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|Our Environment We are stewards of wild places
|Topic Review (Newest First)
|Yes if I had my druther's the buffer would be a half mile minimum depending on slope, longer if the water is downhill and logging would require helicopters to lift logs out instead of roads.
|The idea that some skinny little buffer can protect streams from a comletely denuded watershed is a friggin joke!!!!
A while back a bunch of tree huggers fought and won to enact a riparian buffer zone act to prohibit clearcutting to the edges of streams.
Still a matter of grave concern are the roads cut in by logging, which become highways for silt into the watershed.
A mind-boggling qty of trees are used in the paper industry, of which we Americans read approximately 2% of what is printed every day. 98% of these dead trees are to fuel the economic system between advertisers and publishers, we don't use it.
Those of you who subscribe to newspapers should ask themselves this question - do you read more than the funnies on Sunday? If not then you should cancel that subscription and use the internet to stay informed instead.
In fact I really hope the internet turns this trend around for mankind, thus making it one of the key technological advances in the history of our species.
Read what we really care about instead of buying the whole package and reading an insignificant percentage on behalf of big business.
|I say lobby the President directly for a six foot buffer around all streams. I am sure that is a proposal he would understand and back fully, along with the logging companies and the grouse! Hey, we could propose oil and gas exploration in that buffer to sweeten the pie!
|All I know is that it looks like a mess...
Actually, they don't, and they're not...
Loggers and the companies that purchase timber off of federally administered public lands do not pay for or are otherwise responsible for reforestation actions/planting of trees. The managing agency is. Loggers don't put down a deposit or another other bond directed at reforestation actions. The bonds they put down are in lieu of the timber reciepts of purchased timber, w/ promise to compensate the federal government for the full purchase price of the timber they bid for on contract. Further, as a result of the Organic Act, and the National Forest Management Act, it is in direct violation of the law for federally administered public lands NOT to be reforested after timber harvest such as a clearcut. Under the National Forest Management Act, along w/ agency specific regulations directing reforestation and timber harvest actions, planting of harvested timber sale units MUST be done such that a full potential stocking level is achieved within 5 years of the harvest. If not done, the decision, and the decision maker are liable for damages for not following the law.
There certainly have been instances where a clearcut has been placed that was ecologically unable to sustain replanting efforts w/in that 5 year period. But if reference is being made to clearcuts along the Cascades, that is not the case. On the other hand - when Boise Cascade, or Plum Creek, Louisiana Pacific, or any of the other private landowners decide to cut the timber off w/ a clearcut, they themselves can avoid replanting costs, and thus reforestation period, by simply selling the land to someone else, who then inherits that responsibility. Often they can't afford to replant, and thus don't, even tho state laws governing those private lands require it...
I can point to a LOT of private timber lands that have fallen to that fate after a company either liquidates and goes banrupt, or cuts and runs, leaving the mess to the next purchaser.....
Most of the checkerboard devastation is on public land. The loggers post small reforestation bonds, then never reforest, because it's cheaper.
The private lands you spoke of are normally reforested.
Teflon -
The checkerboard you're seeing - it's the result of the checkerboard pattern of federal and private land ownership that covers much of the western Cascades. While there is some federal harvest that has occured in the past 20 years that may show up in such a view, the dominant component of that clearcutting activity is what is occuring on the private lands of the likes of wharehouser, the old Boise Cascade, and a variety of smaller local landownership/timber producers... Unfortunately a fact of life, so long as we remain a society dependent upon wood products.......
again.... like i said, a clearcut is not a clearcut.....
is not a clearcut. To compare either slope of the Montana Rockies, or the Pacific NW's cascades and coastal range to eastern US hardwoods is comparing apples and oranges. Two different systems entirely. Like trying to compare steelhead streams of the Pacific NW w/ those of the great lakes.
topography, soils, growing conditions, precipitation, species (trees and wildlife) are totally different. Don't blame you for not liking what you saw in Montana. Given what I know of the area, it's safe to say you saw crap from both federal and private logging lands. As noted, the primary driver was producing wood fiber, whether it come out in the form of boards or paper or what ever, at the lowest possible cost for the greatest potential for revenue and profit. And the cheapest way to do that (surprise) is take it all at once. Fell it all and drag it or haul it to the road to be loaded up on a truck. And if you're a private landowning company who's only looking for the quick profit, don't even bother replanting or rehabilitating, just "cut and run" and sell it to the next smuch. If you're the federal government, The Organic Act, National Forest Management Act, and other federal laws require rehabilitation and replanting to restock that stand (that, however, didn't stop some morons from putting clearcuts where they never should have been...). That essentially describes every large privately owned timber lands in the Western US, and including some in the SE and East as well. And it would be fair to say that was a driver on federal lands as well up to the late 80's and early 90's.
But that is NOT what is driving what is being proposed in states such as Pennsylvania, NY, Vermont, and New Hampshire. First off, the driver is wood fiber production, it's diversification of a monotypic habitat that's no longer providing for species, like ruffed grouse (and white tailed deer, and Kirkland's warbler (ESA), among many others), brought about by a respected conservation organization. Second, it's happening in aspen forest systems that essentially regenerate BY stand replacement events. Before our meddling, it was by natural and aboriginal fire. Now, through cutting and harvest of patches or blocks of aspen stands, new regeneration can develop, increasing diversity to the habitat (and better for the above mentioned species and others). Infact, they find the aspen regenerating THE YEAR of the harvest. And comes back so think you can barely walk through it after only 5 years. Third, these are flatter, more gentle sloped, moister, deeper soiled, greater accumulated precipitation habitats then exist anywhere in MT. They respond to this kind of treatment, and have done so for a millenium. apples and oranges....
In regards to your comments - the vast majority of clearcuts, if you look across North America, DO reforest. When placed in forest systems that are abundant in deep soils, moisture, sunshine, and replanted w/ the appropriate species, do reforest, and do so in abundance. Even in Montana. IF they didn't, the Douglas fir, lodgepole pine, longleaf pine, quaking aspen, and even ponderosa pine, would be endangered species across much of their range, because there are few areas in the Eastern and southeastern US and western Oregon, Washington and California that haven't already been cut over, some times two or three times, with clearcuts.
In regards to your slash and burn example - the difference likely wasn't whether it was slashed and burned, but whether it was simply replanted, or more simply put in an ecosystem w/ to shallow of soils and dry a topography to take the stresses of total tree removal. For better or worse, and most times worse, nearly all clearcuts are/were burned. It's essentially required to get all the crap out of the way just so a seedling can be put into the ground.
I'm not saying I'm a fan of all clearcutting. Most of it I despise as much as you. But a series of small, total vegetation removal harvests, done to add diversity to a forested landscape, w/ consideration to other resource values (streams, listed species, species of concern, recreational interests, etc.), is a good thing, and is better than doing nothing at all...
Another opinion on clear cutting
I went to College at Montana State in Bozeman, MT.
The area in Southern MT North of Yellowstone has been
ravaged by clear cutters who used the practice of "slash and
burn." The affected areas don't grow back for generations,
if ever. I have been to areas that were clear cut 30 to 50
years ago and they are still a mess. I didn't find much
wildlife, including grouse, in these areas.
I realize there are those who might be misled by the claim
that small clear cuts are good; however, "small clear
cutting" is not what the logging industry is thinking when
they talk clear cutting. They want clear cut - slash and
burn. In most areas clear cutters do not reforest.
In my opinion clear cutting is an abomination on the
environment and should be banned.
It should be noted that there are two areas in the Highlight
Lake area near Bozeman that were cut in the early 70's. One
was clear-cut and reforested, the was clear cut slash and
burned. The reforested area is now ready for another
harvest, the slash and burn area is still a mess.
|I see there's a lot more depth to the clear cutting issue than I'd imagined. Perhaps there is a kind of clear cutting, as Feiger claims, that overall does more good than harm. I recall an auto trip years ago where we were driving from California to Portland OR. Along the way we could see where the sides and tops of small mountains had been totally denuded thru clear cutting. For the life of me, I can't see how that kind of activity benefitted anything other than the logging interests.
A clearcut is not a clearcut is not a clearcut...
definitions are everything. A clearcut in the north cascades steep topography Douglas fir country is not likely the same thing as a clearcut in the rolling hills of west Pennsylvania or New York, or Michigan, for that matter. What the Ruffed Grouse Society is proposing are small "clearcuts" (called such only because it's a complete removal of overstory vegetation) in order to spur developement of new, dense, young forests to provide cover, food, and shelter to, among other things, ruffed grouse. W/ the lack of fire in eastern hardwood systems (yes, fire, both wild/natural and native american/aboriginal), those forests have become, essentially, old growth, or very old. And do not provide any habitat for species dependent upon early seral/young forests. RGS is proposing breaking up that canopy of smaller (under 40 acres perhaps) patch cuts that will open up and allow generation of young forest conditions. ruffed grouse, and a wide variety of migratory song birds (many of which are a stones throw away from ESA listing) would benefit.
