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12.13: Wind Power
What does "NIMBY" stand for?
Not in my backyard. As much as any type of power source, wind power pits people who are concerned about the environment against, well, people who are concerned about the environment. Some people want the benefits of clean wind power but don't want the turbines in their vicinity.
Wind Energy
Energy from the Sun also creates wind, which can be used as wind power. The Sun heats different locations on Earth by different amounts. Air that becomes warm rises and then sucks cooler air into that spot. The movement of air from one spot to another along the ground creates wind. Since wind is moving, it has kinetic energy.
Wind power is the fastest growing renewable energy source in the world. Windmills are now seen in many locations, either individually or, more commonly, in large fields.
"Wind Powering America" follows the development of wind power in the United States over the past several years: http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp.
Wind Power Use
Wind is the source of energy for wind power. Wind has been used for power for centuries. For example, windmills were used to grind grain and pump water. Sailing ships traveled by wind power long before ships were powered by fossil fuels. Wind can be used to generate electricity, as the moving air spins a turbine to create electricity (Figure below).
Wind turbines like the ones shown above turn wind into electricity without creating pollution.
This animation shows how wind power works: http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=10501.
Consequences of Wind Power
Wind power has many advantages. It does not burn, so it does not release pollution or carbon dioxide. Also, wind is plentiful in many places. Wind, however, does not blow all of the time, even though power is needed all of the time. Just as with solar power, engineers are working on technologies that can store wind power for later use.
Windmills are expensive and wear out quickly. A lot of windmills are needed to power a region, so nearby residents may complain about the loss of a nice view if a wind farm is built. Coastlines typically receive a lot of wind, but wind farms built near beaches may cause unhappiness for local residents and tourists.
The Cape Wind project off of Cape Cod, Massachusetts has been approved but is generating much controversy. Opponents are in favor of green power but not at that location. Proponents say that clean energy is needed and the project would supply 75% of the electricity needed for Cape Cod and nearby islands (Figure below).
Cape Wind off of Cape Cod in Massachusetts receives a great deal of wind (red color) but is also popular with tourists for its beauty.
California was an early adopter of wind power. Windmills are found in mountain passes, where the cooler Pacific Ocean air is sucked through on its way to warmer inland valleys. Large fields of windmills can be seen at Altamont Pass in the eastern San Francisco Bay Area, San Gorgonio Pass east of Los Angeles, and Tehachapi Pass at the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley.
- Wind contains energy, which can move a turbine and generate electricity.
- Wind power is clean and does not release greenhouse gases, but some people complain about the spread of windmills across certain locations.
- Wind has been used as a local energy source for centuries and is now being scaled up for use regionally.
Use this resource to answer the questions that follow.
1. How much has wind power production increased in the United States?
2. How do wind turbines work?
3. What is the wind vane for?
4. What does an anemometer measure?
5. What is the yaw drive for?
6. What is the wind potential in your state?
7. What are the advantages of an off grid system?
8. What are the advantages of wind farms?
1. Describe what causes wind and how wind energy can be harnessed.
2. What are some of the downsides of using wind power?
3. Why do you think that wind is the fastest growing non-renewable energy source?
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Energy Conservation Block Grants
With funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the city is significantly reducing operating costs, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. In October 2009, $1.2 million in Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants from the U.S. Department of Energy facilitated the following projects.
Recreation Facility Lighting UpgradesRobinswood Tennis Center Court Lighting- Project Complete Estimated annual energy savings of 39 percent and estimated annual cost savings of $10,639. New fixtures allow users to turn off the fixtures during the times when no one is present, which is not feasible with the present lighting system due to cool down requirements and restarting.South Bellevue Community Center Gymnasium Lighting- Project CompleteEstimated annual energy savings of 64 percent and estimated annual cost savings of $5,870. The existing fixtures at this facility were not originally scheduled for replacement; however, efficiencies available in lighting systems available today will reduce lighting use by approximately 1400 hours annually and the grant-funded investment will pay for itself in less than six years.
Newport Hills Sports Fields- Project CompleteEstimated annual energy savings of 64 percent and estimated annual cost savings of $3,143. While new synthetic turf is expected to result in increased year round scheduling (from 170 hours to 400 hours per year), new system design requires fewer fixtures to sufficiently light the field and is designed to significantly minimize glare and spillover to surrounding areas while providing enhanced lighting to fields.
Highland Center Sports Fields- Project CompleteEstimated annual energy savings of 57 percent and estimated annual cost savings of $3,816. New system design requires fewer fixtures to sufficiently light the field and are designed to significantly minimize glare and spillover to surrounding areas while providing enhanced lighting to fields.
City Fleet Upgrades 96 Gas Vehicles to Hybrid & Electric- Project CompleteExpected annual savings from the replacement of 96 gas vehicles with hybrid and electric models is nearly $80,000 in fuel costs, 250 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions and 31,000 gallons of gasoline.
Home energy reports for residents, in partnership with Puget Sound Energy and the C-7 New Energy Partnership - Project Complete2011, Over 35,000 Bellevue residents received free Home Energy Reports that showed how their energy use compared with similar-sized homes in their neighborhood, along with personalized tips and overall recommendations on how they could save on their next bill. Bellevue partnered with 6 Eastside cities and Puget Sound Energy on this program, ultimately saving homeowners $4.2 million, an average of $45 per household!
Carbon dioxide emission reductions from energy savings were over 15 million pounds or the equivalent of taking 1,360 cars off the road for a year.
Electric Vehicle Charging Stations - Project CompleteThe city has installed a total of 22 electric vehicle charging stations, with 16 available for public use at City Hall and various community center and park locations.
Environmental Performance Dashboard - Project CompleteIn 2012, the city began capturing data from all of its sources of greenhouse gas emissions, combining the information into a single dashboard that provides a nearly real time update of the city's carbon footprint. The tool allows the city to analyze resource consumption in terms of costs, energy, and emissions across different facilities, departments, and projects. The city aims to use this software and analysis tool to better analyze opportunities for greenhouse gas reductions and financial savings, improve marketing of our efforts, and engage the organization and community in challenges and other efforts.
Online Engagement Web Portals - Project CompleteThe city is engaging residents and businesses in sustainability initiatives that improve the financial, environmental, and social conditions throughout Bellevue. Visit SustainableEastside.org to become a part of the Eastside Sustainable Business Alliance. Visit GreenWA.org to interact with a wide variety of sustainability assets throughout the community. GreenWA features interactive maps, videos, and information, including opportunities for extensive public participation in our efforts.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and Citywide Strategic Planning - Project CompleteThe city updated its greenhouse gas emissions inventory in 2012 and embarked on a new 5-year strategic planning process for the improvement of community-wide environmental performance. Find the full greenhouse gas emissions inventory online here. Contact us for more information about our Environmental Stewardship Initiative 2013-2018 Strategic Plan.
Planning & Community Development
450 110th Ave. NE
P.O. Box 90012
Bellevue, WA 98009
Contact: Jennifer Ewing
Phone: 425-452-6129
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Update [11/17]: The giveaway has ended. Thank you all for entering. We will be announcing the winner later today.
Hi everyone, we're kicking off the new Ben's Bargains by giving away a ton of great prizes over the next several weeks. Our first prize is a wicked cool bundle (SRP $430) from Hobbytron. This is what one lucky winner will receive:
- GYRO Phantom S107 3.5CH Electric RTF RC Helicopter
- GYRO Huge Metal Sky King 3.5CH Electric RTF RC Helicopter
- Electric Jing Gong G36K Rifle FPS-450 Airsoft Gun + Pack of BBs
- GYRO Metal Mega Spy Copter Camera 3.5CH Electric RTF RC Helicopter
The winner will be chosen after the giveaway comes to a close at 11:59PM (PST) on November 16th. Subject to these Terms & Conditions. Here's the list of Previous Winners.
There are five ways you can enter (choose one or more):
- 1 entry: Leave a comment on this post.
- 3 entries: Leave 10 comments on Ben's Bargains between the beginning and end of the giveaway.
- 5 entries: Like us on Facebook or Follow us on Twitter.
- 10 entries: Share the giveaway post on your Facebook Wall.
- 10 entries: ReTweet the giveaway on Twitter by clicking here.
Good luck!


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I was following some tutorials on C++ with SDL and openGL, and as I was listening to the guy he mentioned what may be a key point for me: "openGL is an interface to your video card, so you can do 3D things".
So I was wondering, is this entirely true? Would I ever need openGL for 2D games?
I'm not planning on doing anything 3D and I guess I won't be for quite some time. So if this is true I may just skip openGL learning for now and focus on what I actually need.


