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Backgrounder #1713 on Welfare and Welfare Spending , Poverty and Inequality
January 5, 2004
January 5, 2004 | Backgrounder on Welfare and Welfare Spending , Poverty and Inequality
This key research from 2004 has been updated in Robert Rector's new paper, How Poor Are America's Poor? Examining the "Plague" of Poverty in America
Each year, the U.S. Census Bureau counts the number of "poor" persons in the U.S. In 2005, the Bureau found 37 million "poor" Americans. Presidential candidate John Edwards claims that these 37 million Americans currently "struggle with incredible poverty." Edwards asserts that America's poor, who number "one in eight of us…do not have enough money for the food, shelter, and clothing they need," and are forced to live in "terrible" circumstances.However, an examination of the living standards of the 37 million persons, whom the government defines as "poor," reveals that what Edwards calls "the plague" of American poverty might not be as "terrible" or "incredible" as candidate Edwards contends.
Poverty is an important and emotional issue. Last year, the Census Bureau released its annual report on poverty in the United States declaring that there were nearly 35 million poor persons living in this country in 2002, a small increase from the preceding year. To understand poverty in America, it is important to look behind these numbers to look at the actual living conditions of the individuals the government deems to be poor.
For most Americans, the word "poverty" suggests destitution: an inability to provide a family with nutritious food, clothing, and reasonable shelter. But only a small number of the 35 million persons classified as "poor" by the Census Bureau fit that description. While real material hardship certainly does occur, it is limited in scope and severity. Most of America's "poor" live in material conditions that would be judged as comfortable or welloff just a few generations ago. Today, the expenditures per person of the lowestincome onefifth (or quintile) of households equal those of the median American household in the early 1970s, after adjusting for inflation.1
The following are facts about persons defined as "poor" by the Census Bureau, taken from various government reports:
As a group, America's poor are far from being chronically undernourished. The average consumption of protein, vitamins, and minerals is virtually the same for poor and middleclass children and, in most cases, is well above recommended norms. Poor children actually consume more meat than do higherincome children and have average protein intakes 100 percent above recommended levels. Most poor children today are, in fact, supernourished and grow up to be, on average, one inch taller and 10 pounds heavier that the GIs who stormed the beaches of Normandy in World War II.
While the poor are generally wellnourished, some poor families do experience hunger, meaning a temporary discomfort due to food shortages. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 13 percent of poor families and 2.6 percent of poor children experience hunger at some point during the year. In most cases, their hunger is shortterm. Eightynine percent of the poor report their families have "enough" food to eat, while only 2 percent say they "often" do not have enough to eat.
Overall, the typical American defined as poor by the government has a car, air conditioning, a refrigerator, a stove, a clothes washer and dryer, and a microwave. He has two color televisions, cable or satellite TV reception, a VCR or DVD player, and a stereo. He is able to obtain medical care. His home is in good repair and is not overcrowded. By his own report, his family is not hungry and he had sufficient funds in the past year to meet his family's essential needs. While this individual's life is not opulent, it is equally far from the popular images of dire poverty conveyed by the press, liberal activists, and politicians.
Of course, the living conditions of the average poor American should not be taken as representing all the poor. There is actually a wide range in living conditions among the poor. For example, over a quarter of poor households have cell phones and telephone answering machines, but, at the other extreme, approximately onetenth have no phone at all. While the majority of poor households do not experience significant material problems, roughly a third do experience at least one problem such as overcrowding, temporary hunger, or difficulty getting medical care.
The best news is that remaining poverty can readily be reduced further, particularly among children. There are two main reasons that American children are poor: Their parents don't work much, and fathers are absent from the home.
In good economic times or bad, the typical poor family with children is supported by only 800 hours of work during a year: That amounts to 16 hours of work per week. If work in each family were raised to 2,000 hours per year the equivalent of one adult working 40 hours per week throughout the year nearly 75 percent of poor children would be lifted out of official poverty.
Father absence is another major cause of child poverty. Nearly twothirds of poor children reside in singleparent homes; each year, an additional 1.3 million children are born out of wedlock. If poor mothers married the fathers of their children, almost threequarters would immediately be lifted out of poverty.
While work and marriage are steady ladders out of poverty, the welfare system perversely remains hostile to both. Major programs such as food stamps, public housing, and Medicaid continue to reward idleness and penalize marriage. If welfare could be turned around to encourage work and marriage, remaining poverty would drop quickly.
For most Americans, the word "poverty" suggests destitution: an inability to provide a family with nutritious food, clothing, and reasonable shelter. For example, the "Poverty Pulse" poll taken by the Catholic Campaign for Human Development in 2002 asked the general public the question: "How would you describe being poor in the U.S.?" The overwhelming majority of responses focused on homelessness, hunger or not being able to eat properly, and not being able to meet basic needs. 2
But if poverty means lacking nutritious food, adequate warm housing, and clothing for a family, relatively few of the 35 million people identified as being "in poverty" by the Census Bureau could be characterized as poor.3 While material hardship does exist in the United States, it is quite restricted in scope and severity. The average "poor" person, as defined by the government, has a living standard far higher than the public imagines.
Table 1 shows the ownership of property and consumer durables among poor households. The data are taken from the American Housing Survey for 2001, conducted by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Census Bureau, and the Residential Energy Consumption Survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy.4
As the table shows, some 46 percent of poor households own their own home. The typical home owned by the poor is a threebedroom house with oneandahalf baths. It has a garage or carport and a porch or patio and is located on a halfacre lot. The house was constructed in 1967 and is in good repair. The median value of homes owned by poor households was $86,600 in 2001 or 70 percent of the median value of all homes owned in the United States.5
Some 73 percent of poor households own a car or truck; nearly a third own two or more cars or trucks. Over threequarters have air conditioning; by contrast, 30 years ago, only 36 percent of the general U.S. population had air conditioning. Nearly threequarters of poor households own microwaves; a third have automatic dishwashers.
Poor households are wellequipped with modern entertainment technology. It should come as no surprise that nearly all (97 percent) poor households have color TVs, but more than half actually own two or more color televisions. Onequarter own largescreen televisions, 78 percent have a VCR or DVD player, and almost twothirds have cable or satellite TV reception. Some 58 percent own a stereo. More than a third have telephone answering machines, while a quarter have personal computers. While these numbers do not suggest lives of luxury, they are notably different from conventional images of poverty.
A similar disparity between popular conceptions and reality applies to the housing conditions of the poor. Most poor Americans live in houses or apartments that are relatively spacious and in good repair. As Chart 1 shows, 54 percent of poor households live in singlefamily homes, either unattached single dwellings or attached units such as townhouses. Another 36.4 percent live in apartments, and 9.6 percent live in mobile homes.6
Both the overall U.S. population and the poor in America live, in general, in very spacious housing. As Table 2 shows, 70 percent of all U.S. households have two or more rooms per tenant. Among the poor, this figure is 68 percent.
Crowding is quite rare; only 2.5 percent of all households and 5.7 percent of poor households are crowded with more than one person per room.7 By contrast, social reformer Jacob Riis, writing on tenement living conditions around 1890 in New York City, described crowded families living with four or five persons per room and some 20 square feet of living space per person.8
Housing space can also be measured by the number of square feet per person. The Residential Energy Consumption survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy shows that Americans have an average of 721 square feet of living space per person. Poor Americans have 439 square feet.9 Reasonably comparable international squarefootage data are provided by the Housing Indicator Program of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, which surveyed housing conditions in major cities in 54 different nations. This survey showed the United States to have by far the most spacious housing units, with 50 percent to 100 percent more square footage per capita than city dwellers in other industrialized nations.10
America's poor compare favorably with the general population of other nations in square footage of living space. The average poor American has more square footage of living space than does the average person living in London, Paris, Vienna, and Munich. Poor Americans have nearly three times the living space of average urban citizens in middleincome countries such as Mexico and Turkey. Poor American households have seven times more housing space per person than the general urban population of verylowincome countries such as India and China. (See Appendix Table A for more detailed information.)
Some critics have argued that the comparisons in Table 3 are misleading.11 These critics claim that U.S. housing in general cannot be compared to housing in specific European cities such as Paris or London because housing in these cities is unusually small and does not represent the European housing stock overall. To assess the validity of this argument, Table 4 presents national housing data for 15 West European countries. These data represent the entire national housing stock in each of the 15 countries. In general, the national data on housing size are similar to the data on specific European cities presented in Table 3 and Appendix Table A.
As Table 4 shows, U.S. housing (with an average size of 1,875 square feet per unit) is nearly twice as large as European housing (with an average size of 976 square feet per unit.) After adjusting for the number of persons in each dwelling unit, Americans have an average of 721 square feet per person, compared to 396 square feet for the average European.
The housing of poor Americans (with an average of 1,228 square feet per unit) is smaller than that of the average American but larger than that of the average European (who has 976 square feet per unit). Overall, poor Americans have an average of 439 square feet of living space per person, which is as much as or more than the average citizen in most West European countries. (This comparison is to the average European, not poor Europeans.)
Of course, it might be possible that the housing of poor American households could be spacious but still dilapidated or unsafe. However, data from the American Housing Survey indicate that such is not the case. For example, the survey provides a tally of households with "severe physical problems." Only a tiny portion of poor households and an even smaller portion of total households fall into that category.
The most common "severe problem," according to the American Housing Survey, is a shared bathroom, which occurs when occupants lack a bathroom and must share bathroom facilities with individuals in a neighboring unit. This condition affects about 1 percent of all U.S. households and 2 percent of all poor households. About onehalf of 1 percent (0.5 percent) of all households and 2 percent of poor households have other "severe physical problems." The most common are repeated heating breakdowns and upkeep problems.
The American Housing Survey also provides a count of households affected by "moderate physical problems." A wider range of households falls into this category 9 percent of the poor and nearly 5 percent of total households. However, the problems affecting these units are clearly modest. While living in such units might be disagreeable by modern middleclass standards, they are a far cry from Dickensian squalor. The most common problems are upkeep, lack of a full kitchen, and use of unvented oil, kerosene or gas heaters as the primary heat source. (The last condition occurs almost exclusively in the South.)
There are frequent charges of widespread hunger and malnutrition in the United States.12 To understand these assertions, it is important, first of all, to distinguish between hunger and the more severe problem of malnutrition. Malnutrition (also called undernutrition) is a condition of reduced health due to a chronic shortage of calories and nutriments. There is little or no evidence of povertyinduced malnutrition in the United States.
Hunger is a far less severe condition: a temporary but real discomfort caused by an empty stomach. The government defines hunger as "the uneasy or painful sensation caused by lack of food."13 While hunger due to a lack of financial resources does occur in the United States, it is limited in scope and duration. According to the USDA, on a typical day, fewer than one American in 200 will experience hunger due to a lack of money to buy food.14 The hunger rate rises somewhat when examined over a longer time period; according to the USDA, some 6.9 million Americans, or 2.4 percent of the population, were hungry at least once during 2002.15 Nearly all hunger in the United States is shortterm and episodic rather than continuous.16
Some 92 percent of those who experienced hunger in 2002 were adults, and only 8 percent were children. Overall, some 567,000 children, or 0.8 percent of all children, were hungry at some point in 2002. In a typical month, roughly one child in 400 skipped one or more meals because the family lacked funds to buy food.
Not only is hunger relatively rare among U.S. children, but it has declined sharply since the mid1990s. As Chart 2 shows, the number of hungry children was cut by a third between 1995 and 2002. According to the USDA, in 1995, there were 887,000 hungry children: by 2002, the number had fallen to 567,000.17
Overall, some 97 percent of the U.S. population lived in families that reported they had "enough food to eat" during the entire year, although not always the kinds of foods they would have preferred. Around 2.5 percent stated their families "sometimes" did not have "enough to eat" due to money shortages, and onehalf of 1 percent (0.5 percent) said they "often" did not have enough to eat due to a lack of funds. (See Chart 3.)
Among the poor, the hunger rate was obviously higher: During 2002, 12.8 percent of the poor lived in households in which at least one member experienced hunger at some point.18 Among poor children, 2.4 percent experienced hunger at some point in the year.19 Overall, most poor households were not hungry and did not experience food shortages during the year.
When asked, some 89 percent of poor households reported they had "enough food to eat" during the entire year, although not always the kinds of food they would prefer. Around 9 percent stated they "sometimes" did not have enough to eat because of a lack of money to buy food. Another 2 percent of the poor stated that they "often" did not have enough to eat due to a lack of funds.20 (See Chart 3.)
It is widely believed that a lack of financial resources forces poor people to eat lowquality diets that are deficient in nutriments and high in fat. However, survey data show that nutriment density (amount of vitamins, minerals, and protein per kilocalorie of food) does not vary by income class.21 Nor do the poor consume higherfat diets than do the middle class; the percentage of persons with high fat intake (as a share of total calories) is virtually the same for lowincome and uppermiddleincome persons.22 Overconsumption of calories in general, however, is a major problem among the poor, as it is within the general U.S. population.
Examination of the average nutriment consumption of Americans reveals that age and gender play a far greater role than income class in determining nutritional intake. For example, the nutriment intakes of adult women in the upper middle class (with incomes above 350 percent of the poverty level) more closely resemble the intakes of poor women than they do those of uppermiddleclass men, children, or teens.23 The average nutriment consumption of uppermiddleincome preschoolers, as a group, is virtually identical with that of poor preschoolers but not with the consumption of adults or older children in the upper middle class.
This same pattern holds for adult males, teens, and most other age and gender groups. In general, children aged 011 years have the highest average level of nutriment intakes relative to the recommended daily allowance (RDA), followed by adult and teen males. Adult and teen females have the lowest level of intakes. This pattern holds for all income classes.
Government surveys provide little evidence of widespread undernutrition among poor children; in fact, they show that the average nutriment consumption among the poor closely resembles that of the upper middle class. For example, children in families with incomes below the poverty level actually consume more meat than do children in families with incomes at 350 percent of the poverty level or higher (roughly $65,000 for a family of four in today's dollars).
Table 5 shows the average intake of protein, vitamins, and minerals as a percentage of the recommended daily allowance among poor and middleclass children at various age levels.24 The intake of nutriments is very similar for poor and middleclass children and is generally well above the recommended daily level. For example, the consumption of protein (a relatively expensive nutriment) among poor children is, on average, between 150 percent and 267 percent of the RDA.
When shortfalls of specific vitamins and minerals appear (for example, among teenage girls), they tend to be very similar for the poor and the middle class. While poor teenage girls, on average, tend to underconsume vitamin E, vitamin B6, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, and zinc, a virtually identical underconsumption of these same nutriments appears among upper middleclass girls.
On average, poor children are very wellnourished, and there is no evidence of widespread significant undernutrition. For example, two indicators of undernutrition among the young are "thinness" (low weight for height) and stuntedness (low height for age). These problems are rare to nonexistent among poor American children.
