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About Jeff Masters
Cat 6 lead authors: WU cofounder Dr. Jeff Masters (right), who flew w/NOAA Hurricane Hunters 1986-1990, & WU meteorologist Bob Henson, @bhensonweather
By: Dr. Jeff Masters , 2:57 PM GMT on October 28, 2010
We have a rare late October triple threat in the Atlantic this morning, three "Invests" with a decent chance of developing. The most serious threat is Invest 91L, a tropical wave centered near 7N 49W, about 950 miles east-southeast of the Lesser Antilles Islands. 91L is moving west to west-northwest at 15 - 20 mph, and will spread heavy rains and gusty winds to the northern coast of South America and the southern Lesser Antilles Islands beginning on Friday night. The system is under low wind shear less than 10 knots, but is too close to the Equator to spin up very rapidly. The storm will also have difficultly developing due to land interaction with South America this weekend. However, several models are indicating the possibility that 91L could develop into a tropical depression in the Central Caribbean by the middle of next week. NHC is giving 90L a 20% chance of developing into a tropical cyclone by Saturday.
A low pressure system (Invest 90L) centered near 27N 42W in the middle Atlantic Ocean has developed a broad and elongated circulation. Heavy thunderstorms on its east side are generating tropical storm-force winds. However, the circulation of 90L has become increasingly stretched out this morning, and the storm is not as well organized as it was last night. NHC is giving 90L a 50% chance of developing into a tropical storm by Saturday.
Finally, a low pressure system (Invest 92L) centered 700 miles south-southeast of Bermuda is developing a surface circulation, and appears very close to tropical depression status. NHC is giving 92L a 60% chance of developing into a tropical cyclone by Saturday. The only land area that might be affected by 92L is Bermuda.
Figure 1. A rare late-October triple threat in the Atlantic: three areas of disturbed weather listed by NHC as areas of interest (Invests) worth running forecast models on. Image credit: National Hurricane Center.
A quiet Tuesday evening shift at NHC
Tuesday evening was a quiet shift at the National Hurricane Center, where I've spent the week as a participant in their visiting scientist program. Each week during hurricane season, NHC invites a hurricane researcher or forecaster in academia, government, or private industry to spend a week shadowing the NHC forecasters as they prepare their forecast products. The evening shift is chosen, since it is less of a zoo, and the presence of the visiting scientist will present less of a distraction to the forecasters.
There was only one area of interest (Invest 90L) on Tuesday. 90L was a disorganized low pressure system in the middle Atlantic that had gotten tangled up with an upper-level low pressure system that was bringing dry air and disruptive wind shear. I worked with senior hurricane specialist Dan Brown, who cheerfully analyzed 90L with me, but confided that this storm was barely worth keeping as an Invest. He lowered its chances of development to 10%, but did order one more run of the various forecast models, so I could see how that was done. He also pointed out two other systems he thought might turn into "Invests" worth watching later in the week, and noted in particular that the large tropical wave approaching South America was unusually vigorous for this time of year, and might be something to be concerned about if it managed to avoid South America and penetrate into the southern Caribbean.
Since there wasn't much else to see on the hurricane end of their operation, I spent the rest of the evening working with NHC's marine forecasting branch. The National Hurricane Center is responsible for preparing weather analysis charts and marine forecasts for the tropical Atlantic and Eastern Pacific, and I worked with meteorologist Felix Garcia of NHC's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB). He prepared the 8pm Tropical Weather Discussion, and the 00Z tropical analysis chart. I'm highly envious of the software tools NHC has to prepare forecasts and make analysis charts! I want an NAWIPS and ATCF workstation like these guys have, which allows one to zoom, pan, overlay, and quickly change speeds of animations. I'm proud to say that I am responsible for a portion of the 1016 mb isobar on the 00Z tropical Atlantic surface analysis map for Tuesday night, which I drew using the fantastic map drawing software at NHC.
Wednesday evening: A Shary situation
Wednesday evening was a bit more interesting. Invest 90L had been joined by Invest 91L and Invest 92L, and odds for development of 90L had been bumped up to 30%. I spent the first portion of the shift working with TAFB forecaster Wally Barnes, who made the intensity and position estimates of the three invests based on infrared satellite imagery. This task is accomplished using the Dvorak technique, a system of classifying cloud patterns of tropical cyclones based on how cold the cloud tops are, how much spiral banding is present, and other factors. Wally let me determine where the center of 90L was at 00Z last night, and enter the fix into the official database. I am now forever responsible for a tiny piece of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane data base--an awesome responsibility! (It's my first addition to the cause since I sent in my final Hurricane Hunter VORTEX report from the eye of Hurricane Hugo on September 15, 1989, complaining about hitting 5.7 G's of acceleration.) We classified 90L as a T2.0, which is respectable, and meant the system might be on its way to status as Tropical Storm Shary. Wally had to do the analysis for the large, ill-defined tropical wave (Invest 91L), since his eye was much more highly trained to pick out subtle motions in the satellite animations that indicated where the most likely center of circulation might be trying to develop.
Figure 2. "My boat is right here!" Forecaster Wally Barnes of NHC's Tropical Analysis and Forecasting Branch (TAFB) shows where he suspects the center of rotation of Invest 91L might be at 00Z on October 28, 2010.
Wally and I printed out the fix information we'd come up with for 90L, and took it over to Dan Brown, who was working the evening shift again over at the hurricane side of NHC.
"What, you're giving this a T2.0?" Dan good-naturedly hassled us, as we presented the fix info. "You're just trying to get something going for Jeff here so he can see some advisories get issued." Wally defended our analysis, pointing out how the heavy thunderstorms of 90L were pushing closer to the center of circulation, and how the cloud tops had gotten much colder. Dan agreed that 90L really was worthy of more attention, and commented that there was a good chance one of our three invests would probably develop into something NHC would have to issue advisories on before my final shift at NHC ended on Friday night. His prediction was that it would be 92L, the system a few hundred miles north of Puerto Rico.
An hour later, Dan wasn't so sure that 90L wouldn't beat 92L to the title of Tropical Storm Shary. The European ASCAT satellite had just sent in an image of the surface winds over 90L, and ASCAT was showing that the storm had a closed circulation and a respectable area of 40 mph tropical storm-force winds. He gave a call to James Franklin, the head of the hurricane specialist unit at NHC, who was at home. I listened in.
"Hey, I just got ASCAT," said Dan. "It's 35 knots. You can see the center, and the convection is about 130 miles to the northeast. I'm thinking of starting it as a tropical storm, but I hate to start it now, since the convection started at 21Z, and I'd like to see it persist. The ASCAT pass shows the circulation is a bit elongated, and the most recent microwave images are also showing that."
After discussing whether or not to initiate advisories on Tropical Storm Shary for a few more minutes, Dan hung up, then told me the scoop. "This is one of the most difficult parts of the job. It's a real judgment call whether or not to name a storm, when it's such a borderline situation like this. What we're going to do is issue a Special Tropical Weather Outlook mentioning that 90L has gale-force winds, bump the probability of development up to 50 or 60%, watch it for a few more hours, then re-assess." Dan then proceeded to call his replacement, Eric Blake, who was due to work the night shift, to tell him to come in as planned, since it looked like there could well be a Tropical Storm Shary to deal with. Dan then proceeded to write the Special Tropical Weather Outlook and send it out.
Figure 3. "The one that got away was this big!" Wally Barnes tells hurricane specialist Dan Brown what he thinks of 90L's recent burst of heavy thunderstorm activity.
Next update
I'll have an update on Thursday morning from the National Hurricane Center on the latest from the tropics.
Jeff Masters
The views of the author are his/her own and do not necessarily represent the position of The Weather Company or its parent, IBM.
Cat 6 lead authors: WU cofounder Dr. Jeff Masters (right), who flew w/NOAA Hurricane Hunters 1986-1990, & WU meteorologist Bob Henson, @bhensonweather