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I have 2 balconies that overlook the main round-a-bout drive and open park space in my rather large apartment community.
I couldn't sleep for the moment (I slept from like 6pm - 11pm already tonight and have been up and down sporadically), so I turned the heat off (I keep my place at 85 but sometimes it gets too much for me, so I just shut it off and let it cool down on its own to about 82. And I stepped out on the large balcony to cool down. I wore my white bathrobe (looks like ANH Obi-Wan's inner Jedi robe) and brought my Darth Maul FX lightsaber with me (in single-blade mode).
The large sliding glass doors that are one accessway out to my larger balcony reflect really well and I can watch my reflection like it's a large mirror in which to practice my lightsaber forms. I have a lot more space on my balcony for the full double-blade exercises, but my batteries are dead for one of the Maul blades and I want to replace both at the same time, so I'm using a single blade while I still have working batteries in one-half of the saber.
It's also really quiet at this time of night, so once in a while, I'll let loose a major flatulation noise that I make with my hands pressed to my face and it echoes across my complex like Godzilla farted! I guess others can't hear it very well, or aren't sure how to react to it, since I got no response to several farts I periodically let loose. Maybe people thought they were natural so it wasn't regarded as much as an annoying nuiscance noise like it was supposed to be. Disappointed, I quit after getting no attention - not even Security who I only saw at a distance.
I did observe unusual people at 3:30 in the morning. That was interesting. I was going to start a separate thread about that, but this is as good of place as any. I'll post about the others I observed later. Folks don't read long 'net posts any more, and I need to give you some time in case anyone wants to react to my lightsaber training or my farting noises first.


