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The so-called "surge" in Iraq, a reinforcement of U.S. forces by thirty thousand troops which began in spring 2007, has been credited by many with slowing civilian casualties, building morale among Iraqi security forces, and helping restore some order to the country, particularly in its capital, Baghdad. Yet critics see it as little more than an unsustainable holding action which has propped up what they regard as an essentially flawed strategy in Iraq.
Two CFR experts on the war, Max Boot, senior fellow for national security studies, and Steven Simon, senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies, debate whether the surge has put Iraq on the path to success.
Weigh in on this debate by emailing the editors at firstname.lastname@example.com. To view other online debates click here.
Final Post
May 9, 2008
Steven Simon
Believe me, I wasn't impugning Ryan Crocker's integrity. Those who've never worked as a diplomat often don't understand that integrity means precisely reading your talking points regardless of your personal opinion. And these points are always intended to influence, whether you're dealing with your counterpart in a foreign ministry, or with your own legislators. In this case, Crocker's congressional audience understood well enough that he was there to put the best face on things in his capacity as a highly professional career diplomat. The statements, by the way, were carefully scripted and coordinated with the White House. But you know this, right?
Anyway, thanks for mentioning the report I did for CFR on Iraq. It was called "After the Surge," precisely because it didn't concern itself with the surge. The questions posed by that study assessed the costs to the U.S. of staying in Iraq as against the benefits of withdrawing militarily, while remaining heavily engaged diplomatically and economically. I concluded that the costs of the Iraq war -- to the armed services, America's prestige, the war on terror, our rivalry with Iran, and Washington's capacity to deal energetically and creatively with a host of other challenges - outweighed the benefits of staying in Iraq.
My Foreign Affairs article, however, did focus on the long-term effects of the surge, which will impede Iraq's political development for years to come unless specific steps are taken in the near term to bring the Sunni army the surge created under the rubric of the state. These steps are not being taken – and won't be until the hazards entailed by the surge strategy are recognized. This in turn would entail a modicum of interest in Middle Eastern history, culture and society, which advocates of the war have never demonstrated.
Your concession that the Maliki government does in fact see the Awakening as a threat and that the Awakening movement is entirely funded by the United States certainly shows that you're less misinformed than you'd indicated in your earlier posting. I'm still not sure why you think these facts square with the Awakening movement being somehow subordinate to the state. The facts seem pretty clearly to point in the opposite direction. As for the Awakening perception of the jobs actually on offer with the government, listen to Khalid Jiyad Abed, an Awakening leader in Latifiyah, "The Sunnis were always the leaders of the country. Is it reasonable that they are turned into service workers and garbage collectors?...We had not anticipated this from the American forces. Of course we will not accept that." If you really believe that the Awakening movement thinks that Maliki's government is the cat's pajamas, take some time to read the reporting referenced in my previous posts.
Although I can't speak for "opponents of the surge," -- as I indicated in last year's report on Iraq I was neither for it nor against – I am happy to concede that some legislation has been passed. Unfortunately, some of what passed is bad legislation, while other crucial bills have not been implemented. Given the huge stakes for the future of Iraq, "E for Effort" isn't enough. Results really do matter. If drawing attention to this gap "belittles" the performance of identity-obsessed, absentee Iraqi politicians, well, okay.
I'm also glad you concluded with the subject of refugees. The situation of these 2 million victims of the war is tragic and usually ignored. It's great that Mohamed Hussein, the New York Times employee made it home and that he's happy. Sadly, he is the exception to the rule. As of a couple of days ago, according to a UNHCR survey, 96 percent of refugees in Syria say they won't go home, most of them because security is lacking. The UN is not even recommending that refugees try to go home. Those who have returned have done so primarily because they ran out of money or because host countries like Syria have made it more difficult for them to stay. Within Iraq , according to UNHCR, there are an additional 2.8 million displaced people that the Maliki government is unable or unwilling to return to their homes, now lost to ethnic cleansing. So, for every Mohamed Hussein, there are tens of thousands of destitute, dislocated Iraqis, fearful of going home or simply unable. And there's nothing the surge can do to help.
May 9, 2007
Max Boot
Last September, Steve, you wrote that the surge "has redistributed insurgent activity but not suppressed it. Ironically, violence touches more of the country than before…."
I consider it progress that you no longer seem to be denying that the "surge has changed the situation… in conjunction with several other developments" and that "the level of violence in Iraq is lower then at any point since 2005," as you put in your new Foreign Affairs piece.
Now you're trying to belittle the political progress that has been made. You're right that it's important to see how the recently passed legislation will be implemented and that Iraqis still need to do much more. But why can't you concede that the willingness of Iraqi legislators to pass major legislation is a step forward—and one that opponents of the surge did not expect? Instead you're impugning the integrity of our ambassador, Ryan Crocker, a career Foreign Service officer who has seen the progress (as well as substantial difficulties) up close.
I am not "misinformed about the relationship between the Awakening units and the government in Baghdad." I am perfectly aware that Maliki has been suspicious (understandably so) of many former insurgents, and that their salaries have been paid by the U.S. But I am also aware (are you?) that 21,000 Sons of Iraq have already been accepted into the police, army or other government jobs, and that the Iraqi government has committed to paying half of the bill for their program. The Sons of Iraq grumble that more of them should get government jobs, and they're right. But the very fact that they are so eager to join the Iraqi security forces, which, of course, work for the government, belies your still-unsupported claim that they oppose "the Maliki government and all its works."
I'm glad that you read a lot of journalism coming from Iraq. So do I. But you're off the mark in suggesting my visits there are one-sided because the U.S. command is only "interested in presenting conditions there in a positive light." If that's the case, they're doing a pretty poor job, since on my last visit I was almost blown up by an IED and shot at while visiting areas such as Mosul that still haven't been fully pacified. In fact, General Petraeus is willing to present a warts-and-all picture.
The impression I've formed from all the available evidence—including my visits--is that while substantial problems remain (and I've written extensively about them), the situation has gotten markedly better over the past year and will continue to improve as long as we don't withdraw prematurely, as you advocate. That is the same view held by most Iraqis, most American soldiers, and most regular visitors that I've talked to. Most of those who think Iraq would benefit from an American pullout, such as Senator Obama, have never been there.
If you doubt me, read this article by Mohamed Hussein, an Iraqi employee of the New York Times who presumably meets your standard of operating "independent of American sponsorship." He recounts how he left for Syria a year ago (when the surge was just starting) because Baghdad was too dangerous. He just returned home and found a "huge difference in security, which was much better than when I left." He concludes with some sobering thoughts that proponents of a pullout should take to heart:
"Will it stay safe or not?
"I guess that all depends on the American troops, since we will not have qualified Iraqi forces soon. Although most Iraqi forces are sincere you find some have been infiltrated by groups of gunmen and sectarian people who made the mess all around us.
"So we still need the Americans because if they intend to leave, there will be something like a hurricane which will extract everything--people, buildings and even trees. Everything that has happened and all that safety will be past, just like a sweet dream."
May 8, 2008
Steven Simon
Max, as you argued so vigorously in your April 20 blog, it's only natural for the administration to want to get its side of the Iraq story out to the public. And this is just what Ambassador Crocker was being paid to do when he went through the motions of reading those talking points about benchmarks. (There are good and bad parts to every job. His awkward performance was one of the bad parts.) The benchmarks, which were dreamt up by the administration in Washington, (though they were derived in part from commitments made by Baghdad), combine the vague with the ambiguous. What does it mean, for example, to have as a benchmark that Iraq's political authorities must not undermine or make false accusations against members of the Iraqi security forces? By what metric do we judge this a success or failure?
But more importantly, your math is dodgy. As of last October, the Government Accountability Office (GAO), a neutral U.S. government body, reported that the Iraqi government had met only one of eight legislative benchmarks. Even if we were to include the three laws passed in the February legislative package, a more accurate current count is that Iraq has made progress on four legislative benchmarks. (When added to the list of other benchmarks, the number increases but still doesn't quite number twelve.) General Petraeus clearly had a good reason when he said that Iraqi leaders have not made sufficient progress toward national reconciliation.
Moreover, the data used to evaluate the benchmarks have been less than reliable. In January, another GAO report found that on one of the September 2007 benchmarks—the allocation and spending of Iraqi revenue (PDF)—the administration had cooked the books. The GAO report recommended that, in the future, the Secretary of Treasury work with the Iraqi government "to enhance the department's ability to report accurate and reliable expenditure data."
When it comes to measuring benchmarks, however, the real test is implementation. Those who read the language in the original list of benchmarks will remember that the specified actions actually had to be done for Iraq to get credit. This is especially true for the legislation. The Iraqi legislature has passed bills that have either been left to molder, like the establishment of the electoral commission, or have been implemented in ways that undermine the intent of the original benchmark, like the debaathification law. Checking the box after the passage of a law when its implementation remains stalled is what they teach at the Enron school of accounting. What matters, as a just-released ICG report noted, "is not principally whether a law is passed in the Green Zone [but] how the law is carried out in the Red Zone."
Judged in this light, the parliamentary "successes" you cite have made little difference.
- Amnesty Law for Former Baathists: Even Michael O'Hanlon judges that, "the de-Baathification law, if badly implemented, could do more harm than good by purging Sunnis from the very security forces that we have worked so hard to include them within." As of now, it doesn't look good.
- Provincial Powers Law: Although the parliament passed a provincial powers law, the Iraqi electoral commission in charge of registering voters and managing the elections has yet to receive funding and Iraqi officials are publicly doubtful provincial elections will be carried out on schedule by October 1, 2008. Privately, they are dismissive.
- A Law Redesigning the Iraqi Flag: The law in question, passed in late January, was cobbled together before a conference of Arab parliamentarians descended on Erbil and designed to address Kurdish president Massoud Barzani's refusal to fly the old flag. The hastily arranged solution was to create a new, but temporary, flag. The current design remains almost as contentious as the old one and Iraqi MPs will debate a new flag again next year.
