefore to preserve the integrity of the site and control the use of the Sydney Opera House brand and image.
Please read Sydney Opera House's film policy
Apply to film at Sydney Opera House
If you have any questions, please email our Film Contact Officer
Alicia Novy
Email: email@example.com
Ph: 02 9250 7393


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You are here
Festival of Wreaths Auction
Date & Time
Thursday, December 13, 2012 -
6:00pm to 9:00pm
Charleston Place Hotel
Event Details
The Shops at Charleston Place are hanging their wreaths at the Palmetto Café even before the Thanksgiving buffet. Handcrafted by the city's most talented designers and artists, these elaborate wreaths are on display until the auction to benefit MUSC Children's Hospital, where guests will enjoy champagne, hors d'oeuvres, and live holiday music. Palmetto Café at Charleston Place Hotel, 205 Meeting St. Thursday, 6-9pm. $20; $15 advance. (843)937-9142, www.charlestonplace.com


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Family: Chimaeridae, Chimaeras view all from this family
Description The spotted ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei, is a chimaera found in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. Often seen by divers at night in the Pacific Northwest, this harmless shark relative gets its characteristic name from a pointed rat-like tail. The ratfish lays leathery egg cases on the bottom of muddy or sandy areas which are often mistaken by divers as something inanimate. While mainly a deep-water species, it occurs at shallower depths in the northern part of its range. The generic name, Hydrolagus, comes from the Greek words "hydro", meaning water, and "lagus", meaning hare, and the specific name honors Alexander Collie, who was a ship surgeon and early naturalist. The ratfish is not typically eaten by humans and is not commercially caught.
The spotted ratfish has a very distinct appearance compared to unrelated fish species. The female is up to 38 inches (97 cm) long, much bigger than the male. These fish have a smooth and scaless skin that is a silvery-bronze color, often with sparkling shades of gold, blue, and green. The speckled white spots along their back contribute to their name. Dark edges outline both the caudal and dorsal fins, whereas, the pectoral fins have a transparent outline. The ratfish's pectoral fins are large and triangular, and extend straight out from the sides of their bodies like airplane wings. They have a venomous spine located at the leading edge of their dorsal fin. The tail of the ratfish constitutes almost half of their overall length and closely resembles a pointed rat-like tail. The body of this fish is supported by cartilage rather than bone. It has a duckbill shaped snout and a rabbit-like face. The mouth is small and contains forward directed, incisor-shaped teeth, that act as plate-like grinding teeth. One of their most mesmerizing features is their large emerald green eyes which are able to reflect light, similar to eyes of a cat.
Dimensions Up to 3'2" (96 cm).
Warning Care should be taken in handling Ratfish, as the venomous spines can cause painful wounds, and the clasping organs, on the underside, are quite sharp.
Habitat Open ocean, Ocean or bay shallows.
Range California, Northwest, Western Canada, Alaska.


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The left really does have a penchant for giving awards for nothing really or in the words Aftergood, "potential." Just amazing!
couple quotes from the article:
President Obama finally and quietly accepted his transparency award from the open government community this week in a closed, undisclosed meeting at the White House on Monday.
I dont feel moved today to say thank you, Mr. President, said Steve Aftergood, the director of the Project on Government Secrecy at the Federation of American Scientists. But he said he understands the award to be aspirational, in recognition of Obamas potential to do more on the transparency front.
And in that sense, one could say it resembles the award at the Nobel Peace Prize, Aftergood said. Its not because Obama brought peace to anyone but because people hoped he would be a force for good in the world, and maybe thats the way to understand this award.


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Sophomore Dez Wells was the lone bright spot for the Terps, leading the team with 21 points. Alex Len was the only other Terp in double figures, scoring 10 points and grabbing five rebounds. Maryland had virtually no production from their starting guards. Sophomore Nick Faust and freshman Seth Allen combined to shoot a dismal 17.6% from the field, scoring just 8 points. Charles Mitchell had 9 points and 11 rebounds off the bench for the Terps. Junior Pe'Shon Howard continues to struggle, turning the ball over seven times while scoring no points and not recording a single assist.
The Terps had a terrible first half, turning the ball over 15 times. In the first three minutes of the game, the Terps turned the ball over five times (by five different players) and trailed 8-0. It didn't get any better for the Terps in the first half. Maryland Coach Mark Turgeon's five-man lineup change around the 16-minutes mark couldn't provide a spark for his team. North Carolina's Reggie Bullock outscored Maryland in the first half 21-20.
After turning the ball over on their first possession of the second half, the Terps started playing much better on both offense and defense. They were able to cut the deficit to 11 with 4:02 remaining in the game when Dez Wells made a layup. But turnovers and missed shots continued to plague the Terps. They were able to pull within 10, but that wasn't until 42 seconds remained in the game. By then, it was too late to finish the comeback. Maryland turned the ball over just 6 times in he second half, but they all came in crucial situations. Though they outscored UNC 32-20 in the seconds half, the 22-point first half deficit was too much to overcome.
Maryland ended up shooting at a higher percentage from the field (39.6%) than the Tar Heels (35.4%). The Terps also won the rebounding battle 39-33. However UNC made five 3-pointers to Maryland's one and pulled down 14 offensive rebounds.
North Carolina's Reggie Bullock scored 21 of his career-high 24 points in the first half. James Michael McAdoo recorded his first double-double since December 1st, scoring 19 points and grabbing eleven rebounds. No other Tar Heel had more than 6 points.
With the loss, the Terps fall to 14-4 (2-3 ACC) on the season. North Carolina improves their record to 12-5 (2-2 ACC). The Terrapins return home to face the Boston College Eagles (9-8, 1-3 ACC) Tuesday, in College Park, MD. Tip off is scheduled for 9 p.m.


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Treasury Management
At First National Rio Grande, we focus on creating long-term relationships with our clients. Whether your goal is to accelerate collections, streamline payments or reduce risk, our relationship team will take the time to understand your internal processes and help you meet your target. With local implementation and support, we are committed to making it as easy as possible for you to do business with us. Our products and services will help you to improve transaction processes and create efficiencies within your business..
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ACH Debit Block
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We offer a variety of information reporting tools to better manage your incoming and outgoing payments. Please contact us for details.
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Click here for a demo of our Business Advantage Bill Pay.
A relationship manager will guide you through the applications process for Treasury Management Services.


