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The modern world of food writing can be a fickle beast, as the newest foodie "stars" and cuisines come and go in a slew of TV competitions, fast gallops through a country or quick turnaround books. But Australia's Tess Mallos was one of those who earned her reputation through her solid, beautifully researched cookery writing and appearances.
Mallos, who died this June, was born in Australia in 1933 to Greek parents and had the grace and charm to bring this then very foreign cuisine to her fellow Australians. Her first Greek Cookbook was published in 1976 and is still a classic (it was up to its thirteenth edition). The Middle Eastern Cookbook first came out in 1979, has had 45 editions and, in a delightful coals-to-Newcastle twist, has been published in Arabic. This edition was completely revised and updated, with more than 500 classic and contemporary recipes from 18 countries: her definition of the region runs from Greece through Cyprus and Turkey all the way to Iran and Afghanistan.
Each country's food is introduced carefully so you get a great sense of the "same but different" styles of each.
The array of sweet treats shows the lesser known home cooking, and would make great gifts for the holiday season.
The semolina cake is from Egypt, the almond cream pudding from the Syria, Lebanon, Jordan area.
The Complete Middle Eastern Cookbook by Tess Mallos, $59.99, published by Hardie Grant Books, photography by Alan Benson.


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Artist Profile Series - Adams, Tavener, Lindberg, Rzewski / Ralph van Raat
5 CD / Naxos (USA) / 2009-05-26Works: John Adams: Phrygian Gates, for piano; American Berserk, for piano; China Gates, for piano; Hallelujah Junction; Frederic Rzewski: The People United Will Never Be Defeated (El pueblo unido jamá...
Performers: Anderson, Thad; Bates, Leon; Cho, Seung Won; Fairs, Henry; Francis, Graeme; Greene, Arthur; Martin, Stephen; Otto, Jeff; Raat, Ralph van; Soroka, Solomia; Veen, Maarten van; Wu, Mia
Conductors: Alsop, Marin; Morrow, James; Wit, Antoni; Inkinen, Pietari
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American Classics - American Choral Music
1 CD / Naxos (USA) / 2006-11-21Works: Vincent Persichetti: Flower Songs (Cantata no 6), for mixed chorus & string orchestra , Op. 157; Charles Ives: Psalm 90 "Lord, thou hast been"; John Corigliano: Fern Hill, for mezzo-soprano, chorus &...
Performers: Anderson, Thad; Asbell, Ames; Barber, Elaine; Cho, Seung Won; Cluff, Darlene; Colson, Bruce; Coltman-Smith, Margaret; Dawson, David; Depue, Wallace; Francis, Graeme; Gedigian, Marianne; Gilliam-Valls...
Conductors: Morrow, James
Ensemble: University of Texas Chamber Orchestra; University of Texas Chamber Singers
"The fine Copland performance concludes an excellent disc. The choir is consistently splendid. It's evident that James Morrow has trained them very well indeed. Balance,...continue...
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Yields 4 stuffed portabellas
A great way to serve portabellas is to stuff them. Truth be told, the cap of a portabella, though large, is not very deep. What you really end up with is something more akin to a portabella pizza.
Stem the mushrooms and scrape the gills out of the caps with a teaspoon. Rub the caps generously with olive oil on both sides, season with salt and pepper, and either sauté, grill or broil them until tender, about 5 minutes per side.
Heat 1-1/2 Tbs. olive oil in a medium skillet over medium-high heat. Add the rosemary and heat for a few minutes to release its aroma. Add the garlic and cook until fragrant. Add the beans and cook another 5 minutes. Add the tomatoes, toss to combine, cook for a minute or so, and season with salt and pepper. Discard the rosemary and divide the filling among the prepared portabella caps. Sprinkle each cap with some grated Fontina and broil briefly to melt the cheese.
Photo: Judi Rutz
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My background in auto theft is extensive. I have been directly involved in the repair of over 10,000 theft recovered vehicles. I also do insurance investigation as to how a vehicle was last operated. My clients are insurance companies and attorneys. Was featured in the A & E auto theft documentary "Stealing Wheels" July 26, 2000. Has consulted with Daimler Chrysler steering column engineers to make their steering columns harder to defeat. Holds patent # 6,039,140 for 8 different variations to protect air bags from theft.
ROB PAINTER, ASE, CFL, CFEI Forensic Vehicle Component Analyst Diplomate, Board Certified Forensic Examiner ASE Certified Auto, Collision, Med/Hvy/Duty Truck Technician Certified Forensic Locksmith Certified Fire and Explosion Investigator Certified Vehicle Fire Investigator Certified Forensic Auto Theft Examiner Certified Auto Theft and Fraud Expert http://www.autotheftexpert.com email@example.com P.O. Box 190 Big Bend, WI 53103 Phone (414) 698-9696 Fax (262) 662-1352 As per federal court rules of evidence (702) (Daubert) my testimony has qualified me as: Auto Theft and Fraud Expert Forensic Vehicle Analyst Fire Origin and Cause Expert In the trial transcript of Holiday vs Progressive Insurance Company (March 12, 2002?Eugene, Oregon) with Holiday being my client-named ?the expert for experts.? BUSINESS EXPERIENCE Founder of the ?Forensic Institute of Auto Theft Analysis? (January 2002). This is the training school that will set the standards in determining the last operation of a reported stolen vehicle-burned or unburned. Much of my testing and procedures have been accepted as the guide for the forensic community. 1986 opened Auto Recovery Specialists Inc., providing exclusive repair of theft recovered and vandalized vehicles. The initial concept of the business was to return vehicles to their original shape before the theft, vandalism or fire. In 1987 bought the rights to the theft deterrent known as the ?Chicago Collar?. Duties include complete component replacement: dash, stereo system, interior, locks and coding, rebuilding steering columns, repairing and installing vehicle security system components (factory and after market), engine components, body repair, glass replacement, repair and service of air conditioning components, brake and suspension repair, and replacement, wiring harnesses etc. to return vehicle to pre-theft condition Complete reconstruction. During the past 17 years directly involved in the repair of over 10,000 theft-recovered and fire damaged Personally examined and rebuilt thousands of steering columns on both import and domestic vehicles Internationally acknowledged as expert in auto theft including court, consulting with insurance companies, attorneys and law enforcement. Consultant on steering columns, locks, stereo systems and vehicle security for Special Investigation Units for many large insurance carriers during the past eight years. Consulting services include but not limited to: How a vehicle was last operated (with or without keys in burned or unburned vehicles), Origin and Cause of vehicle fires, and vehicle defects. Provides services as a consultant and researcher to attorneys and insurance companies, and private industry throughout the US in cases related to vehicles. Has worked with crime prevention officers throughout the US establishing training programs designed to protect the public from becoming victims of auto theft. PATENT: 3/21/00 issued patent# 6,039,140 for 8 different variations of airbag anti-theft devices. PUBLICATIONS Currently authors articles and test reports on an ongoing basis for SIUs and the forensic/vehicle fire industry. Published author: (1,297 slide training course) Auto Theft/ Fraud Training Course) ?The Modern Forensic Approach to Auto Theft Investigation.? (January, 2001) Author: ?Variables to Be Considered In Vehicle Fire Investigation after Suppression.? (Insurance publication-November 2001) Author: ?Ford Magnesium Steering Columns and the Results to Ignition Components after a Fire?. Article for peer review from the fire and forensic community. (November 2001) Author: ?The Truth About GM VATS.? (Article) (November 2001) Author: ?The Truth About GM PASSLOCK TM? (Article) (November 2001) Author:? Auto Theft Investigation: Hollywood vs. Reality? (Article) (February 2001) For the John Cooke Fraud Report. Published author: (Manual) ?Forensic Vehicle Fire/ Arson and Auto Theft Investigation? (October 2000) Published author: (Article) ?Petty Claims? for the John Cooke Fraud Report (October, 1998) Published author (Manual) ?AUTO THEFT: LET THE TRUTH BE KNOWN!? (1998) (Previously distributed by Barnes & Nobel) Co-authored the investigation manual, ?Surreptitious Entry & Auto Theft & Burn & the Investigator.? (1999) Authored test questions on the subject of steering columns and vehicle security for CFL designation to be given by the International Association of Investigative Locksmiths. January, 2000 Published author: (Manual) ?Saginaw Steering Columns-What Has Not Been Told? Training manual for fire investigators. (March 2000) Published (Article) ?Beyond The Lock? (May 2000) Published Author: (Article) Fraud Defense Network-August, 2000 Edition-?Melting Steering Column Tests.? http://www.fraudreport.com/index.cfm?month=08&year=2000 Published author: (Test Report) ?Burned Toyota Steering Column Testing to Determine How Last Operated?. Tool marks and procedures. (December 1999) Currently at the FBI Crime Lab in Washington DC and the US Army Crime Lab in Atlanta, GA for peer review. ACCOMPLISHMENTS Defeated the ?unstealable? Ford Securilock transponder system for a court case 10/10/00. They said it could not be done! Primary designer of a state of the art ?bait? car for a police department to catch car thieves. Worked with The National Highway Safety Transportation Administration and discovered a potential fire hazard on a vehicle and determined origin and cause of under hood fires on this type of vehicle. Featured as ?Auto Theft Expert? in the A & E auto theft documentary ?Stealing Wheels? that aired July 26, 2000. Contacted by Sears and Edelman Marketing to be a national spokesman for an anti theft device for vehicles. (November 1999) Invited to provide evaluation and consulting to steering column engineers at Daimler Chrysler Corporation in Auburn Hills, MI (10/19/99-10/22/99). The purpose of this project was to demonstrate how steering column locking mechanisms could be defeated without the use of a key and how to reinforce the columns against theft. Court Qualified as an Auto Theft Expert and my videos of defeating columns were also accepted by a Cleveland, Ohio Court in October 1999 as a valid piece of evidence. Contacted by Disney Touchstone Pictures for technical assistance in making the movie ?Gone in 60 Seconds? (March 1999) CONSULTANT FOR FOLLOWING ORGANIZATIONS ? Former contributor for The Insurance News Network (Auto theft and prevention) includes heading a forum for the public on how to protect their vehicles for 3+ years. ? Former editor and consultant for the public on matters involving auto theft and prevention 2000-2001 on the web at http://www.autotheft_forum.com. ? The Insurance Career Center (Auto theft and fraud). ? National Association of Investigative Specialists (Auto theft and fraud) ? Expert Find (Auto theft and fraud} TECHNICAL EXPERIENCE ? ASE (National Institute of Automotive Service Excellence) Certified in Auto: brakes, steering and suspension, engine repair, manual drive train and axles, air conditioning. Med/Heavy duty truck: gasoline engine repair, electrical/electronic components. Collision: elec.....
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|Works for me! Tips and techniques worth sharing
|Topic Review (Newest First)
I imagine that most long rod users do the same thing -- when first stepping in the water, shaKe out a little bit of line and fish the waters directly in front of you. There's no reason not to fish short with a two-hander.
If you want to specialize in short fishing becuase of the rivers you frequent, then a relatively short, light rod with a quick, light to (for easy, quick loading) coupled with a blunt tapered line like a Rio SSH or a tips line with the tip removed, can fiunction very well as a short range nymphing rig.
the short water game...
Does anyone have any tips for fishing short water? How well does a spey setup work for casts that are about 20 feet or so? I don't have a spey setup yet. I hear about how far you can cast a two hander, but nothing ever about short water control. Any advice, stories, and tips are welcome....
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(01.13.11) Colorado Rush Alum Jeb Brovsky has been drafted by the expansion Vancouver Whitecaps in the 2011 MLS SuperDraft. Jeb was the first pick in the second round and number 19 overall.
"I am excited for Jeb. All of us here at Colorado Rush are excited for Jeb. He is a true story of what hard work and passion can create. He is a great ambassador for Rush and is a model which many of our players can follow," exclaimed Colorado Rush Technical Director Erik Bushey.
A longtime member of the USL First Division, Vancouver Whitecaps FC, along with the Portland Timbers, will join the MLS this season bringing the number of clubs in Americas top division to 18. Former Rush player Jay Nolly is also currently on the roster for the Whitecaps.
Check back soon for more on Jeb and the Whitecaps.