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And thank you Uncle Bill, for that valuable contribution. Since it came from you, I can be sure it is factual.
Glad to have you on the "other side" regards,
Dont wave your phony patriotism in MY face! If you really love America, open your wallet and hire an American kid to build what you buy. Doug Fraser (paraphrased) 1980
Real Americans buy American.
You say you are puzzled that people could call Romney a flip=flopper?
to be clear are you talking about MITT ROMNEY?
The same Mitt Romney who was a liberal as Mass Gov? The same Mitt Romney who claimed to be the most Conservative of all the candidates during the Republican primary? The same Mitt Romney who since wrapping up the R nomination has steadily moved more towards a more moderate position?
Are you referring to the Mitt Romney who constantly rails against Obamcare { Which is modeled after Romneycare} , yet as Gov of Mass felt it was a great model for the entire U.S.A. You do remember Santorum saying during the primaries that Mitt Romney was not only the last of the Rebublican candidates that would have any credibility to criticize Obamacare; but that he was the last man alive that would have any credibility in attacking Obamacare?
Are you referring to the Mitt Romney who constantly criticized Obamas entire foreign policy. Did you witness the last debate? Im referring to the foreign policy debate when Mitt Romney basically endorsed and supported most every part of Obamas foreign policy.
If you need some more things you may want to look up his various positions on such thing as
Abortion Rights
Social Security Privatization
The importance of hunting down & bringing to justice Osama Bin Laden
Gun Control
Immigration Amnesty
Minimum Wage
Stem Cell Research
Man made Global Warming
Roe v Wade
Captal Gains taxes
Dont ask Don't Tell
Health Care Mandates
Govt Stimulus
Campaign Spending Limits
Whether or not he felt a desire to serve his country in the Vietnam War
On anther note; Sirius/XM re-aired the debate hosted by Larry King with the other candidates running for POTUS on the POTUS Politics channel. That was more revealing and interesting than all the Obama/Romney canned debates combined! One can probably find it on youtube.
"All those things bother me: The populism, the lying and the scapegoating and the xenophobia bother me, but then theres a layer of incompetence here. I suppose, in a way, we should be thankful: If he had a coherent ideology, hed probably be more dangerous." P J O'Rourke
For what its worth, I still have yet to see an Obama campaign sign in the Florida Pan Handle. I'm sure glad I live down here. No Obama fans here. If Obama had his way we'd be hunting ducks with sticks. He's always been a advocate for Gun Control.
Last edited by gman0046; 10-29-2012 at 05:11 PM.
Posted by Smillerdvm - my replies in red
Abortion Rights - the majority of citizens support limited rights including rape & incest
Social Security Privatization - any young person who does not support this in some version is not very smart
The importance of hunting down & bringing to justice Osama Bin Laden - the seals took care of that issue
Gun Control - At the least he did not rent a costume from Sears for a photo op
Immigration Amnesty - it's a serious issue
Minimum Wage - not a decision government should be making
Stem Cell Research - what's your position?
Man made Global Warming - an opportunity to grow crops further north -
Roe v Wade - see abortion
Captal Gains taxes - when one makes an investment there should be a risk reward ratio
Dont ask Don't Tell - ever served your country - no normal male wants someone of the same sex coveting their junk
Health Care Mandates - the 1st mistake was mandating treatment for all who arrived
Govt Stimulus - stimulating one's political crony's
Campaign Spending Limits- I believe Citizen's United leveled that field
Whether or not he felt a desire to serve his country in the Vietnam War - the D's war
You're obviously a lefty, so what state are you from?
Marvin S
Everyone's friend is No One's friend
Someday your life will flash before your eyes. It's your responsibility to make sure it's worth watching!
Marvin, you have way more faith in the average American to manage his/her retirement investments than I do. On another thread you mentioned that you viewed the recent meltdown as a buying opportunity. So did I. In fact I had about 2 years of retirement investment cash laying around to invest because I felt very nervous about the markets. That amounted to 25% of my income for 2 years. Needless to say, I did VERY well. My bet is that most people sold into the free fall, and then were too nervous to invest when it was near the bottom. Human nature is to buy high flying stocks and sell when things look grave. I struggle to fight that tendency myself even though I know its wrong...
"For everyone to whom much is given, of him shall much be required." -- Luke 12:48
Raven - Moneybird's Black Magic Marker***
(Esprit's Power Play x Trumarc's Lean Cuisine)
Mick - Moneybird's Jumpin' Jack Flash***
(Clubmead's Road Warrior x Oakdale Whitewater Devil Dog)
Peerless - Moneybird's Sole Survivor
(Two River's Lucky Willie x Moneybird's Black Magic Marker)
BTW, back on the topic of this thread, here is a link to an interesting piece from Gov. Romney's hometown newspaper. Maybe it's old news but I just wanted to make sure everyone got a chance to see it ... I didn't notice it being brought up here. Maybe I missed it.
Edit: OK, so I didn't post the link. Here it is, not that anyone is interested. No one asked.
Last edited by JS; 10-30-2012 at 12:54 PM.
Dont wave your phony patriotism in MY face! If you really love America, open your wallet and hire an American kid to build what you buy. Doug Fraser (paraphrased) 1980
Real Americans buy American.
CPR HRCH Scott's Sweet Brandy
HR UH Scott's Little Pistol JH (Annie)
Kankakee River HRC
NRA Life Member

