text:
235. CybrTeddy
Quoting washingtonian115:
The higher than normal SST's and well below average wind shear tells me we have a higher than normal chance of a TS in May, and an active July.
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By: Dr. Jeff Masters , 2:11 PM GMT on March 18, 2011
Traces of radioactive substances emitted by Japan's damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant will likely arrive over the Western U.S. today, carried by the prevailing west to east winds that have blown over the Pacific Ocean during the past week. Rainfall is expected over California this weekend, and it is likely that the rain will wash radioactive particles out of the air to the surface in quantities that will be detectable at several locations. I want to strongly emphasize that the radioactivity from Japan arriving over the U.S. over the next few days poses absolutely no threat to human health, and is present in only miniscule quantities. The radioactive plumes from Japan have had seven days to dilute over a 5000+ mile journey, and have been subject to deposition to the ocean due to gravity and rainfall along the way. Natural radiation is present in our environment every day, and the extra radiation from the Fukushima nuclear plant will cause much less than a 1% increase this background radiation. Radioactive particles from the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 were detected in North America ten days after that event, and caused no harmful effects. The radiation from Japan over U.S. during the next week should be at levels even lower than the Chernobyl fallout.
Figure 1. Backward trajectories for the air arriving at the surface (red line) and 300 meters altitude (blue line) in San Francisco, California on Saturday, March 19, at 11am PDT. According to the latest run of the GFS model, the air arriving in San Franciso tomorrow will have originated near the surface in northern Japan last Saturday, when radioactive emissions from the Fukushima nuclear plant began. The radioactive particles arriving in California will be in trace quantities, and will have no harmful effects on human health. Images created using NOAA's HYSPLIT trajectory model.
Radioactive plumes emitted from Japan's troubled Fukushima nuclear power plant continue to move offshore to the east over the Pacific Ocean today, thanks to predominantly west winds blowing at 5 - 15 mph. These winds are being driven by the clockwise flow of air around a surface high pressure system centered just southeast of Tokyo. As this high pressure system moves northeastwards, parallel to the Japanese coast, today through Saturday, winds will gradually shift to the southwest, keeping the radiation from the Fukushima plant blowing out to sea. As the winds shift to southwesterly, the sinking air over Japan will be replaced by rising air, and radioactive emissions will begin being lifted high in the atmosphere. Since there is less friction aloft, and the high speed winds of jet stream increase as the air moves higher in the atmosphere, this radiation will undergo long-range transport. Latest trajectory runs using NOAA's HYSPLIT model (Figures 2 - 4) show that radioactivity emitted today could wind up over Alaska after five days, and radioactive particles emitted on Saturday could make it to California by late next week. I've made trajectory plots for the next three days assuming two possible release altitudes--a surface-based release near 10 meters, which should be the predominant altitude in the current situation, and a higher release altitude of 300 meters, which might occur if there is an explosion and major fire. However, the 5-day trek to Hawaii and California is 4000 - 5000 miles, and a tremendous amount of dispersion and dilution of the radioactive plume will occur. Given the current levels of radiation being emitted, any radioactivity reaching Hawaii or the U.S. may be difficult to detect, and will not be a threat to human health. Keep in mind also that the most dangerous radionuclide to human health in the radioactive plume--Iodine-131--has a half life of eight days, so will be reduced by at least 30% after 5 days of travel time.
Of much greater concern is the possibility of dangerous level of radiation over Japan. The next period of onshore winds that will blow radioactivity inland over Japan may occur beginning on Saturday night (U.S. time), continuing through Sunday, according to the latest run of the GFS model. The latest HYSPLIT trajectories show winds on Sunday may carry radiation from the disaster site southwards over Tokyo. A low pressure system is expected to bring considerable rain to Japan on Sunday, and this rain is likely to remove most of the radioactivity from the air where rain and radioactivity are both present. The winds associated with this low are difficult to predict at this time, since the winds will be light and variable.
Figure 2. Five-day forecast movement of plumes of radioactive air emitted at 10 meters altitude (red line) and 300 meters (blue line) at 18 UTC (2pm EDT) Friday, March 18, 2011 from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. The plumes get caught in a southwesterly flow of air in advance of an approaching low pressure system. The plume emitted near the surface (red line) stays trapped near the surface for 4 days then lifted to 4 km, but the plume emitted at 300 meters is lifted to 5 km altitude after 2 1/2 days by the rising air associated with the approaching low pressure system. Images created using NOAA's HYSPLIT trajectory model.
Figure 3. Five-day forecast movement of plumes of radioactive air emitted at 10 meters altitude (red line) and 300 meters (blue line) at 18 UTC (2pm EDT) Saturday, March 19, 2011 from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. The plumes get caught in a southwesterly flow of air in advance of an approaching low pressure system and lifted to 4 - 5 km altitude. The plumes are predicted to move over California and Mexico at high altitude. Images created using NOAA's HYSPLIT trajectory model.
Figure 4. One-day forecast movement of plumes of radioactive air emitted at 10 meters altitude (red line) and 100 meters (blue line) at 18 UTC (2pm EDT) Sunday, March 20, 2011 from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. The plumes get caught northerly winds, and the two lower altitude plumes move over Tokyo by 6 UTC on Monday, March 21. This is a low confidence forecast, as winds are expected to be light and somewhat variable on Sunday over Japan. Images created using NOAA's HYSPLIT trajectory model.
Seven-day weather forecast for Sendai near the Fukushima nuclear plant
The Austrian Weather Service is running trajectory models for Japan.
Current radar loops from the Japan Meteorological Agency
Jeff Masters
The views of the author are his/her own and do not necessarily represent the position of The Weather Company or its parent, IBM.
Cat 6 lead authors: WU cofounder Dr. Jeff Masters (right), who flew w/NOAA Hurricane Hunters 1986-1990, & WU meteorologist Bob Henson, @bhensonweather


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An approximately 270 degree panorama from High Point, New Jersey. The view is from approximately east-southeast (left) to north-northeast (right). Three states are visible in this view: New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York. Lake Marcia is near the center of the image and Port Jervis, NY is near the right side of t...

subset: commoncrawl


text: I just received 2 pairs of the fire hose flex pants from Duluth Trading Co., the regular pants and the cargo pants. They fit nicely and have a medium rise (up to the belly button.) Maybe not stylish by today's standards, but I can bend over or crouch without showing off anything that wasn't intended to be shown, LOL, and they would be great for riding for the same reason. Haven't had them long enough to try out in the field, but I think I'm going to like them.


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Jarred Tinordi, called up from the AHL on Wednesday, will be in the lineup Thursday night when the Canadiens face the Jets in Winnipeg (8 p.m., TSN-HABS, RDS, TSN Radio 690).
After Thursday's morning skate, Michel Therrien told reporters that Yannick Weber will be a healthy scratch to make room for the 6-foot-6, 205-pound Tinordi. The coach added that Gabriel Dumont could replace Jeff Halpern in the lineup, but that it would be a game-time decision.
Carey Price will start in goal.
"I think I'll be playing with Frankie (Bouillon)," Tinordi told reporters after the morning skate. "We've played together before so it should go well tonight."
The players missing from the optional morning skate were Max Pacioretty, Brian Gionta, Michael Ryder, Rene Bourque, Brandon Prust and David Desharnais.
(Photo by John Kenney/The Gazette)
Game Preview: Canadiens vs. Jets, canadiens.com
Where they stand: current playoff matchups, NHL.com
Tinordi gets a second look, by Dave Stubbs
Habs know they need to play tougher, by Dave Stubbs
Jets fight to stay alive against Canadiens, NHL.com
Therrien an optimist despite latest loss, by Pat Hickey
Serge Savard weighs in on struggling Habs, by Stu Cowan
Things to build on, canadiens.com
Canadiens vs. Devils photo gallery
Road to NHL went through Ville-Emard for Marc Bergevin, J.J. Daigneault and Mario Lemieux, by Brenda Branswell
Former Hab Begin a nominee for Masterton Trophy, by Stu Cowan


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Recently, several directly-unrelated situations have come up that all fall under the same heading - certain forumites are not respecting other forumites' rights to post or have a differing opinion without feeling harassed: This has got to stop.
We all come to these forums to have fun by expressing our views via the discussion format with others who share our common interest - Star Wars. However, Star Wars is a multifaceted hobby and not everybody should be expected to see eye to eye with each other; sometimes that makes for great discussions of opposing opinions, lately though, far too many forumites (on both sides of various issues) have been disrespecting others' rights to expressing different opinions. This has come in the forms of:
- personal attacks
- harassment
- vendetta posting (following a forumite into other discussion threads and continuing the argument)
- thread takeovers (posting over and over about your argument without letting others get their say)
The list goes on, but the problem remains the same, certain users have become intolerant of others' views. SSG is a forum for ALL views - whether they agree with yours or not; whether they are positive or negative - and we do not want to see these forums deteriorate into petty squables fueled by a lack of respect for a difference of opinion.
This lack of respect also creates the "golden rule in action" effect, where you do not respect others and then become upset when others show you and your opinions the same disrespect. This creates a cycle - a downward spiral that does nobody any good - and we all need to work together to end this cycle.
Please, help keep these forums a fun place to hang out by respecting everybody else's opinions - especially those that don't agree with you.
In short, don't argue back and forth and since so many people have their signature lines set so that they are taking stabs at other members so I have turned off VB code for all signatures. We will start banning people if things do not turn around SOON!


