text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 7, 1988
|Filing date
|Mar 11, 1986
|Priority date
|Mar 12, 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gregg D. Carse, Bernard N. Daines
|Original Assignee
|Pacific Bell
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (44), Classifications (10), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 711,088, filed Mar. 12, 1985, now abandoned.
This invention relates generally to telephone systems and, more particularly, to telephone systems wherein a plurality of subscriber locations are each connected to a central office by a single subscriber loop. The invention comprises improvements in signalling methods and systems for transmitting information between each subscriber location and a central office.
Telephone systems in the United States and in many other countries were originally designed solely for the transmission of analog voice signals between subscriber locations and a central office. At the central office, signals from and to the various subscriber loop locations are handled by suitable switching systems. Connection between the central office and each subscriber location is typically by means of a single subscriber loop--usually a twisted pair of insulated copper wires.
With the coming of the "information age," telephone companies have sought ways to increase the level of service to their subscribers. One way of doing this is to increase the capacity of subscriber-to-central office communication by adding subscriber loops. As one might imagine, however, the cost of installing additional subscriber loops in an existing telephone system for all subscribers is prohibitive.
Many telephone companies have, accordingly, explored the use of digital signalling techniques along with multiplexing in order to transmit more information into signals traveling between subscribers and the central office. Since digital transmission techniques via microwave and other long distance signalling systems are already employed, and in as much as digital switching is utilized in many modernized central offices, the digitizing of the subscriber loop affords evident advantages. Nevertheless, although the prior art is replete with various approaches to the subscriber loop digitization problem, the difficulties thus far encountered have prevented practical commercial fulfillment of this objective.
By way of example, a bidirectional subscriber loop transmission system is described by Soejima, et al., "Experimental Bidirectional Subscriber Loop Transmission System," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. Com-30, No. 9, September 1982. This system is based on a time compression burst mode transmission scheme (ping-pong), and provides two information channels and a signalling channel. In this, and other similar systems, however, serious problems are encountered in achieving sufficient transmission quality over the distances usually encountered in connection with subscriber service. Such problems include cross talk, echoing as a result of discontinuities and taps in the line, and the natural attenuation of high frequency signals with transmission distance.
Other difficulties arise in connection with the combining of voice information with data. The data may take the form of relatively high speed data such as that utilized by a computer terminal, or relatively low speed data such as alarms or medical or police alert functions. By way of example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,476,558, to Arnon describes a digital transmission signal system employing time compression multiplexing in which burst mode or ping-pong transmission is utilized. However, only voice information is transmitted and there is no successful combination of voice and data in this system. In another example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,332,980, transmission of both voice and data is described. However, in this system, a "voice over data" technique is utilized wherein the voice information remains in analog form and wherein the data transmission is transmitted at a different and supposedly noninterfering frequency.
Nowhere in the prior art is there a teaching of a transmission method and system capable of handling both voice and data in digitized format which can be successfully applied to typical existing telephone subscriber systems. Either the capacity for handling the voice and data information is inadequate, or the transmission quality and distance is insufficient for commercial application, or both. The problems created by typical irregularities in subscriber loops resulting from discontinuities, bridge taps, variations in image size, oxidation, etc. create unacceptable distortion. Cross talk between the various data channels is in many cases unacceptable. Transmission distance to adequately serve typical subscriber locations is therefore frequently not achieved. Moreover, the quality of voice information is often unacceptable.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved telephone system of the type wherein a plurality of subscriber locations are each connected to a central office by a single subscriber loop.
A further object of the invention is to provide an improved telephone system of the type described wherein at least one voice channel, at least one data channel, and at least one signalling channel is provided for the subscriber.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved telephone system of the type described wherein high quality signals are achieved at transmission distances up to and exceeding six kilometers.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved telephone system of the type described wherein the effect of cross talk and line irregularities are minimized.
Other objects of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a typical telephone system in which the method and apparatus of the invention may be employed; and
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the signal format preferred in the method and apparatus of the invention.
Very generally, the telephone system to which the method and apparatus are applied includes a plurality of subscriber locations, each connected to a central office by a single subscriber loop. Information is transmitted between each subscriber location and the central office by full duplex transmission of bursts of time compressed multiplexed digital signals. Each burst comprises bits defining at least one voice channel, at least one data channel, and at least one signalling channel. At least one synchronizing bit is placed at the front and back of each burst. The bursts for each duplex are transmitted from the central office simultaneously, and the departure times of the bursts from each of the subscriber locations for each duplex are such that the bursts arrive at the central office substantially simultaneously.