subset: commoncrawl


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3.3: Uncertainty in Measurements
Lesson Objectives
- Distinguish between accuracy and precision in measurements.
- Calculate the percent error of a measured quantity.
- Report measured values to the correct number of significant figures based on the measuring tool.
- Perform calculations with measured quantities, rounding the answers to the correct number of significant figures.
Lesson Vocabulary
- accepted value
- accuracy
- error
- experimental value
- percent error
- precision
- significant figures
Check Your Understanding
Recalling Prior Knowledge
- Suppose that a baseball pitcher throws very accurately. What does that mean? Is it different from throwing very precisely?
- When you make a measurement with a specific measuring tool, how well can you read that measurement? Will individual measurements have an affect on quantities that are calculated from those measurements?
When making a measurement, there is always going to be some uncertainty. Some of that uncertainty is related to the reliability of the measuring tool, while some of it is related to the skill of the measurer. When you are performing measurements, you should always strive for the greatest accuracy and precision that you possibly can (Figure below).
Students in a chemistry lab are separating a solution into volumetric flasks, which are each calibrated to hold a specific volume that is known to a high level of accuracy. The long thin stems of these flasks are designed to increase the precision with which a sample of this known volume can be produced.
Accuracy and Precision
In everyday speech, the terms accuracy and precision are frequently used interchangeably. However, their scientific meanings are quite different. Accuracy is a measure of how close a measurement is to the correct or accepted value of the quantity being measured. Precision is a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another. Precise measurements are highly reproducible, even if the measurements are not near the correct value.
Darts thrown at a dartboard are helpful in illustrating accuracy and precision (Figure below).
The distribution of darts on a dartboard shows the difference between accuracy and precision.
Assume that three darts are thrown at the dartboard, with the bulls-eye representing the true, or accepted, value of what is being measured. A dart that hits the bulls-eye is highly accurate, whereas a dart that lands far away from the bulls-eye displays poor accuracy. Pictured above are the four possible outcomes (Figure above).
(A) The darts have landed far from each other and far from the bulls-eye. This grouping demonstrates measurements that are neither accurate, nor precise.
(B) The darts are close to one another, but far from the bulls-eye. This grouping demonstrates measurements that are precise, but not accurate. In a laboratory situation, high precision with low accuracy often results from a systematic error. Either the measurer makes the same mistake repeatedly or the measuring tool is somehow flawed. A poorly calibrated balance may give the same mass reading every time, but it will be far from the true mass of the object.
(C) The darts are not grouped very near to each other, but they are generally centered around the bulls-eye. This demonstrates poor precision but fairly high accuracy. This situation is not desirable because in a lab situation, we do not know where the "bulls-eye" actually is. Continuing with this analogy, measurements are taken in order to find the bulls-eye. If we could only see the locations of the darts and not the bulls-eye, the large spread would make it difficult to be confident about where the exact center was, even if we knew that the darts were thrown accurately (which would correspond to having equipment that is calibrated and operated correctly).
(D) The darts are grouped together and have hit the bulls-eye. This demonstrates high precision and high accuracy. Scientists always strive to maximize both in their measurements. Turning back to our laboratory situation, where we can see the darts but not the bulls-eye, we have a much narrower range of possibilities for the exact center than in the less precise situation depicted in part C.
Percent Error
An individual measurement may be accurate or inaccurate, depending on how close it is to the true value. Suppose that you are doing an experiment to determine the density of a sample of aluminum metal. The accepted value of a measurement is the true or correct value based on general agreement with a reliable reference. For aluminum, the accepted density is 2.70 g/cm3. The experimental value of a measurement is the value that is measured during the experiment. Suppose that in your experiment you determine an experimental value of 2.42 g/cm3 for the density of aluminum. The error of an experiment is the difference between the experimental and accepted values.
- \begin{align*}\text{Error} = \text{experimental value} - \text{accepted value}\end{align*}
If the experimental value is less than the accepted value, the error is negative. If the experimental value is larger than the accepted value, the error is positive. Often, error is reported as the absolute value of the difference in order to avoid the confusion of a negative error. The percent error is the absolute value of the error divided by the accepted value and multiplied by 100%.
- \begin{align*}\text{Percent Error} = \dfrac{\vert \text{experimental value} - \text{accepted value} \vert}{\text{accepted value}} \times 100\%\end{align*}
To calculate the percent error for the aluminum density measurement, we can substitute the given values of 2.45 g/cm3 for the experimental value and 2.70 g/cm3 for the accepted value.
- \begin{align*}\text{Percent Error} = \dfrac{\vert 2.45 \ \text{g/cm}^3 - 2.70 \ \text{g/cm}^3 \vert}{2.70 \ \text{g/cm}^3} \times 100\% = 9.26\%\end{align*}
If the experimental value is equal to the accepted value, the percent error is equal to 0. As the accuracy of a measurement decreases, the percent error of that measurement rises.
Significant Figures in Measurements
Some error or uncertainty always exists in any measurement. The amount of uncertainty depends both upon the skill of the measurer and upon the quality of the measuring tool. While some balances are capable of measuring masses only to the nearest 0.1 g, other highly sensitive balances are capable of measuring to the nearest 0.001 g or even better. Many measuring tools such as rulers and graduated cylinders have small lines which need to be carefully read in order to make a measurement. Pictured below is an object (indicated by the blue arrow) whose length is being measured by two different rulers (Figure below).
With either ruler, it is clear that the length of the object is between 2 and 3 cm. The bottom ruler contains no millimeter markings, so the tenths digit can only be estimated, and the length may be reported by one observer as 2.5 cm. However, another person may judge that the measurement is 2.4 cm or perhaps 2.6 cm. While the 2 is known for certain, the value of the tenths digit is uncertain.
The top ruler contains marks for tenths of a centimeter (millimeters). Now, the same object may be measured as 2.55 cm. The measurer is capable of estimating the hundredths digit because he can be certain that the tenths digit is a 5. Again, another measurer may report the length to be 2.54 cm or 2.56 cm. In this case, there are two certain digits (the 2 and the 5), with the hundredths digit being uncertain. Clearly, the top ruler is a superior ruler for measuring lengths as precisely as possible.
Determining Significant Figures
The significant figures in a measurement consist of all the certain digits in that measurement plus one uncertain or estimated digit. In the ruler example, the bottom ruler gave a length with two significant figures, while the top ruler gave a length with three significant figures. In a correctly reported measurement, the final digit is significant but not certain. Insignificant digits are not reported. It would not be correct to report the length as 2.553 cm with either ruler because there is no possible way that the thousandths digit could be estimated. The 3 is not significant and would not be reported.
When you look at a reported measurement, it is necessary to be able to count the number of significant figures. The table below (Table below) details the rules for determining the number of significant figures in a reported measurement. For the examples in the table, assume that the quantities are correctly reported values of a measured quantity.
|1. All nonzero digits in a measurement are significant
A. 237 has three significant figures.
B. 1.897 has four significant figures.
|2. Zeros that appear between other nonzero digits are always significant.
A. 39,004 has five significant figures.
B. 5.02 has three significant figures.
|3. Zeros that appear in front of all of the nonzero digits are called left-end zeros. Left-end zeros are never significant.
A. 0.008 has one significant figure.
B. 0.000416 has three significant figures.
|4. Zeros that appear after all nonzero digits are called right-end zeros. Right-end zeros in a number that lacks a decimal point are not significant.
A. 140 has two significant figures.
B. 75,210 has four significant figures.
|5. Right-end zeros in a number with a decimal point are significant. This is true whether the zeros occur before or after the decimal point.
A. 620.0 has four significant figures.
B. 19,000. has five significant figures
It needs to be emphasized that just because a certain digit is not significant does not mean that it is not important or that it can be left out. Though the zero in a measurement of 140 may not be significant, the value cannot simply be reported as 14. An insignificant zero functions as a placeholder for the decimal point. When numbers are written in scientific notation, this becomes more apparent. The measurement 140 can be written as 1.4 × 102, with two significant figures in the coefficient. A number with left-end zeros, such as 0.000416, can be written as 4.16 × 10−4, which has 3 significant figures. In some cases, scientific notation is the only way to correctly indicate the correct number of significant figures. In order to report a value of 15,000,000 with four significant figures, it would need to be written as 1.500 × 107. The right-end zeros after the 5 are significant. The original number of 15,000,000 only has two significant figures.
Exact Quantities
When numbers are known exactly, the significant figure rules do not apply. This occurs when objects are counted rather than measured. In your science classroom, there may be a total of 24 students. The actual value cannot be 23.8 students, as there is no such thing as 8 tenths of a student. So the 24 is an exact quantity. Exact quantities are considered to have an infinite number of significant figures; the importance of this concept will be seen later when we begin looking at how significant figures are dealt with during calculations. Numbers in many conversion factors, especially for simple unit conversions, are also exact quantities and have infinite significant figures. There are exactly 100 centimeters in 1 meter and exactly 60 seconds in 1 minute. Those values are definitions and are not the result of a measurement.
Sample Problem 3.8: Counting Significant Figures
How many significant figures are there in each of the following measurements?
- 19.5 m
- 204.80 g
- 1.90 × 105 s
- 14 beakers
- 700 kg
Step 1: Plan the problem.
Follow the rules for counting the number of significant figures in a measurement, paying special attention to the location of zeros in each. Note each rule that applies according to the table above (Table above).
Step 2: Solve.
- three (rule one)
- two (rule three)
- five (rules two & five)
- three (rule five)
- infinite
- one (rule four)
The 14 beakers is a counted set of items and not a measurement, so it has an infinite number of significant figures.
- Count the number of significant figures in each measurement.
- 255 baseballs
- 435,210 m
- 40.1 kg
- 9.026 × 10−6 mm
Significant Figures in Calculations
Many reported quantities in science are the result of calculations involving two or more measurements. Density involves mass and volume, both of which are measured quantities. As an example, say that you have a precise balance that gives the mass of a certain object as 21.513 g. However, the volume is measured very roughly by water displacement, using a graduated cylinder that can only be read to the nearest tenth of a milliliter. The volume of the object is determined to be 8.2 mL. On a calculator, the density (mass divided by volume) would come out as 2.623536585 g/mL. Hopefully, it should be apparent that the calculator is giving us far more digits than we actually can be certain of knowing. In fact, the density should be reported as 2.6 g/mL. This is because the result of a calculated answer can be no more precise than the least precise measurement from which it was calculated. Since the volume was known only to two significant figures, the resultant density needs to be rounded to two significant figures.
Before we get to the specifics of the rules for determining the significant figures in a calculated result, we need to be able to round numbers correctly. To round a number, first decide how many significant figures the number should have. Once you know that, round to the correct number of digits, starting from the left. If the number immediately to the right of the last significant digit is less than 5, it is dropped, and the value of the last significant digit remains the same. If the number immediately to the right of the last significant digit is greater than or equal to 5, the last significant digit is increased by 1.
Consider the measurement 207.518 m. Right now, the measurement contains six significant figures. How would we successively round it to fewer and fewer significant figures? Follow the process listed below (Table below).
|Number of Significant Figures
|Rounded Value
|All digits are significant
|8 rounds the 1 up to 2
|2 is dropped
|5 rounds the 7 up to 8
|8 is replaced by a 0 and rounds the 0 up to 1
|1 is replaced by a 0
Significant Figures in Addition and Subtraction
Consider two separate mass measurements: 16.7 g and 5.24 g. The first mass measurement (16.7 g) is known only to the tenths place, which is one digit after the decimal point. There is no information about its hundredths place, so that digit cannot be assumed to be zero. The second measurement (5.24 g) is known to the hundredths place, which is two digits after the decimal point.
When these masses are added together, the result on a calculator is 16.7 + 5.24 = 21.94 g. Reporting the answer as 21.94 g suggests that the sum is known all the way to the hundredths place. However that cannot be true because the hundredths place of the first mass was completely unknown. The calculated answer needs to be rounded in such a way as to reflect the certainty of each of the measured values that contributed to it. For addition and subtraction problems, the answer should be rounded to the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the lowest number of decimal places. The sum of the above masses would be properly rounded to a result of 21.9 g.
When working with whole numbers, pay attention to the last significant digit that is to the left of the decimal point and round your answer to that same point. For example, consider the subtraction problem 78,500 m – 362 m. The calculated result is 78,138 m. However, the first measurement is known only to the hundreds place, as the 5 is the last significant digit. Rounding the result to that same point means that the final calculated value should be reported as 78,100 m.
Significant Figures in Multiplication and Division
The density of a certain object is calculated by dividing the mass by the volume. Suppose that a mass of 37.46 g is divided by a volume of 12.7 cm3. The result on a calculator would be:
The value of the mass measurement has four significant figures, while the value of the volume measurement has only three significant figures. For multiplication and division problems, the answer should be rounded to the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the lowest number of significant figures. Applying this rule results in a density of 2.95 g/cm3, which has three significant figures—the same as the volume measurement.
Note that the rule for multiplication and division problems is different than the rule for addition and subtraction problems. For multiplication and division, it is the number of significant figures that must be considered. For addition and subtraction, it is the position of the decimal place that determines the correct rounding. Review the sample problem below, paying special attention to this distinction.
Sample Problem 3.9: Significant Figures in Calculations
Perform the following calculations, rounding the answers to the appropriate number of significant figures.
- 0.048 m × 32.97 m
- 21.9 g – 19.417 g
- 14,570 kg ÷ 5.81 L
- 71.2 cm + 90 cm
Step 1: Plan the problem.
Decide which calculation rule applies. Analyze each of the measured values to determine how many significant figures should be in the result. Perform the calculation and round appropriately. Apply the correct units to the answer. When adding or subtracting, the units in each measurement must be identical and then remain the same in the result. When multiplying or dividing, the units are also multiplied or divided.
Step 2: Calculate.
- 0.048 m × 32.97 m = 1.6 m2 - Round to two significant figures because 0.048 has two.
- 21.9 g - 19.417 g = 2.5 g - Answer ends at the tenths place because of 21.9.
- 14,570 kg ÷ 5.81 L = 2510 kg/L - Round to three significant figures because 5.81 has three.
- 71.2 cm + 90 cm = 160 cm - Answer ends at the tens place because of 90.
- Solve each problem, rounding each answer to the correct number of significant figures.
- 132.3 g ÷ 29.600 mL
- 3.27 g/cm3 × 0.086 cm3
- 125 m + 61.3 m + 310 m
- A rectangular prism has dimensions of 3.7 cm by 4.81 cm by 1.90 cm. The mass of the prism is 49.72 g. Calculate its density. (Hint: Do the entire calculation without rounding until the final answer in order to reduce "rounding error.")
Lesson Summary
- Accuracy refers to how close a measured value is to the accepted value, whereas precision indicates how close individual measurements within a set are to each other.
- Percent error is the difference between the experimental and accepted values divided by the accepted value and multiplied by 100.
- The measuring tool dictates how many significant figures can be reported in a measurement. Significant figures include all of the certain digits plus one uncertain digit. A set of rules is followed for determining the number of significant figures in numbers that contain zeros. Counted quantities have infinite significant figures.
- For addition and subtraction problems, the answer should be rounded to the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the lowest number of decimal places. For multiplication and division problems, the answer should be rounded to the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the lowest number of significant figures.
Lesson Review Concepts
Reviewing Concepts
- The density of a sample of copper metal was determined by three different students (Table below). Each performed the measurement three times. Describe the accuracy and precision of each student's measurements. The accepted value for the density of copper is 8.92 g/cm3.
|Trial 1
|Trial 2
|Trial 3
- What is wrong with the following statement? "My measurement of 8.45 m for the width of the room is very precise."
- Consider the following 5 mL graduated cylinders, which contain identical quantities of liquid. Which cylinder yields a measurement with a greater number of significant figures? How many significant figures can be reported for each cylinder?
- Report the length measurement of the pink bar to the correct number of significant figures. Which digits in your measurement are certain? Which are uncertain?
- How many significant figures are in each of the following measurements?
- 9 potatoes
- 4.05 cm
- 0.0061 kg
- 50 mL
- 8.00 × 109 μg
- 720.00 s
- Round the measured quantity of 31.0753 g to each of the following amounts of significant figures.
- five
- four
- three
- two
- one
- Kyle measures the mass of a solid sample to be 8.09 g. The accepted value for the mass is 8.42 g. Calculate Kyle's percent error.
- Jamelle performs three separate determinations of the density of a mineral sample. She gets values of 4.58 g/cm3, 4.79 g/cm3, and 4.55 g/cm3.
- Calculate the average value of the density of the mineral.
- The deviation of a measured value is defined as the absolute value of the difference between the measured value and the average value: \begin{align*}\text{Deviation}=\vert \text{measured value} - \text{average value} \vert\end{align*}. Calculate the deviation for each of the three measurements. According to the deviations, which measurement appears to be poorest compared to the others?
- The average deviation is the sum of all the deviations divided by the total number of measurements. Calculate the average deviation of the three measurements.
- When average deviation is high, does that indicate good precision or poor precision in the measurements? Explain.
- Convert a measurement of 2.75 hours to seconds. Are the required conversion factors measured or exact quantities?
- Convert 466.84 cm to inches, given that 1 inch = 2.54 cm. The conversion factor between centimeters and inches is a measured quantity.
- Perform the following calculations and round to the correct number of significant figures.
- 78.2 g ÷ 32 cm3
- 3.0 m/s × 9.21 s
- 59 g + 4 g + 0.79 g
- 34,000 km − 2430 km
- (9.59 g + 1.098 g) ÷ 2.313 mL
Further Reading / Supplemental Links
- Tutorial on the Use of Significant Figures: http://www.chem.sc.edu/faculty/morgan/resources/sigfigs/index.html
- Another tutorial video can be found at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctj07mSIJ0w.
- Significant Figures Calculator: http://calculator.sig-figs.com/
- Winter, Paul K., Significant Figures. International Textbook Company, 1965.
Points to Consider
Measurements will be a constant consideration throughout your study of chemistry. Next you will begin a study of the atom, its component parts, and the evolution of the atomic model.
- Atoms are extremely small and extremely light. How do you think that the mass and size of an atom can be measured? Do you think the accuracy of these measurements has improved over time?
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PTT & Liverkick present "8 Limbs: Life of a Nak Muay" Episode 2!
- Written by Daniel Fletcher
From Phuket Top Team, presented by Liverkick.com!
Boyd from PTT is nothing if not enterprising. Muay Thai documentaries are always anticipated and appreciated; remember the mild furore when the Lumpinee one was announced and its trailers released? A fantastic way of promoting oneself whilst managing to entertain a legion of Muay Thai doco hungry fight fans.
This documentary is somewhat different from the norm, being released in multiple parts. It will follow several fighters, namely "Lucky", a former Rajadamnern and Lumpinee stadium fighter who suffered a nasty arm break one year ago and suffered a subsequent forced exile from the ring; Yoduman, a young boy of 13, with less than three months Muay Thai training but who has already fought three times - twice in Bangla Stadium - and has looked like a composed veteran in the process; Malik, a cocky 19yr old American Nak Muay with a Bangla Stadium title to his name, among other featured stars of the show.
Within the first year of existence, PTT has built up a large online presence through twitter and youtube videos, and has attracted top notch fighters to train there such as Roger Huerta, Mike Swick, Jorge Masvidal, Andrew Leone, and a handful of notable Muay Thai fighters and Brazilian Jiu Jitsu black belts. Now, the latest video trend is not an instructional, a seminar or even one of the boy's fights from Bangla Stadium... it is a documentary about Muay Thai from the perspective of several fighters from the camp, entitled "8 Limbs: Life of a Nak Muay".
Here is episode 2:
Stay tuned to liverkick for the next episode of this ongoing documentary series, and follow @PhuketTopTeam on twitter.


