text:
Differential expression analysis for sequence count data
- Simon Anders1Email author and
- Wolfgang Huber1
DOI: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-10-r106
© Anders et al 2010
Received: 20 April 2010
Accepted: 27 October 2010
Published: 27 October 2010
High-throughput sequencing assays such as RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq or barcode counting provide quantitative readouts in the form of count data. To infer differential signal in such data correctly and with good statistical power, estimation of data variability throughout the dynamic range and a suitable error model are required. We propose a method based on the negative binomial distribution, with variance and mean linked by local regression and present an implementation, DESeq, as an R/Bioconductor package.
High-throughput sequencing of DNA fragments is used in a range of quantitative assays. A common feature between these assays is that they sequence large amounts of DNA fragments that reflect, for example, a biological system's repertoire of RNA molecules (RNA-Seq [1, 2]) or the DNA or RNA interaction regions of nucleotide binding molecules (ChIP-Seq [3], HITS-CLIP [4]). Typically, these reads are assigned to a class based on their mapping to a common region of the target genome, where each class represents a target transcript, in the case of RNA-Seq, or a binding region, in the case of ChIP-Seq. An important summary statistic is the number of reads in a class; for RNA-Seq, this read count has been found to be (to good approximation) linearly related to the abundance of the target transcript [2]. Interest lies in comparing read counts between different biological conditions. In the simplest case, the comparison is done separately, class by class. We will use the term gene synonymously to class, even though a class may also refer to, for example, a transcription factor binding site, or even a barcode [5].
We would like to use statistical testing to decide whether, for a given gene, an observed difference in read counts is significant, that is, whether it is greater than what would be expected just due to natural random variation.
If reads were independently sampled from a population with given, fixed fractions of genes, the read counts would follow a multinomial distribution, which can be approximated by the Poisson distribution.
Consequently, the Poisson distribution has been used to test for differential expression [6, 7]. The Poisson distribution has a single parameter, which is uniquely determined by its mean; its variance and all other properties follow from it; in particular, the variance is equal to the mean. However, it has been noted [1, 8] that the assumption of Poisson distribution is too restrictive: it predicts smaller variations than what is seen in the data. Therefore, the resulting statistical test does not control type-I error (the probability of false discoveries) as advertised. We show instances for this later, in the Discussion.
To address this so-called overdispersion problem, it has been proposed to model count data with negative binomial (NB) distributions [9], and this approach is used in the edgeR package for analysis of SAGE and RNA-Seq [8, 10]. The NB distribution has parameters, which are uniquely determined by mean μ and variance σ2. However, the number of replicates in data sets of interest is often too small to estimate both parameters, mean and variance, reliably for each gene. For edgeR, Robinson and Smyth assumed [11] that mean and variance are related by σ2 = μ + αμ2, with a single proportionality constant α that is the same throughout the experiment and that can be estimated from the data. Hence, only one parameter needs to be estimated for each gene, allowing application to experiments with small numbers of replicates.
In this paper, we extend this model by allowing more general, data-driven relationships of variance and mean, provide an effective algorithm for fitting the model to data, and show that it provides better fits (Section Model). As a result, more balanced selection of differentially expressed genes throughout the dynamic range of the data can be obtained (Section Testing for differential expression). We demonstrate the method by applying it to four data sets (Section Applications) and discuss how it compares to alternative approaches (Section Conclusions).
Results and Discussion
which has two parameters, the mean μ ij and the variance . The read counts K ij are non-negative integers. The probabilities of the distribution are given in Supplementary Note A. (All Supplementary Notes are in Additional file 1.) The NB distribution is commonly used to model count data when overdispersion is present [12].
In practice, we do not know the parameters μ ij and , and we need to estimate them from the data. Typically, the number of replicates is small, and further modelling assumptions need to be made in order to obtain useful estimates. In this paper, we develop a method that is based on the following three assumptions.
qi,ρ(j) is proportional to the expectation value of the true (but unknown) concentration of fragments from gene i under condition ρ(j). The size factor s j represents the coverage, or sampling depth, of library j, and we will use the term common scale for quantities, such as qi, ρ(j), that are adjusted for coverage by dividing by s j .
This assumption is needed because the number of replicates is typically too low to get a precise estimate of the variance for gene i from just the data available for this gene. This assumption allows us to pool the data from genes with similar expression strength for the purpose of variance estimation.
The decomposition of the variance in Equation (3) is motivated by the following hierarchical model: We assume that the actual concentration of fragments from gene i in sample j is proportional to a random variable R ij , such that the rate that fragments from gene i are sequenced is s j r ij . For each gene i and all samples j of condition ρ, the R ij are i.i.d. with mean q iρ and variance v iρ . Thus, the count value K ij , conditioned on R ij = r ij , is Poisson distributed with rate s j r ij . The marginal distribution of K ij - when allowing for variation in R ij - has the mean μ ij and (according to the law of total variance) the variance given in Equation (3). Furthermore, if the higher moments of R ij are modeled according to a gamma distribution, the marginal distribution of K ij is NB (see, for example, [12], Section 4.2.2).
We now describe how the model can be fitted to data. The data are an n × m table of counts, k ij , where i = 1,..., n indexes the genes, and j = 1,..., m indexes the samples. The model has three sets of parameters:
(i) m size factors s j ; the expectation values of all counts from sample j are proportional to s j .
(ii) for each experimental condition ρ, n expression strength parameters q iρ ; they reflect the expected abundance of fragments from gene i under condition ρ, that is, expectation values of counts for gene i are proportional to q iρ .
(iii) The smooth functions v ρ : ℝ+ → ℝ+; for each condition ρ, v ρ models the dependence of the raw variance v iρ on the expected mean q iρ .
The purpose of the size factors s j is to render counts from different samples, which may have been sequenced to different depths, comparable. Hence, the ratios (K ij )/(K ij' ) of expected counts for the same gene i in different samples j and j' should be equal to the size ratio s j /s j' if gene i is not differentially expressed or samples j and j' are replicates. The total number of reads, Σ i k ij , may seem to be a good measure of sequencing depth and hence a reasonable choice for s j . Experience with real data, however, shows this not always to be the case, because a few highly and differentially expressed genes may have strong influence on the total read count, causing the ratio of total read counts not to be a good estimate for the ratio of expected counts.
The denominator of this expression can be interpreted as a pseudo-reference sample obtained by taking the geometric mean across samples. Thus, each size factor estimate is computed as the median of the ratios of the j-th sample's counts to those of the pseudo-reference. (Note: While this manuscript was under review, Robinson and Oshlack [13] suggested a similar method.)
In Supplementary Note B in Additional file 1 we show that w iρ - z iρ is an unbiased estimator for the raw variance parameter v iρ of Equation (3).
as our estimate for the raw variance.
Some attention is needed to avoid estimation biases in the local regression. w iρ is a sum of squared random variables, and the residuals are skewed. Following References [15], Chapter 8 and [14], Section 9.1.2, we use a generalized linear model of the gamma family for the local regression, using the implementation in the locfit package [16].
Testing for differential expression
The variables a and b in the above sums take the values 0,..., kiS. The approach presented so far follows that of Robinson and Smyth [11] and is analogous to that taken by other conditioned tests, such as Fisher's exact test. (See Reference [17], Chapter 3 for a discussion of the merits of conditioning in tests.)
Computation of p(a, b). First, assume that, under the null hypothesis, counts from different samples are independent. Then, p(a, b) = Pr(KiA = a) Pr(KiB = b). The problem thus is computing the probability of the event KiA = a, and, analogously, of KiB = b. The random variable KiA is the sum of m A
Supplementary Note C in Additional file 1 describes how the distribution parameters of the NB for KiA can be determined from and . (To avoid bias, we do not match the moments directly, but instead match a different pair of distribution statistics.) The parameters of KiB are obtained analogously.
Supplementary Note D in Additional file 1 explains how we evaluate the sums in Equation (11).
Data sets
We present results based on the following data sets:
RNA-Seq in fly embryos
B. Wilczynski, Y.-H. Liu, N. Delhomme and E. Furlong have conducted RNA-Seq experiments in fly embryos and kindly shared part of their data with us ahead of publication. In each sample of this data set, a gene was engineered to be over-expressed, and we compare two biological replicates each of two such conditions, in the following denoted as 'A' and 'B'.
Tag-Seq of neural stem cells
Engström et al. [18] performed Tag-Seq [19] for tissue cultures of neural cells, including four from glioblastoma-derived neural stem-cells ('GNS') and two from non-cancerous neural stem ('NS') cells. As each tissue culture was derived from a different subject and so has a different genotype, these data show high variability.
RNA-Seq of yeast
Nagalakshmi et al. [1] performed RNA-Seq on replicates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures. They tested two library preparation protocols, dT and RH, and obtained three sequencing runs for each protocol, such that for the first run of each protocol, they had one further technical replicate (same culture, replicated library preparation) and one further biological replicate (different culture).
ChIP-Seq of HapMap samples
Kasowski et al. [20] compared protein occupation of DNA regions between ten human individuals by ChIP-Seq. They compiled a list of regions for polymerase II and NF-κB, and counted, for each sample, the number of reads that mapped onto each region. The aim of the study was to investigate how much the regions' occupation differed between individuals.
Variance estimation
The many data points in Figure 1b that lie far above the fitted orange curve may let the fit of the local regression appear poor. However, a strong skew of the residual distribution is to be expected. See Supplementary Note E in Additional file 1 for details and a discussion of diagnostics suitable to verify the fit.
Comparison with edgeR
We also analyzed the data with edgeR (version 1.6.0; [8, 10, 11]). We ran edgeR with four different settings, namely in common-dispersion and in tagwise-dispersion mode, and either using the size factors as estimated by DESeq or taking the total numbers of sequenced reads. The results did not depend much on these choices, and here we report the results for tag-wise dispersion mode with DESeq-estimated size factors. (The R code required to reproduce all analyses, figures and numbers reported in this article is provided in Additional file 2; in addition, this supplement provides the results for the other settings of edgeR. The raw data can be found in Additional file 3.)
Going back to Figure 1 we see that edgeR's single-value dispersion estimate of the variance is lower than that of DESeq for weakly expressed genes and higher for strongly expressed genes. As a consequence, as we have seen in Figure 2edgeR is anti-conservative for lowly expressed genes. However, it compensates for this by being more conservative with strongly expressed genes, so that, on average, type-I error control is maintained.
Similar results were obtained with the neural stem cell data, a data set with a different biological background and different noise characteristics (see Supplementary Note F in Additional file 1). The flexibility of the variance estimation scheme presented in this work appears to offer real advantages over the existing methods across a range of applications.
Working without replicates
DESeq allows analysis of experiments with no biological replicates in one or even both of the conditions. While one may not want to draw strong conclusions from such an analysis, it may still be useful for exploration and hypothesis generation.
If replicates are available only for one of the conditions, one might choose to assume that the variance-mean dependence estimated from the data for that condition holds as well for the unreplicated one.
If neither condition has replicates, one can still perform an analysis based on the assumption that for most genes, there is no true differential expression, and that a valid mean-variance relationship can be estimated from treating the two samples as if they were replicates. A minority of differentially abundant genes will act as outliers; however, they will not have a severe impact on the gamma-family GLM fit, as the gamma distribution for low values of the shape parameter has a heavy right-hand tail. Some overestimation of the variance may be expected, which will make that approach conservative.
We performed such an analysis with the fly RNA-Seq and the neural cell Tag-Seq data, by restricting both data sets to only two samples, one from each condition. For the neural cell data, the estimated variance function was, as expected, somewhat above the two functions estimated from the GNS and NS replicates.