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By NEMS Daily Journal
ABERDEEN – Charles Thomas Davis of Pontotoc reported to prison recently to serve a 105-month sentence for his part in an Itawamba County meth sale conspiracy.
Davis, 56, pleaded guilty last August to one count of a two-count federal indictment.
The charge claimed he intentionally possessed, with intent to distribute, more than 50 grams or 1 3/4 ounces of methamphetamine.
Federal court documents show the U.S. Marshals Service delivered him Jan. 18 to Beaumont, Texas, Federal Correctional Institution.
The court also recommended he participate in a residential drug and alcohol program while in prison.


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Romulo Yanes
Leave a Review
A really great truffle! I doubled the recipe, brought to a boil 3 times just for kicks, and divided into 4 parts for variety. I made lemon and tyme, cinnamon and cayenne, Chambord and espresso with Baileys Irish Cream. The Baileys truffles resulted in a creamier ganache which, when chilled, was easiest to form into a ball for dipping. I found the best way to coat in melted chocolate was to use surgical gloves and keep hands independent. Roll the chilled ganache in one hand, coat the ganache ball with chocolate using the other hand.
There are so many recipes for ganache out there, but this really is the best. I've tried quite a few, and I even like this over the recipe my head chef gave me at the restaurant I work at. I convinced him to change it after I brought him truffles from home. hehe. There are many varieties to play with. I like to add cinnamon and cayenne as another reviewer mentioned, as well as hazelnut butter, seedless raspberry jam, etc. But I always use the same 2/3c cream to 11oz chocolate as my base for the smoothest, best truffles ever. If your truffles aren't holding up at room temperature and you coated them with chocolate, your chocolate coating was not properly tempered. Tempering chocolate is a pain and a half, but its worth it if your chocolates will be hanging out at room temp for long periods of time. If you just roll the little balls of ganache in cocoa powder, however, I've always found that they hold up quite nicely.
Fussy, but amazingly wonderful. Note: I added some cinnamon, a small bit of sugar, and cayenne pepper to the cocoa, which was a smashing success with the dark chocolate : )
This is one of those recipies that has very few ingredients and very few instructions, but it requires a lot of thinking about how the ingredients are behaving. Some people have tried this recipe and ended up with a chocolate mess, which is easy to see how they got there! First step is to get the ganache into "truffle shapes", not necessarily perfect little balls. Chill the ganache until just firm enough to handle. Use the refrigerator, not the freezer. Monitor carefully. Form into little shapes and then put into the freezer for a bit. Second step- if you want to smooth out the ganache balls before coating, do it now using gloved hands. Roll the ganache around in your hand, it will melt a bit, smooth it out. Back into the freezer. 3rd step- assembly line! Melted chocolate (double boiler), ganache balls, bowl of cocoa, another bowl with a small fine strainer. Smear warm chocolate on left hand (if right handed), pick up a ganache ball, coat with chocolate, drop into cocoa. DON'T USE YOUR HAND, use chopsticks or little tongs to roll the truffle around and to move it into the tea strainer. remove excess cocoa and drop into little decorative paper candy cups. Once you get the hang of it, you can do 100s of these at a time! :-)
I will be traveling and can not keep them chilled. will an airtight container at room temp be ok?
As many others have said, these are just heavenly. I've been making these for years, and they are always well received. Shaping them with a melon baller works best for me as well. If difficulty is experienced with the truffles holding up at room temperature, it's most likely due to the exterior "seal" not being complete... Making sure the warm chocolate completely covers the cold ganache center will alleviate "leakage". Don't add butter to these! Especially if expensive, high quality chocolate is used - there is no need, and it really takes away from them. :)
I'm a cook, not a baker, so not often do I make anything that I have to measure. But with only three ingredients, this recipe became my dessert for my truffle dinner. EASY! and DELICIOUS! After using the melon ball and teaspoon to scoop them onto parchment, I placed the little morsels in the freezer while heating the chocolate. I'm too lazy (see above refusal to measure) to use gloves, so just used my hands. I found best results from rolling the frozen truffle in my hand to shape and warm, smeared with chocolate, then rolled in cocao - easy and they look great. So easy, I was inspired to pick oranges off the tree, grate the zest and roll 1/3 in that, then another 1/3 in crushed pecans. The orange is AMAZING! Now my menu features 'hand rolled Belgium chocolate truffles' to follow my truffle oil dinner.
These truffles are absolutely lovely. Use excellent chocolate and it will do the work for you :)
melts in your mouth. best when eaten fresh. well worth the time. a fun project for a sun. afternoon.
Very easy - although messy - and delicious! I wound up with two dozen truffles, though (rolled, rather than piped them)and promise I didn't eat the ganache by the spoonful, no matter how tempting! If you're counting on 60 pieces, you might plan on making more than one batch.


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Book and save 5% on 2017 Globus vacations.*
*Book and deposit a 2017 Globus Europe, Asia, Africa, South Pacific, North America or South America vacation (excluding Cuba and Escapes by Globus) to save 5% per person on the land-only portion of the core tour not including extra night accommodations, extensions, taxes/fees tips or supplements. Booking must be made, under deposit and discount applied between September 16, 2015 and April 25, 2017 for travel in 2017. Does not apply to Cosmos, Monograms or Avalon Waterways. Offer is combinable with all other applicable promotions. Offer reliant on space availability. Applies to new 2017 bookings only. Full cancellation penalties will apply. Additional restrictions may apply; see Travel Terms & Conditions for details. May be withdrawn at any time. EBDA
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When you think of a vacation to Germany, what comes to mind? Perhaps it's visiting fairytale castles and medieval towns. Perhaps it's seeing the Bavarian Alps and beautiful countryside. Perhaps it's savoring German food and beer. If so, all of this and more are included on this ...Read More.
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Got Obi-Wan yesterday, the rest arrive later today.
TVC CW Obi-Wan is a decent figure, I'd like to have seen more range of movement on the elbows and hips and torso but it's not terrible there. The neck and head sculpt is way better than TVC CW Anakin; head sculpt and paint are pretty good and much better than that Anakin. Obi-Wan's got a very dark blue lightsaber blade, but a second hilt that plugs into his belt unlike CW Anakin where I think they just forgot, so in the accessories it's a push. The back of the kama (skirt) is way too short, that's the only real mistake I would point out here.
If I hadn't been getting Ahsoka, I wouldn't have gotten this figure or bought Anakin on shelves.


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Atlantic Cape Open House, College Fair Planned for Oct. 14
September 11, 2012
Join Atlantic Cape Community College for an open house and the 50th Annual College Fair, 1-3 p.m., Sunday, Oct. 14, at Atlantic Cape's Mays Landing Campus, 5100 Black Horse Pike.
During Atlantic Cape's open house, information on various college services and career and academic programs will be available. The Academy of Culinary Arts will host a concurrent open house, providing information about the culinary program, its alumni, career opportunities and job placement.
Dozens of colleges are expected to attend, including: Alvernia University, Ball State University, Camden County College, Castleton State College of Vermont, Centenary College, College of Saint Elizabeth, Delaware Valley College, DeSales University, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Georgian Court University, High Point University, Hood College, Hussian School of Art, Immaculata University, Johnson & Wales University, Kean University, Lyndon State University, Manhattan College, Millersville University, Monmouth University, Neumann University, University of New Haven, Pennco Tech, Pfeiffer University, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, Rider University, Rosemont College, Rowan University, Saint Francis University, Salem Community College, Stevenson University, Quinnipiac University, Temple University, United States Naval Academy, University of Rhode Island, University of the Sciences, Widener University and Rutgers@Atlantic Cape Community College.
The college fair is co-sponsored by the Atlantic County Branch of the American Association of University Women and the Kiwanis Club of Atlantic City.
For more information on Atlantic Cape's open house or the college fair, contact Linda McLeod at (609) 343-5009, 463-4774 or 625-1111, ext. 5009, or e-mail email@example.com. Registration for the culinary open house is encouraged at www.atlantic.edu/aca/visit.htm.


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Tipster identified in Rock County cold case
Investigators had been digging for the remains of Georgia Weckler, missing since 1947
FORT ATKINSON, Wis. - Two of Georgia Weckler's family members say they've lost hope for a conclusion in the case, which started with her abduction in 1947.
The Rock County Sheriff's Office on Friday suspended their search at the corner of East Rotamer and Wright roads in Janesville. Investigators had dug for Weckler's remains for five days after getting what they described as a "credible" tip.
Sheriff's officials said Norman Weitzel, 82, of Edgerton, contacted authorities and said he had been at the site in May 1947 picking berries with a friend when he saw what he described as a small grave. A man screamed for them to leave, according to a search warrant used to start digging at the site.
Weitzel said he recognized the face of the man who chased them away but didn't know his name. He said he recognized him from a Janesville area church.
Weitzel said he reported his suspicions about the site to police numerous times over the years and reported it again recently when he saw that the area was slated for development.
Weitzel is not considered a suspect in the disappearance, according to deputies.
The search warrant indicates that three police cadaver dogs had a reaction in the area, backing up Weitzel's story -- although detectives didn't find any human remains during their search.
"I always feel good when they have a credible lead," said Dawn Weckler, the wife of Georgia's brother LaVerne. "But they can only go on so long."
LaVerne Weckler, who was 12 when his sister disappeared from their rural Jefferson County road, has said he didn't expect much to come of the new search.
He said he thought Rock County detectives were right to suspend the digging.
"They were at it a full week," he said. "I guess I didn't put too much thinking into (investigators finding something)."
There have been multiple leads over the 66 years since Georgia Weckler's disappearance, although no major ones for more than a decade.
The Wecklers said the Janesville search will make a new generation aware of the case.
"Actually, I think it's mostly older people who remember anything about it," LaVerne Weckler said.Weckler family less hopeful after cold case search suspended
The couple clipped newspaper headlines over the past week, and will now add them to their collection from previous articles over the decades.
Dawn Weckler said she'd like to drive herself and LaVerne past the Janesville dig site, just to see it. The Weckler said they still didn't know the identity of the elderly Rock County tipster.
She said she no longer expects to see a resolution to the case in the couple's lifetime.
"No, I think there are enough health issues now that I don't foresee that," she said.
Rock County detectives said that, although they had suspended the search, the case remains open.
Local And Regional News
- 'Out of the darkness' walk for suicide prevention
- Woman may face charges after being thrown from vehicle during crash
- Officials ID fatal Grant County crash victim
- Police: Electronics taken from Boscobel home Friday
- Armed robberies in Monona, Madison may be connected, Monona PD says
- Widow of slayed Racine man wants ban of hollow-point bullets