The term clearcut is really been bastardized, and conjures up images of 1,000 acre burned over swaths of destruction. Often, that's not the case. My point, investigate the whole meaning of what an agency or group is proposing before getting to alarmed, just because you see the word "clearcut."
This is a complex issue, so I'll share some (potentially) counterintuitive information based on the latest science around this issue. Obviously, clearcuts benefit some species and hurt others. Let's focus on fish and rivers.
The overwhelming majority of siltation problems arise from the roads punched into watersheds. Yes, roads, not the cutting, provided there are riparian buffers in place. Overland flow is very rare in forest soils, even those that have been cut. Without overland flow to carry particles, it's darn hard to get silt moving. Roads are the problem with chronic siltation. I drive on these roads to access remote fishing areas. Guilty.
Cutting certainly accelerates massive land failures. Again, often roads are to blame because of altered hydrology and perched water. Landslides are often a punctuated input of rocks and silt and debris to rivers. A massive shock, but the fish and rivers will recover.
More interesting, landslides can be a good thing! Many watersheds have bedrock channels and lack adequate spawning gravel. Landslides are nature's own gravel replenishment mechanism. Dumps in big new rock, quickly, without the slow steady bleed of silt over decades and decades as occurs with roads. But a problem arises when landslides occur w/o big trees. Trees that fall into rivers act to retain gravel. If you have a clearcut (few or no trees remaining), then a big slide, there is nothing in the river to retain the rocks that are added. They'll sluice through the river and not contribute to spawning habitat.
nature is cool, much going on, but it's dinner time! more later if needed...
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Will it be lights out for Indiana's energy efficiency program, Energizing Indiana, on Dec. 31? The decision now lies with Governor Mike Pence, the Indy Star is reporting, after both the state Senate and House of Representatives voted to kill the two-year-old program. Under the Energizing Indiana program, energy auditors visit homes and businesses to assist in reducing their energy consumption. Other services provided include weatherization for low-income households, subsidies for residential lighting products, heating and cooling retrofits in schools, energy efficiency education, and commercial industrial retrofit rebates, according to Midwest Energy News. The program is largely supported by state utilities, who currently are required to help reduce statewide energy consumption by 2 percent every year through 2019. This requirement would be eliminated by the bill, both the Indy Star and the Fort Wayne Journal Gazette report, with the latest version of the bill terminating the entire Energizing Indiana program on Dec. 31.
The state Senate voted 37-8 to end the program via Senate Bill 340 (SB 340), which was previously passed in the house. While the bill's author, Sen. Jim Merritt, said the program will cost nearly $2 billion to run by 2019, opposing Sen. Jean Breaux said killing the program would "keep Indiana in the Dark Ages," according to the Indy Star. Companies such as Ingersoll Rand and Honeywell, as well as organizations such as the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, have also spoken out against the bill. The Sierra Club also issued a roundup of opposition statements after SB340 first passed in the House. The Citizens Action Coalition is currently running an online petition to have Gov. Pence veto the bill.
Click here for more via a comprehensive breakdown of the debate and bill from Midwest Energy News.

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text: O.K. - for once I'm not going to complain about how I've never in my collecting existence seen a Target exclusive ship on the shelves. (Grrrrrr..) But instead would like to ask why we are getting a new snaggletooth (Zutton? Where the heck in the movie is HE?) when the Cinema Scenes one was very accurate and just fine, when we STILL don't have a decent Dr. Evazan? The first one wasn't even close - the face, hair, clothes, stance were all just plain wrong. So anyway, how about giving the good doctor a second chance?


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|Gear Talk - Fly Stuff Spoken Here Sage advice & fresh perspectives
|Topic Review (Newest First)
|no flippin way.. i fish for large trout in the missouri river,and use the smallest tippet possible.. flys are 16,18, 20 , fish are 3-5 pounds and bigger if i could get hold of one... i set the drag on the ross reel, with its very delecate settings, to the most i can get away with.. any more and a broken tippet, any less fish gone down stream.. you cant get that fine of drag precision on the pressure of drag from your hands, well you can but it will take many lost fish to get the hang of it...and youl be starting over after each long break like over the winter. get a ross for the size fish your after, set the drag that is perfect with their very very dependable system, turn it off on the reel if you dont like it.. you will need some so you wont have backlash.. ross not only is made in the usa (still i belive), it is one of the best reels available, light, dependable and tough.. sometimes i use two settings one for close in and if they get too far down river i turn it down as the line drag is more and the tippet cant take it.. im in perril if i cant get down stream fast enought but i have that chance.. settings are made with experiance thruout the season.. i sometimes have to turn it up one click if i know i cant get downstream fast enought.. the ross fine adjustment can sometimes let me get away with it.. at that point i know i have to stop it or it will be gone anyway.. rod up rod down fine tunes your settings... youll know real close to what you need first time out.. and it will be set there the first day of the next season.. a fine point but when your dealing with big fish i need all the help i can get...ross also has accurate backing line amount advertising.. cheap reels cheat here to save weight,, you need lots of backing for big fish sometimes and ross has it.. i use the evolution 3.5 on 7 and 5 weight rod.. i alos have orvis battenkill 2 and i doesnt hold much backing, you dont need it very often but when you do its there with the ross... if your in a boat you can chase em, if your on the bank with big fish, youl need a great drag and lots of backing with the one whos going downstream... just another view...dave..
Made to make shelves feel useful!
They should be forgotten about and never used or spoken of again
Click and Pawl!! Click and Pawl!!! Click and Pawl!!!!
my $0.02
Salmon Chaser
Ladies and Gents,,, I mean know disrespect to Vossler or any other maker/company,,,just stating an opinion on quiet reels in general!!
|Teflon is right. Those without a drag still have some means of slowing down the spool. This usually involves some type of spring and pawl arrangement, but other systems exist also. The RC model you're referring to has plenty of stopping power between the spring and pawl and rim control. If you have a major concern about the lack of a true drag, for not much more money you can buy the DC series which looks very similar, but has an actual synthetic drag.
|What species of fish are you going to be targeting? For most freshwater fish, you don't need a drag. For most saltwater fish, you do.
What do some of you think about reels without any drag?
What do some of you think about Vosseler reels? I was looking at one I liked but noticed it had no drag. I'm a beginner to fly-fishing so I didn't know what to think, any advice?
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The East Pleasanton Task Force will meet at 6:30 p.m. this evening, April 8, at the city's Operations Service Center meeting room, 3333 Busch Road. The meeting date has been moved from its originally scheduled date of April 3 and then a re-scheduled date of April 9.
Read the full story here Web Link posted Monday, April 1, 2013, 8:00 AM
Town Square
East Pleasanton Task Force meets tonight at city's Operations Center
Original post made on Apr 2, 2013
Like this commentPosted by J Flack
a resident of Stoneridge
on Apr 2, 2013 at 9:21 am
Check before coming. It may have been moved again to Monday, April 8, same time and location.


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Seven-String Summit: Korn's Munky and Incubus' Mike Einziger Worship at the Feet of Steve Vai
Here's a feature from the February 1998 issue of Guitar World, which features a conversation between GW, Steve Vai, Munky of Korn and Mike Einziger of Incubus. To see the cover, and all the GW covers from 1998, check out this photo gallery.
A few years ago, you couldn't thumb through the pages of a guitar magazine without stumbling across Steve Vai's name. But my, how times change. While Vai has maintained a flourishing career, most recently joining Joe Satriani, Eric Johnson and Kenny Wayne Shepherd on the successful G3 tour, he and his nimble fingers no longer inspire the kind of awe they did in the early Nineties.
Alternative musicians are more likely to dis' Vai than praise him, and the one-time guitar titan has, incredibly, become marginalized by the same audience that sang his praises only a few short years ago.
Given this recent history, the sight of Vai conversing amiably in his Hollywood studio with Korn's James "Munky" Shaffer and Incubus' Mike Einziger, both of whom could serve as alternative poster boys, is surprising, to say the least. But these guitarists, their dreadlocks, Adidas trainers and baggy pants notwithstanding, have come not to bury Vai, but to praise him.
"In the car on the way over here, we were talking about how you were such a huge influence on our wanting to play guitar and make music," says Shaffer, taking part in his first interview since he contracted viral meningitis, which led to his band's withdrawal from last summer's Lollapalooza tour.
"Listening to your music really helped me," adds Einziger, whose band's full-length debut, Science (Immortal/Epic), is a dizzying mixture of hard-hitting metal riffs, buoyant funk grooves and unusual tones and textures. "I'd try to figure out what you were playing and hope that I could do it some day. I haven't figured it out yet."