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To even keep up with my mail. Sigh... Maybe I'll get to do something real this weekend...
To even keep up with my mail. Sigh... Maybe I'll get to do something real this weekend...
Put a lot, but not all of the project information into the fd.o wiki today; more to do, but it is a good start.
Spent much of the day working on To Do Lists on Freedesktop.org. Worthwhile in the long term, I hope.
Been mostly dealing with administrivia this week, but necessary trivia, unfortunately... Will I ever escape? (rhetorical question).
I'm trying to update a project list for fd.o at the moment, and I've promised some thought and suggestions on mailing lists we may need.
I did get a toy this morning: a T5500 thin client to try out LTSP on. That should be fun to mess with. They cost $300 or less, dissipate 22 watts, no fan, no disk.
I suspect this will just match that of most blogs: initial interest, falling to zero with time.
New HTML Parser: The long-awaited libxml2 based HTML parser code is live. It needs further work but already handles most markup better than the original parser.
Keep up with the latest Advogato features by reading the Advogato status blog.
If you're a C programmer with some spare time, take a look at the mod_virgule project page and help us with one of the tasks on the ToDo list!


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The dish that got Omar Flores hired as chef at Driftwood
In the course of reporting my recent critic's notebook about the new generation of chefs shaking up the scene here in Dallas, I interviewed Jonn Baudoin, the owner of Driftwood — the subject of this week's review — by phone.
It was quite an interesting conversation. Baudoin told me that when he put the word out that he was interviewing chefs to run Driftwood's kitchen, he had quite a lot of interest. "I was amazed at some of the talent that contacted me," he said. "There are a lot people out there" – gifted cooks who are working as sous chefs or in similar positions at well-known restaurants around town. "Everyone was paying their dues and just waiting for the right thing to do."
But he and the chef he hired clicked right away, he said. When he had Omar Flores cook for him as an audition, "The first dish he did, we knew this was the guy." The dish was a tuna crudo with avocado ice cream — which appears on the menu now as ahi tuna crudo with yuzu olive oil, 7 spice, English cucumber and avocado ice cream. After hearing that, I kicked myself for not ordering it (nor did we photographer it — sorry!). I did consider ordering it, but Flores' concise menu offered so many intriguiging things — and there were always enticing specials as starters — that I didn't get around to it.
Meanwhile, Baudoin ended our conversation with an interesting thought about the Dallas dining scene: "There's a lot more smaller restaurants emerging. I think the big — or I should say chain-style –restaurants are a thing of the past. It's more about being intimate and passionate about it."
Follow Leslie on Twitter@lesbren and join her on Facebook


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Deeplinks Blog posts about International
Update: Fabio José Silva Coelho, President of Google Brazil, has now been arrested by federal police in São Paulo. The federal police say that he will be released on his own recognizance if he agrees in writing to appear in court for face the charges.
"Judge orders arrest of president of Google's operation in Brazil"
The news that Iran might be seeking to create a 'halal Internet' isn't new. But while speculation about Iran's withdrawal from the online world abounds, the country's recent move to block Gmail and—though inconsistently—Google Search, is one of the first concrete measures to indicate just how serious the plans may be.
Throughout Latin America, new surveillance practices threaten to erode individuals' privacy, yet there is limited public awareness about the civil liberties implications of these rapid changes. Some countries are pursuing cybercrime policies that seek to increase law enforcement power. In other nations, government-run biometric identification systems are on the rise, while certain governments are even turning to drones to aid in their surveillance activities. A culture of secrecy surrounds these surveillance practices, and citizens remain largely unaware of what type of information is being collected and how it is being used against them.
Open access to scientific literature plays a crucial role in the development of a digital knowledge commons, benefiting scholars, patients, researchers, and therefore, the public at large. We owe many thanks to the global open access movement that has been working hard to improve access to knowledge for over a decade. EFF welcomes the new recommendations launched last week in celebration of its 10 year anniversary. Translations of the recommendations have already been made in several languages, with more to follow.
The reactions over the past week to a video, 'The Innocence of Muslims'—made by an Egyptian-American Christian and later shown by Egyptian television, sparking riots—have varied wildly. While some governments have banned YouTube (where a trailer of the video remains available) altogether, YouTube chose on its own volition to block access to the video in Egypt and Libya. Other countries have submitted legal requests for YouTube to block the video, to which the company has complied.
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text:
By The Associated Press
TROY, Ala. — Troy has hired Phil Cunningham, an assistant at Sun Belt Conference rival Western Kentucky, as men's basketball coach.
Cunningham was introduced in a news conference Tuesday at Trojan Arena to replace Don Maestri, who retired at the Sun Belt tournament after 31 seasons and 500 wins. He said he wants the players and coaches to be "10 for 10" on the effort scale in practice, games and recruiting.
"I'm not going to be the best coach in this league, I'm not going to be the smartest coach," Cunningham said. "I'm obviously not going to be the most experienced coach.
"We may not have the most talented team. But from an effort level we control how hard we play, we control how aggressive we are. We control hard we work in the offseason. We control as coaches how hard we work to prepare for an opponent. Everything we do has to be 10 for 10."
Cunningham said Maestri called him about 90 minutes before his news conference. He met with the team early Tuesday morning.
"One of the first thing he gets across very clearly to our team — and they all perked up when they heard this — was we will not have any 'me' in this group , it will all be 'we,'" Troy athletic director John Hartwell said.
Hartwell said Cunningham was "heads and shoulders above the rest" of the candidates for the qualities he was looking for.
Cunningham spent five years as an assistant under Lefty Driesell at James Madison and Georgia State and worked for 12 seasons at Mississippi State. He spent one season at Western Kentucky, which lost to No. 1 seed Kansas in the first round of the NCAA tournament.
Cunningham was part of teams that made seven NCAA tournaments and 11 postseason appearances at Mississippi State and Western Kentucky.
Hartwell worked with Cunningham at Georgia State in the 1990s. A few months ago, Hartwell had taken Cunningham on a tour of the $40 million Trojan Arena, which opened last year.
"It's unbelievable the detail that went into this, how nice this place is," Cunningham said. "This just shows the kind of commitment there is to athletics, particularly men's basketball and women's basketball, here at Troy. That's something you can't put a price tag on. This facility is going to sell itself."