The generally good health of poor American children can be illustrated by international comparisons. Table 6 provides data on children's size based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Data Base on Child Growth: Children are judged to be short or "stunted" if their height falls below the 2.3 percentile level of standard heighttoage tables.25 Table 6 shows the percentage of children under age five in developing nations who are judged to be "stunted" by this standard.
In developing nations as a whole, some 43 percent of children are stunted. In Africa, more than a third of young children are affected; in Asia, nearly half.26 By contrast, in the United States, some 2.6 percent of young children in poor households are stunted by a comparable standard a rate only slightly above the expected standard for healthy, wellnourished children.27 While concern for the wellbeing of poor American children is always prudent, the data overall underscore how large and wellnourished poor American children are by global standards.
Throughout this century, improvements in nutrition and health have led to increases in the rate of growth and ultimate height and weight of American children. Poor children have clearly benefited from this trend. Poor boys today at ages 18 and 19 are actually taller and heavier than boys of similar age in the general U.S. population in the late 1950s. Poor boys living today are one inch taller and some 10 pounds heavier than GIs of similar age during World War II, and nearly two inches taller and 20 pounds heavier than American doughboys back in World War I.28
The principal nutritionrelated health problem among the poor, as with the general U.S. population, stems from the overconsumption, not underconsumption, of food. While overweight and obesity are prevalent problems throughout the U.S. population, they are found most frequently among poor adults. Poor adult men are slightly less likely than nonpoor men to be overweight (30.4 percent compared to 31.9 percent); but, as Chart 4 shows, poor adult women are significantly more likely to be overweight than are nonpoor women (47.3 percent compared to 32 percent).29
Overall, the living standards of most poor Americans are far higher than is generally appreciated. The overwhelming majority of poor families are wellhoused, have adequate food, and enjoy a wide range of modern amenities, including air conditioning and cable television. Some 70 percent of poor households report that during the course of the past year they were able to meet "all essential expenses," including mortgage, rent, utility bills, and important medical care.30 (See Chart 5.)
However, two caveats should be applied to this generally optimistic picture. First, many poor families have difficulty paying their regular bills and must scramble to make ends meet. For example, around onequarter of poor families are late in paying the rent or utility bills at some point during the year.
Second, the living conditions of the average poor household should not be taken to represent all poor households. There is a wide range of living conditions among the poor; while more than a quarter of the poor have cell phones and answering machines, a tenth of the poor have no telephone at all. While most of America's poor live in accommodations with two or more rooms per person, roughly a tenth of the poor are crowded, with less than one room per person.
These points are illustrated in Table 7, which lists the financial and material hardships among poor households in 1998.31 During at least one month in the preceding year, some 20 percent of poor households reported they were unable to pay their fuel, gas, or electric bills promptly; around 4 percent had their utilities cut off at some point due to nonpayment. Another 13 percent of poor households failed, at some point in the year, to make their full monthly rent or mortgage payments, and 1 percent were evicted due to failure to pay rent. One in 10 poor families had their phones disconnected due to nonpayment at some time during the preceding year.
Overall, more than onequarter of poor families experienced at least one financial difficulty during the year. Most had a late payment of rent or utility bills. Some 12 percent had phones or utilities cut off or were evicted.
Poor households also experienced the material problems listed on Table 7.32 Some 14 percent lacked medical insurance and had a family member who needed to go to a doctor or hospital but did not go; 11 percent experienced hunger in the household; and around 9 percent were overcrowded, with more than one person per room. Slightly less than 4 percent of poor households experienced upkeep problems with the physical conditions of their apartments or homes, having three or more of the physical problems listed in Table 7.
Altogether, around 58 percent of poor households experienced none of the financial or physical hardships listed in Table 7 These families were able to pay all their bills on time. They were able to obtain medical care if needed, were not hungry or crowded, and had few upkeep problems in the home. Another 20 percent of poor households experienced one financial or material problem during the year. Around 10 percent of poor households had two financial or material problems, while 12 percent had three or more.
The most common problem facing poor households was late payment of rent or utilities. While having difficulty paying monthly bills is stressful, in most cases late payment did not result in material hardship or deprivation. If late payment problems are excluded from the count, we find that twothirds of poor households had none of the remaining problems listed in Table 7. Some 22 percent had one problem, and 12 percent had two or more problems.
While it is appropriate to be concerned about the difficulties faced by some poor families, it is important to keep these problems in perspective. Many poor families have intermittent difficulty paying rent or utility bills but remain very wellhoused by historic or international standards. Even poor families who are overcrowded and hungry, by U.S. standards, are still likely to have living conditions that are far above the world average.
The generally high living standards of poor Americans are good news. Even better is the fact that our nation can readily reduce remaining poverty, especially among children. To accomplish this, we must focus on the main causes of child poverty: low levels of parental work and high levels of single parenthood.
In good economic times or bad, the typical poor family with children is supported by only 800 hours of work during a year: That amounts to 16 hours of work per week. If work in each family were raised to 2,000 hours per year the equivalent of one adult working 40 hours per week through the year nearly 75 percent of poor children would be lifted out of official poverty.33
The decline in marriage is the second major cause of child poverty. Nearly twothirds of poor children reside in singleparent homes; each year, an additional 1.3 million children are born out of wedlock. Increasing marriage would substantially reduce child poverty: If poor mothers married the fathers of their children, almost threequarters would immediately be lifted out of poverty.34
In recent years, the United States has established a reasonable record in reducing child poverty. Successful antipoverty policies were partially implemented in the welfare reform legislation of 1996, which replaced the old Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program with a new program called Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF).
A key element of this reform was a requirement that some welfare mothers either prepare for work or get jobs as a condition of receiving aid. As this requirement went into effect, welfare rolls plummeted and employment of single mothers increased in an unprecedented manner. As employment of single mothers rose, child poverty dropped rapidly. For example, in the quartercentury before welfare reform, there was no net change in the poverty rate of children in singlemother families; after reform was enacted, the poverty rate dropped in an unprecedented fashion, falling from 53.1 percent in 1995 to 39.8 percent in 2001.35
In general, however, welfare reform has been limited in both scope and intensity. Even in the TANF program, over half the adult beneficiaries are idle on the rolls and are not engaged in activities leading to selfsufficiency. Work requirements are virtually nonexistent in related programs such as food stamps and public housing. Even worse, despite the fact that marriage has enormous financial and psychological benefits for parents and children, welfare reform has done little or nothing to strengthen marriage in lowincome communities. Overall, the welfare system continues to encourage idle dependence rather than work and to reward single parenthood while penalizing marriage.
If child poverty is to be substantially reduced, welfare must be transformed. Ablebodied parents must be required to work or prepare for work, and the welfare system should encourage rather than penalize marriage.
The living conditions of persons defined as poor by the government bear little resemblance to notions of "poverty" held by the general public. If poverty is defined as lacking adequate nutritious food for one's family, a reasonably warm and dry apartment to live in, or a car with which to get to work when one is needed, then there are relatively few poor persons remaining in the United States. Real material hardship does occur, but it is limited in scope and severity.
The typical American defined as "poor" by the government has a car, air conditioning, a refrigerator, a stove, a clothes washer and dryer, and a microwave. He has two color televisions, cable or satellite TV reception, a VCR or DVD player, and a stereo. He is able to obtain medical care. His home is in good repair and is not overcrowded. By his own report, his family is not hungry and he had sufficient funds in the past year to meet his family's essential needs. While this individual's life is not opulent, it is equally far from the popular images of dire poverty conveyed by the press, liberal activists, and politicians.
But the living conditions of the average poor person should not be taken to mean that all poor Americans live without hardship. There is a wide range of living conditions among the poor. Roughly a third of poor households do face material hardships such as overcrowding, intermittent food shortages, or difficulty obtaining medical care. However, even these households would be judged to have high living standards in comparison to most other people in the world.
Perhaps the best news is that the United States can readily reduce its remaining poverty, especially among children. The main causes of child poverty in the United States are low levels of parental work and high numbers of singleparent families. By increasing work and marriage, our nation can virtually eliminate remaining child poverty.
Robert E. Rector is Senior Research Fellow in Domestic Policy Studies and Kirk A. Johnson, Ph.D., is Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Fellow in Statistical Welfare Research in the Center for Data Analysis at The Heritage Foundation.
Show references in this report
1. Comparison of the average expenditure per person of the lowest quintile in 2001 with the middle quintile in 1973. Sources: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey: Integrated Diary and Interview Survey Data, 1972-73, Bulletin No. 1992, released in 1979, and U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditures in 2001, Report No. 966, April 2003. Figures adjusted for inflation by the personal consumption expenditure index.
2. See Campaign for Human Development, Poverty Pulse, January 2002, at www.usccb.org/cchd/povertyusa/povpulse.htm. Interestingly, only about 1 percent of those surveyed regarded poverty in the terms the government does: as having an income below a specified level.
3. The Census Bureau defines an individual as poor if his or her family income falls below certain specified income thresholds. These thresholds vary by family size. In 2002, a family of four was deemed poor if its annual income fell below $18,556; a family of three was deemed poor if annual income was below $14,702. There are a number of problems with the Census Bureau's poverty figures: Census undercounts income, ignores assets accumulated in prior years, and disregards non-cash welfare such as food stamps and public housing in its official count of income. However, the most important problem with Census figures is that, even if a family's income falls below the official poverty thresholds, the family's actual living conditions are likely to be far higher than the image most Americans have in mind when they hear the word "poverty."
4. U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2001; U.S Department of Energy, Housing Characteristics, 2001, Appliances Tables, at www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption.
5. U.S Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2001, Tables 3-1, 3-14.
6. Ibid., p. 42.
7. Ibid., p. 46.
8. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (New York: Dover Press, 1971), pp. 6, 41, 59.
9. U.S. Department of Energy, Housing Characteristics 1993, 1995, pp. 46, 47. The figures in the text refer to total living space, including both heated and non-heated living space.
10. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements and the World Bank, The Housing Indicators Program, Vol. II: Indicator Tables (New York: United Nations, 1993), Table 5.
11. See Katha Pollitt, "Poverty: Fudging the Numbers," The Nation, November 2, 1998. Pollitt argues that it is misleading to compare the living space of poor Americans nationwide to that of average citizens in major cities in other nations, since European cities, in particular, have small housing units that are not representative of their entire nations. However, the author of the United Nations Housing Indicators report asserts that, in most cases, the average housing size in major cities can be taken as roughly representative of the nation as a whole. A comparison of the data in Table 4 and Appendix Table A would appear to confirm this.
12. See, for example, A Survey of Childhood Hunger in the United States (Washington, D.C.: Food Research Action Center, Community Childhood Hunger Identification Project, 1995) and "1997 National Research Study," in Hunger 1997: The Faces and Facts (Chicago, Ill.: America's Second Harvest, 1997).
13. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Household Food Security in the United States in 1995: Summary Report for the Food Security Measurement Project, 1997, p. 5.
14. In all cases, the figures concerning hunger in this paper refer solely to hunger caused by a lack of funds to buy food and do not include hunger that is attributed to any other cause.
15. Mark Nord, Margaret Andrews, and Steven Carlson, Household Food Security in the United States, 2002, U.S. Department of Agriculture, October 2003, p. 7. The numbers in the text were taken from Table 1 of the USDA publication. Many individuals reside in households where at least one family member but not all family members experienced hunger. This is particularly true among families with children where the adults are far more likely than the children to experience hunger. According to Table 1of Household Food Security in the United States, 2002, 9.3 million persons lived in a household where at least one household member experienced hunger; however, not all of these persons experienced hunger themselves. The number of persons who experienced hunger individually was lower: 6.8 million people, including 6.3 million adults and 567,000 children.
16. The numbers of persons identified as hungry throughout this paper correspond to individuals that the USDA identifies as "food insecure with hunger." The USDA also has a second, broader category: "food insecure without hunger." As the term implies, these individuals are not hungry. They may, however, at certain times in the year be forced to eat cheaper foods or a narrower range of foods than those to which they are ordinarily accustomed. According to the USDA, 7.6 percent of all households were "food insecure without hunger" in 2002. Food advocacy groups often inaccurately include the households that are "food insecure without hunger" in the count of households that are deemed hungry.
17. Nord, Andrews, and Carlson, Food Security in the United States, 2002, p. 7. Additional data provided by USDA.
18. Nord, Andrews, and Carlson, Food Security in the United States, 2002, p. 16.
19. Ibid., p. 17.
20. Calculated from USDA food security survey for 2001.
21. C. T. Windham et al., "Nutrient Density of Diets in the USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 1977-1978: Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Dietary Density," Journal of the American Dietetic Association, January 1983.
22. Interagency Board for Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research, Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. VA 167.
23. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrient Intakes by Individuals in the United States, 1 Day, 1989-91, Nationwide Food Survey Report No. 91-2, 1995.
24. Ibid., Tables 10-1, 10-4. Table 4 in the present paper also provides the "mean adequacy ratio" for various groups. The mean adequacy ratio represents average intake of all the nutriments listed as a percent of RDA. However, in computing mean adequacy, intake values exceeding 100 percent of RDA are counted at 100, since the body cannot use an excess consumption of one nutriment to fill a shortfall of another nutriment.
25. The World Health Organization uses standard height-for-age tables developed by the National Center for Health Statistics at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the U.S. Department and Health and Human Services.
26. M. de Onis and J. P. Habicht, "Anthropometric Reference Data for International Use: Recommendations from a World Health Organization Expert Committee," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1996, pp. 650-658.
27. Calculation by the authors using National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey III data and WHO standard tables for shortness for age. Shortness for age is the result of genetic variation as well as nutritional factors. The World Health Organization standards assume that even in a very well-nourished population, 2.3 percent of children will have heights below the "stunted" cut-off levels due to normal genetic factors. Problems are apparent if the number of short children in a population rises appreciably above that 2.3 percent.
28. Bernard D. Karpinos, "Current Height and Weight of Youths of Military Age," Human Biology, 1961, pp. 336-364. Recent data on young males in poverty provided by the National Center for Health Statistics of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, based on the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
29. Interagency Board for Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research, Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring, Vol. 2, p. VA 219.
30. Calculated from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Survey of Income and Program Participation, Extended Measures of Well-being Module, 1998.
31. Ibid.
32. The Survey of Income and Program Participation, Extended Measures of Well-being Module also contains a question about whether members of the household needed to see a dentist but did not go. Because the question does not specify whether or not the failure to visit the dentist was due to an inability to pay, we did not include the question in this report.
33. Robert E. Rector and Rea S. Hederman, Jr., "The Role of Parental Work in Child Poverty," Heritage Foundation Center for Data Analysis Report No. CDA03-01, January 27, 2003.
34. Robert E. Rector, Kirk A. Johnson, Ph.D., Patrick F. Fagan, and Lauren R. Noyes, "Increasing Marriage Would Dramatically Reduce Child Poverty," Heritage Foundation Center for Data Analysis Report No. CDA03-06, May 20, 2003.
35. Robert Rector and Patrick F. Fagan, "The Continuing Good News About Welfare Reform," Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 1620, February 6, 2003.