Vai, visibly touched by the praise, returns the favor. "Thanks," he says warmly. "What you guys are doing is really creative. When I listened to your stuff, I was stunned. It's really an honor to hear something like that and to know that I've had a positive influence on your music. It's a painful job sometimes, but if you can influence someone's creativity, it's worth it."
Although Munky and Einziger don't profess to be virtuosos, it's easy to discern the impact Vai has had on their playing. Like their unlikely mentor, both players like to explore unconventional sounds and techniques. The gulf separating Vai's gurgling animal noises from Munky's swirling sonic assault and Einziger's dissonant clanging is not as vast as it may seem at first glance.
Munky's debt to Vai extends to the Korn guitarist's exclusive use of the Ibanez Universe seven-string, a model Vai helped develop in 1990. The latter broke new ground with this instrument on his acclaimed Passion and Warfare album (Relativity), but the Universe was discontinued by the time Korn rose to popularity in 1995. But the otherworldly sounds Munky and partner Brian "Head" Welch wrench from their seven-strings have inspired renewed interest in the instrument. Ibanez, in turn, has reissued the Universe and introduced several new seven-string models.
A discussion of the seven-string guitar is what has brought this unlikely threesome together. But as the conversation gets underway, it becomes obvious that these players share much more than a love for unusual instruments.
GUITAR WORLD: Why is the guitar still such a popular instrument?
STEVE VAl: It's very well-balanced. It's very sexy-looking -- I mean, look at it.
MIKE EINZIGER: When you hit the strings you can feel the vibration in your fingers and your body; you don't get that playing some kind of synthesizer. That's why the guitar will never go away. When you pick up a guitar and start playing it, the sound flows through your whole body. It becomes part of you .
VAl: And it all meets in your brain, between your two hands.
What developments would you like to see in guitar playing and composition?
JAMES "MUNKY" SHAFFER: It's up to the individual to determine where to take the instrument. It's about forming your own ideas and unique approach.
EINZIGER: It's the weird things that happen randomly, that are almost accidents, that push everything forward.
VAl: I believe that everybody experiences those moments, but most of the time they don't identify them and act on them. You've got to know how to grab that thread and go with it. A genius is a person who is filled with those moments and makes use of them, acts on them, and does it very simply and unconsciously.
Music seems to be progressing in the areas of sonics and textures rather than notes and technique.
SHAFFER: None of us in Korn have the technique Steve has, but that doesn't prevent us from expressing ourselves in an interesting way. Instead of soloing in a traditional manner, we've learned to communicate by creating really raw and emotional sounds using new combinations of textures. I use a lot of different effects -- Uni-Vibes, phasers and wahs, as well as fuzz boxes -- but it's a matter of using the sounds in the right context and the right part of the song. I've been playing long enough to know that you don't have to be a technically skilled guitar player to write good songs and compose emotional music.
EINZIGER: A lot of new music is coming out, especially the electronic stuff like drum 'n' bass, where people are doing amazing textural things. I'm not a big fan of using a lot of technology with my guitar. I don't like to plug into a huge rack of processors. I go for simple things, but I try to make my guitar sound crazy. I go for a lot of weird, spaced-out sounds, like the things that I hear on jungle records.


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Thanks for the encouragement guys. I really appreciate it.
Just a few moments ago I had to get on a student for profanity. She used the f-word 3 times in one sentence. Her reply to me was "my own mama don't tell me how to talk, so nobody here at this school will either." She pretty much hit the nail on the head in her response: there is no one at home to teach right from wrong. In fact, the "parent(s)" are doing the exact same thing. As long as this continues, we as educators will never gain any ground.


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|Bonefish, Tarpon, and other Obsessions Turquoise water, silver demons on the fly
|Topic Review (Newest First)
Thanks guys,
Juro you definitely made me worry about my line-coatings...
I hope I can still order - just in case - some tropi-line.
In Thailand I used a simple Airflo - multi tip line, and it was ok.
I am thinking about a SC sinking tarpon (fast intermediate), a wet tip express tropicore, a wet tip clear (im.), or a quad-tipSW... all variations are for my DH1212...
...for now I was using a Vision Ace DH-shooting head system - but calibred for OH casts. It worked fine in Mongolia, and on my winter- huchen- (an European taimen...)fishing, but who knows...better be prepared.
I am constantly checking the sites about FF in Africa, and I hope I could try some beach - casting...err...fishing, too
Ghana, of course, is a world-caliber offshore fishing destination. Check out http://www.ghanabluesdotcom/ (and fer cryin out loud, people, I'm trying to help a guy out, not 'promote' a Ghana charter). Big game boats are not too fly friendly, but they might steer you to some flyrod action if you email tem. Clay can get a bit tought to tlk to if you're not after a 'grander', but I'm sure he'll point you in the right direction you if he can.
You need to find a guide or outfitter, if only for your personal safety. I can't emphasize this too strongly.Donot set off cross country with $1000+ of fancy fly gear hanging all over you.
I haven't fished Ghana, but if Ethiopia, Kenya, RSA, Namibia and Congo are any guide, you will find waters very murky (overgrazing erosion is a uge problem) and decent numjbers of freshwater fish in most bodies of water. Tilapia are a lot like our crappie, but a mongo Nike perch can be a heartstopper. Fis for them same way you would for a peacock bass - very bright flies that move a lot of water.
Biggest one we ever got ate a 3' hooked catfish in one gulp.
Talk to Clay and see if he's aware of any 'small game' opportunities in the area.
Sounds exciting! I haven't any direct African SWFF experience but have some suggestions anyway:
- stripping basket might help, we use them regularly here to hold the running line out of harms way when wading or when obstacles are underfoot; they increase the distance you can shoot line while reducing the time needed to clear loops
- backing should be minimum 30# dacron or 50# gelspun and carefully attached both to the arbor but more importantly to the fly line; large SW species can easily spool you and any imperfections will result in a lost line. Maybe a spare line or two would be a good idea
- check into the presentations you will be making, most likely a tropical coating / floating or ghost tip will be the ticket for large streamers, short stout heads push bigger flies better.
fly- fishing in Ghana(?) - Africa
Hi, I'm new on this forum, and I frequently check the speyclave-board, and it is a great source of information...
While I'm going to travel to Ghana - West-Africa in January, I just cannot go without my rods, for sure.
I heard some infos about the Lake- and river- Volta, which holds tigerfish, tilapia and nile-perch. The Volta estuary seems to have barracuda and perch in it.
I already started tying streamers, and Co...but It would be great to have some additional infos about the region. The coastline is also interesting, but I am absolutely "green" in SW fishing.
I am planning to bring a shooting head setup with my T&T DH1212, a #9, and an #8 rod with intermediate, and sinking lines.
...some suggestions?
thanks, Peter
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3.53: Properties of Bases
This big block of baking chocolate may make your mouth water, but if you were to taste it, you would be in for an unpleasant surprise. The block is unsweetened chocolate. Without any added sugar, chocolate tastes bitter. Chocolate tastes bitter because it's a base.
What Are Bases?
Bases are ionic compounds that produce negative hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water. An ionic compound contains positive metal ions and negative nonmetal ions held together by ionic bonds. (Ions are atoms that have become charged particles because they have either lost or gained electrons.) An example of a base is sodium hydroxide (NaOH). When it dissolves in water, it produces negative hydroxide ions and positive sodium ions (Na+). This can be represented by the equation:
- NaOH \begin{align*}\mathrm{\overset{H_2O}{\rightarrow}}\end{align*} OH- + Na+
Properties of Bases
All bases share certain properties, including a bitter taste. (Warning: Never taste an unknown substance to see whether it is a base!) Bases also feel slippery. Think about how slippery soap feels. That's because it's a base. In addition, bases conduct electricity when dissolved in water because they consist of charged particles in solution. (Electric current is a flow of charged particles.)
Q: Bases are closely related to compounds called acids. How are their properties similar? How are they different?
A: A property that is shared by bases and acids is the ability to conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Some ways bases and acids are different is that acids taste sour whereas bases taste bitter. Also, acids but not bases react with metals. For other differences between bases and acids, as well as why they differ in these ways, read the short article at this URL: http://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_acidbase.html
Detecting Bases
Certain compounds, called indicators, change color when bases come into contact with them, so they can be used to detect bases. An example of an indicator is a compound called litmus. It is placed on small strips of paper that may be red or blue. If you place a few drops of a base on a strip of red litmus paper, the paper will turn blue. You can see this in the Figure below. Litmus isn't the only detector of bases. Red cabbage juice can also detect bases, as you can see in this video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrOUdoS2BtQ&feature=related
Drawing of red litmus paper turning blue in a base.