text:
Town Square
The editor to the voice
Original post made by Hulk Hogan "real american", Blossom Valley, on Nov 2, 2012
Go shove one up your behind. Censoring free speech huh?? you sir or madame are a coward. You capitalist pigs all of you who support this paper.
Like this commentPosted by GSB
a resident of Rex Manor
on Nov 3, 2012 at 4:14 pm
If you can't even bother to take a few seconds to see who the Editor of the paper is, you shouldn't bother posting anything.


text:
Hearing aids in East Chicago, IN
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text:
- Stephen Hopkins, born about 1582. He arrived at Plymouth aboard the Mayflower. He and his first wife, whose name is not known, were my tenth great-grandparents.
- Giles Hopkins, born 30 January 1608 in Hursley, Hampshire, England. He married Catherine Whelden on 9 October 1639 at Plymouth Colony. He died about 1690. Giles and Catherine were my ninth great-grandparents.
- Deborah Hopkins, born June 1648 in Eastham, Massachusetts. Deborah married Josiah Cooke, Jr. on 27 July 1668 in Eastham. Deborah and Josiah were my eighth great-grandparents.
- John Hopkins, born before or about 1614. His wife's name was Jane. John died in 1654, and Jane next married Nathaniel Ward of Hadley, Massachusetts. John and Jane were my ninth great-grandparents.
- Stephen Hopkins, born in 1634. He married Dorcas Bronson, and together they had six children. Stephen died in October 1689. He and Dorcas were my eighth great-grandparents.
- Mary Hopkins, born about 1671. She married Samuel Sedgwick in 1689. They were my seventh great-grandparents.
To my knowledge, these two lines have not been proven to be connected. However, one researcher presented a pretty interesting case for just that:
Haxtun, Annie Arnoux. Signers of the Mayflower Compact. New York: Reprinted from The Mail and Express, 1896. Click on STEPHEN HOPKINS, Fourteenth Signer to read what she wrote as it appeared when published by The Mail and Express. You'll need your glasses. Or you can read or download a nice, legible transcription of the Haxtun article at The Vertical File.
I don't know whether Haxtun's theory has ever been proven or disproven. As always, I welcome additional information from anyone who knows more about this topic.
See also