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Community Information
We know there's more to life than studying. When you're ready to take a break from the books, you'll find plenty of recreational, cultural and sports opportunities in St. Louis.
With more than 2.8 million people in the greater area, St. Louis, is the 18th largest metropolitan area in the United States.
St. Louis is home to 20 Fortune 1000 companies such as Anheuser-Busch, Emerson Electric, Boeing, Express Scripts , Monsanto, and Brown Shoe.
Recreation and entertainment opportunities abound with sites like Union Station, the former St. Louis' train terminal featuring hotel and specialty shops; Cardinals baseball, Rams football, and Blues hockey teams; the Gateway Arch; Forest Park, the largest urban park in the United States, featuring the Saint Louis Art Museum, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis Science Center, and Missouri History Museum, and cultural venues including The Saint Louis Symphony and Fox Theater.
Columbia College-St. Louis is easily accessible from several major highways and is only one minute from Lambert St. Louis International Airport and MetroLink light rail linking downtown, Clayton, Shrewsbury, and Scott Air Force Base in Illinois.
For more information about community activities, consult the St. Louis Chamber of Commerce Web site.
Take a look at the current weather information.


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Create your own personalised digital gallery by downloading the world's most cutting-edge art to PlayStation 3 and PSP from The Studio.
- Check out a selection of work by leading contemporary graphic, urban, street and digital artists, only on PlayStation 3 and PSP, brought to you by Studio Output.
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Find out how to subscribe to PlayStation Plus at eu.playstation.com/playstationplus-subscribe.
Terms and conditions apply. Please visit eu.playstation.com/thestudiopromo for details.
Sign in to PlayStation Network using your Sign-In ID and visit PlayStation Store to download The Studio and gain access to exclusive art. If you don't have a Sony Entertainment Network account, you can create one by visiting eu.playstation.com/registration.
- Sony Entertainment Network account required. If you do not have a SEN account already, you will need to create one by using either a Wi-Fi enabled PSP or a PS3 system. You can find further details on how to create a SEN account at eu.playstation.com/psn/support.
- Media Go required for PSP systems that do not support online functionality. Further details can be found at eu.playstation.com/mediago.


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By Tiernan Ray
Shares of daily "deals" proprietors Groupon (GRPN) are up 76 cents, over 13%, at $6.34, in late trading after the company this afternoon reported Q1 revenue that topped analysts' estimates, reported profit in line with expectations, and offered a Q2 revenue view below consensus.
Revenue in the three months ended in March rose 8%, year over year, to $601.4 million, yielding EPS of 3 cents, excluding some costs.
Analysts had been modeling $591 million and a 3-cent profit.
Gross billings in the quarter rose 4%, year over year, to $1.41 billion.
CEO Eric Lefkofsky said the company was "encouraged" by the results, adding "our local revenues accelerated and our margins improved over the prior quarter." He noted Groupon "had record mobile performance as 45% of our North American transactions came from mobile in March, and more than 7 million people downloaded our apps in the quarter."
For the current quarter, the company sees revenue in a range of $575 million to $625 million, which, at the mid-point, is below the consensus for $617 million.
The company noted its outlook was in part a result of the fact that the company "anticipates incremental investments of between $15 million and $30 million in customer incentives and marketing in the second quarter 2013."
Groupon management will host a conference call with analysts at 5 pm, Eastern time, and you can catch the webcast of it on the company's investor relations Web site.


text:
D'Addario XL Nickel Wound Electric Guitar strings are world-renowned as "The Player's Choice" amongst players of all genres and styles. XL's are precision wound with nickelplated steel on a hex-shaped core, resulting in strings with a distinctive bright tone and excellent intonation.
NW034 Single XL Nickel Wound 034
Image may differ from actual product
New Zealand's widest range of musical instrument products. All the best brands at the very best price, guaranteed. With secure credit card processing, direct credit payment, online HP applications and so much more... © 2013 NZ Rockshop. All Rights Reserved.


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Saving the Bay through education, advocacy, litigation, and restoration.
We know how important the Chesapeake Bay and its rivers and streams are to you and your loved ones. Preserving diverse wildlife and ensuring clean water for your children and grandchildren . . . that's why we here at CBF come to work every day.
But we can't do it without you. Please support CBF with your most generous tax-deductible donation using the form below. Or become a monthly giver for as little as $5 a month.
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Your donation includes periodic e-mail updates from CBF. You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking "Change Your E-mail Preferences" at the bottom of any e-mail you receive from us. Questions? Contact our Membership department at firstname.lastname@example.com or 888-SAVEBAY (728-3229).
Your donation helps the Chesapeake Bay Foundation maintain our momentum toward a restored Bay, rivers, and streams for today and generations to come.
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Donations to CBF are tax-deductible to the full extent of the law.
If you prefer to mail a check, please address it to: Chesapeake Bay FoundationAttn: Membership Department6 Herndon AvenueAnnapolis, MD 21403
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Family: Corvidae, Crows, Magpies, Jays view all from this family
Description ADULT Pacific bird has a gray-brown back, but otherwise mostly dark blue upperparts; note, however, the dark cheeks and faint white supercilium. Throat is whitish and streaked, with discrete demarcation from otherwise grubby gray underparts. Adult interior bird is similar, but underparts are darker. JUVENILE Has mainly dull gray head, back, and wing coverts, with blue flight feathers and tail. Underparts and forehead are whitish gray.
Dimensions Length: 11-13" (28-33 cm)
Habitat Common and widespread resident of scrubby woodland and chaparral, especially with pinyon, juniper, and oak.
Observation Tips Easiest to see near the Pacific coast.
Range Northwest, Texas, Rocky Mountains, Southwest, California
Voice Utters a harsh, nasal cheerp, cheerp, cheerpÖ and other chattering calls.
Similar Species Island Scrub-Jay A. insularis (L 12-12.5 in) is an endemic resident of Santa Cruz Island, off Californian coast. Similar to Western, but larger and more colorful. Note particularly the adult's brighter blue upperparts, dark brown back, and black cheeks. Juvenile has mainly gray upperparts with blue flight feathers and tail; underparts are pale gray.
Discussion Distinctive bird with a typical jaylike appearance: slim body, long tail, and stout, and rather elongated bill. Occurs as two subspecies groups in U.S.: Pacific birds (comprising three subspecies found on the Pacific coast) are more colorful than interior birds (three subspecies that occur inland). Some individuals, particularly Pacific birds, are bold, tame, and inquisitive, and easy to see; birds from interior south and east of range are more retiring and unobtrusive. An opportunistic feeder with an omnivorous diet that includes berries, fruits, insects, and the eggs and young of songbirds. Sexes are similar.