Strength of Bases
The strength of bases is measured on a scale called the pH scale, which ranges from 0 to 14. On this scale, a pH value of 7 indicates a neutral solution, and a pH value greater than 7 indicates a basic solution. The higher the pH value is, the stronger the base. The strongest bases, such as drain cleaner, have a pH value close to 14.
Uses of Bases
Bases are used for a variety of purposes. For example, soaps contain bases such as potassium hydroxide (KOH). Other uses of bases can be seen in the Figure below.
- Bases are ionic compounds that produce negative hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
- Bases taste bitter, feel slippery, and conduct electricity when dissolved in water.
- Indicator compounds such as litmus can be used to detect bases. Bases turn red litmus paper blue.
- The strength of bases is measured on the pH scale. A pH value greater than 7 indicates a base, and the higher the number is, the stronger the base.
- Bases have many important uses. For example, they are found in many cleaning products and in concrete.
- base: Ionic compound that produces negative hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
Compare bases with acids at the following URL. Then click on and complete the acids and bases quiz. http://www.mcwdn.org/chemist/acidbase.html
- What is a base?
- What are some properties of bases?
- How can you use litmus paper to detect a base?
- Ocean water is slightly basic. What might its pH value be?
- Considering the properties of bases, which of the following do you think is a base?
- orange juice
- lemonade
- vinegar
- baking soda
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The story of garlic's role in human history could fill a book, as indeed it has, many times. Its species name,
means cultivated, indicating that garlic does not grow in the wild. So fond have humans been of this herb that garlic can be found almost everywhere in the world, from Polynesia to Siberia.
From Roman antiquity through World War I, garlic poultices were used to prevent wound infections. The famous microbiologist Louis Pasteur performed some of the original work showing that garlic could kill bacteria. In 1916, the British government issued a general plea for the public to supply it with garlic in order to meet wartime needs. Garlic was called Russian penicillin during World War II because, after running out of antibiotics, the Russian government turned to this ancient treatment for its soldiers.
After World War II, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals manufactured a garlic compound for intestinal spasms, and the Van Patten Company produced another for lowering blood pressure.
Garlic is widely used as an all-around treatment for preventing or slowing the progression of
(the cause of most
heart attacks
However, there is actually relatively little in the way of meaningful evidence that it works for this purpose. The balance of the evidence suggests that garlic is not effective for treating
high cholesterol
there is only minimal evidence that it offers any benefits for people with
high blood pressure
According to some, but not all, studies, garlic might have blood-thinning effects,
but whether this translates into any medical benefit remains unclear.
One study found preliminary evidence that use of garlic could enhance blood sugar control in
Garlic has a long folkloric history as a treatment for colds and is commonly stated to strengthen the immune system. However, up until 2001, there was no supporting evidence for this use. Since then, however, evidence including a well-designed
study does suggest that regular use of garlic extract can help prevent colds.
In addition, folklore suggesting that garlic ingestion can ward off
insect bites
may have some truth to it, at least when garlic is taken regularly for several weeks.
When applied topically, garlic can kill fungi,
and there is preliminary evidence suggesting that ajoene, a compound derived from garlic, might help treat
athlete's foot
Topical garlic can also kill bacteria on contact; however, if you take garlic by mouth, it will not work like an antibiotic throughout your system. Furthermore, oral garlic has failed to prove effective for killing
Helicobacter pylori
, the stomach bacteria implicated as a major cause of
Traditionally, garlic was often combined with the herb mullein in oil products designed to reduce the pain of middle ear infections (
otitis media
, not external ear infections known commonly as swimmer's ear), and two double-blind studies support this use.
: While these products may reduce pain, it is very unlikely that they have any actual effect on the infection because the eardrum prevents them from reaching the site of infection.
Preliminary evidence, including one small double-blind trial suggests that regular intake of garlic as food or as aged garlic supplements may reduce risk of various forms of
Based on extremely weak evidence, garlic has been proposed as a treatment for problems related to the yeast
Candida albicans
, such as
vaginal yeast infections
oral yeast infections (thrush),
and the purported condition discussed in some alternative medicine circles as
yeast hypersensitivity syndrome
Scant evidence hints that garlic might help prevent
, the most common cause of
heart attacks
Garlic preparations have been found to slow hardening of the arteries in animal studies.
In a double-blind,
study that followed 152 people for 4 years, standardized garlic powder at a dosage of 900 mg daily significantly slowed the development of atherosclerosis as measured by ultrasound.
Unfortunately, this study suffered from some statistical problems that make its results less than fully reliable.
study of 200 people measured the flexibility of the aorta, the main artery exiting the heart.
Participants who took garlic showed more flexibility, indicating less atherosclerosis. However, because this was not a double-blind trial, its results prove little.
In one study, 432 people who had suffered a
heart attack
were given either garlic oil extract or no treatment over a period of 3 years.
The results showed a significant reduction of second heart attacks and about a 50% reduction in death rate among those taking garlic.
A number of studies published in the 1980s and early 1990s found evidence that garlic preparations can reduce
high cholesterol
However, virtually all subsequent studies have failed to find any significant benefit.
One carefully designed study failed to find benefits with raw garlic, garlic powder, or aged garlic.
The accumulating impact of these repeated negative results indicates that garlic is not, in fact, effective for improving cholesterol profile.
Numerous studies have found weak evidence that garlic lowers blood pressure slightly, perhaps in the neighborhood of 5% to 10% more than placebo.
It remains unclear whether garlic supplements can help patients with high blood pressure safely eliminate or avoid antihypertensive medications.
One study followed 47 subjects with an average starting blood pressure of 171/101.
Over a period of 12 weeks, half were treated with 600 mg of garlic powder daily standardized to 1.3% alliin, while the other half were given placebo. The results showed a statistically significant drop of 11% in the systolic blood pressure and 13% in the diastolic pressure. In comparison, blood pressure fell in the placebo group by 5% and 4%, respectively. However, this study suffers from a significant problem: the average starting blood pressure of the placebo and the treated groups were quite different, making comparisons unreliable.
Two reviews of 25 randomized trials, including trials above, compared garlic preparations to placebo to look for possible hypertension benefits. The trials included 1,418 patients with and without hypertension. In the 7 trials with 348 patients with hypertension, the garlic preparation was associated with reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. Similar results were found in the other 18 trials, but there was a mix of participants with and without hypertension which make the results less reliable.122
The herb garlic has a long history of use for treating or preventing
. However, up until 2001, there was no scientific evidence that it actually works for this purpose. A US study reported in that year does provide meaningful preliminary evidence that garlic might possess cold-fighting powers.
In this 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 146 people received either placebo or a garlic extract between November and February.
The results showed that participants receiving garlic were almost two-thirds less likely to catch cold than those receiving placebo. Furthermore, participants who did catch cold recovered about one day faster in the garlic group as compared to the placebo group.
A study performed in Russia also reported benefits.
Thus, regular use of garlic might help prevent colds. However, there is no evidence as yet that if you take garlic at the onset of a cold you will recover more quickly.
A 20-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial followed 80 Swedish soldiers and measured the number of
tick bites
received during the garlic and the placebo treatments.
The results showed a modest but statistically significant reduction in tick bites when soldiers consumed 1,200 mg of garlic daily for 8 to 10 weeks. Unfortunately, the type of garlic used in this study was not stated.
However, another study failed to find one-time use of garlic helpful for repelling mosquitoes.
Evidence from observational studies suggests that garlic may help
prevent cancer
, particularly cancer of the stomach and colon.
In one of the best of these trials, the Iowa Women's Study, a group of 41,837 women were questioned as to their lifestyle habits in 1986 and then followed continuously in subsequent years. At the 4-year follow-up, questionnaires showed that women whose diets included significant quantities of garlic were approximately 30% less likely to develop colon cancer.
The interpretations of studies like this one are always a bit controversial. For example, it's possible that the women who ate a lot of garlic also made other healthful lifestyle choices. While researchers looked at this possibility very carefully and concluded that garlic was a common factor, it is not clear that they are right. What is really needed to settle the question is an intervention trial, where some people are given garlic and others are given a placebo. However, none has yet been performed that evaluated garlic for cancer prevention.
There is no question that raw garlic can kill a wide variety of microorganisms by direct contact, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.
A double-blind study reported in 1999 found that a cream made from the garlic constituent ajoene was just as effective for fungal skin infections as the standard drug terbinafine.
These findings may explain why garlic was traditionally applied directly to
in order to prevent infection (but keep in mind that it can burn the skin). Nevertheless, there is no real evidence that taking garlic orally can kill organisms throughout the body. Thus, it's not an antibiotic in the usual sense. It's more of an antiseptic.
Oral garlic could theoretically offer benefits against organisms in the stomach or intestines because it can come into direct contact with them. However, there is only the scantiest evidence as yet that it works for any specific infection of this type.