text:
The National Highway Safety Administration (NHTSA) has developed the following Child Passenger Safety (CPS) training courses. They provide accurate, up-to-date occupant protection to CPS advocates who work with State and local CPS programs to promote the correct use and installation of appropriate child safety seats.
The primary purpose of CPS awareness workshops is to provide basic information on the correct use of child safety seats. The format is flexible and workshops typically last between 2 and 16 hours, based on the audience and the training objectives. CPS awareness workshops make it possible to reach individuals and organizations that might not commit to a longer and more involved course.
The NHTSA CPS Awareness Courses should be taught by a nationally certified CPS instructor or technician. Additional staff may be needed for the hands-on portion of the training, which requires an instructor/participant ratio of one to five. Contact the CPS coordinator in your local health department or the CDPH Vehicle Occupant Safety Program for assistance in arranging a class.
The National Standardized Child Passenger Safety Training Program was created to meet the growing need for people with a high level of CPS knowledge and a standardized set of qualifications. Training is intended to prepare individuals for the real-life situations they will encounter when helping families learn about properly installing child safety seats and securing their children. Becoming a confident and competent technician requires manyhours of supervised seat installation practice beyond this course.
This course was designed to help certified CPS technicians and technicians-instructors stay up-to-date in the ever changing CPS environment. Participants gain a clear understanding of difficult or often-misunderstood CPS topics, obtain updated or advanced information about changing CPS technology and to learn help correct the errors and misinformation commonly witnessed in the field.
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text:
9.1: Lewis Electron Dot Structures
Lesson Objectives
- Describe how a covalent bond forms, including the energy change involved in the process.
- Use the octet rule to draw Lewis electron dot structures for simple molecules. Know how and when to incorporate double and triple bonds into the structures.
- Understand how a coordinate covalent bond differs from other covalent bonds.
- Be able to draw Lewis structures for polyatomic ions.
- Understand the concept of resonance.
- Know some common exceptions to the octet rule.
- Relate bond energy to the stability and reactivity of molecules.
Lesson Vocabulary
- bond energy
- coordinate covalent bond
- covalent bond
- diatomic molecule
- double covalent bond
- Lewis electron dot structures
- lone pair
- resonance
- single covalent bond
- structural formula
- triple covalent bond
Check Your Understanding
Recalling Prior Knowledge
- What is a molecule?
- What is shown in an electron dot diagram?
- What are polyatomic ions?
In previous chapters, you have learned about several forms that matter can take. Pure metals exist as extended three-dimensional structures of close packed metal cations with mobile valence electrons. Ionic compounds are also crystalline in nature, but with alternating cations and anions held together by attractive electrostatic forces called ionic bonds. The noble gases are monatomic and exist as individual atoms. In this chapter, you will learn about the structure and bonding that occurs in molecular compounds.
The Covalent Bond
Energy and Bond Formation
Molecular compounds are those that take the form of individual molecules. A molecule is generally comprised of two or more nonmetal atoms. Familiar examples include water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and ammonia (NH3). Recall that a molecular formula shows the quantity of each atom that occurs in a single molecule of that compound. One molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Hydrogen (H2) is an example of an element that exists naturally as a diatomic molecule. A diatomic molecule is a molecule that contains exactly two atoms.
Nature favors chemical bonding because most atoms attain a lower potential energy when they are bonded to other atoms than when they are isolated. Consider two hydrogen atoms that are separated by a distance large enough to prevent any interaction between them. At this distance, the potential energy of the system is said to be equal to zero (Figure below).
The graph shows how the potential energy of two hydrogen atoms changes as a function of their separation distance. The potential energy is zero when they are completely isolated from one another. The energy reaches its minimum at the ideal bond distance and increases rapidly when the atoms come closer because of nuclear repulsion.
As the atoms approach one another, their electron clouds gradually begin to overlap, giving rise to several new interactions. For example, the single electrons possessed by each hydrogen atom begin to repel each other, causing the potential energy of the system to increase. However, attractive forces also begin to develop between each electron and the positively charged nucleus of the other atom, causing a decrease in potential energy.
As the atoms first begin to interact, the attractive force is stronger than the repulsive force, so the potential energy of the system decreases, as pictured above (Figure above). Remember, a lower potential energy is indicative of a more stable system. As the two hydrogen atoms move closer and closer together, the potential energy continues to decrease. Eventually, a position is reached where the potential energy is at its lowest possible point. If the hydrogen atoms move any closer together, the repulsive force between the two positively charged nuclei (a third type of interaction) begins to dominate. When like charges are forced this close together, the resulting repulsive force is very strong, as can be seen by the sharp rise in energy at the far left of the diagram.
The point at which the potential energy reaches its minimum represents the ideal distance between hydrogen atoms for a stable chemical bond to occur. This type of chemical bond is called a covalent bond. A covalent bond is a bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. The single electrons from each of the two hydrogen atoms are shared when the atoms come together to form a hydrogen molecule (H2).
Lewis Electron-Dot Structures
In a previous chapter, you learned that the valence electrons of an atom can be shown in a simple way with an electron dot diagram. A hydrogen atom is shown as H• because of its one valence electron. The structures of molecules that are held together by covalent bonds can be diagrammed by Lewis electron-dot structures. The hydrogen molecule is pictured below (Figure below).
On the left is a single hydrogen atom with one electron. On the right is an H2 molecule showing the electron cloud overlap. The shared pair of electrons in the covalent bond can be shown in a Lewis structure by either a pair of dots or a dash.
The shared pair of electrons is shown as two dots in between the two H symbols (H:H). This is called a single covalent bond, when two atoms are joined by the sharing of one pair of electrons. The single covalent bond can also be shown by a dash in between the two symbols (H–H). A structural formula is a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule and represents covalent bonds between atoms by dashes.
The Octet Rule and Covalent Bonds
When ions form, they conform to the octet rule by either losing or gaining electrons in order to achieve the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas. Similarly, nonmetal atoms share electrons by forming covalent bonds in such a way that each of the atoms involved in the bond can attain a noble-gas electron configuration. The shared electrons are "counted" for each of the atoms involved in the sharing. For hydrogen (H2), the shared pair of electrons means that each of the atoms is able to attain the electron configuration of the noble gas, helium, which has two electrons.
For atoms other than hydrogen, the sharing of electrons will usually provide each of the atoms with eight valence electrons.
Single Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond forms when two singly occupied orbitals overlap with each other. For the hydrogen molecule, this can be shown as:
The shared electrons in the complete H2 molecule must have opposite spins, so they are also shown with opposite spins in the atomic 1s orbitals.
The halogens also form single covalent bonds to produce diatomic molecules. An atom of any halogen, such as fluorine, has seven valence electrons. Fluorine's unpaired electron is located in the 2p orbital.
Unpaired electrons in 2p orbitals from two adjacent fluorine atoms combine to form a covalent bond (Figure below).
On the left is a fluorine atom with seven valence electrons, and on the right is the F2 molecule. The shared electrons that form the single covalent bond are from the 2p sublevel.
The diatomic fluorine molecule (F2) contains a single shared pair of electrons. Each F atom also has three pairs of electrons that are not shared with the other atom. A lone pair is a pair of electrons in a Lewis electron-dot structure that is not shared between atoms. Each F atom has three lone pairs. When combined with the two electrons in the covalent bond, each F atom effectively has eight valence electrons, so both atoms follow the octet rule.
Sample Problem 9.1: Lewis Electron Dot Structures
Draw the Lewis electron dot structure for water.
Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem.
- molecular formula of water = H2O
- 1 O atom = 6 valence electrons
- 2 H atoms = 2 × 1 = 2 valence electrons
- total number of valence electrons = 8
Use the periodic table to determine the number of valence electrons for each atom and the total number of valence electrons in the entire molecule. Arrange the atoms and distribute the electrons so that each atom follows the octet rule. The oxygen atom will have 8 electrons, while the hydrogen atoms will each have 2.
Step 2: Solve.
The electron dot diagram for each atom is:
Each hydrogen atom will use its single electron to form a covalent bond with one of the unpaired electrons on the oxygen atom. The resulting Lewis electron dot structure is:
Step 3: Think about your result.
The oxygen atom follows the octet rule with two pairs of bonding electrons and two lone pairs. Each hydrogen atom follows the octet rule with one bonding pair of electrons.
- Draw the Lewis electron dot structure for each molecule.
- CH2Cl2
Multiple Covalent Bonds
Some molecules are not able to satisfy the octet rule by making only single covalent bonds between the atoms. Consider the compound ethene, which has a molecular formula of C2H4. The carbon atoms are bonded together, and each carbon is also bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
- two C atoms = 2 × 4 = 8 valence electrons
- four H atoms = 4 × 1 = 4 valence electrons
- total of 12 valence electrons in the molecule
If the Lewis electron dot structure were drawn with a single bond between the carbon atoms and lone pairs were then added until all atoms satisfied the octet rule, it would look like this:
However, this Lewis structure is incorrect because it contains 14 valence electrons, and the atoms in this molecule only have a total of 12 valence electrons available. The Lewis structure can be corrected by eliminating one lone pair and moving another lone pair to a bonding position. Now, the two carbon atoms share two pairs of electrons instead of just one.
A double covalent bond is a covalent bond formed by atoms that share two pairs of electrons. The double covalent bond that occurs between the two carbon atoms in ethene can also be represented by a structural formula or a molecular model, as pictured below (Figure below).
(A) The structural model for C2H4 consists of a double covalent bond between the two carbon atoms and single bonds to each of the hydrogen atoms. (B) Molecular model of C2H4.
Similarly, a triple covalent bond is a covalent bond formed by atoms that share three pairs of electrons. In its pure form, the element nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas. The majority of Earth's atmosphere is made up of N2 molecules (Figure below). A nitrogen atom has five valence electrons, which can be shown as one pair and three unpaired electrons. When combining with another nitrogen atom to form a diatomic molecule, the three single electrons on each atom combine to form three shared pairs of electrons.
Each nitrogen atom has one lone pair of electrons and six electrons that are shared with the other atom, so each atom obeys the octet rule.
- Draw Lewis electron dot structures for the molecules below, each of which contains one or more multiple covalent bonds.
Coordinate Covalent Bonds
For all of the covalent bonds that we have looked at so far, each of the atoms involved in the bond has contributed one electron to each shared pair. However, there is an alternate type of covalent bond in which one of the atoms provides both of the electrons in a shared pair. Carbon monoxide, CO, is a toxic gas that is released as a by-product during the burning of fossil fuels. The bonding between the C atom and the O atom can be thought of as follows:
At this point, a double bond has formed between the two atoms, with each atom providing one of the electrons to each bond. The oxygen atom now has a stable octet of electrons, but the carbon atom only has six electrons and is unstable. This situation is resolved if the oxygen atom contributes one of its lone pairs in order to make a third bond with the carbon atom.
The carbon monoxide molecule is correctly represented by a triple covalent bond between the carbon and oxygen atoms. One of the bonds is considered a coordinate covalent bond, which is a covalent bond in which one of the atoms contributes both of the electrons in the shared pair.
Once formed, a coordinate covalent bond is the same as any other covalent bond. The two "conventional" bonds in the CO molecule are not stronger or different in any other way from the coordinate covalent bond.
Polyatomic Ions
Recall that a polyatomic ion is a group of covalently bonded atoms that carries an overall electrical charge. For example, the ammonium ion (NH4+) is formed when a hydrogen ion (H+) attaches to the lone pair of an ammonia (NH3) molecule via a coordinate covalent bond.
When drawing the Lewis structure of a polyatomic ion, the charge of the ion is reflected in the total number of valence electrons in the structure. In the case of the ammonium ion:
- 1 N atom = 5 valence electrons
- 4 H atoms = 4 × 1 = 4 valence electrons
- subtract 1 electron to give the ion an overall charge of 1+
- total of 8 valence electrons in the ion
It is customary to put the Lewis structure of a polyatomic ion into a large set of brackets, with the charge of the ion as a superscript outside the brackets.
Sample Problem 9.2: Lewis Electron Dot Structure of a Polyatomic Ion
Draw the Lewis electron dot structure for the sulfate ion.
Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem.
- molecular formula of the sulfate ion = SO42−
- 1 S atom = 6 valence electrons
- 4 O atoms = 4 × 6 = 24 valence electrons
- add 2 electrons to give the ion an overall charge of 2−
- total of 32 valence electrons
The less electronegative sulfur atom is the central atom in the structure. Place the oxygen atoms around the sulfur atom, each connected to the central atom by a single covalent bond. Distribute lone pairs to each oxygen atom in order to satisfy the octet rule. Count the total number of electrons. If there are too many electrons in the structure, make multiple bonds between the S and O.
Step 2: Solve.
Step 3: Think about your result.
The Lewis structure for the sulfate ion consists of a central sulfur atom with four single bonds to oxygen atoms. This yields the expected total of 32 electrons. Since the sulfur atom started with six valence electrons, two of the S-O bonds are coordinate covalent.
- Draw the Lewis structure for the chlorate ion, ClO3−. Chlorine is the central atom.
There are some cases in which more than one viable Lewis structure can be drawn for a molecule. An example is the ozone (O3) molecule. By distributing a total of 18 valence electrons in a way that allows each atom to satisfy the octet rule, both of the following structures can be drawn.
The structure on the left can be converted to the structure on the right by shifting electrons without altering the positions of the atoms.
It was once thought that the structure of a molecule, such as O3, consisted of one single bond and one double bond that shifted rapidly back and forth, as shown above. However, further studies showed that the two bonds are identical. Additionally, the properties of each bond are in between those expected for a single bond and a double bond between two oxygen atoms. For example, a double covalent bond between two given atoms is typically stronger and shorter than a single covalent bond between those two atoms. Studies have shown that the two identical bonds in O3 are stronger and shorter than a typical O-O single bond but longer and weaker than an O-O double bond.
Resonance is the use of two or more Lewis structures to represent the covalent bonding in a molecule. Each of the valid structures is referred to as a resonance structure. It is now understood that the true structure of a molecule that displays resonance is an average or a hybrid of all the resonance structures. In the case of the O3 molecule, each of the covalent bonds between O atoms is best thought of as being "one and a half" bonds, as opposed to either a pure single bond or a pure double bond. This "half-bond" (Figure below) can be shown as a dotted line in both the Lewis structure and the molecular model.
Many polyatomic ions also display resonance. In some cases, the true structure may be an average of three valid resonance structures, as in the case of the nitrate ion, NO3−.
The bond lengths between the central N atom and each O atom are identical, and each bond can be approximated as a "one and one-third" bond.
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
It is said that all rules are made to be broken, and this saying certainly applies to the octet rule. Exceptions to the octet rule generally fall into one of three categories: (1) an incomplete octet, (2) odd-electron molecules, and (3) an expanded octet.
Incomplete Octet
In some compounds, the number of electrons surrounding the central atom in a stable molecule is fewer than eight. Beryllium is an alkaline earth metal, so you might expect it to form ionic bonds. However, due to its small size and relatively high ionization energy (compared to other metals), beryllium forms primarily molecular compounds when combined with many other elements. Since beryllium only has two valence electrons, it does not typically attain a full octet by sharing electrons. The Lewis structure of gaseous beryllium hydride (BeH2) consists of two single covalent bonds between Be and two H atoms.
Boron and aluminum, with three valence electrons, also tend to have an incomplete octet when they form covalent compounds. The central boron atom in boron trichloride (BCl3) has six valence electrons as shown below.
Odd-Electron Molecules
There are a number of molecules whose total number of valence electrons is an odd number. It is not possible for all of the atoms in such a molecule to satisfy the octet rule. An example is nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Each oxygen atom contributes six valence electrons and the nitrogen atom contributes five, for a total of 17. Possible Lewis structures for NO2 are:
Expanded Octets
Atoms of elements in the second period cannot have more than eight valence electrons around the central atom. However, elements of the third period and beyond are capable of exceeding the octet rule. Starting with the third period, the d sublevel becomes available, so it is possible to use these orbitals in bonding, resulting in more than eight electrons around the central atom.
Phosphorus and sulfur are two elements that react with halogens to make stable compounds in which the central atom has an expanded octet. In phosphorus pentachloride (Figure below), the central phosphorus atom makes five single bonds to chlorine atoms, so it is surrounded by a total of 10 valence electrons. In sulfur hexafluoride (Figure below), the central sulfur atom has 12 electrons from its six bonds to the fluorine atoms.
Phosphorus pentachloride.
Sulfur hexafluoride.
Bond Energy
As you saw in the first section of this lesson, the formation of a chemical bond results in a decrease in potential energy. Consequently, breaking a chemical bond requires an input of energy. Bond energy is the energy required to break a covalent bond between two atoms. A high bond energy means that a bond is strong, and a molecule containing such a bond is likely to be more stable and less reactive than similar molecules that contain weaker bonds. Reactive compounds often contain at least one bond that has a low bond energy. Some bond energies are listed below (Table below).
|Bond Energy (kJ/mol)
The halogen elements all exist naturally as diatomic molecules (F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2). However, relatively small amounts of energy are required to break these bonds, which makes them very reactive.
Comparing the bond energies for various carbon-carbon bonds, you can see that double bonds are substantially stronger than single bonds, and triple bonds are even stronger. The triple bond that exists between the nitrogen atoms in nitrogen gas (N2) makes it very unreactive. All plants and animals require the element nitrogen, but the direct absorption of nitrogen gas from the atmosphere does not provide the element in a readily usable form, due to its strong, unreactive triple bond. However, some species of bacteria have the ability to convert nitrogen gas into other compounds, such as ammonium and nitrate ions, which are then absorbed by plants from the soil. By eating those plants, animals can obtain nitrogen in a form that can be used by the body to manufacture other more complex molecules.
Lesson Summary
- The chemical bonding that occurs in molecular compounds is a sharing of valence electrons called covalent bonding. Covalent bonds occur primarily between nonmetal atoms. The formation of a covalent bond between two atoms decreases their potential energy, making them more stable than they were as isolated atoms.
- Atoms tend to form covalent bonds in ways that satisfy the octet rule. Lewis electron dot structures are drawn to show how the atoms are arranged in a molecule. Covalent bonds may be single, double, or triple, depending on the number of shared electrons.
- Coordinate covalent bonds occur when one of the atoms involved in the bond contributes both shared electrons.
- The atoms in a polyatomic ion are held together by covalent bonding. Electrons are added to or subtracted from the structure according to the charge of the ion.
- Resonance occurs when more than one valid Lewis structure can be drawn for a molecule. The true structure is an average of the possible resonance structures.
- Exceptions to the octet rule include incomplete octets, odd-electron molecules, and expanded octets.
- Bond energy is the energy required to break a covalent bond. The most stable and unreactive molecules contain bonds with high bond energies.
Lesson Review Questions
Reviewing Concepts
- Identify the compounds below as being most likely ionic or molecular.
- CaBr2
- PCl3
- ZnO
- Describe the difference between ionic and covalent bonds.
- Describe the attractive and repulsive forces that occur as two atoms approach one another and form a covalent bond.
- How many electrons are shared between atoms in a single covalent bond? In a double covalent bond? In a triple covalent bond?
- How does the bond length between the oxygen atoms in an ozone molecule compare to the bond lengths of oxygen-oxygen single and double bonds? Explain.
- Which elements are capable of exceeding the octet rule when forming covalent bonds. Why?
- Draw Lewis structures for the following molecules, each of which follows the octet rule.
- PCl3
- BrCl
- Draw Lewis structures for the following polyatomic ions.
- Draw all resonance structures for the carbonate ion, CO32−.
- Compounds that contain a C–N and/or a C–O bond are capable of forming a coordinate covalent bond with the H+ ion. Compounds that only contain C–C and C–H bonds cannot. Explain this observation.
- Draw Lewis structures for the following molecules. Which do not follow the octet rule?
- AlH3
- BeCl2
- SCl2
- SiCl4
- The noble gas xenon is capable of making a few compounds with fluorine and oxygen. Draw Lewis structures for the following xenon-containing compounds. In all cases, xenon is the central atom.
- XeF4
- XeF6
- XeOF4
Further Reading / Supplemental Links
- Barnabe B. Miburo, Simplified Lewis Structure Drawing for Nonscience Majors, J. Chem. Ed., 1998, 75 (3), p. 317.
- Bonding: Lewis Dot Structures (http://library.thinkquest.org/C006669/data/Chem/bonding/lewis.html)
- Lewis Structures: Multiple-choice Exercise (http://www.sciencegeek.net/Chemistry/taters/Unit3LewisStructures.htm)
Points to Consider
The physical and chemical properties of various substances are dependent upon their structures and bonds. Some of these properties are related to the arrangement of the atoms within a molecule and the resulting molecular geometry.
- How do the covalent bonds in a molecule allow one to predict molecular shapes?
- How many different basic shapes are possible?
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Anyone else pick up the latest offering from Jane's? I got it today (special offer: 9.99 at future shop) and am still getting familiar with it. My first impression after 2 listens in the car though is this:
All bands mellow out after a while. Some bands dial it down and their music suits me better (Metallica, Stone Temple - I know, call me a wuss) some dial it down and don't really get better or worse (Red Hot, Nirvana), and some dial it down and lose their edge completely (Soundgarden). I'm almost ready to say that Jane's is in this third group. The animosity between Perry and Dave Navarro I think drove the group around the time of Ritual de lo Habitual (their creative peak in my opinion), and the angst seems to be gone on this album. My opinion can change after numerous listens however, but that's where I'm at today. Anyone else like Jane's or PforPyros? What about Navarro with Red Hot or his solo album (which I don't have) Any comments?