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|Bonefish, Tarpon, and other Obsessions Turquoise water, silver demons on the fly
|Topic Review (Newest First)
Good words of advice from Eddie already. Sounds like you will be there for prime time. All I can add is to learn how to calm your nerves - your first sight of a 150lb fish can do strange things to the neurons and synapses Keep practicing like your doing. The 12wt will start to feel like a friendly old jacket after a while.
When Tarpon hit I like to make several hard strip-strikes. Other anglers have different techniques. What is important is learning how to put maximum pressure on the fish. Whilst you're practicing, rig up a few leaders and tie one end to something solid. Wear glasses! Now back up and feel how much weight you can put on the leader. Really lean into it. Build it up 'till it breaks, then do it again, and again and again. You'll find that you have to keep the rod fairly straight, otherwise it will break before the tippet. Max. prssure is good for the fish and good for the angler Have a blast, take pics and let us know how it went. Ohh, and welcome to the forum
|Dble Haul
|Moved to the tarpon area to increase your chances of a response.
|Yep... Sorry for the posting in the wrong spot... maybe the Mods could move this where it belongs. I was so focused on the message I forgot about proper location. Hmmm perhaps there's a methaphor in there that relates to casting...
first bit of advice would be to post this on the bonefish tarpon board on this site, but having said that, there is not much more you can do thatn to practice casting that rod. Practice getting the cast off quickly (no more than a couple of false casts). Most important is to practice accuracy (in challenging conditions if possible). Casting the whole line and being seven feet off the mark is useless. A 5o' cast right into the kitchen would be better. Cast with the wind over your casting shoulder. Practice getting off a quick 20 footer to the side. In tough conditions, those fish can sneek up on you. Staying cool while a school of 1oo# monsters is steaming towards you and the wind is blowing over your shoulder can be tough, so practice as much as you can...really.
You don't have to bring much: hat, sunscreen, polarised specs...that's about it. Your guide will have everything else.
I have heard good things about you guides and the area. You are going to be in for a shock! Post a report when you get back.
First Tarpon Trip - Advice?
Hi guys - long time reader, first time poster...
I have a trip planned for the last week in May to go out with the Robinson Brothers in Apalachicola, Fl for 4 days. I'll be going with a friend who has been fly fishing for the past 8 years HARD. He has taught me everything I know about this sport so far and has been most helpful.
This spring I learned to cast on a Sage RPLXi 9wt and have just fell in love with that rod. I have begun practicing with the same rod in a 12wt which is the what we will be using in FL. The transistion to the 12 wt has been a little tough and it is especially tough trying to learn to cast if from the ready position...
Any words of experience and wisdom that will keep me from just totally embarrasing myself on this Tarpon trip? Anything I should be sure to take with me beyond the rod and a change of shorts?
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Farming has been established for thousands of years in the Middle East, and in the river valleys of ancient Mesopotamia the first true civilization in world history of mankind is appearing, that of the Sumerians.
The Sumerians live in large communities of many thousands of people - the first cities. Along with many other advances they are developing the techniques of writing, on which most future human progress will depend.
A second civilization is also beginning to emerge, that of Ancient Egypt in the Nile Valley.
Read the full history of the Middle East
The first city-based civilization in history is appearing in Mesopotamiaclick to view Iraq 3500BC
One of the great civilizations of world history, that of Ancient Egypt, is taking shape in the Nile Valley.click to view Egypt 3500BC
Most of Africa is home to bands of hunter-gatherers, but in the Nile valley, the civilization of Egypt is beginning to emergeclick to view Africa 3500BC
Stone Age farming villages dot the landscape of Europeclick to view Europe 3500BC
In India and South Asia, the foundations are being laid for one of the great civilizations of ancient historyclick to view India and South Asia 3500BC
In the previous thousand years, the influence of Mesopotamian civilization has spread far and wide, carried by the trade networks radiating outwards from the Sumerian cities. Towns and cities are now scattered over a large part of the Middle East, with outlying regions such as Asia Minor and Iran being drawn into the orbit of urban civilization.
The second great civilization of the ancient world is now well established. Situated in the Nile valley, Egypt has already produced some of the most famous structures in all history, the great Pyramids of Giza.
Read the full history of the Middle East
The Sumerian civilization flourishes in Ancient Mesopotamiaclick to view Iraq 2500BC
Trade is drawing Asia Minor into the orbit of Mesopotamian civilizationclick to view Turkey 2500BC
Iran is home to farmers and nomadsclick to view Iran 2500BC
The lands of Syria and Canaan are home to small cities and important trade routesclick to view Syria 2500BC
By this date Ancient Egypt has developed one of the great civilizations of world history.click to view Egypt 2500BC
Europe is still inhabited by Stone Age farming peoples. Tribes speaking Indo-European languages are migrating into the continent from the eastclick to view Europe 2500BC
The civilization of Ancient Egypt now flourishes in the Nile valleyclick to view Africa 2500BC
One of the earliest civilizations in world history has emerged in ancient India, the Indus Valley civilizationclick to view India and South Asia 2500BC
The past thousand years have seen many upheavals in the Middle East, particularly in Mesopotamia and surrounding regions. Tribes from the fringes of the old civilizations have come in to create new states and empires: the Hittite, Mitanni and Babylonian empires are ruled by Indo-European speakers from the north and east. These states are joined by the New Kingdom of Egypt to form the leading powers of the region.
These centralized states are home to highly sophisticated - and already ancient - civilizations, with a complex commercial life, bureaucracies, and well-organized armies based on a new technology, the chariot. The struggles between them dominate the history of the Middle Eastern world at this period.
Read more on this high point of ancient Middle Eastern history
Powerful states such as Babylon and the Mitanni now rule Mesopotamiaclick to view Iraq 1500BC
Iran is home to farmers and nomadsclick to view Iran 1500BC
Syria and Canaan are lands of small city-states and migrant nomadsclick to view Syria 1500BC
The Hittite empire in Asia Minor is one of the leading powers of the ageclick to view Turkey 1500BC
The civilization of Ancient Egypt is entering one of the most glorious periods of its historyclick to view Egypt 1500BC
Bronze Age farming cultures now cover most of Europe, and in the south-east, the first European civilizations now flourish in Crete and Greececlick to view Europe 1500BC
While the civilization of Ancient Egypt reaches new heights, farming based on new tropical plants is being pioneered south of the Sahara.click to view Africa 1500BC
The great Indus Valley civilization of ancient India has vanished and a new people, the Aryans, are moving into the subcontinentclick to view India and South Asia 1500BC
Over the past 500 years, great changes have wracked the Middle East. The old powers of the ancient Middle East - Egypt, the Hittites, Assyria and Babylon - have all been devastated by invaders from outside their borders. The eclipse of these states has allowed new peoples, particularly the Phoenicians and Israelites, to come to the fore. Their achievements will have an enduring impact on world history.
Several major advances in civilization have taken place in region in recent centuries. Firstly, iron has come into widespread use, probably starting somewhere in Asia Minor. Secondly, the alphabet has been developed, again probably in Asia Minor but soon to be spread by Phoenician merchants around the Mediterranean and Middle East. A third occurrence of world significance is the appearance of the monotheism, carried into history by the Israelite tribes. Finally, the camel has been domesticated recently. This tough animal is helping new trade routes across the Arabian desert to come into use.
Read more about these world-shaping events in Middle Eastern history
Iran is home to farmers and nomadsclick to view Iran 1000BC
The kingdoms of Assyria and Babylon have been greatly weakened by invasions from nomadic tribesclick to view Iraq 1000BC
The Hittite empire has suffered catastrophe at the hands of barbarian invadersclick to view Turkey 1000BC
The Phoenicians and Israelites are peoples who will change historyclick to view Syria 1000BC
After centuries of greatness, the civilization of Ancient Egypt has now entered a long period of decline.click to view Egypt 1000BC
The camel has been domesticated, and trade routes now cross the great deserts of Arabiaclick to view Arabia 1000BC
Major population movements in Europe have caused widespread upheaval, and the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations have vanishedclick to view Europe 1000BC
Farming and cattle herding are spreading in western and central Africaclick to view Africa 1000BC
The Aryan peoples are spreading across northern India; an early form of the Hindu religion, which will be a defining element in Indian civilization, is evolvingclick to view India and South Asia 1000BC
The history of the Middle East over the past 500 years or so has been one of imperial powers following one another in succession: first the Assyrians, then the Babylonians and Medes, and now the Persian empire, the largest state in the history of the Ancient World. This now covers the entire region and beyond. The Lydians, Phrygians and Ionian Greeks of Asia Minor, the Phoenicians and Jews (newly restored to their homeland) of Syria and the Levant, the Egyptians, the Babylonians of Mesopotamia, and the different Iranian peoples, are now all under one regime.
This succession of great empires – and the policy that the Assyrians and Babylonians pursued of re-settling conquered peoples in scattered groups throughout their territories - has resulted in the upheaval of populations on a large scale. As a result, old languages have vanished and Aramaic has become the lingua-franca of the region. With its simple-to-learn alphabet (compared with older cuneiform scripts), this has greatly stimulated international trade and inter-regional communications.
Middle Eastern civilization, by now three millennia old in its Mesopotamian heartland, has reached new heights.
Read more on these great empires of the Middle East
The historic kingdoms of Mesopotamia have now fallen under the power of the Persian empireclick to view Iraq 500BC
Iran, the centre of the great Persian empireclick to view Iran 500BC
For centuries a leading centre of civilization, Asia Minor is now part of the Persian empireclick to view Turkey 500BC
The Phoenicians and Israelites have come under the power of a succession of great empires
click to view Syria 500BC
Its ancient glories now in the past, Egypt is now just another province within the Persian empireclick to view Egypt 500BC
Arabia, a region of flourishing civilization and desert nomadsclick to view Arabia 500BC
The Iron Age Celts and their relatives dominate much of Europe, whilst in the Mediterranean lands a number of brilliant city-state civilizations, above all the Greeks, are now flourishingclick to view Europe 500BC
With the decline of Egyptian civilization, Nubia is emerging as an independent civilization; and in West Africa Bantu Iron-Age farmers are beginning to spread out across the continentclick to view Africa 500BC
City-based civilization is reappearing in India; this process is accompanied by developments leading to the founding of a great new religion, Buddhismclick to view India and South Asia 500BC
The past few centuries have seen the huge Persian empire conquered in a series of brilliant campaigns by the young Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, between 333 and 323 BC. These campaigns involved armies largely recruited from amongst the city-states of Greece.
Alexander's empire failed to survive his early death, and his generals, together with some local princes, divided his conquests amongst themselves. These rulers and their descendants - the Ptolemies in Egypt, the Seleucids in Syria, Mesopotamia and Iran, and various dynasts in Asia Minor - have founded numerous Greek-style cities, which can now be found scattered across the Middle Eastern world as far as India, and from which the ruling classes of these kingdoms are drawn. In them, Greek cultural traditions mix with more ancient native elements to form a fascinating hybrid civilization which modern scholars label "Hellenistic". It is at this time that some of the most spectacular "Greek" artistic and intellectual achievements occur.
Read more on Alexander the Great's impact on Middle Eastern history
Mesopotamia is now ruled by descendants of one of Alexander the Great's generals, who plant many Hellenistic citiesclick to view Iraq 200BC
Iran - "the land of a thousand cities"click to view Iran 200BC
In the wake of Alexander the Great's conquests, Asia Minor is now divided between several Hellenistic kingdomsclick to view Turkey 200BC
Syria and Judaea are ruled by descendants of one of Alexander the Great's generalsclick to view Syria 200BC
Egypt is now ruled by monarchs descended from one of Alexander the Great's generalsclick to view Egypt 200BC
Trade caravans bring precious spices across the desert from southern Arabiaclick to view Arabia 200BC
The Celts still dominate much of Europe, but a new power, Rome, is on the rise and is now the leading power in the western Mediterraneanclick to view Europe 200BC
Trade routes across the Sahara desert are being pioneered, while, to the south, Bantu farmers continue their swift expansion across the continentclick to view Africa 200BC
India has seen a great empire, the Mauryan, cover much of the subcontinentclick to view India and South Asia 200BC
Over the past two centuries the Middle East has been divided between two major powers, Rome to the west, which now controls Asia Minor, Syria and Judaea, and Egypt; and Parthia to the east, which rules Mesopotamia and Iran. This political division will characterize the history of the region for several centuries.
The social and cultural division is not so sharp, however. Greek civilization has left its mark on Mesopotamia and other parts of the Middle Eastern world, as a powerful ingredient in a mix containing more ancient cultures. Greek-style (or "Hellenistic") cities thrive under both the Romans and the Parthians, and in both empires art and architecture continue to be deeply effected by Greek influences.
For the Parthians, the threat from steppe nomads in central Asia looms large, and it is in response to this that they have developed the first heavy cavalry in world history.
During these centuries, long-distance trade affecting this region has experienced a major upswing. The Silk Road with eastern Asia came into existence as a major trade route in the late 2nd century BC; and at around the same time the maritime trade to India also experienced major expansion.
Read more about this period of division in the history of the Middle East
For a dynamic and informative look at the Rise of the Roman Empire, check out our iPad app here
Although ruled by the Parthians, Mesopotamia still has many thriving Hellenistic citiesclick to view Iraq 30BC
Iran, the centre of the Parthian empireclick to view Iran 30BC
Asia Minor has fallen under the power of Rome.click to view Turkey 30BC
Syria is now a Roman province, and Judaea is under king Herod the Greatclick to view Syria 30BC
Egyptian independence has come to an end with the death of its famous queen, Cleopatraclick to view Egypt 30BC
Arabian civilization reaches a height of prosperityclick to view Arabia 30BC
With Octavian's victory over Antony and Cleopatra at the battle of Actium, the Roman Empire knows peace at lastclick to view The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire 30BC
The Roman empire now rules much of Europeclick to view Europe 30BC
North Africa is now part of the Roman empire, while in central Africa the Bantu expansion continuesclick to view Africa 30BC
The Mauryan empire fragmented into different kingdoms; since then invaders from the western and central Asia have conquered much of northern and central Indiaclick to view India and South Asia 30BC
For the past two hundred years the Middle East has continued to be divided between the hostile empires of Rome and Parthia, with Asia Minor, Syria and Judaea, and Egypt under the firm rule of the Roman empire, and Mesopotamia and Iran under the Parthians. The kingdom of Armenia acts as a buffer between the two, regularly fought over. The Roman empire normally has the better of the fighting, and has launched two major invasions which have penetrated deep into the heartland of the Parthian empire.
Within the Parthian empire, an Iranian "renaissance" is taken place, which promotes Iranian cultural features (seen most clearly in architectural elements such as the cornich and dome) at the expense of alien Greek influences.
One small part of the Middle East, Judaea, has seen the birth of one of the major religions of world history, Christianity. Later, however, two great rebellions there were crushed by the Romans, and the Jewish people were dispersed from their ancient homeland.
Read more on this period of division in the history of the Middle East
For a dynamic and informative look at the Rise of the Roman Empire, check out our iPad app here
Under Parthian rule, Hellenistic civilization in Mesopotamia gradually gives way to local influencesclick to view Iraq 200AD
Iran, the centre of the Parthian empireclick to view Iran 200AD
The cities of Asia Minor have prospered under the peace which Roman rule has broughtclick to view Turkey 200AD
The Jews have been exiled from their homeland after two great revolts against Romeclick to view Syria 200AD
Egypt is a province of the Roman empireclick to view Egypt 200AD
The civilization of southern Arabia is in declineclick to view Arabia 200AD
The Roman empire has given two centuries of peace to the Mediterranean worldclick to view The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire 200AD
The Roman empire has given much of Europe two centuries of peace and prosperityclick to view Europe 200AD
All of North Africa is now part of the Roman empire, while to the south the Bantu migration continuesclick to view Africa 200AD
The Kushana empire of ancient India is important to world history as a centre for the spread of Buddhismclick to view India and South Asia 200AD
The Middle East has remained divided between two superpowers. The Roman empire (now ruled from Constantinople and known to modern scholars as the eastern Roman Empire) rules the western parts of the region, Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt, while in the eastern parts of the region - Iran and Mesopotama - the Parthian empire has been replaced by a new Persian empire.
The Persian rulers of the Sasanian dynasty have proved more adept at centralizing power more firmly within their own hands than their Parthian predecessors had been; they have also been much more formidable opponents of the Romans. As with the Parthians, however, the Sasanians fear the steppe nomads of central Asia, with their unpredictable ways, a great deal more than they fear the Romans. Recently the steppes have been dominated by a particularly ferocious people, the Huns, who have from time to time inflicted crushing defeats on Persian armies.
The Sasanian monarchs have promoted Zoroastrianism as the state religion, but amongst the population at large Christianity has become the dominant faith - this despite repeated persecution, especially after Christianity has become the religion of the Roman emperors.
Read more on this period of division in the history of the Middle East
For a close-up look at the Fall of the Roman Empire, check out our iPad app here
Under Persian rule, Mesopotamia reaches a peak of prosperityclick to view Iraq 500AD
Iran, the centre of the Persian empireclick to view Iran 500AD
The cities of Asia Minor remain prosperous centres of classical civilizationclick to view Turkey 500AD
Syria and Palestine, provinces of the Eastern Roman Empireclick to view Syria 500AD
Egypt is a province of the Eastern Roman Empireclick to view Egypt 500AD
The civilization of southern Arabia has declined, along with the great desert trade routesclick to view Arabia 500AD
The Roman empire has lost its western provinces to barbarian invaders, but the eastern half remains intactclick to view The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire 500AD
The western Roman empire has fallen to German invaders, but the eastern Roman empire remains intactclick to view Europe 500AD
In West Africa the trade routes across the Sahara are expanding, while to the east the powerful kingdom of Ethiopia has emergedclick to view Africa 500AD
This period of India's history has seen the rise of the Gupta dynasty, under whom ancient Indian civilization reaches its peakclick to view India and South Asia 500AD
The past two and a half centuries have seen the map of the Middle East change radically. In the 7th century Arab tribes, united under the banner of a new religion, Islam, swept outwards in a surge of conquests: Iraq and Iran, Syria and Palestine, Egypt and North Africa, Spain - all have fallen to them. Arab armies have penetrated as far as western India in the east and, briefly, France in the west. They have also conquered far into central Asia, where they have made contact with the mighty Chinese empire of the Tang dynasty. Initially these contacts are hostile, but they will soon bear fruit in expanded trade along the Silk Road across inner Asia.
The Persian empire vanished under the onslaught, and the Byzantine empire lost its most valuable provinces. In their place, the Arabs established a vast empire, called the "Caliphate" ("Caliph" means "successor", in this case to the Prophet Muhammed). Up until now it has been ruled from Damascus, in Syria; with a change of dynasty, its capital will very soon become Baghdad, in Iraq.
For a great close-up on the Rise of Islam, check out our iPad app here
Arabia has become the springboard for dramatic conquests under the banner of a new religion, Islamclick to view Arabia 750AD
Much of Asia Minor has been devastated by continuous warfareclick to view Turkey 750AD
Syria is the centre of the Islamic Caliphateclick to view Syria 750AD
Egypt has become a province of the Islamic Caliphateclick to view Egypt 750AD
Now under Arab rule, the people of Iraq are allowed to keep their previous religion and customsclick to view Iraq 750AD
Iran, a province of the Arab empire and a centre of opposition to the Umayyad caliphateclick to view Iran 750AD
Medieval Europe is beginning to emerge from the wreckage of the Ancient Worldclick to view Europe 750AD
Powerful regional kingdoms now divide the Indian subcontinent, while the western parts have been absorbed into the Islamic caliphateclick to view India and South Asia 750AD
In West Africa the trans-Saharan trade has led to the rise of the wealthy kingdoms of Ghanaclick to view Africa 750AD
Very soon after 750 Baghdad replaced Damascus as the capital of the Caliphate, shifting the centre of gravity of the Muslim world eastward. Shortly after this the empire began to break up, with Spain, North Africa, Egypt, Syria, western India and much of Iran falling away from Baghdad's control. By this date, indeed, the Caliphs have ceased to exercise much political power, even in Iraq. They have increasingly taken on a more symbolic role as the focus of Muslim loyalties.
The Muslim world is home to an astonishing cultural life. Technological and scientific developments have come in from China (paper and ceramics) India (the decimal system) and Ancient Greece (in medicine and philosophy, amongst much else), and to all this Arab thinkers make their own distinctive contributions (for example, in optics and algebra). They create a massive body of knowledge which will in due course be passed onto Europeans to form the basis for further advances.
Asia Minor is the main recruiting ground for the army of the Byzantine empireclick to view Turkey 979AD
Under the Fatimids, Egypt becomes the leading centre of Islamic civilizationclick to view Egypt 979AD
Aleppo is a major centre of Islamic civilizationclick to view Syria 979AD
Harsh taxation, civil war and rebellion undermines the prosperity of Iraqclick to view Iraq 979AD
Iran is falling away from control by the caliph in Baghdadclick to view Iran 979AD
Arabia is home to Islamic sects seen as dangerous by the orthodox Muslimsclick to view Arabia 979AD
Vikings and other raiders lay waste to much of Western Europe, bringing widespread insecurity to the people and leading to the rise of a militarized society which we call "feudalism"
click to view Europe 979AD
This period of the subcontinent's history sees southern kingdoms emerging as major centres of Indian civilizationclick to view India and South Asia 979AD
New kingdoms have emerged in West African, and the trans-Saharan trade has brought Muslim traders to the region, who are spreading their faithclick to view Africa 979AD
The preceding two centuries have seen the rise and decline of the Seljuq empire in the Middle East. The Seljuqs were a group of Muslim Turks from central Asia who, swooping down from their homeland, overran Iran, Iraq, Syria and much of Asia Minor, where they took much territory from the Byzantine empire.
The Seljuq empire soon broke up, however, giving way to regional states ruled by sultans of Turkish origin. The sultanate of Rum was the most enduring of these.
Turkish sultans also came to power in Egypt, which had never been conquered by the Seljuqs. These were the Ayyubids, and they have succeeded in conquering up into Syria and far into the Arabian peninsula.
The Seljuq conquests of Jerusalem and of Byzantine territories in Asia Minor led to a succession of military campaigns from Europe which attempted to conquer these areas for Christendom. These "Crusades" met vigorous resistance, and have all but failed. They initially established several small Christian states in Syria and Jerusalem, but the Crusaders now control only a narrow strip of coast. They will soon lose even this.
In recent years, another Muslim Turkish group, the Khwarizm Shah, have taken control of Iran, and the Middle East will soon see new waves of invaders from central Asia.
Meanwhile Islamic learning has continued to flourish, and closer contacts with Europe, which are often hostile but as often peaceful and commercial, are allowing this learning to spread westwards into Christian lands. At the same time Muslim maritime trade with East Africa, South Asia, South East Asia and China has also intensified. This maritime activity leads to improvements in shipbuilding and design, and in navigation, with Muslim sailors developing the astrolabe and learning about the compass from the Chinese.
The Turkish sultanate of Rum now rules in Asia Minorclick to view Turkey 1215AD
Egypt is now under the dynasty of the renowned Muslim leader, Saladinclick to view Egypt 1215AD
Crusaders from Europe have invaded Syria and Palestine, but have been pushed back to the coast by Saladinclick to view Syria 1215AD
Although Iraq continues to deteriorate, Baghdad is a major centre of Islamic civilizationclick to view Iraq 1215AD
Iran, now under Turkish rulersclick to view Iran 1215AD
The civilization of southern Arabia has declined, along with the great desert trade routesclick to view Arabia 1215AD
India has entered a new phase in its history as a Muslim state, the Delhi sultanate, establishes itself over much of the north of the subcontinent
click to view India and South Asia 1215AD
In West Africa the spread of trade routes to the south has led to the rise of the Yoruba kingdom of Oyo, while in East Africa a string of trading cities are emerging along the coastclick to view Africa 1215AD
In Europe, feudalism is at its height, and so is the power of the Church; great military expeditions, called Crusades, are launched against Muslim powers in the Middle East
click to view Europe 1215AD
The previous centuries have seen further invasions from central Asia. From the 1230s, the Middle East came under the rule of the Mongols. They conquered Iran and Iraq, and in 1258 captured Baghdad, killing the last of the Caliphs. Their advance was only stopped by the Mamluq Turks, a group of slave-soldiers who had seized control of Egypt, Syria and western Arabia. They ousted the last Crusader toe-holds on the Syrian coast.
The vast Mongol empire was divided amongst the descendants of Genghis Khan, and the Middle East fell to a branch which became known as the Il-khans. These converted to Islam. However, the usual decline set in, and a number of regional states emerged.
Mongol control of central Asia allowed the trade routes across inner Asia (known as the Silk Road) to flourish as never before, and Muslim traders routinely visited China and the Far East. Back came technologies developed in China and East Asia, notably firearms (Muslim armies soon adopted firearms and used them to greater effect than the Mongols had done), as well as new techniques in ceramic and textile production.
In the 1340s the region was struck by the Black Death, killing a large percentage of its population.
In the late 14th century another conqueror from central Asia, Timur, became master of most of the Middle East, with the major exception of Egypt and Syria, still under the Mamluqs.
Since Timur's death his empire has shrank back to Iran, and Iraq has fallen to another group from central Asia, the Black Sheep Turks.
Meanwhile, Asia Minor has now come under the Ottoman empire. In this year, 1453, the Ottomans capture the great Byzantine capital of Constantinople.
The intellectual climate in the Islamic world has become more hostile to secular learning, especialy that based on non-Muslim foundations. From now on most Muslim intellectual endeavour will be devoted to theological matters.
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The Ottoman empire captures the great city of Constantinopleclick to view Turkey 1453AD
Yemen has been a centre of trade and Islamic cultureclick to view Arabia 1453AD
Syria is now under the Mamluqs, a group of slave-soldiers based in Egyptclick to view Syria 1453AD
Egypt is now ruled by a class of slave-soldiers, the Mamluqsclick to view Egypt 1453AD
Iran has become a brilliant centre of Islamic civilizationclick to view Iran 1453AD
Iraq is now ruled by a tribe from central Asia called the Black Sheep Turksclick to view Iraq 1453AD
Benin and other new kingdoms are emerging in the forest regions of West Africa, and in southern Africa the civilization of Great Zimbabwe has appearedclick to view Africa 1453AD
Kings are growing stronger, trade is expanding, towns and cities are prospering, and new ideas are beginninhg to make themselves felt: these trends and others combine to weaken the old feudal order
In the wake of the rise and decline of the Delhi sultanate, Muslim-ruled states now cover most of the Indian subcontinentclick to view India and South Asia 1453AD
Over the past two centuries, most of the Middle East has come under the rule of two major powers. The Ottoman empire sent its armies east from Asia Minor to conquer Syria in 1516, Egypt in 1517, western Arabia (the Hejaz and Yemen) in the following years, and Iraq in 1534. The Ottomans have brought much needed peace and stability to these countries, and a measure of economic progress. To the east has arisen the other major Middle Eastern power, Safavid Iran. Under the Safavids, Iran has experienced a period of great cultural achievement, particularly in architecture.
Asia Minor is the centre of the Ottoman empire, one of the great empires of world historyclick to view Turkey 1648AD
Syria is now a part of the Ottoman empireclick to view Syria 1648AD
Egypt is now a part of the Ottoman empireclick to view Egypt 1648AD
The Ottoman empire is the dominant power within the Arabian peninsulaclick to view Arabia 1648AD
Iraq is now a part of the Ottoman empireclick to view Iraq 1648AD
Iran under the Safavids continues to be a brilliant centre of Islamic civilizationclick to view Iran 1648AD
Developments such as the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the expansion of trade and colonization throughout the world, have transformed Europeclick to view Europe 1648AD
The Mughal empire now rules much of the sub-continent, marking a high point in the history of Indian civilizationclick to view India and South Asia 1648AD
Large numbers of Africans are being taken to the Americas as slavesclick to view Africa 1648AD
Over the past century, the military garrisons in Syria, Egypt and Iraq, which theoretically answer to the Ottoman sultans in Constantinople, have come to dominate their respective provinces and now govern them as virtually independent states. The Ottoman empire's hold on the region is more apparent than real outside Asia Minor.
Luckily for the Ottomans, Iran has experienced even greater weakness. The Safavid dynasty has fallen from power, and successor regimes have become increasingly unstable. Through all this, the leadership of the Shi'ite branch of Islam has been strengthening its hold on the country.
In Arabia, today's Gulf emirates are being established, and the first Saudi kingdom has appeared.
By this date, Western economic interests are being felt in the region. These will only get stronger.
The Ottoman government has been weakened, both internally and externallyclick to view Turkey 1789AD
The first Saudi kingdom has appeared in Arabiaclick to view Arabia 1789AD
Although officially a part of the Ottoman empire, Egypt is really ruled by the Mamluqsclick to view Egypt 1789AD
The Safavid dynasty is in declineclick to view Iran 1789AD
Although formally a part of the Ottoman empire, a group of Mamluq soldiers now govern Iraq as virtually independent rulersclick to view Iraq 1789AD
Standards of Ottoman administration have declined in Syriaclick to view Syria 1789AD
The Atlantic Slave Trade is at its height, and having a destructive impact on wide areas of the African interiorclick to view Africa 1789AD
The foundations for worldwide scientific and military dominance are being laid in the struggles between European nationsclick to view Europe 1789AD
India has entered a new chapter in its history with the expansion of the British empire in the subcontinentclick to view India and South Asia 1789AD
In the last years of the 18th century and the early years of 19th, the decline in the Ottoman empire power became all too apparent. Egypt and Syria came under a break-away regime, and Iraq was governed as a virtually independent state. Now, however, there are signs of a revival. Iraq first, and now, Syria, are being brought back under the firm control of the Ottomans. Egypt, however, has been lost to the Ottomans. It is treated by Western powers as an independent state.
Iran continues to experience weakness and instability.
The small Arab emirates on the Gulf coast are beginning to feel the power of the British navy. In Arabia, the first Saudi kingdom was crushed, and a second one has now appeared.
The Ottoman government has embarked on a remarkable programme of modernizationclick to view Turkey 1837AD
The first Saudi kingdom has been crushed, but a second one has appearedclick to view Arabia 1837AD
Egypt is now semi-independent from the Ottoman empireclick to view Egypt 1837AD
For Iran, this is a period of economic stagnation and some territorial lossclick to view Iran 1837AD
The Ottoman empire has succeeded in reimposing its authority in Iraqclick to view Iraq 1837AD
Syria has come under Egyptian controlclick to view Syria 1837AD
The Zulu conquests are causing turmoil over a large part of south and central Africaclick to view Africa 1837AD
Europe continues to be transformed by intellectual change and industrial expansionclick to view Europe 1837AD
The British empire now dominates most of India, marking the most radical change in the long history of the subcontinentclick to view India and South Asia 1837AD
The past decades have seen the lands of the Ottoman empire experience renewed centralized rule, with the provincial elites in Syria and Iraq being brought firmly back under the authority of the sultan's government. Egypt is by now an independent kingdom.
In Iran, weak government and social stagnation continue; while remaining politically independent, the country is coming increasingly under the economic control of Britain. In fact, European (especially British and French) influence is growing throughout the region. The opening of the Suez canal has turned the Middle East into a vital strategic interest for Western powers. The canal is a main thoroughfare for Western trade, as well as an important link in the military chains tying the European powers to their overseas empires in East Africa, India, SE Asia and the Pacific.
The Ottoman empire is continuing to modernize itselfclick to view Turkey 1871AD
The second Saudi kingdom has fallenclick to view Arabia 1871AD
The Suez Canal has been openedclick to view Egypt 1871AD
Iran has been drawn into the British sphere of influenceclick to view Iran 1871AD
Iraq is under the firm control of the Ottoman empireclick to view Iraq 1871AD
Syria has again become a part of the Ottoman empireclick to view Syria 1871AD
European explorers have visited the interior of Africaclick to view Africa 1871AD
Nationalism and industrialization continue to transform Europeclick to view Europe 1871AD
The history of British India almost ended in a great rebellion, but the British were able to regain controlclick to view India and South Asia 1871AD
In recent decades, the Suez canal's immense importance in linking European nations with their empires in East Africa, India, SE Asia and the Pacific has placed the Middle East right at the heart of their concerns. The British, being the leading global power, are at the forefront in establishing their interests in the region. Egypt has now drifted under their political control, as have several small emirates on the Arabian coast. British commercial interests predominate in Iraq and Iran - which is also a target for Russian influence. French commercial influence is strong in Syria.
In the face of these pressures, the Ottoman empire has continued to tighten its control over Anatolia, Syria and Iraq, and is also intent on modernizing its dominions' economies. The Ottoman government seeks to balance British and French influence by developing closer ties with Germany.
In the Arabian peninsula, a third Saudi kingdom has appeared, and this time it will endure. Two further developments which will have a dramatic impact on the coming decades in the region are the arrival of Jews in increasing numbers in Palestine, from the 1880s onwards, and the discovery of oil in Arabia, in 1901.
The Ottoman sultans have maintained the modernizing policies of their predecessorsclick to view Turkey 1914AD
Syria is advancing economically under Ottoman ruleclick to view Syria 1914AD
Egypt is now effectively a part of the British empireclick to view Egypt 1914AD
A third, much larger, Saudi kingdom has appearedclick to view Arabia 1914AD
Under Ottoman rule, Iraq is modernizingclick to view Iraq 1914AD
Iran is effectively now under Russian ruleclick to view Iran 1914AD
European nations now rule much of the world, but their rivalries are now leading them into the First World Warclick to view Europe 1914AD
The history of the British empire in India reaches its height - but it will shortly come to an endclick to view India and South Asia 1914AD
The European powers have divided almost the whole of Africa up between themclick to view Africa 1914AD
The decades since 1914 have been ones of great change for the Middle East.
The Ottoman empire sided with Germany and Austria in World War 1 (1914-8), and afterwards was broken up amongst the nations of Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. All except Turkey and Saudi Arabia were at first under British or French control. Iraq became independent in 1933.
After World War 2, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt and Jordan became independent. In 1948 the British left Palestine, under fire from both Arabs and Jews. The Jews declared the independent state of Israel. Bitter fighting between Jews and Arabs followed, but Israel continued in being.
The politics of most Middle Eastern states has been autocratic, and frequently unstable. They have also been deeply affected by the Cold War, with some (Syria, Egypt) veering towards the pro-Soviet camp and others (the monarchies of the Arabian peninsula, Turkey, Iraq and Iran) towards the West. Israel, on the whole pro-West, has retained a western-style parliamentary system.
The oil industry is transforming many Middle Eastern countries, especially in the Gulf region, giving them hitherto undreamed of wealth.
The Republic of Turkey was founded by Kemal Ataturkclick to view Turkey 1960AD
The historic region of Syria is now divided between Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordanclick to view Syria 1960AD
Egypt is now ruled by President Nasserclick to view Egypt 1960AD
Oil is bringing vast new wealth to the Arabian kingdomsclick to view Arabia 1960AD
Iraq became an independent nation in 1933click to view Iraq 1960AD
Iran has become an enormously wealthy countryclick to view Iran 1960AD
Europe has experienced two devastating world wars, and is now divided between East and Westclick to view Europe 1960AD
The long history of India and South Asia has entered a new chapter with the replacement of the British empire by independent republicsclick to view India and South Asia 1960AD
The European nations are starting to withdraw from the empires in Africaclick to view Africa 1960AD
For the Middle East, the last few decades have been troubled ones, dominated by two issues - oil, and Arab-Israeli hostility. Such are their geopolitical importance to the rest of the world that the region has attracted constant global attention, and frequent intervention.
The first of these, oil, has brought economic progress and dazzling modernity to several countries, especially in the Arabian peninsula. The second has directly involved the surrounding countries of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt, and, indirectly, all the countries of the region. It has brought two full-scale wars, in 1967 and 1973, plus several bloody disturbances on - and within - Israel's borders.
Virtually every major episode in the region's recent history has been touched to a greater or lesser extent by these two issues. The rise and fall of Saddam Hussein in Iraq, and the Islamic Revolution in Iran, have had their impact multiplied by them. The Arab-Israeli question has made it much harder for Muslim leaders to adopt pro-Western policies, and has given anti-Western terrorist organizations widespread support. Oil wealth has helped finance terrorism, and has impeded the spread of democracy in the region: apart from Israel, Turkey is the only country to have developed a proper parliamentary-style system of government.
Turkey is a stable and prosperous democratic republicclick to view Turkey 2005AD
Hostilities between Israel and the Arabs have dominated this regionclick to view Syria 2005AD
Egypt is now ruled by President Mubarakclick to view Egypt 2005AD
The region experienced a huge shock when Iraq invaded Kuwaitclick to view Arabia 2005AD
Saddam Hussein's brutal rule has brought disaster to Iraqclick to view Iraq 2005AD
Iran has become an Islamic Republicclick to view Iran 2005AD
Most of Europe now belongs to the EUclick to view Europe 2005AD
The history of India and Pakistan has been characterised by mutual hostilityclick to view India and South Asia 2005AD
All European powers have withdrawn from their empires in Africaclick to view Africa 2005AD
Hover MAP for summary and tap to zoom. MAP < and > buttons change date. TIMELINE icons jump to date. See below for historical summary.