Using it to test for differential expression still found 269 hits at FDR = 10%, of which 202 were among the 612 hits from the more reliable analysis with all available samples. In the case of the fly RNA-Seq data, however, only 90 of the 862 hits (11%) were recovered (with two new hits). These observations are explained by the fact that in the neural cell data, the variability between replicates was not much smaller than between conditions, making the latter a usable surrogate for the former. On the other hand, for the fly data, the variability between replicates was much smaller than between the conditions, indicating that the replication provided important and otherwise not available information on the experimental variation in the data (see also next Section).
Variance-stabilizing transformation
Using an alternative approach, Kasowski et al. fitted generalized linear models (GLMs) of the Poisson family. This (lower row of Figure 6) resulted in an enrichment of small P values even for comparisons within the same individual, indicating that the variance was underestimated by the Poisson GLM, and literal use of the P values would lead to anti-conservative (overly optimistic) bias. Kasowski et al. addressed this and adjusted for the bias by using additional criteria for calling differential occupation.
Why is it necessary to develop new statistical methodology for sequence count data? If large numbers of replicates were available, questions of data distribution could be avoided by using non-parametric methods, such as rank-based or permutation tests. However, it is desirable (and possible) to consider experiments with smaller numbers of replicates per condition. In order to compare an observed difference with an expected random variation, we can improve our picture of the latter in two ways: first, we can use distribution families, such as normal, Poisson and negative binomial distributions, in order to determine the higher moments, and hence the tail behavior, of statistics for differential expression, based on observed low order moments such as mean and variance. Second, we can share information, for instance, distributional parameters, between genes, based on the notion that data from different genes follow similar patterns of variability. Here, we have described an instance of such an approach, and we will now discuss the choices we have made.
Choice of distribution
While for large counts, normal distributions might provide a good approximation of between-replicate variability, this is not the case for lower count values, whose discreteness and skewness mean that probability estimates computed from a normal approximation would be inadequate.
For the Poisson approximation, a key paper is the work by Marioni et al. [6], who studied the technical reproducibility of RNA-Seq. They extracted total RNA from two tissue samples, one from the liver and one from the kidneys of the same individual. From each RNA sample they took seven aliquots, prepared a library from each aliquot according to the protocol recommended by Illumina and sampled each library on one lane of a Solexa genome analyzer. For each gene, they then calculated the variance of the seven counts from the same tissue sample and found very good agreement with the variance predicted by a Poisson model. In line with our arguments in Section Model, Poisson shot noise is the minimum amount of variation to expect in a counting process. Thus, Marioni et al. concluded that the technical reproducibility of RNA-Seq is excellent, and that the variation between technical replicates is close to the shot noise limit. From this vantage point, Marioni et al. (and similarly Bullard et al. [22]) suggested to use the Poisson model (and Fisher's exact test, or a likelihood ratio test as an approximation to it) to test whether a gene is differentially expressed between their two samples. It is important to note that a rejection from such a test only informs us that the difference between the average counts in the two samples is larger than one would expect between technical replicates. Hence, we do not know whether this difference is due to the different tissue type, kidney instead of liver, or whether a difference of the same magnitude could have been found as well if one had compared two samples from different parts of the same liver, or from livers of two individuals.
Figure 1 shows that shot noise is only dominant for very low count values, while already for moderate counts, the effect of the biological variation between samples exceeds the shot noise by orders of magnitude.
Consequently, it is preferable to use a model that allows for overdispersion. While for the Poisson distribution, variance and mean are equal, the negative binomial distribution is a generalization that allow for the variance to be larger. The most advanced of the published methods using this distribution is likely edgeR [8]. DESeq owes its basic idea to edgeR, yet differs in several aspects.
Sharing of information between genes
First, we discovered that the use of total read counts as estimates of sequencing depth, and hence for the adjustment of observed counts between samples (as recommended by Robinson et al. [8] and others) may result in high apparent differences between replicates, and hence in poor power to detect true differences.
DESeq uses the more robust size estimate Equation (5); in fact, edgeR's power increases when it is supplied with those size estimates instead. (Note: While this paper was under review, edgeR was amended to use the method of Oshlack and Robinson [13].)
For small numbers of replicates as often encountered in practice, it is not possible to obtain simultaneously reliable estimates of the variance and mean parameters of the NB distribution. EdgeR addresses this problem by estimating a single common dispersion parameter. In our method, we make use of the possibility to estimate a more flexible, mean-dependent local regression. The amount of data available in typical experiments is large enough to allow for sufficiently precise local estimation of the dispersion. Over the large dynamic range that is typical for RNA-Seq, the raw SCV often appears to change noticeably, and taking this into account allows DESeq to avoid bias towards certain areas of the dynamic range in its differential-expression calls (see Figure 2 and 4).
This flexibility is the most substantial difference between DESeq and edgeR, as simulations show that edgeR and DESeq perform comparably if provided with artificial data with constant SCV (Supplementary Note G in Additional file 1). EdgeR attempts to make up for the rigidity of the single-parameter noise model by allowing for an adjustment of the model-based variance estimate with the per-gene empirical variance. An empirical Bayes procedure, similar to the one originally developed for the limma package [24–26], determines how to combine these two sources of information optimally. However, for typical low replicate numbers, this so-called tagwise dispersion mode seems to have little effect (Figure 4) or even reduces edgeR's power (Supplementary Note F in Additional file 1).
Third, we have suggested a simple and robust way of estimating the raw variance from the data. Robinson and Smyth [11] employed a technique they called quantile-adjusted conditional maximum likelihood to find an unbiased estimate for the raw SCV. The quantile adjustment refers to a rank-based procedure that modifies the data such that the data seem to stem from samples of equal library size. In DESeq, differing library sizes are simply addressed by linear scaling (Equations (2) and (3)), suggesting that quantile adjustment is an unnecessary complication. The price we pay for this is that we need to make the approximation that the sum of NB variables in Equation (10) is itself NB distributed. While it seems that neither the quantile adjustment nor our approximation pose reason for concern in practice, DESeq's approach is computationally faster and, perhaps, conceptually simpler.
Fourth, our approach provides useful diagnostics. Plots such as Supplementary Figure S3 in Additional file 2 are helpful to judge the reliability of the tests. In Figure 1b and 7, it is easy to see at which mean value biological variability dominates over shot noise; this information is valuable to decide whether the sequencing depth or the number of biological replicates is the limiting factor for detection power, and so helps in planning experiments. A heatmap as in Figure 5 is useful for data quality control.
Materials and methods
The R package DESeq
We implemented the method as a package for the statistical environment R [27] and distribute it within the Bioconductor project [28]. As input, it expects a table of count data. The data, as well as meta-data, such as sample and gene annotation, are managed with the S4 class CountDataSet, which is derived from eSet, Bioconductor's standard data type for table-like data. The package provides high-level functions to perform analyses such as shown in Section Application with only a few commands, allowing researchers with little knowledge of R to use it. This is demonstrated with examples in the documentation provided with the package (the package vignette). Furthermore, lower-level functions are supplied for advanced users who wish to deviate from the standard work flow. A typical calculation, such as the analyses shown in Section Applications, takes a few minutes of time on a personal computer.
All the analyses presented here have been performed with DESeq. Readers wishing to examine them in detail will find a Sweave document with the commented R code of the analysis code as Additional file 2 and the raw data in Additional file 3.
DESeq is available as a Bioconductor package from the Bioconductor repository [28] and from [36].
- ChIP-Seq:
(high-throughput) sequencing of immunoprecipitated chromatin
empirical cumulative distribution function
false-discovery rate
generalized linear model
- RNA-Seq:
(high-throughput) sequencing of RNA
squared coefficient of variation
negative-binomial (distribution)
variance-stabilizing transformation.
We are grateful to Paul Bertone for sharing the neural stem cells data ahead of publication, and to Bartek Wilczyński, Ya-Hsin Liu, Nicolas Delhomme and Eileen Furlong likewise for sharing the fly RNA-Seq data. We thank Nicolas Delhomme and Julien Gagneur for helpful comments on the manuscript. S. An. has been partially funded by the European Union Research and Training Network 'Chromatin Plasticity'.
Authors' Affiliations
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Roll-Over Protocol To Provide Atv And/Or Truvada For Extended Access
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Tablets, Oral, 300/200 mg, once daily, indefinitely
Other Name: Truvada
|Tenofovir/ Emtricitabine
Drug: Tenofovir/Emtricitabine
Tablets, Oral, 300/200 mg, once daily, indefinitely
Other Name: Truvada
Detailed Description:
Provide study drug for patients rolling off BMS ATV clinical trials in countries where these medications are not commercially available.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|16 Years to 75 Years (Child, Adult, Senior)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Subjects must provide written informed consent
Currently receiving atazanavir (unboosted or boosted with 100 mg ritonavir QD)and/or tenofovir-emtricitabine at time of screening and viral load is
≤ 10,000 copies/mL while on therapy
- Subjects who are receiving investigational antiretroviral agents through Expanded Access Programs will be allowed to participate following discussion and approval by the BMS Medical Monitor
- ≥ 16 years of age (or minimum age as determined by local regulatory or as legal requirements dictate)
- Both females of child-bearing potential and males must utilize effective barrier contraception to reduce transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. Other contraception in addition to barrier methods are permitted, however interactions between atazanavir and oral contraceptives have not been studied
Exclusion Criteria:
- WOCBP who are unwilling or unable to use an acceptable method to avoid pregnancy for the entire study period and for up to 8 weeks after the study
- WOCBP using a prohibited contraceptive method (no contraceptive methods prohibited in this study. However, caution is warranted with coadministration of oral contraceptives)
- Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding
- Women with a positive pregnancy test on enrollment or prior to study drug administration, with the exception of women rolling over from AI424182, who may still have a positive β-HCG test at the time of enrollment
- All subjects previously discontinued from an atazanavir study for any reason
- Active alcohol or substance abuse sufficient, in the Investigator's opinion, to prevent adequate compliance with study therapy or to increase the risk of developing pancreatitis or chemical hepatitis
- Any other clinical conditions or prior therapy that, in the opinion of the investigator, would make the subject unsuitable for study, or unable to comply with the dosing requirements
- Any of the following laboratory values:
- a) Serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 times the upper limit of normal,
- b) Liver enzymes (AST, ALT) ≥ 5 times the upper limit of normal,
- Hypersensitivity to any component of the formulation of study drug
- Refer to Section 6.4.1 which details all prohibited therapies
- Prisoners or subjects who are compulsorily detained (involuntarily incarcerated) for treatment of either a psychiatric or physical (e.g., infectious disease) illness must not be enrolled into this study
Contacts and Locations
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below. For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01003990
Show 89 Study Locations
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01003990
Show 89 Study Locations
Sponsors and Collaborators
Bristol-Myers Squibb
|Study Director:
|Bristol-Myers Squibb
|Bristol-Myers Squibb
More Information
Additional Information:
Keywords provided by Bristol-Myers Squibb:
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on April 28, 2017
Additional Information:
|Responsible Party:
|Bristol-Myers Squibb
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01003990 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|October 20, 2009
|Last Updated:
|January 5, 2017
Keywords provided by Bristol-Myers Squibb:
Treatment experienced
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Atazanavir Sulfate
Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination
Antiviral Agents
Anti-Infective Agents
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
Enzyme Inhibitors
Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action
Anti-Retroviral Agents
Anti-HIV Agents
HIV Protease Inhibitors
Protease Inhibitors
Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on April 28, 2017