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Track Hindprints are about 1 1/4" (30 mm) long when heel shows, with 5 toes; foreprints smaller and rounder, with 4 toes showing. Trail of hopping animal has hindprints in front of foreprints.
Sign Remnants of food items such as fir seeds and other seeds and fruits. Grass nests may be above or below ground.


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FORT WAYNE, Ind.—Members of IPFW Enactus recently spent a weekend in Chicago taking part in a regional competition where they were ranked as champions, and now they're getting ready to compete at the national level in Kansas City in May.
Enactus stands for entrepreneurship, action, and us. It is an international organization that according to its website "…brings together student, academic, and business leaders who are committed to using the power of entrepreneurial action to enable progress around the world. Guided by faculty advisors and business experts, participating students form teams on their campuses to create and implement community projects that empower people to improve their quality of life and standard of living."
IPFW's Enactus projects include Mastodon Market, an online resource for IPFW students looking to save on textbook costs; and Fresh Food Initiative (FFI), a community garden project in which investors decide what produce to plant in raised beds that will be tended to by Burmese immigrants specifically hired for this job. Some of the outcomes for FFI last year were raising 6,000 pounds of produce for use by consumers and the Burmese community and the opportunity for the Burmese employees to improve their conversational English and communication skills. This year, FFI hopes to produce 12,000 pounds of food.
The third project, Barnabas Task, involves raising funds to continue and improve the distribution of clean water to residents of Cien Fuegos in the Dominican Republic.
The students who took part in the presentations at the competition are:
They were accompanied by the following team support members:
For more information, contact Nichaya Suntornpithug, associate professor of marketing, at 260-481-0183 or email@example.com.


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- 6 years ago by Liana Maeby
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The more we find out about 17-year-old Ali Lohan's new modeling career, the more disheartened we feel. First there were allegations of plastic surgery and extreme weight loss, and now we see that the fruit of Ali's labors have added over-sexualization to the list of offenses.Her first job, for the jean brand PRVCY, has her looking all pouty with her midriff bared and her ass in the air. Appropriate behavior from a minor, no? More


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Audeo Phonak PFE112 Revision II Earphones
" From my point of view these are excellent, both in terms of sound and isolation, plus they look extremely elegant. I am not a 'golden ear' and can't really say much about the harmonics and sound spectrum as I'm really a complete noob here. However even for me I think I'd like a bit more punchy and powerful bass. Nevertheless the sound is basically music to the ears. I..." --iXpertMan
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With past whimsical electronic pop classics like Southern Lights and Lost Soul Music, SJD sure is a unique Kiwi music-maker. You might remember the magical Superman, You're Crying and the cruisy ad jingle-like mantra of Tree People from those respective records?
On his sixth album - the follow-up to the punchy and sometimes funky Dayglo Spectres from 2008 - he goes back to his solo electronic knob-twiddling roots, similar to his self-released debut, 3, from 1999. Elastic Wasteland, though, is a more refined and regal set of songs conjured up with just synthesizers, drum machines and his calming voice.
As the man himself, real name Sean James Donnelly, says, "no acoustic instruments were harmed, or even used, in the making of Elastic Wasteland".
It's been a longer wait than usual between albums because since Dayglo he has been laid low with a bout of ill health, and musically he has also co-produced and played keyboards in Neil Finn's Pajama Club, formed the Bellbirds with Don McGlashan, and recorded an all-star cover of Chris Knox's Not Given Lightly for the Breast Cancer Foundation.
The thing about Elastic Wasteland is that it's often melancholic in mood and frosty sounding, but somehow always inviting and intriguing.
At times it is pulsing, beautiful, and slightly menacing dance music for slipper-wearing lounge lizards, like on the distorted glitch and enchanting pulse of Empty World and thrumming opener and standout track The Lizard Kings.
But you'll well and truly kick those slippers off to the tremulous Kraftwerk beats and cylon vocoder vocals of Jumping Over Fences, and the sci-fi house of Hypnotised by Roads, which is the most oonst-influenced SJD has ever been.
Then there's the contrast between songs like the noisy modern shoegaze and ambient swirl of Lena, the singer-songwriter electronica of Song of Baal and the quiet, almost hymnal closer Wolves. It's stunning stuff.
And lyrically he's at his best with lines like "give thanks to the lizard lords on high" (The Lizard Kings) and "deflating in the corner to distorted disco tunes, with drunk uncles breathing fumes" from On the Driveway, all delivered in that lovely languid voice of his.
Donnelly has never done a dud album, and he's not about to start now, even when he's come up with something quite different from what he's created before. Elastic Wasteland is bold and unique, yet effortless, charming and masterfully crafted.
Stars: 4.5/5
Verdict: Another gem, only this time it's entirely synth-powered
Click here to buy a copy of Elastic Wasteland by SJD.
- TimeOut