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ARTLESS, a Los Angeles based modern furniture company, was established in 2003 by Alejandro Artigas. With a commitment to designs that are clean and functional, yet familiar and unpretentious, the ARTLESS brand creates timeless pieces that will become tomorrow's heirlooms. The brand is most interested in how durability, functionality, and aesthetics work together toward our everyday well being. With this in mind, ARTLESS furniture will age with pride and grace, and improve as years go by.
ARTLESS uses specially sourced materials and the highest quality American manufacturing for all of their modern home furnishings. They aim to deliver quality and longevity in their designs, both in terms of construction and style. The entire line is backed by a lifetime warranty and crafted to last for generations.
Alejandro Artigas was born in Mexico City in 1978 to a family of Architects. He is now based in Los Angeles, CA. His passion for architecture and design led him to study architecture in Italy, Mexico City and at the prestigious Architectural Association in London, before graduating with a Bachelor's degree in Architecture from The Southern California Institute of Architecture, SCI-Arc, in Los Angeles. Before graduating from SCI-Arc he co-founded Gabriela Artigas Jewelry in 2003, and the following year founded ARTLESS Corporation, as an architecture and design practice. Alejandro continued his pursuit of Architecture and in 2008 he graduated with a Masters degree in Advanced Architectural Design from The Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation at Columbia University, GSAPP.
Since 2009 he has been the lead designer for ARTLESS. He wears many hats on a day-to-day basis; architect, designer, curator, artist, and entrepreneur- always in the belief that aesthetics can contribute to a better world.View other products by Alejandro Artigas