subset: commoncrawl


text: i am looking for a celebi, at least level 60 or up, though i can collaberate. i would prefer if it had a Timid nature and was EV trained in HP, SP.def and Defense. I will trade any starter and its evolutions, except Chikorita, i can give you any eevee evolutions, or PM me and we can negotiate. i don't trade many legendaries, but will clone if needed.


text: Hmm, time for a diary update. With OLS and USENIX Security paper deadlines, this has been a busy month. Of course, deadlines are not complete without filesystem corruption and lost work to add to the panic factor (/me thanks debugfs!). Oh, and we finally got the installer going for the next Immunix release. Whew, what a hassle that was. Anyway, time for more fun with cciss.


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Printable View
Loved OJ McDuffie. That guy was a baller.
---------- Post added at 02:09 AM ---------- Previous post was at 02:07 AM ----------
great thread by the way. Nice to see some positive posts. Props to the OP
No question it's Zach Thomas.
Man how many of these guys did Ireland draft? =) Do like the R. Jones pick.
Dick Anderson was a sensational pick. I believe it was 3rd round 1968. We were stacked with picks that year but after Csonka none of the next three or four fully panned out. Then we hit the jackpot with Anderson. You could see how smart and aggressive he was, right from the outset. I think he had 8 interceptions as a rookie including a long touchdown return. There was also a punt return at Buffalo, perhaps his second season, when only Anderson knew the rule that the receiving team had no risk if the punt had already been touched by the kicking team but not controlled. Anderson dashed in there and grabbed the ball in heavy traffic, racing down the right sideline maybe 30 yards. Even the Dolphin announcing crew was questioning if it was a legal return.
That was the type of player we had in key spots throughout the early '70s roster -- smart and resourceful. Anderson was up man on punt returns and simply would not let the ball hit the cement Poly Turf and gallop another 25 yards. He was also the backup punter for several seasons and at least once was forced into action and didn't fare poorly.
In a run oriented era, a big hitting strong safety with a nose for the ball was incredibly valuable.
Great draft pick that never played a down for us Gary Fencik in the 10th round 1976. 2 pro bowls a super bowl and a gold record