text:
Carolann M. Healey
JANESVILLE --- Carolann M. Healey, age 54, of Janesville, died on Thursday, Feb. 21, 2013, at Mercy Hospital & Trauma Center. She was born in Janesville on April 23, 1958, the daughter of Robert and Carolyn (Berger) Teal. She married Thomas Healey in Janesville on May 12, 2000. Carolann had been employed by Buell Motorcycle Company until it closed in 2009. She loved short track and NASCAR Racing, watching the Packers the last few years, internet games, especially Farmville.
Carolann is survived by her husband, Tom Healey; 2 children, Mark Dewey of Pierre, SD and Lisa (James Bell) Dewey of Janesville; 2 grandchildren, Felicia Dewey and Seth Dewey; 2 sisters, Pamela (Tony Havens) Teal of Janesville and Patricia (Patrick Copeland, Sr.) Teal of Janesville; numerous nieces, nephews, other relatives, "adopted children" and friends. She was preceded in death by her parents; granddaughter, Rebecca Lynn Dewey, and 3 siblings: Bobby Teal, Susan Hanson, and Brian Teal.
A Funeral Service will be held at 11:00 a.m. on Monday, Feb. 25, 2013, at SCHNEIDER APFEL SCHNEIDER & SCHNEIDER FUNERAL HOME & CREMATORY with Rev. Jerry Amstutz officiating. A visitation will be held on Monday from 9:00 to 11:00 a.m. at SCHNEIDER APFEL SCHNEIDER & SCHNEIDER FUNERAL HOME.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
By Sarah Robinson/NEMS Daily Journal
TUPELO – The Tupelo Convention and Visitors Bureau voted unanimously Thursday to approve the city's request for up to $429,000 in additional funds for the Tupelo Aquatic Center.
The money will be used to purchase a state-of-the-art digital scoreboard, touch pads to time races, bleachers and additional equipment. An architectural fee of $39,000 also is included.
The funds will be available to the city as needed. Previously, the CVB committed an additional $300,000, to be distributed over three years.
CVB board member Jeff Snyder said he supported the additional request because he wanted the center to be a first-class facility.
"We see a lot of economic impact from sports," said Snyder, general manager of The Mall at Barnes Crossing.
Tupelo Parks and Recreation Director Don Lewis said the architectural and engineering fee is based on the work that will be required to alter the ceiling to support the scoreboard. Lewis said it has not been decided yet if the city will bid out these projects or if the general contractor will do that. He hopes to have made orders for the equipment and furnishings by March.
CVB Executive Director Neal McCoy said the additional funding approval demonstrated the CVB's commitment to promoting the youth sports market. McCoy said the facility will set Tupelo apart from other communities in the region that compete for youth sporting events.
"This investment is to make sure we have the facility to be one of the top markets in the Southeast," he said.
Officials hope the new aquatic center will draw in competitions from across the South. The CVB has already submitted bids to host state swimming events in 2014.
The facility is scheduled to open in November. The days and times it will be open for public use have not yet been established.
What It's For
The official request of the CVB for up to $429,000 in funding for the Tupelo Aquatic Center outlines the expenses as:
• $260,000 – Scoreboard/timing system by Colorado Time Systems
• $130,000 – Bleachers, lockers and additional equipment
• $39,000 – Architectural and engineering fee (10 percent of $390,000)