For example, despite
test tube
evidence that garlic can kill
Helicobacter pylori
(the cause of ulcers), studies in people have not been promising.
A typical dosage of garlic is 900 mg daily of a garlic powder extract standardized to contain 1.3% alliin, providing about 12,000 mcg of alliin daily, or 4-5 mg of "allicin potential." Alliin-free aged garlic is taken at a dose of 1 to 7.2 g daily.
Alliin is a relatively odorless substance found in garlic. When garlic is crushed or cut, an enzyme called allinase is brought in contact with alliin, turning it into allicin. Allicin is responsible for much of the typical odor of garlic. It is very active chemically and probably helps the garlic bulb defend itself from attack by insects and other threats. However, allicin is unstable, and soon breaks down into a variety of other substances.
When garlic is ground up and encapsulated, the effect is similar to cutting the bulb: Alliin contacts allinase, yielding allicin, which then breaks down. Unless something is done to prevent this process, garlic powder won't have any alliin or allicin left by the time it is purchased.
Some garlic producers believe that alliin and allicin are not essential for garlic's effectiveness and do not worry about this. Aged garlic, for example, has very little of either compound. But other manufacturers believe that allicin is the primary active ingredient in garlic. Because allicin is an unstable chemical, these manufacturers are faced with a challenge.
One solution might be to chemically stabilize allicin so that it doesn't break down. However, allicin has a strong garlic smell, and a relatively odorless product is preferable. Many manufacturers of garlic powder products seek to stabilize the alliin in the product, and to do so in such a way that the alliin converts to allicin after it is consumed. How well their methods work remain a matter of controversy.
: Do not confuse essential oil of garlic with garlic oils. The term "garlic oil" refers to garlic extracted by means of oil. Garlic essential oil is the pure oily component of the herb, and, like other
essential oils
, it is potentially toxic.
As a commonly used food, garlic is on the FDA's GRAS (generally recognized as safe) list. Rats have been fed gigantic doses of aged garlic (2,000 mg per kilogram body weight) for 6 months without any signs of negative effects.
Long-term treatment with standardized garlic powder at a dose equivalent to three times the usual dose, along with fish oil, produced no toxic effects in rats.
The only common side effect of garlic is unpleasant breath odor. Even "odorless garlic" produces an offensive smell in up to 50% of those who use it.
Other side effects occur only rarely. For example, a study that followed 1,997 people who were given a normal dose of deodorized garlic daily over a 16-week period showed a 6% incidence of nausea, a 1.3% incidence of dizziness on standing (perhaps a sign of low blood pressure), and a 1.1% incidence of allergic reactions.
There were also a few reports of bloating, headaches, sweating, and dizziness.
When raw garlic is taken in excessive doses, it can cause numerous symptoms, such as stomach upset, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, flatulence, facial flushing, rapid pulse, and insomnia.
Topical garlic can cause skin irritation, blistering, and even third-degree burns, so be very careful about applying garlic directly to the skin.
Since garlic might "thin" the blood, it is probably imprudent to take garlic pills immediately prior to or after surgery or labor and delivery, because of the risk of excessive bleeding.
Similarly, garlic should not be combined with blood-thinning drugs, such as
(Ticlid), or
(Trental). In addition, garlic could conceivably interact with natural products with blood-thinning properties, such as
, or high-dose
vitamin E
. However, a placebo-controlled study found that actual raw garlic consumed in food at the fairly high dose of 4.2 g once daily did not impair platelet function. In addition, volunteers who continued to consume the dietary garlic for a week did not show any change in their normal platelet function.
Garlic may also combine poorly with certain HIV medications. Two people with
experienced severe gastrointestinal toxicity from the HIV drug ritonavir after taking garlic supplements.
Garlic might also reduce the effectiveness of some drugs used for HIV.
Garlic is presumed to be safe for pregnant women (except just before and immediately after delivery) and nursing mothers, although this has not been proven.
If you are taking:
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Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP, Fakler P, Sullivan T. Effect of garlic on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2008;8:13.
Last reviewed September 2014 by EBSCO CAM Review Board
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text:
Step 1: Gather Your Ingredients
- selection of your favorite seasonal organic fruit
- sparkling water
- selection of your favorite organic juices (optional)
- fresh mint (optional)
- blender
Step 2: Blend Your Fruit
When choosing what types of fizzy drinks to make, I based my decisions on the fruits and juices that we already had on hand. However, you can use any selection of your favorite fruits and juices. Then, I added a small scoop of the fruit with a couple of tablespoons of juice and blended until the fruit/juice mixture was as thick as a puree.
Step 3: Slice Your Fruit
I added a small scoop of fresh fruit to the bottom of each mason jar before adding the juice/fruit mixture. I used seasonal fruit including strawberries and pomegranates as well as some frozen fruit that we had in the freezer.
Step 4: Add the Fizz
Fill each of your glasses or mason jars 3/4 full of sparkling water – I used a selection of berry, orange and lime sparkling water.
Step 5: Add the Whole Fruit
Add a small scoop of fresh, seasonal, organic fruit to the sparkling water.
Step 6: Add the Fruit Juice Puree
Top the glasses off with the blended fruit/juice puree – or a little bit of your favorite organic juice.
Step 7: Try these 3 simple recipes to get you started:
Strawberry Fizz
- 3/4 c. Berry Sparkling Water
- 1/4 c. organic strawberry puree
- 1/4 c. chopped strawberries
Citrus Mint Fizz
- 3/4 c. Lemon, Lime or Orange Sparkling Water
- 1/4 c. organic lemon, lime or orange slices
- 1/4 c. organic orange juice
- sprig of mint
Pomegranate + Blueberry Fizz
- 3/4 c. Berry Sparkling Water
- 1/4 c. organic pomegranate seeds and whole blueberries
- 1/4 c. organic berry puree


text:
Product Highlights
You Pay: $49.95
ILFOSPEED RC DeLuxe Paper from Ilford is a versatile, 190 gsm medium weight resin coated paper for traditional and commercial black and white printing and enlarging. It has a bright white base tint and neutral image color, making it well-suited to a variety of applications including press, industrial, advertising, and display, and viewing conditions, including daylight or fluorescent light. As a graded paper, it has a fixed medium contrast value of grade 2; is responsive solely to unfiltered, white light enlargement; and can be processed in either trays by hand or via automatic machine processors. It is not suitable for activation type processing.
This item is one box of 100 sheets of 5 x 7" grade 2 paper, and features a pearl surface finish.
|5 x 7" / 12.7 x 17.8 cm
|Surface Finish
|44M Pearl
|Base Type
|Resin coated
|Bright white tint, neutral image color
|Medium weight, 190 gsm
Grade 2
ISO range of R100
Can be used with most common safelights for black and white papers, including the Ilford SL1, 902, DL10, DL20, Kodak OC, Agfa G7, or Philips PF710
15 W bulb recommended
Do not expose to safelight for more than 4 minutes or at a distance closer than 4' / 1.2 m
|Packaging Info
|Package Weight
|1.6 lb
|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|7.795 x 5.748 x 1.339"


text: I would like to know if the 12" Royal Guard from the 2-pack can be used for a Kir Kanos? Can someone provide pics of the body underneath the robe? I don't have the heart to open mine as I keep my stuff sealed. How about the Coruscant Guard's body?


text:
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We needed a place to keep track of all our conversations with everyone, and be able to quickly put each contact in appropriate groups. Highrise was the obvious solution.
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text:
ARSC HPC Users' Newsletter 366, July 26, 2007
ARSC Symposium on Multicore and New Processing Technologies
A symposium exploring the capabilities and use of new high performance computing (HPC) technologies is taking place Aug. 13-14 on the campus of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in conference room 010 of the West Ridge Research Building. Space is limited for this free symposium and registration is required. Register here:
The two-day symposium is hosted by the Arctic Region Supercomputing Center, a national leader in the ongoing evaluation of current and next-generation processing technologies to improve the speed, memory functions and efficiencies of supercomputers. ARSC is a charter member of the National Science Foundation's Center for High Performance Reconfigurable Computing (CHPRC). For more details, see:
Taking Slices of Data From NetCDF Files: Part I
[ by Anton Kulchitsky and Lee Higbie]
If you want to work on a slice or column of data from a netCDF file, the netCDF interface allows you to extract data without reading the whole array. There can be confusion if you would like to read data into an array of smaller dimension than the original variable. The goal of this article is to show how to extract precisely the information you want from a netCDF file.
We will use a modification of the netCDF tutorial's error function in our examples, and, this week, use C:
/* just for errors in netCDF (modernized version from netCDF tutorial) */ static void handle_nc_error(int status) { if (status != NC_NOERR) { fprintf( stderr, "NetCDF Error %d: %s\n", status, nc_strerror(status) ); exit( status ); } }
Getting a 1D Column From 4D Data.