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In compliance with Italian Legislative Decree N° 196/03, Personal Data Protection Code (from here on "Code"), Mascagni Srl applies a proper Privacy Policy when processing your personal data we may learn from you via this website.
Specifically, in accordance with Section 13 of Personal Data Protection Code, we would like to inform our website's users that:
· Your personal data you may disclose via our online booking form or via emails, telephone or fax will be processed exclusively to carry out your booking on our Hotel, or to reply to any request you might make;
· Inserting your data is optional, but shouldn't you provide any of the data we're asking you, we may not be able to carry out your booking;
· The data you are providing will be processed with or without the help of electronic or automated means by using specific procedures in order to guarantee that all the information will be secure and confidential;
· We won't disclose your data to anyone, at least not before your arrival at the hotel when you'll be asked your express consent;
· The Data Controller is Mascagni Srl, Via Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 90 – 00185 Rome;
· You can exercise your rights at any time contacting the Data Controller via email by writing to firstname.lastname@example.com – in compliance with Italian Legislative Decree 196/03, art. 7 which for your convenience has been reproduced hereafter:
Article 7
(Right to Access Personal Data and Other Rights)
2. A data subject shall have the right to obtain confirmation as to whether or not personal data concerning him exist, regardless of their being already recorded, and communication of such data in intelligible form.
2. A data subject shall have the right to be informed
a) of the source of the personal data;
b) of the purposes and methods of the processing;
c) of the logic applied to the processing, if the latter is carried out with the help of electronic means;
d) of the identification data concerning data controller, data processors and the representative designated as per Section 5(2);
e) of the entities or categories of entity to whom or which the personal data may be communicated and who or which may get to know said data in their capacity as designated representative(s) in the State's territory, data processor(s) or person(s) in charge of the processing.
3. A data subject shall have the right to obtain
a) updating, rectification or, where interested therein, integration of the data;
b) erasure, anonymization or blocking of data that have been processed unlawfully, including data whose retention is unnecessary for the purposes for which they have been collected or subsequently processed;
c) certification to the effect that the operations as per letters a) and b) have been notified, as also related to their contents, to the entities to whom or which the data were communicated or disseminated, unless this requirement proves impossible or involves a manifestly disproportionate effort compared with the right that is to be protected.
4. A data subject shall have the right to object, in whole or in part,
a) on legitimate grounds, to the processing of personal data concerning him/her, even though they are relevant to the purpose of the collection;
b) to the processing of personal data concerning him/her, where it is carried out for the purpose of sending advertising materials or direct selling or else for the performance of market or commercial communication surveys.


text:
Vortex Viper HD 15x50 Binocular
Prices, promotions, styles and availability may vary by store and online.
HD glass for sharp colors and amazing resolution
XR multi-coated lenses for high light transmission
Twist eyecups offer a custom fit
Waterproof and fog proof design
Tripod adaptable
Rugged, compact and lightweight, the award-winning Viper HD binoculars from Vortex Optics pack in all the features you need for a successful hunt in a lightweight package. HD (High Density) extra-low dispersion glass delivers impressive resolution and color fidelity, resulting in High Definition images. Multi-layer coatings provide the clearest, brightest, most color-accurate images possible. Vortex proprietary XR anti-reflective coatings, fully multi-coated on all air-to-glass lens surfaces, increase light transmission for maximum brightness.
Optics are sealed with O-rings to prevent moisture, dust, and debris from getting inside the binocular. Argon gas purging guarantees superior fogproof and waterproof performance. Rubber armor provides a secure, non-slip grip, and durable external protection. Ultra-hard, scratch-resistant ArmorTek coating protects exterior lenses from scratches, oil, and dirt.
Eyecups twist up and down to precise, intermediate settings to maximize custom fit for comfortable viewing with or without eyeglasses. Locking diopter on the right eyepiece adjusts for differences in a user's eyes. Compatible with a tripod adapter.


text:
By Parrish Alford/NEMS Daily Journal
OXFORD – Murphy Holloway equates it to parking on somebody else's nickel. Now it's time to pay the meter maid.
Holloway, Reggie Buckner and Nick Williams are seniors, and as basketball practice approaches its second week, Ole Miss coach Andy Kennedy wants them to understand that the clock is ticking.
The three have been a part of a lot of wins with the Rebels, but while they've been close, they haven't been able to help Ole Miss break a streak of 10 seasons without an NCAA tournament bid.
"Coach doesn't let us forget that Ole Miss ain't going to pay our bills forever," said Holloway, speaking at Tuesday's preseason press conference.
Kennedy is hoping his trio of seniors – sophomore point guard Jarvis Summers gives him four returning starters – can cash out with a trip to March Madness.
Kennedy says his seventh Ole Miss team is the most experienced team he's coached.
It's also his most diverse, and what makes it intriguing, he says, is the varying skill sets and quick acclimation of six newcomers.
Several of them are expected to make significant contributions.
"If you asked my staff and me to rank the top seven players you'd probably get four different answers," Kennedy said. "That speaks to the competition we're seeing."
perimeter priority
The newcomer with the most advance attention is junior college player of the year Marshall Henderson. Kennedy said Henderson's shooting will be a key element for an Ole Miss team that struggled beyond the perimeter a year ago.
The threat of Henderson's shooting might be just as important.
"Spacing, I think is probably the biggest thing that he brings, because you have to guard him. When you look at Murphy and look at Reg, they're not block to block power guys with Kevin McHale post moves. They're slashers and athletes who need angles. Last year there was limited space for them to operate," Kennedy said.
The skills of the newcomers should help the Rebels "score the ball" more easily, Kennedy said.
Still, it's the veterans who will be the face of the program at the beginning, and it's their drive – their sense of urgency – that Kennedy hopes will inspire the team.
"Terrance (Henry) had a sense of urgency last year, and as he would implore Reg and Murph, the juniors, to have that sense of urgency, they couldn't get it," he said. "Now they get it. Those guys understand that each and every day is the last opportunity for them to do what they came here to do."


text:
Dalmazia rental of beach gazebo and services are avaible daily ( service additional extra)
All the space you need, in the serenity of beach gazebos. All the peace that you long for, in the freshness of the garden . All the flavor of the specialities by our Chef Valentino Cassanelli. 35 cabins, 45 gazebos, swimming lessons, personal trainer, yoga, pilates, acquagym and surf school. Wide spaces, sun and shadow areas , garden bar and kids laborator.
Organize your Event directly on the beach: wedding party , birthday party, graduation party,private party, corporate events.
Season 2017 : Opening on the weekends of April, Easter - October 2017 *
Contact us for any information at:
email : firstname.lastname@example.com
Tel : + 39 0584 78 41 45
* In April and October the restaurant opens only in the weekends for Lunch from 12.30 - 3 pm. From May we are open every day.
Brochure Dalmazia Beach package [1635 KB]


text:
Walter F. Murphy
Photo: Frank Wojciechowski
- View or share comments on a blog intended to honor Murphy's life and legacy
Web Stories
Memorial service for Murphy planned for June 9
Posted May 7, 2010; 11:16 a.m.
A memorial service for Walter F. Murphy, the McCormick Professor of Jurisprudence Emeritus, is set for 3 p.m. Wednesday, June 9, in the University Chapel. A reception will follow in the Chancellor Green Rotunda.
Murphy, a groundbreaking constitutional scholar who taught at Princeton for 37 years, died April 20 in Charleston, S.C., of cancer. He was 80. A full obituary is available online.
Those wishing to make a donation in Murphy's honor should send checks made payable to the Trustees of Princeton University, along with a cover letter indicating specific information on the fund to which the donation is to be directed, to: Terry Murphy President's Fund (0813536), Alumni and Donor Records, Princeton University, c/o Helen Hardy, P.O. Box 5357, Princeton, NJ 08543-5357.


text:
Family: Parulidae, Wood Warblers view all from this family
Description ADULT MALE Has mostly pale blue-gray upperparts, except for chestnut rump and dark gray wings and tail. Dark eye is emphasized by pale surround and lores, and note chestnut crown (often partly concealed). Underparts are mostly pale gray, except for white undertail. ADULT FEMALE Similar to male, but with smaller crown patch and paler face. JUVENILE Similar to adult female, but crown patch is absent and has pale buff wing bars.
Dimensions Length: 4" (10 cm)
Habitat Locally common summer visitor (mainly Apr-Jul) to brushy riparian and mesquite woodland; threatened due to habitat loss. Winters in Mexico.
Observation Tips Easy to see in suitable habitats.
Range Rocky Mountains, Texas, Southwest, California
Voice Song is a short, sweet and rapid trill; call is a sharp sheenk.
Discussion Dainty little wood-warbler with plain but distinctive plumage and dark legs. Nests in tree holes and cavities. Sexes are separable with care.


text:
Celebrate the Season - Fall Baking Recipe Magazine Contest 2010 shared by Kathy Chapin from Cullman, AL
"Made with a cake mix base, this cake is incredibly easy to prepare and enjoyed by everyone. It is a perfect dessert for any occasion throughout the fall season." Kathy Chapin
To keep your serving plate clean while frosting the cake, place strips of waxed paper around the edge of plate, and remove them after you've finished frosting.
© 2017 ®/TM General Mills All Rights Reserved


text:
Pascual Chen, Psy.D.
Licensed Clinical Psychologist
6200 Brooktree Rd. Suite 110, Wexford, Pennsylvania 15090
I am a licensed clinical psychologist and work with individuals and couples with various life challenges. I primarily use a cognitive-behavioral approach in therapy. Most of my clients experience some level of anxiety, depression, stress, or life transition problem. I seek to provide a warm and safe environment and collaboratively, we establish treatment goals in the first session. During our time together, my goal is to help you identify causes to your problems and effectively overcome them. My clients learn communication skills, coping skills, relaxation skills, problem-solving skills, and emotion-regulation skills.
Steven Hand, MA, CAC
Psychologist, Certified Addictions Counselor
304 Frankstown Rd., Altoona, Pennsylvania 16602
I have been a Licensed Psychologist since 1983. I consider myself a cognitive/behavioral psychologist with special emphasis on Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. I am also client-centered. That is, I want you to tell me what you want to change in terms of your thinking, feelings, and behaviors. My job is to help you get there. I will teach you new and more effective ways of thinking so you will achieve your goals.


