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One of the lies I tell myself is that some day I'll care about the Rolling Stones as much as I care about the New York Dolls. Yeah, yeah, I know, the Stones have made some of the greatest rock and roll of all time. Yadda, yadda, yadda. But this line, written by critic Simon Frith in 1979, sums it up for me: "The Stones are voluntary outcasts and their attitude towards other outcasts isn't solidarity but curiosity and amusement." And, Frith might have added, without an ounce of generosity.
The New York Dolls, by contrast, are natural outcasts who have always been generous enough to make themselves the butt of the joke even as they insisted on their own humanity (nowhere more than in their manifesto "Human Being"). In a tradition of what might be called lad rock, a tradition that would include the Faces and Rod Stewart's first few solo albums, Big Star, and the Replacements, the Dolls have always epitomized a belief in the power of camaraderie to face down adversity. Hounded by disaster almost since their 1972 inception, breaking up after two albums failed to make them the national heroes they were in NYC, the Dolls have always managed to come back with an affirmation, even when their hearts were breaking, even when they were carrying on the spirit of the band in their solo work — notably "Donna," from David Johansen's first solo album; Johnny Thunders' "You Can't Put Your Arms Around a Memory"; and "Formidable" (French pronunciation), from Sylvain Sylvain's early-'80s gem Syl Sylvain and the Teardrops (RCA).
The band's hard luck is notorious, and each blow has made fans love them ever more fiercely. The latest heartbreak came two years ago, after Morrissey convinced the three surviving members (Billy Murcia, Johnny Thunders, and Jerry Nolan all having died) to reunite for a London performance. The album and the DVD of that performance put to rest the notion that this was about nostalgia. Johansen, Sylvain, and bassist Arthur "Killer" Kane played as if they'd lived out the meaning of their songs since they'd last played together, as if the heartache they'd endured had made this triumph only sweeter, had given them only more authority to make music about the vagaries of fate. Plans for future performances were made. After returning to LA and his job at the Mormon Church's Family Research Center (becoming a Mormon having saved him from becoming a drug casualty some years back), Arthur Kane was rushed to the hospital and died two hours after being diagnosed with leukemia. He was 55. Johansen and Sylvain were left to soldier on with a band they'd assembled — a band who play Axis on November 20.
At the end of Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch, Edmond O'Brien and Robert Ryan, having seen their outlaw comrades massacred and knowing their own days are numbered, ride off to whatever adventures they have left. "It ain't like the old days," says O'Brien, "but it'll do."
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It doesn't take a village to raise a child but their parents.
It doesn't take a village to raise a child but their parents.
"All those things bother me: The populism, the lying and the scapegoating and the xenophobia bother me, but then theres a layer of incompetence here. I suppose, in a way, we should be thankful: If he had a coherent ideology, hed probably be more dangerous." P J O'Rourke
I am all in favor of each state deciding the social issues...its the way it should be, because we can all pick and choose what state we live in
Marvin S
Everyone's friend is No One's friend
Someday your life will flash before your eyes. It's your responsibility to make sure it's worth watching!
"All those things bother me: The populism, the lying and the scapegoating and the xenophobia bother me, but then theres a layer of incompetence here. I suppose, in a way, we should be thankful: If he had a coherent ideology, hed probably be more dangerous." P J O'Rourke
The author of a new book on Jefferson doesn't think much of him. The NY Times headline for this op-ed piece was "The Monster of Monticello".
A sample of what was quoted from the book in this article in the Times:Rather than encouraging his countrymen to liberate their slaves, he opposed both private manumission and public emancipation. Even at his death, Jefferson failed to fulfill the promise of his rhetoric: his will emancipated only five slaves, all relatives of his mistress Sally Hemings, and condemned nearly 200 others to the auction block. Even Hemings remained a slave, though her children by Jefferson went free.
Nor was Jefferson a particularly kind master. He sometimes punished slaves by selling them away from their families and friends, a retaliation that was incomprehensibly cruel even at the time. A proponent of humane criminal codes for whites, he advocated harsh, almost barbaric, punishments for slaves and free blacks. Known for expansive views of citizenship, he proposed legislation to make emancipated blacks "outlaws" in America, the land of their birth. Opposed to the idea of royal or noble blood, he proposed expelling from Virginia the children of white women and black men.
Jefferson also dodged opportunities to undermine slavery or promote racial equality. As a state legislator he blocked consideration of a law that might have eventually ended slavery in the state.
As president he acquired the Louisiana Territory but did nothing to stop the spread of slavery into that vast "empire of liberty." Jefferson told his neighbor Edward Coles not to emancipate his own slaves, because free blacks were "pests in society" who were "as incapable as children of taking care of themselves." And while he wrote a friend that he sold slaves only as punishment or to unite families, he sold at least 85 humans in a 10-year period to raise cash to buy wine, art and other luxury goods.
Destroying families didn't bother Jefferson, because he believed blacks lacked basic human emotions. "Their griefs are transient," he wrote, and their love lacked "a tender delicate mixture of sentiment and sensation."
"Know in your heart that all things are possible. We couldn't conceive of a miracle if none ever happened." -Libby Fudim
I don't use the PM feature, so just email me direct at the address shown above.

subset: commoncrawl


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Pattern Blind/Cold Blind TRANSITION
Questions pop up fairly often about issues during this period. Lately I've seen and received enough to warrant some clarity on its central aspects. Since we're not all seasoned veteran trainers here it might be valuable to discuss this topic.
At a point when our dogs have enough basic skills we begin running what are commonly called pattern blinds; pre-identified, or visually marked destinations that are not marked falls. These exercises help the trainer to introduce some basic functions to a developing dog that will assist in running real blinds, AKA cold blinds. There is often some confusion about the differences between them, and how to transition from one to the other.
By including force to pile, AKA FTP, in our force fetch program we educate our dogs not only to go when sent, but to perform all the essentials of the fully-trained retrieve. Go, fetch, come are critically important, and the force fetch course sets this function up in a well-structured and efficient form including finish; the actual coming to heel to sit and deliver on command.
Once those essential functions are intact we begin to stretch the distance to the pile, and ad the elements of force en route, force from the front sit position/Back cast, etc. As all that develops together it continues to around 100 yards, and other piles can be identified in a pattern. That is customarily 3 piles 90 degrees apart in what is known as a 3-leg pattern, from which came the name pattern blind. They are not cold blinds because the dog is taught the destinations ahead of time.
The questions largely revolve around the transition from these known destinations (piles/pattern blinds) to real blinds cold blinds. One such question commonly asked is when to begin this transition. When your dog will do the following not just sometimes, not just pretty well, but with great reliability and confidence:
1. Obey fundamental obedience commands, such as heel, sit, here, and will turn right and left at the heel position.
2. Is competent and polished in all phases of force fetch, up to and including FTP.
3. Has been thoroughly educated to en route forcing.
During this same period of time most programs guide the trainer to be working on basic handling skills so the pattern blinds progress as handling skills develop. I recommend starting pattern blinds short, and gradually teach more of them in new places at only slightly longer distances as long as the dog is running them efficiently and with confidence. But, having patiently and thoroughly taught these essential functions, and having extended the length of your PBs to around 100 yards, all that should keep you from advancing to cold blinds is the completion of Land T work. Weather permitting, it would also be appropriate to have finished water force & swim-by.
The actual transition is a topic of its own.


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parking lot drinking club
The mightiest oak was once a small nut that stood its ground
I was in Newport in the 80's and about all I saw were Mercedes,BMW's and Jags,do any of them make a dog truck?
You mean like this?
Max, Maggie, Houston & (Orion)
Avatar courtesy of Marsha Wilcox Photography
There were a few meetings last year that were very short handed. A couple time I found myself drinking with just Danny.
Duck Blind,
Look us up when you get here.
May to Mid June is mostly HRC. Mid June to Sept. is mostly AKC. Yankee Waterfowlers AKC test is usually the second weekend in Aug.
Duck Blind
The people in Shoreline are a great bunch. You won't be disappointed.
"I love the rod and gun and where they take me."
"Do not judge a man until you have walked two moons in his moccasins."
Update to original post.
Brian Caudle
Marriner's Lady Piper of Coratank "Piper" JH
My husband graduated high school in Newport its a beautiful place Great fishing!
Last edited by 23721; 10-03-2012 at 07:41 PM.


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An Overseas Investment Office probe into the sale of one of the Cavalli Islands is still under way more than two years after the sale - time enough for relations between neighbours to strain.
In April last year, the OIO confirmed it was investigating the sale of Motukawaiti, or Step, Island, which lies off Maori-owned Matauri Bay.
Land Information Minister Maurice Williamson has said the new owner, St Morris NZ, did not apply for or obtain consent to buy the island, which is classed as sensitive under the Overseas Investment Act.
The island was owned by the Motukawaiti Island Trustee Company across three titles. Shareholders Raymond and Helen Arnesen could not be contacted yesterday.
But Brian Grimwood, who leases Maori land to run Matauri Bay Holiday Park, said he was hopping mad when Mr Arnesen introduced representatives of the new owner.
He said he had barred the old and new owners from the park, essentially stopping St Morris from taking boats across the land to launch because of an assumed right to do so.
"Ray brings them in to meet me and he's obviously told them it's free access across here. More than anything, I was not happy about it. So I told them: 'There is no free access, if you want to come across here you can pay.' That's the long and the short of it.
"I can't believe someone would have allowed someone to buy an island without knowing how they got there."
Mr Grimwood said access was not a problem in the past because guests were usually flown to the island by helicopter. He said he had met representatives of St Morris but never its shareholder, Wenning Han, who remains a mystery.
Former Labour MP Dover Samuels, of Ngati Kura, said St Morris representatives attended a hui with kaumatua and kuia so a working relationship could be established because of the importance of the Cavallis to the hapu. Since the initial meeting in February there had been no follow-up, Mr Samuels said.
"There's no hostility. We extended a very warm welcome to them ... We are disappointed. It's completely different from [Julian] Robertson, who built the golf course at Kauri Cliffs. Right from the beginning they worked very, very closely with Maori.
"We're not sure who owns the bloody place. We're dealing with overseas phantoms and probably they don't want any publicity ... I can understand that, but there's no way they're going to be under the radar given the significance of those islands."
Mr Han, who has an apartment in Auckland, was not home when the Herald visited.
OIO manager Annelies McClure said the investigation was complex, involving a number of individuals and organisations. She did not put a timeframe on when it would end, saying the OIO was still seeking information and documentation.
Motukawaiti/Step Island
*Sold August 2010. Price paid unclear although thought to be more than $11 million.
*Complex interests in island. Land records note a mortgage to a Jun Zhang, and a caveat by Haiming Jiang.
*Part of the Cavalli Islands, fishing and mutton-birding spot.
*37 ha. Luxury retreat on island.
*Sunken wreck of the Rainbow Warrior a major dive attraction.
*Exclusive golf course Kauri Cliff on the mainland opposite.
*Another major island in the Cavallis is DoC-owned Motukawanui.
*25 remaining islets and rocks making up the island group are a Maori reservation, originally for mutton-birding. Defined as customary Maori land - land without a determination of title.