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Saving the Bay through education, advocacy, litigation, and restoration.
Winter 2013
Pleasure House Point Tree Transplanting Date: February 22, 2013Location: Virginia Beach, VA
Church Hill Street SweepDate: February 23, 2013Location: Richmond, VA
CBF's 2013 Save the Bay Photo Contest Date: March 11, 2013 Location: Digitally
Virginia Farmers Clean Water Breakfast Date: March 13, 2013Location: Madison, VA
Smith Creek Tree Planting Date: March 16, 2013 Location: Harrisonburg, VA
25th Annual Clean the Bay Day Date: June 1, 2013Location: Across Virginia
For a full listing of upcoming events and restoration projects check our Online Calendar.
Help Save the Bay!We've seen a 14 percent improvement in the health of the Bay over the past four years—but our national treasure is still at grave risk. Contribute $5 or more today to help CBF stand up to the special interests and fight back to protect the Bay, its rivers and streams.
The Importance of Student Advocacy CBF is reinvigorating its Student Leadership Program through the hiring of two bright and motivated educators. Together they will identify and support environmentally active students to help with Blueprint-oriented projects and activities. Read on!
Danny's LegacyAn avid crabber, fisherman, and boater, Danny Bowles had a special connection with the Chesapeake Bay. Read his story and learn about his legacy to Save the Bay.
Tales of TangierIn January, dozens gathered together to share stories of Tangier Island—the unique home in the heart of the Chesapeake. Speakers reflected on their childhoods and talked about how life is changing and becoming more challenging on the island. Read on for highlights of this special evening.
Join CBF's Online Networks
Photo credits: (left column) CBF Staff, CBF Staff, CBF Staff, Getty Images, CBF Staff; (right column) Damon Fodge, Emmy Nicklin, Courtesy of Genine Bowles, Hali Plourde-Rogers.
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Department of Math and Science, Rogers State University, Claremore, OK 74017
Poteau Public Schools, Poteau, OK 74953
Ecological Services Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Tulsa, OK 74127
Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, U.S.G.S. Biological
Resources Division, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
|Cave Gating in Oklahoma
|Inherent Effects of Cave Gating
|Top of Page
|Table of Contents
Of the 45 species of bats found in North America, about 18 rely substantially on caves throughout the year. Thirteen of these species are obligate cave-dwelling bats using caves year-round. They use caves as winter hibernacula, stop-over roost sites during migration, summer roost sites, or maternity sites where adult females give birth to their young. A general correlation has been made between the degree to which a species is reliant on caves during its life cycle and consideration as an endangered or threatened species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. All North American bats listed as endangered or threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are cave-dwelling species or subspecies (1-3). Two cave-dwelling species, the gray bat (Myotis grisescens) and Indiana Bat (Myotis sodalis), and one subspecies, the Ozark big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii ingens) are of particular interest in Oklahoma. Each is federally listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The gray bat and the Ozark big-eared bat are both obligate, year-round cave-dwelling bats. The Indiana bat hibernates in caves in winter and disperses during non-hibernating months to form roosts under bark and in tree cavities in hardwood forests (4-6).
Persistent or casual human disturbance at maternity caves and hibernacula continues to be implicated as a cause for the decline in population of most cave-dwelling bats (7-10). Disturbance at these caves may induce elevated mortality rates, poor recruitment, and actual colony abandonment. At hibernacula, premature arousal from bouts of torpor and hibernation ultimately consume stored energy reserves. Disturbance at maternity colonies adversely affects thermoregulatory requirements of non-volant developing young (2,7,11-13). Low reproductive rates, long generation times, and concentrations of populations in localized roosts are life-history characteristics indicative of North American cave-dwelling bats. Such life histories and adverse effects of human disturbance present difficult challenges as wildlife managers and bat conservationists develop management objectives for protecting and recovering declining bat populations.
Contemporary efforts for bat conservation are concentrated on protecting caves and the various types of bat colonies that they house (7). Most often these protection measures are intended to eliminate disturbance resulting from human entry into caves. Protection is typically accomplished by construction of gates at cave entrances, fencing of cave entrances, placing warning signs at entrances, and maintaining a close and positive rapport with private landowners. Protection for cave-dwelling bat populations by placing gates in the entrances of caves can be an effective, immediate, and long-term method to deter human access to critical bat roosts.
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|Cave Gating in Oklahoma
|Inherent Effects of Cave Gating
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|Table of Contents
Construction of restrictive structures such as gates at cave entrances has evolved considerably over the past 25 years. Original designs were constructed in cage-like fashion exterior to the cave entrance. This placement resulted in the abandonment of some caves by bats (10,14,15). In Ottawa County, Oklahoma, such a gate was placed over a cave entrance and resulted in eventual abandonment of the cave by a maternity colony of gray bats.
In 1980 and 1982, two additional caves inhabited by maternity colonies of gray bats in Adair and Delaware Counties, Oklahoma were gated. The exterior features of these cave entrances, however, caused the placement of gates within dark zones of the cave passages, 9 m and 15 m respectively, inside the entrance. Each cave continues to be used by maternity populations of gray bats, estimated at 9,000 and 12,500 bats, respectively, in 1999. These were the first instances of cave-dwelling populations of bats protected by an "interior" gate system in the United States. A third gray bat maternity cave in Cherokee County, Oklahoma, was gated by using the same type of placement with similar results in 1991 (16). The external cage protecting the original gray bat maternity colony in 1971, which was subsequently abandoned, was reconstructed in 1997. An internal gate was placed 15 m inside the cave passage, and the external cage was reconstructed to be left open during periods of bat use. A maternity colony of gray bats used the cave during maternity seasons in 1998 and 1999. Population estimates placed the colony at 25,000 bats in 1998 and 27,000 in 1999. Although general designs of gate construction continue to evolve (17), placement of gates within dark zones of a cave passages, such as these in eastern Oklahoma, is now an accepted protocol for cave gating throughout the United States.
Twenty-two entrances to caves in eastern Oklahoma are presently protected with the use of internal gate designs. Five of these caves are inhabited by colonies of gray bats. Twelve caves inhabited by Ozark big-eared bats, and a single hibernaculum of Indiana bats are similarly protected. Additionally, four caves that contain populations of Ozark blind cavefish (Amblyopsis rosae) and Ozark blind crayfish (Cambarus sp.) are protected from human entry and vandalism by internal gates.
Population estimates for endangered species of bats in eastern Oklahoma caves were initiated in 1981. Estimates for gray bat populations were conducted in 1983, 1989, and 1999. Estimates for Ozark big-eared bat populations were conducted on an annual basis beginning in 1986. Populations of Ozark big-eared bats protected by internal gates in Oklahoma caves are sporadic and tend to fluctuate in size. Those caves that are protected with gates house clusters of 2-40 bats. The lone Indiana bat cave that is protected contains <15 bats at each monitoring period (18). Colonies that are protected with internal gates are located in Adair, Delaware, Cherokee, Leflore, and Ottawa counties of eastern Oklahoma.
The gray bat is the only cave-dwelling species in eastern Oklahoma that roosts in large colonies, producing substantial guano accumulations on cave floors conducive to measurement for population analysis. Historically, roost sites in caves are located in the same location from year to year. There are six maternity colonies of gray bats in eastern Oklahoma (16,19); four of these colonies are protected from human disturbance by internal gates. A fifth colony protected with an internal gate system is a non-maternity colony consisting of males and non-reproductive females. Population estimates conducted at each of these caves prior to installing gates in 1981, and post-installation estimates in 1999, suggest that colonies of gray bats continue to use each cave (Fig. 1). Standard methods of guano measurement intended to estimate colonial gray bat populations were established by Tuttle (12) and Harvey, et al. (20). Maternity colonies were distinguished by trapping lactating females after parturation or by noting carcasses of dead young near roost sites inside cave passages.
Each of the 22 caves that have been gated in Oklahoma have unique physical characteristics regarding passage size, location of
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the nearest bat roost to the entrance, and number of entrances used by bats. Internal gates are placed in such a manner as to protect the nearest historical roost area to the cave entrance. Gate distances from cave entrances range from 3-17 m. Passage area where gates are located range from 1.38 m2 _ 9.5 m2. In contrast to some gates protecting gray bat colonies in the southeastern United States that do not completely fill the cave passage, all internal gates in Oklahoma caves completely fill cave passages. Furthermore, one of the gray bat caves that is gated in Oklahoma has two entrances that are used during entrance and exit by bats. In this particular cave, both of the entrances are protected with complete gates. Relatively small colony sizes (<30,000), relatively small gated passages, and internal positioning of grill structures probably contribute to the apparent acceptance of full passage gates by resident bat populations in eastern Oklahoma.
|Cave Gating in Oklahoma
|Inherent Effects of Cave Gating
|Top of Page
|Table of Contents
Since the mid-1980s, internal gate construction has been of horizontal angle iron bars. This material and design seems to maximize protection from human entry, have nominal effects on airflow, and present limited obstruction to bat flight (17). With the exception of a single cave that was gated before angle iron gates became popular, all gates in Oklahoma caves are of the angle iron design.
Although placement of gates within "dark zones" of cave passages may be the most effective method to deter human access to critical bat roosts, their effects on resident bats and microclimate of cave interiors
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have not been measured completely (14,21-23). Various designs of gate construction and resulting effects on bat flight have been tested (17). However, effects that gates have on the microclimate of cave interiors has not. It is suspected that cave gates alter airflow in cave passages (21,22,24). Altered airflow, in turn, may affect ambient temperature, humidity, and substrate temperature. Roost substrate temperatures influence body temperature and ultimately metabolic rates of hibernating bats (21,25). Fetal and neonatal growth rates are affected directly by sub-optimal temperatures of pregnant females and juveniles. Poor thermoregulation in these bats may result in slow maturation, thus reducing survival and natality (26,27). Also it is suspected that cave gates interrupt or impede the exit of large colonies of bats from roost caves. An increase in swarming activity before exiting or entering a cave that is gated may increase the risk of predation (10,14,17).
An unenviable dilemma still faces cave biologists and managers in protecting declining populations of cave-dwelling species of bats. The benefits of gating caves, and ultimately altering internal ambient cave conditions and bat flight, are weighed against persistent human entry and disturbance to critical bat roosts. Five of the six known maternity colonies of gray bats in Oklahoma are protected by internal gate systems. The remaining maternity colony has experienced human entry and disturbance during each of the past two maternity seasons. Although 12 Ozark big-eared bat caves are protected, they are typically protecting small groups of bats, and none are maternity caves. One maternity colony is relatively obscure, and human disturbance appears to be non-existent. The largest hibernating population contains between 225-325 individuals annually. This colony, and the remaining maternity colonies are more conspicuous and are susceptible to human disturbance. Cave biologists have been reluctant to construct internal gates in these remaining caves inhabited by gray bat and Ozark big-eared bat populations. In each instance, roost areas are either located in close proximity to the cave entrance or are located in large caverns requiring expensive and elaborate gate designs. These challenges and the inherent effects of internal gates on bat populations may be precluded if population monitoring at these caves indicate persistent declines or abandonment because of human disturbance.
Many individuals, private landowners, and organizations have provided assistance in gathering data, constructing gates and have contributed time, resources, and efforts to protecting the endemic bat species of Oklahoma. In particular we would like to thank the Tulsa Regional Grotto of the National Speleological Society and the Tulsa Nature Conservancy. Financial support was provided by Federal Aid, Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation under Project E-9 and E-22 of the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Rogers State University, and the Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit (Oklahoma State University, U.S.G.S. Biological Resources Division, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, and Wildlife Management Institute, cooperating).
|Cave Gating in Oklahoma
|Inherent Effects of Cave Gating
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|Table of Contents
1. Harvey MJ, Altenbach JS, Best TL. Bats of the United States. Little Rock (AR): Arkansas Game and Fish Commission 1999. 64 p.
2. McCracken GF. Cave conservation: special problems of bats. National Speleological Soc Bull 1989;51:49-51.
3. Pierson, ED. Tall trees, deep holes, and scarred landscapes: conservation biology of North American bats. In: Kunz TH, Racey P, editors. Bat biology and conservation. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press: 1999. p 309-325.
4. Humphrey SR, Richter AR, Cope JB. Summer habitat and ecology of the endangered Indiana Bat, Myotis sodalis. J Mammal 1977;58:334-346.
5. Kurta A, King D, Teramino JA, Stribley JM, Williams KJ. Summer roosts of the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) on the northern edge of its range. Am Mid Nat 1993;129:132-138.
6. Laval RK, Laval ML. Ecological stud-
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ies and management of Missouri bats, with emphasis on cave dwelling species. Terrestrial Series, Missouri Department of Conservation No. 8. 1980. 53 p.
7. American Society of Mammalogists. Guidelines for the protection of bat roosts. J Mammal 1992;73:707-710.
8. Barbour RW, Davis WH. Bats of America. Lexington (KY): University of Kentucky Press; 1969. 286 p.
9. Humphrey SR. Kunz TH. Ecology of a Pleistocene Relic, the western big-eared bat (Plecotus townsendii), in the southern Great Plains. J Mammal 1976;57:470-494.
10. Tuttle MD. Status, causes of decline, and management of endangered gray bats. J Wildl Mgmt 1979;43:1-17.
11. Thomas DW, Dorais M, Bergeron JM. Winter energy budgets and costs of arousals for hibernating little brown bats, Myotis lucifigus. J Mammal 1990;71:475-479.
12. Tuttle MD. Population ecology of the gray bat (Myotis grisescens): factors influencing growth and survival of newly volant young. Ecology 1976;57:587-595.
13. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Gray bat recovery plan. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 1982. 94 p.
14. Tuttle MD. Gating as a means of protecting cave dwelling bats. In: proceedings national cave management symposium. Speleobooks, Albuquerque, N.M. 1977. p. 77-82.
15. Clark BK, Clark BS, Leslie DM Jr, Gregory MS. Characteristics of caves used by the endangered Ozark Big-eared Bat. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1996;24:8-14.
16. Grigsby EM, Puckette WL, Martin KW. Comparative numbers of gray bats (Myotis grisescens) at six maternity caves in northeastern Oklahoma. Proc Okla Acad Sci 1993;73:35-38.
17. White DH, Seginak JT. Cave gate designs for use in protecting endangered bats. Wildl Soc Bull 1987;15:445-449.
18. Saugey DS, Heidt GA, Heath DR, McDaniel VR. Hibernating Indian Bats (Myotis sodalis) from the Ouachita Mountains of southeastern Oklahoma. Southwest Nat 1990;35:341-342.
19. Grigsby EM, Puckette WL. A study of three endangered species of bats occurring in Oklahoma. Albuquerque (NM): U.S. Fish and Wildl Serv; 1982. 53 p.
20. Harvey MJ, Cassidy JJ, O'Hagan GG. Endangered bats of Arkansas: distribution, status, ecology and management. Report to Arkansas Game and Fish, U.S. Forest Service and National Park Service-Buffalo National River. Little Rock (AR): Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. 1981. 137 p.
21. Humphrey SR. Status, winter habitat, and management of the endangered Indiana Bat (Myotis sodalis). Florida Scientist 1978;41:65-76.
22. Richter AR, Humphrey SR, Cope JB, Brack V Jr. Modified cave entrances: thermal effects on body mass and resulting decline of endangered Indiana Bats (Myotis sodalis). Conservation Biol 1993;7:407-415
23. Tuttle MD, Stevenson DE. Variation in the cave environment and its biological implications. In: Aley T, Rhoades D, editors. Proceedings of the 1976 National Cave Management Symposium. Albuquerque (NM): Speleobooks; 1977. p. 108-120.
24. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. A recovery plan for the Ozark big-eared bat and the Virginia big-eared bat. Twin Cities (MN): U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 1984. 61 p.
25. McNab BL. The behavior of temperate cave bats in a subtropical environment. Ecology 1974;55:943-958.
26. Studier EH, O'Farrell MJ. Biology of Myotis thysanodes and Myotis lucifigus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)-I. Thermoregulation. Comp Biochem Physiol 1972;41A:567-595.
27. Humphrey SR. Nursery roosts and community diversity of nearctic bats. J Mammal 1975;56:321-346.
Received: April 24, 2000; Accepted: July 11, 2000
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|Inherent Effects of Cave Gating
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|Table of Contents


