text:
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Finasteride: Does it affect spermatogenesis and pregnancy?
Meena Pole, MD Gideon Koren, MD, FRCPC
December, 2001
A few women have asked me whether finasteride, taken by their partners for male pattern baldness, will affect their pregnancies. The product monograph is very alarming: it sounds as if even handling the medication could cause harm, especially to a male fetus. Should a man stop taking finasteride if his partner is planning pregnancy or is pregnant? What is the risk to the fetus if its mother accidentally handles crushed or broken tablets?
To date, there are no reports of adverse pregnancy outcomes among women exposed to finasteride. Taking 1 mg of finasteride daily did not have any clinically significant effect on menÕs semen. Absorption through the skin while handling tablets is extremely unlikely to cause fetal exposure or harm. There is no reason to discontinue the drug. Motherisk is currently following up women who are pregnant or planning pregnancy and whose partners are taking finasteride.
Finasteride, an oral type II 5-reductase inhibitor, selectively blocks androgen activity in the prostate and skin and hence is potentially useful for treating male pattern baldness, hirsutism, and acne.1 Hirsute womenÕs skin shows heightened 5-reductase activity,2 so finasteride could be used to treat them also.
Finasteride, a potent competitive 5-reductase inhibitor, reduces testosterone metabolism to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).1,3 This is an important step because baldness is not known to occur unless testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone. Finasteride decreases circulating DHT without decreasing testosterone.3
Dihydrotestosterone is responsible for acne, increases of body and facial hair during puberty, prostate gland growth, and development of male genitalia in utero. Use of finasteride is, therefore, contraindicated for pregnant women or women trying to become pregnant.1
Risk of exposure
Finasteride is absorbed mainly from the gastrointestinal tract, is not affected by food, and has a bioavailability ranging from 60% to 80%. It is highly bound to protein and undergoes extensive metabolism by hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzymes. It is mainly eliminated through bile and feces (60% to 80%) with minimal renal excretion (no dose adjustment is needed for elderly patients or patients with renal impairment). Its mean serum half-life ranges from 4.7 to 7.1 h but, because its biologic half-life is much longer, DHT might be suppressed for nearly 2 weeks after discontinuing it.3
In one study, semen levels were measured in 35 men taking 1 mg of finasteride daily for 6 weeks.4
Highest level measured was 1.52ng/mL; mean level was 0.26 ng/mL.
Assuming a 100% vaginal absorption through a 5-mL ejaculate per day,
women would be exposed to 7.6ng/d, a negligible amount. This level is
750 times lower than the Òno effectÓ level for developmental
abnormalities in rhesus monkeys.4
Consequences of exposure
Similarly, animal studies conducted by the drugÕs manufacturer of giving 800 ng/d of finasteride intravenously (750 times the highest estimated exposure of pregnant women from semen of men taking 1 mg/d) to monkeys found no abnormalities among male fetuses.4 To confirm the relevance of results in rhesus monkeys for human fetal development, pregnant monkeys were administered high oral doses of finasteride (2 mg/kg/d, which is equivalent to 100 times the recommended human dose of 1 mg/d, or 12 million times the highest estimated exposure from semen of men taking 1amg/d). Results showed abnormalities in male external genitalia, but no other abnormalities and no effect on female fetuses.
In 1999, a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled multicentre study was conducted on 181 men between 19 and 41 years old. These men received 1 mg/d of finasteride or placebo for 48 weeks (4 spermatogenic cycles) and no drugs for the following 60 weeks. Among these 181 men, 79 were included in a supset for collection and analysis of sequential semen samples. Results showed that 1 mg/d of finasteride did not have any significant effect on sperm concentration, total sperm per ejaculate, or sperm motility or morphology.5
The absence of clinically significant effects of 1 mg/d of finasteride on semen parameters supports the hypothesis that testosterone and not DHT is the primary androgen regulating spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, and seminal fluid production.4,5 Similarly, men with 5-reductase deficiency have lifelong (including in utero) suppression of DHT formation, with low serum DHT levels and mildly elevated testosterone levels. Their other morphologic features include rudimentary prostates, small seminal vesicles, normal epididymal size, and markedly diminished volume of ejaculate.6,7
The notable decrease in volume of ejaculate in these men was attributed to in utero reduction of DHT, which led to development of a rudimentary prostate gland. In the absence of any other anatomic abnormalities, these men have been shown to have normal spermatogenesis and healthy progeny.6-9 Side effects reported with finasteride were mainly related to sexual dysfunction; effects were mild and disappeared after treatment was discontinued.3
Women also become alarmed after reading finasterideÕs label or product monograph. They are afraid to handle crushed or broken tablets, especially during pregnancy.4 Tablets, however, are coated with film, so risk of absorption of finasteride through the skin is negligible and is unlikely to cause harm to a fetus.
No drug interactions have been reported with finasteride. Hirsute women taking oral contraceptives who were treated with finasteride showed a marked elevation in serum cholesterol levels. Finasteride alone did not produce this effect.10
In the future, finasteride could be used to treat acne and hirsutism in women.10,11
Women using finasteride should be advised to use contraception to avoid
pregnancy and hence the risk of feminization of male fetusesÕ external
genitalia. To date, no study has explored the effect of 5-reductase
inhibitors on hirsute patients.
- Amichai B, Grunwald MH, Sobel R. 5 alpha-reductase inhibitorsÑa new hope in dermatology? Int J Dermatol 1997;36:182-4.
- Mowszowicz I, Melanitou E, Doukani A, Wright F, Kuttenn F, Mauvais-Jarvis P. Androgen binding capacity and 5 alpha-reductase activity in pubic skin fibroblasts from hirsute patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;56:1209-13.
- Cather JC, Lane D, Heaphy MR Jr, Nelson BR. Finasteride: an update and review. Cutis 1999;64:167-72.
- Merck Frosst Canada & Co. PropeciaÑdiscontinuation prior to/during pregnancy. Dorval, Que: Merck Frosst Canada; 2000.
- Overstreet JW, Fuh WL, Gould J, Howards SS, Lieber MM, Hellstrom W, et al. Chronic treatment with finasteride daily does not affect spermatogenesis or semen production in young men. J Urol 1999;162:1295-300.
- Imperato-McGinley J, Guerrero L, Gautier T, Peterson RE. Steroid 5s-reductase deficiency in man: an inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism. Science 1974;186:1213-5.