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Web Stories
Panel to explore Asian strategic thought, Feb. 4
Posted January 27, 2005; 06:41 p.m.
Scholars from Princeton and other institutions will gather for a
"Panel on Asian Strategic Thought in 2004" from 2 to 5 p.m. Friday,
Feb. 4, in 1 Robertson Hall.
This event is intended to raise awareness of Asia as an increasingly integrated region and to help identify and explain the ways in which major Asian actors are responding to changes in both the regional and global order. Among the topics under discussion will be: Sino-Indian and Sino-Russian ties; the fallout from the Korean nuclear crisis; and the intensification of Sino-Japanese differences over strategic matters.
In 2004, there was a realignment in Asia from which new ways of
thinking about problems emerged. The panel will feature an array of
scholars who will examine the strategic viewpoints of China, Japan,
Korea, Russia, India and Indonesia as well as discuss the resulting
prospects for regionalism.
Speakers will include Princeton's Thomas Christensen, Kazuhiko Togo, Joseph Ferguson and Gilbert Rozman, along with Korea University's Shin-wha Lee, Johns Hopkins University's Walter Andersen and former Swarthmore College President Theodore Friend.
The panel, part of Project Strategic Asia, is sponsored by the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies.


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Assignment: Education - School Vouchers pt. 1
The controversy behind school vouchers
LA CROSSE, Wis. -- School choice isn't new to the state of Wisconsin. In fact, Wisconsin was the first state in the nation to start a private school voucher program in 1990. And now it's expanding.
In Milwaukee, the new voucher system removes the cap on the number of students eligible. Now 65% of Milwaukee families can take part. The voucher system is also expanding into the Racine Unified School District over the next three years.
"If you're a low income or middle-class family in Milwaukee.... if that family opts, if they've got kids going to school, they say next year I don't like the public school down the way. I've got a concern more often than not. It's a concern about safety or the performance of that particular school, they can now... it's a lottery system. So, its not... some of the complaints are it skims off the top. No, it's a lottery system to get into those schools," said Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker.
But some public school educators say while the intent of providing a private school choice to families who wouldn't otherwise be able to afford that type of schooling could be good... it could also lead to segregation.174686
"My biggest concern in the voucher system is... there's always the difference between intent and impact," said Randy Nelson, La Crosse School District superintendent. And while sometimes the intent could be considered worthy in some areas, the impact could sometimes be more to divide more of these very same issues, whether its socioeconomic or others... that it could do more to separate then to bring together and level the playing field."
But despite concerns of this nature, beginning this fall, families in Milwaukee and some in Racine can get a $6,400 voucher to send their child to a private school.
"From a public education perspective, I think it's pretty easy and logical to look at a voucher system as a threat to public education in that the basic design is to take the school funding that comes along with a student from virtue of state aid and our tax payers, and pull it out of the public schools and move it into perhaps any entity or enterprise which could be private as well," said Nelson.
But Governor Walker says his intent is to improve all schools in Milwaukee and Racine, both public and private, by offering more choices through the school voucher program.
"In those two areas, it is to take under-performing schools and take low and middle-class families give them another option. Not only for the option of those choice schools, but we found over time, is that it's helped increase the performance of the Milwaukee schools in the past that were under-performing... has helped bring them up as well. It's improved graduation rates, and, ultimately, I want to see more people graduate," said Governor Walker.
However, the state school superintendent says this year's Wisconsin Knowledge and Concepts Exam results show voucher students score similarly or worse than their counterparts in Milwaukee Public Schools.
"I'm not sure that expansion of vouchers in and of itself is going to improve education. Data really hasn't shown that," said Tony Evers, Wisconsin state superintendent.
Lisa: "If they're not doing better, doesn't this data prove that the voucher system isn't uplifting public education?"
Governor Walker: "No, for a couple of reasons. One, the scores overall, while they're lower than the rest of the state, for MPS, they actually for the last 20 years have gone up because the competition."
"I think one of the challenges along the lines in terms of competition has been are we always comparing apples to apples when we talk about, 'well we think we can do this better if we added this competition,'" said Nelson.
Another concern among some educators... do private schools have the resources to accommodate students with special needs and can the private schools continue to be selective if they're accepting school vouchers supported by taxpayer dollars.?
"The choice schools that participate still have to take individuals regardless of background or individual or physical disability. They still have an option to go to those choice schools. They qualify for that," said Governor Walker.
However, it should be noted that according to the Wisconsin Education Association Council or WEAC choice schools are only required to offer services to special needs students if they can be provided with minor and inexpensive adjustments.
Governor Walker says his ultimate goal is to provide exceptional schools and education in our state.
"I think the key is overall reform," said Governor Walker. We don't view choice as the sole answer. We view it as one piece."
Latest News
- Popular Netflix series starts suicide conversation
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- Road closures in La Crosse this weekend
- Get rid of your unused or unwanted prescription medications this Saturday
- La Crosse celebrates Arbor Day with a tree planting
- News 8 Sports Round Up-April 28, 2017
- Community leaders observe Workers Memorial Day
- 2 kayakers die after boats capsizes in Lake Michigan
- Kenosha teen stabbed at school dies
- APNewsBreak: Syrian who sued Trump brings family to US