As used in this specification and claims, the following terms have the following definitions:
Time compression multiplex (TCM) means the transmission of digital information in discrete portions which are compressed in time to form a so called "burst" which occupies less than one half the time of the original portion. In operation, the transmitter transmits a burst along the transmission path to a receiver which then expands the received burst to occupy its original time span. After transmission of a burst in one direction, a second burst is transmitted in the other direction between a second transmitter-receiver pair. The net result is that the system appears to be transmitting information simultaneously in both directions.
Full duplex transmission means TCM transmission of bursts alternately in each of two directions as described above so as to create the effect of transmission in both directions simultaneously.
Information bit rate means the total number of bits containing information transmitted in one direction per unit time.
Burst cycle means a set of contiguous digital signals, before and after which there is a period of no signals.
Burst cycle means the period of time during which a first burst is transmitted in one direction and a second burst is transmitted in the other direction. This total time period includes the length of each duplex burst plus the so called turn around time between bursts, during which there is no signal.
Voice channel means a portion of transmitted digital signals which encodes voice information and which may be reconstituted as audible voice information.
Data channel means a portion of transmitted digital signals containing data information and which may be reconstituted as data information, such information being computer signals, alarm signals, emergency call signals, and the like.
Signalling channel means a portion of transmitted digital signals containing signalling information such as is used for bell ringing and hook on or off determination in a telephone system.
Synchronous means the transmission of bursts of digital signals controlled by clock pulses or the like.
Synchronous bits means transmitted digital signals, typically at the front and back and or both ends of bursts, for providing synchronizing information for asynchronous transmission.
Asynchronous means the transmission of burst of digital signals, the start of each of which is related to or generated by the completion of a previously transmitted burst.
In FIG. 1, a preferred form of a telephone system employing the invention is illustrated. The invention, however, is not limited to use in the particular system shown in FIG. 1, but is applicable to any type of telephone system wherein a plurality of subscriber locations are each connected to a central office by a single subscriber loop.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a telephone system 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. The telephone system 10 connects a plurality of subscriber locations, such as the subscriber location 12, to a central office 14. A single subscriber loop 16, also known as a twisted pair, electrically connects each subscriber location 12 to the central office 14. Distributed along each subscriber loop 16 are one or more protection blocks 17. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, one protection block 17 is located at the central office end of the subscriber loop 16 and another protection block 17 is located at the subscriber location end of the subscriber loop 16. The protection blocks 17 electrically protect the central office circuitry and subscriber equipment from voltage spikes and surges occurring along the subscriber loop 16. Such voltage spikes and surges are typically caused by lighting and other electrical interferences.
Located at each subscriber location 12, wherein services contemplated by the present invention are desired, is a remote multiplexer unit 18 which provides the interface for connection of subscriber equipment to the telephone system 10. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the unit 18 supports the following input-output (I/O) connections for subscriber equipment:
(1) two standard 500 series compatible phone connections or voiceband data modem connections;
(2) one medium speed asynchronous modemless data connection; and
(3) four low speed asynchronous data connections for telemetry applications.
Since the preferred embodiment of the present invention is intended to utilize as much pre-existing telephone equipment as possible, the unit 18 preferably uses standard cable and connectors for subscriber owned equipment. Thus, in the preferred form for the Northern California service area, the 500 series compatible phone connections are standard RJ-11 connectors, and the medium speed asynchronous modemless data connection and the four low speed asynchronous modemless data connections are through an eight pin RJ-41 connector. Of course, it would be within the level of ordinary skill to provide a remote multiplexer unit which would support other combinations of subscriber owned equipment and connectors.
Generally, the unit 18 digitally encodes, multiplexes and transmits the voice signals and data signals applied to the above described connections to the central office 14 over the subscriber loop 16. Conversely, the unit 18 demultiplexes and decodes the digital information received from the central office 14 over the subscriber loop 16 and delivers the decoded voice signals and decoded data signals to the appropriate subscriber equipment.
The remote multiplexer unit 18 as shown in FIG. 1 includes means for encoding low speed data signals from sources of low speed data signals such as the low speed services 32, 34, 36 and 38. The unit 18 also includes means for encoding the voice signals from a source of voice signals such as indicated by the telephones 40 and 42, and means for encoding medium speed data signals from a source of data signals such as a computer 44.