Then there's revision of the constitution. This might well be the most important benchmark, because it is one of the keys to Sunni buy-in and national reconciliation. Yet it looks now as though it has been put off indefinitely. On the security side of the benchmark ledger, it is certainly true that Maliki came up with the requisite number of brigades but they can't operate independently, as the benchmark requires. If they could, U.S. troops wouldn't be doing the fighting. General Petraeus knew that this is how the fight would turn out, which is why he told Maliki not to take the plunge. And the national police remain Shi'a militias in Iraqi uniforms.
I'm afraid, Max, that you've been misinformed about the relationship between the Awakening units and the government in Baghdad. The prime directive – always subordinate the tribes to the state – has indeed been violated. It is a matter of public record that Awakening personnel are paid, organized and trained by the US. They get nothing from the government in Baghdad. In fact, Maliki has spoken bitterly about the U.S. effort to transform former insurgents into an army that he believes, not unreasonably, might try to challenge the dominance of the new Shi'a dispensation. This is why the Iraqi government has resisted US pressure to incorporate Awakening personnel into the security forces. Accordingly, Sunnis in the Awakening heap scorn on the "Safavids" in Baghdad – the Safavids being one of the historical ruling dynasties of old Persia.
Thus does this central piece of the surge strategy weaken future prospects for a healthy, united, Iraq. Sad but true.
While we're on the topic of the Awakening, you asked on the basis of what evidence I've concluded that the Sons of Iraq (SOI) are opposed to the Maliki government. Well, most recently, there's reporting from the field in yesterday's Washington Post: "The Awakening fighters are growing increasingly frustrated that Iraq's Shiite-led central government has been slow to integrate them into the Iraqi police and military services." Other reports suggest US military officials are becoming more and more worried that the SOI could fracture and, unless integrated into the security services, defect or rejoin the insurgency.
More generally, though, I stay in contact with U.S. government officials and analysts involved in the American effort in Iraq. Reporting by Arabic speaking journalists, academic experts and NGO representatives who operate in Iraq independent of American sponsorship–Nir Rosen and Joost Hiltermann, to flag just two– is especially valuable, as is detailed reporting by major U.S. newspapers (NYT, Washington Post, LAT), as well as coverage provided by regional newspapers and media outlets, including Al Jazeera and Al Arabiyya, which have a presence in Iraq.
This is not to diminish the importance of your impressions as an occasional visitor to Iraq as the invited guest of the U.S. command, which is naturally interested in presenting conditions there in a positive light. Rather, your impressions are one of many sources of potentially useful information -- although it does worry me a little that you can't tell the difference between a leafy, gated suburb in, say, Orange County and an embattled, walled-off neighborhood in an Iraqi city.
As for Maliki, he remains an enormously unpopular and divisive figure. His recent blunders may have briefly united feuding Iraqi politicians, but not in the way you suggest: Fifty Sunni and Shiite MPs representing several blocs recently came together to stage a sit-in to protest the Sadr City offensive. As a result of this botched operation, Maliki had to turn to Iran, hat in hand, in the hope that Tehran would convince Sadr to recommit to the cease-fire Maliki had broken so recklessly. And Sadr himself is now far more popular than he was. He's seen as the thoughtful, restrained statesman who resisted the aggressor and then stood down, having made his point. It's not for nothing that Maliki's backers in the south don't want elections; if they ever take place, Sadr will wipe the floor with them.
May 7, 2007
Max Boot
Steve, please don't take this the wrong way but reading your response, I feel as if I'm hearing about some country that exists in a parallel universe—Bizarro Iraq. The real Iraq that I am familiar with is very different. A few examples:
—You write: "On the reconciliation front, there has been virtually no progress on the key issues facing the Maliki government."
In reality, as Ambassador Ryan Crocker told Congress last month (PDF),"Iraq's parliament has formulated, debated vigorously, and in many cases passed legislation dealing with vital issues of reconciliation and nation building." The examples he cited included a pension law and amnesty law for former Baathists, a provincial powers law which sets elections for this fall, a law redesigning the Iraqi flag, and a new budget for 2008. That strikes me as more significant legislation than the U.S. Congress has passed in the same time frame. In fact, as I mentioned in my first post, Iraq has met at least two-thirds of the 18 benchmarks laid out by Congress. And one of the most important benchmarks that hasn't been met yet—a hydrocarbon law—is being implemented de facto by the equitable distribution of oil revenue to Shiite, Sunni, and Kurdish provinces.
-- "And that, by the way, was a humiliating blow for Maliki, who actually went down to Basra to supervise the ill-fated charge, only to watch his troops run away from the fight, while U.S. forces moved in to clean up the mess.... Rather than punish the incompetent commanders, Maliki promoted them. Two weeks ago, in a repeat performance, a company of Iraqi soldiers abandoned their positions in Sadr City, leaving nearby U.S. units in the lurch."
Maliki's decision to go after Shiite militias strengthens his standing as a non-sectarian leader. Far from being humiliated, he has seen his popularity rise since the offensive, which (as this Times of London article makes clear) is succeeding in regaining control of Basra. Unfortunately, a small number of Iraqi soldiers and police did walk away from the Basra fight. But they numbered fewer than 1,500 out of more than 35,000. The Basra commanders weren't really promoted; their reassignments "were probably punishment," as noted in the Washington Post article you cited. One company -- 80 soldiers -- also left the fight in Sadr City, but as the New York Times noted, they were soon replaced by other Iraqi troops. Far more American troops deserted during many of our past wars.
The vast majority of Iraqi troops are fighting hard, whether facing Sunni or Shiite extremists. Even though they are taking much heavier casualties than American units, they are actually signing up more recruits. In the past year one hundred thousand more Iraqis have volunteered for their army. (Yes, I know they need a paycheck, but it's significant that they're taking jobs from the state, not from insurgents who are happy to hire them to plant bombs.)
—"The problem with this scenario is that the arming and organizing of a huge number of tribal, Iraqi former insurgents opposed to the Maliki government and all its works violates the prime directive of Middle Eastern politics: Always subordinate the tribes to the state."
I'd love to know on what basis you've concluded that the Sons of Iraq are "opposed to the Maliki government and all its works." It's true that most Iraqis, no matter their ethnic group, are skeptical of the Maliki government because it hasn't done a good job of delivering basic services. But you're implying that the Sons of Iraq are opposed to the whole idea of Shiite-dominated democratic government. How do you know this? Most of the Sons of Iraq I've talked to admit that Sunnis will never again rule, say they're tired of ethnic violence, and simply want to live in peace with the Shiites. Maybe they're blowing smoke, but it's significant that there have been no reported rebellions—none—of the Sons of Iraq. Across Iraq, they're working closely not only with coalition troops but also with Iraqi Security Forces. The tribes are in fact still subordinate to the state inIraq. The difference between now and a year ago is that the tribes are working with the state, not against it. Far from violating some "prime directive," this is no different from the arrangements that other states in the region, such as Saudi Arabia,Jordan, the Gulf emirates, and the Saddam-era Iraq, have struck with their tribes.
--Finally, Max, your secure stroll in Dora was made possible by the massive walls that theU.S.has erected between contending ethnic neighborhoods in Baghdad– and Tal Afar, Fallujah and Mosul.
It's true that there are walls around Dora and other Baghdad neighborhoods. (Although as far as I know there aren't any "contending ethnic neighborhoods" in Fallujah.) But then there are walls around many gated communities in the U.S. too. The walls per se are not evidence of reconciliation, I'll grant you that. But nor are they evidence that reconciliation is impossible. They are one of the important security measures implemented in the past year that is reducing violence and making possible political progress—which is real, whether you admit it or not.
May 6, 2008
Steven Simon
The purpose of the surge was to provide the space in which Iraqi national reconciliation was to unfold. Thus far, there hasn't been any reconciliation, just the widening of existing fault lines within Iraqi society. This, unfortunately, was what the ill-fated Basra offensive was all about. And that, by the way, was a humiliating blow for Maliki, who actually went down to Basra to supervise the ill-fated charge, only to watch his troops run away from the fight, while U.S. forces moved in to clean up the mess. (More on that in a minute.)
On the reconciliation front, there has been virtually no progress on the key issues facing the Maliki government, especially the establishment of boundaries within Iraq, the absorption of Sunnis into the armed forces and local police, elections, revenue sharing and, above all, the revisions to the Constitution that had been promised to Sunnis in exchange for their participation in the last round of elections. Some recent legislation, like the de-Baathification bill, actually represented a step backward.
As President Bush made clear last summer, he embraced the surge as the centerpiece of policy precisely because the top-down approach to reconciliation wasn't working. What was working, however, was the Sadrist war against the Sunni insurgents around Baghdad and the wave of assassinations of Sunnis carried out by al-Qaeda. Pinned by these twin pressures, the Sunni insurgents did the sensible thing. They looked to local U.S. commanders, cried, "Help…!" And we were there to shelter them, pay them, and help them go after their al-Qaeda tormenters. The surge was on and casualties dropped.
The problem with this scenario is that the arming and organizing of a huge number of tribal, Iraqi former insurgents opposed to the Maliki government and all its works violates the prime directive of Middle Eastern politics: Always subordinate the tribes to the state. Do not empower the tribes at the expense of the state. There will be a heavy price for trading Iraq's long-term cohesion for a short term expedient that makes things easier for the U.S. And the Iraqis will pay most of it themselves.
Elsewhere in Iraq, Maliki's unique combination of arrogance and fecklessness has now sucked U.S. forces into complex urban battle in the vast slums of Sadr City. Over 1,300 Iraqi soldiers had already walked away from the fight in Basra. Rather than punish the incompetent commanders, Maliki promoted them. Two weeks ago, in a repeat performance, a company of Iraqi soldiers abandoned their positions in Sadr City, leaving nearby U.S. units in the lurch.
In the meantime, the "small, and in all likelihood temporary uptick [in violence] in the past month" has not been limited to the fighting in Sadr City alone, as you believe. Of the 47 U.S. soldiers killed last month, 26 perished beyond the confines of the capital.
Finally, Max, your secure stroll in Dora was made possible by the massive walls that the U.S. has erected between contending ethnic neighborhoods in Baghdad – and Tal Afar, Fallujah and Mosul. I've been in Israel recently and felt very safe myself walking around in the shadow of the same sort of barrier. But I didn't chalk up local security to Israeli-Palestinian reconciliation.