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Angkor Wat - City of the Gods
Trip Start Jun 04, 2009
79Trip End Sep 06, 2010
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And what a welcome we had, from the airport our hostel sent a tuk-tuk to pick us up and we rode in style through the streets of Siem Reap. We spent most of the journey trying to figure out what side of the road Cambodians drove on before concluding it was nothing short of a free-for-all with traffic heading up and down both sides of the road. It seemed that the painted line in the middle was considered art work rather than signage. Our driver safely negotiated the oncoming motorbikes and overtaking lorries to deliver us at The Golden Mango, recently voted the best hostel in Cambodia – and with good reason. For just �6 per night we were living like kings in a beautiful room with all the facilities you would expect from a smart hotel. The staff were excruciatingly willing to please and I think they would have done a backflip if we requested one
As we were awake until 4am watching the dismal England vs Algeria match we couldn't face a very early morning so settled for a 'lazy' 9am departure and were soon winging our way to the land of the ancients with the wind in our hair. Both of us knew Angkor Wat was on our to-do list but neither of us really had much idea of what to expect which just added to the thrill of arriving at this enormous Temple, the largest religious building in the world and clearly visible from space. To avoid confusion I should explain that Angkor Wat is a temple in itself but is also the term used to describe the surrounding jungle area filled with hundreds of temples at various stages of dilapidation. You could spend a week discovering the whole of Angkor but we decided to tackle it in two action packed days squeezing as much in as we could. Our first stop was at Angkor Wat itself to marvel at the sheer size and man power that would have been involved in making it. Like the Inca's the Khmers used stone from 50km's away to build with and, whilst the Inca's did make their temples in stunning places, they cannot compete with the Khmers for the magnitude and detail poured into Angkor Wat. If the size alone wasn't enough to impress anyone every inch of the temple was covered in stunning carvings and detail which we had to give up on eventually to be able to make some time for the rest of our day trip.
Next stop was the Temple of Bayon, if Angkor Wat is the largest then Bayon has to be the wackiest, which in turn made it our favorite. What initially looks like a pile of stones at first glance then seems to take shape as a temple and once that comes into view the huge carved stone faces become visible and are staring down from every angle
We had so much fun exploring and now caked in sweat and dust we dragged ourselves up the side of a mountain to watch the sunset over Angkor from a hilltop temple. It was the strangest sunset I've seen thanks to the hoards of tourists from all over the world who also made the pilgrimage and stood together to watch the sun going down. I found myself taking more photographs of the gathered crowd than the sun itself, particularly the attempts of the thousand strong crowds all throwing limbs at each other to scurry down the tiny temple staircase before it got too dark to see.
Needless to say we crashed out in our luxury room for the whole night resting our legs for another pounding tomorrow. The next morning we got up at 4am to get to Angkor Wat for the sunrise which was worth every moment of lost sleep. Again we were joined by a healthy crowd of sleepy eyed tourists all watching in awe with us. Once the sun was up at 5am it was a great time to start exploring before the heat and crowds really settled in. We had the first few temples entirely to ourselves and Bin then drove us right out to Bantrey Seri on the edges of the area for more temples but from a different era – same same, but different (to coin the popular Asian phrase). Back in Angkor again for more touring around some fantastic temples that made us feel more like explorers as they were in disrepair with huge boulders scattered in the grounds and corridors to scramble over
We found a fantastic restaurant to gobble up more Cambodian Curries and then set ourselves on the market to haggles some bargain souvenirs. Later on I went to a shop that teaches blind people how to massage and got my back and shoulders seen to – the things I have to endure for charity! Then, unbelievably, Steve got roped into a spa treatment but not your everyday version. This was a 'fish massage' the idea being you sit on the side of a paddling pool and lower your feet into the water which is filled with little fish that nibble the dead skin off. There was great fear that Steve's foot odor would kill all the fish on entry to the water but they proved to be a hardy bunch and nibbled away at our feet until they were silky smooth again. It was a totally bizarre experience and felt really strange, as you can imagine being eaten alive feels!
We sadly departed Siem Reap for the capital Phnom Pehn on a very luxurious coach with a very safe driver and even a plasma TV on board showing movies (if only they weren't dubbed in Khmer!). I really like Cambodia J
Lots of Love,
Amy and Siem Steve