According to the present invention, no assumptions are made about the format of the encoding of the data applied to the low speed data channels. Inputs to these channels are wired as dedicated paths to various vendor services such as intruder detection and control, as indicated by the alarm 32; power monitoring, as indicated by electric meter 34; automatic notification of emergency services, as indicated by fire alarm 36; and an energy management system as indicated by the light bulb 38.
The encoding performed by the unit 18 develops a plurality of successive frames. Each of the frames has first voice bits encoding the voice signals from the telephone 40 and second voice bits encoding voice signals from the telephone 42. Each frame also includes at least one data bit encoding the data signal for each of the associated one of low speed services 32-38 and a plurality of medium speed data bits encoding the data signals from the computer 44. The subscriber unit 18 further includes means for transmitting the successive frames from each unit 18 on the subscriber loop 16 associated therewith. The timing of the bursts transmitted by each unit 18 is controlled by an interval timing unit 18a.
The central office 14 includes a telephone company switching system 20, which may be either an analog or digital switching system, and a conventional main distribution frame 22. Each subscriber loop 16 is terminated at the central office 14 at the main distribution frame 22. For those subscriber locations having ordinary telephone service, i.e. which do not have a remote multiplexer unit 18, the main distribution frame 22 connects the subscriber loop for ordinary telephone service directly to the telephone company switching system 20 through a twisted pair (not shown). However, those subscriber locations, such as the subscriber location 12, which have a unit 18, the main distribution frame 22 connects the subscriber loop 16 to a loop frame 24 by a twisted pair 26 associated with each subscriber loop 16. Thus, for each subscriber loop 16, there is one twisted pair 26 connecting such subscriber loop 16 to the loop frame 24.
Generally, the loop frame 24 demultiplexes the digital information transmitted by each unit 18 along its associated subscriber loop 16, separating the information into digital voice, medium speed data, and low speed data. Since in the preferred form each unit 18 encodes two voice band channels, for each twisted pair 26 connected to the loop frame 24, there is provided a first output twisted pair 28 and a second output twisted pair 30 from the loop frame 24. Each output twisted pair 28 and 30 electrically couples the loop frame 24 back to the main distribution frame 22, and each carries one digital voice channel. For each twisted pair 28 coupled between the loop frame 24 and the main distribution frame 22, there is an associated twisted pair 29 electrically coupled between the main distribution frame 22 and the telephone company switching system 20. Similarly, for each twisted pair 30, there is an associated twisted pair 31. The loop frame 24 applies the first channel voice content and the second channel voice content in the demultiplexed digital information from the subscribed loop 16 to the first output twisted pair 28 and the second output twisted pair 30, respectively. The main distribution frame 22 couples the first voice channel to the telephone company switching system 20 over the twisted pair 29, and the second voice channel to the telephone company switching system over the twisted pair 31.
The telephone company switching system 20 switches the first voice channel and the second voice channel to the respective intended recipient. In the situation where the central office switching system 20 is a digital switch, an interface (not shown) may be used to place the digital voice data on the twisted pairs 29 and 31 into the format used by the digital switching system. Where the central office switching system 20 is an analog switch, a suitable digital to analog converter (not shown) may be used to appropriately convert the signals on the twisted pairs 29 and 31 for switching. Of course, for signals passing in the opposite direction, converse adjustment of the signals is utilized.
The loop frame 24 is further responsive to the successive frames on all subscriber loops 16 for multiplexing the medium speed data bits in all frames into a medium speed data stream and multiplexing the low speed data bits in all frames into a low speed data stream.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, each central office 14 includes a plurality of loop frames, each similar to the loop frame 24. For example, two further loop frames 24a and 24b are illustrated in FIG. 1. However, the central office 14 may include any number of loop frames, which number depends upon the number of subscriber loops connected to the central office and the number of such loops supported by each loop frame. For example, a typical central office may include twelve loop frames, wherein each loop frame supports four hundred eighty subscriber loops.
According to the present invention, added to the telephone company central office 14 is a system switch or master frame 46 which receives the medium speed data stream and the low speed data stream from all loop frames 24, 24a and 24b. The system switch 46 includes a medium speed switch 48 which demultiplexes and sorts the medium speed data stream from each loop frame 24, 24a and 24b and remultiplexes the medium speed data into a plurality of time division multiplexed data signals. Each of the medium speed multiplexed data signals developed by the medium speed switch 48 are applied to an associated one of medium speed gateways 52, 52a and 52b. The medium speed gateways demultiplex the medium speed multiplexed data signals applied thereto into the respective medium speed data signals originally applied to the various units 18 and route such data signals to an intended data services vendor interface, such as a packet switching network PAD (packet assembler/disassembler).