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Donald L. Gjertson
Stoughton- Donald L. Gjertson, age 88, passed away on Friday, November 16, 2012 at Heritage Monona Memory Care. He was born in Stoughton on March 13, 1924, the son of John and Mabel (Bergum) Gjertson. Don was drafted in the U.S. Army during WWII and was stationed in New Guinea and the Philippines, serving with the 38th Division Avengers of Bataan. On December 18, 1948 he married the love of his life, Elizabeth Nelson, at First Lutheran Church in Stoughton, where they were members for many years. Don was a member of Stoughton VFW, American Legion Post 59 and Uniroyal Retirees Club. He enjoyed gardening, wood working, garage sales, his dogs and spending time with friends and family, especially his grandchildren. Don had a big heart and a wonderful sense of humor.
He is survived by two children, Jeff Gjertson and Wendy (Greg) Jenson; two grandchildren, Amie (Ben) Reineke and Brett Jenson; three great grandsons, Henry and Owen Reineke and Ethan Sundstrom; and nieces and nephews. Don was preceded in death by his parents; his wife; and sister, May.
Funeral services will be held at 11:00 AM on Wednesday, November 21, 2012 at Cress Funeral Home in Stoughton, with Chaplain Jason Hill officiating. Burial, with full Military honors, will follow in Lutheran Cemetery South. Friends and relatives are invited to a luncheon following the burial at the Stoughton American Legion Post 59, 803 N. Page Street. Visitation will be held from 9:30 AM until the time of services Wednesday. Memorials may be made to Meals on Wheels. A special thank you to the staffs of Heritage Memory Care and Agrace HospiceCare Inc. We will miss you Duck.
Cress Funeral Service
206 W. Prospect Street
Stoughton, WI 53589
(608) 873-9244


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NRSI: Computers & Writing Systems
You are here: Type Design > Resources > Gentium
Gentium — a typeface for the nations
The Gentium Plus, Gentium Basic and Gentium Book Basic fonts have been moved to a new web site. Please click here for the new site.
Gentium Pages
Applications that provide an adequate level of support for Gentium Plus
Gentium Project
The content below is old. Please click here for latest fonts and FAQs on the new site.
'Purpose: to build a free multilingual font to bring better typography to thousands of languages around the globe. I can think of no higher calling.'
'...an interesting blend of economical use of space, a serious tone of voice and a modern informal dress code.'
'Beautiful - a wonderful way to make knowledge look great! Open-source fonts are a gift to humanity.'
'I've been enamored of the Greek alphabet for years, but with Gentium, every now and then I just stop and look at a word and think, "lovely".'
Google Web Fonts
Gentium Basic is now available for use on web pages via the Google Web Fonts service! This makes it very easy for you to use on your website. For more information on this and other ways to use SIL fonts on web sites see Using SIL Fonts on Web Pages.
Gentium is a typeface family designed to enable the diverse ethnic groups around the world who use the Latin, Cyrillic and Greek scripts to produce readable, high-quality publications. It supports a wide range of Latin- and Cyrillic-based alphabets.
Gentium Latin and Greek
The design is intended to be highly readable, reasonably compact, and visually attractive. The additional 'extended' Latin letters are designed to naturally harmonize with the traditional 26 ones. Diacritics are treated with careful thought and attention to their use. Gentium also supports both polytonic and monotonic Greek. Gentium Plus now includes more extended Latin glyphs (Unicode 7.0), archaic Greek symbols, and full extended Cyrillic script support. Download the new Gentium Plus fonts here
The Gentium and Gentium Plus font families currently include only regular and italic faces, but Gentium Basic and Gentium Book Basic give a preview of what a whole range of new weights will eventually look like. The 'Basic' fonts only support a limited Latin character set (no Greek or Cyrillic). Gentium Book is a companion family to Gentium that is altogether slightly heavier, and better suited for some publishing needs. It supports only the Basic character set at present, but will eventually match the full Gentium character set. More info and download link here
The Gentium font families are freely available and may be used by anyone at no cost. They are released under the SIL Open Font License, a free and open source license that permits modification and redistribution. Our hope is that it will stimulate literature production and elevate extended Latin alphabets to greater parity with the basic Latin alphabet. We also hope it will encourage other type designers to appreciate and support those fascinating and beautiful extra letters.
Follow the links above to find out more about Gentium, download a detailed type specimen and get the latest release.
© 2003-2017 SIL International, all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted elsewhere on this page.