text: Shop the lingerie silhouettes we're loving this season. Delicate lace and strappy satin details are key to lingerie sets, with sporty details and jersey fabrics updating bralets for comfort. Knickers get a fun refresh with cartoon prints, while thongs come with floral embroidery and sheer fabrics. Looking for something with a little more coverage? We recommend the body - updated with ruffles, cut-outs and rich jewel-tone colours.


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Featured Events
Historic map exhibit will mark 350th anniversary of New Jersey naming
The exhibit "Nova Caesarea: A Cartographic Record of the Garden State, 1666-1888" will run from Saturday, Aug. 16 through Sunday, Jan. 25, 2015, in the Main Gallery of Firestone Library. The exhibit commemorates the 350th anniversary of the naming of New Jersey, and introduces viewers to the maps that charted the state's development from unexplored colonial territory to the first scientifically surveyed state in the United States. Coastal charts, manuscript road maps and early state maps provide a historical background to the major focus of the exhibition: the state's first wall maps and county atlases. The large scale of these maps allowed mapmakers to include the names and locations of 19th-century farmers and merchants, hence personalizing local history. Gallery hours are 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Friday, and noon to 5 p.m. Saturday and Sunday. Exhibit tours with curator John Delaney will be offered at 3 p.m. Aug. 24, Oct. 26 and Dec. 14.


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This time, as I've mentioned, we are creating a layout box by box. You may use Pocket Life or Digi-Doer products if you wish. Don't forget, the new free collection, Exhuberence, comes with some Pocket Life cards, as does this month's Scrap Girls Club collection, Spring Whimsy .
The most challenging part is this: once you have posted your page thus far, you may not change the position or appearance of anything on the page.
Instead of having 6 versions of each page in the Mischief Week Gallery, we'd like you to place your first 5 versions as an attachment here in your posts on this thread. Here's how:
1. Be sure you have saved your layout as a PSD file first.
2. Save your images at 4 x 4 inches (288 x 288 pixels), 72 dpi (smaller than you would usually "save as" for web.)
3. In full editor, click on "attach photo", navigate to your layout image on your computer, then upload.
4. Then click the "add to post" button.
For the final day 6, completed layout, upload in the Mischief Week Gallery for all to see!
So who's with me?
Edited by ValerieT, 15 April 2013 - 09:13 AM.
Prize added


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Quick-and-dirty 16-shot panoramic of sunset over Malibu, extending towards downtown LA.
Quickly shot 18 photo pan of Malibu and Los Angeles, CA taken from atop Topanga Canyon
The Portland Timbers, who had been struggling to hold leads and win games this season, put together their most dominant performance of the year, shocking league powerhouse Los Angeles 3-0 in front of a sold-out crowd of 18,627 delirious fans at Jeld-Wen Field. "It's a huge win," Portland goalkeeper Troy Perkins sai...
View of Los Angeles from Beverly Hills at night
Taken from Echo Mountain overlooking Los Angeles Area.
This is one of my first larger Gigapans. Shot with at 140mm, f5.6 on a Canon 5D MK II with a 70-200m f.8 IS USM L II lens and a 2x extender. Yes, it was stupid to use an extender to bring this lens to 140mm, but I was running out of light for a longer GigaPan. That and I was far from my car and didn't want to lug it al...
The Burbank Historical Society was founded in 1973 by a group of individuals who were committed to collecting and preserving the rich history of the community of Burbank. Incorporated in 1975, the Society operates the Gordon R. Howard Museum which includes an 1887 Victorian house, a memorabilia building including a L...


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It's been a banner day for arrests: first Braylon Edwards, then Joe Giudice. Now we can add Simon Barney to the list. The controlling husband from The Real Housewives of Orange County allegedly threw a dog leash at ex-wife Tamra Barney that struck her in the wrist. Reportedly, Tamra called the police, and voila, here we are. Now Simon is being held on $10,000 bail.
I suppose we always knew it would come to this.
More information:
TMZ: 'O.C. Housewife' Hubby Arrested for Domestic Violence
People: Real Housewives of O.C. Husband Arrested for Domestic Violence


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Universal Fit
Meizu EP-40 dynamic driver IEMs
" The story behind this review is kind of interesting. I was in contact with Meizu about an upcoming portable audio player being released later this year. I asked for a loaner so I could do a review over at InnerFidelity. That device is still a few months out so they don't have review models yet. During the course of our conversation the Meizu rep asked if I might..." --project86
Q: Electronics Noise-Isolating Ear Buds-2 Pack (Chrome)
Forget about those irritating and uncomfortable earphones that youve used to for so long and try listening to clear, unimpeded sound through the Q:Electronics Noise-Isolating Ear Buds. It features three (3) sizes of ear bud tips which come included in your purchase, in order to provide the most comfortable fit possible. This provides a meticulous sound chamber that accentuates every detail...