The system switch 46 further includes a low speed switch 50 which demultiplexes and sorts the low speed data stream from each loop frame 24, 24a and 24b and remultiplexes the low speed data into a plurality of low speed time division multiplexed signals. Each of the low speed multiplexed data signals developed by the low speed switch 50 are applied to an associated one of low speed gateways 54, 54a and 54b which demultiplex the low speed multiplexed data signals applied thereto into the respective low speed data signals originally applied to the units 18. These signals are then routed to a corresponding low speed data service vendor.
As is the case in any telephone system, provision is made for the control and management of the switching of the various packets of information passing in and out of the central office. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, it is assumed that the control and management of the telco switching system 20 is accomplished by means conventionally employed in telephone switching systems. However, it is within the scope of the present invention to include means for switching voice information within the system switch. In such a case, control and management of the voice switching would be generally the same as that of the medium speed switch 48.
In order to provide the control and management function, the control and management system (CMS) unit 55 is provided. The CMS unit 55 includes a plurality of data input terminals 57 for altering and updating the control function as needed. Information output means, such as the printer 59 are also provided in order to produce a suitable written record of the time and duration of various calls for billing purposes and other management functions.
Control messages from the CMS unit 55 are applied to the system switch through a suitable control channel. The messages are received by the master supervisor 61 located in the system switch 46. The master supervisor 61 transmits control information to appropriate supervisors located within the switches 48 and 50. Such communication may be, for example, over multiplex channels on the same TDM buses used for interchange of voice and/or data signals. Information from the master supervisor 61 also functions to transmit all necessary control information received from the switches 48 and 50 to the CMS 55. Suitable supervisor units for the medium speed switch 48 and low speed switch 50, and if desired, for a voice switch within the system switch 46, may be of any appropriate design. Such supervisory functions typically comprise microprocessors suitably programmed and mounted within or adjacent the switch hardware.
Referring now to FIG. 2, a schematic diagram of the transmission technique of the invention is set forth. The blocks 211 represent the synchronously transmitted bursts of time compressed multiplexed digital signals transmitted from the central office (CO) to a particular remote multiplexer unit (RMUX) on a subscriber loop. Similar bursts, represented by the blocks 213, are synchronously transmitted in the opposite direction, as indicated by the arrows within the blocks. The transmission procedure, sometimes known as ping-pong, transmits a burst 211 from the central office to a remote multiplexer unit, followed by transmission of a burst 213 from a remote multiplexer unit to the central office. It is preferred that the bursts alternate directions. However, several bursts may be transmitted in each direction and then several bursts may be transmitted in the opposite direction without departing from the scope of the invention. It will be noted that between bursts which move in opposite directions, a time interval or guard time is provided during which there is no signal. The guard time compensates for propagation delays along the subscriber loop 16 and secondarily permits the line to clear of any residual signals or transients caused by inductance or capacitance inherent in the loop.
Transmission over the subscriber loop is accomplished by suitable transceivers (transmitter/receiver) located at each end of the loop. The transceiver at the central office is the master (e.g. it sends the "Pings") and the transceiver in the subscriber unit is the slave (e.g. it sends the "Pongs"). The timing in the remote multiplexer units governed by the interval timing units 18a is preferably derived from the central office burst frequency. Each transceiver continuously transmits at the same frequency, even when none of the voice or data channels are in use.
The result of the foregoing alternating direction, or ping-pong transmission, is a full duplex signal giving the external appearance that information is being simultaneously transmitted both from the central office to the subscriber unit and from the subscriber unit to the central office. Such transmission, known as time compressed multiplexed full duplex digital transmission, may be achieved by a variety of means well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the transmission and reception of the information may be achieved by the means shown and described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 838,571, filed of even date herewith.