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Comings and Goings is a blog written by Theology, Formation, and Evangelism Director Charles B. "Chip" Hardwick as he travels throughout the church. God is on the move out and about in the world, working to redeem all things in Jesus Christ. As we join this mission, by the power of the Spirit we see God on the move. This blog contains glimpses of how Chip finds this to be true in his comings and goings.
You can follow Chip on twitter (@chiphardwick) or find him on Facebook (Chip Hardwick).
My hope in this blog is that I will be able to share some glimpses of how God is on the move as I go from place to place. I'll be sharing insights that I gained from people I met, indications of how the Spirit is moving all across the globe that I saw, challenges that I received, grief that I felt, and joy that I experienced.


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I am often asked about the "Promise of Scouting". In the title of the Blog and Podcast I declare that I have just trying to help deliver the promise of Scouting. To help you understand what I am talking about when I say this let me show you where I got it. The 11th Edition of the Boy Scout Handbook from 1998. On page 1 is tells the Scout:
Welcome to the Boy Scouts of America,
SCOUTING promises you the great outdoors. As a Scout, you can learn how to camp and hike without leaving a trace and how to take care of the land. You'll study wildlife up close and learn about nature all around you. There are plenty of skills for you to master, and you can teach others what you have learned. Everyone helping everyone else-that's part of Scouting, too.
SCOUTING promises you friendship. Members of the troop you join might be boys you already know, and you will meet many other Scouts along the way. Some could become lifelong friends.
SCOUTING promises you opportunities to work toward the Eagle Scout rank. You will set positive goals for yourself and then follow clear routes to achieve them.
SCOUTING promises you tools to help you make the most of your family, your community, and your nation. The good deeds you perform every day will improve the lives of those around you. You will be prepared to help others in time of need.
SCOUTING promises you experiences and duties that will help you mature into a strong, wise adult. The Scout Oath and the Scout Law can guide you while you are a Scout and throughout your life.
Adventure, learning, challenge, responsibility – the promise of Scouting is all this and more.
So this is the Promise of Scouting that I refer to when you hear me talk or write about it.
Now, why is this important today? Well I have been talking about the Journey to Excellence lately and how it will be a great tool in our programs. When I look at the Promise of Scouting and hold it up against the JTE criteria. Well folks.. there it is. It's not about percentages or working numbers. It's about measuring the delivery of the Promise.
And as Forrest Gump would say.. "That's all I got to say about that".
Have a Great Scouting Day!


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Pantless man tries to break into home
SPOKANE, Wash. - A Spokane couple got quite the surprise on their doorstep this weekend. They woke up to find a man trying to break into their home, but that was just the tip of the iceberg.
"Once we saw the image we were like O-M-G, I couldn't believe my eyes," Dianne Lavalley said.
Dianne and her husband, Todd, didn't spend their Sunday morning reading the paper and relaxing in their home.Pantless man tries to break into home
"It was 6:41 in the morning on Sunday and the dog was barking like crazy," Dianne said.
A man was trying to break into their home. The man quickly took off though and the Lavalley's didn't get a good glimpse of them but when they went back through their security camera, they saw a lot more of him than they expected.
"We were just shocked when we first found the image, it was shocking that there was actually somebody there with their pants on their ankles," the couple said.
The man was exposed from the waist down. He quickly ran off and got into an unknown car. Todd decided to follow the man's tracks to see where else he'd been.
"Basically he was just doing a zig zag through the whole neighborhood, all the way down toward Manito," Todd said.
Todd added that the man must have approached at least 20 homes. "I still can't wrap my head around it, it just makes no sense," Dianne said.
The suspect is described as a white man, in this 20's, about 5'8'' to 5'10" and thin built. He was last seen wearing a two tone jacket, dark pants and a stocking cap with a fuzzy ball on top.
If you have seen this man, please call Spokane Police.


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I'm looking for a job in Silicon Valley.
I have twenty-two years experience as a software engineer. I am particularly good at C, C++, Objective-C and various assembly codes.
I have extensive Macintosh experience, not just Carbon and Cocoa user interface but also Mac OS X IOKit device drivers, and a fair amount of embedded experience as well.
Most of my driver work has been for storage using a
variety of technologies: PCIe hardware RAID, FireWire/SBP-2,
USB and iSCSI.
I've been running Linux since 1994, and these days have a Core 2 Quad Xeon box that runs Fedora. I have done a little Linux driver work as well.
I'll accept both contract our perm positions, and am
available immediately.
Find me a job and I'll name my firstborn after you. :-D
Thanks for your help! -- Mike


text:
A cytology exam of pleural fluid is a laboratory test to detect cancer cells and certain other cells in the area that surrounds the lungs. This is called the pleural space.
Pleural fluid cytology
A sample of fluid from the pleural space is needed. For information on how the sample is obtained, see: Thoracentesis.
The fluid sample is sent to a laboratory where it is examined under the microscope to determine what the cells look like, and whether they are abnormal. "Cytology" refers to the study of cells.
The laboratory test requires no preparation. For information on how to prepare for removal of the fluid sample, see: Thoracentesis
See: Thoracentesis
A cytology exam is used to look for cancer and precancerous cells, or more rarely for other conditions (like seeing systemic erythematosous cells).
Your doctor may order this test if you have signs of fluid buildup in area surrounding the lungs, a condition called pleural effusion. The test may also be done if you have signs of lung cancer.
Normal cells are seen.
In an abnormal test, there are cancerous (malignant) cells. This may mean there is a cancerous tumor. This test most often detects:
There are no risks involved with a cytology exam.
For information risks related to the procedure to remove a sample of pleural fluid, see: Thoracentesis
Broaddus C, Light RW. Pleural effusion. In: Mason RJ, Broaddus CV, Martin TR, et al, eds. Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 73.
Celli BR. Diseases of the diaphragm, chest wall, pleura, and mediastinum. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 99.
A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. A.D.A.M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial policy, editorial process and privacy policy. A.D.A.M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation (www.hon.ch)
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2013 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


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Does this make any sense at all?The IRS is going to treat same-sex marriages in the same way it treats heterosexual marriage. Okay. I understand that. HOWEVER, if a state only recognizes a "civil union", the IRS will NOT treat that couple as "married". THAT I do NOT understand.Though the ruling will cover all legal same-sex marriages entered into in the states, the District of Columbia, a U.S. territory, or a foreign country, it will not apply to domestic partnerships, civil unions, or similar formal relationships recognized under state law, the Treasury Departments statement says.
If a heterosexual couple has only a "civil union" in front of a justice of the peace, are they not married for IRS tax purposes? If a same-sex couple are atheists, and are quite happy to have a "civil union" without the use of the word "marriage", why would they be treated differently?
Will this cause a migration of same-sex couples from states that offer civil unions to states that offer "marriage"? That would be an interesting unintended consequence.
I wonder if Lois Lerner came up with this rule that seems to fly in the face of "equality"?


text: Migration Info The actual winter range of this species is not clearly known. Its primary habitat is middle-elevation forests in the northwestern Andes, but there is some debate as to whether this species is also prevalent in the Amazon lowlands. The major spring migratory route is across the western Gulf of Mexico; the first birds appear on U.S. soil in late March, and peak numbers occur along the Gulf coast in early April. The duration of their stay along the coast is weather-dependent: If there is fog or a significant headwind, they stay; clear weather or tailwinds cause them to move inland. The rate of northward progress in the East is tied to foliage development in deciduous forests; Scarlet Tanagers prefer to remain in areas with a well-developed upper canopy.