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Alarming leak announced at Hanford Nuclear Reservation
BENTON, Wash. - Governor Jay Inslee has only been in office for a month and he's already faced with cleaning up one of the biggest messes of our time.
On Friday, the U.S. Department of Energy notified Gov. Inslee about an underground tank leaking at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation.
The tank is believed to be leaking between 150-300 gallons of radioactive waste a year. In all, there are 177 underground tanks with radioactive sludge at Hanford.Alarming leak announced at Hanford Nuclear Reservation
"We cannot leave 149 single-shell tanks with high-level radioactive liquid and sludge in the ground for decades after their design life," Gov. Inslee said.
"Let me be clear. Washington state has a zero tolerance policy on radioactive leaks. We will not tolerate any leaks of this material into our environment. Our highest priority is the security at this site. And we have got to make sure that we are sequestering radioactive material in these tanks and not accepting a federal sequestration that threatens the continued viability and clean-up at Hanford," he added.
WashPIRG, a nonpartisan consumer advocacy group based in Seattle, has been keeping an close eye on Hanford for decades.
"Well, today's news is to be honest shocking, but at the same time we could have anticipated it because it's another reminder that there is no proven way to safely dispose of radioactive waste," Micaela Preskill said.
Micaela Preskill, an advocate for WashPIRG, hopes this latest leak will cause enough alarm to finally make Hanford clean up a top priority for the federal government.
"So it really is a huge crisis and something that we must address," she added.


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Should You Be Able To Sue If You Can't Find Love Online?
A Brooklyn man is doing just that! A recent piece on nypost.com reports that Sean McGinn is taking Match.com to court due to the "humiliation and disappointment" on lonely hearts "who feel rejected when their e-mails get no reply."
Sean McGinn alleges the popular matchmaking Web site dangles phony date bait by posting profiles of people who no longer subscribe to its $39.99-a-month service. As a result, lovelorn singles have been "defrauded" out of millions of dollars and countless hours spent sending heartfelt missives in vain."
McGinn is also demanding that the Internet's biggest dating site "cease and desist its deceptive practices," which he claims are "willfully causing emotional harm to the consumer and social harm to society at large.
"Match's policy causes severe emotional distress and anxiety for some [subscribers], including those who keep writing e-mails to one member after another and never hear back because he/she is writing to people who've canceled," his suit says.
So what are your thoughts on this case? Do you think Match.com, or any online dating site for that matter, deceives users with inaccurate claims? Would love to hear what you think. While we're on the subject on online dating, just a reminder that the sale on my Finding the One Online CD series is only available for another 6 days. Get $100 off the complete package by clicking http://www.findingtheoneonline.com/promo/.


text:
By M. Scott Morris/NEMS Daily Journal
I left "Gangster Squad" with relief that the movie wasn't nearly as bad as the reviews I'd read had indicated.
So I was feeling good – not great – about this story of cops who leave their badges at home to battle against mobsters in Los Angeles shortly after World War II.
Josh Brolin is Sgt. John O'Mara, a war hero and a straight arrow in a police force that's riddled with corruption. The chief (Nick Nolte) orders him to put together a team of cops to work outside the law to stop the growing influence of crime boss Mickey Cohen (Sean Penn).
Sgt. Jerry Wooters (Ryan Gosling) joins the squad after witnessing a horrible event, but he's already tied to the trouble because he's dating Cohen's girlfriend, Grace Faraday (Emma Stone).
When the cops aren't going to war against the criminals, Wooters is wooing Grace. O'Mara has to mollify his wife (Mireille Enos), who knows her husband is risking his life and their future together every time he leaves their comfy bungalow.
"Gangster Squad" has moments that will make you squirm, especially when Cohen finds out who his enemies are. There also are satisfying scenes, when righteous violence comes down on those who've caused so much pain to others.
The movie has undeniable emotional punch, as well as plenty of logical holes. The relationship between Wooters and Grace is a case in point. Their banter is cool and slick, then suddenly they're in love. Things move too quickly.
"Gangster Squad" also suffers from a common ailment in movies these days. Let's call it "bad-buys-can't-shoot-itis." A bunch of bullets fly, but few hit their targets.
I left the theater feeling pretty good about "Gangster Squad," then I thought about it for a while and its flaws stood out. This is a romantic period piece with plenty of action and drama, but it never rises above the sum of its parts.
I give "Gangster Squad" a C plus.
It's showing at Malcos in Tupelo, Oxford, Corinth and Columbus, as well as Hollywood Premier Cinemas in Starkville.
Look for movie reviews in Scene on Thursdays, and listen each Tuesday morning on Wizard 106.7 between 8:30 and 8:45 a.m.
Kelli Karlson Wizard 106.7
She gives "Gangster Squad" a B plus.
'It's better than I expected it to be.'


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Web Stories
Wind Ensemble to perform spring concert, April 8
Posted April 6, 2004; 02:39 p.m.
The Princeton University Wind Ensemble , under the direction of Bruce Yurko, will perform its spring concert at 8 p.m. Thursday, April 8, in Richardson Auditorium, Alexander Hall.
The performance will include works by Gustav Holst, Vincent Persichetti, Gordon Jacob, Percy Grainger, Frank Ticheli and John Philip Sousa.
Tickets are free for Passport to the Arts ticket holders and $5 for others. They are available at the Frist Campus Center ticket office, (609) 258-1742. For more information, contact, Timothy Hsia .
Contact: Eric Quinones (609) 258-3601


text:
You are here:
|Knowledgeability = 10
|Clarity of Response = 10
|Politeness = 10
|No Comment
Answers by Expert:
I can answer question about grammar, spelling, syntax, idioms, reading and/or writing that pertain to English as a Second Language. I am knowledgeable about both TOEFL and IELTS.
I'm a certified ESL teacher with 12 years of experience teaching K-12 and adults.
BSc MEd TESL post grad program for k-12 TESL post grad program for adult ed
©2017 About.com. All rights reserved.


text:
BRUSSELS, 14 NOVEMBER - World Diabetes Day 2011 marks the release of the International Diabetes Federation's 5th edition of the Diabetes Atlas. New figures indicate that the number of people living with diabetes is expected to rise from 366 million in 2011 to 552 million by 2030, if no urgent action is taken. This equates to approximately three new cases every ten seconds or almost ten million per year. IDF also estimates that as many as 183 million people are unaware that they have diabetes.
In some of the poorest regions in the world such as Africa, where infectious diseases have traditionally been the focus of health care systems, diabetes cases are expected to increase by 90% by 2030. At least 78% of people in Africa are undiagnosed and do not know they are living with diabetes.
Other figures to be released today also show:
- 80% of people with diabetes live in low and middle income countries.
- 78,000 children develop type 1 diabetes every year
- The greatest number of people with diabetes are between 40-59 years of age
"In every country and in every community worldwide, we are losing the battle against this cruel and deadly disease" said Jean Claude Mbanya, President of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) "We want World Diabetes Day 2011 to bring these alarming diabetes facts into the global spotlight. We demand that public and world leaders act on diabetes now".
The release of these figures follow the September meeting of 193 Heads of State and government at the UN High Level Meeting in New York to agree on a Political Declaration on Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) including diabetes. This marks a major milestone for diabetes and other NCDs. However in some areas stronger commitments are needed.
"World leaders have recognised the magnitude and impact of these diseases and the urgent need for action. In some key areas we wanted stronger commitments and targets but the Declaration will accelerate international progress on diabetes and NCDs, saving millions of people from preventable death and disability" said Ann Keeling, CEO, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and Chair of the NCD Alliance.
IDF is committed to translating UN Commitments into action by fostering a new level of partnership involving public, private and people.
It is hoped that campaigns such as today's World Diabetes Day will continue to raise the voice of people with diabetes and move from advocacy to action on a global scale.
Region-specific press releases:
- Africa
- Europe
- Middle East and North Africa
- North America and Caribbean
- South and Central America
- South-East Asia
- Western Pacific
About World Diabetes Day
World Diabetes Day (WDD) is celebrated every year on November 14. The World Diabetes Day campaign is led by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and its member associations. It engages millions of people worldwide in diabetes advocacy and awareness. World Diabetes Day was created in 1991 by the International Diabetes Federation and the World Health Organization in response to growing concerns about the escalating health threat that diabetes now poses. World Diabetes Day became an official United Nations Day in 2007 with the passage of United Nation Resolution 61/225. The campaign draws attention to issues of paramount importance to the diabetes world and keeps diabetes firmly in the public spotlight. This year sees the third of a five-year campaign that will address the growing need for diabetes education and prevention programmes - www.worlddiabetesday.org
About the International Diabetes Federation (IDF)
The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) is an umbrella organisation of over 200 national diabetes associations in over 160 countries. It represents the interests of the growing number of people with diabetes and those at risk. The Federation has been leading the global diabetes community since 1950. IDF's mission is to promote diabetes care, prevention and a cure worldwide. www.idf.org
For more information on the 5th edition Diabetes Atlas and country-by-country statistics visit: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas (online as of 14 November).
- Follow us on Twitter: www.twitter.com/wdd
- Become a fan on Facebook: http://tinyurl.com/39c6ojs
- Check out our videos on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/user/WorldDiabetesDay