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Half Day Private Photography Lesson in D.C.!
Camera Discussion / In-the-Field Shoot / Post Capture Session Digital Photo Academy instructors are available to accommodate personal schedules and provide a full day, 7 hours of instruction to suit the needs of individual parties. A half day, 3 hours is also available. Typically the session will last approximately, beginning with a discussion about the student's specific camera equipment and photographic needs, then leading into an in-the-field shoot that coincides with the photography goals of the student. The shoot can focus on Landscape, Portrait, Architecture or many other categories to suit the student's interest. This private session will culminate with a demonstration in a variety of post capture workflow tasks. The allotment of time in each section of the course will vary depending on the needs of the student, and the portion of the day purchased. Both class options include a meal to be scheduled in based on the scheduling requested by the student. CAMERA DISCUSSION Are you in the market for a new camera or do you already own the camera that you expect to work with over an extended period of time? The instructor will work with you to better understand the settings of your camera if need be, and delve into further exploration of the capabilities of your equipment. Is it best for you to shoot jpeg or RAW or any specific image size? Are you shooting for your website, a large print for your living room wall, or Facebook? Do you have a specific photographic category of interest such as: flowers, landscape, wildlife, portrait, sports, natural light, studio light etc. This information will help the instructor advise you of ways to best use your camera including relevant lenses and accessories. IN-THE-FIELD-SHOOTING Your instructor has an extensive awareness of in-the-field-shooting and further can private access to venues not ordinarily available to the public. Perhaps this option is not a necessity but you feel that you still might benefit from tutelage while taking pictures at a local zoo, an arboretum, or antebellum mansion. Perhaps sports photography is of interest. If so, many Digital Photo Academy Instructors shoot for city newspapers and might have ideas and access to local competitions for you to hone your skills. Depending on your preferred category in picture taking ranging from nature and wildlife, to street photography, to studio portraiture, and everything in between, your instructor will tailor the curriculum of the class. Your private class will include a locale that ties into your personal interest. Your instructor will also share an array of techniques that will help you capture portfolio worthy images. Composition is an art form and you will develop your own personal style but your instructor will share some classic techniques that will allow you to take a composition from your thoughts and instill it into the final image. POST CAPTURE After sharing techniques on creating powerful images an important aspect of the photographic pursuit is learning how to organize your body of work in a way that makes for convenient retrieval and sharing. At this point of the day your instructor will help you closely examine each image to analyze commonalities in how you see the world. Are you relying on a specific perspective? Do you tend to place the main subject in a specific portion within the frame? Do you tend to shoot close to your subject or further from your subject?
Digital Photo Academy provides photo classes for students of all backgrounds and experience levels. We teach in many cities throughout the country and provide you with professional photographers who can help you with any questions you may have. We provide tips and tricks and make sure that you leave more than satisfied, but ecstatic!
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J&P Part: 714-763
Gender: Men's
Helmet Model: Gmax GM65 Helmets
Manufacturer Part Number: 72-5640X
Product Color: Black
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Great and even more comfortable fit than the previous GM55 that I have. I like the easier to replace sun visor!
Fits very well and comfortable.
Great Helmet. Bought this and another one, this one really small/no shroom head, fits perfect comes with Blk and Clr visor, easy to use, just perfect for a DOT. Highly recommend
Comfortable and super easy to change face shields.
I was a bit reluctant about the style of the GM65 helmet, but with the J&P wear and decide policy' I bought it and it just kind of grew on me. I like it very much.
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This is a really light and well fitting helmet. The built in shield is great although a little clumsy to operate with gloves on. Came with clear and dark lens which are quick and easy to change from one to the other. The removable neck curtain is a nice accessory and is easy to remove and install. My only real complaint is that the the chin strap is a little short on me which makes it hard to buckle. I would recommend this product to anyone looking for a half helmet. And of course J&P Cycles shipping was fast and communication was great.
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- Feb 20:
- Gondolier still feels like home in new location
- Dec 26:
- The Gondolier is here: Storied Boulder eatery debuts in new home after 15 months away
- Dec 24:
- The Gondolier reborn: 50-year-old Boulder eatery reopening Thursday at new location
- Jun 26:
- The Gondolier returns: 50-year-old Boulder eatery to re-open at Baseline and Foothills
- Sep 1:
- Boulder's Gondolier to close Sept. 22 as owner hunts for smaller location
- Dec 27:
- Boulder's Gondolier on Pearl celebrates 50 years of Italian food
- Nov 8:
- Review: Fancy new location hasn't changed Gondolier's simple Italian fare
One of Boulder's oldest restaurants will move two blocks west at the end of next month to operate in a more visible spot.
Cafe Gondolier, which opened in 1960, will move from its 1738 Pearl St. location to the corner of 16th and Pearl streets, where bd's Mongolian barbeque operated until last month. It will be the Gondolier's fourth location in 47 years.
Nelson Kugel, co-owner and son of Cafe Gondolier founder Gary Kugel, moved the restaurant seven years ago from 28th Street and Valmont Road to its current location.
His father originally opened the Italian restaurant at 1600 Broadway just down the hill from the University of Colorado. Its first move came 20 years later; the second move 20 years after that.
The restaurant's third location — tucked into the building next to Frasca, off 18th and Pearl streets — may not have attracted as many newcomers as it could, and it might not have been top-of-mind with regulars, Kugel said.
"People who know the Gondolier know where to go," he said. "They thought about us, but maybe not as much as they would have if we were in a more visible spot."
Kugel was on the verge of moving into a the mid-block space on the north side of Pearl Street when he heard bd's Mongolian barbeque was closing. It's unclear why the franchise restaurant closed; the officials at the chain's headquarters couldn't be reached Monday.
The Gondolier's all-you-can eat spaghetti nights on Tuesdays and Wednesdays have lured many a college student to the restaurant.
Facing the intersection at 16th and Pearl streets also should help the Gondolier develop a livelier summer patio scene, Kugel said.
Brett Thrash, a longtime Boulder resident, has been eating at the Gondolier since the mid-1980s.
In high school, group dates for his circle of friends revolved around $2.49 all-you-can eat Gondolier meals before a $1.50 movie, he said.
Thrash kept going there — once, even finding himself eating there three times in two days — and moving to items other than just all-you-can-eat spaghetti. He also slowed his pace to about once a month. He enjoys food that tastes homemade, he said, though he admits maybe liking the Gondolier a bit too much.
"It's the satisfaction of being so full you can't move — but a healthy full," Thrash said. "If you tried that next door at Frasca, it'd cost you like $300 or something."
Contact Camera Business Writer Greg Avery at 303-473-1307 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Best pizza in town. Anyone know of a better pizza?
"Best pizza in town."
I second that!
D'Napoli's has by far the best pizza in town (though not well known yet and probably is a good thing), at least according to my former East Coast taste buds spoiled by growing up in a small town with a very high percentage of first and second generation native Italians. Cafe Gondolier's sauce is a tad too sweet, D'Napoli's has just the right balance of sweet and salty. D'Napoli's crust also has just the right balance of doughy on the inside and crusty on the outside, Cafe Gondolier's is a little too doughy and it lacks stability. Although Cafe Gondolier's pizza is definately in the top tier, far better than Abos that seems to always win the Best of Boulder for some unkown reason. Pizza Calore' rocks too. Jalino's is also much better than Abo's too. Curious to see if the owner of Abo's is buying out the daily camera.
If it's East Coast it's crap. Gondo baby! And the box wine at D'Nappyoily will put a hurtin' on ya.
There hasn't been decent pizza in Boulder since Roman Village (Williams Village location) closed.
I prefer a thinner crust, so I like Gondolier. Also, I never get their tomato sauce on the pizza--PESTO all the way!!!
Jalino's is good, but I don't want to pay $25 for a pie!
Mellow Mushroom was really good, and it used to be where the Gondolier is now. Too bad they're long gone.
Roman Village!? First off it was in the Tantra Shopping Center, not WillVill. And more importantly, blarf!
Wrong-o wiseguy. Roman Village's first location was in Willy Villy. The second location opened on Table Mesa.
The Gondolier can move wherever it wants but it will still be serving bad
spagetti. I used to go there a lot of all you can eat spagetti night,but the
food has gone down hill. I am a Boulder native and am sad to say that I
don't like The Gondolier anymore. Much better places are IL Pastio on
30th street near the King Soopers and D'Napoli.The one place that Gondolier is better than is Pasta Jay's. If someone offered to pay
me to eat at Pasta Jay's I won't eat that horrible food. I would prefer to
open a can of spagetti o's than eat at Pasta Jay's. I really miss Roman Village Pizza. It's first location was at Willy Villy and I worked for a while
at the Table Mesa location. Hated the job but loved the pizza. Especially
their square thick pizzas.
I have never eaten pasta at Pasta Jay's. But I can say that they seem to have one of the best margherita pizzas in town.
Best Pizza? Try Proto's.
I'm just thrilled that a local business is going into that location. Just more great news for my little part of town. I'm sure they'll do very well.