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Its that time of the year again when District Membership chairs, Troop and Pack Committee Chairs, and leaders all over Scouting start seeking out the future of the program. Yes ladies and gentlemen, its recruiting season in the BSA and the fever pitch ramping up.
With a new and exciting program delivery method for the Cub Scout program hitting the shelves, and the BSA's commitment to enhancing the recruiting effort through the BeAScout program, you can see that an effort this year on membership is a high priority.
Membership is the life blood of any organization, and Scouting is no exception… but that really goes without saying, right?
Whiz Bang programs, fancy fliers, and cool websites are great tools in the recruiting effort, but I will share with you a tried an true secret to effective recruiting.
A GREAT PROGRAM at the unit level. No matter what type of a unit it is, Cub Scout Pack, Boy Scout Troops, or Venture Crews.. if you build it (the program) they will come.
I call this the "Field of Dreams" philosophy.
Simply put, you need a great program to both sustain membership and recruit new members.
So the question then is how do build this great program?
Let me give you a few tips that have worked for me. I apologize to the Cub Scout leaders at this point because I will really only focus on the programs that are Scout led (Boy Scouts and Venture Scouts).
And having said that… that is the first key. SCOUT LEADERSHIP.
The Scouts need to be the owners of the plan, they need to be the decision makers of the plan, and they need to be, with assistance, coaching, and support of adults, the folks that execute the plan. Ownership in their plan leads to leadership development and action.
An annual plan that allows the Scouts to use their imagination, test their skills, seek adventure, and challenge themselves are key. Allow them to develop that plan. The beauty is that imagination, skill levels, adventure and challenge are extremely subjective and can be tailored to any type of unit.
Allow the Senior Patrol leader or Crew President the chance to lead. They will develop the right course of action when they understand that leadership requires them to provide Purpose (through their Vision and plan) Direction, by communicating their plan and setting an example of skills, attitudes, and Scout like behavior, and Motivation.
But how does this get new Scouts into your unit?
When parents see a unit operating the right way, they want to learn more. Understanding that it is not always pretty (but that's the Scoutmaster and Committee chairs job to communicate that to the new parent) and that this is the simple design of the founder Baden Powell, the parent will soon see that in order for their son to get the most out of his Scouting experience, he needs to be in a unit that has a great program.
We will talk more about the other pieces to building the program in the next few posts.. so stay tuned!
Have a Great Scouting Day


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Well, Lei, I think we need to add Marilyn in to our sisterhood....she used one of the same techniques I did, too! They arrived safe and sound, Marilyn and they are adorable!!
Whew... Glad they arrived safely and I would be honored to be in your sisterhood, you two long-losts!


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14.8: Venus
"Venus favors the bold". — Ovid, a Roman poet.
Our nearest planetary neighbor, Venus, was named after the Roman goddess of love because it appeared as the brightest and most beautiful star in the skies. Most of the planet's features are named for real or mythological women.
Venus' thick clouds reflect sunlight well, so Venus is very bright. When it is visible, Venus is the brightest object in the sky besides the Sun and the Moon. Because the orbit of Venus is inside Earth's orbit, Venus always appears close to the Sun. When Venus rises just before the Sun rises, the bright object is called the morning star. When it sets just after the Sun sets, it is the evening star.
Of the planets, Venus is most similar to Earth in size and density. Venus is also our nearest neighbor. The planet's interior structure is similar to Earth's, with a large iron core and a silicate mantle (Figure below). But the resemblance between the two inner planets ends there.
Find out more about Venus at the following link: http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/venus_worldbook.html.
Venus's interior is similar to Earth's.
Venus rotates in a direction opposite the other planets and opposite to the direction it orbits the Sun. This rotation is extremely slow, only one turn every 243 Earth days. This is longer than a year on Venus — it takes Venus only 224 days to orbit the Sun.
Extreme Atmosphere
Venus is covered by a thick layer of clouds, as shown in pictures of Venus taken at ultraviolet wavelengths (Figure below).
This ultraviolet image from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter shows thick layers of clouds in the atmosphere of Venus.
Venus' clouds are not made of water vapor like Earth's clouds. Clouds on Venus are made mostly of carbon dioxide with a bit of sulfur dioxide. They also contain corrosive sulfuric acid. Because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, the atmosphere traps heat from the Sun and creates a powerful greenhouse effect. Even though Venus is further from the Sun than Mercury, the greenhouse effect makes Venus the hottest planet. Temperatures at the surface reach 465oC (860oF). That's hot enough to melt lead.
The atmosphere of Venus is full of acid, its pressure is crushing, and the enormous amount of carbon dioxide causes runaway greenhouse effect (4d): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqFVxWfVtoo (2:05).
The atmosphere of Venus is so thick that the atmospheric pressure on the planet's surface is 90 times greater than the atmospheric pressure on Earth's surface. The dense atmosphere totally obscures the surface of Venus, even from spacecraft orbiting the planet.
Venus's Surface
Since spacecraft cannot see through the thick atmosphere, radar is used to map Venus' surface. Many features found on the surface are similar to Earth and yet are very different. Figure below shows a topographical map of Venus produced by the Magellan probe using radar.
This false color image of Venus was made from radar data collected by the Magellan probe between 1990 and 1994. What features can you identify?
Orbiting spacecraft have used radar to reveal mountains, valleys, and canyons. Most of the surface has large areas of volcanoes surrounded by plains of lava. In fact, Venus has many more volcanoes than any other planet in the solar system, and some of those volcanoes are very large.
Most of the volcanoes are no longer active, but scientists have found evidence that there is some active volcanism (Figure below). Think about what you know about the geology of Earth and what produces volcanoes. What does the presence of volcanoes suggest about the geology of Venus? What evidence would you look for to find the causes of volcanism on Venus?
This image of the Maat Mons volcano with lava beds in the foreground was generated by a computer from radar data. The reddish-orange color is close to what scientists think the color of sunlight would look like on the surface of Venus.
Venus also has very few impact craters compared with Mercury and the Moon. What is the significance of this? Earth has fewer impact craters than Mercury and the Moon, too. Is this for the same reason that Venus has fewer impact craters?
It's difficult for scientists to figure out the geological history of Venus. The environment is too harsh for a rover to go there. It is even more difficult for students to figure out the geological history of a distant planet based on the information given here. Still, we can piece together a few things.
On Earth, volcanism is generated because the planet's interior is hot. Much of the volcanic activity is caused by plate tectonic activity. But on Venus, there is no evidence of plate boundaries and volcanic features do not line up the way they do at plate boundaries.
Because the density of impact craters can be used to determine how old a planet's surface is, the small number of impact craters means that Venus' surface is young. Scientists think that there is frequent, planet-wide resurfacing of Venus with volcanism taking place in many locations. The cause is heat that builds up below the surface, which has no escape until finally it destroys the crust and results in volcanoes.
- Venus has a very thick, carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere, so the planet has a very strong greenhouse effect.
- The surface of Venus has very few impact craters, so it must be very young. This suggests that the planet experiences volcanism and has a hot interior.
- Venus has a lot of volcanoes, including some very large ones.
Use this resource to answer the questions that follow.
1. How long is a day on Venus?
2. How is Venus similar to Earth?
3. Describe Venus' atmospheric composition.
4. What is the average temperature of Venus?
5. What is the rain on Venus?
6. How bright does Venus look to us?
7. Describe the conditions on Venus' surface.
8. What is Sif Mons?
9. How would a probe last on Venus?
10. What country successfully landed probes on Venus?
Want to know more about Venus? See https://www.windows2universe.org/venus/venus.html.
1. Under what conditions is a planet subject to such a large greenhouse effect?
2. Why does the number of impact craters on the surface of a planet indicate the conditions found in the interior?
3. Why does Venus always appear to be near the Sun when viewed from Earth?
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Fall's New Beauty Trends to Try Now
Half-Up: A bob that hits just above the shoulders balances nearly every face shape, depending on how you style it. Pulling it half-up accentuates your cheekbones.
To The Side: A deep side part is equally glamorous and elegant.
Curled Under: The side-part adds a modern element to this retro look—use hot rollers to achieve a smooth curl and pin in place to set.
Side Bun: Keep hair off your neck with a beachy bun shifted to the side to add interest.
Loose Waves: Subtle layers at the bottom of this cut add movement and break up the bulk of long hair; curl the lower half and comb out waves with your fingers for a laidback look.
Breezy Braid: A long haircut easily lends itself to a lengthy braid (no need for extensions here!). Let a few wisps fall around your face for a windswept feel.
Dive Right In: How To Look Good Wet