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In the spotlight: Anton Bruehl
Australian-born Anton Bruehl (1900–1982) migrated to New York with his brother Martin in 1919. Five years later, Anton enrolled at the Clarence H White School of Photography where he remained as an instructor until 1926, the same year he started his own photography studio.
The Anton Bruehl Studio was immediately successful in magazine advertising and Bruehl also maintained his profile as an art photographer. A new phase of his career began in 1931, when publisher Condé Montrose Nast appointed Bruehl to work with photographer Fernand Bourges to perfect colour photography for Vanity Fair, Vogue and House & Garden magazines.
Bruehl led the new field of colour photography and remained at its forefront until his retirement in 1966. He was best known for his elaborately staged, densely coloured advertisements and theatrical tableaux. American photographer Ansel Adams described his work as being 'entirely contrived, and yet absolutely sincere'.
In 2006, Anton Bruehl Jr presented over 100 of his father's photographs and extensive archival material to the American Friends of the National Gallery of Australia Inc, New York. This touring exhibition introduces Australian audiences to an outstanding but now unfamiliar figure in the development of photography in the twentieth century.


text:
UEFI Secure boot in Fedora: status update
There's been good progress in Fedora's implementation of UEFI Secure Boot, so time for a quick update.
Boot process signingThe infrastructure for signing the bootloader binaries is now implemented. pesign is in the archive and being used to sign shim, grub2 and the kernel. At the moment they're all being signed by test keys, and the private key is actually in the pesign package. This is, obviously, not intended for production use - it's just to ensure that we can build correctly signed images. We've proof-of-concepted signing via cryptographic hardware and will shortly be deploying new build systems dedicated to building the signed binaries. These won't be general access systems and will have a lightly modified mock configuration to ensure that the crypto hardware is available to the build chroots, but otherwise there's nothing special about them.
As far as signing with the Microsoft keys goes, we're in the final round of legal review of the appropriate agreements and will be migrating to a version of shim signed with their key in the near future.
Kernel modificationsThere's two main sets of patches for the kernel. The first is to automatically enable the locking down of various bits of functionality when secure boot is enabled, in order to prevent users (including root) from being able to modify the kernel at runtime. They've just been posted upstream and haven't been dreadfully received, though we'll probably be changing the name of the capability. The main thing that users will notice is that any X drivers that still need direct hardware access (which, on secure boot systems, should be zero - we've implemented native kernel drivers for all the hardware we expect to see there) will fail to work, as will setpci. The plan is for kexec to require that kernel images be signed, but that's requiring rather more reworking of kexec than expected so for now kexec will just be disabled.
The other lump of kernel functionality is the support for module signatures. That had been somewhat blocked based on a lack of consensus between patch authors and upstream, but an agreement got hammered out at Kernel Summit last week and so we should see progress there shortly. Right now we're still looking at modules being signed with a throwaway key, but the plan is still for keys in db (and MOK, if using the Suse approach) to be imported into the kernel keyring and used. That's dependent upon that code being written in time, though. It's definitely still a goal for F18.
Key managementWe're planning on using Suse's approach of permitting local key management at the shim level, and I spent some time discussing this with Vojtech last week. In combination with the above, this should provide a workable mechanism for permitting the end-user to install module signing keys.
General UEFI support improvementsWe've added support to grub to use the kernel's built-in UEFI setup functionality, although there's still some discussion with upstream to ensure that it's implemented in an acceptable way. This approach also makes it easy for us to obtain PCI ROMs via UEFI, which improves radeon support on a bunch of Macs. Finally, we've been hammering on some remaining UEFI bugs and are definitely at the point where the machines that don't work are surprising and the ones that do are the tedious expectation. This is far better than any previous release.
DocumentationStill has to be written, and that's probably where much of the my next month is going.
SummaryFedora 18 is still on track to have full UEFI Secure Boot support out of the box, and the Beta should be fully signed although perhaps still with our test keys.
For those of you who get sent to surprisingly expensive conferences, I'll be discussing some of this as part of a presentation on improving Linux support for UEFI at the Intel Developer Forum in San Francisco next Tuesday morning. Feel free to say hi if you're in the area.


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Monona Grove, Baraboo remain in 1st place in Badger conferences
MONONA, Wis. - Saturday night was a big night for Badger Conference girls basketball, with first place on the line in both Badger North and South divisions.
In the south, the top ranked team in Division II is the Monona Grove Silver Eagles, who hosted Stoughton. Both teams had been perfect in conference play.18204478
The game was close early but Monona Grove pulled away in the second half to win 57-34.
In the north, unbeaten Baraboo hosted Waunakee. The Waunakee Warriors' only conference loss so far this season was to Thunderbirds.
Baraboo jumped out early and survived a late Warriors rally to win 58-55.


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Not at all true ... no matter who won or when. That kind of mindset won't help us hold our representatives accountable.So long as he got at least one more vote then your guy, it doesn't really matter what you or anyone else think of his qualifications.
Hey, guys, you're all going off the deep end here ... all of you are capable of far better debate than your recent exchanges would indicate.


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There are certain items any green mom will tell you are absolutely necessary for a nursery. These include flat-pack furniture, wooden toys, flushable diapers and no-VOC paints. Yet these lists (and I've reviewed a few), always seem to neglect one obvious green inclusion – plants. Not only do plants add visual greenery to any room, they are great weapons in the fight against 'sick building syndrome.'
At its culmination in 1989, NASA's two-year research into sustainable methods of indoor atmospheric cleansing in space stations revealed that many common houseplants and blooming potted plants help fight pollution indoors, making the air safer for humans. Certain plants that thrive in apartments eat carbon and other 'off-gases', such as formaldehyde and benzene, the way that monstrous shrub from the Little Shop of Horrors ate its owner's enemies.
Plants can "scrub significant amounts of harmful gases out of the air, through the everyday processes of photosynthesis," according to Extension Horticulturalist, Deborah L. Brown's online article. Some of these harmful pollutants are also absorbed through the plant's leaves and rendered harmless in the soil. But the key is allowing the plant and the soil it is potted in to work in tandem by removing any leafy growth close to the base as "micro-organisms in the soil become more adept at using trace amounts of these [once-harmful] materials as a food source."
Apartment Therapy has a great post on aesthetically pleasing treatments for miniature indoor arboretums (the least intrusive set-ups seem to involve small succulents), and our sister site Inhabitat has a post on a sleek planting system fit for grass (possibly adaptable, above). But if you want to get serious about air filtering flora, there are five plants that top both NASA's air purifying and Parent Center's child-safe lists:
1. Chlorophytum Comosum aka Spider Plant
2. Sansevieria aka Snake Plant
3. Dracaena fragrans `Massangeana' aka Corn Plant
4. Epipiremnum Aureum aka Golden Pothos
5. Aglaonema Modestum aka Chinese Evergreen
(forget about English Ivy and the others, as they can be poisonous).
There has been a persistent concern about the fact that, at night, plants reverse their photosynthetic cycle, absorbing oxygen through respiration and emitting carbon dioxide. This sounds scary, especially when the room the plant is in belongs to your child. But our friends over at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden advise that, "recent thinking posits that the amount of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release at night is very low." And that, "the concern may be overblown, and may even be debunked." More importantly, humans too absorb oxygen and breathe out CO2 both day and night. Therefore, the fear of nighttime CO2 emissions from plants is about as real as mom being a danger to her child because they share sleeping quarters.
Information contained in the NASA study dictates that for an average 1,800 square foot house, one would need 15 to 18 good-sized houseplants in 6 to 8-inch diameter containers in order to see a notable difference in air quality. Fortunately, for the city-dwelling Inhabitots reader, the average apartment is about half that size (if not smaller), meaning all it takes is a few bushy plants to help make your nursery green. Or if you'd like a ready-made version, click over to dezeen and check out Mathieu Lehanneur's Bel-Air purifier (pictured above). It too uses plants, albeit in a fashion befitting the aforementioned space stations.
+ How To Grow Fresh Air (a must-have book for those interested)
*photos from TomWilkinson's and lawchik's flickr.
8 Responses to "Green Your Nursery… With Plants!"
I'm a senior educator and botanist at the Museum of Science in Boston. I also have numerous plants in my home.
Please be aware that there are very few genuine scientific studies that support the claims made citing the ability of plants to filter air-borne pollutants in the home environment. The NASA study quoted above was actually designed to test the ability of a specific type of plant to survive in microgravity-it was not a pollution-control experiment.
Parents should also consider the toxicity of plants and plant parts when considering adding them to a nursery situation. The EPA also notes that mold spores in plant soils may be an issue especially in homes with children may have allergies or asthma.
I read something recently (on lifehacker, I think) about needing 11 plants per person for this to be effective. That would mean I need 33 plants in my home, and I honestly don't know anyone who has the space or time to take care of 33 indoor plants in addition to their families! That said, a home without plants (or books) always looks bare to me…
I have read some conflicting information about the sansevieria aka Snake Plant on the internet. Some places say the plant is poisonous. Your site along with some others list is as child-safe. Which is correct? I want to by for my sister who has two small children.
I also found online places that said the corn plant was toxic (along with the snake plant).
i read somewhere that the Fern plant is good for helping purify the air in your home. I used to always have one hanging by the window…also a spider plant.
With all the polution happening nowadays I am going to do that again…. I don't know anything about a snake or corn plant…never heard of them.
Wonder about herbs if they have that quality to purify air etc?