May 5, 2008
Max Boot
I could cite statistics to show how the "surge"—not only an increase in the number of U.S. troops in Iraq but also a change in their strategy to emphasis classic counterinsurgency—has been paying off: Civilian deaths were down more than 80 percent and U.S. deaths down more than 60 percent between December 2006 and March 2008. (There has been a small, and in all likelihood temporary, uptick in the past month because of fighting with the Mahdi Army and Special Groups.) Ambassador Ryan Crocker testified that Iraq has met twelve of eighteen benchmarks mandated by Congress and is making progress toward the other benchmarks.
But let me also share my personal impressions as someone who has been visiting Iraq since 2003. In 2006, I was in the country when the Samarra mosque blew up and Iraq came close to the abyss of civil war. The situation was clearly out of control and large swathes of the country—from Anbar to Baghdad —were violent beyond belief. We hardly controlled Route Irish, the road to the Baghdad airport.
When I returned in April 2007 the situation was already changing for the better. In Ramadi, for instance, what had been a war zone a few months before had become remarkably peaceful. That transformation was even further advanced when I traveled across Iraq this past January.
I walked through neighborhoods of Baghdad such as Dora where al-Qaeda [in Iraq] had been dominant a year ago. Now the situation is dominated by U.S. and Iraqi troops and the neighborhood watch groups that work with them—the Sons of Iraq. Stores and schools were open, electricity was on, and people in the streets were friendly with U.S. troops. I don't think anyone who has seen the situation firsthand can deny the remarkable progress that has occurred.
Steve, in your recent Foreign Affairs article ("The Price of the Surge") you cast aspersions on such claims of progress by arguing that the U.S. strategy of empowering tribes is actually "worsening sectarianism" and fostering "instability and violence." I completely disagree. Sectarianism was much worse before the surge when Shiite gangs were ethnically cleansing Baghdad and al-Qaeda [in Iraq] and other extremists held sway in Sunni areas.
Since then, al-Qaeda in Iraq (the impetus behind much of the sectarian violence) has been driven out of much of Anbar, Baghdad, Diyala, and other areas. Some ninety thousand Iraqis—many of whom were formerly fighting the government and the coalition—have taken up arms to defend their neighborhoods against extremists. And now the much-maligned Maliki government [Nouri al-Maliki, prime minister of Iraq] is moving against Shiite extremists as well (which helps account for the decision by the largest Sunni party to rejoin the cabinet).
Obviously Iraq is still at war and we are nowhere close to an acceptable level of stability yet. But I think that it is incontestable that the surge (which helped galvanize the Sunni Awakening and its attendant Sons of Iraq movement) has made the situation better. Could things get worse in the future? Sure. But nothing is likely to make Iraq head south faster than "announcing a withdrawal," as you advocate. That would force Iraqi groups to start preparing for civil war rather than taking the kinds of steps toward reconciliation that we have seen in the past few months.


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By Brandon Speck/NEMS Daily Journal
FALKNER – It didn't come easy but Falkner won its fifth straight game on Thursday night with a 28-20 Division 1-1A victory against Thrasher.
Thrasher tied the game with 4:42 to play but Falkner quarterback Jase Stroupe led a touchdown drive that ended with his 7-yard score and Jeramie Lawrence's two-point run. Tray Woody's pick sealed it.
Falkner (8-1, 5-1) took a 14-0 lead to the half but Thrasher scored on Logan Dobbs' 89-yard kick return to open the third quarter. A two-point run failed leaving the Rebels down 14-6.
"We knew they'd punch us in the second half and they did," Falkner coach Ben Ashley said. "We put it in the hands of our best there at the end."
Thrasher (5-3, 3-3) scored again in the opening minute of the fourth quarter. J.T. Huddleston completed a pair of third-down passes before finding Blake Weatherbee with a 21-yard pass to make it 14-12.
Thrasher's Tyler Doggett recovered a fumble but the Rebels didn't capitalize. Instead, Falkner started its drive with a 21-yard run from Lawrence and ended it with Stroupe's 2-yard run for a 20-12 lead.
Luke Walden bobbled the kickoff but went 71 yards to the Falkner 11. Weatherbee scored a play later. Huddleston then found Walden for the tying two-point pass.
"We didn't play very well in the first half," Thrasher coach Lamart Harvey said. "That kickoff return got us going."
A fast-moving first half saw only four passes. Falkner scored on a 3-yard run from Woody and Lawrence's 2-yard run.
Smithville 42, TCPS 6
SMITHVILLE – The host Seminoles jumped out to a quick 16-0 lead less than four minutes into the game on the way to a fourth straight win.
A three-and-out from the TCPS offense led to a blocked punt and a Tyler Hood safety, while J.T. Pitts ran back the ensuing kickoff 61 yards for a score and added a 1-yard TD run a minute later after an Eagles fumble.
Pitts accounted for three TDs on the night as he added a 19-yard scoring run later in the quarter.
Smithville QB Drew Lann passed for 177 yards in the first half, including a 17-yard TD to Brad Bedford, while Turner Sanderson was his leading receiver with 8 catches for 76 yards.
Melissa Meador, Monroe Journal

subset: commoncrawl


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Lisa Tom
Photo by Denise Applewhite
Sixteen sophomores win Dale Summer Awards
Sixteen sophomores are winners of this year's Dale Summer Awards, which provide a $4,000 stipend to pursue a summer project not connected to their academic coursework. The recipients and the titles of their projects are:
- Sean Chen, "Americans in Color"
- Dong-In (Albert) Choi, "The Dying Roots of a Cuisine: Documenting Traditional Culinary Practices in Rural Korea"
- Flannery Cunningham, "The Navigator"
- James Cunningham, "In Search of the Norse Legacy"
- Nava Friedman, "Discovering and Performing Religious Identity"
- Chen Lifshitz, "Portraits of Travelers"
- Mohit Manohar, "Visible City: An Architectural Novella in Rome"
- Edward McClamrock, "Living the Dream: A Highland Bagpipe Summer Immersion"
- Daisy Radevsky, "Exploring Buddhism in Sri Lanka"
- Eric Silberman, "From Testimony to Reality: Preserving the Heritage of a Destroyed World"
- Sarah Simon, "Land, Space and Artistic Creation"
- Stephanie Tam, "Bringing Out the Yellow in Red, White and Blue: Translating Chinese American Stories from the Golden Gate to Lady Liberty"
- Benjamin Taub, "Who Can Find the Hottest Piece of Shrapnel? Childhood in WWII Europe"
- Hanna Xinyue Tian, "Wedding Dresses: Incorporating Japanese Elements"
- Charlotte Weisberg, "Taking Back the Power of Birth"
- Brian Wettach, "On the Road: Pedal Strokes Across America"
Current Stories
Dale winner turns fieldwork into fiction
Posted May 3, 2011; 10:02 a.m.
Over the next year, senior Lisa Tom will combine her two academic passions at Princeton -- anthropology and creative writing -- by transforming fieldwork into fiction.
Tom spent last summer in Guatemala City interviewing patients at a medical clinic as her fieldwork for her anthropology major. The experience became the inspiration for her creative thesis, a novel about an epidemiologist working at a Guatemalan HIV/AIDS clinic. Next year, as the 2011 winner of Princeton's Martin Dale Fellowship, she will immerse herself in a community closer to home -- Chinese Americans living in her native Baltimore -- to write a collection of short stories or a novel about that immigrant community.
The $30,000 Dale fellowship is awarded annually to a graduating senior to allow him or her "to devote the year following graduation to an independent project of extraordinary merit that will widen the recipient's experience of the world and significantly enhance his or her personal growth and intellectual development."
"I thought, 'What would I do next if I could really do anything?'" Tom said of devising her Dale project. Her love of creative writing led her to the stories of her grandparents, who came to Baltimore from China in the 1930s, '40s and '50s. She realized that when grandparents and parents tell stories, "We're often half-listening when really we should be listening carefully."
To that end, Tom will spend several months in Baltimore, interviewing her grandfather, who is 83, as well as family members and others in the community. She also will live for part of the year in a writers' colony and travel to China to visit her grandparents' ancestral village in Taishan.
The fiction she writes will be about tradition and ethnicity in the Chinese American community in Baltimore, but also about "what it means to be a second- or third-generation American, like me," Tom said.
It was the semester she spent studying at Capital Normal University in Beijing during her junior year that really made Tom, who speaks Mandarin as well as Spanish, think about her Chinese roots.
"In China, people were really curious about my background -- I was talking about it a lot and thinking about it a lot," Tom said. "It's funny that being abroad was what really got me thinking about being Chinese American."
Her volunteer work at the University Medical Center in Princeton, where she has served as project coordinator for volunteer Spanish interpreters since 2008, also got her thinking about what it means to come to a new country and start a new life. "I really like helping Spanish speakers who come to the hospital," Tom said. "And it has provided a window into the current immigrant experience in the United States."
Tom's Dale research will be, in a sense, anthropological fieldwork. She will use her exploration of her Chinese American community as the springboard for her fiction, much as she did for her novel, which served as her thesis in the anthropology department and in the Program in Creative Writing, in which she is earning a certificate. In addition to the novel, which was advised by novelists and creative writing faculty members Joyce Carol Oates and Lorrie Moore, Tom wrote a critical section analyzing anthropological writing about fiction and ethnography.
"Lisa confronted technical and intellectual challenges different from those of most seniors majoring in anthropology and most students in creative writing," said Professor of Anthropology Rena Lederman, Tom's thesis adviser. "Most fiction writers do not need to face the ethical and analytical constraints that ethnographers take for granted. She has faced these challenges with courage and admirable energy and skill."
Tom has studied writing at Princeton with John McPhee, the Ferris Professor of Journalism and a well-known writer for The New Yorker, who noted that Tom wrote a nonfiction piece about organic chemistry that was "solidly informative" and "entertaining." In another composition, "she described her mother's bird's nest soup, traced the history of the dish and used the story as a window into her family's history," McPhee said.
Tom thrives on research, whether it is about her family or about patients in the Guatemalan clinic, she said. Asking the right questions -- a skill she honed in anthropology courses as well as while working as a freelance writer for The Baltimore Sun -- has led her to promising material for her fiction.