text: Whatever the first town on I-95 is when you cross from VA to NC had a ton of build a Droid packs and the new comic packs at the Super WM. I stopped to get gas and lunch (unfortunately one in the same when bought from WM) and saw the new exclusives along with pegs full of figures from the last 2 years. I picked up another CZ-3 and another comic pack with the wookie. Surprisingly, they had cantina denizens with curved bar sections and a few others that sold through rapidly up here. Unsurprisingly, they had a peg of Moff Jerjerod.


text:
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Artists Inspiration:
Kathleen Nowak Tucci has shown her work in private, corporate, and university collections nationally and internationally. Her creative paths have led her to use the media and materials of watercolor, oil, ceramics, polymer clay, precious metals, resin, and now recycled rubber in the creation of her art. She makes all of the jewelry by hand, and her necklaces, earrings, and bracelets are crafted meticulously. For Kathleen, creating is a necessity, not an option. Her line of eco-art rubber jewelry is constantly expanding as her creativity knows no bounds.


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Elecom Hybrid Sealed High Resolution Corresponding Canal Earphone Black Ehp-r / Hh1000abk
"-- Elecom is an electronics manufacturer. [www.elecom.co.jp/global/] The EHP-R / HH1000A is their flagship earphone. ~ All Photos Taken By Me ~ [Product Link] (in Japanese):..." --BloodyPenguin
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MEElectronics Clarity Series CC51-BK Ceramic In-Ear Headphone for iPod, iPhone, MP3/CD/DVD Players (Black)
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" Meelectronics R1 is a perfect IEM for Bass Lovers, With the recent price drop, this is a steal for bass heads. R1 has been redesgined and updated from the initial version and is very much improved a lot in terms of SQ. A complete review on R1 : Accessories : My purchase had a pretty good set of accessorries though the official website doesnt show some of them, My R1 package came..." --hitme987
MEElectronics CC51P Clarity Series Ceramic In-Ear Headphone with In-Line Microphone and Remote for iPhone and Smartphones (White)
The CC51 uses a new 6.0mm micro-driver that delivers full, accurate, detailed sound and, when housed in ceramic, eliminates resonance that might cause distortion-inducing harmonics resulting in a natural sound. Due to the driver being located very close to the ear, driver size does not limit reproduction of full range sound. Ceramic is an extremely hard, durable material that does not resonate...
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M31 In-Ear Headphone. Fun is what the M31 is all about, giving you a fun, punchy presentation with good space and enhanced bass. Providing warmth along with 5 color choices of the the cool two-tone housing, this earphone delivers! oThe Original M Series in-ear headphones have a fun sound with enhanced bass that doesn't intrude into the rest of the spectrum, giving you the bass you want...
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Elecom Ear Drops Noise reducing earphones are the perfect companion for your iPod, mp3 player, laptop, portable DVD, MD, radio, or other audio devices, combining sleek design, premium sound quality, noise reduction, and maximum comfort. The soft silicone earbuds fit perfectly inside your ears, allowing you to comfortably enjoy your music while blocking outside noise. The new ear buds give you a...