- Walsh PC, Madden JD, Harrod MJ, Goldstein JL, MacDonald PC, Wilson JD. Familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, type 2. Decreased dihydrotestosterone formation in pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias. N Engl J Med 1974;291:944-9.
- Katz MD, Kligman I, Cai LQ, Zhu YS, Fratianni CM, Zervoudakis I, et al. Paternity by intrauterine insemination with sperm from a man with 5 -reductase 2 deficiency. N Engl J Med 1997;336:994-7.
- Ivarrson SA, Nielsen MD, Lindberg T. Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in a Swedish family. Eur J Pediatr 1988;147:532-5.
- Moghetti P, Castello R, Magnani CM, Tosi F, Negri C, Armanini D, et al. Clinical and hormonal effects of 5 -reductase inhibitor finasteride in idiopathic hirsutism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:1115-21.
- Serafini P, Ablan F, Lobo RA. 5 alpha-reductase activity in the genital skin of hirsute women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60:349-55.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


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Each lesson or activity in this toolkit is related to NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). The toolkit is designed so that each lesson can be done independently, or combined and taught in a sequence. The Teacher Implementation Guide provides... (View More) recommendations for combining the lessons into three main strands: 1) Lunar Exploration. These lessons provide a basic introduction to Moon exploration. Note that this strand is also appropriate for use in social studies classes. 2) Mapping the Moon. These lessons provide a more in-depth understanding of Moon exploration through the use of scientific data and student inquiry. The lessons also include many connections to Earth science and geology. 3) Tools of Investigation. These higher-level lessons examine the role of technology, engineering and physics in collecting and analyzing data. (View Less)
Materials Cost: $1 - $5 per group of students
This activity is about rocket shape and performance. Learners will test a rocket model and predict its motion. They will launch their rocket multiple times, make observations and record the distance it traveled. They will have the opportunity to... (View More) answer a research question by collecting and analyzing data related to finding out the best nose cone length and predicting the motion of their model rockets. The lesson models the engineering design process using the 5E instructional model and includes teacher notes, vocabulary, student journal and reading. (View Less)
This is an activity about area and volume. Learners will use fabrication software to determine the optimal size of a satellite which can fit within a given rocket cylinder. To complete this activity, fabrication software is required (an example is... (View More) suggested in the lesson). This is the sixth activity as part of the iMAGiNETICspace: Where Imagination, Magnetism, and Space Collide educator's guide. Instructions for downloading the iBook educator's guide and the associated Transmedia book student guide are available at the resource link. (View Less)
This is an activity about satellite design. Learners will create a satellite model to determine which shape will provide a steady minimum current output from solar panels, given a fixed position light source. After, as a group, they will assess... (View More) whether their satellite model would work in real life and how their actions were similar to what engineers do. This is the fifth activity as part of the iMAGiNETICspace: Where Imagination, Magnetism, and Space Collide curriculum. Instructions for downloading the iBook educator's guide and the associated Transmedia book student guide are available at the resource link. (View Less)
In this activity, students face an engineering challenge based on real-world applications. They are tasked with developing a tool they can use to measure the amount of rain that falls each day. Students will find out why freshwater is important,... (View More) learn about the water cycle, and the need to have a standard form of calibration for measurement tools. They will learn that keeping track of precipitation is important, and learn a little bit about how NASA's GPM satellite measures precipitation from space. This lesson uses the 5-E instructional model. (View Less)
Materials Cost: $1 - $5 per group of students
Learners will become familiar with and use the engineering design process to sketch a reasonable drawing of the rover that will be built. The lesson uses the 5E instructional model and includes: TEKS Details (Texas Standards alignment), Essential... (View More) Question, Science Notebook, Vocabulary Definitions for Students, Vocabulary Definitions for Teachers, three Vocabulary Cards, and a concept map Mini-Lesson. teacher notes, vocabulary, student journal and reading. This is lesson 11 of the Mars Rover Celebration Unit, a six week long curriculum. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free
Learners will take and then compare the images taken by a camera - to learn about focal length (and its effects on field of view), resolution, and ultimately how cameras take close-up pictures of far away objects. Finally, they will apply this... (View More) knowledge to the images of comet Tempel 1 taken by two different spacecraft with three different cameras, in this case Deep Impact and those expected/obtained from Stardust-NExT. This lesson could easily be adapted for use with images from other NASA missions. (View Less)
This is an activity about using solar arrays to provide power to the space station. Learners will solve a scenario-based problem by calculating surface areas and determining the amount of power or electricity the solar arrays can create. This is... (View More) mathematics activity 1 of 2 found in the ISS L.A.B.S. Educator Resource Guide. (View Less)
The goal of this lesson is for students to understand how to plan a mission to another world in the solar system. They begin by discussing the path of a spacecraft traveling between planets, examining the journey from the Earth to Mars as an... (View More) example. In Activity 1, students determine the pros and cons for different ways we can explore another world, either by observing from the Earth or by sending a spacecraft to fly by, orbit, or land on the world. In Activity 2, the students plan a complete mission to explore another world in the Solar System. By the end of the lesson, the students come to understand that what scientists want to learn about an object determines how they plan the mission, but real-life constraints such as cost and time determine what actually can be accomplished. Note: The MESSENGER mission to Mercury that is mentioned in this lesson ended operations April 30, 2015. For the latest information about MESSENGER and NASA's solar system missions see the links under Related & Supplemental Resources (right side of this page). (View Less)
This module is about collaboration and communication strategies that are used during mission design. Learners will strengthen their understanding of and ability to use collaborative processes and communication practices to clarify, conceptualize,... (View More) and make decisions. They will compare the risks of varying courses of action that confront scientists and engineers. After the risks are identified, they will gather and convey evidence supporting and refuting the viability of these actions, and reach consensus. The module strategies rely primarily on student investigation into the background information that is necessary to support arguments; make quantitative risk analyses; engage in debate, role-playing, and persuasive writing/communication processes; and practice group decision-making procedures. (View Less)


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Serves 4
Red mole is not necessarily as complex as the black stuff--no chocolate and no blend of chiles--but it's also made with oregano and thyme for a more herbaceous finish.
Tear the chiles into large pieces, then cook them in a dry skillet set over medium heat until lightly browned and very aromatic. Transfer them to a large bowl, cover with boiling water, and set aside for 20 minutes.
Meanwhile, melt 2 Tbs. of the bacon fat in a large Dutch or French oven over medium heat. Add the onion and garlic; cook, stirring often, until wilted, about 3 minutes.