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Product Type: Packaging materials
Laser takes optical inspection capabilities to the next level
Key Technologys Optyx 3000 Series Sorter with Raptor Laser Technology combines proprietary color cameras with laser technology to maximize the detection and removal of defective product and foreign material.
Category: Equipment
Product Type: Inspection equipment
The Future of Food Processing - A New Way of Dehydrating
Food processes promise greener processing, cleaner labels and higher-quality food
Key Technology
Key Technology introduces ADR 5, an automatic defect removal system for potato strips, which enables processors to accurately match product quality to specifications.
Microwave Oven Technology Turns Frozen Foods Into Gourmet
TrueCookPlus, a breakthough microware technology, does all the figuring for you.
Ethical Naturals Expands Use of Antioxidant Technology for Beverage and ...
Ethical Naturals' antioxidant extraction technology now applied to the production of a new standardized fruit blend.
Key Technology Launches New Blog for the Fresh-Cut Produce Community
Key Technology's new blog "Fresh Food for Thought" will be penned by Teri Johnson, Keys Fresh-Cut Industry Manager
2005 Pack Expo/FPME Held in Las Vegas
Amidst the glitz and neon lights of Las Vegas, more than 1,000 companies will demonstrate the latest technologies September 26-28 at Pack Expo Las Vegas and the Food Processing Machinery Expo (FPME).
Key Technology and ABCO Industries Form Manufacturing and Sales Alliance
Key Technology and ABCO announce the formation of a manufacturing and sales alliance.
French Culinary Institute launches culinary technology program
The French Culinary Institute (FCI) launched its Culinary Technology program, with the start of its Magic Potions: Transglutaminase class.
Mettler Toledo Provides Model for Next-Generation Industry Technology Adoption
Mettler Toledo is bringing advanced retail item data management innovation to the global marketplace.
Category: Equipment
Product Type: Software
Three-Way Sorting Equipment Separates Good Product Into Different Grades
Key Technology's Optyx Sorter can be used for removing foreign material and separating off-grade product that can be reworked from the primary product.
Category: Equipment
Product Type: Separator
Slow Churned technology delivers a frozen treat with less sugar and fewer ...
Dreyer's Slow Churned technology delivers a frozen treat with less sugar and fewer calories
Category: New Food Products
Product Type: Dairy
Manufacturers Look to Super-Premium Processing to Keep Beverages Safe
Technology is front and center as beverage processors respond to growing demand for fresh, minimally processed products.
NCFST PATS Process Wins 2009 IFT Food Expo Innovation Award
Award recognizes pioneering food safety process as a technology with significant scientific merit and representing a major technical advancement
Micro Motion/Emerson
Emerson Process Management has announced next-generation MVD (multivariable digital) technology and sensor design innovations that significantly enhance the accuracy, stability, and versatility of the companys Micro Motion Coriolis flowmeter offering.
NCFST Forms HPP Group; Invites Food Packagers to Join
The National Center for Food Safety and Technology and Illinois Institute of Technology have formed a new HPP working group to drive forward scientific advances and commercial applications for the food and beverage industry.
Fresh-Cut Core Removal System Eliminates Manual Coring
Key Technology's onCore combines a vibratory density separation shaker with a camera/laser sorter for the processing of iceberg and romaine lettuces in bagged salads.
Category: Equipment
Product Type: Sorter
EtQs Chief Executive Officer to Speak at the Food Technology and Innovation ...
EtQ's Chief Executive Officer, Glenn McCarty, will speak in a joint presentation with the Research Director at AMR Research, Simon Jacobson, at the 3rd Annual Food Technology and Innovation Forum to be held on May 12 through 14 at the Hyatt Regency OHare in Chicago, Ill.
Five New Technologies for Inspection
Lab testing will always be the gold standard in food inspection, but rising throughput rates are leading to more quality assurance at the point of production.
Bosch Rexroth Corp.
A new full-color brochure from Bosch Rexroth Corp. gives an overview of the companys GenNext technology and its application to a wide variety of food processing and packaging machines.
Displaying 26-50 of 10231 results