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He'll feel like one of the older kids in these on-trend black skinny jeans. Small in size but not in style, they're the perfect wear-anywhere pair. Dress them up with a button down or pair them with a crewneck tee for a cool laid-back look—he won't want to take them off.
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Thread: CP3 VI Shoes article235
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CP3 VI Shoes article235
How to Avoid Bad Basketball Shoes by Qi Shao Here are many good tips that you can judge about while buying to the wonderful basketball shoes you're researching for. A costly mistake will Jordan CP3 VI Basketball Shoesbe neglected nevertheless, you get shoes on the properly researching. Your individual design of play can be another exact significant reason inside the selection you want a different kind of basketball shoes. In our daily life, were vital to get some exercise. Playing the basketball is the Nike SB Dunk High Prochoice on the list of teenagers. You require to get a couple of basketball shoes that is excellent Nike Hyperdunk 2013 Newsupport and stability and flexible. So as to choose the justified shoes, we need to you should consider personal design of play. As we known that different citizens have different shaped feet, therefore the suitable shoes can help to obtain a's and b's. Any particular kind of foot can catch the proper brand shoes inside the High-tech society. Only much like the NBA players who customize their shoes to be comfortably and have the exceptional performance. Pick a great basketball shoes is often a essential the answer to get mark. More and more types of shoes available, along with the charge is increasing too. A number of shoes factors will disturb your score. So as to get the proper shoes, you must search correctly and plan your purchase. The next suggestions will you to buy more perfect basketball shoes. Buy the sneakers which might be hot recently can save you muc @uc@uwdp9xij4w@uc@


text:
Commentary: Beware Of The Digital Sabbath
Foley: 'I Want My Smartphone Back'
By Ellen Foley Special To Channel 3000
The idea of the Digital Sabbath amused me when I heard about it through an NPR interview with William Powers, the author of "Hamlet's Blackberry: A Practical Philosophy for Building a Good Life in the Digital Age." Powers and his family unplug each Friday and don't fire up their technology until Monday each week.
"Kaitlin needs to try this Internet Sabbath," I said to myself as my Blackberry lit up like a happy puppy on the passenger seat next to me on my drive to work. Kaitlin is my 20-something daughter. She has an iPhone, an iPod, a Mac laptop, access to our 600-plus channel cable television, an iPad, a weekly radio program and no paying job. She is busy all the time talking to people all over the world and living a multimedia life. I can't get much air time with her.
Perhaps if I kidnapped her and took her to a cabin far from wireless country, we could have a long conversation?
Then, the unthinkable happened. This past Saturday, my Blackberry died. It would no longer take a charge. I handed over the lifeless phone on my palm like a dead pet to the Verizon guy at the mall kiosk.
I was very glad I didn't have a dead iPhone because the Apple store was packed with people and the lonely Verizon guy had no one to deal with but me. He diagnosed the problem quickly. The charger port had failed. Because I had insurance, Verizon would send me a new phone by Tuesday. It was great customer service.
However, he did not have a battery that I could buy. Thus, I began an involuntary Internet Sabbath and three days later, I;m still in the DTs.
I spent two hours waiting outside the Sundance Movie Theater Saturday for my husband, who didn't realize his messages to my cell phone were in digital limbo. I have lost control of my calendar at work and resorted to paper printouts of my calendar that I carry with me from meeting to meeting. I worry about who is trying to call me on the dead phone. Does my doctor have any bad news? What if there is an emergency at home or work? What if Kaitlin has some time to talk to me?
You do tend to pay attention to your surroundings when your mobile six-shooter is missing. You can no longer instantly get directions via the phone's GPS, answer trivia questions via Phone Google, find the nearest movie theater, fire off the latest top-of-the-head thought to a workmate and, most annoyingly, you can't call anyone to ask where they are and why are they making you wait.
In short, you need to rely on the kindness of strangers when you lose digital independence.
For example, I learned that people who work at the mall are very nice about letting you use their land lines unlike the bad old days before we all carried around $400 machines that ding every time you get an e-mail and sing obnoxious songs when someone calls you to say that they are going to be late. Mall workers used to be busy answering their land lines because customers called them. Now, apparently customers e-mail because I observed several clerks talking with friends on cell phones with a land line sitting dormant in front of them.
As connected as using strangers' land lines might make one feel, I was pathetic without magic phone powers. No one is sympathetic when you have to take an involuntary Internet Sabbath. In fact, my co-workers said they kind of liked that my phone has vanished. I'm not quite sure what this means.
The upside: I notice that I am paying more attention to NPR on my drives to and from work because I am not checking my calendar or answering the phone. I remember more of what people tell me in hallway meetings when I used to be looking at my phone. I admit my thumbs don't hurt as much.
I also learned that the world as I know it will not come to an end if I don't instantaneously answer e-mails. In fact, for several days now I have answered e-mails from a desktop early in the day and then after 5 p.m. My life has not changed.
The downside: I am missing meetings left and right. I have abandoned my blog. I am eating more, probably because of post-cell-phone-voicemail anxiety syndrome. And I connect even less with daughter Kaitlin.
I do not recommend the Internet Sabbath. But as I said, I am still in detox mode and having trouble admitting to my higher power that my life is unmanageable. Unplugging may work when you are an author such as William Powers living in a bucolic place outside a large Eastern city. I am not sure it works when you have a job at a busy Midwestern community college on the edge of the city and are moving around all day with many people who need to talk to you.
When the new cell phone did not arrive in the promised two working days this morning, I eased my panic with a little more research on this anti-gadget movement that is gathering momentum among young people who want to slow their lives down with e-mail-less Wednesdays and phoneless weekends.
Google told me that Digital Sabbath has its own Facebook page, an irony that I would not have enjoyed when among the phone elite. I can?t wait to tell Kaitlin how funny this is when she takes a tweet break on her smartie-pants phone. Not that I'm bitter.
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text:
Bar owner buys Community Theatre building
LA CROSSE, Wis. - Jason LaCourse takes another swing at the wall with his sledgehammer.
"There's a passageway between the [La Crosse Community] Theatre and the bar that's been walled off for the past 20-something years that I'm re-opening," said LaCourse.
After all, he bought the building.
Over the weekend, LCT officially started moving out of the Fifth Avenue building and into the new Weber Center for the Performing Arts by the river.
Buying the space has been a part of LaCourse's plan since he purchased The Cavalier Lounge next door a little more than two years ago.
For LCT, moving out has been in the works for, well, a little bit longer.18144738
"Like, about 47 years. We moved into this theater in 1968. And when we moved into this space, the plan at that time was this was a temporary home," said LCT Artistic Director Greg Parmeter.
LaCourse said the soon-to-be Cavalier Theater will have a little something for everyone, from comedy to music.
"Fifth Avenue is kind of desolate right now," said LaCourse. "Maybe it'll start some other businesses moving into the empty storefronts and start helping Fifth Avenue get a little more pulse."
It marks the end of an era for LCT.
"It's the echo that gets me. Ever since we moved everything out -- you walk up here and it used to be very muffled up here, very quiet. And now you walk up and just the sound sort of echoes around the space. And that's sort of strange to me," said Parmeter, looking around what used to be his office.
He said he's excited the theater will continue to be a place for performance in the next chapter of its history.
"This has been an important hub of the artistic community here in La Crosse for a very long time. And the fact that it continues to be that now, I think, is good for everyone," said Parmeter.
The building is in for a few renovations before it opens its doors again as Cavalier Theater. Besides knocking down the wall connecting it to the bar, LaCourse said he plans to take out the first few rows of seats, remodel the lobby and add a concession area.
LaCourse hopes to have Cavalier Theater open as early as mid-March.
He said he already knows what he wants for his opening act, but is keeping it a secret for now.
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text: The global community is waking up to the potentially calamitous impact across all regions of diabetes and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The numbers are alarming. In 2005, chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancers, accounted for 60% of deaths worldwide and almost half of the global burden of disease. Today, cardiovascular disease is the world's number one cause of mortality: 17 million deaths each year. The number of people with diabetes is set to rise from the current 238 million to 440 million by 2030.


text: I doubted if could solve those problems by using db2latex which seems had already stoped development for a year. So if I want to make it work, learning latex is the must. Instead, sending patch to undeveloped db2latex is totally a waste of time. I must say I just perfer Java to latex.