Push the onion and garlic to the sides of the pot, then add the meat chunks in batches, browning them well in the residual fat. As they brown, transfer them to a plate and add more until all are nicely done.
Take the pot off the heat. Scoop out the onion and garlic and place them in a blender or in a food processor fitted with the chopping blade. Drain the chiles in a colander set in the sink, then add them to the blender or food processor. Also add the Worcestershire sauce, thyme, oregano, cloves, pepper, and bay leaf. Blend or puree until smooth.
Melt the remaining 2 Tbs. bacon fat in the pot set back over medium heat. Scrape the chile paste into it and fry for 3 minutes, stirring almost constantly.
Return the meat and any juices on the plate to the pot. Also add the broth and vinegar. Bring to a simmer, stirring occasionally; then cover, reduce the heat to very low, and cook, stirring occasionally, for 1 hour.
Add the plantains to the pot and continue cooking, stirring once in a while, until the meat is falling-apart tender, 1 to 1-1/2 additional hours.
Photo: Marcus Nilsson
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text:
Time for thread #4 using this methodology. (Read the one on the Beatles if you need the rules.)
I'll go first:
Album: Their Satanic Majesties Request
(And, yes, I realize I'm probably the only person in the world who would choose this as their favorite Rolling Stones album.)
Song: "Paint It Black" very narrowly beats "Tumbling Dice"


text:
Labskebill or Bill Blochowiak here. Sooner does training days probably 10 months a year with a mock HT/FT in March. No prizes or ribbons just setting up tests equivalent to licensed test. Trains new judges and helps new handlers see where "they are" in training. But 10 months a year, a notice is sent ou a week in advance. Based on the planned attendance, I determint the time, exact location and the agenda. Mostly novices through SH attend. If the "big dogs" attend, we split into two groups. We may teach a dog to pickup a bird for the first time or run an "ABCD" drill. Just depends on the needs. Usually I work with the younger dogs. I have an old dog that I hunt with and she has been through the program. heals forward and backwords, both sides and runs multiple marks and blinds when she wants too-a good good dog for show and tell.
Been building a house for 9 years and an agreement was reached with the mrs. No pup til the house is done but I can do the training sessions. Mostly when the dogs move up the owners will join a more advanced group. We have many great memebers gained through this process in the HT and FT game.
Good luck if you try it
Our club usually has 2 setups going and average about 20 dogs per sertup. We usually run three marks and leave to the handler to say what he wants. Triple, singles, double & single ect. We have a judge and when leaving the last holding blind you just tell him what you want and he'll relay it to the throwers. Blinds are usually done after the 2nd series. We usually will grill burgers or dogs after and will be done by 1300 or so. We only have 3 a year out here that is about as much as you can get people. Our club uses pigeons, some of the other local clubs will use pheasants or ducks on training days.
Things I would like to see our club do a little better is set up a puppy/newbie area and go over basics and OB.
Things I really like about it is, we setup a test like senario. And more often then not the person that is judging helped setup the test and is proxiy judging. This is usually a new person that has NOT judged a real test before, and is either wanting to start judging or has even taken the seminar. It really helps them get the idea for sure on what is involved in a low stress situation.
Also we dont train on concepts like some of the other clubs, but test senarios. Like Shaver said it is really the only time to get out and get the dogs in a test/ trial type environment. We can honor, do a holding blind drill, etc etc. works well for guys like me that train alone 99% of the time. One thing is though is you can't be shy in getting bystanders to help out. Everyone needs to pitch in.
God, Family, Country & LSU Football.
As an addendum: we have a notice of our training days posted on the OK Dept of Wildlife Conservation "Outdoor" calendar.
The KCRC is going to try a little different format this year. Insead of doing a fun trial attmosphere which has rewarded those of us with prior knowledge and skill, we are going to focus on providing a couple training days geared for the novice at the newbie level. Club members are going to make themselves available for some one on one. We are really trying to make a effort to recruit and retain new members. Trying to show them that if they invest in the club(their time), there is something they can get back in return(quality help with advancing their dog). We plan to do one training day Feb 9th and hopefully provide some "homework" for the individual and then another training day on March 9th where we can hopefully build on what was worked on at home. Then possibly a HT setup on Sunday March 10th to simulate a testing environement. The other goal we have decided for these training days is to assist us in training/expose club members to the various tasks associated with putting on a trial/test. We are making a concerted effort to expand the duties of the test/trial to more than just 5 or 6 dedicated persons.


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text:
|The multipolygon relation is used to represent complex areas.
|Group: Properties
|Status: De facto
|Tools for this tag
Simple areas are mapped in OSM by creating one circular way and tagging it with something that suggests an area rather than a circular way. For example, a circular way tagged
landuse=forest will be assumed to be an area, while a circular way tagged
junction=roundabout will not.
However, this model only works for areas the outline of which consists of one single way, and which do not have holes. Any area that is more complex than that (e.g., because its outline consists of several ways joined together, or because the area consists of multiple disjunct parts, or has holes) requires a multipolygon relation.
In short, a multipolygon relation can have any number of ways in the role outer (the outline) and any number of ways in the role inner (the holes), and these must somehow form valid rings to build a multipolygon from.
Mainly in Germany
type=multipolygon has also been used instead of type=boundary for boundary relations. This method was not widely accepted and should be considered deprecated.
- 1 Tags
- 2 Members
- 3 Usage
- 4 Valid Multipolygon conditions
- 5 Examples
- 6 Invalid examples
- 7 More examples
- 8 Tagging
- 9 Mapping Style, best practice
- 10 Potlatch 2 example
- 11 Helping Tools
- 12 See also
|Tells applications to use area-building rules on the members.
|Any tags describing the multipolygon (names, landuses, ...)
|Way or Node
|one or more
|The ways making up the outer ring(s) of the area.
|zero or more
|The ways making up the inner ring(s) of the area.
|Don't use, deprecated. Tools may handle this as outer.
The intended use of multipolygons is this:
- Tags describing the multipolygon (e.g.,
landuse=forest) always go on the relation. The outer way(s) should be left untagged, unless they describe something in their own right. For example, a forest could be delineated by four fences, in which case the four ways would be tagged with the barrier tag, but could still be used as "outer" members of the forest relation.
- If the inner way represents something in itself (e.g., a forest with a hole where the hole is a lake), then the inner way must be tagged as such.
- Otherwise the inner way(s) should be left untagged.
- The direction of the ways does not matter.
- The order of the relation members does not matter (but properly sorted member lists can help human editors to verify completeness).