text:
Discontinued Product
Artesian Cook N' Cold POU Water Cooler
Sorry, the manufacturer is no longer producing this product.
Description & Highlights
Oasis Artesian Cook N' Cold POU Water Cooler
Bring style and class to your kitchen or break room with the Oasis Artesian Cook N' Cold POU Water Cooler (504572C). Oasis built this water cooler with the idea of convenience in mind and this theme comes through in every aspect of its design. A higher dispense point makes fresh drinking water available to anyone, no matter what their size or stature. The water filter is designed to be easily accessible and easily removed for replacement. There is also a built in handle on the back of the cooler so that transportation and movement of the cooler is pain free and straight forward.
The cold water thermostat is controlled via a thermostat knob on the back of the unit that is easily accessible, and has an off position for energy savings. A large and durable dip tray is built in to prevent overflow, eliminating accidental dripping on floors or surrounding areas. The appearance of this water cooler is created to match contemporary kitchens or break room decors, with stainless steel sides and bottoms, and a black high density polyethylene front panel. A built in lock out feature allows you to easily keep your cooler from accidentally pouring water when moving or other inappropriate times. This water cooler is built with all the features that make a luxury water cooler, but with convenience and ease of use in mind.
Adjustable Thermostat:An easy to use adjustable thermostat knob lets you choose what temperature you want your cooler poring at
Large Dip Tray:A large durable dip tray eliminates unwanted spilling on surrounding floors and surfaces
Stylish Design:Stainless steel and tough black high density polyethylene couple to allow give this water cooler a modern contemporary appearance
- Model: 504572COasis Artesian Cook N' Cold POU Water Cooler
- Brand: OasisLock out feature
- Easy to use controlsHassle free filter replacement
- Large durable dip trayAdjustable thermostat
- Heavy duty polycarbonateInput voltage: 115v/ 60hz
- Handle on backPower: 500w
- Energy saving timerWeight: 38 lbs
- Higher dispense pointDimensions: 42 7/8" H x 12" W x 12.5" D
- Warranty: 3 years
- Height: 42 7/8"
- Width: 12"
- Depth: 12.5"


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VIDEO: GU women crush USF, 101-65
SPOKANE, Wash. - The Gonzaga University women's basketball team hit the century mark for the first time all season Saturday afternoon with the help of all fourteen players. The Bulldogs used their all-around talented offense to defeat the University of San Francisco 101-65 in front of another sold out crowd at the McCarthey Athletic Center; the sixth of the season and fourth-straight.VIDEO: GU women crush USF, 101-65
The 36-point victory helped extend Gonzaga's winning streak to 10 games and improved its overall record to 22-5 and 12-1 in West Coast Conference play. The setback for San Francisco dropped its record to 10-16 overall and 3-10 in league.
All 14 players not only scored for the Bulldogs, but each had at least one rebound and all but three had an assist in the game. Gonzaga also hit a season-high 55.0 percent from the field, draining 44-of-80 field goal attempts, including 52.9 percent (9-of-17) from beyond the 3-point arc.
The Zags bench also was huge, combing for 58 points, only seven less than San Francisco scored total. Five of those bench players registered some type of high in the victory. Freshman Chelsea Waters scored a career-high nine points and tied a career-high in assists with two; sophomore Maiki Viela tied a career-high in rebounds with three; freshman Kiara Kudron passed out a career-high four assists; sophomore Keani Albanez grabbed a career-high five rebounds and freshman Elle Tinkle tied her career-high in blocks with one.
Gonzaga was led by the trio of sophomore Sunny Greinacher, junior Stephanie Golden and senior Taelor Karr. Greinacher tallied a team-high 15 points, hitting 7-of-8 from the field and the one free throw she took. Golden came off the bench to register her second-straight double-figure game with 14 points – one off her career-high - and added six rebounds. Karr chipped in 12 points and had six assists with no turnovers in 24 minutes of play.
San Francisco, who scored the most points on Gonzaga in conference play this season with its 65 points, had four of its eight players finish in double-figures and was led by Taylor Proctor with 19 points.
The Bulldogs ran out to a 47-29 halftime advantage by hitting a stellar 52.4 percent (22-of-42) from the field and had 11 players score.
Golden had 12 of her 14 points in the opening 20 minutes, including six-straight points in a sequence that gave the Zags their largest lead of the first half at 24 points, 44-24, with 2:40 to play.
Gonzaga started the second half scoring the first eight points and pushed their run to a 14-5 spurt to claim a 61-34 advantage at 15:51. Greinacher had five points in the run, while redshirt freshman Shelby Cheslek added four of her eight points.
The Bulldogs largest lead of the game was 38 points; secured three times and twice on baskets from sophomore Danielle Walter. Walter's hit a jumper that made the score 96-58 with 2:10 remaining and then nailed the 3-pointer that finally bumped Gonzaga above 100 points at 101-63 and made the fans give a wild standing ovation.
Gonzaga now hits the road for its final two road games of the season. The Bulldogs play at Santa Clara University Thursday at 6 p.m. and at BYU Saturday at 1 p.m.