In order to be practical and commercially attractive for most existing telephone systems of the type to which the invention applies, transmission of a signal of satisfactory quality over a distance of about six kilometers is required. Too high a transmission frequency results in rapid signal attenuation such that the required transmission distance is not achievable with adequate signal quality. Use of a stronger signal to offset this often results in excessive crosstalk. Too low a frequency, on the other hand, makes it impractical to provide enough additional information in the signal so as to make conversion from the existing analog approach worthwhile. Although many digital telephone systems have been proposed, sometimes generally referred to as ISDN (integrated services digital network), the need to include several services in the signal has resulted in proposed burst lengths in excess of 140 bits. For an accepted satisfactory voice transmission quality, a sampling time of 8000 samples per second is standard. Proposed ISDN systems therefore, typically require a transmission frequency of well in excess of 300 kilobits per second. Experience has shown that considerable difficulty is encountered at such frequencies in achieving quality signal transmission for satisfactory distances. This is due in part to normal signal attenuation, in part to near-end and far-end crosstalk problems, and in part to a combination of these and other factors.
In accordance with the present invention, it has been discovered that satisfactory transmission distance and information content may be achieved in an ISDN type system using full duplex digital signals transmitted at an information bit rate of between about forty and eighty kilobits per second. The burst cycle utilized may be between about 0.8 and about 4.0 milliseconds. Within these parameters, it has been discovered that a satisfactory amount of information can be contained within the signals and that satisfactory quality can be achieved at transmission distances up to and exceeding six kilometers. As the term is used herein, "information bits" do not include bits devoted to signalling such as "ring" and "hook on-off" information, nor do information bits include those bits utilized for synchronizing the bursts when they are later transmitted asynchronously.
Using TCM transmission, the "effective" data rate requires an actual line rate or bit burst rate of twice the required data bandwidth. The actual bit rate required depends on the number of bits in a burst and the guard time between bursts. Thus, in the preferred embodiment, the total bit rate is roughly 200 Kbits/s (for an information bit rate of 80 Kbits/s). This compares favorably with typical ISDN proposals of 320 Kbits/s total bit rate (for an information bit rate of about 144 Kbits/s). As mentioned above, guard time is the period between when one transmitter finishes transmitting a burst and the other transmitter can begin to transmit. Guard time is dependent on propagation delay of the signal over the line, and on line settling time. Propagation delay is dependent on loop length. Line settling time is normally around 5-8 microseconds, but may be longer due to impedance mismatch or bridge taps. The more bits transmitted per burst, the less of a factor guard time is on the effective bit rate, and the lower the required burst frequency. However, a limitation on number of bits per burst is imposed by the need for a high enough sampling rate to maintain voice quality.
The foregoing parameters permit the transmission of at least one voice channel, at least one data channel, and at least one signalling channel along with the synchronization information. Preferably, each burst comprises bits defining at least one voice channel, at least one data channel, and at least one signalling channel, and further contains at least one synchronizing bit at the front and back of each burst. With this arrangement, subscriber locations now capable of only voice communication can readily be provided with voice communication and data communication on existing facilities. In a preferred form of the invention, satisfactory voice and data signal quality can be achieved with two voice channels, a medium speed data channel, and four low speed data channels, all on a single existing subscriber loop.
Whereas in the typical telephone system a large number of subscriber loops exist, some deterioration of signal quality may result as a consequence of a phenomenon known as "far-end crosstalk". In accordance with the invention, the effect of far-end crosstalk is substantially reduced or eliminated by timing the departure of the bursts from each of the subscriber locations such that the bursts transmitted from the subscriber locations for each duplex arrive at the central office substantially simultaneously. Since the distance of the subscriber location from the central office may vary from location to location, and hence the lengths of the subscriber loops may vary, it is therefore necessary to know the length of the subscriber loops. Subscriber loop lengths may be readily determined in any suitable way, such as by transmitting a timed signal through the loop and correlating, with loop length, the delay between its transmission and receipt. In any case, once loop length is determined, the transmitting apparatus at the subscriber location may be adjusted appropriately by adjusting the internal timing unit 18a in accordance with the length of that particular loop so that the burst arrival times at the central office are substantially coincident. The transmit level of the bursts leaving the remote multiplexer units are adjusted so that all bursts received at the central office are at the same level. This approach, combined with simultaneously transmitting all bursts leaving the central office, substantially eliminates crosstalk problems.
Also shown in FIG. 2 is a preferred bit allocation for the bursts 211 and 213. It has been found that this particular bit allocation provides a highly desirable set of services for subscribers without noticeable deterioration in voice quality from that provided by conventional analog service.