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News Release
Family Fourth coming up
The Symetra Bellevue Family 4th, the Eastside's largest Independence Day celebration, will draw more than 60,000 visitors to Bellevue Downtown Park for live music, family entertainment, a C-17 flyover and a spectacular fireworks display set to the Bellevue Philharmonic Orchestra under the direction of Adam Stern.
Celebrating its 18th year, the 2009 Family 4th will present the orchestra at 9:20 p.m. in a patriotic performance leading up to the signature fireworks show and live concert at 10:05 p.m. The afternoon line-up includes live music on the Overlake Hospital Main Stage and a full range of children's activities in the Bellevue Parks Family Fun Zone.
The celebration will also feature a flyover by a C-17 Globemaster III from McChord Air Force Base. Festival food and refreshment options will be available for purchase in the southwest parking lot near the playground.
Parking and DrivingFree parking is offered after 6 p.m. at Bellevue Square. Visitors may also gain quicker post-event access to Interstate 405 by parking in a pay lot east of Downtown Park. The park is immediately south of Bellevue Square at 10201 NE Fourth St. The City of Bellevue and the nonprofit Bellevue Downtown Association co-produce the Symetra Bellevue Family 4th.
The following streets near the park will be closed from approximately 9:45 p.m. to 11:30 p.m. -- 100th Avenue Northeast, between Northeast First and Northeast Fifth streets; and Northeast Fourth Street between 100th Avenue Northeast and Bellevue Way.
Eastbound traffic will be allowed on Northeast Fourth Street, from Bellevue Square to Bellevue Way, immediately after the fireworks display ends to facilitate drivers leaving the parking garages. However, travelers attending the festivities should be prepared for delays on local streets after the fireworks display.
Overlake Hospital Main StageMain Stage music performances begin at 4 p.m. Highlights include country singer/songwriter and Northwest native Jonathan Harris and the familiar sounds of dance and pop hits tribute band Lenny Epps Revue. The Bellevue Fire and Police Department Honor Guard will conduct the presentation and placement of colors and will be followed by the national anthem performed by student vocalists from Newport High School.
Bellevue Parks Family Fun ZoneThe Family Fun Zone will open at 2 p.m. and entertain kids ages three and up with an array of games and activities, including carnival bouncers, slides, obstacle courses, a mountain climbing wall, jugglers, stilt walkers, mascot characters, balloon artists and face painting.
This year, the Eastside Heritage Center will also host old-fashioned picnic games and contests available free of charge to kids of all ages. Games get underway at 3 p.m. near the Symetra Community Spotlight Pavilion and will include a sack race, three-legged race, ping-pong ball spoon race,bean bag toss, milk jug toss, tick-tack-toe and a hula-hoop competition.
Symetra Community Spotlight PavilionThe Symetra Community Spotlight Pavilion will connect guests to local organizations and volunteer opportunities. Representatives from PATH, Eastside Heritage Center, Pacific Science Center, YMCA, American Cancer Society, Boys & Girls Club of Bellevue, Senior Services, and the Girl Scouts of Western Washington will showcase programs and provide more information on ways to get involved. The Seattle Seahawks and Seattle Sounders FC, both Symetra community partners, will provide a limited number of promotional giveaways.
The success of the Symetra Bellevue Family 4th relies upon the sponsor support and volunteers from: Symetra Financial, Overlake Hospital Medical Center, Q13 FOX, The Seattle Times, 106.1 KISS FM, 94.1 KMPS FM, Illium Associates and The Bellevue Collection. Complete event information is available online at the Bellevue Downtown Association or by calling 425-453-1223.
Return to News Release Index


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In "Decision Time," Editor Brian Lovett will share a scenario from his 20-plus years hunting turkeys. Each hinges on a critical decision. Post what choice you would have made, and then see how things actually turned out.
Hot Ham Dinner
What a week. I'd experienced 8 inches of fresh snow, a day with ice, two days with rain and now a windy, miserable final day of my Wisconsin season. Needless to say, I hadn't tagged a bird.
Oh, I'd worked a few and had even come whisker-close a couple of times. However, as you know, that doesn't mean much when you're in the turkey-dinner business. I'd hunted every property on which I had permission except one, and I wasn't very excited about going there, as it was more of a late-season spot.
Further, it was Easter Sunday, and I had to quit early and return home for brunch. Family is more important than a turkey, after all. I'd actually missed Easter while on a hunting trip one year, and I swore I'd never do it again.
So at 8 a.m., I rose from yet another doomed setup and mulled my fate. After four-plus days of tough hunting, and with prospects looking even gloomier, a wise man would have packed away his yelper and enjoyed Easter. There was time for one brief setup at the sole unhunted property, but I doubted that would turn the tide.
Faced with the prospect of a cold hunt or a hot dinner, I had to choose.
What would you have done? Post your decision below.
Click here for Lovett's decision.
Click here to get exclusive information on the best turkey guns, loads and chokes.