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JBL J33i Premium In-Ear Headphones with Microphone - Black
Drawing on expertise learned from building some of the finest loudspeakers in the world, JBL engineers created lightweight, comfortable headphones that deliver signature JBL sound. The J33i's premium drivers generate high sensitivity, extended frequency response and pure bass that is deep, powerful and accurate. So you hear the truth from your favorite music. Angled strain relief buckles...
JBL J33 Premium In-Ear Headphones - Black
" Okay..well this is my first review..if you may call it so..hence any,,amatuerish mistakes be forgiven..here we go.. So i saved some money(i'm always short of it) for the Vsonic gr02 be..after studying Head-fi posts extensively..and at the moment of commitment, my seller went out of stock. These were just launched on a reputed website here in india..so i decided that i'd get them to satisfy..." --Aakash
JBL Reference 210 Headphone (Black)
Earphones have always been a smaller, more portable alternative to traditional headphones, and JBL Reference 200 Series earphones are certainly that. But Reference 200 Series earphones are designed to perform more like their larger counterparts. With JBL Reference 200 Series it is possible to get realistic, full-spectrum sound from virtually weightless earphones that can easily slip into a pocket.
JBL Reference 220 Headphone (Black)
The JBl Reference 220 earphone system uses high quality minature transducers which will give your outstanding sound.
JBL Reference 220 Headphone (White)
" Let me get some disclaimers out there before I start writing this review. This was the first pair of $30+ headphones/IEMs I bought. I also got them on clearance (50%) so, for what I paid, these are quite a good deal. At retail price, I'm not sure they are a steal. When I first plugged these in, I noticed the bass was fairly prominent. Now, either I'm getting deafer or the bass has tamed..." --matchless
JBL Synchros S200 Premium In-Ear Stereo Headphones
Beautiful. Powerful. Authentic.View largerControl your iPhone or iPod with the Apple three-button remoteView largerDie-cast Precision for the Inner EarWe meant it at JBL when we said we'd build a revolutionary line of in-ear headphones. For those who know authentic elegance when they see it, and hear it – meet our new Synchros S200 Headphone. Its die-cast precision and aluminum...
JBL Tempo In-Ear Headphones
High-performance drivers – From the in-ear 9mm to the ear bud 15mm and onto the on-ear 40mm, Tempo headphone drivers generate an outstanding frequency range of 20Hz to 20kHz. The resulting response is clear, powerful JBL sound with exceptional bass and smooth vocals. Latex-free silicone sleeves – Three pairs of sleeves in sizes small, medium and large are included with the JBL...
Siege Audio The Alpha Earbud Headphones Black, One Size
With a tangle free cord to prevent knots and twists, powerful drivers that will blow your mind like Star Wars, and the benefit of sound isolation caps, the Siege Audio The Alpha Earbud Headphones are top dog.Product FeaturesMaterial: Plastic, metal, nylonDriver: 10mmInput Connection: 3.5mm PlugCord Length:Weight:Recommended Use: JammingManufacturer Warranty: 1 Year
Siege Audio The Alpha Earbud Headphones Purple/Magenta, One Size
With a tangle free cord to prevent knots and twists, powerful drivers that will blow your mind like Star Wars, and the benefit of sound isolation caps, the Siege Audio The Alpha Earbud Headphones are top dog.Product FeaturesMaterial: Plastic, metal, nylonDriver: 10mmInput Connection: 3.5mm PlugCord Length:Weight:Recommended Use: JammingManufacturer Warranty: 1 Year
Siege Audio The Stealth V.2 Mic Earbud Headphones Black/Blue, One Size
With an anti-tangle cord, powerful drivers, and a mic that allows hands-free phone conversations, the Siege Audio The Stealth V.2 Mic Earbud Headphones turn listening to music into a symbol of revolution. Multiple sound isolation caps offer more choices than a Class A ration card while saving your hearing in the process, and a low-profile design helps you stay off the CIA blacklist.Product...


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Di Tillett former Loveday Primary student
17/05/2013 , 2:39 PM by Narelle Graham
Di Tillett is a former student of the Loveday Primary School in South Australia's Riverland, circa late 1940s.
The school will close at the end of the year, but this weekend it'll celebrate its 90th birthday.
Di was a member of the school band and has fond memories of the penny concerts and her Principal Mr Vickery.
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Latest Headlines
MLB Draft: Pirates Select Gerrit Cole #1 Overall
Posted on 6 Jun 2011 by Michael Waterloo.
Usually with the MLB Draft, there is a consensus number one player. The past two years, the Washington Nationals selected Stephen Strasburg and Bryce Harper, respectively. Last season, it looked as if Rice third baseman Anthony Rendon would be the first overall selection in the 2011 draft. However, Rendon suffered a shoulder injury that scared off some teams. Going into the draft, the P...
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Pirates: Who Will The Pirates Take With The Top Pick
Posted on 25 May 2011 by Michael Waterloo.
The Major League Baseball first-year player draft is on its way, taking place June 6-8. While it may not garner the national attention that the NFL or NBA drafts do, it is just as important to the individual success of the teams, if not more. While players selected in the other sports are expected to step in and produce right away or within the first two years, baseball players have anywher...


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Painting by Ricky Armendariz
UTSA hosts painting exhibit by Ricky Armendariz
By Tim Brownlee
Assistant Director of Public Affairs
(Jan. 19, 2006)--UTSA President Ricardo Romo and Dr. Harriett Romo will host the opening of "Confessions of a Singin' Vaquero," a painting exhibit by Ricky Armendariz, UTSA assistant professor of art and 1995 B.F.A. alumnus, from 6 to 9 p.m., Thursday, Jan. 19 at the Blue Star Contemporary Art Center, Suite 116, Alamo and Probandt streets in downtown San Antonio.
The exhibit can be viewed through March 13 from noon to 6 p.m., Wednesday-Sunday.
"Singin' Vaquero" (or cowboy) is Armendariz' first solo exhibition and is only the third solo exhibition ever presented in the Blue Star main gallery. It is the first exhibit at the venue with both an Hispanic artist and curator. UTSA art specialist Arturo Almeida curated the project.
Today's headlines
- La Prensa Foundation is newest member of UTSA Lone Star Society
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The works are based on conjunto and 1980s music and the "dichos," or familiar sayings, that Armendariz heard as he grew up in the border community of El Paso, Texas, and Juarez, Mexico. The mixing of Hispanic and Anglo cultures in the region produced unique music, language and foods, according to Armendariz. He begins his works with a painting of a sunrise or sunset and adds a dicho in the form of cowboy-style song lyrics.
"I was brought up with the idea of 'catching more flies with honey than vinegar,' and that is a big part of my art," said Armendariz. "I learned that you can convey a racially or socially charged message by orchestrating the visuals and text in such a way as to be inclusive. You try to invite people to relate to the work and work a little to understand it and ask questions -- without vilifying anyone."
The lyrics in the art pieces, which were written by the artist, have contemporary influences from the music of Los Blazers, Jesse Dayton, Wayne "The Train" Hancock and Dwight Yoakum. Classic influences came from artists including Johnny Cash, Hank Williams, Flaco Jimenez and Freddie Fender.
The text and other visual aspects of the work were influenced by the humor of Latino comedians George Lopez, John Leguizamo and Paul Rodriguez, and the work of text artists Ed Ruscha and Barbara Krueger.
Addditionally, Armendariz cites artists William Turner, Frederick Remington, Carol Walker, Carmen Lomes Garza, Sandy Skogland, Eric Fischel and Ed Paschke as strong influences on his body of work.
"I want to thank President Romo, Arturo Almeida and Blue Star director Bill FitzGibbons for their support in arranging this exhibit," said Armendariz. "And I couldn't have done it without the support of my wife, children, family and the UTSA faculty and staff."
For more information, contact Bill FitzGibbons, Blue Star Contemporary Art Center executive director, at (210) 227-6960.