text:
Well, it looks like the "Top 10 list" is something folks like to see.
The emails keep pouring in…
So, this list will be on the Top 10 ways to have an awful backpack trip.
Now that the Troop has done a couple good ones, lets see if can make them better, but here you go…
The Top 10…
10. Get lost… That is why we have a map and compass in our 10 essentials.
9. Bring the wrong sleeping gear… a bad nights sleep makes for a long day of hiking.
8. Wear bad foot wear. Sturdy boots and good socks will keep the feet nice a cozy!
7. Get wet and cold… Hey rain gear is a lot "Cooler" than being wet and miserable.
6. Run out of food… enough said!
5. Carry to much. Planning, Planning, Planning!
4. Have a backpack break… Check your gear and make repairs when needed, the trail is no place to break down.
3. Run out of water. Know your route, pump even if you don't need it.
2. Over estimate your limits. Know yourself and your crew… Push yourself, but know when you need to stop.
and the number one way to have an awful backpacking trip….
1. Forget to see the forest among the trees. The reason you backpack is to get away from it all. Set out on the trails less traveled and you will be rewarded with vistas beyond beautiful!
If you fail to have a good time and enjoy the trip, it will be awful in the end!
Happy Scouting!
1. Map
2. Compass
3. Flashlight/headlamp (be sure to have an extra set of batteries that fit your flashlight/headlamp)
4. Extra food (enough for one extra day)
5. Extra clothing
6. Rain gear ( jacket and pants-always carry rain gear even if the sun is out)
7. First aid supplies (be sure to include an extra day of any medication you are taking or might need in an emergency)
8. Pocket knife
9. Matches (stored in a water tight container)
10. Fire starter (wax, dryer lint etc)