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Petrified Forest
National Park
Petrified Forest is primarily a geological park. The stunning vistas and barren "badlands" of the park are a result of the interaction between geology and climate. The paleontological resources, which the park was initially created to protect, are exposes from the substrate by rain- and wind-induced erosion in the park. Consistent with the rest of the Puerco River Basin (Webb et al., 1987), the bedrock in the park is composed of gently northeast dipping Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. The interbedded shales and siltstones of the Chinle formation provide the components necessary for both the erosion-resistant sandstone caps of the cuestas and mesas and the highly erodable underlying shale and siltstones. Triassic volcanism resulted in the deposition of the ash in the park that weathered to form the montmorillonite clay (also referred to as bentonite) found in the park today. The source zone for this material is believed to be the Mogollon Highlands to the south of the park (National Park Service, 1991). Volcanic ash may have been transported by the wind from volcanic fields as far to the West as Nevada (Harris, 1977). The deposited ash served as the source for the leached silica believed to be responsible for the petrifaction of the logs which are the park's main attraction. The Triassic sediments were subsequently buried and then re-exposed during the past 35 million years of uplift and erosion (National Park Service, 1991). The oldest exposed formation is the park is the Moenkopi, deposited in the middle Triassic. The Moenkopi is overlain by the Chinle, the formation in which the fossils and petrified wood are located. The Chinle Formation is composed of the Shinarump, the Lower and Upper Petrified Forest, and the Owl Rock Members. The Shinarump is a basal conglomerate, made up of Paleozoic clastic and igneous cobbles. The Petrified Forest Member is composed primarily of alluvial shales and siltstones (Harris, 1977). The colors of the Painted Desert are created by iron and manganese oxides contained in the Chinle Formation. The Pliocene Bidahochi Formation may be found on some mesa tops in the Painted Desert (National Park Service, 1991).
Uranium is found in sandstone deposits in both the Chinle and Moenkopi formations. In typical sandstone type uranium deposits, the uranium is emplaced by groundwater solutions with their origins in igneous rock or volcanic ash. Because a reducing environment is necessary for the precipitation of uranium-bearing minerals, it often occurs in the presence of organic material or iron sulfides (Christensen, 1979) such as the buried trees, ferns and fauna of the Petrified Forest Member.
The park soils are derived from the bedrock and are composed primarily of silts, clays, and sands derived from the Chinle formation. The soils are calcareous and moderately alkaline, pH 7.9 - 8.4. The most fertile soils within Petrified Forest National Park are generally found in the rolling grasslands, which are often located between mesas and badlands, as well as on a few of the mesa tops. These soils are composed of alluvial and wind-blown sands, making the soils quite permeable. The park's badland soils are composed of material derived from shales and have low permeabilities and high salt content (National Park Service, 1991). Clayey soils are particularly inhospitable to vegetation because the capillary pressure, or tension with which soil water is bound to soil particles, is very high in soils with small average particle sizes. The capillary pressure must be overcome by the osmotic pressures in plant roots in order for plant roots to take up water. Water held at tension too high to be overcome by plants is effectively unavailable, and the amount of water available to plants in clayey soils is quite low. In an arid environment, the presence of clayey soils significantly limits the potential for the development of organic soils and vegetation. The Federal Highway Administration site analysis of the Jim Camp Wash established that the sediments in the wash vary from a fine sandy loam to a silty clay loam. The deposits were deep and composed primarily of silts and sands deposited during flash flood events (Slettin, 2000). Soil survey data for those parts of the park located in Apache County are available in hard copy at the park and digitally. The digital data may be downloaded from the Ft. Worth Natural Resources Conservation Service web site (http://www.ncgc.nrcs.usda.gov/). Less detailed, 1:1,000,000 scale GIS data are available from the state of Arizona (http://www.land.state.az.us/). These data must be ordered, but can be obtained free of charge by government agencies.
Surface Water
Petrified Forest National Park straddles the boundaries of three USGS hydrologic catalog units (Figure 4). Most of the park is located within the Lower Puerco Watershed (USGS HUC 15020007), part of the larger Puerco River Watershed. The Puerco River, now named for its sediment-laden flow, was once called Tó Nízhóní or "beautiful water" by the Navajo (Wirt, 1994). The Upper Little Colorado River Watershed (USGS HUC 15020002) drains the southwest corner of the park. The northern boundary of the Upper Little Colorado River HUC cuts southeast across the park in the area of the Flattops. Leroux Wash (USGS HUC 15020009) drains the extreme northwest corner of the park. The hydrologic boundary of this hydrologic unit is located within the park in the hills southeast of Digger Wash.
Streams within Petrified Forest National Park are ephemeral in nature and only flow in response to rain and snow melt in the spring, and flash-flooding during the summer monsoon rain season. The major surface water features include the Puerco River as well as Lithodendron, Dry, and Jim Camp washes. All drainages within Petrified Forest National Park ultimately flow into the Little Colorado River, a tributary of the Colorado River.
There are no USGS stream gages currently operating in the area of the park. Historic flow data can be gathered from two inactive gages that were located in and around the park (National Park Service, 1999). The two historical gages located in the park were USGS09396500 along the Puerco (1940-1949) and USGS09396400 along a tributary of Dead Wash (1963-1975) (National Park Service, 1999). The stream data may be retrieved at https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis-w/AZ/. More recent stream flow information must be inferred from a USGS stream gage located on the Puerco near Chambers, approximately 25 miles upstream from the eastern boundary of the park. The gage, USGS 09396100, near Chambers, records only flows exceeding 500 ft3/s. Historical and real-time stream flow data demonstrating the episodic nature of flows in the Puerco are available at the Arizona USGS water resources web site.
Surface water within Petrified Forest National Park is also available seasonally in small pools (tinajas), springs / seeps, and abandoned stock impoundments, which are referred to locally as "tanks". Since the amount of surface water within the park is limited, the availability and quality of water at the small pools and seeps take on additional significance, yet they are the most poorly characterized and understood water resources in Petrified Forest National Park. These waters serve as hatching areas for insects, amphibians and watering areas for larger animals. At Capitol Reef National Park, the tinajas have proved to be critical water supplies to several species of toads, frogs, bats and ungulates (Spence and Henderson, 1993).
Stratigraphy and morphology typically control the location of points at which groundwater "daylights" (i.e., reaches the ground surface from below ground) forming springs or seeps. On the mesas of Petrified Forest National Park, rainwater infiltrates permeable surface materials, often aeolian sands and soils and then the fracture systems in the eroding sandstone. When percolating rainwater encounters an unfractured rock layer of a much lower permeability, it travels horizontally, down-dip along the contact. If at some point the contact is exposed, for example along the vertical wall of mesa, the water daylights (Spence and Henderson, 1993). Within the park, the areal extent of beds supplying water to seeps and springs are limited and are therefore unlikely to produce large volumes of water (Aughenbaugh, 1970).
There are believed to be only three springs in the park. The 1957 Water Resources Report documents a flow from a spring on Blue Mesa that was sizable enough to be collected (Palmer, 1957). Active springs in both the Zuni Well and Agate Bridge areas were reported by Jones (1986). The presence of a spring along the mesa face at Agate Bridge was verified by park staff (C. Dorn, Petrified Forest National Park, personal communication, 2000).
Tinajas are rock depressions which are typically filled by rain or overland flow. They may be small and ephemeral or somewhat larger and perennial. While spring fed rock depressions are not technically "tinajas" the term is often is often applied to any water-filled rock depression within the park. Kokopelli or Celebration Man Tinaja, visited during November of 2000 following the second consecutive summer of regional drought conditions, provides a good example where water running off the top of the mesa contributes to the water in the pool, with some of the water remaining in the pool, even during extreme droughts. As petroglyphic evidence suggests that water may have been present in the pool in the distant past as well (C. Dorn, Petrified Forest National Park, personal communication, 2000), it is likely that the pool is at least partly supplied by groundwater.
The primary source of information regarding the location of the flowing and non-flowing waters within the park is the park-based field staff (rangers, interpreters, resource managers, maintenance employees, etc.). Park Resources Management staff have only recently begun to map the locations of tinajas, seeps and other hydrologic features. In order to understand the ecological significance of hydrologic features in the park, their density and geographic distribution must be understood.
A number of studies have been conducted on the tinajas of nearby Capitol Reef National Park in Utah. The studies may be of interest in that they have examined the change in the volume of tinajas in the water pocket fold during the course of a summer (Baron et al., 1998) and examine the effects of flooding and drying on biological diversity and community recovery. The Capitol Reef system, is however, very different from that at Petrified Forest in several important ways. The Waterpocket Fold system contains many tinajas and large rains may actually cause overflow from one tinaja to another. There are fewer tanks and tinajas at Petrified Forest and they are located remotely from one another. It is also likely that the Petrified Forest tinajas are located in more diverse geological settings than those at Capitol Reef, which are nearly all located in the Navajo Sandstone (Spence and Henderson, 1993).
Petrified Forest National Park overlies two aquifers from which significant amounts of water can be withdrawn. The Puerco River Alluvial Aquifer is a narrow ribbon of alluvium associated with the Puerco River. The Coconino Regional Aquifer or C Aquifer includes the sequence of sedimentary rocks from the top of the Kaibab Formation through the upper part of the Supai Formation (Hart et al.,2002) It is named for the primary water-bearing rock unit of the aquifer, the Coconino Sandstone.
The Puerco River Alluvial Aquifer underlies the river and is recharged during periods of flow. The aquifer is composed of interbedded gravel, sand, silt and clay although the spatial variation in the composition and hydrologic properties of the aquifer are not well understood (Webb et al., 1987). The wells drilled into the Puerco alluvium have been relatively shallow. Puerco Well No. 1 was drilled in 1957 to a depth of 48 feet, with the depth to water being 10 feet. For modeling purposes, Van Metre and Gray (1992) estimated that the porosity of the Puerco River Alluvial Aquifer materials, which they defined as "predominantly medium-fine sand" to be about 30%. Although the stratigraphy of the alluvial aquifer is unknown, several wells have been drilled up to 200 ft deep without encountering bedrock (Webb et al., 1987).
The Coconino Regional Aquifer or C Aquifer is much deeper. The C Aquifer underlies much of northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico including Hubbel Trading Post National Monument and the Flagstaff Parks (Hart et al., 2002). There are two wells in the park that are completed in the C Aquifer. The Rainbow Forest Well is 980 feet deep and the Agate Bridge Well is 780 feet deep. The C Aquifer is confined in the area of the park and the groundwater gradient is to the northwest. Water from the Agate Bridge and Rainbow Forest wells is not used in the park because of its high dissolved solids concentrations.
The long-term impacts of ground water withdrawals from the C Aquifer by the Cholla Generating Station in Joseph City and the Coronado Generating Station in St. Johns are a concern of the National Park Service (B. Hansen, NPS Water Resources Division, personal communication, September, 2000).
There are three operational wells in the park, only one of which produce water suitable for domestic use. The Puerco No. 2 Well is the former source of park drinking water. It is completed in the Puerco River Alluvial Aquifer in Section 9, T18N.,R24E. Two additional wells completed in the C Aquifer are maintained, but unused. They are located at Agate Bridge and Rainbow Forest. All other wells in the park have been capped.