Legacy Data
Note that in the past, some multipolygons were also allowed to have their tags on the outer way (if there was only one such way) while keeping the respective multipolygon-relation untagged. This tagging scheme is now considered deprecated. But when consuming OSM data, it's still possible to find (and potentially necessary to handle) such old style multipolygons, too.
Valid Multipolygon conditions
Generally, the multipolygon relation can be used to build multipolygons in compliance with the OGC Simple Feature standard (Graphical examples of OGC validity). Anything that is not a valid multipolygon according to this standard (e.g., polygons with intersecting rings) should also be considered an invalid multipolygon relation, with the notable exception of touching inner rings (see below).
We define a valid (closed) polygon as the combination of a subset of member ways which, when their endpoints are joined, form a closed polygon.
We define an unclosed way as a combination of nodes in which the first node is different than the last node.
The conditions to form a valid multipolygon relation are the following:
- Member ways of a multipolygon relation MUST form one or more closed polygon(s). When the ways belonging to the relation are combined they must form one or more closed chains. [[1]]
- Exactly two unclosed ways, and no more should share an endpoint (e.g. the most extreme nodes of a way represented by the black dot in the images).
- If an endpoint is shared by less than two unclosed ways, the polygon can't be closed and is ill formed. invalid example 1
- If an endpoint is shared by more than two unclosed ways, it's ill formed and a closed polygon can't be reconstructed unambiguously. invalid example 2 (Exception - points shared by an even number of unclosed ways might be part of touching inner rings which is ok.)
- Inner polygons must not overlap with outer polygons or touch them. Overlapping can be avoided completely by reshaping.
One outer and one inner ring
| The simplest and most often used case is one outer ring and one (or more) inner rings consisting of single closed ways.
<relation id="1">
<tag k="type" v="multipolygon" />
<member type="way" id="1" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="2" role="inner" />
One outer and two inner rings
<relation id="1">
<tag k="type" v="multipolygon" />
<member type="way" id="1" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="2" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="3" role="inner" />
Multiple ways forming a ring
| The advanced multipolygon schema allows any inner or outer ring to consist of more than one way. This is useful for multipolygons encompassing very large areas, where it would be impractical to have one way run around the whole of it:
<relation id="1">
<tag k="type" v="multipolygon" />
<member type="way" id="1" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="2" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="3" role="inner" />
Two disjunct outer rings
| Unlike simple multipolygons, the advanced multipolygon relation allows any number of outer rings and thus is a true multipolygon:
<relation id="1">
<tag k="type" v="multipolygon" />
<member type="way" id="1" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="2" role="outer" />
Two disjunct outer rings and multiple ways forming a ring
| The ability to combine a ring from individual ways is not limited to outer rings, it can also be used for inner rings:
<relation id="1">
<tag k="type" v="multipolygon" />
<member type="way" id="1" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="2" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="3" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="4" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="5" role="inner" />
Complex combination of all advanced features
| This example shows a complex combination of all advanced features: three outer rings, two of which have one or more inner rings, and plenty of them consisting of more than one way.
<relation id="1">
<tag k="type" v="multipolygon" />
<member type="way" id="1" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="2" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="3" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="4" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="5" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="6" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="7" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="8" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="9" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="10" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="11" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="12" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="13" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="14" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="15" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="16" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="17" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="18" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="19" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="20" role="outer" />
Island within a hole
| From the possibility of having multiple outer rings in one relation, it also follows that you can easily model "islands" within a hole:
<relation id="1">
<tag k="type" v="multipolygon" />
<member type="way" id="1" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="2" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="3" role="outer" />
A construct like this would previously have required different multipolygon relations, one with way 1 being outer and way 2 being inner, as well as one with way 2 being outer and way 3 being inner. Such cascading is still needed when the "island" in the middle is something else than the area on the outside, but where the "island" is the same stuff it can just be made a hole in the hole.
Touching inner rings
| Some mappers use the current "multipolygon" relation for combining touching inner rings:
<relation id="1">
<tag k="type" v="multipolygon" />
<member type="way" id="1" role="outer" />
<member type="way" id="2" role="inner" />
<member type="way" id="3" role="inner" />
An implementation of advanced multipolygons should attempt to render these as if the touching rings were indeed one ring. This is the one case where OpenStreetMap use deviates from standard OGC Simple Features. In Simple Features, touching inner rings are not supported because they are unnecessary (why make two inner rings when you could combine them into one). In OpenStreetMap, they sometimes make sense if tagged individually, for example a forest with a clearing which is half occupied by a lake and half by farmland - you would have two "holes" in the forest, one being tagged as
Avoid building multipolygons where an inner ring touches an outer ring though.
There is some discussion about this section on the talk page.
Invalid examples
Some examples of invalid multipolygon relations to illustrate what should NOT be done
Unclosed polygons
|This is an example of an invalid multipolygon as way #2 and way #3 are not connected.
Overlapping, unclosed member ways belonging to the same role
|This is an example of an invalid multipolygon as way #2 and way #3 endpoints share more than two ways.
More examples
- More examples of valid multipolygon on the page Multipolygon_Examples.
- Proposition for examples of valid and invalid unusual configuration
- It is suggested to apply all tags which describe the area to the relation, and not to the ways. In many cases this may result in completely untagged ways.
- Implementation for compatibility:
- Drawing style is taken from the tagging of the relation itself.
- If relation is not tagged, the drawing style of outer ways is used.
- If the outer styles mismatch or no style is found it is considered an error.
- Inner tagging leads to inner drawing.
Detailed tagging
This section is for software developers, users should add tags always to relation and not to outer ways!
The tagging for this multipolygon relation can be done in quite a few ways. Here is a list of cases, problems and proposed solutions:
- There is more than one outer way:
- The relation has tags
- Use the relation tagging. Ignore anything on the ways.
- The relation has no tags, but one or more constituting outer ways have an identical set of tags
- Valid data, take the tags from the tagged segments and apply them to the complete outer way.
- The relation has no tags, and constituting outer ways are tagged differently
- This is a problem situation with undefined results.
- There is more than one inner way:
- One ring (consisting of one or more ways) has no tags but another one has tags.
- The ring without tags is rendered as a hole, the ring with tags is rendered according to its tags.
- Different rings with different tags.
- Each hole is rendered on its own according to its tags.
- One ring (consisting of two or more ways) where the ways have different tags.
- If some ways have no tags at all just use the tags from the other ways. If the ways have different tags, then the behaviour is undefined (the same as for "outer" ways).