text:
Top 100 Emo Songs of All Time
94. Paramore | "Misery Business"
"Misery Business" by Paramore from the album Riot! (2007)
Being the Fleetwood Mac of mid-'00s emo may have been a crazy rollercoaster of backstabbing betrayals and romantic retributions but Paramore have never lacked for material for their soaring anthems because of it. That was never more true than on this, their first big hit. Allegedly having something to do with exes and lying and Livejournal, "Misery Business" treads a line of feeling bad, feeling good, and gloriously not caring.
_Daniel Brockman


text:
In "Decision Time," Editor Brian Lovett shares a scenario from his 20-plus years hunting turkeys. Each hinges on a critical decision. Post what choice you would have made, and then see how things actually turned out.
Conclusion: Manifest Destiny
Enough was enough. I'd come more than a quarter-mile for the turkey, and I wasn't stopping without him. I ditched my vest by the woods edge, got in low-crawling mode and aimed for a small finger ridge about 75 steps away. From there, I'd have a good view of where the gobbler had been.
When reached the crest of the smaller ridge, I eased next to the only tree in sight and glassed the area. Nothing. I waited. Still nothing.
"Doggone it, I'll bet he -- wait," I thought.
Sure enough, the tip of a fan glistened just over the top of the main ridge. The bird was probably 60 yards away and hadn't seen me.
Two yelping series, four gobbles and a 20-second turkey trot later, the gobbler was flopping 30 steps from me. Whew. Who said Midwesterners can't make a go of it out West?
What decision did you make?
Click here to return to the scenario.
Click here to get great deals on all the new turkey gear you'll need for Spring 2011.


text:
Great value and great service! We get the best price from MisterArt.com
More Testimonials »
The C. Howard Hunt Pen Company was founded in 1899 by Howard Hunt. The widely used BOSTON pencil sharpener found in almost every schoolroom was made at this small company.
Mr. George E. Bartol, a Philadelphia grain and commodities exporter, was one of the first 28 shareholders. In 1903, Mr. Bartol was elected president of Hunt Pen. Ross F. George of Seattle, a sign letterer, invented a tipped pen that could make both broad and thin lines, and he called it a Speedball Pen. The Hunt Pen company purchased Mr. George's idea, and soon manufactured these pens in six sizes. Later on, these famous Speedball pens became the company's namesake.
By 1925, the Howard Hunt Company was making almost 45,000 pens a day from rolled steel sheets. In 1936, Hunt was America's first large manufacturer of inexpensive linoleum block printing accessories.
Hunt Manufacturing understands the value of well-crafted tools. The company has a deep appreciation for the people who make these pens and inks. A particular source of pride for the company is their annual award of scholarships to children of employees, a practice which began in 1956 with the establishment of the Hunt Foundation. [ visit manufacturer website ]
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text:
Web Stories
Middle East lecture series continues, April 12
Posted April 12, 2001; 02:06 p.m.
Islam Compatible with Secularism and Democracy?" will be presented today by Tariq Ramadan, professor of Islamic thought, Universite de Fribourg and College de Geneve, at 4:30 p.m. in Bowl 5, Robertson Hall on campus.
Presented by the The Institute for the Transregional Study of the Contemporary Middle East, North Africa, and Central Africa, the lecture is free and open to the public. It is part of a seminar series, "The Middle East in the Next Millennium: Prospects for Peace and Democracy."
For more information, e-mail The Institute .
Contact: Marilyn Marks (609) 258-3601


text:
Enjoy a round of golf, hunt, shop year-a-round in our Amish shops in Redding, view Prairie Chickens in the Spring or visit our haunted Tedrow Cemetery. Come and relax! Great Breakfasts! Great beds! Enjoy our wrap around porch, pergola and flowers
Visit the rolling hills of south central Iowa at The Inn of the Six-Toed Cat. Feel all the pressures of life roll away as you sit on the antique white wicker porch swing. Get away, relax and enjoy an award-winning breakfast.
Experience Spook Cave's unique and fun underground boat tour! As your boat enters the base of a 90' bluff, your guide explains the discovery, development and history of the natural limestone cave and area.
Live a week at our ranch. You will be assigned to your horse for a week, enjoy great food, lodging, scenery, wildlife and relaxation. This is one of the only Dude/Guest ranches in Iowa. We are located at Lake Red Rock in the Des Moines River Valley.
King's Pointe Resort has 100 beautiful, spacious rooms. It is located right on Storm Lake allowing for an amazing view and back door lake access. King's Pointe offers 2 great waterparks for family fun and an on site restaurant.
Secluded modern country guest home. Nested in 80 acres of private forest with a pleasure pond and vineyards. Only 9 miles from Des Moines and 2 miles from Adventureland Park and Prairie Meadows Racetrack and Casino. Horse motel. Free WiFi internet
Enjoy a unique country setting in beautiful northern Iowa. Our suites have a romantic flare that will touch your hearts. Relax in a heart-shaped whirlpool bath or sit on your private balcony and enjoy the beautiful sunsets or sunrise.
9 Modern cabins surrounding private stocked pond. 1.2 a mile to Lake Sugema or Lacey State park. Large cabins sleep up to 10.
This antique hotel was built in 1846 and is filled with original antiques. A real step back in time. Our Caboose Cottage is a real railcar and features a queen bed, TV, kitchen, bathroom, dining room. Wireless internet access throughout.
All non-smoking rooms. Comfortable, clean and quiet rooms. Motel on one level with parking in front of your room. Free WIFI, HDTV, fridge, microwave, ceiling fans and many more convenience's for our guests comfort.
Lamoni, Iowa visitors guide to accommodations, adventure travel, unique tours and rentals. Check out top Lamoni, Iowa getaways & destinations. Lamoni, Iowa vacations, packages & travel spots. Visit Lamoni, Iowa !.


text:
Should I Go For Another Certification?
I'm new here. Thanks for providing this great resource.
I'm currently in the early stages of a career change into information security. I have three years' experience of helpdesk/network support but I have spent the last three years teaching english abroad.
My BA is irrelevant to IT but I am currently working on my masters in information security. I recently got my network+ cert and will have security+ by the end of the month.
Most of my coursework can be completed online, so I am thinking about starting the job hunt for entry level work after I get my security+. However I am in a position where I can keep my head low and supplement my graduate education with more certifications if that would be helpful.
So what should I do? I understand that education is no substitute for experience but I want to get any certifications that will be helpful for my job hunt. I am particularly interested in the Certified Ethical Hacker exam.
Thanks for taking the time to read this.


text:
Kappa Delta Varsity Cosmetic Bag
This Campaign Has Ended
Missed the Deadline?
Vote to relaunch this campaign or get notified when it's for sale again!Bring it back!
- Description
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The perfect bag for carrying anything you need from cosmetics, school supplies, toiletries, or any goodies you want to keep organized!
- Full color double side print over entire bag
- Made of poly-poplin canvas
- Zipper closure
- Measures 8.5 x 6 inches
- FINAL SALE - This item is individually made by hand just for you and cannot be returned. Size exchanges can be accommodated in most cases, but we encourage that you please check the size chart before purchasing.
- This item is individually made by hand for each order, and therefore has a longer turnaround time for shipping. The estimated shipping date is displayed next to the "Add to Cart" button, as well as in your shopping cart. Please keep in mind this is not the delivery date. Delivery times vary depending upon location. All products are shipped via USPS First Class or Priority Mail.
- For any questions about campaigns - click here.
For general FAQs, please visit our support center.
For everything else, feel free to email us - email@example.com


text: We were supposed to have Blizzard like conditions today, so I didn't go to work, but instead we got maybe 2 to 3 inches of snow, and as of 10:30 a whole lot of sunshine. Now they are saying we are going to have blizzard like conditoons tomorrow instead. Stupid weather service.


text:
Well, thinks are a real mess around here. I haven't take a
single launch break this week yet. Wow. But at last we are
making things happen.
As a by product of all this chaos, I haven't been able to roll out reply-o-matic 1.0 yet. I hope I can do it this weekend.
We are changing our backbone provider too. Things should improve dramaticaly. Take my advice, if you ever have a proposal from ITC, burn it, bury the ashes, and salt the ground.


text: Do any of you have kids or know kids who absolutly love Star Wars? I ask this because many of the kids that I know could really care less about Star Wars. I mean, most have seen the movies, but are more interested in cartoons or video games or WRESTLING (cringe). Luckily, my girlfriend's son LOVES the movies and the toys. He was even jealous when she picked up a Boomer Damaged Battle Droid for me, so she ended up getting him one two. He loves to check out and play with my collection. But I think this is in the minority. With so many big event movies, aggressively marketed toys, hours and hours of cartoons on every day, and so on, I think to most kids Star Wars movies are just another series these days. Not as special as they were to, say, me for example. What do you think? How do the kids you know like the movies? And why is WRESTLING so freakin' popular?