"I never would have written a novel taking place in Guatemala if I hadn't done research there," Tom said. "It started with my real-life experience, but the main character is not me. ... The beauty of fiction is that you have the freedom to invent."
To further develop her writing life on campus, Tom founded the Princeton Writers' Workshop in 2008. She has organized seminars with authors for fellow writers on campus, and held weekly workshops in which students exchange creative work.
"I wasn't able to take a creative writing class every semester," said Tom, who also studied at Princeton with fiction writers Jeffrey Eugenides and Amy Hempel, screenwriter Christina Lazaridi and poet Brenda Shaughnessy. "I thought that there must be other students like me who would be more motivated to keep writing if someone was going to look at their work."
After she completes the Dale Fellowship, Tom hopes to become a physician, with an eye toward a career combining medicine and writing.
"Medicine is full of amazing stories," she said.


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SynchroNEES: File Sharing
Easy way to exchange files within a group
Launch Tool
This tool is distrubuted as a downloadable file. To download, please visit the 'Docs and Attachments' section, or click the button below.
Version 1.2.8 - published on 09 May 2014
This tool is closed source.
Published on
SynchroNEES is a desktop tool for sharing files within groups. If you want to share some data with your research group or other colleagues, start by creating a group on NEEShub. Then, click on the Data Sharing tab within a group to create a "drop box," which acts as a shared folder for the group. Only members of the group can read/write data within the drop box folder; data stored there is protected and backed up, although other members of your group can overwrite it.
The SynchroNEES tool makes it easy to access your drop box folder. Download and install this tool on your desktop machine. When you run the tool, it will ask you to log in with your NEEShub username and password, and it will display the list of groups that you belong to. Clicking on any one of the groups will bring up a tab showing the drop box for the group, and you can drag/drop items into and out of the drop box. See the SynchroNEES Tutorial page for more details.
*Not yet compatible with Windows 8.


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Deeplinks Blog posts about File Sharing
In July 2009, South Korea became the first country to introduce a graduated response or "three strikes" law. The statute allows the Minister of Culture or the Korean Copyright Commission to tell ISPs and Korean online service providers to suspend the accounts of repeated infringers and block or delete infringing content online. There is no judicial process, no court of appeal, and no opportunity to challenge the accusers.
U.S. Copyright Surveillance Machine About To Be Switched On, Promises of Transparency Already Broken
The "Copyright Alert System" – an elaborate combination of surveillance, warnings, punishments, and "education" directed at customers of most major U.S. Internet service providers – is poised to launch in the next few weeks, as has been widely reported. The problems with it are legion. Big media companies are launching a massive peer-to-peer surveillance scheme to snoop on subscribers. Based on the results of that snooping, ISPs will be serving as Hollywood's private enforcement arm, without the checks and balances public enforcement requires. Once a subscriber is accused, she must prove her innocence, without many of the legal defenses she'd have in a courtroom.
Appeals Court Upholds $9,250 Per Song Penalty in Filesharing Case, Says Constitution Doesn't Limit Penalties
The damages provisions of copyright law - up to $150,000 per infringed work without any proof of harm - are crazy. And according to the federal appeals court in Minnesota, the Constitution does not restore sanity. This week, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit upheld the original jury verdict against Jammie Thomas-Rasset: a $222,000 penalty for sharing 24 songs on a peer-to-peer network. That's $9,250 per song (for songs that sell for about a dollar at retail). Frighteningly, the court suggested that statutory damages awarded by a judge or jury don't need to have ANY connection to the harm actually suffered by a copyright owner.
Today's sad news of the passing of Adam Yauch, the Beastie Boy's MCA, caused us to take a moment to reflect on the impact that the Beastie Boys, and their seminal record Paul's Boutique, had on remix culture.
On Friday, EFF went to court to argue that innocent Megaupload customers like Kyle Goodwin should be able to get their lost files back. We were particularly concerned because the government, which had originally seized the files and still apparently holds all of Megaupload's financial assets, had argued that it had no obligation to make sure the files of innocent Megaupload users were returned and, in fact, believed that they could be destroyed.
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I'm only interested in the positive going side of the wave. Therefore, I would view that as 4 PWM waves in frequency sync with each other, but each with varying pulse width, amplitude, and phase. I would like to manipulate each pulse on its own to go from simple clock signals all the way up to complex waveforms that would of course have to be fined tuned on the user's end with a scope to be musical
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By Parrish Alford/NEMS Daily Journal
OXFORD – Ole Miss needed a win over Arkansas to get to 4-0 in the SEC, but wins over Arkansas have been quite common for the Rebels of late.
Saturday's 76-64 victory is the sixth straight in the series for Ole Miss, the ninth in the last 10 games and the 22nd in the last 30 games.
Arkansas coach Mike Anderson said he believes that Ole Miss dominance in the series will eventually run its course.
"It will change, it will change. If you look at their team, this is his (seventh) year, and he's got some veteran players. Look at the guys that made the plays for them."
A long-time Arkansas assistant before coaching at UAB and Missouri, Anderson is in his second year with the Razorbacks.
Williams adjusting
Ole Miss guard Nick Williams said it's taken some time for him to get used to coming off the bench, but he's adjusting to his new role.
His 14 points were his most since coming out of the bullpen for the first time against Fordham.
Williams says the Rebels understand the importance of staying focused.
"It's been a long time since we've been able to do something great here, and we know what we have to do. We've been so close for so long," he said.
Player of the game
Jarvis Summers' five turnovers were a season-high, but so were his seven assists. He scored 14 points on 6 for 11 shooting and is averaging 14 points in SEC play.
"We're just happy. We've waited so long just to be relevant. We still have to be hungry. Instead of trying to be … we've just got to stay hungry." – Ole Miss forward Murphy Holloway
Next game
The Rebels return home Thursday for a 6 p.m., tip against Tennessee. The game will be televised on ESPN2.
Parrish Alford


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ARSC Training
C Interface to NetCDF
Where and When
- date: April 24, 2009
- time: 2:00-5:00 pm
- location: WRRB 009
NetCDF (network Common Data Form) is a set of software libraries and machine-independent data formats that support the creation, access, and sharing of array-oriented scientific data as it is described on Unidata website.
The class covers the C native interface to the library: how to create NetCDF files, add information to existing files, how to read information from NetCDF files in C. It covers such topics as reading slices from the arrays, using attributes, what attributes should be written to the files, and many others. We will write a simple C application that creates a standard NetCDF file, calculates some multidimensional arrays and saves them into the file. We also will write an application that reads standard WRF output file.


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I made a list of the 102 figures I count as vintage to help me focus on recommending new figures that we don't already have.
There are still more that I am thinking of. Add yours. Expanded Universe counts. Furthermore, I think that to sell EU (especially carded single figures) you need to offer the mainstays (Han, Luke, Leia, Obi-Wan, Anakin, Padme) with new looks that interact with the other characters since everyone will recognize the name Princess Leia, even if she's sculpted 5 years after ROTJ when she's pregnant.
So anyway, I tried to make comprehensive groupings of characters by the movie and locations they came from.
1. Luke
2. Han Bolux with Blue Max
3. Leia
4. Chewie Lowbacca Jedi Knight
7. Obi-Wan Kenobi Dark Times Obi-Wan like the SideShow Premium Statue, young w. gray hair
8. Jawa
9. Tusken Raider
10. Darth Vader
11. Stormtrooper Deak Lukes other friend with Cammie and Fixer
12. Death Squad Commander (Imp Naval Trooper) - some people want a gray uniform like the Kenner figure. Unsure if this is authentic
13. Death Star Droid Senni Tonnika
14. Power Droid Brea Tonnika
15. R5-D4 random moisture farmer on the street
16. Hammerhead Tzzvvzzt
17. Walrusman Rannat
18. Snaggletooth Arliel Schlos - the Defel with red eyes
19. Greedo space suit guy in bar
20. Boba Fett Boba Fett with removeable helmet and longer hair (adult)
21. Luke X-wing Wedge in civilian attire - Rogue Squadron
22. Luke Stormtrooper (POTF) Janson in X-wing Pilot attire (snowspeeder was made)
23. Death Star Gunner (POTF)
24. Blue Snaggletooth (Sears)
25. Han Hoth Han with short hair in Imperial Officer uniform
26. Han Bespin
27. Han Carbonite (POTF) super-deluxe Carbonite Han
28. Luke Hoth Luke tan vest - SOTE
29. Luke Bespin Luke Dagobah with Bespin jacket worn open
30. Leia Hoth Leia as Rebel agent comics purple shirt, tan vest
31. Leia Bespin
32. Lando Bespin Lando Coruscant Security disguise SOTE
33. R2D2 Sensorscope
34. C-3PO Removeable Limbs C-3PO with lower leg off and held in hand (Bespin Escape)
39. Zuckuss
40. Bossk
41. Dengar
42. Imperial Officer Captain Palleon / Admiral Palleon HTTE
43. TIE Pilot Han Solo with short hair as TIE Pilot
44. AT-AT Commander (Veers)
45. AT-AT Driver
46. Snowtrooper Torryn Farr
47. Hoth Rebel Soldier Pellos Scrambas - old Rebel Fleet Trooper
48. Hoth Rebel Commander Hobbie in snowspeeder pilot gear (X-wing EU was made)
49. Bespin Guard (white with mustache) Bespin Guard - white guy without mustache
50. Bespin Guard (black)
51. Lobot
52. Ugnaught
53. Twin Pod Cloud Car Pilot
54. Yoda
55. AT-ST Driver
56. Han Endor Han with short gray hair in all black, NJO
57. Luke Jedi Luke Spirit from Legacy
58. Luke Endor Luke in 40's in black and gray Jedi robes, as Master
59. Leia Boussh Leia pregnant as Jedi Apprentice
60. Leia Endor Leia as New Republic President
61. Lando Skiff Guard Han in Corellian General Uniform (like Madine or Lando)
62. Lando General Lando as Nkllon Mining Baron (red outfit, HTTE)
63. R2-D2 Lightsaber Launch
64. Admiral Ackbar Bothan Spy Master, HTTE
65. General Madine Kyp Durron, Jedi
66. Endor Rebel Soldier Mara Jade Skywalker, Jedi - rumored
67. Prune Face Jacen Solo as Darth Caedus
68. Nien Numb Jaina Solo X-wing Pilot
69. A-wing Pilot Tycho in X-wing pilot gear
70. B-wing Pilot Tycho in Rebel Alliance dress uniform - like Wedge's EU figure with Bossk Fey'lya
71. Anakin Skywalker (spirit - Sebastian Shaw) Emperor Roan Fel
72. Emperor Palpatine (proto-forming clone Emperor Palpatine - Dark Empire)
73. Royal Guard Princess Marisiah Fel
74. Imperial Dignitary - Sim Aloo specifically needs to be made. Sate Pestage
75. Bib Fortuna Cade Skywalkers friend, pilot buddy Synn
76. Jabba the Hutt Cane Adiss
77. Salacious Crumb Mara Jade as Ariel
78. Sy Snootles Darth Wrylock, Legacy
79. Droopy McCool carded Yuuzhan Vong Warrior
80. Max Rebo Supreme Overlord Shimra
81. Gamorrean Guard Sgt. Doaylln, skiff guard
82. Weequay Yuuzhan Vong female shaper
83. Klaatu Anakin Solo
84. Klaatu Skiff Guard Tahiri
85. Nikto Corran Horn, Jedi
86. Barada Guri
87. Ree-Yees
88. Squidhead
89. Yak Face
90. Amanaman
91. Rancor Keeper
94. Chief Chirpa
95. Logray
96. Wicket
97. Teebo
98. Paploo
99. Lumat
100. Romba
101. Warok - card him and make it official
102. Bikerscout
Then I added ones in RED that have never been made but should be made.