In 1959, Puerco Well No. 2 was constructed to replace a well drilled in 1934 which was abandoned when silt clogged the well and reduced production. Puerco Well No. 2 is connected to a concrete reservoir located at an elevation of 5916 ft. msl on Hill 5924 (BM) T19N R24E section 4 elevation 5322.5 ft msl). Puerco Well No. 2 is currently maintained and "exercised", but is not used as a water supply (C. Thomas, Petrified Forest National Park, personal communication, 2000). The well house is located on the north bank of the river, in clear sight of the bridge. Numerous water quality samples from the well show a consistent concentration of total dissolved solids around 950 mg/l. Although water from the Puerco No.2 Well meets primary drinking water standards, it is marginal being high in sodium and sulfate. Poor water quality and concerns about relying on a potentially contaminated water source caused the park to connect to the regional water supply system operated by the Navajo Tribal Utility Authority.
Other historic wells include the Zuni well which appears on the topographic map marking the location of an old oil prospecting well, which was drilled to a depth of 3000ft (Aughenbaugh, 1970). This well was later plugged and completed as a water well (Palmer, 1957). Other references to the Zuni water wells refer to a series of four production wells and six test wells that were located in Lithodendron Wash in section 5 T19N, R24E and section 32 T20N, R24E in the Painted Desert Section of the park (Palmer, 1957). They were believed to draw water from a lens in the Chinle formation, rather than from a regional aquifer (Palmer, 1957). Like the water produced in deep park wells, the Zuni wells water was highly mineralized (1680 mg/L TDS) (Aughenbaugh, 1970). The Zuni water wells were capped in 1968.
A well was drilled in the Rainbow Forest area in 1932-1933. It is completed in the Coconino Aquifer and never produced potable water. Saline waters are believed to be entering the well bore from the overlying Moenkopi formation (Palmer, 1957). In 1970, the location of the Rainbow Forest Well was unknown and it is believed to be capped and buried.
The current Rainbow Forest Well was drilled to a depth of 980 ft. in 1984 and is located in T17N R23E section 35. An analysis of pumped water in 1984 yielded a TDS concentration of 9,910 mg/L. The well is not pumped and there are no plans to use the well for anything other than monitoring water levels.
A private well completed in the Puerco alluvial aquifer is located inside the park, west of Newspaper Rock. It was accidentally drilled on park property and a special use permit was issued for its use for cattle watering (Permit No. 14-10-0333-1573) (Aughenbaugh, 1970). The well water was sampled as part of the alluvial aquifer analysis conducted by Webb and others in 1987. The well, (A-18-24)16bbb01, is referred to as both the Petrified Forest Windmill Well and the Pausel Well.
Monthly water level measurements at the Puerco Well No. 2 and Agate Bridge wells are made by the Resource Management staff. Water samples are collected from the Puerco Well No. 2 for chemical analysis quarterly. The water samples are shipped to the University of Virginia where pH, conductivity, alkalinity, and Ca2+, Na+, and Mg2+ concentrations are measured. Analysis of a sample from Agate Bridge Well yielded a TDS concentration of 19,800 mg/L shortly after the well was drilled in 1984.
While all streams in Petrified Forest National Park are ephemeral, riparian zones along these stream corridors support a riparian vegetation ranging from "none" to zones dominated by tamarisk, to well developed cottonwood/willow communities. The condition of the riparian communities along the larger streams, such as the Puerco River is thought to be poor, with large areas dominated by tamarisk and little cottonwood production. However, there is no current information on why different streams support different riparian communities .
A research proposal has recently been funded which will allow for researchers from Colorado State University to begin to characterize the riparian community potential of the streams within Petrified Forest National Park, based upon their physical environment. Information form this study will be used to identify areas where tamarisk control and riparian restoration efforts could result in each site returning to its natural, potential biological community. It is anticipated that this project will lead to the development of a Riparian Area Resource Management Plan, including a Tamarisk Integrated Pest Management Plan and Environmental Assessment (Dr. David Cooper, Colorado State University, PMIS project proposal #85644, 2002).
Radionuclide Contamination of Park Waters
Measured concentrations of radionuclides in the Puerco River are influenced by its source including both the natural erosion of uranium-bearing rock as well as past mining-related activities. Radionuclides can be transported into and through the system dissolved in the water, bound to filterable particles, or bound to colloids. The phase and composition of the radionuclides entering the Puerco River is a function of their origin.
Natural eroding radionuclide-bearing rocks are more likely to contribute sediment-bound radionuclides, than would settling pond waste. The highly variable areal distribution of precipitation in Arizona determines which tributaries contribute flow to the main Puerco River during a storm event. Sediments are known to be key transporters of radionuclides and other contaminants through the Puerco River Basin.
Heavy sediment loads are common for Puerco flows exceeding 3000 cfs (Webb et al., 1987). Such flows are highly episodic but are not rare, especially in the summer. Suspended particle-bound radionuclides may be transported some distance downstream from their origin and deposited in the riverbed. Deposited particles may be resuspended during subsequent storm events and transported further downstream (Webb et al., 1987), or they may be buried by subsequent erosion events until exposed by erosion at some later time. Particle-bound radionuclides may ultimately be transported out of the system in the sediment load of the stream. There is also inter-tributary variation in the amount of exposed radionuclide-bearing strata subject to erosion, meaning that the volume of radioactive material entering the Puerco varies from storm to storm depending on the contributing streams. The amount of uranium-bearing rock subject to erosion also varies temporally in each tributary (Gray and Webb, 1991).
During the period of uranium mining dewatering effluent and other treated uranium process waters were treated in settling ponds and contained limited amounts of radionuclides in the suspended phase. Van Metre and Gray confirmed the influence of radionuclide origin on composition in their 1992 study of dewatering effluent impacts on the Puerco River. In a stretch of the Puerco River upstream from the Gallup municipal Wastewater Treatment facility, they observed dissolved gross alpha, gross beta, uranium and radium activities declined after the cessation of mining activities. No statistical change, however, was observed for suspended phase radiation or in dissolved molybdenum or selenium (Van Metre and Gray, 1992). Studies in other systems have shown selenium, molybdenum and uranium comprise a larger fraction of the total concentration of released radionuclides in mining process waters than would be found in runoff (Van Metre and Gray, 1992).
Dissolved and colloidal-phase radionuclides may be removed from the system with the river water assuming that flow volumes are large enough that the river is flowing downstream from the park. Dissolved-phase radionuclides may be removed from solution by several particle-related processes. Radionuclides may bind to the surface of clays and other sediment grains. Under some circumstances, radionuclides may precipitate or co-precipitate, substituting for similarly shaped elements in the formation of minerals. The colloids to which radionuclides are bound may aggregate and form particles large enough to settle or be filtered, in which case they behave as suspended sediment-bound radionuclides. Dissolved or colloidal phase radionuclides are more likely to infiltrate the alluvial aquifer than suspended phase radionuclides.
Radionuclides, both dissolved and sediment-bound phase, may be taken up by biologic material, both plants and animals (US Geological Survey, 1987). A New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division study found that stock grazing in an area near the spill in the early 1980s showed elevated levels of uranium in their tissues (Millard et al., 1983, 1984). Webb et al. (1987) and others (US Geological Survey, 1987) found no significant uptake of radionuclides by perennial grasses and the biota are not believed to be responsible for any significant reduction in the amount of radionuclides in the system.
A threat can also be posed by blowing river sediment-bound radionuclides that might be inhaled or ingested by humans working in the streambed area. The USGS has, in fact, recommended the use of dust masks by those working in the area of the riverbed under no-flow conditions (Wirt, 1994). Ketterer's more recent work, however, indicated that radiation levels in the Puerco River surface sediment within the park have returned to levels considered "background" (2-3 ppb) and that sediments in the Puerco pose no greater threat than those of any of the other washes in the park (M. Ketterer, Northern Arizona University, personal communication, 2001).The water in the Puerco No. 2 well, has to date, been unaffected by anthropogenic releases of radionuclides upstream of the park. However, the USGS has recommended continuing intermittent sampling of the well water to establish that no significant water quality changes have taken place.
Erosional Impacts
Erosion, both wind and water driven, is a threat to the park's paleontological and cultural resources. Fossil remains and petrified wood are themselves subject to the destructive effects of erosion once exposed. Unexposed resources, both archeological and paleontological, are often better protected from chemical and physical erosion as well as from theft.
While erosion poses a risk to the park's paleontological and cultural resources, it is also the process responsible for the fantastic badland landforms of the Painted Desert and the Teepees. Badlands are formed where rapid soil erosion rates and/or unsuitable soil types prohibit the establishment of vegetation that might stabilize the soils and help to inhibit erosion (Mears, 1963). There is little organic material in the park's badland soils, and rains are both rare and intense, further limiting the ability of the vegetation to establish itself and stabilize slopes. The abundance of volcanically-derived bentonite, an expanding clay that undergoes dramatic volumetric changes, in park soils makes slopes less stable than they might be otherwise.
The park's mesas, too, are erosional landforms. More erosion-resistant sandstone caprocks protect the underlying shales and siltstone. When the capstone is completely removed, teepees or pinnacles form from the remaining material (Harris, 1977). During a runoff event, the water flowing over the eroding siltstone surfaces runs through and further incises "shoestring" rills. Further discussion of badland landforms and references to other materials on the topic is found in Mears (1963).
During the 1980s, an earth flow led to the closure of a trail and threatened Newspaper Rock, an important petroglyph resource (Haiges, 1995). In the Newspaper Rock case, precipitation infiltrated the highly permeable windblown deposits located on top of the mesas, percolating through a fracture system to sandstone-shale contact where the water flowed laterally until reaching the mesa wall. The flow from the spring and increased precipitation were significant enough to undermine the side of the mesa.
In the mid 1950s, Park Paleontologist Edwin Colbert placed a series of stakes in the Blue Forest (later renamed Blue Mesa) area in order to measure erosion (Colbert, 1956). The stakes were arranged at a series of locations along a slope and an analysis of data a decade later (Colbert, 1966) indicated that erosion occurred up to a maximum of ¼ inch per year and that the rate of erosion was generally related to the degree of the slope. There were, however, some sites at which the effect of local topographical features outweighed the effect of the site slope (Colbert, 1966).
Park staffing levels and the size of the park are such that many areas of the park cannot be regularly patrolled to discover all the effects of erosion. The park policy on uncovered archeological resources (e.g. charcoal, ash, fire rocks, building materials, etc.), excluding human remains, is to allow them to erode naturally, although in the case of standing structures some form of stabilization may be considered (B. Parker, Petrified Forest National Park, personal communication, 2002). Human remains uncovered by erosion are treated in accordance with the legal mandates required by the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (PL 101-661) (B. Parker, Petrified Forest National Park, personal communication, 2002).
Paleontological resources, including fossil bones of prehistoric animals, remnants of plants, and preserved tracks or trails of prehistoric animals, differ greatly in their susceptibility to erosion and are preserved differently. Fossil wood consists almost entirely of silica and therefore is more resistant to erosion than even the surrounding rock. Therefore, it is allowed to erode naturally and is only protected against theft. Fossil leaves occur in specific geological layers. Although these layers are subject to erosion, it is slow enough not to be a potential threat. Fossil tracks and burrows (trace fossils) always occur in resistant sandstones and are not readily destroyed by erosion. If this type of fossil is threatened it will be collected and curated into the museum collection to ensure its preservation. However, many trackways including those of dinosaurs can be exposed for very long periods of time with no adverse impact (B. Parker, Petrified Forest National Park, personal communication, 2002).