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About RickyRood
I'm a professor at U Michigan and lead a course on climate change problem solving. These articles often come from and contribute to the course.
By: Dr. Ricky Rood , 3:38 AM GMT on April 30, 2013
We Are What We Eat: What Can I Do? (5)
Revised: May 9, 2013
This is the continuation of a series in response to the question, "What can I do about climate change?" Links to the previous entries are listed at the end.
Last week I made a list of categories to classify the types of actions that we can take to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The second item on that list is food. But first, I want to start with some more sets of categories.
When we think of fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas come to forefront. We often think of coal as dirty and natural gas as clean, in terms of air quality, climate change and general environmental damage. All of these forms of fossil fuels emit carbon dioxide when they burn, and that carbon dioxide is for practical human time in either the atmosphere or ocean permanently. Therefore we can't simply replace coal and oil with natural gas and declare that we will avoid global warming.
If we examine how we use energy, then those uses can be divided into three categories: power generation, transportation and direct use for heat. For the past few decades, coal has dominated power generation and petroleum has dominated transportation. All three contribute to direct use for heat. Recently in the U.S., natural gas has been replacing coal for power generation, but worldwide, coal is still the dominant fuel (natural gas and coal, TON, NPR). Oil dominates transportation.
Taking another cut through our energy use, we can categorize use as residential, commercial, industrial and for transportation. Industrial uses create products from raw materials: manufacturing, cement making, mining and agriculture. Commercial uses include shops, government buildings and where governments spend money. Residential and commercial uses include a large part of electricity, heating and cooling of buildings, and heating of water. An interesting point: next to the burning of fossil fuels, cement making is the largest nonagricultural source of carbon dioxide emissions. It's on the order of 5 percent.
If we return to the question of "What Can I Do?," then the items discussed in the previous entries on efficiency focus primarily on the better management of buildings (residential and commercial) as well as on +choices in transportation. In fact, an alternative way to categorize use is for buildings, transportation and industry. If one were to think about government regulation, then emissions from coal-fired power plants are relatively easy to target because there are not that many power plants and they don't move around. Transportation is harder to regulate because there are, globally, billions of cars and trucks and they do move around. The different categories I have described demonstrate both the easy opportunity for regulation, power generation, and the challenges of climate policy – that there is no single thing to fix the problem of greenhouse gas emissions.
Now to food – If we were to make a special food and agriculture category, then agriculture is responsible for about the same amount of emissions as, say, transportation or heating. Now, however, we have to become more holistic about what we mean by emissions. For agriculture, we have carbon dioxide emissions, which come mostly from deforestation. Cutting and burning forests to make new rangeland for cattle make up about 10 percent of the total annual carbon dioxide emissions. There is some emission from the use of fossil fuels for tractors and irrigation, and about half of the agricultural carbon dioxide fossil fuel emissions come from the manufacture of fertilizer. There are also other land use and soil management decisions made in agriculture that affect carbon dioxide emissions.
Beyond carbon dioxide, agriculture is responsible for about a third of methane emissions and close to two-thirds of the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. These are greenhouse gases that are more potent than carbon dioxide; they are in much lower concentrations in the atmosphere.
So, what we eat can make a difference. When I was in college in the 1970s, I was introduced to Frances Moore Lappe's book, Diet for a Small Planet. What I remember from that book was that if you took all of the calories needed to grow a pound of beef and instead feed those grains to people, you could feed many more people than you could with a pound of beef. It was my first introduction to sustainability. It takes much land and energy to make the well-marbled porterhouses that my father fed me in one-pound servings. No matter how you count, livestock production, in particular, beef production, releases a lot of greenhouse gases.
There are many marketing appeals in food and food supply. These appeals are to make personal decisions that affect the world, and individual choices the public makes about food and food supply do affect the world. We have appeals to buy grass-fed beef, organic meat and produce, locally produced and sustainable agriculture. We are faced with issues of packaging, preprocessing, natural, raw and prepared. There are no easy algorithms. In February, an apple from Chile might take less energy in transportation than an apple from Virginia takes in cold storage. We demand fresh fruit, vegetables and meat all winter. We demand exotic spices, fine coffee, tea and chocolate. The global demand for meat and nonlocal food increases as the world's wealth increases.
So what rules of food selection matter? My personal evaluation is that reducing meat consumption is at the top of the list, and at the top of the meat list is beef. Pasture-raised might be better than feedlot, but life cycle studies show that beef is a relatively inefficient use of energy. Chicken is far more energy-efficient. Should we choose sustainable, local or organic meat and produce? From an emissions point of view, I hear sustainable advocated as best if there are actual standards and certification of sustainability--then local, then organic. I have made the controversial claim that since our current practice of organic, local and sustainable agriculture demands high payment for produce and meat, and since most of our generation of money requires high fossil fuel energy use, there is a hidden cost to the climate that comes from high-value crops.
It's not easy, but what we eat does make a difference to the environment. We usually think of this difference in terms of pesticides, herbicides and erosion, but there is also a climate impact. And as is often the case, the connection is indirect, far in the future and difficult to know how to value.
Note: The source of much of the material in this entry is based on Livestock's Long Shadow a 2006 publication of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. There has been much criticism of this report, especially in its calculation of the emissions of the transportation sector. The original authors did modify their specific statements about transportation. As noted in the next blog in this series, there is substantial controversy about the impact of agriculture. My evaluation is that the agriculture numbers in this report are as robust as any I know. My opinion would be that the agriculture emissions in this report are more likely an underestimate than an overestimate. As for comparisons to other sources of emissions, when fossil fuel emissions are broken down as described in this blog, the different sectors, residential, commercial, transportation and industrial, are all large and no single one is dominant. Therefore, the conclusion that agriculture is comparable to these sectors seems reasonable.
Previous Entries in the Series
Setting Up the Discussion Deciding to do something, definition of mitigation and adaptation, and a cost-benefit anchored framework for thinking about mitigation
Smoking, Marriage and Climate Behavioral changes and peer pressure
Organizing and Growing Individual Efforts A little detail on efficiency and thinking about how individuals can have more impact than just that of a single person
The Complete List Eight categories of things we can do to reduce greenhouse gases
Moderation of comments: I have been getting more and more complaints about what is going on in the comments. WU and I will be addressing this. To start, here is a modified version of Dr. Master's Blog Contents Rules.
Rood's Rules of the Road
1. Please do not carry on personal disputes.
2. Keep it civil. Personal attacks, bickering, flaming and general trollish behavior will not be tolerated. Disagreements are fine, but keep them civil.
3. No spam.
4. Stay on the topic of climate change or the entry topic.
5. Foul language is not allowed.
6. Please avoid topics that would be considered adults only. Many children come to this site looking for information.
7. Threats and intimidation, especially that which extends into the real world will be dealt with accordingly.
8. Do not circumvent a ban. Most bans last 24 hours or less; please accept the ban. If you create a new username to circumvent a ban, you will be blocked from the site completely.
The views of the author are his/her own and do not necessarily represent the position of The Weather Company or its parent, IBM.


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Vaccine Therapy in Treating Patients With HER2-Negative Stage III-IV Breast Cancer
This study is currently recruiting participants. (see Contacts and Locations)
Verified October 2016 by University of Washington
University of Washington
United States Department of Defense
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
University of Washington
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: June 3, 2014
Last updated: October 24, 2016
Last verified: October 2016
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study
|Study Status:
|This study is currently recruiting participants.
|Study Completion Date:
|No date given
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:
|May 2017 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)


text: They are great little dogs. If trained properly they can do anything a lab can do. As someone has already said they are very very busy dogs. Mine loves to chew on his kong non stop in the house or play his own hide and seek game with it. They are great little retrievers and IMO probably one of if not the most versatile working dogs out there. My boy picked up a ton of ducks this season and even a few geese. He will be two years old tomorrow, we are one pass away from his Senoir title. I have always had labs before I got a Boykin and now I will never be without a Boykin they will steal your heart.