Next I go to the Prequel Trilogy:
Qui-Gon Tatooine
Obi-Wan Obi-Wan as bounty hunter (Jedi Quest)
Anakin racer / pilot
Anakin Jedi Padawan
Padme - Tatooine
Queen - Theed Throne
Queen - Black Travel (actually Sabe)
Queen - Pre-Senate
Queen - Senate speech
Queen - post Senate
Queen - Purple Return to Naboo
Queen - Battle Dress (Sabe)
Queen - 2nd Hanger Battle
Queen - Victory Celebration
C-3PO (naked)
Darth Maul
Darth Maul hologram
Darth Sidious
Darth Sidious hologram
Battle Droid - PKU Droid
Pilot Droid - card him
Security Droid
Destroyer Droid
Nute Gunray Tey How
Rune Haako
Daultay Dofine
Senator Palpatine Senator Palpatine Hologram
Sio Bibble
Captain Panaka Captain Panaka with removeable hat and soft cloak
Naboo Royal Guard (white)
Naboo Royal Guard (Latino)
Naboo Royal Security Naboo Royal Security (black)
Naboo Soldier (enlisted -tan)
Naboo Soldier (officer - red) Naboo Soldier officer red, black ethnic variation
Handmaiden Handmaiden purple robes from Senate
Shmi Skywalker Handmaiden 2nd Hanger battle dress, blonde girl
Gragga senator of the same species
Watto Kitster
Pit Droid style 1 (white) Wald
Pit Droid style 1 (red) Ann Gella
Pit Droid style 2 Tan Gella
Sebulba Aldar Beedo
Gasgano Ark Bumpy Roos
Ody Mandrell Old Jira
Teemto Pagales
Dud Bolt
Mars Guo
Mahownik Bolls Rohr
Rats Tyrell Wan Sadage
Ben Quadrinaros
Cleg Holdfast
Fode and Beed
Aurra Sing
Quinlan Vos
Yoda (as Jedi Council Member)
Yoda hologram
Plo Koon
Ki-Adi Mundi
Ki-Adi Mundi hologram
SaeSee Tiin
Eeth Koth
Adi Galia
Even Piel
Depa Billaba
Oppo Rancisis
Yarael Poof
Chancellor Valorum Sei Teria
Mas Ameeda
Lott Dodd
Mon Cal Senator E.T. Senator
Ask Aak (Gran Senator) Asks Moe, Gran Senator
Po Nudo (becomes Separatist) Rodian Senator, Anaconda Far
Passal Argente (becomes Separatist)
Shu Mai (becomes Separatist)
Orm Fre Taa (Twi'lek)
Horax Ryder
Gungan Warrior Gungan female
Gungan band member (buglar) Gungan Child
Captain Tarpals
Boss Nass
Gungan Council Member
Obi-Wan Knight
Obi-Wan hologram
Obi-Wan (wet hair - Kamino)
Anakin Padawan
Anakin Peasant Disguise
Padme Pilot Padme Senator, Palpatines Office
Padme Refugee / Naboo Report Padme, Naberrie family deleted scene
Padme black leather temptation backless dress, first kiss
Padme Tatooine Arrival yellow dress, Naboo waterfall
Padme Genosis Arrival (white droid factory) Nightgown, Naboo balcony, Kahoun Attack
Padme Arena Battle Padme, Lars garage
Padme Wedding
R2-D2 booster rockets
C-3PO junk parts
JarJar (Naboo Representative) JarJar, Padmes apartment
Coleman Trebor
Kit Fisto
Luminara Undulli
Bariss Offee
Jocasta Nu
Sirch Fi Ek
Sora Bulq
Pablo Jill
Aayla Secura
Aayla Secura Hologram
Ashla human Jedi youngling, Liam
Rodian Jedi Zayne Carrick, KOTOR
Klatoonian Jedi Zaynes Snivian partner, KOTOR
Chancellor Palpatine (dark blue) Mandalorian KOTOR era
his bald aide (female)
Bail Organa (blue)
Captain Typho (pilot) Queen Jamilla
Captain Typho (duty uniform) 6-armed server droid from the freighter
Zam Wessel
Jango Fett
Boba Fett
Clone Kid Clone Kid 2-pack with yellow and red headsets
Clone cadet (red uniform)
Clone Trooper
Clone Sergeant
Clone Lieutenant
Clone Captain
Clone Commander
Clone Pilot
Lama Su Kaminoan research science worker
Taun We
Elan Sleezebagano female Weequay pirate
Ack-Med Beq Asian human lower level lurker think it was Doug Chaing
Danay Fatoonie Ithorian Senator
Twi'lek girl
Dexter Jettster Hermione Bagwa (human girl waitress
Battle Droid (Geonosis red)
OOM-9 (Geonosis red)
Super Battle Droid
Dwarf Spider Droid (deluxe figure)
Nute Gunray (AOTC)
Rune Haako (AOTC) - or it was a different Niemodian
Poggle the Lesser
Sun Fak
Geonosian Worker
Geonosian Warrior (winged)
Wat Tambor Senator Tiikes, Quarren
San Hill Rogwa Woodrata
Count Dooku
Dooku's Pilot Droid (coming out as a 2013 BAD)
Watto (AOTC)
Owen Lars (AOTC) Cliegg Lars
Beru Whitesun Shmi Skywalker, Tusken prisoner
Female Tusken
Child Tusken
Rikshaw Droid big flying droid factory cargo carrier droid
Obi-Wan Master Padme hair in buns, landing platform
Anakin Knight Padme light blue dress, different from nightgown
Anakin Sith Eyes Darth Vader Padme Senator, birth of the Empire
Anakin (Mustafar Vader) Padme dress with hat piece
Padme Nightgown Ruminitions Padme
Padme Mustafar Padme birth of the twins, white dress
Agen Kolar funeral Padme
Stass Allie Jedi weapons master played by stunt coordinator
Darth Sidious (red cloak, Jedi duel)
Darth Sidious (gray and black, Yoda duel)
Darth Sidious (black, Mustafar)
Magna Droid (Grievous' Body Guard)
General Grievous
Nute Gunray (ROTS)
Rune Haako (ROTS)
Lushros Dofine
Chancellor Palpatine (black gown, Dooku's prisoner) Sio Bibble
Chancellor Palpatine (red, Jedi Duel) Queen Appelina
Chancellor Palpatine (red, birth of the Empire) Padmes mom
Utopau Administrator Padmes dad
P'aun Warrior Padmes sister
Utai Mechanic
Polis Masan fat Polis Masan
Mas Ameeda (ROTS)
Zett Jukasa
Bail Organa Blockade Runner Bail Organa Senator, birth of the Empire
Bail Organa - Alderaan (Leia's adoption) Bail Organa Speeder Pilot
Brea Organa (Leia's adoption) Bail Organa Landing platform
Clone Trooper Phase II
Airborne Trooper
Clone Trooper (Cody's men)
Commander Cody
Commander Cody Hologram
Clone Trooper (gray)
Clone Trooper (Commander Gree)
Clone Trooper (Kashyyyk Scout)
ARF Trooper
ATRT Driver
Galactic Marine Trooper
Commander Bacara
501st Clone Trooper
Clone Trooper Star Corps (Bly's men)
Commander Bly
Commader Neo
Neos Trooper
Clone Pilot (ARC-170, Odd Ball)
Cone Pilot (Imperial V-wing, black)
Clone Pilot (Tank Gunner)
Mustafar Lava Miner
Mustafar Sentry
Wookiee Warrior Sneak Preview
Wookiee Warrior 1 new Wookiee Warrior 5
Wookiee Warrior 2 new Wookiee Warrior 6
Wookiee Warrior 3
Wookiee Warrior 4
Crab Droid (deluxe figure)
Luke Skywalker (baby) [COLOR="#FF0000"baby delivery droid 1 [/color]
Leia Organa (baby) baby delivery droid 2
Chopper Droid Luxury Droid, fembot
2-1A medical droid
FX-6 luggage carrier droid
So anyway, the above PT list might be incomplete as to who they made and there are definitely more, but the RED answers who they have left to do that they SHOULD DO to answer JediTricks' question "Who's left to do?"[/QUOTE]


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Tag Archives: Master Bathrooms
DEC 20th
It Might Be Your Grandmother's Bathroom
We tend to think we are the first to come up with something. We tend to think that we invented the wheel in each generation. Guess what? It's ALL been done before. In some way or shape, most design has … Continue reading


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Home > Paying for College > Financial Aid You Must Repay (Student Loans) >
Federal Direct Stafford Loans
Federal Stafford Subsidized and Unsubsidized Loans
The federal government makes subsidized and unsubsidized Stafford loans to students attending participating schools across the country. The U.S. Department of Education is the lender.