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{Page 51}
Toni Payne and William Caire
Biology Department, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034
A total of 714 small mammals representing 15 species was captured, identified and released (11,000 trap nights at 110 different trap sites in six different habitat types) at the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, Osage Co., Oklahoma. More species of small mammals were trapped in the prairie-grass habitat (13 species) than in disturbed areas (9 species), grassy streamsides (7 species), wooded streamsides (6 species), rock outcrops (6 species), or upland woods (6 species) habitats. Species diversity and evenness indices (Shannon's Index) of small mammals were determined for six habitat types. Mean species diversity values ranged from a high value in the prairie-grass habitat, to low values in the upland woods and wooded streamsides habitats. High community similarity (Horn's Index) was found in upland woods and wooded streamsides habitats. Community similarity also was high among prairie-grass, rock outcrops, grassy streamsides, and disturbed habitats. © 1999 Oklahoma Academy of Science
The tallgrass prairie once extended north and south from southern Manitoba to mid-Texas and was the eastern edge of North American grasslands (1). It is bordered on the east by deciduous forest and on the west by mixed-grass prairie. Of all grassland associations, tallgrass prairie receives the most rainfall and has the greatest north-south diversity (1).
The tallgrass prairie was a natural system controlled by climate, fire, and bison. The extent of tallgrass prairie has declined with disappearance of bison (Bison bison) and the increase in fire prevention practices. Favorable climate and soil conditions have resulted in the cultivation of much of the tallgrass prairie, eliminating the original vegetation (2). Of the original 57 million ha of tallgrass prairie, about 10% remains (3). Much of what remains exists as fragments around highways, railways, cemeteries, and such. Although many of these fragments have never been disturbed and are inhabited by tallgrass-prairie biota, they probably are not comparable to the tallgrass prairie of the past in terms of composition of small mammals. Today, the tallgrass prairie is the rarest of all of North America's major biomes (3).
In 1989, The Nature Conservancy purchased a 12,146 ha ranch in the Osage Hills of Oklahoma and established the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve (3). This land had been grazed but never cultivated and was to form the foundation for restoring a tallgrass-prairie ecosystem. The Nature Conservancy's intent is to recreate the original conditions by adding bison and controlled burning. Their ultimate goal is to protect biological diversity by maintaining examples of otherwise scarce ecosystems (4).
Our objective was to inventory the small mammals in the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve and compare species diversities of small mammals in different habitats. The data will serve as a baseline of the composition of small mammals prior to the introduction of bison and controlled burns. Future studies using similar methods can be compared with results of our study to determine what impact bison and fire actually have on the composition of small mammals.
Our study was conducted within the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, 13.4 km north of Pawhuska in Osage County, Oklahoma. The 12,146 ha Tallgrass Prairie Preserve lies within the Osage Hills of the Tallgrass Prairie Rolling Hills physiognomic region (5) of Oklahoma. The preserve contains gently rolling hills dissected by spring-fed streams that converge to form three main creek systems: Sand Creek and Wild Hog Creek through the central part of the preserve, and Bird
{Page 52}
Creek along the western edge just outside the preserve. These drainage systems support deciduous, riparian forests. The rolling prairies, which dominate the topography, are covered with prairie grasses including tallgrass species. Uplands are covered with deciduous forests, and hillsides are often eroded, exposing limestone outcrops. Mean temperature and total precipitation were 15.8°C and 106 cm, respectively, for the study period (Oklahoma Climatological Survey, Norman, Oklahoma).
Species diversity and evenness of small mammals were determined for six habitat types in the preserve: prairie-grass, rock outcrops, wooded streamsides, grassy streamsides, upland woods and disturbed areas habitats. Physiognomic descriptions of each habitat type were prepared. These included a list of major vegetation forms present and their general topographic features. Trap sites were selected relative to the proportion of each of the six habitats in the preserve. Estimates of the percentage of each habitat type were calculated using an area-line meter (Planix 5000) on topographical maps. Because the amount of rock outcrop area was not obtainable from topographical maps, it was conservatively determined to be one-half of that estimated for disturbed areas. Areas of rock outcrops, wooded streamsides, grassy streamsides, upland woods, and disturbed habitats were subtracted from total preserve area, resulting in the area of prairie-grass habitat. Specific sites were different for each collecting night in order to sample the vast area of the preserve.
The live-trap survey of small mammals was made at least two nights a month for 1 y beginning in June 1991 and continuing through May 1992. Sherman live-traps (23.5 × 7.7 × 9.0 cm) baited with rolled oats, were used to capture small mammals and were placed in trap lines of varying lengths (dependent upon the amount of habitat present) in each habitat type. A trap-line consisted of a series of trap stations (two traps per station) about 4 m apart. Trap-lines for the grassy streamsides were placed within 3 m of the stream edge and for the upland woods approximately 20 m away from the ecotone of forest and grassland. Representative museum voucher specimens of each species captured were prepared and deposited in the University of Central Oklahoma Collection of Vertebrates.
The Shannon index (6) was used to determine a species diversity value for each sample period for all six habitats. Evenness values (6) also were calculated for each sample period. Mean species diversity and evenness values were calculated for each habitat for the 1 y period. Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric one-way ANOVA (6) was used to test for significant differences among the mean ranks of species diversity or evenness values among habitats. Dunn's multiple comparison test (6) was used to ascertain which of the mean ranks for species diversity or evenness were different if a statistically significant ANOVA resulted. Horn's index for community similarity (7) was calculated to determine degree of community overlap.
Composition of the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve was estimated to be: 92.3% prairie grasses, 4.0% upland woods, 2.5% wooded streamsides, 0.6% grassy streamsides, 0.4% disturbed areas, and 0.2% rock outcrops. Prairie-grass habitat was composed of open, rolling, prairie fields containing such grass species as Andropogon gerardi (big bluestem), A. scoparius (little bluestem), Sorghastrum nutans (Indian grass), Panicum virgatum (switchgrass), Tripsacum dactyloides (eastern gama grass), Elymus canadensis (Canada wild rye), E. virginicus (Virginia wild rye), and Sporobolus asper (tall dropseed). A variety of forbs, such as Achillea millefolium var. lanulosa (yarrow), Asclepias spp. (milkweeds), Gaura sp. (gaura), and Smilax sp. (green briar) were also present. Soil was moderately to well drained, shallow (25.4-152.4 cm) and composed of dark, silty, clay loam on a sandstone and limestone bedrock (8).
Rock outcrops were found on the edges of hills and in areas of heavy erosion. Outcrops varied from steep and bluff-like to flat, eroded hillsides. Typical grasses of the area were little Bluestem, Elymus sp. (wild rye), Lepidium virginicum (peppergrass), and Aristida sp. (three-awn). Other vegetation present included Rubus sp. (blackberry), and Ambrosia spp. (ragweed). In some areas, small trees, Quercus stellata (post oak), Q. marilandica (blackjack oak), and Celtis sp. (hackberry) were established among the rocks. Soil was stony, well drained, shallow (10.2-101.6 cm), and composed of dark brown, silty loam on a bedrock of shale, sandstone, or limestone (8).
Wooded streamside habitat occurred adjacent to Sand, Wild Hog, and Bird creeks. These
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lowland creeks supported riparian forest vegetation, including Ulmus rubra (slippery elm), Bumelia lanuginosa (chittamwood), Carya cordiformis (hickory), Staphylea trifolia (American bladdernut), Celtis occidentalis (sugarberry), Quercus macrocarpa (bur oak), dwarf Q. prinoides (chinquapin oak), shumard oak (Q. shumardii), eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis), willow (Salix nigra), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (ash), Platanus occidentalis (sycamore), Cornus drummondii (roughleaf dogwood), Maclura pomifera (Osage orange), Viburnum rufidulum (blackhaw), Symphoricarpos orbiculatus (coral berry), Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper), Cephalanthus occidentalis (buttonbush), and Toxicodendron radicans (poison ivy). Soil was a deep, moderately drained, dark brown, silty loam extending to a depth of 152.4 cm (8).
Grassy streamside habitat bordered springfed streams that coursed through the open prairie toward major creeks. Typical tallgrass species were present, although more densely than in the prairie-grass habitat, and less bluestem was present. Other vegetation included Melilotus alba (white sweet clover), M. officinalis (yellow sweet clover), Solidago sp. (goldenrod), and Juncus sp (rush). This habitat was sometimes very wet from stream overflow. Soil was dark, silty loam on shale and sandstone bedrock, poorly drained and ranged from moderately deep to deep (25.4-152.4 cm) (8).
Upland woods habitat occurred on top of many of the larger hills. Dominant trees were post oak and blackjack oak. Understory and ground cover was mostly coral berry, Virginia creeper, dwarf chinquapin, eastern redbud, and poison ivy. Soil in the upland woods was a dark, grayish brown, sandy or silty loam on bedrock of shale and sandstone, shallow to moderately deep (25.4-101.6 cm) (8).
Disturbed areas occurred where non-natural structures, including ranch houses, corrals, oil production sites, and roads existed. These areas were numerous enough to include as a general habitat type. Vegetation of this area consisted primarily of little bluestem, Gutierrezia dracunculoides (broomweed), goldenrod, Chenopodium album (lamb's quarter), Solanum spp. (nightshades), ragweed, gaura, white sweet clover, and yellow sweet clover. Soils of these areas were variable.
The total number of sites trapped on the preserve was 110. All site locations and descriptions were compiled in a journal deposited in the University of Central Oklahoma Collection of Vertebrates. Total number of trap nights was 11,000, 61.3% of which were placed in the prairie-grass habitat, 7.0% in rock outcrops, 9.2% in wooded streamsides, 9.7% in upland woods, 6.7% in grassy streamsides, and 6.1% in disturbed areas. A total of 714 individual small mammals representing 15 species were captured: Blarina hylophaga (Elliot's short-tailed shrew), Cryptotis parva (least shrew), Chaetodipus hispidus (hispid pocket mouse), Reithrodontomys fulvescens (fulvous harvest mouse), R. humulis (eastern harvest mouse), R. megalotis (western harvest mouse), R. montanus (plains harvest mouse), Peromyscus gossypinus (cotton mouse), P. leucopus (white-footed mouse), P. maniculatus (deer mouse), Sigmodon hispidus (hispid cotton rat), Neotoma floridana (eastern woodrat), Microtus ochrogaster (prairie vole), M. pinetorum (woodland vole), and Mus musculus (house mouse) (Table 1).
The number of species of small mammals trapped (Table 1) in the prairie-grass habitat (13 species), disturbed areas (9 species), grassy streamsides, (7 species), wooded streamsides, (6 species), rock outcrops (6 species), or upland woods (6 species) habitats did not vary much. There was no statistically significant difference in number of species per habitat (X2 = 4.980; P > 0.05).
Percent occurrence of small mammal species among habitats varied. When examining Table 1, it appears as though several species had a preference for certain habitats. For example, 92% of M. ochrogaster and 71% of S. hispidus were captured in prairie-grass habitat. A Chi square test for a uniform occurrence among all habitat types was made for P. leucopus, P. maniculatus, S. hispidus and M. ochrogaster. All the Chi-square tests for these species were statistically significant suggesting habitat preferences. Too few individuals of the other species in Table 1 were captured to discern if there was a habitat preference because the expected frequency assumption for the Chi-square test was not satisfied. The log-likelihood ratio, an alternative to Chi-square, could not be used for these either because of zero values in the data. If the species with low numbers of individuals, had been combined together under a common genus to meet the assumption of expected frequency size for Chi-square, it would have produced misleading results. For
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example, if all the Peromyscus had been combined, then the preference of P. gossypinus for woods (5) would have been obscured. Therefore, no species were combined.
Table 2 contains species diversity and evenness values. During the study, species diversity values ranged from a low of 0.000 which was calculated at least once in all habitats to a high of 0.695 in the prairie-grass habitat. Mean species diversity for all habitats combined was 0.314. Mean species diversity values varied from a low of 0.142 in upland woods habitat to a high of 0.456 in the prairie-grass habitat. The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA (P£0.05) detected some of the mean-ranks of species diversity values among habitats were significantly different. Dunn's multiple comparison test indicated that the only significant differences among mean-ranks of species diversity values were between the prairie-grass habitat and those of wooded streamsides, and upland woods.
Mean species evenness for all habitats combined was 0.596 and ranged from zero which was calculated at least once in all habitats to 1.000 in prairie-grass, rocky outcrops, and upland woods habitats (Table 2). Mean evenness values varied from a low of 0.348 in the upland woods habitat to a high of 0.769 in prairie-grass habitat. However, no significant differences were detected among the mean ranks of evenness values of the six habitats (Kruskal-Wallis one way ANOVA; P ³ 0.05).
Horn's community similarity values (Table 3) suggested high similarity in species composition between wooded streamsides, and upland woods and high similarity among communities in prairie-grass, rock outcrops, grassy streamsides, and disturbed area habitats.
Thirteen species were represented among the 376 individuals captured in prairie grass. Sigmodon hispidus, P. maniculatus, and M. ochrogaster were abundant, comprising 34.4, 25.5, and 18.9%, respectively, of the individuals captured (Table 1). That contrasted with results from the USIBP tallgrass prairie site in Osage County in 1970 (9), where no P. maniculatus were taken in live-traps on the ungrazed site but were captured on a grazed site. Instead, the single most abundant species on the ungrazed site was M. ochrogaster. At this same site in 1971, Hoffman and Birney (10) reported M. ochrogaster and S. hispidus were the most abundant mammals. Differences between estimates of abundance of P. maniculatus and M. ochrogaster in the preserve compared with the USIBP site could be due to the amount of vegetative cover. Microtus ochrogaster prefers high vegetative cover (11), whereas P. maniculatus prefers more open