Assume you already know all the dimensions T, Z, Y, X of your 4D array, A (you can get them using the nc_inq_dimid and nc_inq_dimlen functions). Consider the task of extracting a 1D vertical column A(t,z,y,x) for fixed index values, x=x0, y=y0, t=t0 into a variable float a[] with enough memory allocated for the column. The following code performs the task (see a detailed explanation below the code):
/* getting variable id (in parr) */ int parr; int status = nc_inq_varid (nc_file, A, &parr); /* A is the name of the variable into netCDF as mentioned above */ if (status != NC_NOERR) handle_nc_error(status); /* getting values */ const size_t start[4] = { t0, 0, y0, x0 }; const size_t count[4] = { 1, Z, 1, 1 }; status = nc_get_vara_float(nc_wrffile, parr, start, count, a); if (status != NC_NOERR) handle_nc_error(status);
First, the code retrieves the variable id using the function nc_inq_varid with a file id of nc_file and variable name A into the variable, parr. The variable itself can be retrieved with nc_get_vara_float function. It uses the arrays start and count of dimension 4 (remember, we are working with a 4D array) to describe the required slice.
In this example, we fix the x, y, and t indices with the values x0, y0 and t0 and allow z to range from 0 to Z-1. (If you need only part of the z-column, you can modify that range as well.) Thus, array start indicates the corner of the array from which you read the variable, and array count indicates how many elements are to be read in each dimension.
It is very easy to modify the code if you need to read just one value from the 4D array, using index (t0,z0,y0,x0). The only coding change would be for the arrays start and count :
const size_t start[4] = { t0, z0, y0, x0 }; const size_t count[4] = { 1, 1, 1, 1 };
And in this case, of course, it would be sufficient to allocate memory for only one float, not an entire array.
Getting a 2D slice from 4D data.
The same idea works for extracting a 2D slice of data and storing it to matrix b :
float b[Y][X]; /* getting variable id */ int parr; int status = nc_inq_varid (nc_wrffile, A , &parr); if (status != NC_NOERR) handle_nc_error(status); /* getting values */ const size_t start[4] = { 0, z0, 0, 0 }; const size_t count[4] = { 1, 1, Y, X }; status = nc_get_vara_float(nc_wrffile, parr, start, count, &b[0][0]); if (status != NC_NOERR) handle_nc_error(status);
Note that nc_get_vara_float accepts a pointer to b[0][0] , not b itself.
You can use the same ideas to extract data from arrays of different dimensions.
To be continued. Next time, in Fortran...
Highlights from SCICOMP-13, the IBM Scientific Users Group
[ by: Tom Logan ]
This year's annual IBM scientific users group conference, SCICOMP-13, was hosted by IPP (Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics) in Garching, Germany. Garching is a quaint little city situated just 15 short subway minutes north of Munich. It is the location of the Max Planck Institute that incorporates many disciplines, although it was originally primarily focused on plasma physics research.
The 4 1/2 day conference included a 1-day IBM tutorial, twenty two user submitted talks, and eight additional IBM talks. As always, the tutorial was most appropriate for new IBM users, but included tidbits for the experienced user as well. The additional IBM talks covered the future road maps for architectures, loadleveler, the ACTC toolkits, GPFS, BlueGene, cell processors, and, of course, the compilers.
Here are some of the better quotes from the user talks:
- "The clock-speed race is over, the core race has begun."
"As cores start to double every 18 months, memory bandwidth will halve every 18 months."
[A few power5 vs power5+ talks reinforced this concept. Since power5+ is dual core and power5 is not, it was interesting to note that many memory intensive applications actually performed better on the power5 architecture.]
"Flops rates are not a useful measure of science achieved."
[To back this up, we saw that 1/2 of a set of 19 well-established scientific codes got <10% of the given system's peak theoretical performance on power5+, and that the average application does only ~50% floating point operations]
"Mixed-mode programming rarely performs better than MPI."
[I'll be honest, this is actually quoting myself. I attended yet another talk demonstrating that pure MPI performed the best, which reaffirmed this conclusion. However, in a side conversation with another attendee, I was assured that at least one production code at NCAR works best in mixed-mode.]
Overall, the conference contained a large amount of wonderful information for the IBM scientific user. Group discussions during the breaks and at lunch added greatly to the usefulness of the the meeting. And, of course, the late night meetings at the German beer gardens were the icing on the cake!
A complete list of the user talks, including "MPI-IO and MPI-2 One-Sided Communication" by yours truly, can be found at:
I've been assured that the IBM talks will be posted within the next week or so.
Removal of SSH default usage protocol 1
[ by: Oralee Nudson ]
Secure Shell (SSH) is a protocol used to exchange data over the network using a secure channel. There are two versions of the SSH protocol in use, versions 1 and 2. Protocol 1, originating from Finland in 1995, offered a more secure alternative to popular network protocols of the time such as rlogin, telnet, and rsh (wikipedia.com). Supporting the features of user authentication through the use of passwords and encryption, SSH protocol 1 quickly became a standard in network communication. Just one year later, SSH protocol 2 was made available and offered more security features not supported by protocol 1. Using the Diffie-Hellman key exchange and allowing a user to run more than one shell session over a single SSH connection are just two of the many significant improvements protocol 2 offered over protocol 1.
An excellent side-by-side comparison of SSH protocols 1 and 2 is presented on the following snailbook webpage:
In an ongoing effort to promote the use of more secure connections to and from ARSC systems, on August 1, 2007 SSH protocol 1 will be removed as a default usage protocol on all systems. Protocol 2 will become the default protocol. The discontinuation of protocol 1 as a default usage protocol does not mean that its use will be completely removed. Instead, should a user need to use SSH protocol 1 to connect to and from ARSC systems, they should add the following line to their ~/.ssh/config file:
Protocol 2,1
We are expecting this change in default usage protocols will be transparent to most users. However, it may be beneficial to double-check the SSH protocol settings of the client you use to connect to ARSC systems. For example, if you use Putty, confirm that the "Preferred SSH protocol version" radio button selected is "2" or "2 only" within the Putty Configuration SSH settings.
Users who would like less information are welcome to read "news ssh" on any ARSC system. As always, please feel free to direct any questions to the ARSC help desk.