The fossilized bones of dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals are extremely fragile and very susceptible to erosion. Upon exposure to the elements, these resources will be quickly and completely destroyed. It is the current practice of the park to monitor sites where bones occur and to excavate any threatened significant fossil resources, and place them in the museum collections for preservation (B. Parker, Petrified Forest National Park, personal communication, 2002).
In cooperation with the Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit at the University of Arizona (CESU / UA), an erosion prediction model was developed by members of the University of Arizona Advanced Resources Technology Program (ART), a division of School of Renewable Natural Resources (http://www.srnr.arizona.edu/ART/publications/pfa_pap/index.html). The objective of this research was to integrate the park's geo-spatial resources protection data with predicted erosion rates to maximize the effectiveness of park resource protection efforts. The study group from the ART predicted the regions in the park subject to the greatest amount of erosion using the universal soil loss equation. Input values were obtained using GIS-calculated slope information and precipitation and soil records. Areas with both high predicted-erosion rates and high resource site density were identified for more intense patrols. The model, however, has not proved to be as effective in predicting the exposure of previously covered resources as was initially hoped.
Ferrellgas Petroleum Storage at Adamana
Ferrellgas, Inc. operates a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) storage terminal in the old railroad town of Adamana. Adamana is located approximately 0.8 miles west of the park boundary at the Rio Puerco. The facility stores LPG in underground caverns in the Supai Formation. Ferrellgas has obtained an ADEQ Aquifer Protection Permit for the operation of four surface brine impoundments, twelve injection wells and sub-surface storage caverns. The lined brine impoundments, (two of which are clearly visible in the USGS aerial photograph of the Ferrellgas facility (1996)) are located a quarter of a mile north of the main well field facility. The first impoundments were installed prior to 1980. According to the Aquifer Protection Permit (No. P-102338) construction on the third impoundment was completed in 1995 and the fourth impoundment was to have been constructed in 1998. The brine is used to displace the LPG from the caverns in the Supai Formation where it is stored. (The Supai contains evaporite beds in which the storage caverns are located. Brine is used, instead of water, to displace the LPG to prevent further dissolution of the confining materials.) As the petroleum is typically drawn down during the winter and stored during the warmer months, the largest volumes of brine will be present in the impoundments in the early fall. Less brine will be stored at the surface during the winter and spring. The combined storage capacity of the brine impoundments is approximately 80 million gallons. It would appear, based on the draft aquifer protection permit, that the maximum elevation of the brine in pond three will be approximately 5426 ft. MSL.
At the request of the park, the NPS Water Resources Division, reviewed the potential hydrological impacts of the gas storage operations and brine ponds at the Adamana Ferrellgas facility. They found that the general hydrologic gradient of the area was such that only unusual local surface features such as erosive surfaces would allow for flow of brine into the park in the event of an impoundment dike failure. Moreover, the NPS Water Resources Division concluded that storage in the Supai, some 1000 ft. below the surface and isolated from the Puerco alluvial aquifer from which the park's well draws water, by the impermeable Moenkopi and Chinle formations, also posed no known threat to water quality in the park (Werrill, 1994). The aquifer protection permit (APP No. P-102338) states that the brine ponds are located one mile north of the Puerco River 100 year flood plain of the Puerco River (Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, 1998). In addition, the NPS Geological Resources Division did an evaluation of the Ferrell Gas Facility and found that there were no additional significant hazards to park resources posed by the plant.
Source: Water Resources Division https://www.nature.nps.gov/water/completedwrsr.cfm
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1995. Quality Criteria for Water 1995. Office of Water Regulations and Standards. Washington , DC .
U.S. Public Health Service. 1988. Petrified Forest National Park Drinking Water Treatment. Memorandum to the Western Regional Office, National Park Service dated July 26, 1988 . Petrified Forest National Park files, Petrified Forest , AZ. 2 pp.
Van Metre, P.C. and J. R. Gray. 1992. Effects of uranium mining discharges on water quality in the Puerco River basin, Arizona and New Mexico . Hydrological Sciences Journal 37:5, 463-480.
Webb, R.H., G. R. Rink and B. O. Favor. 1987. Distribution of radionuclide and trace elements in ground water, grasses and surficial sediments associated with the alluvial aquifer along the Puerco River , northeastern Arizona : A reconnaissance sampling program. USGS Open-File Report 87-206.
Webb, R. H., G. R. Rink and D. B. Radtke.1987. Preliminary assessment of water quality in the alluvial aquifer of the Puerco River Basin , northeastern Arizona . USGS Water Resources Investigation Report 87-4126, 70 pp. Tucson , AZ.
Weimer, W.C., R.R. Kinnison and J.H. Reeves. 1981. Survey of radionuclide distributions resulting from the Church Rock, NM uranium mill tailings pond dam failure: Washington , D.C. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Report NUREG/CR-2449, 59 pp.
Werrell, W. 1994. Memorandum (dated February 11, 1994 ) Re: Assistance in Reviewing Draft Aquifer Permit, Ferrellgas Inc., Adamana LPG Storage Terminal. 2 pp.
Wirt, Laurie, P. C. Van Metre, and B. O. Favor. 1991. Historical Water-Quality Data- Puerco River Basin , Arizona and New Mexico . US Geological Survey Open File Report 91-196. 339 pp.
Wirt, Laurie. 1994. Radioactivity in the Environment - A Case Study of the Puerco and Little Colorado River Basins , Arizona and New Mexico . U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 94 - 4192. Tucson , AZ. 23 pp.
Stories of Climate and Culture Told in Stone
This high dry tableland was once a vast floodplain crossed by many streams. To the south, tall, stately pine-like trees grew along the headwaters. Crocodile-like reptiles; giant, fish-eating amphibians; and other plants and animals that are known only as fossils today. The tall trees (Araucarioxylon, Woodworthia, and Schilderia) fell and were washed by swollen streams into the floodplain. There they were covered by silt, mud, and volcanic ash, and this blanket of deposits cut off oxygen and slowed the logs' decay. Gradually silica-bearing ground waters seeped through the logs, and bit by bit, encased the original wood tissues with silica deposits. Slowly the process continued, the silica crystallized into quartz, and the logs were preserved as petrified wood.
That was about 225 million years ago in the Late Triassic. After that time, the area sank, was flooded, and was covered with freshwater sediments. Later the area was lifted far above sea level and this uplift created stresses that cracked the giant logs. Still later, in recent geological time, wind and water wore away the gradually accumulated layers of hardened sediments. Now the petrified logs and fossilized animal and plant remains are exposed on the land surface and the Painted Desert has its present sculpted form.
Today the ever present forces of wind and water continue to remove sediments. Erosion continues to break down the giant logs and reach for the logs and other remaining fossils still buried below the surface. In some places, up to 90 meters (300 feet) of fossil-bearing material remains. The petrified logs, the other fossils of plants and creatures that lived in the area, and the rocks locking them in place all testify to changes in the environment through millions of years.
Petrified Wood. The first historic record of petrified wood in this region came from a U.S. Army officer who found it near today's Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Arizona. Abundant deposits were recorded south of the present Petrified Forest National Park in the 1850's. By 1900, removal of the wood led to calls for preserving areas with large deposits of it. The park exists for this purpose and there is no collecting or giving out of samples permitted.
Petrified wood can be bought from commercial dealers who collect it from areas outside the park. The commercial wood is from the same geological deposits and of the same wood found in the park. Small pieces are sold, rough, tumbled, or polished. Artists and craftspeople work larger pieces into decorative objects. Jewelry, bookends, and clocks are popular sales items. Minerals and impurities deposited while the wood was petrifying add the bright colors and interesting patterns.
Please do not take even the smallest piece of petrified wood from the park. Multiplied by hundreds of thousands of visitors each year, the small pieces taken from the park quickly amount to tons.
Dinosaurs. Fossils of some of the earliest dinosaurs, strange-giant reptiles, weird-looking plants, and unusual fish have been found at the park since 1981. Nicknamed "Gertie", one dinosaur was discovered here in 1984. Her place in the dinosaur family confounds paleontologists, who are still looking for clues. Gertie's bones eventually will be displayed at the park. Supported by donations, fossil research here continues to reveal life in Triassic forests of 225 million years ago.
Petrified Forest National Park provides visitors views to the beginning of dinosaurs, pre-historic peoples and modern wildlife.The remains of an ancient forest lies scattered across northeastern Arizona. Fossils of tall trees, strange ferns, large reptiles, small sharks and early dinosaurs provide clues to life 225 million years ago. Prehistoric people settled in the area about 6,000 years ago. Petrified wood provided a natural resource that could be used or traded. Evidence of their existence up to A.D. 1400 remains.
Today Petrified Forest National Park is a high desert with low-growing plants, small animals and soaring birds. A place where the ancient past meets the modern world.
The General park map handed out at the visitor center is available on the park's map webpage.For information about topographic maps, geologic maps, and geologic data sets, please see the geologic maps page.
A general photo album for this park can be found on the park's webpage. For information on other photo collections featuring National Park geology, please see the Image Sources page.
Guide to Geologic Features at Petrified Forest National Park.
Bezy, John V. and Arthur S. Trevena, 2000.
Arizona Geological Survey.
paperback, 48 pages, full color photographs.
This is an informative guide which includes photographs and explanations of 21 important geologic features found at Petrified Forest National Park. Includes photos, maps and diagrams to clearly illustrate where these features can be found and how they were formed.
Please visit the Geology Books and Media webpage for additional sources such as text books, theme books, CD ROMs, and technical reports.
Parks and Plates: The Geology of Our National Parks, Monuments & Seashores.
Lillie, Robert J., 2005.
W.W. Norton and Company.
9" x 10.75", paperback, 550 pages, full color throughout
The spectacular geology in our national parks provides the answers to many questions about the Earth. The answers can be appreciated through plate tectonics, an exciting way to understand the ongoing natural processes that sculpt our landscape. Parks and Plates is a visual and scientific voyage of discovery!
Ordering from your National Park Cooperative Associations' bookstores helps to support programs in the parks. Please visit the bookstore locator for park books and much more.
Petrified Forest National Park is a globally significant exposure of fossils from the Triassic Period more than 200 million years ago. The paleontological and stratigraphic information exposed on park land is an invaluable source for the study of these ancient organisms and their environment.
Research on fossils is going on at Petrified Forest National Park right now, for more information about the park's research program check out the park's research webpage.
For information about permits that are required for conducting geologic research activities in National Parks, see the Permits Information page.
The NPS maintains a searchable data base of research needs that have been identified by parks.
A bibliography of geologic references is being prepared for each park through the Geologic Resources Evaluation Program (GRE). Please see the GRE website for more information and contacts.
NPS Geology and Soils PartnersAssociation of American State Geologists
Geological Society of America
Natural Resource Conservation Service - Soils
U.S. Geological Survey
Wouldn't it be great if you could incorporate lessons from the classroom into a real world, hands-on situation where what you have been teaching will finally "click" with your students? You can! Many national parks now have curriculum-based programs that utilize national parks as outdoor classrooms. The programs are designed to help you meet your required state standards while allowing your students to participate in hands-on activities at the park. Petrified Forest National Park has a curriculum-based program aligned with the Arizona Statewide Science (5-24-04) and Mathematics Standards for Grades 4-8.
General information about the park's education and intrepretive programs is available on the park's education webpage.For resources and information on teaching geology using National Park examples, see the Students & Teachers pages.