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[Page 55 consists of Table 2 and Table 3]
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tallgrass prairie habitats (12). The preserve was grazed until December 1990; thus, it was in its first growing season, and perhaps vegetative cover was not yet dense enough to inhibit P. maniculatus. Lower vegetative cover also might explain the lack of capture of M. ochrogaster in the preserve until December, 1990. Another possible explanation might be that densities of M. ochrogaster cycle every 2 y (11), and trapping in the preserve began during a low period of the cycle. No Spermophilus tridecemlineatus were captured although they have been observed in grassland areas of the preserve.
Six species were represented among the 61 individuals captured in rock outcrop habitat (Table 1). Peromyscus maniculatus comprised nearly one-half (49.2%) of the individuals taken. Sigmodon hispidus and N. floridana were also abundant, 21.3 and 23.0%, respectively. Most (52%) N. floridana were captured from rock outcrops. This finding was consistent with Finck and coworkers (13), who reported N. floridana densities were greatest in shrub-covered limestone outcrops in Konza Prairie, Kansas. They suggested N. floridana used crevices as den sites. Rock outcrops habitat was not the primary habitat for S. hispidus or P. maniculatus. Occurrence of these species in rock areas was probably due to movement onto the outcrop to feed on the abundant forbs.
In wooded streamside habitat, six species of small mammals were represented among the 84 individuals captured (Table 1). Nearly three-fourths (73.8%) of the animals captured in this habitat were P. leucopus. This habitat contained 90% of the P. gossypinus captured. McCarley (14) suggested that in areas where P. gossypinus and P. leucopus were sympatric, P. gossypinus might displace P. leucopus in upland woods. On the preserve, this did not appear to be happening. Peromyscus leucopus was found about equally in wooded streamsides (49%) and upland woods (40%) habitats. The capture of P. gossypinus in the preserve was a significant range extension from the nearest previously known locality in Haskell County, Oklahoma (15). If P. gossypinus has only recently dispersed to this area of Oklahoma, it would be interesting to continue to monitor any changes in the relative abundance of P. gossypinus and P. leucopus in wooded streamsides and upland woods.
Six species of small mammals were represented in the 65 individuals captured in upland woods habitat (Table 1). The most abundant was P. leucopus, comprising 78.5% of the animals captured. Of the P. leucopus captured on the preserve, 40% were taken from upland woods habitat. In Kansas, P. leucopus selected habitats with complex vertical structure (16). The high occurrence of P. leucopus in wooded streamside and upland woods habitats, which had the greatest vertical complexity of the habitats on the preserve, was consistent with Kaufman and coworkers. (16). These authors suggested P. leucopus was also common in shrubby rock outcrops; however, that was not the situation in this study. The rock outcrop habitat in the preserve was disjunct from wooded and riparian habitats; thus it might not have been easy for P. leucopus to colonize this habitat across the wide expanses of grass.
In grassy streamside habitat, seven species of small mammals, 47 individuals, were captured (Table 1). The most abundant mammal in this habitat was S. hispidus, which represented almost half (48.9%) of the mammals caught. Peromyscus maniculatus was also abundant (38.3%). Caire and coworkers (5) suggested grassy habitats were preferred by P. maniculatus and S. hispidus. The composition of these grassy streamsides was similar to the prairie-grass habitat, but it was frequently flooded with water, which might have made this habitat less available. Since M. ochrogaster prefers dense vegetative cover (11) and because the vegetation was usually more dense than in prairie-grass habitat, it was expected that M. ochrogaster would have been more abundant than the results indicated. Perhaps frequent flooding also inhibited M. ochrogaster.
Nine species of small mammals were represented in the 81 individuals captured in the disturbed areas habitat (Table 1). Peromyscus maniculatus (65.4%) was the most abundant. Disturbed areas contained the second highest percent occurrence of P. maniculatus. Of all the disturbed areas, most (64%) P. maniculatus were captured at oil production sites. Because oil production sites were often mowed or trampled down by human activity, the abundance of P. maniculatus might be because they prefer more open microhabitat (12).
The number of species alone was not a very representative way of comparing habitats, nor was the percent capture rate. A better comparison of habitats was species diversity, which considered both the number of species and their relative abundance.
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It was evident that fewer species were present in wooded streamside and upland woods habitats than in the prairie-grass habitat. These two habitats not only had fewer total species, they also had only one species that contained most of the individuals, resulting in lower species diversity values. Peromyscus leucopus accounted for 78.5% and 73.8% of all the individuals captured in upland woods and wooded streamside habitat, respectively.
Only one species was captured on several occasions in wooded streamsides (3 times) and upland woods (6 times), which resulted in diversity values of zero. Diversity values of zero were used in the computation of mean species diversity, resulting in lower values.
A concern with using species diversity indices to compare habitats is that diversity values are correlated with sample size (7). Species diversity values (Table 2) were significantly correlated (r = 0.509, P < 0.05) with sample size (number of individuals). This correlation suggested that care should be taken when considering differences in mean species diversities. The number of traps available was limited and the placement of a large percentage of the traps in the prairie grasses limited the number of traps available for use in the wooded streamsides, and upland woods. Originally, an attempt was made to equate the percentage of traps in each habitat to the percentage of each habitat found in the preserve. However, low capture rates made this impractical. With capture rates low, placement of a small number of traps in each habitat other than prairie grasses would not have allowed many, if any, mammals to be caught. For example, rock outcrops were determined to comprise only 0.2% of the preserve, and if a small number of traps (22) had been placed in this habitat few individuals or species would have been captured. This would have underrepresented the species composition of these habitats.
Evenness is a ratio of the observed diversity to maximum diversity (6). Maximum diversity is a function of the number of species. Evenness values were probably overestimated because of rare species. The absence of rare species in a habitat species list would not adversely affect observed diversity values (7). However, because maximum diversity is dependent on the total number of categories (species) present, it would be underestimated if a rare species was not accounted for in a particular habitat. Because some diversity values were zero, the evenness values were also zero and resulted in lower mean evenness values.
Because they included the Shannon diversity index, Horn's information theory based community similarity results among habitats (Table 3) were not markedly different than the relationship among habitats suggested by mean species diversity. Two groups of habitats, each with relatively high similarity values, are evident in Table 3. One group, which included wooded streamsides and upland woods, had a similarity value of 0.87 (Table 3). The second group, which contained the habitats prairie-grass, rock outcrops, grassy streamsides, and disturbed areas, had relatively high similarity values ranging from 0.68 to 0.88 (Table 3). One explanation for the two groups might be the limited occurrence of P. leucopus and P. gossypinus and their preference for vertical complexity in the wooded habitats. Care should be taken when comparing these community similarity values because they are only relative values and, to our knowledge, no statistical test of significance exists.
Low species diversity, 0.75, (17) and high abundance of Microtus (11) were characteristic of an ungrazed tallgrass prairie on the USIBP Osage site. In contrast, high diversity, 1.09, and low abundance of Microtus were characteristic of grazed tallgrass prairie. For the USIBP tallgrass site, Hoffman and Birney (10) reported that, when Microtus populations were dense in 1970, no P. maniculatus were taken; however, in 1971, when Microtus abundance was low, P. maniculatus was common. Mean species diversity for prairie-grass habitat on the preserve was 0.456, and this suggested the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve was probably in a transitional stage in terms of small mammal species composition. Mean species diversity (0.456) for prairie-grass habitat was low, suggesting the prairie diversity was similar to that of the ungrazed prairie on the USIBP Osage Site. However, high abundance of P. maniculatus suggested the preserve was more similar to a grazed prairie. Microtus ochrogaster was not abundant; in fact, it was not captured until December 1991, and its low abundance suggested a similarity to a grazed prairie.
Grant and coworkers (17) reported ungrazed tallgrass prairie was dominated by microtines, whereas currently ungrazed but transitional prairie (grazed the year before sampling began) was dominated by cricetines. Because prairie-grass
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habitat on the preserve was inhabited mostly by the cricetine rodents, P. maniculatus and S. hispidus (Table 1), and not microtines suggests the preserve was in a transitional stage.
Bison have been reintroduced to various parts of the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, and as the vegetative cover is reduced by grazing it is expected that small mammal species diversity will increase, and cricetines will continue to dominate. Some species (e.g., Blarina hylophaga, Reithrodontomys megalotis, and Microtus ochrogaster) will probably become less abundant. Other species (e.g., Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, Chaetodipus hispidus, and R.. montanus) will probably become more abundant. Birney (18) found S. tridecemlineatus was absent on an ungrazed tallgrass prairie site in Osage County, but present on a grazed site. A decrease in above-ground vegetation to < 700 g/m2 results in a decline in the densities of Microtus (19); thus, Microtus occurrence would decrease with grazing.
Controlled burning will probably have effects similar to grazing in that some species will increase in abundance and others will decline. For example, Kaufman and coworkers (16) reported that P. maniculatus was more abundant in the sparse litter after a burn than in areas with greater litter cover; however, R. megalotis decreased in abundance. Schramm and Willcutts (20) indicated M. ochrogaster responded differently to controlled burns than to grazing. In burn areas, M. ochrogaster abundance increased rather than decreased, as it did in grazed areas. These authors suggested the increase is due to the colonization of the more xeric and open burned habitat.
The results of the present study of the mammal species composition in the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve should serve as a comparative base for future studies. Long-term monitoring of the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve will provide insight into the process of secondary succession in a tallgrass prairie. Community structure changes through time and niche-packing studies are potentially feasible because of these baseline data.
We thank The Nature Conservancy and the Oklahoma Biological Survey for the availability of this project. We are grateful for the assistance and information provided by Bob Hamilton, Kenny Shieldknight and the support and help of Danny Payne. We also appreciate the many University of Central Oklahoma students who helped in the collecting, especially Sandy Stevens for her endless amount of assistance. We thank Dr. Gloria Caddell for confirmation of the identification of vegetation and critically reading an early draft of the manuscript. This project was funded in part by a grant from The Nature Conservancy to survey the mammals on the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve and by a University of Central Oklahoma faculty research grant to William Caire.
1. Risser PG, Birney EC, Blocker HD, May SW, Parton WJ, Wiens JA. The true prairie ecosystem. Stroudsburg (PA): Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company; 1981. 557 p.
2. Auclair AN. Ecological factors in the development of intensive-management ecosystems in the midwestern United States. Ecology 1976;57:431-444.
3. Madson J. On the Osage. Nature Conservancy 1990;40:7-15.
4. Chaplin SJ. Natural area programs of The Nature Conservancy. Trans KS Acad Sci 1988;91:7-10.
5. Caire W, Tyler JD, Glass BP, Mares MA. Mammals of Oklahoma. Norman (OK): University Oklahoma Press; 1989. 567 p.
6. Zar JH. Biostatistical analyses. 2 nd ed. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall 1984. 718 p.
7. Brower JE, Zar JH. Field and laboratory methods for general ecology. Dubuque (IA): Wm. C. Brown; 1984. 226 p.
8. Bourlier BG, Nichols JD, Ringwald WJ, Workman PJ, Clemmons S. Soil Survey of Osage County, Oklahoma, United States Department of Agriculture 1979.
9. Hoffman RS, Jones JK Jr., Genoways HH. Small mammal survey on the Bison, Bridger, Cottonwood, Dickinson, and Osage sites. US Int Biol Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Grassland Biome Tech Rep 109:1-69; 1971.
10. Hoffman RS, Birney EC. Ecological studies of small mammal populations at the Cottonwood and Osage sites, 1971. US Int Biol Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Grassland Biome Tech Rep 187:1-45; 1972.
11. Birney EC, Grant WE, Baire DD. Importance of vegetative cover to cycles of Microtus populations. Ecology 1976;57:1043-1051.
12. Stroh JC, Fleharty ED. Microhabitat utilization and the effect of species removal on a population of Peromyscus maniculatus and Reithrodontomys megalotis. Trans KS Acad Sci 1988;91:132-138.
13. Finck EJ, Kaufman DW, Kaufman GA, Gurtz SK, Clark BK, McLellan LJ, Clark BS. Mammals of the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas. Prairie Nat 1986;18:153-166.
14. McCarley H. Distributional relationships of sympatric populations of Peromyscus leucopus and P. gossypinus. Ecology 1963;44:784-788.
15. Payne T, Caire W. Occurrence of the cotton mouse, Peromyscus gossypinus, in northcentral Oklahoma. Proc OK Acad Sci 1992;72:67.
16. Kaufman DW, Peterson SK, Fristik R, Kaufman GA. Effect of microhabitat features on habitat use by Peromyscus leucopus. Am Midl Nat 1983;110: 177-185.
17. Grant WE, Birney EC, French NR, Swift DM. Structure and productivity of grassland small mammal communities related to grazing-induced changes in vegetative cover. J Mamm 1982;63:248-260.
18. Birney EC. Dynamics of small mammal populations at the Cottonwood and Osage site, 1972. US Int Biol Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Grassland Biome Tech Report 257:1-87; 1974.
19. Lemen CA, Clausen MK. The effects of mowing on the rodent community of a native tall grass prairie in eastern Nebraska. Prairie Nat 1984;16:5-10.
20. Schramm P, Willcutts BJ. Habitat selection of small mammals in burned and unburned tallgrass prairie. Proc Eighth North American Prairie Conf 1982;8:49-52.
Received: February 8, 1999; Accepted: April 13, 1999