Quick-Tip Q & A
A:[[ Can someone please explain this? When I use over 30,000,000 random [[ variables in my code, the sum and average get out of whack. [[ Below is a sample code which shows the problem. [[ [[ mg56% cat t2.f90 [[ program t2 [[ [[ integer :: p, N [[ real, allocatable, dimension (:) :: a [[ [[ do N=10000000,50000000,5000000 [[ allocate (a(1:N)) [[ [[ call random_seed () [[ call random_number (a) [[ [[ print*, "Count:", N, "Sum:", sum (a), "Avg:", sum(a)/real(N), "Min:" & [[ , minval(a), "Max:", maxval(a) [[ [[ deallocate (a) [[ enddo [[ [[ end program [[ [[ mg56% pathf90 t2.f90 [[ mg56% ./a.out [[ Count: 10000000 Sum: 5000621.5 Avg: 0.500062168 Min: 2.980232239E-7 Max: 0.999999702 [[ Count: 15000000 Sum: 7499592.5 Avg: 0.49997282 Min: 0.E+0 Max: 0.999999881 [[ Count: 20000000 Sum: 10002506. Avg: 0.500125289 Min: 0.E+0 Max: 0.99999994 [[ Count: 25000000 Sum: 12498267. Avg: 0.49993068 Min: 5.960464478E-8 Max: 0.99999994 [[ Count: 30000000 Sum: 15000845. Avg: 0.500028193 Min: 0.E+0 Max: 0.99999994 [[ Count: 35000000 Sum: 16777216. Avg: 0.479349017 Min: 0.E+0 Max: 0.99999994 [[ Count: 40000000 Sum: 16777216. Avg: 0.419430405 Min: 0.E+0 Max: 0.99999994 [[ Count: 45000000 Sum: 16777216. Avg: 0.372827023 Min: 5.960464478E-8 Max: 0.99999994 [[ Count: 50000000 Sum: 16777216. Avg: 0.335544318 Min: 0.E+0 Max: 0.99999994 [[ mg56% [[ [[ It happens on both the IBM with xlf90 and the Sun Opteron cluster [[ with pathf90. (Sorry, but 30000000 random numbers just isn't [[ enough!) # # Orion Sky Lawlor # 16777216 is the maximum value reached by a single-precision float when adding numbers not exceeding 1.0--further additions of such small values don't affect the sum due to roundoff. Here's a C/C++ example of the same thing: float gnats=1.0; volatile float windshield=1<<24; float orig=windshield; for (int i=0;i<1000;i++) windshield += gnats; Because of roundoff, the gnats do not affect the windshield in any way. The "Roundoff" section at the bottom of this page has more: http://www.cs.uaf.edu/2006/fall/cs301/lecture/11_10_float.html To fix this, you'll have to use a more roundoff-friendly "sum" implementation. For example, you could write an explicit loop that adds up the array values into a real*8 (double-precision) temporary: real*8 :: doublesum ... doublesum=0.0 do i=1,N doublesum = doublesum + a(i) enddo ... This should work with arrays of length up to 2^53 (about 10^16). It is quite silly that the builtin compiler "sum" intrinsic doesn't already do this! # # Ed Kornkven # program t3 ! ! Demonstrate cause of erroneous sum() results. The "real" type ! is real*4 by default which has only 24 mantissa bits. Once a ! sum of 2^24 is reached, adding a small number (e.g., 0<x<1) has no ! representable effect. Solution is to do sum() in real*8 ! (function sum2) or sum the array in chunks (function sum3). ! Note that when N > 2*2^24, sum3 still fails because the second ! chunk suffers the same problem as the original array. ! E. Kornkven, ARSC ! integer :: p, N real*4, allocatable, dimension (:) :: a real*8 sum2 real*4 sum3 do N=10000000,50000000,5000000 allocate (a(1:N)) !call random_seed () !call random_number (a) a = 1 !print*, "Count:", N, "Sum:", sum (a), "Avg:", sum(a)/real(N), "Min:" & !, minval(a), "Max:", maxval(a), "Sum2:", sum2(a,N), "Sum3:", sum3(a,N) print 10, N, sum (a), sum(a), sum2(a,N), sum3(a,N) 10 format ("Count:", i10, " Sum:", f10.1, " (0x", z8, ")", & " Sum2:", f10.1, " Sum3:", f10.1) deallocate (a) enddo end program real*8 function sum2(a, N) integer :: N real*4, dimension(N) :: a real*8 :: s s = 0.0 do i = 1, N s = s + a(i) enddo sum2 = s return end real*4 function sum3(a, N) integer :: N real*4, dimension(N) :: a real*8 :: s integer :: half half = N/2 sum3 = sum(a(1:half)) + sum(a(half+1:N)) return end # # Sean Ziegeler # I don't think its a problem with the random number generator. The summations of the real values are overflowing, which also causes the incorrect average. You need to sum with double precision to prevent that (unless you are going to have lots more random numbers to sum). A quick fix to this code is to replace both instances of "sum(a)" with "sum(dble(a))". I tried it out with xlf90 on an IBM and it works. Some compilers may be smart enough to convert a single element of the array at a time for summing; others may copy the entire array into a double precision array. If you want to prevent that for memory efficiency, you'll have to use a loop. # # Olivier Golinelli # Note that 16777216 = 2 ** 24. This behaviour is a famous gotcha. Internally, the function "Sum(a)" is translated to suma = 0 Do i = 1, n suma = suma + A(i) Enddo As 0 < A(i) < 1, "suma" grows during the loop execution. Consequently, "suma" reaches the value 2 ** 24 when "i" is of order 2 ** 25. After that, "suma" is locked at this value, because the addition "suma + A(i)" is done with real values coded in single precision. As A(i) < 1, the ratio suma/A(i) > 2**24 and the addition always gives 2**24. To circumvent this problem, two solutions: 1) use real(8) everywhere by default in the program. Then if you have a problem with memory, try to reduce with real(4), or 2) write your own function, "sum," using a tree reduction pattern, and not a linear pattern, for example: Program test ! author : firstname.lastname@example.com Implicit None Integer, Parameter :: na = 10**8, wp = 4 Real(wp) :: A(na), sum1, sum2, sum3 Integer i, n, k Call Random_number(A) Print *, Sum(A), 'Function Sum' sum1 = 0 Do i = 1, na sum1 = sum1 + A(i) End Do Print *, sum1, 'Loop with compiler optimization' n = size(A) sum2 = 0 Do i = 1, na sum2 = sum2 + A(i) If (i == -1) Print *, 'blabla' End Do Print *, sum2, 'Simple loop without optimization' n = size(A) Do k = (n+1) / 2 Do i = 1, n/2 A(i) = A(i) + A(i+k) Enddo n = k if (n == 1) Exit enddo sum3 = A(1) Print *, sum3, 'Tree reduction' End Program Interestingly, the behavior of the 'Sum' intrinsic and of the loop depends on the optimization done by the compiler. I use an old Intel Pentium4 with the Intel compiler "ifort version 8.0." With that, the 'Sum' intrinsic gives the good result. The simple loop, Do i = 1, na sum1 = sum1 + A(i) End Do gives also the good result. Clearly, the compiler substitutes an optimized function for both. But if I disable optimization (by putting the print statement inside the loop) I obtain the behavior described in your newsletter. I.e., the result reaches a maximum at 2**24 for single precision real numbers, real(4). Here's the output for the above program: 4.9997072E+07 Function Sum 4.9997072E+07 Loop with compiler optimization 1.6777216E+07 Simple loop without optimization 4.9997072E+07 Tree reduction These gotchas are more numerous than we might expect. # # Edward Anderson # If you only have 7 or 8 digits of accuracy, you can't add 10's of millions of numbers in the same range without losing some of them. Once the sum gets big enough, adding a relatively small number to it has no effect. The short answer is you need to use double precision to accumulate the sum (the compiler option "-r8" to promote reals to 8 bytes, or 64 bits, is fairly standard), unless you subtract the mean to keep the sum around zero. Interestingly, the Intel compiler on an SGI Altix produces the expected result without (explicitly) resorting to double precision. # # Brad Chamberlain # I suspect the problem is that you're still using Fortran. :-) Q: Regarding commenting in C/C++ code: I've seen code that uses /* to start comments in some places and /** to start them in other places. Why use /** ?
[[ Answers, Questions, and Tips Graciously Accepted ]]
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Ed Kornkven ARSC HPC Specialist ph: 907-450-8669 Kate Hedstrom ARSC Oceanographic Specialist ph: 907-450-8678 Arctic Region Supercomputing Center University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 756020 Fairbanks AK 99775-6020
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text:
Thanks TroyFeeken
Thanks TroyFeeken
I just spoke to Frank and he said he doesn't have anymore semen for Chopper.
Emmit would be a great choice, as would Guide.
But don't forget about some of Choppers progeny....Freeway or Juice out of the Chopper x Tequila Sunrise litter, or maybe Slider.
Thanks Thomas for your support!
Indeed Junfan68 !
Slider would be my choice right now.
Field Trials are competitions....not everyone gets a "participation ribbon" and they do "keep score"
Music for walking to the line
I like Slider, but if you really want a deep bitch line then you cannot beat having Tequila Sunrise on the bottom. There are some Juice puppies that look REALLY good, that you will see breaking out late spring/summer.
I trained today with Peter Ketola, who has a very nice FC AFC dog out of Chopper and is EIC & CNM Clear. FC AFC Ace On The River III, Peter told me today he would only charge $600 for breeding to ACE.
Ace is qualified for the 2013 National Amateur.
Last edited by Greg Seddon; 11-14-2012 at 08:26 PM.
Greg Seddon
CFC HRCH Gunner, Flight Interceptor SH
Gates Smoky Mountain Treasure QAA
Never argue with an idiot. They'll bring you down to their level and beat you with experience.
Was asking to know how to get Chopper semen.
And look all informations i got!
Thanks all!


text:
Robin did explain how it hurt, but over time that should have softened, especially with Barney falling out of touch with the gang a little. Of course, the kids are familiar enough with "Aunt Robin" that they have been around her on numerous occasion, yet Ted somehow mourned the loss of her presence - it was thin. If she holds a grudge for decades, she is an unhealthy wreck anyway.
The fan edit is very solid, I was surprised at how a little tweak could really make the same content work. Unfortunately, 20th Century Fox has taken it down from YouTube and Vimeo, so it's going to be difficult to find, but it's around 6 to 8 minutes, and it starts with Ted at the bar instead of in Chicago scene, has Lily telling Marshall she thinks this time is different for Ted and immediately cuts to shortened scenes from Ted and Tracy's future such as the halloween party with them together so it suggests Ted has found the one and I think removes the Robin suffering from that scene, and uses Future Ted's narration without the getting sick (it's still got a little finality in it because of the way it was written, but is left more vague) and then cuts back to Ted and Tracy meeting on the platform, then "and that's how I met your mother" along with the end title card and credits. It's much, much more hopeful and open-ended, and leaves out the Robin bit entirely, leaves out the Barney backslide, and just focuses on what's important. IMO, that edit also makes Ted feel like he's finally grown into a man at the end.


text:
By Ben Levisohn
Did the Polar Vortex make us buy more Uggs this season?
That's one burning question that we hope to have an answer to when Deckers Outdoor (DECK), maker of the popular lined boots, reports fourth-quarter quarter earnings at the closing bell today.