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What I really want to know is... what the heck is menmon? And is there any way we can take offense to it
What I really want to know is... what the heck is menmon? And is there any way we can take offense to it
Bill Davis
a Jamacian walkes into a bar and says
"barkeep, a red stripe for me and all my Menmon"
"So what is big is not always the Trout nor the Deer but the chance, the being there. And what is full is not necessarily the creel nor the freezer, but the memory." ~ Aldo Leopold
"The Greatest Obstacle to Discovery is not Ignorance -- It is the Illusion of Knowledge" ~ Daniel Boorstin
An Egyptian/Ethiopian Myth.
Double click the above to learn about it!!!!
Stan b & Elvis
Maybe I should send an email to Chris...typical republicans....truth does not work so make up a lie and send it around telling people to send it to 20 friends
I had it once. a little penicillin should clean it right up
u guys crack me up....
I'm not sure what a Menmon is ... but the mythological Memnon is here... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memnon_(mythology) (hence the eqyptian reference?)
is this one any closer? http://youtu.be/7ePqn5Ci5FY
and to be clear... I am not bein mean... just pokin a little fun.. please do not take me seriously, Sambo.
Last edited by ARay11; 09-04-2012 at 03:02 PM.
"I'm gonna lean up against you, and you lean up against me. That way we don't hafta sleep with our heads in the mud"Forrest Gump, 1994