The main difference between subsidized and unsubsidized Stafford Loans is that the subsidized Stafford is available only to those who can demonstrate financial need, and the interest is paid by the government while the student attends school at least half time. With the unsubsidized Stafford, the student pays the interest while enrolled.
If you encounter words you don't understand, visit our loan terminology page and reference it while you read.
Direct Subsidized Stafford Loans
Who is Eligible?
To be eligible for the Federal Direct Subsidized Stafford Loan, you must attend school at least half time and be determined to have financial need. You also must meet certain conditions to receive federal aid.
How Much Money Can You Get?
Depending on whether you are a dependent or independent (self-supporting) student, you can borrow the following amounts for your education:
|Academic Level
|Subsidized and Unsubsidized
|Additional Unsubsidized Loan Amount
|Aggregate Loan Limits
|$31,000 (no more than $23,000 can be in subsidized loans)
|Junior, senior and subsequent undergraduate levels
|Academic Level
|Subsidized and Unsubsidized
|Additional Unsubsidized Loan Amount
|Aggregate Loan Limits
|$57,500 (no more than $23,000 can be in subsidized loans)
|Junior, senior and subsequent undergraduate levels
|Graduate and professional students
|$138,500* (no more than $65,500 can be in subsidized loans)
* The aggregate limit for graduate and professional students enrolled in certain approved health professional programs is $224,000.
All the above annual borrowing amounts assume enrollment in a program that is at least one academic year long. If your enrollment period is less than a full academic year, your annual borrowing limits will be smaller.
After you sign a promissory note, your loan will be sent to your school, either by electronic funds transfer or by check made payable to both you and your school. Most loans are disbursed to you in two or more payments, rather than a lump sum. Because of this, you should plan your personal finances accordingly.
What's the Application Process?
You apply any time during the year, but obtaining a loan may take several weeks. There are two basic methods of application -- paper and electronic. Your school will tell you which method it prefers. Each method begins with filing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA).
If a need analysis has already been performed for you by the school, you might arrange a loan in two to four weeks. If no need analysis has been done, it could take several months. Therefore, be sure to:
- Plan ahead and ask your school which application method it prefers, and how long it will take to apply.
- Find out whether you're eligible for a Federal Pell Grant. This is required before your school can process the loan application and disburse loan funds.
- Be sure you understand the loan repayment terms.
The interest rate on the Federal Direct Subsidized Stafford Loan depends on when you took out the loan:
- Undergraduate students: If the first disbursement of your subsidized loan is between July 1, 2012 and June 30, 2013, the interest rate on your loan is fixed at 3.4 percent.*
* A fee of 1 percent is deducted from each disbursement.
The federal government will pay (or subsidize) the interest on the loan while you are enrolled on at least a half-time basis. In most cases, you must begin repaying the loan six months after you leave school or drop below half-time status. Typically, you have up to 10 years to complete repayment.
The amount of your payment depends on the size of your debt. However, you will pay at least $50 per month in principal and interest. Under certain conditions you may defer (postpone) payments for up to three years. Ask your financial aid administrator or read your promissory note to obtain information about deferring payment.
Direct Unsubsidized Stafford Loans
For students without demonstrated financial need, an unsubsidized Federal Stafford Loan is available.
The interest rate on Direct Unsubsidized Loans is fixed at 6.8% for all borrowers (undergraduate and graduate). A fee of 1 percent is deducted from each disbursement.
Borrowers of the Unsubsidized Stafford Loan are required to pay interest on the loan while in school.
You may make monthly or quarterly interest payments to your lender -- or you may choose to have your interest added to the principal of the loan. This is called "capitalization." This can occur during:
- The grace period -- the time before beginning repayment.
- Periods of authorized deferment -- postponement.
- Periods of forbearance -- authorized delay in loan principal payment.
Four repayment plans are available to borrowers with either subsidized or unsubsidized loans:
- The Standard Repayment Plan requires a fixed amount (at least $50) to be paid each month for up to 10 years.
- The Income Contingent Repayment Plan bases the monthly repayment amount on annual income, family size and the loan amount.
- The Income-Based Repayment Plan bases payments on total federal loan payments as a percentage of income.
- The Extended Repayment Plan allows the borrower to extend repayment over a period of 12 to 30 years, depending on the loan amount.
- Under the Graduated Repayment Plan, payments are lower at the beginning of the repayment period and then increase every two years over 12 to 30 years.
For more information, call (800) 848-0979 or visit www.direct.ed.gov/.


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Nurses, certified nurse midwives, and physicians should encourage new mothers to hold their newborns skin to skin during the first two hours following birth and as much as possible thereafter, unless contraindicated.
5.1 Assuming baby and mother are stable, the mother and baby should be skin-to-skin during the first several hours following birth. This includes the post-cesarean mother and baby, when alert and stable.
5.1.1 Babies are usually most ready to breastfeed during the first hour following birth. For the normal newborn this should occur prior to such interventions as: the newborn bath, glucose sticks, foot printing, and eye treatments. 5.1.2 During the first day of life, skin-to-skin time and breastfeeding should take priority over other routine events such as infant bathing, pictures, and visitors.
5.1.1 Babies are usually most ready to breastfeed during the first hour following birth. For the normal newborn this should occur prior to such interventions as: the newborn bath, glucose sticks, foot printing, and eye treatments. 5.1.2 During the first day of life, skin-to-skin time and breastfeeding should take priority over other routine events such as infant bathing, pictures, and visitors.
5.1 Mothers should be permitted to engage in this normal physiological process, regardless of birth method, as long as medically stable. Post-cesarean mothers can still engage in breastfeeding. Temperature stabilization will almost always occur best with the baby in skin-to-skin contact on the mother's chest, with a blanket covering the infant and mother. 1,2,4,5,8,9
5.1.1 The normal infant has a strong suck reflex during the first 20-30 minutes post-birth. Disturbing the mother and infant during this time can make it difficult for the infant to learn the suckling process. 7,11,125.1.2 Separation of mother and baby for routine procedures may be distracting and interfere with breastfeeding initiation unnecessarily. Organizing nursing care to focus on keeping the mother and newborn together will increase the opportunities for the newborn to demonstrate feeding readiness. 3,10,13
5.1.1 The normal infant has a strong suck reflex during the first 20-30 minutes post-birth. Disturbing the mother and infant during this time can make it difficult for the infant to learn the suckling process. 7,11,125.1.2 Separation of mother and baby for routine procedures may be distracting and interfere with breastfeeding initiation unnecessarily. Organizing nursing care to focus on keeping the mother and newborn together will increase the opportunities for the newborn to demonstrate feeding readiness. 3,10,13
Sample Policies:
"Golden Hour" Sample Patient Information
Ferber SG, Makhoul R; The Effect of Skin-to-Skin Contact (Kangaroo Care) Shortly After Birth on the Neurobehavioral Responses of the Term Newborn: A Randomized, Controlled Trial PEDIATRICS Vol. 113 No. 4 April 2004, pp. 858-865 (Full Text)Christensson K, Siles C, Moreno L, et al. Temperature, metabolic adaptation and crying in healthy, full-term newborns cared for skinto-skin or in a cot. Acta Paediatr. 1992;81:488–493 (Abstract)
5.1.3 If breastfeeding is delayed due to medical condition(s) of mother or baby, the baby should be put skin-to-skin and allowed to approach the breast as soon as possible after they are stable.5.1.4 The baby should be encouraged to breastfeed without restriction. 5.1.5 Nursing policies and practices should support care of the mother and infant together and should be documented in nursing charting.(Refer to Policy #9 for safety considerations)
5.1.3 Early suckling allows the infant to receive the immunologic benefits of colostrum. Colostrum also stimulates digestive peristalsis of the infant. Suckling stimulates uterine involution and inhibits bleeding for the mother. 6,75.1.4 Restricting breastfeeding may increase the degree of physiological breast engorgement that occurs during the transitional milk phase.
Resources on Medications and Breastfeeding (LInk):
Example of a program Evaluation Tool:
Policy #5 References:
1. American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement (2005). Breastfeeding and the use of Human Milk, Pediatrics, 115, 496-506. (2005 Version)2. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology Educational Bulletin. (July 2000). Breastfeeding: Maternal and infant aspects, No. 258, p.5. 3. DiGirolamo, A. M., Grummer-Strawn, L. M., & Fein, S. (2001). Maternity care practices: Implications for breastfeeding. Birth, 28(2), 1523-1536. [Abstract]4. Durand, R., Hodges, S., LaRock, S., Lund, L., Schmid, S., Swick, D., et al. (1997, March/April). The effect of skin-to-skin breastfeeding in the immediate recovery period on newborn thermoregulation and blood glucose. Neonatal Intensive Care, 23-29. [Abstract]5. Kennell, J. & Klaus, M. (1998). Bonding: Recent observations that alter perinatal care. Pediatrics in Review. 19(1), 4-12.6. Lawrence, R. (1987). The management of lactation as a physiologic process. Clinics in Perinatology, 14(1), 1-10.7. Lawrence, R. A., & Lawrence, R. M. (2005). Breastfeeding: A guide for the medical professional (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby (pp. 217, 272, 80, 275)8. Mikiel-Kostyra, K., Mazur, J., & Boltruszko, I. (2002). Effect of early skin-to-skin contact after delivery on duration of breastfeeding: A prospective cohort study. Acta Paediatrica, 91(12), 1288-1289. (Abstract)9. Rapley, G. (2002). Keeping mothers and babies together—breastfeeding and bonding. Royal College of Midwives, 5(10), 332-224. (Abstract)10.Righard, L. & Alade, M. (1990). Effect of delivery room routines on success of first breast-feed. The Lancet, 336, 1105-1107.11. Salariya, E. M., Easton, P. M., Cater, J. I. (1978, November 25). Duration of breastfeeding after early initiation and frequent feeding. The Lancet, 1141-1143.12. Taylor, P. M., Maloni, J. A., & Brown, D. R. (1986). Early suckling and prolonged breast-feeding. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 140, 151-154.13. Winikoff, B., Laukaran, V. H., Myers, D., & Stone, R. (1986). Dynamics of infant feeding: Mothers, professionals, and the institutional context in a large urban hospital. Pediatrics, 77(3), 357-365.