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fbtb.net drops another gem for us.
"4477 T-16 Skyhopper 96pc $12.99
T-16 Skyhopper pilot minifig
Bet you didn't expect this one, did you? LEGO pulls another little seen craft from the films and makes it into a cool little set. For all of you jumping up and down now over the prospect of other EU sets being made I would tell you to calm down; this vehicle was actually used in the SE version of one of the original trilogy films, as well as being a toy for Luke in ANH. Look for this set to be a part of the January 2003 release as well."
T-16 at FBTB.net
looks pretty sweet


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Cutler Majestic Theatre
Emerson College's vision, perseverance, and commitment of $14.8 million over 20 years to restore the Majestic has resurrected an American Beaux-Arts masterpiece, ensured the future of the College's performing arts programs, contributed to the economic rebirth and social vitality of the Theatre District, and strengthened the Greater Boston arts community of which the College is a part.
At the time of its opening in 1903, The Boston Globe called the Majestic Theatre, a Beaux-Arts opera house designed by John Galen Howard, "the most beautiful playhouse Boston has yet seen."
The Majestic was noted for its technical innovations: cantilevered balconies that provided unobstructed sightlines from every seat in the house, and electric lighting designed as an integral part of the building rather than in imitation of gas or candle lighting. Under Lee and J. J. Shubert's direction, the theater evolved with the performing arts and entertainment industries, presenting opera, theatrical productions, vaudeville, and motion pictures, including the Boston try-outs of Rodgers and Hart's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, and the Gershwins' Of Thee I Sing.
In 1955, the Shuberts sold the Majestic to Sack Cinemas, which ran it as the Saxon movie theater for nearly 30 years. By the time Emerson College acquired the Saxon in 1983, it had fallen into severe physical decline, and faced imminent demolition—a metaphor for the derelict condition of Boston's Theatre District. The College embarked on a comprehensive restoration campaign that culminated in 2003 with the re-opening of the theater as the Cutler Majestic Theatre at Emerson College, with a completely restored exterior—including the terra-cotta facade and the priceless stained glass windows—and a gleaming gold interior. Today, the theater is as beautiful and inviting as it was when it opened 100 years ago.
1983–1989: purchase, cleanup, repair, and reopen
Vision and perseverance have been the hallmarks of Emerson College's stewardship of the Majestic Theatre since the College purchased the theater in 1983. From the beginning, Emerson committed its own resources to the Majestic, and enlisted hundreds of volunteers, dozens of private donors, 16 foundations, more than 10 corporations, and city and federal governments in the 20-year restoration effort. The College envisioned a restored theater for its own use and as a venue serving the nonprofit performing arts community.
The sight of the Augean theater lobby and auditorium that first greeted College administrators and restoration consultants would have extinguished all but the strongest vision. But the College persevered: administrators, performing arts faculty, and alumni volunteered to remove debris so that restoration could begin. Between August 1988 and April 1989, the College completed phase one of the restoration, which brought the heating, cooling, electrical, and plumbing systems up to code, and the building into compliance with fire, landmark, and handicap access requirements. The terra-cotta facade was repaired and the stage floor rebuilt. The College's production of George M! returned live theater to the re-named Emerson Majestic Theatre for the first time in 49 years.
1989–2000: audience growth, economic revival, fundraising, and restoration
During this period, the Majestic hosted more than a hundred productions by nonprofit organizations that had no other venue in downtown Boston, greatly increasing the audience for local, non-commercial theater, dance, and music performances. The presence of the Majestic, lighted night after night, and the establishment of Emerson's "Campus on the Common" in the Theatre District brought new life to the area, encouraging the development of restaurants, housing, and related commercial activity that continues to this day.
Founded in 1991, the Friends of the Majestic Theatre, composed of performing arts patrons and members of the Emerson community, continues to be a steady source of support for the Majestic. The College garnered additional support from individuals, corporate, and foundation sources, particularly the J. Paul Getty Trust and The George B. Henderson Foundation in Boston, as well as from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Massachusetts Cultural Council. In 1993, the terra-cotta facade and the William de Leftwich Dodge paintings in the lobby were painstakingly restored.
When the renamed Cutler Majestic Theatre at Emerson College opened its doors in May 2003, John Galen Howard would have had difficulty telling it from his original creation.
In 2000, the College assembled the team that would complete the restoration of the Majestic Theatre. The architects had done adaptive re-use projects for Emerson for 10 years, and would design and oversee both the restoration and the construction of the 11-story Tufte Performance and Production Center to be built immediately behind the Majestic. Dressing rooms and green rooms for the theater would be built below grade in the new building with connections to backstage. The theater systems consultant would also work on both buildings. The painting and stained glass companies had been involved in earlier restoration assessments of the theater. The goal: to restore the Majestic to its original splendor, while upgrading its technical systems.
2001–2003: a 21st-century theater inside a 19th-century landmark
A leadership gift from Ted Cutler, chair emeritus of Emerson's Board of Trustees, and his late wife, Joan, enabled the final phase of restoration to begin. Another round of major gifts and grants, including from the U.S. Department of Education, together with College funds, propelled the project forward.
In April 2002, the Majestic closed for 13 months to permit uninterrupted work in the theater. The plaster grape arbors, pomegranates, and leafy vines; the 5,000 replica light fixtures; the marble, scagliola, marezzo, tile, and brass; the seating and carpeting inspired by 1903 designs; and the stained glass attributed to Tiffany & Co. all slowly emerged from decades of dirt and neglect. For patrons, the theater was outfitted to modern standards of comfort and safety: increased seating; improved legroom; expanded restrooms; additional lobby areas with more food and drink amenities; and improved heating and cooling. For artists, new dressing rooms and 21st–century stage systems were installed. When the renamed Cutler Majestic Theatre at Emerson College opened its doors in May 2003, John Galen Howard would have had difficulty telling it from his original creation.
Emerson College's vision, perseverance, and commitment of $14.8 million over 20 years to restore the Majestic has resurrected an American Beaux-Arts masterpiece, ensured the future of the College's performing arts programs, contributed to the economic rebirth and social vitality of the Theatre District, and strengthened the greater Boston arts community of which the College is a part.