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Biographical Sketch
Dr. Jan Novak (b. 1962) is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at UAB. He received BS and MS in Biology from the Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic and PhD in Cell and Molecular Biology from the Czech Academy of Sciences. He has been at UAB since 1992, first in the Department of Oral Biology where he studied genetics and biochemistry of bacterially produced biologically active peptides and since 1997 in the Department of Microbiology.
Research/Clinical Interest
Pathogenesis and treatments of chronic diseases, infectious diseases, cancer. IgA nephropathy. Mucosal immunology. Biomarkers.
Major topics are related to renal diseases and autoimmune diseases (IgA nephropathy and other chronic diseases of the kidney), cancer, and mucosal infections, including sexually transmitted diseases, such as those caused by HIV. Other interests include biologically active compounds. 1. Pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common cause of primary glomerulonephritis in the United States. Most patients experience progressive kidney disease, which can culminate in end-stage renal disease. Currently, there is no disease-specific treatment. Thus, improvements in the understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease are of critical importance in developing clinically relevant strategies for non-invasive diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression, and development of disease-specific therapy. IgAN is characterized by prominent mesangial deposits of IgA1, with co-deposits of C3 and IgG, IgM or both, typically associated with mesangial proliferation and expansion of the extracellular matrix. Hematuria is typical and often includes episodes of macroscopic bleeding that coincide with mucosal infections, including infections of the upper respiratory tract and digestive system. A considerable body of evidence suggests that the mesangial deposits are derived from circulating immune complexes containing IgA1. IgA1 in the circulating immune complexes and in the renal deposits exhibits galactose (Gal) deficiency in the hinge-region O-glycans unique to IgA1 (Gd-IgA1). Direct analysis of the pathogenesis has been difficult, however, due to the lack of animal models (IgA1 occurs only in certain primates), the heterogeneity of disease progression, and the mutifactorial nature of the disease which appears to involve a number of genes plus environmental triggers. Detailed analyses of the IgA1 antigen (Gd-IgA1) and the anti-Gd-IgA1 antibodies involved in the formation of the immune complexes have identified specific aberrations that are characteristic of IgAN but also indicate that when these aberrations occur alone they are not associated with clinical expression of IgAN. We have proposed the concept that a multi-hit mechanism (Fig. 1) underlies the pathophysiology and genetics of IgAN. It has been known for some time that patients with IgAN have high levels of Gd-IgA1 (Hit 1). Moreover, the circulating complexes in patients with IgAN contain Gd-IgA1and Gd-IgA1 is the predominant glycosylation variant of IgA1 in the mesangium. The occurrence of high levels of Gd-IgA1 is not, however, sufficient for the development of nephritis and several different experimental approaches indicate that Gd-IgA1 that is not incorporated into immune complexes is not pathogenic. Moreover, a high circulating load of Gd-IgA1 alone does not induce renal injury; thus, the factors that facilitate the formation of the Gd-IgA1-containing immune complexes (Hit 3) are critical for the clinical expression of IgAN. In patients with IgAN, the immune complexes containing Gd-IgA1 are formed almost exclusively by binding to IgG or IgA1 antibodies. (Hit 2). The IgG antibodies recognize GalNAc-containing epitopes on the Gal-deficient hinge region of the Gd-IgA1 and that they exhibit unique features in the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of the variable region of their heavy chains. The serum levels of IgG antibodies specific for Gd-IgA1 correlate with disease severity, as assessed by the magnitude of proteinuria. As Gd-IgA1-binding antibodies also are present in the sera of normal individuals, albeit at lower levels, these data suggest that their presence is not sufficient for induction of renal injury. Thus, the interactions of the anti-Gd-IgA1 antibodies with the Gd-IgA1 that result in immune complex formation (Hit 3) are critical for the clinical expression of IgAN. Thus, the glycosylation defects in the hinge region of Gd-IgA1 and the epitope specificity of the Gd-IgA1 autoantibodies are of critical importance in the formation of pathogenic immune complexes; however, there is evidence in the literature, which is supported by our preliminary data, that other serum factors interact with the immune complexes and contribute to their pathogenicity. Little is known regarding whether these factors are necessary for the immune complex-induced injury or alternatively act to modify the effects of the immune complexes by promoting stability, binding, or activity. Similarly, little is known concerning the molecular mechanisms that are triggered by the binding of the immune complexes to the mesangial cells. Our identification of the Gd-IgA1 defects and the IgG autoantibodies as well as the unique reagents and techniques that we have developed, including the use of engineered immune complexes, allow us to dissect the relative roles of these different components in the formation of immune complexes and to identify the characteristics of the pathogenic immune complexes in IgAN (Hit 3). Similarly, the use of the engineered immune complexes allows analysis of the mesangial deposition of the immune complexes and the mechanisms by which they promote cell activation and initiation of glomerular injury (Hit 4). Goals: 1. Identify and characterize genetic, biochemical, and immunological factors and pathways that - are involved in aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 in IgAN; - direct production of anti-glycan antibodies specific for aberrantly glycosylated IgA1; - are bound in the nephritogenic IgA1-containing complexes; - are induced in mesangial cells by the nephritogenic IgA1-containing complexes. 2. Identify and characterize markers of IgAN with diagnostic and prognostic significance. 3. Identify and characterize targets for disease-specific treatment of IgAN. 4. Extend these studies to other diseases with aberrant glycosylation and anti-glycan antibodies, such as breast cancer and other types of adenocarcinoma. 2. Cell-specific glycosylation of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein HIV-1 envelope (Env) gp120/gp41 trimers are involved in the binding of virus to the host-cell receptor (CD4) and co-receptor(s) and the initial steps of cell entry. Approximately half of the total molecular mass of gp120 is attributed to N-glycans. Analysis of HIV-1 env nucleotide sequences suggested a close association between the V3-loop potential N-glycosylation sites (PNGS) and CCR5 usage. These studies, however, were based on amino sequences deduced from nucleotide sequences and, thus, have not assessed the effect of glycan composition on the gp120-coreceptor interactions. Furthermore, there are some limited data that V1/2, V3, and V4 glycans affect immune recognition of gp120 and also the interactions of gp120 with HIV receptors/co-receptors on target cells. Env gp120 glycans serve as epitopes for some Abs and, importantly, as a shield against most neutralizing Abs, with HIV-1 escape variants characterized by diverse env sequences present in the chronic stages of infection. These escape variants emerge due to the pressure of immune system. Molecular studies of HIV-1 transmission have identified early-transmitted "founder" viruses (TFV) and the molecular pathways of early env diversification. The variants from early and chronic stages of infection differ in the number and localization of PNGS. The new PNGS may be involved in generating a shield against neutralizing Abs (Fig. 2). Recently, It was shown that some of the PNGS were unoccupied or variably glycosylated. For example, two clade B HIV-1 gp120 sequences with two PNGS at the beginning of V3 region exhibited rather striking differences in the actual glycosylation of these sites. One sequence had both PNGS occupied by complex glycans whereas the other one had two glycosylation variants; the first variant had only the first PNGS glycosylated by a high-mannose glycan and the second variant had both PNGS occupied, with the first site having a complex glycan and the other site a high-mannose glycan. Although the biological significance of this observation could not be concluded from such a limited number of analyses, these observations clearly suggested that the glycosylation of Env, including gp120, is co-determined by the viral genome, glycan density on folded gp120 proteins, and the host cells producing the virus. Our preliminary studies, performed with recombinant (r) consensus B (Con B) gp120 trimers and using high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS), supported this conclusion and showed that gp120 glycosylation is cell specific, thus extending the earlier reports for HIV-2, and is affected by cellular metabolism. Furthermore, our studies revealed that the differential glycosylation of gp120 affects the binding of HIV-1-specific Abs. Specifically, our data indicated that gp120 expressed in T cells and muscle cells was less reactive with gp120-specific Abs compared to gp120 produced in other cells, such as 293T cells. As the T cells are the natural host cells for HIV-1 and DNA vaccines are applied intramuscularly leading to production of muscle-derived gp120, these observations may have implications for vaccine design. Apparently, certain cell-specific types of glycosylation render gp120 more resistant to Ab recognition, whereas other glycosylation patterns may be more permissive for immune recognition. It is not known how gp120 in TFV and late HIV-1 variants are glycosylated in different cell types and how these, presumably differentially glycosylated gp120 molecules are recognized by HIV-1-specific Abs from sera of HIV-1 infected patients or volunteers immunized with env DNA vaccine. Molecular analysis of glycosylation of these different gp120 molecules produced in different cells will reveal whether the glycosylation of late, escape variants can be directly linked to decreased binding by serum neutralizing Abs. These studies of HIV-1 Env glycosylation will have an impact on the understanding of basic mechanisms affecting immune recognition and immune escape of HIV-1 and could contribute to rational design of future vaccination strategies. Goals: Identify and characterize biochemical and genetic factors and pathways that 1. Regulate cell-specific pathways of Env glycosylation; 2. Affect recognition of Env and thus HIV-1 by Abs; 3. Contribute to enhanced immune responses and inform HIV/AIDS vaccine development.
Selected Publications
Mischak, H., Ioannidis, J.P., Argiles, A., Attwood, T.K., Bongcam-Rudloff. E., Broenstrup, M., Charonis, A., Chrousos, G.P., Delles, C., Dominiczak, A., Dylag, T., Ehrich, J., Egido, J., Findeisen, P., Jankowski, J., Johnson, R.W., Julian B.A., Lankisch, T., Leung, H.Y., Maahs, D., Magni, F., Manns, M.P., Manolis, E., Mayer, G., Navis, G., Novak, J., Ortiz, A., Persson, F., Peter, K., Riese, H.H., Rossing, P., Sattar, N., Spasovski, G., Thongboonkerd, V., Vanholder, R., Schanstra, J.P., Vlahou, A. Implementation of proteomic biomarkers: making it work. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. In Press. 2012.
Papeta, N., Kiryluk, K., Patel, A., Sterken, R., Kacak, N., Snyder, H.J., Mhatre, A.N., Julian, B.A., Wyatt, R.J., Novak, J., Wyatt, C.M., Ross, M.J., Winston, J.A., Klotman, M.E., Cohen, D.J., Appel, G.B., D'Agati, V.D., Klotman, P.E., Gharavi, A.G. APOL1 genetic variants are associated with susceptibility to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and HIV-1-associated nephropathy but not IgA nephropathy in African-Americans. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22, 1991-1996, 2011.
Raska, M., Novak, J. Involvement of envelope-glycoprotein glycans in HIV-1 biology and infection. Invited Review. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 58, 191–208, 2010.
Raska, M., Takahashi, K., Czernekova, L., Zachova, K., Hall, S., Moldoveanu, Z., Elliott, M.C., Wilson, L., Brown, R., Jancova, D., Barnes, S., Vrbkova, J., Tomana, M., Smith, P.D., Mestecky, J., Renfrow, M.B., Novak, J. Glycosylation patterns of HIV-1 gp120 are cell-producing type dependent and affect antibody recognition. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 20860-20869, 2010.
Raska, M., Moldoveanu, Z., Novak, J., Hel, Z., Novak, L., Bozja, J., Compans, R.D., Yang, C., Mestecky, J. Delivery of DNA HIV-1 vaccine to the liver induces high and long-lasting humoral immune responses. Vaccine. 26, 1541-1551, 2008.
Berthoux, F., Suzuki, H., Thibaudin, L., Yanagawa, H., Maillard, N., Mariat, C., Tomino, Y., Julian, B.A., Novak, J. Serum autoantibodies specific for galactose-deficient IgA1 associate with disease progression in IgA nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. In Press. 2012.
Tamouza, H., Chemouny, J., Raskova Kafkova, L., Berthelot, L., Flamant, M., Demion, M., Mesnard, L., Walker, F., Julian, B.A., Tissandié, E., Tiwari, M.K., Camara, N.O.S., Vrtovsnik, F., Benhamou, M., Novak, J., Monteiro, R.C., Moura, I.C. IgA1 immune complex-mediated activation of MAPK/ERK kinase pathway in mesangial cells is associated with glomerular damage in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int. In Press. 2012.