Additional References:
ACOG Update: Committee Opinion #361, "Breastfeeding: Maternal and Infant Aspects," Obstetrics & Gynecology, February 2007.More detailed information on breastfeeding can be found in ACOG Clinical Review (Vol. 12, Issue 1 (supplement), Jan-Feb 2007) "Special Report from ACOG, Breastfeeding: Maternal and Infant Aspects" available to Fellows online at www.acog.org and to nonmembers by emailing email@example.com.
Anderson, G. C., Moore, E., Hepworth, J., & Bergman, N. (2003). "Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants". Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2), CD003519. [Abstract]
Bergman, N. J., Linley, L. L., & Fawcus, S. R. (2004). "Randomized controlled trial of skin-to-skin contact from birth versus conventional incubator for physiological stabilization in 1200- to 2199-gram newborns". Acta Paediatr, 93(6), 779-785. [Full Text (PDF)]
Bier JA, Ferguson AE, Morales Y, Liebling JA, Archer D, Oh W et al. Comparison of skin-to-skin contact with standard contact in low-birth-weight infants who are breast-fed. Arch.Pediatr.Adolesc.Med. 1996;150(12):1265-9. [Abstract]
Bystrova, K., Widstrom, A. M., Matthiesen, A. S., Ransjo-Arvidson, A. B., Welles-Nystrom, B., Wassberg, C., et al. (2003). "Skin-to-skin contact may reduce negative consequences of "the stress of being born": a study on temperature in newborn infants, subjected to different ward routines in St. Petersburg". Acta Paediatr, 92(3), 320-326. [Abstract]
Castral, T. C., Warnock, F., Leite, A. M., Haas, V. J., & Scochi, C. G. (2008). "The effects of skin-to-skin contact during acute pain in preterm newborns". Eur J Pain, 12(4), 464-471. [Full Text (PDF)]
Chiu S-H, Anderson GC, Burkhammer MD; Newborn Temperature During Skin-to-Skin Breastfeeding in Couples Having Breastfeeding Difficulties, Birth, Volume 32, Number 2, June 2005, pp. 115-121(7) [Abstract]
Chiu SH, Anderson GC, Burkhammer MD; "Skin-to-skin contact for Culturally diverse Women Having Breastfeeding Difficulties during Early Postpartum". Breastfeeding Medicine, 3(4), 231-37, 2008. [Abstract] N=48 healthy, culturally diverse dyads. Early BF cessation is more common in black women and women who experience BF difficulties during early postpartum. Skin-to-skin (SSC) contact during early postpartum promotes and sustains BF. The focus of this secondary analysis is on BF status and maternal race/ethnicity. Dyads were selected because they were experiencing BF difficulties mean 16.9 hours postpartum. Following informed consent, SSC intervention was given with four breastfeeds: the next three after enrollment plus one before hospital discharge. BF status (duration and exclusivity) was measured using a six-category instrument, the Index of Breastfeeding Status, at hospital discharge and by telephone interview 1 week and 1 month later. BF status was generally similar in this culturally diverse sample, except that at 1 month black mothers had lower exclusive BF (33%) and higher BF cessation (46.7%). These mothers were all high risk for poor BF outcomes, with black mothers at highest risk. Even so, BF outcomes exceeded those in studies that included all BF mothers whether or not they were having difficulties. Authors conclude that SSC BF intervention be provided in hospital in a time-sensitive manner by a warm perceptive person, to transcend the likelihood of early BF cessation for most mothers regardless of race and ethnicity. Christensson, K. (1996). Fathers can effectively achieve heat conservation in healthy newborn infants. Acta Paediatr, 85(11), 1354-1360. [Abstract]
Christensson, K., Cabrera, T., Christensson, E., Uvnas-Moberg, K., & Winberg, J. (1995). Separation distress call in the human neonate in the absence of maternal body contact. Acta Paediatr, 84(5), 468-473. [Abstract]
Christensson K, Siles C, Moreno L, et al. Temperature, metabolic adaptation and crying in healthy, full-term newborns cared for skinto-skin or in a cot. Acta Paediatr. 1992;81:488–493 (Abstract)
Dabrowski, G. A. (2007). Skin-to-skin contact: giving birth back to mothers and babies. Nurs Womens Health, 11(1), 64-71. [Full Article (PDF)]
Edmond, K. M., Zandoh, C., Quigley, M. A., Amenga-Etego, S., Owusu-Agyei, S., & Kirkwood, B. R. (2006). Delayed breastfeeding initiation increases risk of neonatal mortality. Pediatrics, 117(3), e380-386. [Full Article]
Feldman, R., Grenbaum C.W., Yirmiya N., Mayes, L.C. (1996). Relations between cyclicity and regulation in mother-infant interaction at 3 and 9 months and cognition at 2 years. . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 17(3), 347-365. [Abstract]
Feldman, R., & Eidelman, A. I. (2003). Skin-to-skin contact (Kangaroo Care) accelerates autonomic and neurobehavioural maturation in preterm infants. Dev Med Child Neurol, 45(4), 274-281 [Abstract]
Feldman, R., Eidelman, A. I., Sirota, L., & Weller, A. (2002). Comparison of skin-to-skin (kangaroo) and traditional care: parenting outcomes and preterm infant development. Pediatrics, 110(1 Pt 1), 16-26. [Full Text]
Feldman, R., Weller, A., Sirota, L., & Eidelman, A. I. (2003). Testing a family intervention hypothesis: the contribution of mother-infant skin-to-skin contact (kangaroo care) to family interaction, proximity, and touch. J Fam Psychol, 17(1), 94-107. [Abstract]
Feldman, R., Weller, A., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Levine, A. (2007). Evidence for a neuroendocrinological foundation of human affiliation: plasma oxytocin levels across pregnancy and the postpartum period predict mother-infant bonding. Psychol Sci, 18(11), 965-970. [Abstract]
Ferber SG, Makhoul R; The Effect of Skin-to-Skin Contact (Kangaroo Care) Shortly After Birth on the Neurobehavioral Responses of the Term Newborn: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Pediatrics Vol. 113 No. 4 April 2004, pp. 858-865 [Full Text]
Galligan, M. (2006). Proposed guidelines for skin-to-skin treatment of neonatal hypothermia. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs, 31(5), 298-304; quiz 305-296. [Article] Goldstein-Ferber S, Makhoul I. The Effect of Skin- to- Skin Contact (Kangaroo Care) Shortly After Birth on the Neurobehavioral Responses of the Term Newborn: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Pediatrics, 2004. [Full text] N=47 healthy mother-infant pairs. During a 1-hour-long observation the KC infants slept longer, were mostly in a quiet sleep state, exhibited more flexor movements and postures, and showed less extensor movements. KC seems to influence state organization and motor system modulation of the newborn infant shortly after delivery. Medical and nursing staff may be well advised to provide this kind of care (KC) shortly after birth.
Gray, L., Miller, L. W., Philipp, B. L., & Blass, E. M. (2002). Breastfeeding is analgesic in healthy newborns. Pediatrics, 109(4), 590-593. [Full Article]
Handlin L, Jonas W, Petersson M, Ejdebäck M, Ransjö-Arvidson A-B, Nissen E, Uvnäs-Moberg K. Effects of Sucking and Skin-to-Skin Contact on Maternal ACTH and Cortisol Levels During the Second Day Postpartum—Influence of Epidural Analgesia and Oxytocin in the Perinatal Period Breastfeeding Medicine. December 2009, 4(4): 207-220. doi:10.1089/bfm.2009.0001. [Abstract]
Hanson,L; Immunobiology of Human Milk: How Breastfeeding Protects Infants, 2004, Hale Publishing
Hurst NM, Valentine CJ, Renfro L, Burns P, Ferlic L. Skin-to-skin holding in the neonatal intensive care unit influences maternal milk volume. J.Perinatol. 1997;17(3):213-7. [Abstract]
Kennell, J., & McGrath, S. (2005). Starting the process of mother-infant bonding. Acta Paediatr, 94(6), 775-777.[Abstract]
Kennell, J. H. (2006). Randomized controlled trial of skin-to-skin contact from birth versus conventional incubator for physiological stabilization in 1200 g to 2199 g newborns. Acta Paediatr, 95(1), 15-16. [Abstract]
Kennell, J. H., & McGrath, S. K. (2003). Beneficial effects of postnatal skin-to-skin contact. Acta Paediatr, 92(3), 272-273. [Abstract]
Klaus MH. Kennell JH, Klaus PH. Bonding: Building the Foundations of Secure Attachment and Independence. Reading, Mass: Addision-Wesley; 1995Klaus MH. Klaus PH. The Amazing Newborn. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley/Lawrence :1985
Komara, C., Simpson, D., Teasdale, C., Whalen, G., Bell, S., & Giovanetto, L. (2007). Intervening to promote early initiation of breastfeeding in the LDR. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs, 32(2), 117-121. [Abstract]Ludington SM. Energy conservation during skin-to-skin contact between premature infants and their mothers. Heart Lung 1990;19(5 Pt 1):445-51. [Abstract]
Ludington-Hoe, S. M., Lewis, T., Morgan, K., Cong, X., Anderson, L., & Reese, S. (2006). Breast and infant temperatures with twins during shared Kangaroo Care. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 35(2), 223-231. [Article]
Martinez, J. C. (2007). Skin-to-skin contact: A paramount contribution to the modern neonatal paradigm. NeoReviews, 8(2), e55. [Abstract]
McCall EM, Alderdice F, Halliday HL, Jenkins JG, Vohra S. Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birthweight infants (Review). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2009.[Abstract] The purpose of this study was to assess efficacy and safety of interventions designed for prevention of hypothermia in preterm and/or LBW infants applied within ten minutes after birth in the delivery suite compared with routine thermal care. Concludes that plastic wraps or bags, skin-to-skin care and transwarmer mattresses all keep preterm infants warmer, leading to higher temperatures on admission to NICU and less hypothermia. Recommendations for clinical practice cannot be given.