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Faculty, trustee honored as Liberty Fellows for leadership
By Liz White, email@example.com, 803-777-5400
Two USC faculty members and a Board of Trustees member have been chosen as Liberty Fellows for their leadership roles in South Carolina.
Dirk Brown, director of the Faber Entrepreneurship Center and a clinical assistant professor at the Darla Moore School of Business, and Danielle Holley-Walker, the associate dean of academic affairs and professor with the School of Law, were among 23 leaders from around South Carolina selected to be a part of the 2014 class of Liberty Fellows.
Leah Moody, a Board of Trustees member and USC law alumna, also will join the class.
The Liberty Fellowship is a two-year program in conjunction with the Aspen Institute and Wofford College that brings together South Carolina's top leaders, ages 30 – 45. The fellows attend four rigorous seminars over a two-year period where they will reflect on what they think makes a just society, thereby deepening knowledge, broadening perspectives and enhancing their capacity to solve the problems leaders face. One of these seminars is the Aspen Institute Globalization Seminar, where they will interact with other fellows from around the world. Additionally, each fellow selects a project of his/her choosing to strengthen the state.
"The fellows in this class represent a wealth of varied experiences, remarkable individual successes and a shared, keen focus on South Carolina's challenges and potential," Hayne Hipp, Liberty Fellowship founder, said in a statement.
Brown founded Pandoodle Corporation, a digital media technology company with offices in California, New York and South Carolina. As an executive, he has a track record of developing, marketing and licensing disruptive, proprietary technologies.
Holley-Walker has published several articles on civil rights and education issues. Her ongoing research focuses on issues of educational equity and public school governance. Before becoming a professor she practiced civil litigation in Houston and clerked for Judge Carl E. Stewart in the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.
"I'm just happy to have been chosen and I look forward to learning a lot in the program and to being able to complete my project that will hopefully benefit the people of South Carolina," Holley-Walker said.
Six other USC alumni were chosen as a part of the program, which recognizes leaders who have been successful in their chosen field and are involved heavily in their communities. They include Catherine Templeton, juris doctor; Bruce Bannister, juris doctor; Eleanor Dunlap, bachelor's degree in psychology and master's degree in public health; Julie Medich, juris doctor; Bratton Riley, juris doctor and master's in international business administration; and Walter Tobin, master's and doctoral degrees in education administration and an education specialist degree in teaching. The South Carolina Honors College boasts having at least one alumnus in every Liberty Fellows class since 2007.
The Liberty Fellowship was established in 2002 to build on the success of the Aspen Institute locally in South Carolina. Fellows are selected by nomination and supported by senior advisors. Through participation in forums, action groups and an annual summit, they share expertise, explore solutions and provide continued leadership to the organization and the state.
News and Internal Communications


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So who's started this one? I'd love to be able to say I'm in that camp, but I went into Barnes&Noble today to pick one up and they didn't have any out. So I went and asked someone if maybe I got the date wrong and it doesn't come out today. She goes and looks on the shelf (yeah..excuse me... I did that already. Otherwise I wouldn't come ask you...) and then asks her manager or whoever, then comes back and says "it's not shelved yet."
"Doesn't it come out today?" I ask.
"Yeah. It's probably in a box in the back. Why don't you come back in a couple days?" she responds.
"OR...I could just go buy it from someone who isn't a lazyass slacker. Thanks." and I walked out.
But then I went to Wal-Mart, and Target and they don't have them out either.
So I'll have to get it tomorrow AT WALDENBOOKS (I'm not getting it at B&N on principle now...).
So...who's reading it?


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Since nobody reads this I might as well delete the blog. But since I can't figure out how to delete my Advogato account I might as well bring it up-to-date. Somewhat at least.
So these days I live in Oslo, work for Trolltech on Qt and other projects such as WebKit. Besides that I try to contribute to KDE from time to time as well as to Git through the git perforce integration.


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As part of DCOTA's Winter Market, the design center feted Stars of Design award-winners Nancy Ellison, Douglas Hutton, Debra Yates and Arlene Workman, among others.
Barclay Butera, Stian Roenning, Alyse Dina-Roenning, Jenny Zalkin, Wade Hallock, Benjamin Burle
For two days, DCOTA played host to a glittering range of events, including keynote addresses, book signings, panel discussions, showroom soirees and an awards presentation. –Photos by Brett Hufziger


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Even in the last game of the regular season, the Marlies had a 1st to celebrate. Tyler Biggs recorded his 1st AHL/Pro goal with the 1st tally of the game vs St. John's. Biggs collected 26 this past season with the Generals in the OHL and had 9 with Miami of Ohio one year before in the NCAA. The former Maple Leaf's 1st round pick became the 9th Marlie player this season to record his 1st AHL goal in the 2012-2013 campaign. Congrats, Tyler!
Looking back on the year that […]


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Presidential Symposium
Learning and Memory: Molecules to Mind
Friday, May 24, 2013,
For well over a century, a major topic of research for psychological scientists has been the psychological and biological and processes associated with how we learn and remember everything from simple behaviors to complex information. In this Presidential Symposium, four distinguished psychological scientists will present how learning and memory is studied from different perspectives and different levels of analyses. Ted Abel will provide a summary of his work on cellular/molecular mechanisms of long-term memory storage. Michael Fanselow will speak about how fear is learned and how fear memories are stored in the brain. Elizabeth Phelps will present her work on using a multi-pronged cognitive neuroscience approach to explore the neural systems involved in human learning and memory and their relation to emotion. Elizabeth Loftus will present her work on human memory and how memories can be modified by facts, ideas, suggestions, and other post-event information.