text:
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Black & Decker 2-Slice Digital Toaster - Black
The Black & Decker 2-Slice Toaster (T2569B) allows you to toast all types of bread exactly the way you like it. The extra-wide slots can accommodate breads of various size and shape while the self-adjusting guides hold each slice in straight for consistently even toasting. To use, simply turn the knob to your desired browning level, push the "toast" button and pull down the side lever.
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- Height: 9.1"
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- Length: 13"


text:
JUSTICE SANDRA DAY O'CONNOR applauded the efforts of the Bar, The Florida Bar Foundation, and the Florida Supreme Court for their support of the efforts of the Florida Law Related Education Association, Inc., during her recent visit to Tallahassee. In her speech before the Legislature, Justice O'Connor recounted a story of a visit that Justice Fred Lewis made to an elementary school in Tallahassee. During the visit, Justice Lewis and Annette Boyd Pitts, FLREA's executive director, demonstrated a case study with fourth-graders that addressed the Tinker case and how speech at school cannot be disruptive. Although Tinker involved silent student protests of the Vietnam War by wearing black armbands, the Tallahassee students applied their newfound constitutional knowledge to silently protest food in their own cafeteria. Justice O'Connor also addressed law school faculty and students, visited with local school officials and middle school students, and met briefly with members of the Florida Supreme Court. Students at Deerlake Middle School were eagerly awaiting Justice O'Connor's visit. They had constructed a bulletin board filled with "Want Ads" for selecting a good justice. Students read their want ads to Justice O'Connor and discussed the qualities of a good judge. After the classroom visit, Justice O'Connor met with middle school civics teachers throughout the district. The "teachers were so excited to meet her…she is truly our hero," stated Cathy Schroepfer, civics resource teacher for the Leon County School District. Justice Fred Lewis also met with Justice O'Connor to discuss their mutual interest in civics education, including her new interactive courts Web site and his Justice Teaching Web-based initiative. Since her retirement in 2006, Justice O'Connor has been actively involved in advancing civics education and particularly promoting public education about the courts. She has spearheaded a new Web-based civics initiative, www.OurCourts.org, designed to reinvigorate civics inside and outside of the classroom. Designed for students and teachers, the free resource provides civics education lessons, games, and opportunities for students to express their opinions and ideas. Pictured at the top from the left are Justice Jorge Labarga, Justice Lewis, Chief Justice Peggy Quince, Justice O'Connor, Justice Barbara Pariente, Justice Charles Canady, and Justice James Perry at the Florida Supreme Court.
[Revised: 04-22-2017]


text:
Ok. I need to start using this weekly or something!
Well. I got married to Kristine! It was on May 18th. Pictures can be found here or here (thanks superq!). Our honeymoon pictures are here Otherwise, Kristine and I have been trying to pay down our bills and keep the house clean. The clean part is really much harder than it sounds. Three cats don't help, but most of it is really just how much I end up deticating my time to things other than cleaning.
We have a Golden Retriever coming around July 25th from Rebelcreek. We still need to come up with our kennel name and come up with a website for the whole thing. Kristine says she will start showing with the dog in December, so I guess I've got until then to get things finished.
My brother graduated from High School and is going to be going to Art School this fall. I'm pretty excited about it as he is going after what he really wants to do rather than not trying at all and going into another field. The school has a high job placement rate, but just like every other school its got a dropout rate of over 50%. Its a figure many people don't realise when they send their kids off to Higher Ed. No more social promotion here.
Geek Stuff
I wrote up some infrastructure to deal with keysignings that I'm going to use for Debconf2. I've hit some bumps, but everything seems to be going well now. It allways seems that using email for this sort of thing is right until you remember how insane MIME and QP and stuff is and how nice it is to have Perl. I'm dealing with MIME in a broken way, but it handles QP fine now and I've not seen any more issues from the script. I need to send out another message to -announce about the better procedure that someone on -devel enlightened me to for large keysignings.
The whole Apache exploit thing where people want to hang ISS for early disclosure is pretty crazy. These people havent figured out yet that the fact that GOBBLES has posted at least one type of working exploit means that at least one greyhat group has known about this and has most definately shared it with other unknown actors for at least a month or two. This sort of disclosure preempting vendor response is definately warranted if ISS complained to Apache first that there was most likely something out there anyhow because of two whitehat groups hitting upon it in parallel. In other thoughts, upgrade when you see the advisory, don't wait two days. More so if you host evil identification data, personally identifiable medical information, or other evil stuff. Oh well. I know at least one (ElectricElf) disagrees with me here. There is probally more.
On a closing note, if you use OPN you must view this, now.


text:
the link could be real or it could be another "silicone breast implant" situation
I also love a bunch of 50 y/olds saying they might not have played if the knew the risks, at 50 maybe not, at 18, 22, don't make me laugh
They should go back to leather helmets. Players will start keeping their heads up and tackling properly.
This is why Goodell hammered the Saints.
This is why Goodell hammered the Saints. It wasn't about punishment for their crime, it was about being able to defend his actions and the league in a massive lawsuit that is coming in 5-10 years.
I think your criticism is good and your skepticism is healthy but the way to get those answers would be to have everyone autopsied... and the ex-players believe they are still using their brains
if they had brain damage prior to the lie, this would probably hurt their claim. how could they make a claim today that they relied on a lie when they were already suffering from brain damage and couldn't even understand the lie?
Not really. Former NFL players who have led normal post-football lives die all the time from other causes. It would probably not take much convincing to get a few families to consent to autopsy.
Besides, my point was that unless you know that those players who live normal lives after football DO NOT have evidence of CTE, how can they definitively say CTE is the cause of these other post-football problems?
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This is a panorama made by stitching together two old postcards which were postmarked way back in 1909. The photographs were shot from two close but separate positions so it is impossible to get a perfect stitch. For stitching I used the free version of DoubleTake (hence the watermark). Ok, lets go on a virtual sca...


text:
Toggle: English / Spanish
Polycystic kidney disease is a kidney disorder passed down through families in which many cysts form in the kidneys, causing them to become enlarged.
Cysts - kidneys; Kidney - polycystic; Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; ADPKD
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is passed down through families (inherited), usually as an autosomal dominant trait. If one parent carries the gene, the children have a 50% chance of developing the disorder.
Autosomal dominant PKD occurs in both children and adults, but it is much more common in adults. Symptoms often do not appear until middle age. It affects nearly 1 in 1,000 Americans. The actual number may be more, because some people do not have symptoms.
An autosomal recessive form of PKD also exists. It appears in infancy or childhood. This form is much less common than autosomal dominant PKS, but it tends to be very serious and gets worse quickly. It can cause serious lung and liver disease, end-stage kidney disease, and it usually causes death in infancy or childhood.
Persons with PKD have many clusters of cysts in the kidneys. What exactly triggers the cysts to form is unknown.
PKD is associated with the following conditions:
As many as half of people with PKD have cysts on the liver. A family history of PKD increases your risk for the condition.
Other symptoms that may occur with this disease include:
An examination may show:
Tests that may be done include:
People with a personal or family history of PKD should be tested to determine if cerebral aneurysms are causing headaches.
Polycystic kidney disease and cysts on the liver or other organs may be found with the following tests:
If several members of your family have PKD, genetic tests can be done to determine whether you carry the PKD gene.
The goal of treatment is to control symptoms and prevent complications. High blood pressure may be hard to control, but controlling it is the most important part of treatment.
Treatment may include:
Any urinary tract infection should be treated quickly with antibiotics.
Cysts that are painful, infected, bleeding, or causing a blockage may need to be drained. There are usually too many cysts to make it practical to remove each cyst.
Surgery to remove one or both kidneys may be needed. Treatments for end-stage kidney disease may include dialysis or a kidney transplant.
You can often ease the stress of an illness by joining a support group where members share common experiences and problems.
See: Kidney disease - support group
The disease gets worse slowly. Eventually it leads to end-stage
Medical treatment may relieve symptoms for many years.
People with PKD who don't have other diseases may be good candidates for a kidney transplant.
Call your health care provider if:
Currently, no treatment can prevent the cysts from forming or enlarging.
Amaout MA. Cystic kidney diseases. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 128.
Porter CC, Avner Ed. Anatomic abnormalities associated with hematuria. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW III, Schor NF, Behrman RE, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 515.
Torres VE, Grantham JJ. Cystic diseases of the kidney. In: Brenner BM, ed. Brenner and Rector's the Kidney. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 41.
A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. A.D.A.M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial policy, editorial process and privacy policy. A.D.A.M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation (www.hon.ch)
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2013 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