- JOSM is able to render these advanced multipolygons since revision 1203
- Layers on the OSM website - depends on use of the osm2pgsql "--multi-geometry" flag, which varies by layer. For more information see this blog entry by Paul Norman [2] and this openstreetmap-carto github issue [3]
- Fully supported by mkgmap since revision 1497
- GpsMid supports at least a great majority of advanced multipolygon features
- There is a suggested Algorithm for processing multipolygons.
Mapping Style, best practice
Multipolygons open up the possibility to create geometrically identical objects in different styles: as ways or as multipolygons, using closed or open ways, or with shared or unshared ways.
This raises the question of which mapping style to use. Some styles have advantages over others, and should be regarded as good practice. For others, the choice is more of a matter of preference, or whether one is an experienced or an inexperienced mapper.
Most generally when large areas share the same tag, they can be represented either by a large number of small multipolygons or closed ways, or by a smaller number of large multipolygons. For multipolygons themselves, two possible mapping styles are:
- Method A
- Inner and outer rings are created from closed ways whenever possible, except when these ways become very large (on the order of 2000 nodes). Ways are usually not shared by different multipolygons
- Method B
- Every border between two multipolygons is represented by a unique way which is then shared by the adjacent multipolygons. Consequently the multipolygon rings are often composed of several open ways
The question of best practice for multipolygons has been discussed intensively over the years, see Talk:Relation:multipolygon and the forums. A final consensus hasn't emerged yet, but the following observations apply:
- Mapping simple closed areas as multipolygons instead of ways increases the number of database objects and increases rendering time. This additional overhead of complexity should be avoided.
- Sharing way segments between multipolygons (method B) offers a representational efficiency by avoiding redundant representations of overlapping ways.
- Multipolygons consisting of non-closed ways (method B) are harder to handle by inexperienced users, and simple editors such as Potlatch 2. This has often led to the accidental destruction of such multipolygons by unsuspecting users.
- Many experienced users have expressed their discomfort with method B, especially when the multipolygons are very large.
- Huge multipolygons cause a slowdown of the rendering process.
- Editing complex geometries in JOSM is easier, faster and less error-prone with method A. This is because method B requires deletion, creation and insertion of several way segments into the correct multipolygon relations.
So far there are no official restrictions on how to use multipolygons as long as they are geometrically valid. However adopting a considerate mapping style will help to keep the database clean and keep editing easy for every user.
|This page is being considered for cleanup. Please discuss this page.
please update examples with ID editor (not sure if there need to remove/update Potlatch 2 examples)
Potlatch 2 example
Here's a grassy area within some woodland:
Control-Click on the inner way:
Note how a "doughnut" icon has now appeared in the toolbox:
To see the actual tags that have been added, click advanced:
The multipolygon has been created:
Helping Tools
- Relation Check
- OSM Inspector has support for multipolygon checks as part of the "Areas" view
See also
- See The Future of Areas for some discussions on how to improve area handling in OSM.


text:
4.3 liter top speed
I'm looking at a 98 s10 ss, because I like 4.3 liters, and I'm wondering what the top speed possible is for these? Vin code w. I plan on open exhaust, cold air intake, throttle plate mod, and a programmer (hypertech). I know that particular programmer has a setting for 128 mph but will the motor actually do that with the mods listed?
First, I hope you don't plan on doing 128mph on the street. I also hope that when you do actually try to reach the vehicles top speed, you do so with the right tires. Not all are created equal.
Second, with the right tires and the speed limiter removed, I see no reason why that vehicle couldn't hit that speed in stock form. Might be a good idea to install a driveshaft loop as cheap security.
As far as the modifications you have planned, I don't think they're going to net you much in the horsepower department. Perhaps DoubleVision will see this post and comment, he seems to know quite a bit about making power with 4.3L's. I've heard it takes deep pockets to make one move.
I would look at cam and gear changes to get the power you want. The truck is shaped like a brick its not going to do major top speed runs.
What is the goal top speed racing like they do inthe desert. Or 1/4 mile cause it aint going near that in the quarter in street form. But you cando some crazy mods to the 4.3 v6 it will make a crap load of power with a bunch of different combos. Nascar had to limit theuseof v6 becasue they were going so fast made almost as much power as the v8 but with less weight.
Most cars are not geared for top speed. In point my honda will easily top 4th gear at about 130 phm but 5th is so far away the motor is out of the powerband and will not hold top speed unless i hit the boost curve just right. Nut for the most part it does not ever hit the speed the engine and car can do.
Most top speed cars have tall gears and hit top end in 3 or 4th to keep the gear up. But some use over drive and short gears jjst depends on the combo and rpm you can hit at what speed and gear.
I don't want it to be a race truck, just to run faster than my friend's trucks. So the mods should be just fine for that. And tires will be H rated. Hopefully someone who has done something similar will chime in
Lowering the truck 2-4 inches will increase top speed more than the mods suggested. Just fyi.
Is got a 4l60e and 3.73 posi read end
It's an SS so it's 2in lower than stock s10s
You can switch to carb for crazy upgrades. I would get a cam and exhuast with headers and larger pipes. Before you do the tune so you will get all your mods dailed in at once.
Thinner head gaskets and little port work will wake it up a little for next to nothing.
Still just curious about what kind of top speed it'll run. Mainly it'll be my daily driver but I want it to do over 115 as well
hcompton, my brain hurts after some of things you post. It's like automotive advice from Charles Manson: Hard to pick through whats there to find something that sounds logical. Anywho, it's a freaking 98 s-10. It's definitely not shaped like a brick and although 120mph probably hard for a 59 rambler to do - or maybe one of those 80's diesel Escorts - as long as nothing is limiting the computer to tell it to not pass a certain speed, it'll do 120mph.
Now I don't like shooting from the hip, so that's why I suggested that you wait till DoubleVision chimes in. Since you seem to need your answers now, I'll give them to you: Chances are your friends will probably have a faster car than you unless they drive a Buick Century or a base-model Civic. I think every V6 Camry made in the last 10 years could lay waste to most 4.3L-powered vehicles, with exception to the Syclone/Typhoon twins.
Let's not even mention that top speed is not going to win you any races that aren't on the autobahn or salt flats. If you want to be faster than your friends, buy an Ls1 F-body or something. Unless you really want to be different, I wouldn't waste my time with a 350 that had two cylinders chopped off.
...And I happen to like both 4.3L's and S-10s. But there's your answer. Like it or lump it.