More particularly, the preferred bit allocation in the bursts is such as to provide two thirty-two bit voice channels (VA and VB) indicated at 215 and 217, respectively. An additional eight bits are allocated to one eight bit medium speed data channels (MSD) 219. An additional four bits are allocated to four one bit low speed data channels (LS1-LS4) 221. Two signalling bits 223 and 225 are provided. At the beginning of the bursts, five bits collectively shown at 227 are provided for synchronization. A single bit 229 is provided at the end of the burst for synchronization. Thus, synchronizing bits are provided both at the front and back of each burst.
The voice channels preferably use adaptive differential pulse code modulation with a dynamic locking quantizer (ADPCM-DLQ; also referred to as ADPCM) to digitally encode the analog voice signals produced by the subscriber's standard phone set. This algorithm has been adopted by CCITT as the international standard for digital voice transmission, and is currently gaining popularity in the U.S. ADPCM encodes a standard analog voice signal using 8000 4-bit samples per second (8000 times 4 sample bits yields 32000 bits per second, or 32 Kbit/s). Tests have shown that the voice quality produced by ADPCM is comparable to other digital voice-encoding schemes, and very close to the original analog. In terms of voice-band data transmission (the technique employed by modems), ADPCM can support speeds up to 4800 baud. The subscriber perceives little or no change in the quality of voice service supplied by the invention.
The medium speed data channel provides modemless data communications at asynchronous transmission speeds up to 9600 baud. The channels can support an asynchronous data rate that is higher than the 8 Kbit/s synchronous data rate because the synchronous technique strips out the framing bits (start and stop bits) that accompany each byte of asynchronous data. The subscriber's asynchronous data may then be reconstituted at the central office and delivered to a data services vendor interface, such as a packet switching network PAD (packet assembler/disassembler).
As described above, a data set interface (DSI) chip handles all medium speed asynchronous data input/output on the remote multiplexer unit and in the medium speed gateway. The DSI performs the additional function of encoding the asynchronous data into a bit-stuffed synchronous format suitable for transmitting over the medium speed data channel 219. When synchronous medium speed data is to be transmitted to subscriber or vendor interface equipment, the DSI chip restores the data to its asynchronous form.
The medium speed synchronous protocol is important because it reduces the number of bits that must be transmitted, i.e., start and stop bits are not transmitted. It also greatly simplifies the remote multiplexer unit and medium speed gateway by allowing them to use one 8 Kbit channel to transmit and receive medium speed data at any data rate. When there is no medium speed data to transmit over the medium speed channels, a fixed stream of synchronization bits is transmitted.
The low-speed data channels 221 can be used for low-speed data and telemetry applications. These channels provide asynchronous paths for data transmission. The format of the data on these channels may be of any suitable type, and suitable internal encoding of the data, as was done on the medium speed data channel, may be provided if needed. Typically, the low-speed data channels may be wired as dedicated permanent paths to various vendor services, such as:
Intruder detection and control (alarms, lights, etc.)
Control of machinery and power monitoring (energy management systems, meter reading, etc.)
Automatic notification of emergency services
Control and status paths for remote devices Note, however, that with the proper interface equipment, the low-speed data channels may be used for interactive data transmission at asynchronous speeds up to 1200 baud. This allows dedicated, low-speed access to a vendor's specialized network (videotex, lower-speed packet net interface, etc.)
The control and signalling channels 223 and 225 support signals associated with the data and voice channels, and network control commands. For the voice channels, such signals as ring and hook are sent through these paths. In the case of the medium speed data channels, the control and signalling channels may carry information about baud rate, along with the states of relevant RS-232-C dataset signals. These channels also notify the central office of alarm conditions at the subscriber end and control functions at the subscriber end (test and diagnostic routines).
The low-speed data channels allow the subscriber- and vendor-premises equipment to communicate. The remote multiplexer unit accepts low-speed data signals from the subscriber-premises equipment, multiplexes it with voice and medium speed data, and transmits the multiplexed stream to the central office. The components in the central office group the low-speed data by vendor, and deliver that grouped data to the appropriate low-speed data service vendors.
Such data features offer many advantages over present service delivery technology. First, because the low-speed data services are multiplexed with other services (e.g., voice) on existing subscriber loops, the cost to deliver low-speed services is greatly reduced. Second, the central office equipment concentrates the low-speed data from any subscribers onto a single communications line to the vendor, further reducing the cost of service to the vendor. With these cost advantages over current service delivery techniques, the low-speed data services provided by the present invention present a unique opportunity to expand data services in the home and small business environment.