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- Resin-7 epoxy construction
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A Hot Ghetto Mess of Hip-Hop, Art, and B-Boys: The 10-Year Journey of The Blunt Club
The current Blunt Club crew (from left): Pickster One, Element, Thriftshop, and Adam "Dumperfoo" Dumper.
Aaron Wallace
See also: Tempe's Wet Paint Artist Supply to Close in July If Adam Dumper is feeling a little melancholy right now, there's a good reason. This week has a bit of a "best of times/worst of times" vibe for the local hip-hop impresario and street artist, who's better known by his alter ego Dumperfoo.
Three days ago, his longtime employer Wet Paint announced its closure after 11 years of selling graf art supplies and functioning as an epicenter of urban and hip-hop culture in the Valley. Meanwhile, Dumper will be celebrating the triumphant 10-year anniversary of The Blunt Club starting tonight, which served as Phoenix's premiere hip-hop night for exactly a decade. Leaning against a rack of canvases inside Wet Paint, Dumper reflects on the event's longevity and how it contrasts with the impending closure of the art store.
"Yeah, it's pretty gnarly," Dumper says. "This place has been like my corporate headquarters. It's been intertwined with The Blunt Club and has been a big reason why the night has gone on as long as it has. This is where I took calls to book artists, I had stuff sent here and met artists here. It blows that it's getting shut down."
But after the doors at Wet Paint close, The Blunt Club will keep going strong. It's been the Valley's pimpest hip-hop joint and a showcase for rap artistry, turntable wizardry, and fly street culture that's survived financial peril and moving to four different venues. You could fill a novel with a list of all the influential artists and acts who've performed at the event, illustrated by all the dope art that's been created over the years by Dumper and others.
In honor of the pair of 10-year celebrations that will take place over the next two nights, New Times recently interview Dumper and longtime Blunt Club DJs Pickster One and Mr. Hyder about the history of the event and all the crazy shit that's gone down over the last decade.
The old Priceless Inn in Tempe.
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Back in the Day Adam Dumper: Keith Nichols started Priceless Inn right before the Blunt Club started in '02, was on tour with Emerg [McVay] and Eminem, because Keith used to manage Bionic Jive and they were opening for Eminem. And they were talking about starting this club night with spoken word, because it was big at that time with Def Poetry Jam on TV. So Keith and Emerg came at me and were like, "Yo, we gotta do this trip-hop night with spoken word and live art called The Blunt Club." I was working at Wet Paint at the time, doing shows and promotions, and was like, "Cool." I booked all the DJs and acts and went with it and have been running with it ever since.
Mr. Hyder: I was one of the first resident DJs there, one of the original four with Dumper, Keith, and Emerg. Back then, we wanted it to have a lounge vibe, like something cool for people to come chill out at that wasn't necessarily a show. And it stayed in the form for a couple years before we turned up the heat on the music. Back in the day though, it had more of a creative vibe, like a lot of people would go there and write and draw. Me, Organic, and Rest in Peace Eskimo would hang out and play dominoes for a couple hours while DJs were spinning Portishead, Massive Attack, and like downtempo kind of grooves.
Pickster One: It was raw. I went to The Blunt Club for years before being part of it, but I remember it being all downtempo, jazzy, trip-hop with poetry. And then it slowly began shifting to hip-hop. They started booking live acts to go along with the poets, and the hip-hop began taking over. The DJs started out playing dancey breakbeats and the b-boys started performing and it evolved from there.
Bionic Jive member and longtime Blunt Club host Emerg McVay
Emerg McVay...The Host With the Most Dumper: He's definitely been a big part of this thing. We had Bionic Jive there a few times. Or we'd have Emerg rock a solo set by himself, or me and him would host the poetry together. That was fun just talking shit with him to the crowd. He's an awesome host. Merge brought the whole vibe of it [back] in the day, keeping everybody happy and making sure they're into the show. I miss not having Merge there, cause I don't want to talk to the crowd. I just want to sit behind the turntables and hide.
Pickster: He's the kinda person that just demands attention. If he talks, you listen. He's a funny guy. He's traveled all over the world with Eminem and Proof and a ton of other tours. He's just a seasoned pro. You don't tell him what to do, you give him a list of what we've got going on that night and he handles it like a professional. A good host is like gold.
Poetry and Rhymes Dumper: A year into it at P.I., I started bringing in stuff I wanted to see, like my friends and groups that I knew. Just throwing in DJs and people I saw at hip-hop shows. "Hey, I heard you have The Blunt Club going on, can you throw me on?" That was before Doug Quick was working with me in the booking. Most of the poets that we had doing spoken word were MCs spitting poetry one night and then come back and rap on other nights. So it went hand-in-hand. Our crowds started getting more hip-hop, but for a while there we had a mixture of old school folks to hip-hop dudes to punkers. It's always been a melting pot of different kinds of people.
Collaborating With the Hip-Hop Scene Dumper: In the early days, I was frequenting club nights like Kill Mill and collaborating with Drunken Immortals. And some of those nights evolved from what we were doing, and some of what we did evolved from what they were doing. Even Z-Trip and his stuff back in the day influenced what we did at Blunt Club. It also was inspired by a night I was doing with [artist] Jim Mahfood called Move 98 and I'd buy art supplies and spray paint and everybody would paint the back of the fence line at Boston's. And there were DJs and hip-hop. That was probably how I met Keith and Emerg and how they got me to do The Blunt Club.
Pickster: There's been a few Thursdays that popped up but none of 'em were in direct competition with Blunt Club. Even when like Groove Candy moved to Thursdays, people tried to make that a big deal out of it. But we've always been homies and play each other's nights, it's a whole different scene.
Dumper: After a good year, word started spreading to other cities and then we started getting people from L.A. who wanted to play. Then word of The Blunt Club went worldwide.
Blunt Club residents past and present: Tricky T (left) and Pickster One.
Turntable Titans Dumper: We've always had great DJs over the years. Tricky T, Element, DJ Daddy Rich from 3rd Base was a resident. And Hyder and Organic were in the mix for years.
Pickster: Each resident always brought something different to The Blunt Club. Hyder is the dude that always surprises you. You may think you'd know what to expect from him, and then he'd just pull something out of nowhere and you'd be like, "Where the fuck did you get this?" He was the dude who never played the typical hip-hop classics. He'd bring out some funk, old school stuff, or cater to the b-boys at any given time.
Dumper: Definitely Pickster brings a lot of variety of music to the table, but he's still playing stuff that's the core of our night. He can play from moombahton to reggae to dancehall to hip-hop to b-boy stuff to funk or whatever and mix it all together and it seems like the perfect ride. I can say, "Hey Pickster, we're gonna do an '80s thing tonight," and - boom - he's got it. Or a '90s night, or an all dancehall set, he can handle it. He's got tons of styles, but there's always something fluid to the whole thing.
Pickster: Element's probably one of the best scratch DJs in Arizona. Him and M2, those dudes are the cleanest scratchers around. I'm okay, but honestly, those dudes are way better. We had D-Styles, who's one of the best scratchers in the world, and he saw Element and was like "Woah!" And Tricky is one of my favorite to watch because he has these crazy transitional mixes and a real unorthodox way of mixing records. I don't know if he picked it up from [his mentor Z-Trip], but he's really clean. We were lucky to have Radar as a resident and he was awesome. He's always fun to play with.
Souls of Mischief perform at the Blunt Club
The Alternative Hip-Hop Tip Pickster: We've always had that classic hip-hop feel that everyone grew up on and loves. We've just always kept that. We never really went for the mainstream, newest Top 40 stuff. We occasionally mix it in because once in awhile there is good Top 40 songs, but for the most part we've always maintained a focus on good hip-hop. Really it's our crowd who want to hear that stuff and come back because they know what they're gonna get. It's funny because we've had some of the best DJs come through and they try to do what they're used to, like rank-and-file shit, and we tell 'em, "Just play some hip-hop." Sure enough, by the end of the set they say, "I haven't been able to do that for years." Its just classic party hip-hop you don't hear elsewhere, man.
Dumper: And we do a lot of live stuff too that's the newest in underground hip-hop every week. You never knew what to expect, whether it's a jazz band coming through or a reggae group, or electronic stuff. It's been a mixture of all different types of stuff. We had a symphony violinist [Daniel Bernard Roumain] last year who was killer and did classic hip-hop songs on violin.
B-Boys and Nunchuks Pickster: We've had some of the best b-boys in the world come though, because they know if they show up at any given time the DJs at The Blunt Club can throw it down. Furious Styles Crew have been big supporters over the years and still come out.
Dumper: One of my best things to happen there was when a wushu kung-fu team came in with swords, staffs, knives, and nunchuks. And they did a whole show in the middle of Hollywood Alley, where dudes were kicking the ceiling and like flinging these friggin' staffs with swords on the end. It was the craziest night. There were people were gathered around in a b-boy circle while they're knife fighting at the bar.
It was the coolest shit I've ever seen. Those guys are like Buddhist monk ninjas who were killing it for like 20 minutes. Luckily no one died. It was our first couple of weeks at Hollywood Alley and I tried to bring in the weirdest shit imaginable back then, like "I want a kung-fu team at The Blunt Club." We were kinda worried about things, like if we had the right insurance. Ross loved it and was laughing the entire time.
A typical Blunt Club crowd.
J. Jones
Theme Nights and Special Guests Pickster: The theme nights are fun, like we did A Tribe Called Quest versus De La Soul [one week]. That was dope. We did East Coast versus West Coast with basically two sets of turntables. One setup would play East Coast and the other setup would do West Coast. And Dumper drew and shit, like some big giant Eastside and Westside hand signs that battled it out.
Hyder: I really liked it when Grupo Fantasma, a 13-piece Latin band from Texas came out and gave the Blunt a whole new vibe. And a whole bunch of new people came to check out the music.
Dumper: For me, it's always been about some of the classic hip-hop acts we've hosted like Souls of Mischief Or Jeru the Damaja, that was a great night. I could go for days. Digable Planets was one of the biggest for me. I knew when we started this thing out I wanted to bring out Pharcyde and Digable Planets, two of the groups from the 90s that I grew up skating to and listened to every day.
Pickster: We had Black Sheep and became friends with Dres and DJ'd for him a couple times and we became homies. That was awesome. And he'd call up Doug and want to come out go golfing. It was like, yeah, I'm going golfing with Dres. Wild stuff. Afrika Bambaataa came through and was all over the place had a great time. He was playing electronica and Baltimore club music. It was so funny. It's like these icons you looked up to your entire life and they're down to earth good people.
Chuck D. of Public Enemy at Hollywood Alley in 2006
The Night Public Enemy Stopped By Pickster: Their concert at the Marquee was cancelled and they had a signing at Atomic Comics on the westside and Doug, Dumper, and me went by to check it out. Doug was like, "Hey we've got a night we've been doing for years and it's the real deal hip-hop spot in AZ. Would you want to come down?" Their guy was like, "We only have to ask one person," and he whispered in Chuck D.'s ear and he said, "We'll do it."
We didn't know if they were going to show up, it was all on Chuck D.'s word and we were a little worried. We sent out text messages and put it out on MySpace and by the time we got from Atomic Comics over to Hollywood Alley, the club was completely sold out and there was like 200 people lined up outside. And sure enough, around midnight there was this bang on the back door, it swung open and Public Enemy's security came in with flashlights, started moving people around and swatted cigarettes out of people's hands. And Chuck D. came in with 'em. It was crazy. Oh my God.
Dumper: It was like people were literally standing on the tables at Hollywood Alley. They played for like an hour and a half. It just so happened that Drunken Immortals were playing the same night so there was a whole band already setup on stage so they played with a live band. Flavor Flav did like a 10-minute drum solo. And they played "By the Time I Get to Arizona," which they hadn't done since a U2 concert back in the day. I saw a girl in the front faint, like Beatles style.
A packed house at The Blunt Club
Aaron Wallace
New Venues and Big Problems Dumper: Because of the venue size we had to get a bigger venue we moved it to Hollywood Alley in 2005. Ross [Wincek] is an awesome guy. We had some of my favorite times there. It was good food, good people, and an anything goes kinda thing over there. Some of our best times and our best shows. Crazy people showing up all the time. You never knew what was gonna happen. It was sold out every week. The reason we went to Club Red in 2008 was because it was around the time that Ross' mom passed away and they were having some financial problems [at Hollywood Alley] and we thought it might be smart to move. We probably should've stayed there.
Pickster: We've coulda thrown in the towel a couple times if we wanted to. For instance, when it was Club Red. It was just a big venue to fill. And for a year and a half we filled the place with 800 people every week. It went good at that spot for a while. I lost count at the number of times we packed the place. Some of the shows, the line was all the way to the Jack in the Box. And then when the economy started dipping, people couldn't afford to go to big name shows every week our attendance started dropping. And now we're a free night at the Yucca.
Dumper: There's been a few times when I wanted to. Me and Doug went into debt bringing in a couple of big shows. We were trying to do a national acts every week and fill an 800-person venue and that started hurting our pockets and our pride. We were trying to do something cool that people weren't supporting. And we were trainwrecking as the economy was getting really bad.
The Legacy of the Blunt Club: Hyder: I would easily say we were the premier hip-hop night in Arizona. There were some other cats out there doing some things, but the amount of people we brought to The Blunt Club -- from Black Sheep to the Hieroglyphics to Roc Raida -- nobody else in Arizona was doing that. I've had DJs worldwide tell me there's not vibe like at The Blunt Club. Just the art, the b-boys, and the DJs, and the way that way that everyone's cohesive with one another, whether you're a painter, or a breakdancer, or a rapper...it doesn't compare to anywhere else. We booked internationally known artists and gave them a taste of Arizona. "Hey, Arizona is not a sleepy pudding, we get down out here too."
Pickster: It's got this special vibe that doesn't happen anywhere else [in Arizona]. I'm sure there are other nights somewhere in other places in the United States that are similar, but most people who come through Arizona say there's nothing like it.
The Blunt Club's 10-Year Anniversary celebrations take place tonight at Yucca Tap Room in Tempe and on Friday at Hollywood Alley in Mesa. Both events start at 8 p.m. Admission is $5.
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Tempe, AZ 85282
2610 W. Baseline Rd.
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Kalona City Council to Continue to Discuss Works in Progress
Posted By News On @ 6:24 am In Today's Local News | Comments Disabled
The Downtown Revitalization Project is one of the items on the Kalona City Council agenda, which includes various street repairs and the addition of concrete quilt blocks in sidewalks. The council will also present another discussion over FEMA mapping. The issue has been talked about before at meetings, and City Administrator Ryan Schlabaugh has said this map was created to show the established flood plain and can be used to show areas of special flooding or commonly known as the 100-year flood plain.
City officials have until September to decide the issue, but it has been a prevalent issue in recent meetings. The meeting takes place at the Kalona Community Center at City Hall tonight at 7:30.
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Explorer Post 311
The Bellevue Fire Department runs an Explorer Post 311, which provides the opportunity for young adults (14 – 20 years old) to become familiar with career opportunities available in the fire service. The program is designed to provide knowledge of fire protection and safety and to encourage teamwork, cooperation, responsibility, effective communication and leadership skills.
Through a combination of classroom instruction, hands-on training and volunteer work, Explorers gain a base of knowledge and experience that will benefit them not only if they pursue careers in fire service careers, but in all future endeavors.
Explorer Post 311 meets on Mondays at the Bellevue Fire Training Center. Post 311 participates in various events in Bellevue throughout the year.
Interested applicants must pass a brief physical agility test to insure they can safely participate in the program. All applicants must then participate in an interview before being accepted into the Post. All uniforms and safety equipment are provided to each Explorer by the Bellevue Fire Department. There are no annual dues.
Bellevue Fire Explorer Post
450 110th Ave. NE
P.O. Box 90012
Bellevue, WA 98009
Contact: Paul Hyatt
Phone: 425-301-5003
E-mail: email@example.com