The company had a fairly quiet news day today and, according to Seeking Alpha, the Street most recently forecast EPS of $3.81, up from $2.59 million a year ago and revenue of $708.7 million, up from $634.96 a year prior.
In a note earlier this week, Wedbush analyst Corinna Freedman raised the price target and estimates on Deckers Outdoor, writing:
Cooler-than-anticipated weather trends (with temperatures beyond what would be considered a normal winter) likely boosted direct sales of Uggs and potentially spurred better reorders than originally estimated.
Decker's has gained 2.6% to $84.49 today at 3:57 p.m.


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Just Joined!
Greetings from North Carolina! I have been fishing off and on over the years and gave up chasing Largemouth Bass with spinning and casting gear in the '90s in favor of my favorite "trash fish" Bowfin, big Cats, Carp and big Gar. Then pretty much stopped doing that for a few years. Two years ago I purchased my first fly rod and am now chasing Bass again.....along with bluegill, crappie, catfish and during my annual trip to southeast AK, Silver Salmon - 6th trip is upcoming in less than two weeks. Now that I really am getting hooked on flyfishing, the Carp, and Gar are soon to be in trouble, too. lol!
Welcome aboard.
I have a soft spot in my heart for warmwater species too. I especially enjoy the bass and pike. Be sure to check out our warmwater sections and feel free to contribute.
Thanks-Double Haul!
Though I'm relatively new to the fly world, I have been fishing since the early '60s (my folks have a B/W snapshot of my brother and I with Zebcos in the surf at Myrtle Beach, SC from about 1964) and I'm now only 47 years young. Hopefully lots of casts left in me. Not being quite the purist yet though, as a newbie to the game you may see some unorthodox and heretical flies in my pix. Already I have managed to snap a 5 wt tip (SA rod) and wear completely out a cheap reel(SA entry level) and am getting ready to purchase a "real" reel and maybe a Sage, St. Croix or GLoomis rod or two soon. Here's a recent big mouth!
Wearing out tackle is a sure sign you're doing something RIGHT
IFFF Certified THCI @ 2005
Capeflyfisher Guide Service
Island Hopper, Guitarist, Incurable Dreamer
and Founder, Worldwide Flyfishing Forum
I'm new to the board too, but your metioning of gar got me all key'd up. Target them with a fly, you won't be sorry. wire bite tippet and a rope fly. Rope fly: Tie a 6-8" braided nylon rope on to your 3/0 hook behind the eye and cut the cut at the top of the bend so its just the shank. Attach holo-eyes and epoxy over eyes. Brush out nylon and your ready. Use strong rod(7-9wt.) and cast to gulping fish or where you think they are hanging out and when they hit strip strike. Hang on!!!!! Really good fun! Here is a an excerpt from my friends fishing report in July, who got them in Lake Champlain.. .(I was so jealous).
"...The water was murky but I saw them! GAR!!! Made a few casts with a rope fly and next thing I know I've got a BIG gar on the line! Wow! Kind of scary landing a monster gar for the first time. The bill was about 10" long or better. Grabbed around it with the glove and went to measure it when the gar shook and I dropped it as the beak whacked my chest! Glad I had a shirt on! ;-) 45" of gar fury!
The next bohemoth jumped about 2' to 3' out of the water 3 times! Unreal. 44". This lake was just LOADED with HUGE GAR! The biggest fish I see in other bodies of water were AVERAGE over here! I worked up the shoreline and my jaw dropped as I saw probably 100 gar - ALL WERE 40" to 50" or better! I caught 5 or 6 more then things finally slowed up around 4 pm. I found them again and hooked a monster that ran and ran! Eventually I got it in. 48" long and probably 12lbs. Not far away from the State record! I tried flagging down a boat to get a picture with no luck. Then I remembered that they are gar and can breathe air. So I motored to the nearest launch and found a couple people to snap some shots. I can't wait to get them developed! Anyways, I'll be back on this lake as soon as I can....UNREAL GAR ACTION!!! BTW, no one else was fishing for them. Gee, that's too bad ;-)...."
Good luck,
Last edited by Glenora Ghillie; 09-07-2005 at 04:17 PM.
I wouldnt write off any of your "trash fish" as flyfishing oppritunities. Flyfishing is a great way to target underutilized fish, there are many carp fisherman on the forum who know an awful lot about catching the poor mans bonefish. Gar are also fun though really hard to hook... My personal favorite are bowfin, especially sight fishing with smaller flies.
welcome to the forum
Singing Reels,
thanks guys for the welcome and replies...
My personal best gar (though non-fly caught) is 54 inches-measured and weight guess-timated of 18-19 pounds. THAT guy was a beast! and most gar I've caught were sight fished with cut bait under a float. So I'll just adapt my water craft and stalking to the flyrod. I'm familiar with the gar's bony, toothy mouth and head and did get slashed by "ole needle teeth" across the knuckles 2 years back by a yard long mad fish right when I went to de-hook it. I bled like crazy. Guess he didn't like the pliers getting near his eye! LOL! The nylon rope fly is also used for spinning gear gar fishing as is the panty hose lure. I tie up some "nyla-flys" soon and see if I can tease one into a strike. great to be aboard.
"Time's fun when you're having flies!"
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Maintenance Free
2-Year Warranty
Ships Ready to Install
Direct Replacement for YB 16CL-B
Stop replacing your battery so often and start saving time and money with the Odyssey Drycell PWC battery. This long-lasting military-grade battery offers a superior 5-second cranking power and a fast charge recovery. The Odyssey battery can also be installed on its sides at any angle without sacrificing performance. The sealed design eliminates the fear of acid burns or damage. Odyssey batteries are shipped fully charged. If it arrives with less than 12.65V, simply boost the charge by following instructions in the owner's manual.
Fits most PWC models and is a direct replacement for YB 16CL-B. Warranty protects against factory defects for two full years. 6-7/8"H x 6-1/2"W x 3-3/4"D.
Odyssey Technical Alert For Sea-Doo Personal Watercraft Users
Sea-Doo Personal Watercrafts tend to transfer an electrical load to the battery while in storage. If not properly maintained, you may not get the top performance from your Odyssey Battery. This brand of watercraft experiences an electrical load on the battery during storage, caused by a control module monitoring the lanyard socket. If the lanyard is left installed, the electrical drain is 18 ma after 10 minutes of shutting down the engine. If the lanyard is removed, the electrical drain is 7 ma. Over time these electrical loads can cause considerable loss of battery capacity. For Sea-Doo watercraft always disconnect the lanyard from its socket when not riding the watercraft. Install a waterproof disconnect switch (item #32965) in the negative battery cable, so the battery can be disconnected after riding.
Check your Odyssey Battery voltage periodically for full charge, which is 12.84V. Recharge whenever below 12.65V.


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Been awhile since I did a journal entry and I guess I figured I could not just walk away from advogato because I enjoy reading it too much and seeing what friends are up to from my days at Linuxcare.
The first day at LWE was very nice and I got to see so many people that I worked with and we even got a group Linuxcare-alumni picture taken which was a lot of fun. The second day we had a Linuxcare Labs reunion and were joined by ianmacd .
It sure was nice to see the original labs crowd. Most of them have traveled to new places for work but being able to see all of us gathered for a meal was extra special. That night, I went out for beers with a few people including davidw and enigma which was great! I also met up with Vern and Shawn at the Thirsty Bear at 3d and Howard. Very good times!
We are planning a get together at our favorite BAR over by Linuxcare at some point. That should be a lot of fun as well!


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Manufacturer: AO Safety Manufacturer: CAD 2 Results
AO Safety 99014 Blockade Noise Isolating Earbuds
Radically reduces external noise that interferes with your music. Ends dangerously loud music struggling to compete with mowers, chain saws, hammers and other loud sounds. Hearing Protector Type: Noise Isolating Earbuds, Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) (dB): 24, Pairs (qty.): 3, Case Included: Yes
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Slide 3 of 8 | Back to Post
He Created Robot Chicken
Slide 3 of 8
Robot Chicken is weird and hilarious. FUCK U IF U DISAGREE!
He Was Convincingly In A Band
Making all the ladies at the Bronze swoon.
He's Not Afraid To Play Goofy Characters
I still have Can't Hardly Wait on VHS.
He Created Robot Chicken
Robot Chicken is weird and hilarious. FUCK U IF U DISAGREE!
He's Sweet To His Wife
Fidelity is sexy.
He's Not Afraid To Marry Someone Taller Than Him
Her name is Clare Grant and she is pretty and cool.
He's Good At Doing Funny Voices
Do you think he uses his Chris Griffin voice to cheer his wife up when she is sad? I would, if I were him.
This Photo
I'm not going to give you any context. Just enjoy it.