Seems like people have more negative than helpful answers on these forums anymore. Thanks for whatever info you gave though
Thought that's what forums were for, people who have a car question and want to get it answered. I have a legitimate question and you have a useless answer. Way to be a helpful member of this forum.
Well the 4.3 is a 350 with two cylinders loped off. and it works great. you can build the crap out of these engines. To say and stock camary would out run it is not really fair since its older. Put the camary engine in a truck and it would run like a turd. 4.3 is setup from the factory for good tq and will out tow and pull the camary engine any day of the week. Now put a cam that is a big as the camary cam with valve timing at high rpm range since they have variable valve timing. and the 4.3 would make north of 300 hp.
Camary engine is also about twice the cost of the s10 motor. car is also about 35 grand for a v6 camary new. s10 was low cost vehicle.
Now that being said take a look at these.
Here is a 1000+ hp 4.3 on the dyno.
And here is the truck with that motor in it.
S10 is square so it is shaped like a brick. areodynamics is a big issue ask anyone that drags one. They all have bigger motors than low to the ground areodynaimc cars to run the same numbers. Now its not by much but your need more power to push that truck than a normal car.
These truck usally run pretty good most of the time you install a v8 becasue your truck didnt come with the v6. If you got the v6 already and wanted more power a simple bolt on super charger kit will make 300+ hp and that is not going to make anyoen unhappy in and s10.
i think i read that stock ls version with v6 could go 143 mph as far as gearing was concerned but I think those numbers were for 4x4 and of course it will not go that fast just has the gear to go that fast. air resistence will stop it around 125 to 135 for sure at 140 you kinda hit a wall if you dont have major hp to push past it. But like i said before if gearing is off it may not reach that top speed only one way to find out.
[QUOTE=hcompton;1619995] But you cando some crazy mods to the 4.3 v6 it will make a crap load of power with a bunch of different combos. Nascar had to limit theuseof v6 becasue they were going so fast made almost as much power as the v8 but with less weight.
The NASCAR 4.3's where/are the furthest thing from a stock OEM you could get.I bought one at the Indy Drag Racer's auction from RCR racing.They don't compare.
I think it would be useful for the O/P to understand the evolution of the various OEM 4.3's that where offered and see some of the good guy's stock parts. It's a long read,but you might find it is time well spent.
Rebuilding the New Chevy 262: Engine Builder
Hope this helps.................
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text:
By Emily Le Coz/NEMS Daily Journal
TUPELO – The city will issue $12 million in bonds to pay for the aquatic center and a host of other capital projects in the coming fiscal year.
Tupelo City Council members voted Tuesday on a resolution to start the bond process, as well as hire an outside professional to help issue the bonds. It could take several weeks before the city actually gets the money.
Both measures passed 5-2, with Ward 3 Councilman Jim Newell and Ward 6 Councilman Mike Bryan voting against it.
A majority of the funds – $9.5 million – will go toward construction of the new indoor aquatic facility at Veterans Park, which is set to start later this month.
About $1 million will pay for neighborhood and infrastructure improvements, including sidewalks, utility upgrades, property acquisition and demolition. The rest will fund park improvements, police and fire vehicles, heavy equipment for the Public Works Department and some renovations at the newly purchased Police Athletic League building.
It's all part of a five-year capital projects plan approved earlier this month by the council. The plan, which was first proposed last year by Chief Financial Officer Lynn Norris, separates large-scale expenditures from the general fund budget. And it envisions paying for them mostly through bonds issued over the next several years.
This is the second bond series within a year. The council had approved a $3.9 million bond in October 2011. Newell and Bryan also had rejected that bond.


text:
Animal Fact Sheet Glossary
amphipods: small, shrimp-like animals
arboreal: living in trees
arid: extremely dry
blubber: a thick layer of fat found on marine mammals such as seals and whales
canopy: the top level of a forest
carapace: part of a hard outer shell found on the backs of animals such as crabs, shrimp, insects, and turtles
carrion: decaying meat from an animal carcass
cere: the thick skin at the base of the upper beak of some birds (such as parrots) which contains the bird's nostrils
colony: a large group of the same kind of animal or plant living together
cornea: clear outer lens covering the eyeball
crepuscular: active at dawn and dusk
crustaceans: diverse group of animals including lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimp and barnacles
deciduous: losing leaves every fall
delayed implantation: when a fertilized egg waits weeks or months to attach to the womb and begin growth
diurnal: active during the day
docile: calm and non-aggressive
domesticated: animals kept by humans as pets or livestock. It may take many generations for a species to become truly domesticated.
encroaching: crowding someone else's territory. A pack of wolves might encroach on the territory of another pack. Humans encroach upon wildlife areas when new homes or roads are built.
endotherms: livings things that can regulate their own body temperature (can also be referred as "warm-blooded"); birds and mammals are endotherms
fledging: leaving the nest
fibrous tissue: strong plant or animal tissue (e.g. skin, fat, muscle) made up of bundles of fibers
foraging: looking for food
foliage: plant leaves
fragmentation: splitting into smaller pieces (e.g. when a road separates two sides of a forest)
gestation: the time of development between conception and birth
grazing: eating plant material
ice floe: a sheet of floating ice
incubating: providing heat to eggs while embryos develop inside. Most birds sit on their eggs to keep them warm; many reptiles bury their eggs in the ground to keep them at the right temperature.
invertebrates: animals without backbones (e.g. crabs, snails, worms and beetles)
keratin: tough skin protein material found in horns, fingernails, hair, feathers, hooves, etc.
larva (plural larvae): a young animal that will change its form in adulthood. Frogs, butterflies and other insects have a larval stage in their life cycle.
mated pair (or mating pair): two animals that are having babies together. Some animals pair together for a mating season, while others pair for life.
maternity den: a den built for giving birth and raising babies
mimic: copy or imitate
mollusk: soft-bodied, invertebrate animals that often grow protective shells, such as clams, snails, squid and octopus
molting: shedding old skin, feathers, hair, or shells
monogamous: having the same mating partner for a long time
montane: at a high elevation or on a mountain
over-harvesting: collecting animals (or plants) faster than they can reproduce
oviparous: egg-laying
ovoviviparous: producing eggs that hatch inside the body, then giving birth to live young
pelagic: living in open water, away from the shore and the ocean floor
pelt: an animal skin with hair, wool, or fur attached
planktonic: floating or drifting in water; plankton are living things that float or drift in water (e.g. krill, copepods, diatoms)
plumage: a bird's entire covering of feathers
poaching: illegal hunting, sale, and transport of protected animals (e.g. wild cats, primates and parrots) or animal parts (e.g. elephant tusks, rhinoceros horns and tiger bones)
polygamous: having more than one mating partner
respiration: breathing
sedentary: staying in one place
social status: rank within a group; the animal with the highest social status typically leads the group
solitary: living alone. Tigers and polar bears are solitary hunters; tapirs and anoa are solitary grazers.