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Providing Safe Food – 2
Global Challenges/Chemistry Solutions
Providing Safe Food Part 2
Did You Know?
- Diet is derived from the Greek word diaita, which means "way of life".
- Worldwide agriculture production boomed in the 20th century after development of the Haber-Bosch process for producing large amounts of inexpensive nitrogen fertilizer.
- Proteins, not sugars, are the world's sweetest substances. One protein, thaumatin, isolated from the African Serendipity Berry, is may be the world's sweeter substance. Ounce for ounce, this protein is almost 3,000 times sweeter than table sugar.
- Herbalists have used rosemary for centuries for stomach upsets and other ailments. Modern food scientists are repurposing that aromatic evergreen with rosemary extracts in "active" packaging material that preserves food. The darker the color of a fruit or vegetable, the more nutrients it usually contains.
- A diet loaded with white bread, chips, sugars and other rapidly absorbed carbohydrates is linked to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in older Americans.
- A diet low in animal fat and high in fiber, fruits, vegetables, and grain products can reduce the risk of many forms of cancers, according to the National Cancer Institute.
Experience this podcast:
Science for Kids
Hands-on activities for aspiring young chemists
A Magazine for high school students.
The Solid Facts about Trans Fats (December 2007)
You may have noticed labels stating "No Trans Fats" or "Trans Fat Free" on the packaging of your favorite snack foods. But what are trans fats and why should they be avoided?
Carb Crazy (October 2004)
Low-carb diets and products are everywhere. What are carbs and why are some people cutting down on them?
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS®)
SciFinder®, a research tool produced by CAS (a division of the American Chemical Society), found 706 references published this year on the substance resveratrol (CAS Registry Number 501-36-0). Indicative of the broad interest in this compound, further analysis of that answer set showed that 164 references included the concept of antioxidant or biological oxidative stress, 77 focused on the concept of anti-tumor agent, and 55 talked about apoptosis.
The CAS databases cover references from more than 10,000 major scientific journals and 57 patent authorities worldwide
ACS Policy Statements and Briefings
In the News
- Devising Healthier Foods
C&EN, June 23, 2008
- Food Makers Follow Their Hearts
C&EN, July 28, 2008
- Science Diet
C&EN, December 10, 2007
- Many books have been written in the past few years about nutritious foods. These books offer an amazing variety of opinions and viewpoints. Information on many of these books is available from the Library of Congress, http://catalog.loc.gov/
Sources for this podcast
- Berry Fruits: Compositional Elements, Biochemical Activities, and the Impact of Their Intake on Human Health, Performance, and Disease
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, February 13, 2008
- Berry Fruits for Cancer Prevention: Current Status and Future Prospects
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, February 13, 2008
- Berry Fruit Supplementation and the Aging Brain
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, February 13, 2008
- Grapes and Human Health: A Perspective
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, August 27, 2008
- A Low Dose of Dietary Resveratrol Partially Mimics Caloric Restriction and Retards Aging Parameters in Mice
PLoS ONE, June 4, 2008
- Combinations of Tomato and Broccoli Enhance Antitumor Activity in Dunning R3327-H Prostate Adenocarcinomas
Cancer Research, January 15, 2007
- Broccoli: A Unique Vegetable That Protects Mammalian Hearts through the Redox Cycling of the Thioredoxin Superfamily
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, January 23, 2008
- Nutritionally Improved Agricultural Crops
Plant Physiology, July 2008
- Challenges for Research on Polyphenols from Foods in Alzheimer's Disease: Bioavailability, Metabolism, and Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, July 9, 2008
- Ten Great Public Health Achievements – United States, 1900-1999
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 2, 1999
Other Resources
- Diet, Health & Fitness
Federal Trade Commission
- Diet, Health & Safety
U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Nutrition for Everyone
Centers for Disease Control
Meet the Scientists
Blueberries, raspberries and grapes bursting with flavor. A luscious, silky morsel of chocolate melting into a mouthful's rush of pure pleasure. Fresh ripe tomatoes. Years ago, people ate for that gratification. Food also provided the calories for people to work, and drove away hunger pangs. Today, people in industrialized countries are selecting food not just for taste and sustenance, but also for its potential effects in promoting good health.
What Is Chemistry?
What is chemistry? What do chemists do?
Learn more about how important chemistry is in our daily lives through articles, hands on activities, and resources to use in the classroom.


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I worked, then I came home.
I worked, then I came home.
2015 RFL Thank You to, TeeEye7 & Slicker, JediTricks, Tycho, El Chuxter, and Darth Jax!!!!
Be an organ donor, save lives!
Found the Wal-Mart Droid Factory sets, then went to Target and found the Turbo Tank Support Crew set, and then made it home in time to watch the World Track & Field Championships.
I am getting ready to go to the Chargers vs. Seahawks game.
My friends are very late but the kickoff is not for 2 more hours.
I'm still spending it! I can report back when I'm out of "Saturday money."
I predict that the upcoming Star Wars Episode VIII: The Last Jedi film will include the word "and." Multiple times.
Spending time with my family. With my new (and much-hated) schedule, I rarely see them now!
Steaks on the grill momentarily!
¡Que la fuerza te acompañe!
I recently moved to the dorms at University of Colorado Denver, so I've just been around the dorms and the city. The only person I know here is a girl who I've known a long time but not really well, and we hung out today and yesterday quite a lot (including a trip to a nightclub, which was alright, but I won't be going habitually). On my own, I watched the latest Clone Wars: Decoded and then Across the Universe (at the girl's request/demand), which was better than I feared. Right now I am quite tired . . .
Got a question for Hasbro? Ask it here!
My Photos and Reviews: SSG Toy Guide
My Star Wars Fan Film: The Lazy Jedi
I had a dull day: went to a local "comic con" (with five tables of comics in a mini-mall hallway), did some lesson planning, graded almost nothing, watched far too much TV.
I predict that the upcoming Star Wars Episode VIII: The Last Jedi film will include the word "and." Multiple times.
Worked, took a nap, went out to eat, stopped at some friends for a drink and then went to my bar job.
^JJB, is the bar job why your avatar is cut in half?
For my ally is the Force, and a powerful ally it is.


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Holiday Table with Chris Fennimore and Emily Luchetti
Distributed by: The National Educational Telecommunications Association (NETA)
Show Schedule
Change Your Station
Emily LuchettiCo-host of Holiday Table, Emily Luchetti is the executive pastry chef at Farallon Restaurant in San Francisco and a well-known cookbook. She was named Pastry Chef of the Year in 2004 by the James Beard Foundation and won the coveted IACP Cookbook Award in 2007.
Spooky Bites
Episode #201 · Chris and Emily create Halloween treats that are perfect for any Halloween gathering. Isabelle von Boch sets the mood with a festive Halloween table.Goblin Juice; Witches Hair Pasta; Skeleton Crudite Platter; Caramel Dipped Apples; Black and Orange Ice Cream Cake.
Antipasti Party
Episode #202 · Need ideas for quick ways to entertain family and friends over the holidays? Chris and Emily are putting together colorful and delicious antipasti platters that come together in minutes with all their favorite Italian ingredients. Style expert Susan Bertelsen gives tips on easy and quick ways to decorate the table for holiday entertaining.Antipasti Platters; Stuffed Eggplant Rolls; Potato Cakes with Smoked Fish and Caviar.
Thanksgiving Miniatures
Episode #203 · Here's a Thanksgiving twist: surprise your guests with their own individual portions of all their Thanksgiving favorites. Tabletop expert Nancy Moussette shows how to create a beautiful Thanksgiving table that will be as memorable as the meal.Stuffed Cornish Game Hens with Patapan Squash; Gingered Baby Carrots; Pearl Onions and Sweet Potato Tartlets; Cranberry Pumpkin Cakes.
Thanksgiving: Favorite Sides
Episode #204 · Chris and Emily are getting sidetracked with delicious accompaniments for Thanksgiving dinner. Stylist Susan Bertelsen has easy tricks for turning an ordinary table into something that will dazzle your guests.Chestnut and Sausage Stuffing; Roasted Artichoke Hearts; Best-Ever Mashed Potatoes; Cranberry Tangerine Mold.
Thanksgiving Leftovers
Episode #205 · Chris and Emily have great ideas for those who like Thanksgiving leftovers as much as -- or more than -- the main dinner. Isabelle von Boch shows how to use color to create a striking tabletop for your holiday guests.Devonshire Sandwiches; Turkey Croquettes; Turkey Chili; Savory Bread Pudding.
Gifts from the Kitchen
Episode #206 · Chris and Emily prove that it is better to head to the kitchen instead of the shopping center to create wonderful homemade gifts that will touch anyone's heart. Designer Jorge Perez has innovative ideas on packing homemade gifts with style.Lemoncello; Savory Popcorn; Walnut Caramels with Sea Salt; Spiced Pecans; Chocolate Almond Bark.
Chanukah: Latkes Three Ways
Episode #207 · Guest expert and cookbook author Mitchell Davis makes three delicious variations of the beloved Jewish latke (pancakes) traditionally eaten during Chanukah. Tabletop expert Nancy Moussette reveals the secret for designing beautiful tables.Zucchini Latkes; Cauliflower Latkes; Cheese Latkes; Slow-Cooked ShortRibs with Wild Mushrooms and Apricots; Chocolate Rugelah.
Best-Ever Holiday Cookies
Episode #208 · Emily puts her magical baking skills to work creating an assortment of holiday cookies that are as beautiful as they are buttery and delicious. Lord Wedgwood shows how to set an enticing table for high tea.Marmelade Window Cookies; Almond Biscotti; Coconut Macaroons; Ginger Cookies; Chocolate Caramel Pecan Squares.
Feasts of the Seven Fishes
Episode #209 · Chris dives into his family cookbook to create the traditional Italian meal called Feast of the Seven Fishes enjoyed by Italians all over the world on Christmas Eve. Napa Valley wine legend Carlo Mondavi is setting the table Italian style.Baccala; Fruitti de Mare; Shrimp Oreganato; Flounder Rollups; Zabaglione Filled Pannetone.
A Traditional Holiday Feast
Episode #210 · Chris and Emily are preparing a crowd-pleasing holiday dinner with all-time favorites including a sumptuous standing rib roast and Baked Alaska. Isabelle von Boch creates a toy fantasy on her Christmas dinner table.Mushroom Tarte Tatin; Standing Rib Roast; Popovers; Oven Roasted Tomatoes; Baked Alaska.
Joyce White On Kwaanza
Episode #211 · Soul food expert Joyce White is whipping up a menu for Kwaanza that will satisfy both your soul and your stomach like none other. Stylist Durand Guion applies tips from the world of fashion to design a stunning and striking Kwaanza table.Sweet Potato Fries; Gulf Coast Gumbo; Down Home Cornbread; Buttermilk Ginger Cake.
Uptown Brunch for New Year's
Episode #212 · It's an uptown celebration for New Year's Day brunch as Chris and Emily prepare an array of dishes designed to dazzle your guests.Smoked Trout; Cornmeal Blinis with Caviar; Scotch Eggs; Stuffed French Toast; Pear Devonshire Cream Trifle.
For Chocolate Lovers Only
Episode #213 · Chris and Emily are preparing desserts laden with a heavy dose of both love and chocolate. Lord Wedgwood sets a beautiful and romantic table to showcase these Valentine treats.Chocolate Fondue; Raspberry Chocolate Hazelnut Tart; Drunken Chocolate Cake with Rum; Double Chocolate Ice Cream Sandwiches.