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Posting from my dorm at CMU. julian is right across from me, and it's rather late. More later, I suppose -- I'm somewhat overwhelmed right now.
Posting from my dorm at CMU. julian is right across from me, and it's rather late. More later, I suppose -- I'm somewhat overwhelmed right now.
I post this from the computer the good folks at work gave to me as a going away present, the night before I leave for Carnegie Mellon. My emotions are legion.
First post from my new sony vaio r505 -- wireless! Yeah, baby! Yes, I saw Austin Powers 3 last night, and didn't like it nearly as much as the first two. It was relatively short, but it felt so long... Anyway, I was pretty bummed when i arrived home with my new laptop and a new router/switch/wireless access point to use as the main connection to the cablemodem instead of the machine I'll be taking to school, and found out that the cable net connection had gone down mysteriously. Because other people need to use the phone, I couldn't stay on the phone with ultimately unhelpful tech support people who claimed they needed to rehash /everything/ in the first tiers of support before they'd let me talk to somehone helpful.. when i finally got that, he told me to just unplug everything and wait. Apparently, the modem was being very stubborn about who it recognized as connected to it -- that is, in recognizing nothing at all. Because of all the wonderful time I spent on hold, I was finally able to type my roommate for this fall, Rahul, a decent email describing (so far) my family.
So I come downstairs now before work to just check it out, and yippee. I've yet to see how far I can roam around with the laptop and maintain decent signal strength, but hopefully it'll be at least to the hammock in the back yard :)
As for the r505e, only two things bother me now -- the sizes of teh right shift and tab keys. Other than those tiny ones, the rest of the keyboard is just as hard as any other laptop's for me to type on. WRT the rest of the system, I haven't been able to do anything yet. Seems the internal minipci card is an orinoco, which should have decent support. Will look into slapping linux on here after a repartition/windows reinstall and we'll go from there.
This is fun, this no-wires business.
My family and I took off for a week and went to the shore at Wildwood, New Jersey. Stayed in a suite-like hotel/motel thing, whose main attractions were across-the-street proximity to an attractive blend of sand and ocean and a pool. 1970s-esque orange shag carpet just doesn't get me going.
Nonetheless in typical fat really white guy fashion, I didn't spend that much time on the beach during the day (I've never actually been a huge fan of the beach, regardless of my size or ability to tan others with the intense light I reflect off of my many folds of skin). I basically stayed inside and read. I'm going to comment a bit on the stuff I read, more for my own interests, but feel free to read on.
Fitzgerald, F. Scott. This Side of Paradise. Since The Great Gatsby is my favorite book, I had some high expectations of the book that gave Fitzgerald initial critical and more importantly, financial success. From what I know of his life, the novel is somewhat autobiographical (as was Gatsby). But I really didn't like it. I read elsewhere that he wrote it originally as The Romantic Egotist but that was rejected by publishers, so later he revised and added to it. Maybe that's partly the reason it seemed disjointed at times. It also felt like Fitzgerald was just throwing crap down on the pages sometimes, in comparison to the beautiful phrasing, language, and description he showed he was capable of in Gatsby. Other parts seemed to rely too much on high intellectualization (if that's the proper description) -- so much so that the meanings were dissipated. Regardless of what, exactly, though, I didn't like, I had to fight through to finish the novel. And I didn't feel particularly enriched.
Sparks, Nicholas. A Walk to Remember. My mom and sister both really loved this novel, and while I derived a decent amount of enjoyment from the basic plotline, it was trite. And I can't really imagine pop MTV celebrity Mandy Moore as the loving, selfless, unadorned, humble Jamie. Ugh. I also found it hard to swallow lots of the descriptions and the sudden, overarching changes that occur to the characters, who had been initially set up to be fairly static, as well as the events that take place to cause some of those changes and as a result of those changes. Furthermore, there are lots of underdeveloped tangents that should have either been finished or removed -- they cluttered up the novel and led me to believe that Sparks is an inexpert author. While I recognize Sparks isn't a Hemingway, he should realize that his audience isn't all going to swoon at yet another Carolina coming-of-age teenage love story and completely discount numerous flaws.
Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. My sister Kate got this because she needed to read it for school, and upon her friend's remark that she hated reading it, I had to find out for myself. Plus, I hadn't read anything more than short passages from Hemingway. At any rate, I absolutely loved it. Its language is simple, and it's short too -- only around 130 pages, double-spaced. But it's a perfectly, elegantly crafted novel -- it shows what literature can be. His style is refreshing, as well (especially after reading This Side of Paradise, which can get rather long-winded) because of the shortish sentences and understandable language. The story is simple, too -- an old man, amidst seemingly permanent defeat, continues to press onwards and meets eventually with the perfect opponent, one who draws all the best qualities of the man. Not absent are rich imagery and symbolism. I thought it was simply beautiful.
Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire I gobble up the Harry Potter books. I read this one right when it came out and read it again on vacation -- apt for what I would call escapist literature. I've got some questions regarding plot progression on this one, but nothing at all that impacted my (immense) enjoyment of the book. And since it's rather fat, I was able to keep reading for a while. I can't wait for the fifth book to come out. Incidentally, I rather liked the movie made from the first book, too.
Crichton, Michael. Airframe. This is another re-read of escapist stuff that I rather liked. I couldn't find my copy of Timeline, my favorite Crichton novel (but did find cheap audio tapes at a book warehouse thing on the boardwalk, yay), so I brought this. It's an exciting page-turner. As with the rest of Crichton's work, I appreciate the accuracy he attempts to imbue into his fiction.
Vonnegut, Kurt. Cat's Cradle. I had never read any Vonnegut before this, but had heard wonderful things from classmates who had and my newspaper advisor. I really liked Cat's Cradle -- not only because Bonononism is ingenious and the work makes you think and the author is obviously very good at stringing words together and has a vibrant imagination and can express that to the reader, but because it read like an action novel. I didn't know that I appreciated that, but I think to a fair extent I do. Vonnegut's writing (although divided up into a hundred-some chapters of a couple pages each) wasn't choppy at all to me and fascinatingly fluid. I really liked it. However, I thought it would have been cool if he had included an appendix on Bokononism -- even just a collection of the writings of Bokonon in the book -- somewhat like Orwell did with Newspeak in 1984.
Girzone, Joseph. Joshua. This is another one Mom loved. And I liked sections of this too, but like A Walk to Remember there were tangents unrealized and some hefty assumptions and action and change without enough reason for doing so. But the essential message of the book -- that religion as it is today is not how God or Jesus intends it to be -- a somewhat authoritarian regime wherein the people are restrained from true growth in their faiths and relationships with God because of interdenominational and interreligious quarreling and an unspoken "I'm better than you because I'm <insert faith here>" as well as insincere clergy and insitutions based upon regulating and maintaining control of people and treating the enterprise of faith as a corporate endeavor rather than the enterprise of love and brotherhood it should be -- that essential message was a good one. Especially having read it in the wake of Catholic sexual abuse scandal -- which, in my never-humble opinion, has been perpetuated because bishops are not close to their people -- they decree instead of guide.
Adams, Douglas. The Salmon of Doubt. This final collection of Adams' unpublished or published-far-too-thinly material was marvelous. I've long been a fan of the Hitchhiker's Guides but hadn't read his shorter pieces, which are hilarious and wonderful jaunts through the highly entertaining mind of a genius. And he was a geek, too!
Adams, Douglas and John Lloyd. The Meaning of Liff. Funny as hell.
I also read some little-known essays from Ben Franklin, published collectively under the title Fart Proudly. I particularly liked his treatise on how to choose a mistress :)
So those are the books I felt like writing a bit about.
Since I seem so much more inclined to read literature than, say, Perl code, maybe I should change my major to English and (as julian put it) follow the path of my favorite saint.
I've had to use PHP for a couple things at work recently, and although it can be a very handy tool for stuff on the web, I'm finding that I dislike it as a language. At times it seems nicely put together, but others hastily thrown into a pile. And when core language functions don't act like all the manuals say they should, it can get ultimately frustrating.
Anyway, kung fu tonight, but also my friend's band ernie's penultimate show -- they are breaking up after the 19th of July. That's sad, as I really liked them, but hopefully their sound will reappear as they move on to new projects. Not sure which I'll be going to -- it's always a test of my resolve on Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays whether I should go to an extremely tiring (physically and mentally -- it is very frustrating to not be able to do things you want to do and that others do so easily -- having a mirrored wall reflect your failures every time you look at it is no fun) kung fu session or try to find something else much more important. I feel like such a little kid sometimes -- I've thought about faking sick a couple times to avoid it, but really, I'd just be lying to myself. I really do want to be in some sort of acceptable physical state before I go away to Carnegie Mellon in a month and a half.
I got my first paycheck of the summer. Work really isn't that bad, after all.
So, I graduated from high school (salesianum.org) with a bit over a 4.0 gpa. I think my graduation speech went over very well, too.
I'm working again this summer at Aloysius Butler & Clark (a-b-c.com).
I figured some people might like to read it, but I don't want to clutter up the recentlog, so visit http://combustiblefruit.org/graduation_speech.html to read my graduation speech. It's good, really. Or my mom told me it was... :)
Cool stuff from the winners of the google programming contest (http://www.google.com/programming-contest/winner.html). I especially liked the winner's idea...
going in to school *again* today... when I don't have to. I spent all these months previous whining about how much I just wanted it to end and now I'm like a junkie going back for more.'
Ernie show tonight!
I forgot to mention... I'm done with high school classes now. Only thing left is to polish up my speech and graduate!
New HTML Parser: The long-awaited libxml2 based HTML parser code is live. It needs further work but already handles most markup better than the original parser.
Keep up with the latest Advogato features by reading the Advogato status blog.
If you're a C programmer with some spare time, take a look at the mod_virgule project page and help us with one of the tasks on the ToDo list!


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Enjoy these wonderful cinnamon rolls made with Gold Medal® all-purpose flour.
After placing slices in pan, cover tightly with plastic wrap or foil and refrigerate 4 to 24 hours. Before baking, remove from refrigerator; remove plastic wrap or foil and cover loosely with plastic wrap. Let rise in a warm place about 2 hours or until dough has doubled in size. If some rising has occurred in the refrigerator, rising time may be less than 2 hours. Bake as directed.
Place a piece of dental floss under the roll, bring ends of floss up and crisscross at top of roll, then pull ends in opposite directions.
© 2017 ®/TM General Mills All Rights Reserved


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For assistance in locating "court-certified" American Sign Language interpreters and the most qualified interpreters for languages for which certified and provisionally certified interpreters are not listed on the registry, contact the following:
- Email: Interpreter Coordinators or call:
- Adriana Hinojosa (Omaha), 402-250-0041
- Raul Escobar (Lincoln), 402-440-9989
- Jennifer Verhein (Statewide Language Access Coordinator), 402-471-8854
If a Nebraska Court Interpreter is not available, judges, court, and probation staff should access the Language Line (username and password will be required to log in).
Please note: The year next to the interpreters' status (certified, registered, other) is the year they attained that status in Nebraska. Some interpreters may have attained the status in a different state in a previous year, but for purposes of this registry, the year noted is the year in which they attained the status in Nebraska.