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Just wanted to send a reminder to all of my Hunt Test friends that Ohio River Hunting Retriever Club WILL have a test this year. The dates are May 4-5 and will be held at East Fork State Park (25 minutes East of Cincinnati). The Premium should be up soon...and we are starting with one flight of Finished...so PLEASE sign up early!!
We have also moved our FaceBook page.The new one is at :
Cant wait to see everyone in 2013!!


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About Jeff Masters
Cat 6 lead authors: WU cofounder Dr. Jeff Masters (right), who flew w/NOAA Hurricane Hunters 1986-1990, & WU meteorologist Bob Henson, @bhensonweather
By: Dr. Jeff Masters , 4:54 PM GMT on June 27, 2008
The American Farm Bureau, a lobbying group that represents American farmers, estimated yesterday that crop damage from the Midwest's Flood of 2008 has amounted to $7 billion. More than half of this total--$4 billion--was in Iowa. Other states taking a hit from excessive wetness and flooding were: Illinois, $1.3 billion; Missouri, $900 million; Indiana, $500 million; Nebraska $500 million; and an additional $1 billion in remaining wet states. When added to the at least $1 billion in property damage the floods wrought (including $762 million in Cedar Rapids, Iowa), the $8 billion price tag of the Midwest Flood of 2008 ranks as the second most expensive U.S. non-hurricane flooding disaster on record. America's worst flood, the Midwest Flood of 1993, caused $26.7 billion in damage (adjusted to 2007 dollars).
The damage will continue to rise in coming days, as major flooding continues along the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. A levee broke along the Mississippi just north of St. Louis this morning, sending flood waters towards the small town of Winfield. Heavy rains in excess of five inches have hit much of northern Missouri this week (Figure 1), and NOAA's Hydrometeorological Prediction Center is forecasting a high probability of heavy rain in the region today through Saturday morning. The culprit is a slow-moving low pressure system over Minnesota, which will drag a cold front through Missouri tonight. An additional 2-4 inches of rain will fall in some areas along the front. The additional rain should keep the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers in Missouri above flood stage for an extra day or two. Currently, these rivers are expected to reach their highest crests sometime between Monday June 30 and Wednesday July 2. The forecast looks somewhat drier for the Midwest next week, thankfully. The jet stream has regularly been taking a major dip southward into the Central U.S. the past two months, putting the favored track for rainy low pressure systems over the Midwest. The jet often gets "stuck" in a high-amplitude trough-ridge pattern which causes drought in one part of the country (California in this case) and floods in another. This "stuckness" often lasts for 3 months. The current 2-week forecast from the GFS and ECMWF models predicts a continuation of the "stuck" jet stream pattern, but decreasing in amplitude and sliding more to the east. This should result in the favored storm track moving more towards the East Coast, relieving flooding in the Midwest.
Figure 1. Precipitation for the 7 days ending on Friday, June 27, at 8am EDT. Image credit:NOAA.
Review of the new magazine, Extreme Weather
A beautiful new weather magazine called Extreme Weather has hit the bookstores this month. Published by Astronomy magazine, the new magazine features some truly spectacular weather photos, including a 12-page "Weathergallery" with awesome shots of tornadoes, lightning, floods, supercells, hail, hurricane winds, and waterspouts. The first article of the magazine features the equally fantastic photos of storm chaser Warren Faidley, who also happens to be the best writer among professional storm chasers, in my opinion. Additional articles in Extreme Weather include a balanced and interesting look at the hurricanes/global warming connection, plus some quality articles on dust storms, super cell thunderstorms, lightning, and the Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900.
Extreme Weather is not yet a regular publication; the editors are gauging interest to see if they wish to make it so. I whole-heartedly encourage them to do so--this magazine rocks! You can order a copy at their website, it's $7.95.
It's quiet in the tropical Atlantic. There are no threat areas to discuss, and none of the models are forecasting tropical storm formation in the next seven days.
Jeff Masters
The views of the author are his/her own and do not necessarily represent the position of The Weather Company or its parent, IBM.
Cat 6 lead authors: WU cofounder Dr. Jeff Masters (right), who flew w/NOAA Hurricane Hunters 1986-1990, & WU meteorologist Bob Henson, @bhensonweather


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The election for POTUS is not a contest in our left wing state, so please, those of you in swing states need to get your ballots in!
But the rest of the ballot is mostly Regulate, Tax & Spend - Key races for Gov McKenna - Inslee, 1st Congressional District Koster - Del Bene, our preferences in Red - the rest of the races have some pretty sorry candidates & when neither passes muster we write in to be sure the election folks can't add a vote for their preferred candidate.
Issues - the usual - the dope smokers & those with alternate lifestyles want that codified so they have privileges - IOO no one should be special, we are all Americans - I had a boss in Engineering who was AA, who stated, "I consider it an insult that they think I can not make it on my own". BTW Blackstone, he was one of the most competent bosses I ever had . & though I did not know his politics I would venture he would not vote for the current POTUS.
For our children's sake & our Grandchildren also, I sincerely hope that the current POTUS is retired & our governorship changes parties. This would be the most conservative governor in my history of following elections in this state.