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Dogs, like humans, can also suffer from allergies. Itching of the skin is the most common symptom of a dog allergy. The respiratory tract can be affected causing coughing, sneezing, and/or wheezing. At times, the eyes and nose may develop a discharge. Also, the digestive system may be affected causing vomiting or diarrhea. About 20 percent of the dogs in the United States suffers from some type of allergy, whether it be atopic dermatitis, flea allergy, food allergy, inhalant allergy, contact allergy, or bacterial allergy.
Atopic Dermatitis
An allergic skin disease of dogs, known as canine atopic dermatitis, is caused by the dog's immune system hypersensitivity to common substances in the environment, such as dust mites or molds.
The signs of atopic dermatitis usually appear within the first two years of a dog's life. If the dog begins to groom excessively, with licking or chewing of the paws, abdomen, and hind quarters, then it may suffer from atopic dermatitis. Also, check to see if the ears are reddened and hot to the touch.
A hidden sign that a dog is atopic is in the armpits, groin, or between the toes of the paws. Check to see if there is saliva staining. In light colored dogs, it appears as a red-brown staining. In chronic cases the skin, mostly in the abdomen, may change color from a pinkish, to angry red, to black mottling.
Flea allergy, food allergy, and parasitic infestations may mimic the symptoms of atopic dermatitis making it difficult to diagnose. Once fleas, foods, and parasitic infestations are eliminated as being the offending culprits, then allergy skin testing for dust mites, pollens, and molds may be done to determine what causes the dog's atopic dermatitis.
Flea Allergy The most common form of canine allergy is flea allergy dermatitis. The flea itself is not the culprit in canine flea allergies. It is their saliva that causes the allergic reaction.
A skin allergy test can be preformed to determine if a dog is allergic to flea saliva. If it is, then a strict flea control regimen is required to reduce symptoms. Caution must be used however to make sure the chemicals in the flea preparations are not harmful to the dog.
Just like humans, canine inhalant allergies are caused by pollens (tree, grass, and weed), dust mites, molds, and chemicals.
Although any pure bred or mutt can acquire inhalant allergies, the most common breeds that are affected include terriers (especially the West Highland white terrier, Skye terrier, Scottish terrier and Boston terrier), golden retrievers, poodles, dalmatians, German shepherds, Chinese Shar-peis, shih tzus, lhasa apsos, pugs, Irish setters, and miniature schnauzers.
The symptoms of an inhalant allergy include scratching, biting, chewing at feet and constant licking. The itching may be most severe on feet, flanks, groin, and armpits.
Inhalant allergies are often the reason for recurrent ear infections in your dog.
Food Allergy
Dogs can become allergic to a food they have eaten for years which causes many people to over look the possibility of a food allergy.
Contact allergy is the least common of all the types of dog allergies. Some of the common contact allergens include flea collars, wood bedding, grass, plants, and sometimes chemicals and perhaps the shampoo used..
Bacterial Allergy
Several species of Staphylococcus (Staph) bacteria live on normal dog skin. Normally Staph does not cause a problem with its host, but some dogs develop an allergy to it.


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B.A. in Modern Languages
The Modern Languages Department offers a Modern Languages Major with the following Concentrations: French, Francophone Studies, Latin American Studies (with a track in Spanish-Speaking Latin America and a track in Brazil), Portuguese, an Spanish.
Students can also sign up for the following minors: French, Francophone Studies, Italian (this is a new program), Latin American Studies, Portuguese, and Spanish. All minors require completion of 20 credits.
Course Requirements
View course details for:
- Concentration A: Francophone Studies
- Concentration B: French
- Concentration C: Latin American Studies (Track 1: Brazil; Track 2: Spanish-Speaking Latin America)
- Concentration D: Portuguese
- Concentration E: Spanish


text: I found TPM wave at WM over the weekend, including Ratts Tyerell. I basically got the ones that I wanted as openers except for a Naboo Royal Guard. I cleaned out all the vintage they had except for the two Han Ceremony figures that have been there forever. They had a bunch of the new packaged CW/Legends as well, but those pegs were pretty well full. I don't know if those are going to move very well, especially at almost $9. They also had some of the Battle Packs, but I passed on those.


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Eugene E. Sloan MD
About the Practice
Practice Philosophy
Each patients desires are unique and our dedication to quality and personalized service is designed to make your experience a pleasant one. Dr. Sloan will discuss your expectations, options, and general health so that an individualized treatment plan can be formulated and an informed decision regarding cosmetic surgery may be made. We will use the latest medical technology and proven techniques in our state of the art facilities to help you reach your goals. At all times your comfort, safety, and confidentiality will be maintained.
Practice Specialization
Dr. Sloan specializes in:
Cosmetic Plastic Surgery including:
- Breast Enlargement
- Breast Reduction
- Breast Lift
- Facelift
- Browlift
- Eyelids
- Liposuction
- Tummy Tuck
- Nose Reshaping
- Lip Augmentation
- Ear Surgery
- Laser Skin Resurfacing
- Cheek and Chin Implants
Skin Care Services including:
- Botox
- Collagen
- Laser Hair Removal
- Endermologie
- Microdermabrasion
- Permanent Makeup
- Obagi, Therapon, & Kinerase products
Background & Certification
Board Certification
American Board of Plastic Surgery - Certified 11/22/95
Professional Background
University of Central Arkansas, Bachelor of Science 5/9/81
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Medicine, Doctor of Medicine 5/18/85
Resident in General Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Resident in General Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia
Senior House Officer in Plastic Surgery, City Hospital, Nottingham England
Resident in Plastic Surgery, University of Miami, Florida
Continuing Medical Education Credits: Current
Length of time in practice: Since 1993
Teaching Appointments
Assistant Clinical Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Arkansas, 9/1/93 - 9/1/96
Assistant Clinical Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, Arkansas Childrens Hospital, 9/1/93 - 9/1/96
Awards & Honors
American Medical Association, Physician Recognition Award, 1998 -2001
American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Certificate of Advanced Education in Cosmetic Surgery, 1998 -2001
Affiliations & Memberships
Hospital Affiliations
St. Vincent Infirmary Medical Center
St. Vincent Doctors Hospital
Baptist Medical Center
Little Rock Surgery Center
Society Memberships
American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Active Member
American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Active Member
American College of Surgeons, Fellow
Arkansas Medical Society
Pulaski County Medical Society
Your Consultation
You will be given a brochure about the procedure you are contemplating. We also have a number of brochures available on other plastic surgery procedures as well. You may choose to look at a video prepared by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons which discusses the procedure. You may review an album of before and after photographs to see the quality of Dr. Sloans work and gain some perspective on the anticipated outcome. Computer video imaging may be used to give you a better idea of how plastic surgery can enhance your appearance.
Dr. Sloan will talk with you about your goals and expectations. He will discuss treatment options and give you his opinion about how best to achieve the desired result. The discussion will include preparation for surgery, recovery, risks, and the expected outcome. We pride ourselves in making every possible effort to maintain our patients confidentiality. If you choose to restrict us from calling you at home or work, please let us know.
Staff & Facilities
Surgical Facility
Little Rock Surgery Center, Little Rock, AR
Computer Imaging
Computer imaging available.
Skin Care Products
Laser Hair Removal
Permanent Makeup
Medi-spa products and services
Obagi, Therapon, Kinerase products and other skin care products
Languages Spoken
Payment Options
Cash, check, all major credit cards, financing available.
Eugene E. Sloan MD
8315 Cantrell Road, Suite 120,
Little Rock, AR, 72227, US
Request More Information
- Add to "My Doctors"
- View Website
View phone number
Phone: 501-224-1300


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In order to assist health care professionals, mothers and their families make judicious decisions related to medications and breastfeeding; following are some links to the most current information available:
Caution – Very few mothers need to suspend or cease breastfeeding due to the use of medications. If, after research, it is found necessary to do so, the following links can assist in developing protocols and providing appropriate information, referrals and support to mothers:
Infant Risk Center, Texas Tech University, School of Medicine is dedicated to providing up-to-date evidence-based information on the use of medications during pregnancy and breastfeeding, with a goal is to provide accurate information regarding the risks of exposure to mothers and their babies. By educating healthcare professionals and the general public alike, they aim to reduce the number of birth defects as well as create healthy breastfeeding relationships.
Open to answer calls Monday-Friday 8am-5pm central time:(806)-352-2519
iPhone and Android App download http://www.infantrisk.com/mobile
Hale Publishing provides a series of resources and information on Medications and Breastfeeding:
Medications and Mothers' Milk (2012) by Thomas Hale, RPh, PhD. Includes prescription, non-prescription and herbal information
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