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Unlike most commercially available chocolate biscotti, these have a deep chocolaty flavor.
Leave a Review
I just made this recipe. It's my go to biscotti recipe. They always turn out perfect, no problem with crumbling with a good serrated knife and 10 minutes of cooling from the first bake. I added walnuts and semi sweet chocolate chips but next time I'll try some of the additions others have mentioned. I mistakenly added a little too much flour so it was necessary to add some milk to loosen up the dough a bit. They turned out great! This page won't allow me to add my location but I'm in CO at 5000' and no adjustments were needed for altitude.
Tried this recipe for the first time and had difficulty getting all the nuts and chips in the dough. I don't know if I chopped the nuts too fine in the the food processor, although I thought they were just small. Or, did I mix the dough too long before I added the chip/nuts mixture. Anyone else have this problem? Haven't tasted the biscotti yet but it smells wonderful and I'm sure my husband will like them a lot.
What can I say, these put a big smile on my overworked, stressed out husband's face, every time he goes back to sneak another! A few cracked as I was slicing, but most did not, they are so delicious. I would gladly skip dinner for them!.
just made them for Christmas presents that I vaccum seal in quart jars and give out to friends and family-great recipe.
I've made these crunchy, dippable biscotti dozens of times over the years. I generally substitute whole almonds or pecans for the walnuts because they irritate my mouth, but the walnuts taste best. This should come together into a stiff dough, be ready with an additional egg if it stays dry and loose. I wouldn't try these without a strong stand mixer and a very good serrated knife.
These are pretty good biscotti. I gave a 3 only because I modified the original by adding vanilla and also almond extracts which made the cookies taste better in my opinion. I used pecans (only because those were the nuts that I had at home) which tasted good in the recipe. I did not have any problem with the slicing either. I used a sharp knife. No need to use an electric knife. I baked 35 minutes and then let cool about 20 minutes and then baked 15 minutes at 250. I like my biscotti a bit crunchier, but that is just personal preference. I might make them with oil next time since biscotti are generally made with oil and not butter.
Fantastic biscotti recipe. I make a lot of biscotti, and as long as you take care in the slicing (with a good serrated knife and careful cutting) they won't crumble too much. These have a nice deep flavor and are just delicious. I made them first with the nuts and they are best that way. I had to make them without nuts for my daughter's school, and used white chocolate chips instead - and I didn't think they were nearly as good. Give them a try though - so good!
This was my first attempt at Biscotti. Very tasty and only a bit crumbly. I used my electric knife to slice as suggested.
My husband proclaimed these the best chocolate biscotti he ever ate. As one reviewer suggested, I used 1/2 cup of oil instead of the butter. Easy and delicious.
My husband loves this biscotti. I usually dip one side in dark chocolate.


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First... what IS a British lab? Is it an import? Is it the off-spring of imports? Is there a certain % of the genetic material that has to be from "British" Labs? Is it a deliberate strategy by US breeders to exclude American/Canadian lines from a pedigree? Do "British" labs have a different conformation? ARe they less susceptible to, i.e., not carriers of hereditary maladies? (And if you narrow any gene pool... aren't you inviting a whole 'nother set of genetic problems?)
The labs I see on You Tube clips from UK FT's look lean and muscular about like the ones you see around here. And they were beautifully under control... but they were competing on a Championship level, so... I'd expect they would have been trained to excel at the sport the way the Brits play it.
Are there breeders in Great Britain who advertise "North American Labrador" puppies?
Are Golden Retriever breeders in the US smitten with "British" Goldens?
Does anyone in the UK have the stuff it would take to try the truly American Retriever... the Chessie.
But mostly... do "British Lab" owners in the US have a fondness for tweed and Wellies and send their dogs with the wrong hand?


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Date Posted: January 9, 2009 - 5:45 am by: Bashcab
|Amanda Bynes
I mean, wow, look at that body. What are they feeding the young Hollywood stars these days? Amanda Bynes is seriously sexy in this tight dress she wore at the 14th VH1 Annual Critic's Choice Awards last night. Her legs are old news – we all knows she's got nice stems. Take a nice, long look at her cleavage and hips. Man, I believe she's the hottest chick to attend the Awards last night. Amanda should dress up like this more often.
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Can a smartphone app help you lose weight?
SPOKANE, Wash. - Losing weight is always the top New Year's Resolution, and remains a top goal throughout the year for many Americans. And now, more than ever, people are turning to free smart phone apps to help them manage their weight.
KXLY wanted to know: Can anyone lose weight with a free download and determination?
Dennis Ridgley, 51, is the warehouse manager at the Union Gospel Mission. At 325 pounds, he had early diabetes and high blood pressure. Both can be cured if he loses weight.
"I am disappointed in myself, I'm embarrassed, I know in my head the right things to do, I just don't seem to be able to get myself motivated to get started," Ridgley said.
It wasn't always this way for Ridgley. Years ago, he lost 136 pounds to run the L.A. Marathon. He competed in half marathons to prepare, but a week before the big day he broke his ankle.KXLY Fit Club
"I remember just crying because it was a think I worked hardest for in my life and it was just devastating and I went right back to food and every since then it's just been really hard," Ridgley said.
Across town, a mother of seven is going through a similar struggle.
"Did the yo-yo dieting, did the protein diet, tried some diet pills over, you know, kind of the last three years and the weight would go up and down, up and down," Jamie Myers said.
Between her children and her maternity clothes store, Baby Bump Bargains, there is little time to take care of herself.
Her weight has been up and down her whole life, but after Myers' last pregnancy two years ago the weight would not drop.
"I actually, big secret, pull some of the sweats out of my maternity store and I wear them because they're comfortable and that is so disheartening to me," Myers said.
Jamie checked in with her doctor to make sure there was no medical condition causing her to gain weight or preventing her to lose weight – there wasn't.
Myers has a weight-loss buddy, too. Her 10-year-old son Alijah is her only child to struggle with weight. He's 177 pounds, but his heart weighs even heavier because he can't keep up with his friends.
"Say you're going sledding, it's like hard to bring the sled up the hill when your friends are already up there, and you're still in the middle of the hill," Alijah said. "Makes me feel bad, so I really want to lose weight."
His goal is to lose 50 pounds so that he may run the ball in his football league. Currently, the league puts a weight restriction on that position.
Alijah, Myers and Ridgley all got the 'okay' from their doctors to begin the KXLY Fit Club. All three will download the smart phone app My Fitness Pal to track their calories and keep a food diary. Unlike well-known weight loss programs – My Fitness Pal is free.
Weight loss apps are also growing in popularity. According to the Pew Research Center: In 2011, 10 percent of cell phone users downloaded an app like My Fitness Pal to manage their health. And for most the apps worked.
Researchers at Northwestern University gave 35 men a weight-loss app, and 35 others the old fashioned pen and paper food diary. The men that used the app lost 15 pounds and were able to keep the weight off for a year. The men that used the paper and pen food diary did not lose weight.
So far, the KXLY Fit Club has had a great start with using My Fitness Pal:
"It really makes you think before you eat something 'well is it worth eating this if I'm going to have to put it in and everyone's going to see what I'm eating?" Ridgley said.
And through Ridgley and Myers, we'll really find out if anyone can find success in a free app and self determination.
"If I can do this, so can you, we can do this!" Myers said.
KXLY will follow Myers and Ridgley throughout the entire month of February, checking in weekly to see if good ol' fashioned diet and exercise with the smart phone app twist can help them lose weight. KXLY also wants you to join in on the challenge by 'liking' the "KXLY Fit Club" Facebook page. There, updates and fitness tips will be posted.
The final Fit Club story will air on February 27.
- North Monroe project to move forward despite lingering concerns
- Bloomsday looking for more volunteers
- Historic Ridpath hotel to be turned into affordable housing
- Problematic drug house in Spokane boarded up
- Local school district tackles '13 Reasons Why'
- Humane Society volunteer wins award for shelter


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text: The more the information about how our government handled the Benghazi attack, the more horrified I am. And yet...just now heard another of the Obama blitz of ads bragging on how "he" killed Osama bin Laden. And wow, just wow.....what Biden said to that dead Navy Seal's father is simply too boorish to even comprehend. That remark and how Biden acted at the VP debate makes me think he's a drunk.


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THURSDAY (the 30th) is last call for the lovely sounds of local songbird ALLYSEN CALLERY and her new backing band THE NIGHT KITCHEN at Local 121 (401.274.2121), or have your eardrums slain at Firehouse 13 (401.270.1801) courtesy of THE WEMMER, HOLY SHEET, 2012 Best Music Poll champs BAYLIES BAND, and more. Start your post-cubicle/pre-holidayon FRIDAY (the 31st) at the Downcity Sound Stage (on Westminster St) for a freebie featuring THE MIGHTY GOOD BOYS; Tazza Caffé will have an outdoor bar and grilled eats available for purchase. Don't forget BUILT TO SPILL (see above) with Revolt Revolt and Helvetia at the Met (401.729.1005), and if beach-bound Friday, stick around for FUNGUS AMUNGUS and PULSE PROPHETS at the Ocean Mist in Matunuck, then get back there on SATURDAY (the 1st) for STEVE SMITH & THE NAKEDS; call 401.782.3740 for info on both shows. Ladies first on SATURDAY (September 1 — already?!) with an absolutely killer lineup at AS220 (401.831.9327): THE RICE CAKES, badass trio WHORE PAINT, and VELVET ELVIS (NY), for just $6! Hell yes. Also on Saturday, the JAMES MONTGOMERY BAND does two sets at Chan's in Woonsocket (401.765.1900), and BARN BURNING play Fête with Ohio-based quartet The Black Swans ($10, 401.383.1112). On SUNDAY (the 2nd), Firehouse 13 hosts Metal for Meals starting around 5 pm (all-ages); $5 cover or $2 with any non-perishable food item for the RI Food Bank. The hefty, deafening bill includes GUT BUCKET, BLACK VENDETTA, ZOMBIE FIGHTER, and more; call 401.270.1801. Then head to the Parlour on North Main St. (formerly the Penalty Box) and savor the three-day weekend with SWEET LOVE, SCYLLA, SNOWBIRD, and SONGS, all for just $5. Ahead to next THURSDAY (the 6th), get to the Met early for locals TORN SHORTS opening for the Mighty Good Boys and the Mallett Brothers.
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