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When you travel to Mexico with an American or Canadian licensed vehicle, you will need a Mexican auto insurance before crossing the border (American or Canadian auto insurances are not valid in Mexico).
This auto insurance must be provided by a Mexican insurer.
Mexican law states that your auto insurance coverage must be from a Mexican insurance company. When you travel across the border with your vehicle, you subject yourself to the traffic laws of the neighbor country.
How much does Mexican
auto insurance cost?
Pricing depends on the insurance company and the coverage of your selection.
BestMex.com offers the most accessible prices for your Mexican car insurance. Just go to our quote center (upper right of this page), type your car info, and in less than five minutes you can buy and print your policy, in an easy and reliable way.


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Beginning DOCLINE (the 1st of 4 weekly classes)
James Honour, Member Services Coordinator, NN/LM MCR
Michelle Burda, Network & Advocacy Coordinator, NN/LM MAR
Date: September 5, 2012 / 1 – 2 pm (ET)
Location: Free, Online: https://webmeeting.nih.gov/memberservices
Description: You must be a DOCLINE user with access to DOCLINE to take the class. The hands-on part of the class requires attendees to log into their DOCLINE account to complete the exercises. (1 MLA CE credit)
- Beforehand, test your connection to ensure Adobe Connect will run on your computer: https://webmeeting.nih.gov/common/help/en/support/meeting_test.htm. (NOTE: Only use Firefox or Internet Explorer)
- Log-in at https://webmeeting.nih.gov/memberservices and allow Adobe Connect to call your phone.
If you're unable to connect online, then join us by phone: 1-866-519-2800, Participant Code: 848754.


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Perfect for a holiday brunch, this baked egg dish is loaded with fresh and frozen vegetables.
For added flavor, try using an herb-flavored rustic bread such as oregano or basil.
Assemble this strata the day before your brunch, then pop it in the oven in time for your guests' arrival.
© 2017 ®/TM General Mills All Rights Reserved


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Oneida is taking up to 80% off select items in their sale and clearance sections with the discount reflected on product page. Plus, get an extra 11% off with coupon code CB11. Shipping starts at $5, or get free shipping on orders $99 or more. The pictured Anchor Hocking 14-Piece TrueFit TrueSeal Baking/Storage Set is on sale for $17 - 11% off code + $7 shipping = $23 shipped. Originally $60.
Deal has expired


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|index by Group
|index by Distribution
|index by Vendor
|index by creation date
|index by Name
|Name: libpurple-plugin-pack
|Distribution: openSUSE 12.3
|Version: 2.7.0
|Vendor: openSUSE
|Release: 4.4.1
|Build date: Sun Feb 16 00:34:43 2014
|Group: Productivity/Networking/Instant Messenger
|Build host: build92
|Size: 722717
|Source RPM: purple-plugin-pack-2.7.0-4.4.1.src.rpm
|Packager: http://bugs.opensuse.org
|Url: https://www.guifications.org/projects/purple-plugin-pack/wiki
|Summary: Compilation of plugins for the libpurple family of IM clients
The Purple Plugin Pack is a compilation of plugins for the libpurple family of IM clients. To avoid license issues between GPL-3.0+ plugins and other plugins that could be incompatible with GPL-3.0+, the GPL-3.0+ plugins are split in the libpurple-plugin-pack-extras package.
* Thu Jan 19 2012 firstname.lastname@example.com - Add pkgconfig(json-glib-1.0) BuildRequires to build new Ning, OkCupid and Omegle protocol plugins. - Create extras subpackages: + The main reason is to mitigate the risk of license incompatibilities between GPL-3.0+ plugins and other plugins that could be non-GPL-3.0-compatible. + Move the GPL-3.0+ plugins to extras subpackages. + Clearly document in summaries and descriptions why we have extras subpackages. + This should fix bnc#741195. * Sat Dec 03 2011 firstname.lastname@example.com - Version update to 2.7.0 + Added German translation + Added capsnot plugin + Added icon-override plugin + Added translate plugin + Added Ning protocol plugin + Added OkCupid protocol plugin + Added Omegle protocol plugin + Fix a use-after-free in IRC Helper. + IRC Helper delays autojoins until after identifying with Purple 2.7.0 or newer. + Support new Freenode IDENTIFY syntax in IRC Helper so users can log into services even when using an alternate or new nick. + IRC Helper now properly supports and suppresses new Freenode welcome and identified messages. + Updated website string to reflect project move from Trac to Redmine + Changed package name from purple-plugin_pack to purple-plugin-pack. + The Album plugin should no longer crash on non-buddies. - Renamed source package from purple-plugin_pack to purple-plugin-pack, following upstream change. This also results in: + purple-plugin_pack Provides/Obsoletes in libpurple-plugin-pack (see below for why it's purple-plugin_pack + pidgin-plugin_pack Provides/Obsoletes in pidgin-plugin-pack. - Drop purple-plugin_pack-de-l10n.patch.bz2 and purple-plugin_pack-fix-localedir.patch: fixed upstream. - Remove call to autoreconf that was only needed for patches above. - Properly package libpurple plugins in libpurple-plugin-pack instead of purple-plugin-pack. * Thu Sep 29 2011 email@example.com - Cleanup for inclusion in Factory. * Mon Aug 01 2011 firstname.lastname@example.com - Version update to 2.6.3 + Add support for Spidernet to IRC Helper plugin. + IRC Helper now supports suppressing messages from the Freenode bot frigg. + IRC-More now builds when you pass --with-plugins=irc-more to configure. + IRC-More no longer tries to set umodes on connect if none are specified. + IRC-More now provides a channel autojoin list. Autojoins happen with a 6-second delay to allow IRC Helper to do its job first. - Added german translation not available at buildtime of 2.6.3 - Patch to find and use the translations - Patch preventing crash in Autoprofile not run in english - Patch fixing portability issue * Fri Feb 13 2009 Lukas Krejza <email@example.com> 2.5.1 - Disabled xmmsremote plugin * Wed Feb 11 2009 Lukas Krejza <firstname.lastname@example.com> 2.5.1 - Version upgrade to 2.5.1 - Added debuginfo and debugsource packages - Fixes in .spec * Mon Dec 29 2008 Ivan N. Zlatev <email@example.com> - Fixes for openSUSE 11.1 * Fri Aug 24 2007 05:33:30 EDT - email@example.com - Add missing BRs on libxml2-devel and NetworkManager-devel * Thu Aug 23 2007 20:14:30 EDT - email@example.com - Update to 2.1.1, rename to purple-plugin_pack - Move changelog to .changes file * Sun May 06 2007 Ivan N. Zlatev <firstname.lastname@example.com> - new package
/usr/lib64/purple-2/autoprofile.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/autoreply.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/bash.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/capsnot.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/colorize.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/dewysiwygification.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/dice.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/eight_ball.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/findip.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/flip.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/google.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/groupmsg.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/highlight.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/ignore.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/irc-more.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/irchelper.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/libsnpp.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/listhandler.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/napster.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/oldlogger.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/showoffline.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/simfix.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/slashexec.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/splitter.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/sslinfo.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/translate.so /usr/lib64/purple-2/xmppprio.so /usr/share/doc/packages/libpurple-plugin-pack /usr/share/doc/packages/libpurple-plugin-pack/AUTHORS /usr/share/doc/packages/libpurple-plugin-pack/COPYING /usr/share/doc/packages/libpurple-plugin-pack/ChangeLog /usr/share/doc/packages/libpurple-plugin-pack/README
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