spawning: releasing eggs or sperm in water
temperate: between the tropics and the polar regions. Areas with temperate climates don't get extremely hot or extremely cold for long periods of time. The state of Washington has a temperate climate.
terrestrial: living on land
understory: the forest layer below the canopy
unpalatable: bad-tasting or impossible to eat
vegetation: plants
vertebrate: an animal that has a backbone (spine). Birds, mammals, fish, amphibians and reptiles are all vertebrates.
viviparous: giving birth to live young. Most mammals, some fish (including sharks), and some reptiles are viviparous.
vocalizations: sounds made by voice
weaning: moving on from mother's milk. When a baby animal is weaned, it stops nursing and begins eating solid food.


text:
POLL Hometown Democracy debate: Would land-use votes create economic havoc?
By JENNA BUZZACCO-FOERSTER, TARA E. McLAUGHLIN
Saturday, October 23, 2010
NAPLES — Signs popped up in yards across Collier and Lee counties a few weeks ago.
Some urge passers-by to vote no, while others plead for support, saying Florida voters deserve a say.
It's a simple slogan, but interpretations of Amendment 4, also called the Hometown Democracy amendment, have foreshadowed a complex debate over how local governments plan for growth.
"I think people are very suspicious," said Andrew Dickman, a Collier County environmental attorney and Hometown Democracy supporter. "They feel that the odds are stacked against the little guy … (and) I think this will require local governments to think long and hard about whether they want to approve things."
Cities and counties map out their plans for future growth in a document called a comprehensive plan. Governments are required to update it every seven years, and also may amend the document twice a year.
Amendment 4 would require a vote before changes are made, though it's unclear which changes would be subject to a vote.
"It's not for sewer lines and left-hand turn lights," said Wayne Garcia, communications director for the amendment advocacy group Florida Hometown Democracy.
The amendment's supporters say only large-scale projects, such as changing residential property to commercial, would go to a referendum. But opponents disagree.
"It's so vague, so broadly worded, that it would invite endless litigation," said Ryan Houck, executive director of the opposing political group Citizens for Lower Taxes and a Stronger Economy.
Lawsuits would stem from people who have lost projects because of an Amendment 4-based decision, or groups who think a decision didn't comply with the letter of the law, said Peter Bergerson, a public affairs professor at Florida Gulf Coast University in Estero.
"The issue is not going to be cut and dried," Bergerson said.
That's been the case in St. Pete Beach, the Tampa Bay-area community that opponents often point to as an example of how something like Amendment 4 can turn sour.
In 2006, citizens initiated a law similar to Amendment 4, allowing voters to approve or reject comprehensive plan changes.
Two years later, voters approved a comprehensive plan amendment that allowed for taller resorts along the community's beach.
Project opponents, who were the original supporters of referendums for comprehensive plan changes, filed several lawsuits challenging aspects such as the ballot language.
The city has paid more than $700,000 defending itself and at least one developer has postponed plans to expand until the issue is resolved, St. Pete Beach City Manager Mike Bonfield said.
"It sounds good to have that responsibility," Bonfield said. "But when it comes down to really trying to understand what you're voting on, people have to come to realize they elect people to make those decisions."
Bob Lee, executive director of the Center for Florida Local Government Excellence at Florida State University in Tallahassee, said passage of Amendment 4 would likely lead to a "politicized planning process."
"It would now involve a political campaign and expensive litigation as to whether this really even requires a land-use amendment," Lee said. "The idea of trying to properly plan our communities is a good one, (but) the issue here is how to do that."
Many local governments across the state have opposed Amendment 4 for precisely that reason, saying it would complicate the already laborious planning process.
Currently, comprehensive plan changes are reviewed by planning advisory boards, a local governmental body and presented during at least one public hearing before going to the state's Department of Community Affairs for review. That's followed by possibly more hearings before final approval.
Amendment 4 would boil that months-long process into a 75-word ballot item on which residents would vote.
"It's like coming into the last episode of 'Lost' and saying: 'OK, what would you think of that? Yes or No,'" Bonita Springs Mayor Ben Nelson said. "It's impossible."
Cities and counties submit about 9,000 amendments each year. In 2009, that number jumped to about 15,000 mainly to get ahead of Amendment 4, said James Miller, a community affairs department spokesman.
Cape Coral submitted 25 amendments to its comprehensive plan in the past eight months. The community is only about 40 percent built out and Cape Coral's Assistant City Manager Carl Schwing said the community is trying to shift away from a bedroom community to a place where residents can live, work and play.
The city pushed through comprehensive plan changes because it didn't want to wait to see what would happen with Amendment 4.
"God knows how expensive that would be," he said. "How difficult the process (would be) and whether or not developers would want to come to Cape Coral."
Future growth is what concerns many opponents of Amendment 4.
"I don't know if (they) realized this, but we have a severe economic crisis going on in Florida and hindering things like a variance for someone who wants to build a guest house," won't help, Naples City Councilman Sam Saad said. "That's construction jobs and money not being put into the economy because we're waiting for a vote."
But supporters say Florida's growth is what caused the economic crisis, and there's no better time than now to change the way growth is managed.
"We are the taxpayers. We're paying the money to do all of these projects, and nobody listens to us," said Faye Biles, president of the Marco Island Taxpayers' Association. "Give the people the opportunity to vote on those changes."
Growing counties, such as Lee, submit about 70 comprehensive plan amendments each year.
Mary Gibbs, director of Lee County's community development department, said the amendment will stymie some growth but not all.
Developments that don't need a comprehensive plan change will continue to follow the traditional track of public hearings and local government review. That means items such as a routine request to rezone a property would be processed without a citizens' vote, she said.
While not one elected official in Collier and Lee counties interviewed for this report said they support the amendment, at least one group that had been opposed to the amendment has changed its opinion.
1000 Friends of Florida, a nonprofit organization whose mission statement is to protect land, fight sprawl and build better communities, recently said it is neutral.