Kiryluk, K., Li Y., Sanna-Cherchi, S., Rohanizadegan, M., Suzuki, H., Eitner, F., Snyder, H.J., Choi, M., Hou, P., Scolari, F., Gesualdo, L., Savoldi, S., Amoroso, A., Cusi, D., Zamboli, P., Julian, B.A., Novak, J., Wyatt, R.J., Mucha, K., Perola, M., Kristiansson, K., Magnusson, P.K., Thorleifsson, G., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Stefansson, K., Boland, A., Metzger, M., Thibaudin, L., Wanner, C., Jager, K.J., Goto, S., Maixnerova, D., Karnib, H.H., Nagy, J., Panzer, U., Xie, J., Chen, N., Tesar, V., Narita, I., Berthoux, F., Floege, J., Stengel, B., Zhang, H., Lifton, R., Gharavi, A.G. Geographic differences in genetic susceptibility to IgA nephropathy: GWAS replication study and geospatial risk analysis. PLoS Genet. In Press. 2012.
Novak, J. Induction of IgA deposits and glomerulonephritis by a murine IgA rheumatoid factor. Editorial. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 23, 371-373, 2012.
Okazaki, K., Suzuki, Y., Otsuji, M., Suzuki, H., Kihara, M., Kajiyama, T., Hashimoto, A., Nishimura, H., Brown, R., Hall, S., Novak, J., Izui, S., Hirose, S., Tomino, Y. Establishment of a novel ddY mouse model with early-onset IgA nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. In Press. 2012.
Takahashi, K., Smith IV, A.D., Poulsen, K., Kilian, M., Julian, B.A., Mestecky, J., Novak, J., Renfrow, M.B. Naturally occurring structural isomers in serum IgA1 O-glycosylation. J. Prot. Res. 11, 692-702, 2012.
Horynová, M., Takahashi, K., Hall, S., Renfrow, M.B., Novak, J., Raska, M., Production of N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase 2 (GalNAc-T2) fused with secretory signal Igκ in insect cells. Protein Expr. Purif. 81, 175-180, 2012.
He, M., Novak, J., Julian, B.A., Herr, A.E. Microfluidic lectin blotting: Towards the assessment of aberrantly glycosylated serum IgA1 in IgA nephropathy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 19610-19613, 2011.
Novak, J., Kafkova, L., Suzuki, H., Tomana, M., Matousovic, K., Brown, R., Hall, S., Sanders, J.T., Eison, T.M., Moldoveanu, Z., Novak, L., Novak, Z., Mayne, R., Julian, B.A., Mestecky, J., Wyatt, R.J. IgA1 immune complexes from pediatric patients with IgA nephropathy activate human mesangial cells. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 26, 3451-3457, 2011.
McCarthy, D.D., Kujawa, J., Wilson, C., Papandile, A., Poreci, U., Porfilio, E.A., Ward, L., Lawson, M.A.E., Macpherson, A.J., McCoy, K.D., Pei, Y., Novak, L., Lee, J.Y., Julian, B.A., Novak, J., Ranger, A., Gommerman, J.L., Browning, J.L. Mice over-expressing BAFF develop a commensal flora-dependent, IgA-associated nephropathy. J. Clin. Invest. 121, 3991-4002, 2011.
Suzuki, H., Kiryluk, K., Novak, J., Moldoveanu, Z., Herr, A.B., Renfrow, M.B., Wyatt, R.J., Scolari, F., Mestecky, J., Gharavi, A.G., Julian, B.A. The pathophysiology of IgA nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22, 1795-1803, 2011.
Kiryluk, K., Moldoveanu, Z., Sanders, J.T., Eison, T.M., Suzuki, H., Julian, B.A., Novak, J., Gharavi, A.G., Wyatt, R.J. Aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 is inherited in pediatric IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura nephritis. Kidney Int. 80, 79-87, 2011.
Gharavi, A.G., Kiryluk, K., Choi, M., Li, Y., Hou, P., Xie, J.Y., Sanna-Cherchi, S., Men, C.J., Julian, B.A., Wyatt, R.J., Novak, J., Wang, H., Lv, J., Zhu, L., Wang, Z.-H., Yasuno, K., Gunel, M., Mane, S., Umlauf, S., Tikhonova, I., Savoldi, S., Magistroni, R., Ghiggeri, G.M., Lugani, F., Ravani, P., Ponticelli, C., Allegri, L., Boscutti, G., Frasca, G., Izzi, C., Viola, F., Prati, E., Salvadori, M., Gesualdo, L., Amoroso, A., Scolari, F., Chen, N., Zhang, H., Lifton, R.P. Genome-wide association study identifies five susceptibility loci for IgA nephropathy, the most common form of glomerulonephritis. Nat. Genet. 43, 321-327, 2011.
Takahashi, K., Wall, S.B., Suzuki, H., Smith, IV, A.D., Hall, S., Poulsen, K., Kilian, M., Julian, B.A., Mestecky, J., Novak, J., Renfrow, M.B. Clustered O-glycans of IgA1: Defining macro- and micro-heterogeneity by use of electron capture/transfer dissociation. Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 9, 2545-2557, 2010.
Suzuki, H., Fan, R., Zhang, Z., Brown, R., Hall, S., Julian, B.A., Chatham, W.W., Suzuki, Y., Wyatt, R.J., Moldoveanu, Z., Lee, J.Y., Robinson, J., Tomana, M., Tomino, Y., Mestecky, J., Novak, J. Aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 in IgA nephropathy patients is recognized by IgG antibodies with restricted heterogeneity. J. Clin. Invest. 119, 1668-1677, 2009.
Gharavi, A.G., Moldoveanu, Z., Wyatt, R.J., Barker, C.V., Woodford, S.Y., Lifton, R.P., Mestecky, J., Novak, J., Julian, B.A. Aberrant IgA1 glycosylation is inherited in familial and sporadic IgA nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19, 1008-1014, 2008.
Suzuki, H., Moldoveanu, Z., Hall, S., Brown, R., Vu, H.L., Novak, L., Julian, B.A., Tomana, M., Wyatt, R.J., Edberg, J.E., Alarcón, G.S., Kimberly, R.P., Tomino, Y., Mestecky, J., Novak, J. IgA1-secreting cell lines from patients with IgA nephropathy produce aberrantly glycosylated IgA1. J. Clin. Invest. 118, 629-639, 2008.
Renfrow, M.B., MacKay, C.L., Chalmers, M.J., Julian, B.A., Mestecky, J., Kilian, M., Poulsen, K., Emmett, M.R., Marshall A. G., Novak, J. Analysis of O-glycan heterogeneity in IgA1 myeloma proteins by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: Implications for IgA nephropathy. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 389, 1397-1407, 2007.
Raska, M., Moldoveanu, Z., Suzuki, H., Brown, R., Kulhavy, R., Andrasi, J., Hall, S., Vu, H.L., Carlsson, F., Lindahl, G., Tomana, M., Julian, B.A., Wyatt, R.J., Mestecky, J., and Novak, J. Identification and characterization of CMP-NeuAc:GalNAc-IgA1 2,6-sialyltransferase in IgA1-producing cells. J. Mol. Biol. 369, 69-78, 2007.
Moldoveanu, Z., Wyatt, R.J., Lee, J., Tomana, M., Julian, B.A., Mestecky, J., Huang, W.-Q., Anreddy, S., Hall, S., Hastings, M.C., Lau, K.K., Cook, W.J., Novak, J. Patients with IgA nephropathy have increased serum galactose-deficient IgA1 levels. Kidney Int. 71, 134-138, 2007.
Novak, J., Tomana, M., Matousovic, K., Brown, R., Hall, S., Novak, L., Julian, B.A., Wyatt, R.J., Mestecky, J. IgA1-containing immune complexes in IgA nephropathy differentially affect proliferation of mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 67, 504-513, 2005.
Renfrow, M.B., Cooper, H.J., Tomana, M., Kulhavy, R., Hiki, Y., Toma, K., Emmett, M.R., Mestecky, J., Marshall A. G., Novak, J. Determination of aberrant O-glycosylation in the IgA1 hinge region by electron capture dissociation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 19136-19145, 2005.
Tomana, M., Novak, J., Julian, B. A., Matousovic, K., Konecny, K., Mestecky, J. Circulating immune complexes in IgA nephropathy consist of IgA1 with galactose-deficient hinge region and antiglycan antibodies. J. Clin. Invest. 104, 73-81, 1999.
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Posts by Sasha
Total # Posts: 438
how do we grow quickly do we grow
lol, thank you. I understand the problem now.
Yes, it probably is, but I have a hard time solving problems that involve 3-4-5 triangles or anything similar to that.
Edna and Nancy leave the house of a common friend at the same time and walk for 4 hours. Edna walks due east at the average rate of 4 kilometers per hour and Nancy walks due north at the average rate of 3 kilometers per hour. What is the straight-line distance between them in...
The answer must be one. Thanks.
what is the name for precise information provided by numerical data
Science and acrostic poems
why is saturn NOT on here? D:<
What is an easy wway to remember Japanese other than flash cards?
chemistry -check over work
Naphthalene (C10H8)is a solid aromatic compound often sold as mothballs.The complete combustion of this substance to yield CO2(g)and H2O(l)at 25 ْC yields -5154 kJ/mol. A. write balanced equation for the combustion of C10H8. C10H8+12O2->10CO2+4H2O ΔH =-5154 B. ...
(2*3)(3-7) (6)(-4) -24
math(did i do this right)
i think it should be like this: 8h^2-4h 4h(2h-1). 4h is the GCF.
AHHH help i have no idea!!!
english-check over work
thank you very much. your advice was very useful.
english-check over work
Furthermore, the Court is a corrupt justice system in that a person who has charges brought against him/her does not know what crime he/she has committed. The legal records of the case, and above all the actual charge sheets, were inaccessible to the accused and his ...
english-check over work
As Joseph K. concentrates on proving his innocence, his life spirals out of control. He is thinking about the case every waking moment that his job as bank manager seems to be slipping out of his hands. The thought of his case never left him now. He is so ...
english-check over work
Kafka sets the story in an urban and modern geographical location. He does not specifically name a country that it took place in. Instead, he chooses to be vague to show that a corrupt system of government can be in any part of the world. Down the whole length of the ...
english-check over work
In his quest to prove his innocence Joseph encounters four different women: Frau Grubach, Frau Burstner, Lenin, and Elsa. They all have a role in which they cater to Josephs needs. They are either his caretaker/servant (Frau Grubach) or his mistresses (the other three). ...
english-check over work
The Trial is about a man named Joseph K. one fine morning, on his thirtieth birthday he wakes up to find two gentlemen in his bedroom. They inform him that they have come to put him under arrest, yet they dont tell him the charges against him. In fact, he ...
english-check over work
its not posting the whole essay. i don't understand.
english-check over work
Franz Kafka was born on July 3, 1883 in Prague, which was then a part of Austria-Hungary. Kafka had four siblings, all of them being girls. He was the eldest child of Hermann and Julie Kafka. Kafkas family was a Jewish upper-middle class family, with his father owning a ...
english-check over work
i have done an analysis on this book,the trial. i was wondering if someone could look over it and critique it for me. Franz Kafka was born on July 3, 1883 in Prague, which was then a part of Austria-Hungary. Kafka had four siblings, all of them being girls. He was the eldest ...
i have to write a critical analysis of "The Trial" by franz kafka. and i wanted to know what points i should cover in my essay. also how many paragraphs should my essay consist of.
ask the president ! why did you put vegetables in your blender?
math ( average)
still don't get it
math ( average)
a student wants to get an average of 80 on the 5 tests to earn an A grade.on the 4 test he gets 79, 88,64,78. how much should he score on the 5th test so that he gets this average of 80?
ICT - DataBase
Hello I have an exam tommorrow and my question is : What is the difference between the types of the data base text and number in the data base. My teacher tells us that a phone number is in the text column because it does not change. But in number it's changble ? What is ...
Sorry- Chemistry / Ionic Bonding
Hello My exams are coming I'm a straight A student .. the problem however is : My textbooks , teacher and every piece of work that he gives us is complicated can someone explain me how Ionic Bonding works . Please I really beg you... I need your help! My teacher sucks in ...
Physics - Ionic bonding
Hello My exams are coming I'm a straight A student .. the problem however is : My textbooks , teacher and every piece of work that he gives us is complicated can someone explain me how Ionic Bonding works and when we're taking about this table here can someone explain ...
Can you please explain and provide me links for the rock structure of the appalachian mountains? I'm almost done my power point project...I just can't find this information. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains#Geology
HELP Please. Geography.
I found some links for the geological history for the appalachian mountains BUT it confuses me. Can you please simplify the formation of the Appalachian mountains?? please? thanks. Basically the mountains were created due to the merging of the continents into Pangea. I know ...
I need to do a power point presentation on the Appalachian mountains. I need to find the geological history,rock structure,appearance,soil, vegetation,wildlife, and human activities. Can you please provide me with links with these information? Thanks so much. http://www....
math, help
The answer would be negative 20 because it's not asking for the absolute value. It's asking for the number with the absolute value. Negative 20 has the absolute value. Therefore, the answer is c, negative 20
english HELP ASAP
??? i don't know either. :(
what is an element in music There are a number of musical elements: rhythm, melody, dynamics, harmony, tempo, timbre, articulation, texture and form. You can find definitions for these by clicking on MUSIC under SUBJECTS on the left side of your screen, and then click on Music...
English 3
investing in the stock market
So unless I become a high-risk day-trader, there really is no way for me to make a living just investing in the stock market? So did people like Warren Buffet and Morgan Stanley build their wealth some other way? And what about the fictional character Gordon Gecko? Your ...
investing in the stock market
Are there people who invest in the stock market full time for a living? In order words, are there people who make thousands of dollars every month, short term, as a profession? If so, how can I find out more information about persuing such a career? Thank you so much. For some...