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Great exercise in the great outdoors. If you want to discover all sides of Schleswig-Holstein, the North Sea-Baltic Trail is for you. This scenic route from the coast to coast cuts right across the Jutland peninsula in northern Germany.
The route passes through several areas of interest, including the once fortified town of Rendsburg and past Westensee nature reserve, taking in the extensive scenery of central Schleswig-Holstein. This 109km trail, which is suitable for beginners and seasoned walkers alike, shows Schleswig-Holstein's varied landscape in all its glory. The North Sea-Baltic Trail can be split into five separate stages or adjusted to suit individual abilities and circumstances.
Tip: Kiel Canal
From fens and sandy heathland to the hilly regions in the east, the trail intermittently follows the Kiel Canal. Here you'll get quite close to the huge cruise liners that sail sedately along the canal. According to the angle you view them at, it can sometimes seem as if they are crossing by land.
At a glance:
Dve uporabni bližnjici za povečavo v brskalniku:
Povečava: +
Pomanjšava: +
Dodatna pomoč vam je na voljo pri ponudniku brskalnika. Do nje dostopate s klikom na ikono:


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I dont know any albums by name since I only have the 2 greatest hits(all you need really)
Song: Lodi
I dont know any albums by name since I only have the 2 greatest hits(all you need really)
Song: Lodi
Last edited by Kidhuman; 11-18-2006 at 10:46 PM.
thanks Chux Turbo LBC Bobafrett Mtriv73 Rjarvis JF96 JT JMG FB Rogue2 Tycho Slicker Deoxy Caesar JontheJedi JJReason Brandon Solo JMS UK for great deals.
SSG Pro Football Pick em and Bowl Pick em Champ 2006. 2007 NCAA Bracket Champ
#24 - Gone but not forgotten
song - fortunate son
album - don't have a fave
Album: The one with Duckee Market on the jacket.
Song: Centerfield (I know, not CCR, but still John Fogarty).
43 muscles to frown, 17 muscles to smile, but not one single muscle to sit here with a dumb look on my face. Now we're talking efficiency.
Bad Moon Rising
Unoriginal? Maybe. A bad song? Hell no!
Member 104 of the SWC forums . . . but it's good to be back.
Good traders: DarkJedi5, jediguy, Jedi_Master_Guyute, jedimastergeorge06
Favorite song: Run Through the Jungle
Album: Chronicle. Duh.
That's my jacket!
Chronicles is the only album I have.
For song, I have to go with "Green River".
I guess you could combine Chronicle, Vol. 1 and Chronicle, Vol. 2 and call them Chronicles.
(but I only have the 1st one. )
Ah, you are right. I just have the first one as well. Rush is the one with Chronicles


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Volvo Penta's 4-cylinder D4‑300 is developed from the latest design in modern diesel technology.
The engine has common rail fuel injection system, double overhead camshafts, 4 valves per cylinder, turbocharger, compressor, and aftercooler. The interaction of these, the large swept volume, and the EVC system results in exceptional diesel performance combined with low emissions.
The D4-300/DPR is extremely compact and suitable for both single and twin engine installations in speeds above 50 knots.


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DNA Tests, and Sometimes Surprising Results
April 23, 2017,
Ionized calcium is calcium in your blood that is not attached to proteins. It is also called free calcium.
All cells need calcium in order to work. Calcium helps build strong bones and teeth. It is important for heart function. It also helps with muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and blood clotting.
This article discusses the test used to measure the amount of ionized calcium in blood.
Free calcium; Ionized calcium
A blood sample is needed. Most of the time blood is drawn from a vein located on the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand.
You should not eat or drink for at least 6 hours before the test.
Many medicines can interfere with blood test results.
Your doctor may order this test if you have signs of kidney or parathyroid disease. The test may also be done to monitor progress and treatment of these diseases.
Most of the time, blood tests measure your total calcium level. This looks at both ionized calcium and calcium attached to proteins. You may need to have a separate ionized calcium test if you have factors that increase or decrease total calcium levels. These may include abnormal blood levels of albumin or immunoglobulins.
Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.
The examples above show the common measurements for results for these tests. Some laboratories use different measurements or may test different specimens.
Higher-than-normal levels of ionized calcium may be due to:
Lower-than-normal levels may be due to:
Wysolmerski JJ, Insogna KL. The parathyroid glands, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine . 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 253.


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- The Best Boys Names – The Top 50
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- 21 Spanish baby boy names you're bound to love


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Here are the games that are coming up in 2012 that I'm most looking forward to, in no particular order.
Mass Effect 3
Bioware's action RPG Mass Effect 3 is the newest in the Mass Effect series, bringing improved game-play: a retooled combat system, cover scenarios and the addition of new AI elements. Players will be able to import saved game files from the first two versions, with the ability to change imported characters' appearance and class with additional features and hair-styles. There will also be a four player multi-player co-op mode.
Continue Reading "My Most Anticipated Video Games of 2012″ »


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Everyone will look up to your fashionable style with the Iconic walkshorts from Metal Mulisha. They feature two front pockets and an embroidered brand name on the left side.
- Two front pockets
- One back pocket
- Quality embroidery
- 100% Cotton fabric
- Size 0 has a 2" inseam
- Imported
- Slide closure and zipper fly
- Made in the USA
- Brand: Metal Mulisha
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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MaryJane's Home Honeycomb 3-Piece Towel Set - Online Only
3-piece towel set:
(1) Bath Towel: 30-in. x 54-in.
(1) Hand Towel: 16-in. x 28-in.
(1) Washcloth: 13-in. x 13-in.
- 100% Cotton
- Machine wash, no bleach, tumble dry low.
- Imported
Shipping your purchase is easy on belk.com. Depending on the destination of your package, you can expect it to arrive within 4-7 business days. Shipping Information
Returns are easy on belk.com. Easy returns
The Mary Jane's Home collection was conceived by Mary Jane Butters on her organic farm in Idaho. It is an American classic celebrating the rural aesthetic along with farmgirl ingenuity, beauty, humor and honesty. Mary Jane's Home represents traditional country styling with a high level of detail and a design twist with whimsical, personalized touches. A mix of shabby chic and functionality.
Bonus Offer!
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More from: MaryJane's Home


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A little less than a year ago, I interviewed Jake Replogle about his Haute Taco restaurant in the Sendik's Towne Centre off Capitol Drive in Brookfield. Fast forward to 2012 and I was talking to him about the same location, but a different restaurant. Jake's Burgers opened a couple of weeks ago. Although the restaurant has a similar casual/hip/contemporary feel, the menu is completely different.
First and foremost, Jake's Burgers is all about, well, burgers. Starting with the beef itself which is a custom grind of brisket, short ribs and sirloin that Replogle says just tastes better: "It's a combination that we found was very popular at Jake's Charred Lounge," he explains. "It gives you a full flavored piece of meat that's not dry or greasy and it's ground fresh daily."
According to Jake's Burgers' manager, Duffy Strobos, the change in concept was a reflection of changing tastes: "The specialty burger market is really growing," he says. "We offer approachable food, but we wanted to put our own twist on things."
Although they've only been open a short time, there are already some customer favorites such as Jake's Burger (available in the Charred Lounge inside the original Jake's.) It's a burger with cheddar cheese, oven-roasted tomato, butter lettuce, special sauce and haystack onion rings ($9.95). Also popular are the Wisconsin Burger with beer cheddar cheese sauce, haystack onion strings & bacon ($10.95) or, for something non-beef, the Crispy Beer-Battered Cod Sandwich ($8.95).
The portions are not gargantuan and for vegetarians or those with smaller appetites, there are plenty of salad options as well as turkey burgers or veggie burgers upon request. The wine, beer and drink menu is extensive enough to please anyone. The kids menu has a pretty typical selection sure to please the little ones.
"We're going for that warm and welcoming atmosphere," explain both Strobos and Replogle. "We're not trying to be a fine dining establishment. We want to provide excellent friendly service at a reasonable price point."
Jake's Burgers is currently only open for dinner but Replogle hopes to be open for lunch within the next month or so.
The Basics
Name: Jake's Burgers
Address: 18905 W. Capitol Drive
Phone: 262-781-1110
Website: www.jakesburgers.com (under construction, but you can "like" them on Facebook.)
Fare: American, Burgers
Hours: 4:30 - 9:00pm Tuesday - Thursday
4:30 - 9:30 Friday - Saturday (Bar open till 1:00, Tuesday - Saturday)
Closed Sunday and Monday
Price Range: $6.95-$10.95(Approximate)
Reservations: Yes
Handicap Access: Yes
Gluten-Free Options: Yes
"Grab a Bite" is an informal look at the food scene in the Wauwatosa, Brookfield and Elm Grove area by freelance writer Karen Waldkirch. Whether you're looking for a place for a date night or a casual spot for lunch, Waldkirch will be out and about scouting eateries for you. If you have a suggestion for a column, e-mail her at email@example.com.
- Breakfast is back at Cosmos Cafe
- Elm Grove's Le Cakery more than just pastries
- Red Dot aims to duplicate East Side success in Wauwatosa
- There's No Place Like Hom Woodfired Grill
- Mo's Irish Pub: A lively Irish American neighborhood eatery
- Sluggo's Sports Pub & Grill: Back in business on Burleigh
- Tall Guy and a Grill: BBQ finds new heights
- Cocina DeLeon: Old-world gourmet Mexican you make at home
- Burke's Irish Castle carrying on a local Irish legacy
- Albanese's Roadhouse serves up generations of Italian blessings
- BelAir Cantina: A breezy, Cali-Mex casual eatery
- Jake's: More than just steak and potatoes
- Jake's: More than just steak and potatoes
- Sherbrooke: A bit of Canada right in Tosa, eh
- Colonel Hart's: A true neighborhood hangout
- Caroline's, with homemade lunch and sweets just like mom made
- Ted's: It's Cheers without the beers
- Penelope's: A labor of love in heart of Elm Grove
- Drink in a bit of island life at Jimmy's Island Grill and Iguana Bar in Wauwatosa
- North Avenue Grill Same name, new owner


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I just uploaded Debian packages of version 4.0 of X...trs. :) Tim Mann just released the latest version of his cool TRS-80 emulator a few days ago. Packages that compile in three minutes are nice.
Anyway, back to XFree86 4.0 .debs...when they are ready they will appear at the usual place.