"I think we generally recognize for Amendment 4, whether people agree or disagree, it is a general cry for help from the public," said Charles Pattison, the group's president. "I think there are legitimate issues being raised by proponents and valid concerns being raised by opponents, yet business as usual cannot be the end result."


text:
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20 x 24"
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Multigrade FB Warmtone Paper from Ilford is a traditional black and white fiber-based printing and enlarging paper characterized by a warm white base, receptiveness to various toners, and a sturdy double-weight, 255 gsm thickness. The creamy, off-white base color produces rich, warm black tones and smooth whites and is compatible with the Multigrade system of filters for seven full grades of contrast adjustment. It is suitable for use with both conventional black and white negatives as well as XP2 Super chromogenic negatives.
This item is one box of 10 sheets of 20 x 24" paper featuring a semi-matt surface finish.
|20 x 24" / 50.8 x 61.0 cm
|Surface Finish
|Base Type
|Warm black image tone on a warm white base
|Double weight, 255 gsm
Variable grade, up to seven full grades of contrast possible with Multigrade system
ISO range of R110 unfiltered
|ISO P200 (unfiltered)
Can be used with most common safelights for black and white papers, including the Ilford SL1, 902, DL10, DL20, Kodak OC, Agfa G7, or Philips PF710
15 W bulb recommended
Do not expose to safelight for more than 4 minutes or at a distance closer than 4' / 1.2 m
|Packaging Info
|Package Weight
|5.05 lb
|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|24.9 x 20.6 x 0.9"


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Infinity Compounding launches antimicrobial concentratesComments Email Print
PHILADELPHIA — Infinity Compounding Corp. launched is new line of antimicrobial concentrates and compounds at the MD&M East medical device trade show, held June 18-20 in Philadelphia June 18-20.
Dubbed Inhibit, the new additive can be included in any structural, lubricated electrically active or colored custom compound, said Infinity Vice President Tim Carroll. The antimicrobial additives, based on silver functionalized clay, prevent bacteria, fungus and other microorganisms from growing on the surfaces of medical devices large and small for "several years."
Though Inhibit is not intended to replace gamma or ethylene oxide (EtO) sterilization, Carroll said, current testing shows the silver additive is effective at killing Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at loads as low as 1 percent, without effecting the color or surface appearance of the plastic.
"You still have to clean the instrument but when you walk away and someone touches it, you didn't lose the effect of cleaning it 5 minutes later," he said. "They keep taking stronger bases and stronger solvents to clean these instruments and machines and they're staring to now attack the plastics instead of the bugs. This combination of antimicrobial additives plus being able to put them into more chemically resistant, higher temperature resins I think is going to be a growing market for us."
"Wouldn't that be great to be able to go to the gym and wipe down the equipment and not have to worry about what the last sweaty guy left on there that you can't see?" he said.
At the close of 2012, Swedesboro, N.J.-based Infinity was acquired by color and additive concentrates Americhem Inc. of Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Carroll said Infinity will operate as a wholly owned subsidiary with its existing management team, including Carroll, who founded the company in 2005 with President Carlos Carreno, who is also staying put.
One of the advantages in the deal is Americhem's existing operations in China, which will include some of Infinity's catalogue, including Inhibit before the end of the year, Carroll said.


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The Collection
A luxury holiday by BA starts in First or business class and continues with a stay in one of our carefully selected luxury hotels.
A luxury holiday by BA starts in First or business class and continues with a stay in one of our carefully selected luxury hotels.
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text: Completed this one yesterday. This one is a 3 1/2" laminate pot with a crystal surface and a laminated birch striker. I'm really liking this pot, because you can get 3 different birds out of it, a young bird sound an older hen sound and the deep gobbler sounds, in the clucks and purrs, without changing anything. The kee kees are that soft mellow sound that won't spook birds. The volume that the crystal produces allows you to call to birds from 25 yards or reach out and work birds at 300 yards. It also allows to you do the fighting purrs with 2 different sounds coming off the same call with the same striker, so you don't need to use two different strikers or calls to do your fighting purrs.


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Dance. Urban. UK
On now: The Norte Show
7pm - 10pm
From Kanye West in bed to August Alsina in hospital, Nicki Minaj dressed as Beyoncé and Blue Ivy dressed as Michael Jackson, Instagram did no disappoint in 2014.
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A simmering bowl of beef stew on a winter day is the perfect way to warm right up. Slow-Cooker Old-Fashioned Beef Stew is sure to spread a savory aroma around the house while it cooks, and only takes 20 minutes to prep. With beef, carrots, potatoes, onions and celery, warmed to perfection in a beef broth, Slow-Cooker Old-Fashioned Beef Stew is packed full of flavor.
To store this stew for later, refrigerate in a shallow container so it cools rapidly. Once completely cooled, cover tightly and refrigerate for up to 3 days.
To freeze this stew, pour into freezer containers, leaving 1/4 - 1/2 inch headspace (because soups expand as they freeze) and store for up to 6 months.
Want to take your slow-cooker meal to an outing? Simply wrap the slow-cooker in a towel or newspaper to keep it warm. Attach rubber bands around the handles to secure it for travel.
Because tapioca is one of the few thickeners that does not break down during long, slow cooking, it can be added at the beginning of the cooking time. Thickeners such as flour and cornstarch are best added at the end of the cooking time.
For food safety reasons, recipes made in the slow cooker need to reach a safe cooking temperature (140°F) within 3 hours. That's why it isn't a good idea to assemble the ingredients and refrigerate them or use frozen ingredients.
© 2017 ®/TM General Mills All Rights Reserved


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Reef Riders Windsurfing Center - Boracay, Philippines offers windsurfing equipment rental and courses and stand-up paddleboard rental and lessons. On site, is also a bar and restaurant.
Habagat Kiteboarding offers IKO certified tutorials for beginners and advanced kiteboarders plus a restaurant and hotel accommodation services.
Go windsurfing on your vacation! Our kitesurfing in Philippines is a great adrenaline pumping water sport. If you are a thrill seeker you will enjoy conquering the waves while windsurfing. Make a splash and tear it up in the water while kiteboarding in Philippines. Learn to ride the waves at our windsurfing lessons, or master the art at our windsurfing schools. Sailboarding is a great activity for a hot, sunny day. If it's your first time our kitesurfing lessons will teach you all you need to know to ride your first wave. Our kitesurfing schools can even teach you a few tricks that will impress your friends and family. Cruise the coast on our windsurfing tours and create memories that will last a lifetime. Browse our windsurfing in Philippines and plan your vacation today!