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This fire was located approximately 2 miles northwest and upslope of Belden, CA and Highway 70 (Feather River Canyon, Plumas County, CA on Chips and Indian Creeks. This photo was taken on day 4 of the fire. Most of the area in this photo was also burned in the 2000 Storrie Fire.


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I'll try to be brief:
This morning while working with a dog using a shackled bird, on her return she continued to spit it out, readjust, shake her head, etc., as if the duck were biting or scratching her. She got the bird to me, after being corrected (e-collar) for dropping it (guilt....you'll soon know why). When I went to take the bird a yellow jacket was stinging the sh** out of her on the corner of her mouth...repeatedly...jab, jab, jab, jab. I grab the little sucker and squish it; I also immediately understood why she was having a hard time finding a way to hold this bird without it hurting. Her jowl is swollen like crazy at this moment.
Now I've got the live bird in my hand and I get stung! I inspect this bird and it's infested with yellow jackets (like four or so)! As if I didn't have a spooky dog anyway...I don't need my moody chessie bitch associating live birds with being stung in the mouth by ornery yellow jackets.
Anyone ever had there ducks become a colony of yellow jackets/bees???? This is a new one to me. And there is a pool in my duck pen, they have water to swim in...


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Holiday And Heroes helping children in need
KOOTENAI COUNTY, Idaho - Officers and firefighters played Santa for dozens of kids in Kootenai County Sunday morning.
Holidays and Heroes is a program for children from families in need.
About 100 kids were taken shopping, including six-year-old Clarity. She led the way in the Stateline Walmart, with a Coeur d'Alene Police officer and sergeant not far behind.Holiday Heroes helping children in need
It was hard to get the little girl to look for things she liked because she was so busy picking up gifts for her brothers, sisters and mother.
It's hard to tell who the heroes are, the adults making sure the shopping carts are full or the children trying to make their families happy.
When I asked officers what it's like spending time with the kids they smile. Every time a child says "I want that toy" the officers get to say go for it. It's yours.
"With the community donating, we can do that, we don't have to worry about having to keep too much of a tally. They can basically have what they want," said Coeur d'Alene Police Office Brady Reed.
In some cases this is the difference between having a great holiday or even a having a holiday at all.
"My little girl today, she has an idea of what she wanted to spend for her brothers and sisters. I said no no no we are going to spend way more than that," said Rathdrum Police Chief Kevin Fuhr.
At the same time, secret Santas were in the store shopping for surprise gifts for the kids.
Then all the children went to a holiday party where they were able to meet Santa, take food home to their families and of course the presents.
Law enforcement agencies and fire departments in Kootenai County and the Spokane County Sheriff's Office participated in Holidays and Heroes.
- North Monroe project to move forward despite lingering concerns
- Bloomsday looking for more volunteers
- Historic Ridpath hotel to be turned into affordable housing
- Problematic drug house in Spokane boarded up
- Local school district tackles '13 Reasons Why'
- Humane Society volunteer wins award for shelter


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Community Grants Dedicated to Help Inner-City Educators (limited cities)
- Type: Foundations
- Source: Brown Rudnick Charitable Foundation
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- Award Min: $0.00
- Award Max: $2,000.00
- Quantity: Unknown
- Deadline: Rolling
The applicant must be a "front line educational worker" who is involved in the education field or a related field in one of the communities eligible for Foundation grants (Boston, Hartford, New York City, Providence or Washington, D.C.) (Applicants who have control over approving the organization's budget are not eligible.)
The Purposes Of The Community Grant Program Are To Simultaneously (1) Encourage Those Involved Broadly With The Brown Rudnick Center For The Public Interest To Actively Think About The Educational Needs In The Communities Of Boston, Hartford, New York City, Providence And Washington, D.C.; (2) Recognize, Encourage And Collaborate With The Front-line Workers Within The Educational System Who Often Do Not Have A Voice In Funding Decisions; And (3) Provide Funding To Assist With Small, Concrete Projects Or Needs Which Will Make An Improvement In Inner City Education In Boston, Hartford, New York City, Providence And Washington, D.C. Within A Year Of The Grant Award. (Grant Requests To Fund An Organization That Is Outside The City Limits Of One Of The Eligible Cities Will Not Be Considered.)
Additional Info:
The Brown Rudnick Charitable Foundation Corp. COMMUNITY GRANTS c/o The Brown Rudnick Center for the Public Interest One Financial Center, Boston, MA 021111 (617) 856-8119 email@example.com