Mooncey S, Giannakoulopoulos X, Glover V, Acolet D, Modi N. The effect of Mother-Infant skin-to-skin contact on plasma cortisol and beta-endorphin concentrations in Preterm Newborns. Infant Behaviour and Development 1997;20(4):553-7. [Abstract]
Moore, E. R., & Anderson, G. C. (2007). Randomized controlled trial of very early mother-infant skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding status. J Midwifery Womens Health, 52(2), 116-125. [Abstract] This study was done to evaluate effects of maternal-infant skin-to-skin contact during the first two hours post birth compared to standard care on breastfeeding outcomes through 1 month follow-up. Significantly more skin-to-skin held infants suckled competently during their first breastfeeding and established effective breastfeeding sooner. Infants who suckled competently did so regardless of skin-to-skin or swaddled provided that their mothers had erect nipples. Early skin-to-skin contact showed significant and better overall performance on breastfeeding status (exclusivity) and duration. Early skin-to-skin may not have significant positive effect on breastfeeding status in US because of multitude of other barriers in the environment that negatively influence long-term breastfeeding practices.
Moore, E. R., Anderson, G. C., & Bergman, N. (2007). Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(3), CD003519. [Abstract] [Full report]
Morelius, E., Theodorsson, E., & Nelson, N. (2005). Salivary cortisol and mood and pain profiles during skin-to-skin care for an unselected group of mothers and infants in neonatal intensive care. Pediatrics, 116(5), 1105-1113. [Full Text]
Perry, B. Attachment. On Six Core Strengths for Healthy Child Hood Development [Video]: Child Trauma Academy.
Perry, B. Self-Regulation. On Six Core Strengths for Healthy Childhood Development [Video]: Child Trauma Academy.
Righard, L. (1995). How do newborns find their mother's breast? Birth, 22(3), 174-175.
Righard, L. (1998). Are breastfeeding problems related to incorrect breastfeeding technique and the use of pacifiers and bottles? Birth, 25(1), 40-44. [Abstract]
Righard, L., & Alade, M. O. (1990). Effect of delivery room routines on success of first breast-feed. Lancet, 336(8723), 1105-1107. [Abstract]
Righard, L., & Alade, M. O. (1992). Sucking technique and its effect on success of breastfeeding. Birth, 19(4), 185-189. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1472265
Righard, L., Flodmark, C. E., Lothe, L., & Jakobsson, I. (1993). Breastfeeding patterns: comparing the effects on infant behavior and maternal satisfaction of using one or two breasts. Birth, 20(4), 182-185. [Abstract]
Sobhy, S. I., & Mohame, N. A. (2004). The effect of early initiation of breast feeding on the amount of vaginal blood loss during the fourth stage of labor. J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 79(1-2), 1-12. [Abstract]
Uvnas-Mobert K. 2003. The oxytocin factor: Tapping the hormone of calm, love and healing. Cambridge, MA: Da Capa Press.
Uvnäs-Moberg K, Petersson M Oxytocin, a Mediator of Anti-stress, Well-being,Social Interaction, Growth and Healing (Article in German). Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Volume 51, Number 1, January 2005 , pp. 57-80(24), Publisher: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht [Abstract]
Wahlberg V, Affonso D, Persson B. A retrospective, comparative study using the Kangaroo method as a complement to the Standard Incubator care. European Journal of Public Health 1992;2:34-7. [Abstract]
A listing of references related to Kangaroo Mother Care and Skin to Skin updated as of 11/04 by Dr. Susan Ludington is available. [Weblink (PDF)]_____________________________________________________________Video or audio presentation of:
Melcher, CL; The Relational Teaching Model: A new approach to training resistant hospital staff - Presentation to the International Lactation Consultant Association, 2005: – Carol Lopez Melcher, RNC, MPH Perinatal Services Network Project Director Loma Linda University Medical Center/Children's Hospital, Loma Linda, CA
Conference Sessions that can be used for staff education: Go to ILCA for previous conference sessions. Some sessions that may be useful from the 2005 Conference:Skin-to-skin Contact and Perinatal Neuroscience – Nils Bergman Kangaroo Mother Care: Restoring the original paradigm for newborn care – Nils Bergman Rational Use of Supplements: The journey towards best practice – Marina Green The Almost Term Premature Baby: Caring for babies born between 25-39 weeks gestation – Molly Pessl The Relational Teaching Model: A new approach to training resistant hospital staff – Carol Melcher
Conference Session in 2006
Celiac Disease: Importance Of Exclusive Breastfeeding For At-Risk Infants: by Ilana Chertok Recorded 7/12/2006 at Interdisciplinary Breastfeeding Practice: Integration Through Innovation
ILCA Conference Session in 2010:
A closer look at Controversial Connection:Does exclusive breastfeeding reduce the risk for childhood obesity? by Jane Henig Recorded 7/21/2010 at 2010 International Lactation Consultants
Hospital Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (Word)
Back to Main Page of Breastfeeding Toolkit
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Category: Crabs and Shrimp view all from this category
Description Ocypode quadrata is a species of ghost crab, once described as an "occult, secretive alien from the ancient depths of the sea". It is a common species along the Atlantic coast of the United States, where it is the only species of ghost crab; its range of distribution extends from its northernmost reach on Rhode Island's beaches south along the coasts of the tropical Western Atlantic Ocean to the beach of Barra do Chui, in Rio Grande do Sul in Southern Brazil.
Adults are greyish or the colour of straw, and approximately 5 centimetres (2 in) wide at maturity. They must return to water periodically in order to moisten their gills, and when larvae must be released into the sea, but are otherwise terrestrial. Their stalked compound eyes can swivel to give them 360° vision. Young crabs are cryptically coloured to blend in with their sandy habitat.
Habitat Sandy beaches.
Range Texas, New England, Mid-Atlantic, Florida.


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Quick update-
Vet didnt find any seeds/awns. However his throat is scratched and blistered so the vet thinks he may have swallowed the stuff. Doing a round of anti inflammatories anyway. But if he starts sneezing or anything its straight back to the vet again.
Is foxtail a problem on the east coast of the US ?
Is foxtail a problem in the deep South? I'm in Louisiana, near south Arkansas and East Texas. The foxtail issue sounds AWFUL!
I have my dog's foxtail hanging on the frig. It is the most expensive art work I own. She got a foxtail while she was airing before a training day. She was sneezing and blood was everywhere. I did not know where the vet was located since I was out of town. Lucky for us I found a nice Beagle owner who showed me the way to his Vet. I'm glad I got her in because that thing is big and could of cost much more than what it did.
I also have heard that saline solution works well, squirted into nostrils. Keep a bottle of it and smail "squirt" bottle in my truck.
I have a sterile vial tucked up in a kitchen cupboard containing what I not-so-fondly refer to as the world's most expensive grass awn. I went through this a couple of years ago with Blaze, much of the story has been posted on the board.
The synopsis: Blaze apparently inhaled a grass awn (so we were able to conclude much later after gadzillion blood, urine, tick and other exotic panels, spinal and joint taps, and ultimately major abdominal surgery to remove and flush the oversize abscess that had formed.) After CT confirmed it, it was shown that the awn had traveled through lung, diagphram, and set up shop in the long abdominal muscle, intraperitoneal, ran along aorta, around ureter, over hill and dale until it hit the end of the trail at the back end.
Symptoms: Blaze was intermittently sick for several months, fevers, stiffness, elevated white count, would go away with antibiotics and recur when treatment finished. He ultimately crashed and almost died, rushed to UW Vet, hours of surgery to locate and flush/remove an enormous abdominal abscess caused by a grass awn - and because it stayed "internal", his intermittent illness lingered, made diagnosis very difficult and he kept getting a little worse with each episode. And would have killed him if we hadn't been aggressive in getting a diagnosis. Okay, read that as Lydia being a giant pain about wanting to find a root cause. And it almost killed him anyway.
Between the time he started getting sick to diagnosis was several months. But the surgeons estimated, given the size and length/track of the abscess, that it had been going on for 4-6 months prior. So add in the surgery recuperation and slow steady therapy and PT to get him back to even thinking about training.... it was at least 10 months lost - but at least I didn't lose him. Training can be replaced, Blaze can't be.
Foxtails aren't the only enemy. We in the upper midwest (and far beyond that) have to deal with Canada Wild Rye - unfortunately a cover crop that is very popular amongst wildlife preserves, prairie restorations, etc. It is a wonderful cover crop that will grow in just about all soil types and climates, and is very inexpensive. Unfortunately it has the insidious characteristics that make foxtails so dangerous - the micro spiny barbs that allow the awn to go only in one direction: forward.
It's been posted before but worth noting again, there is a website, www.meanseeds.com, that chronicles The Grass Awn project. There is some good information regarding identification of the culprit botanicals, what to look for, treatment etc. If your vet doesn't see a lot of field dogs, make sure he/she is aware of the potential danger of an invading grass awn. Jeff tells people to watch for what he calls "the head banging sneezing" - where the dog is sneezing so violently and frequently, that they're almost (or are) hitting their head on the floor. That's a big warning sign and not to be ignored.
I carry eye flush and wound flush with me, and make it a routine activity to flush the dogs eyes after running in training or trials, especially this time of year. Doesn't make me popular with the herd when they see me approaching with the walgreens generic eye flush bottle. But they have learned that my squeeze bottle and I will not be denied, so surrender is the better part of valor.
Hadn't heard of the cola treatment.... Do I dare close this well-intended post by wondering about the merits of making my dog snort coke??? (groaner......)
Good luck.
For more information visit www.meanseeds.com
Dr. Ed- what do you think of the coke or carbonated beverage in the nose remedy that people have mentioned???
God bless!- Jamee
"If your dog doesn't like someone you probably shouldn't either"[/U]- Author unknown
My team:
HR Dr. J's RxRated High Caliber JH, QA2 "Kali"
Jamstar's Hot Tubb "Cuzzi" (NAFC Tubb x HR Kali JH QA2)
Watermark Shadow's Sweet Addiction "Jones" (FC AFC Shadow X Watermark's One Way)
#1 cheerleader: SJ's Gotta-Lot-A Go Lil "Jake"
Gone but never forgotten:
HR Stevie-Joe's Super "Star"- my heart dog, I love you baby
October 24, 2001-January 6, 2013