It may be seen, therefore, that the invention provides the ability to greatly increase customer services in the typical telephone system. Voice and data, in multiple channels if desired, are handled expeditiously and with high quality transmission, at distances up to and exceeding six kilometers. The effects of crosstalk and line irregularities are minimized.
In its more general aspects, the invention has broader application than telephone systems. Thus, other types of data transfer systems where TCM full duplex transmission on wires is used between a plurality of remote locations and a central location can often benefit from the invention. This is particularly true when the quality of the electrical connections between the respective remote locations and the central locations is poor. For example, complex computer controlled networks in which data is transferred between a plurality of remote devices and a central monitor, controller, or switch, can utilize the invention to reduce the incidence of spurious signals at the central location.
Various modifications of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
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|Dual port interface for communication between a voice-over-data system and a conventional voice system
|Sep 14, 1995
|Aug 4, 1998
|Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.
|Voice over video communication system
|Aug 16, 1996
|Sep 22, 1998
|Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.
|Voice over data conferencing for a computer-based personal communications system
|Apr 19, 1996
|Sep 29, 1998
|Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.
|Digital simultaneous voice and data mode switching control
|Mar 3, 1997
|Jan 26, 1999
|Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for mode switching in a voice over data computer-based personal communications system
|Apr 30, 1996
|Apr 27, 1999
|Fujitsu Limited
|Method and system for bidirectional data transmission
|Nov 10, 1994
|Dec 28, 1999
|Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.
|Computer-based multifunction personal communication system with caller ID
|Jul 29, 1997
|Nov 21, 2000
|Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.
|Data/voice/fax compression multiplexer
|Jun 30, 1997
|Aug 14, 2001
|Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.
|Advanced priority statistical multiplexer
|Dec 19, 1997
|Aug 28, 2001
|Terayon Communication Systems, Inc.
|ISDN plus voice multiplexer system
|Nov 13, 2000
|Feb 4, 2003
|Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.
|Data/voice/fax compression multiplexer
|Mar 23, 1998
|Mar 25, 2003
|Skyworks Solutions, Inc.
|Traffic channel quality estimation from a digital control channel
|Mar 27, 2000
|May 27, 2003
|Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.
|Advanced priority statistical multiplexer
|Jan 24, 2001
|Jul 25, 2006
|Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.
|Computer-based multi-media communications system and method
|Jan 29, 2003
|Jul 25, 2006
|Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.
|Computer implemented voice over data communication apparatus and method
|Jan 17, 2003
|Aug 15, 2006
|Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.
|Computer implemented communication apparatus and method
|Jan 25, 2006
|Jun 2, 2009
|Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.
|Computer-based multifunctional personal communication system with caller ID
|Jan 26, 2005
|Apr 10, 2012
|At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P.
|System and method of managing digital data transmission
|Aug 10, 2010
|Aug 20, 2013
|National Tsing Hua University
|Bit-stuffing method for crosstalk avoidance in high-speed buses
|Nov 15, 2001
|Jun 6, 2002
|Method for increasing the bit rate in a telecommunications network with data and speech transmission
|Jan 26, 2005
|Jul 27, 2006
|Sbc Knowledge Ventures, L.P.
|System and method of managing digital data transmission
|Aug 10, 2010
|Sep 15, 2011
|National Tsing Hua University
|Bit-stuffing method for crosstalk avoidance in high-speed buses
|Nov 13, 2001
|May 22, 2002
|Method to increase the data rate in a telecommunication network
|U.S. Classification
|370/521, 370/538, 370/524, 370/294
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 11, 1986
Owner name: PACIFIC BELL, 149 MONTGOMERY STREET, SAN FRANCISCO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:CARSE, GREGG D.;DAINES, BERNARD N.;REEL/FRAME:004525/0797
Effective date: 19860311
|Nov 4, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 7, 1992
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jan 10, 1992
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jan 12, 1996
|Surcharge for late payment
|Jan 12, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 16, 1996
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 29, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Desenvolver um Software
This project received 15 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of R$18 BRL / hour.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project BudgetR$6 - R$24 BRL / hour
Total Bids15
Project Description
software avaliação fisioterapêutica
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- Wall Street Journal
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Download games
- All download games
- Popular games
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- Game walkthroughs
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If you're looking for great games to play, you're in the perfect place! Zylom offers incredible download games for you to try for free, with no obligation to buy. We want you to have the best experience while playing your favourite games, so... More info »
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text:
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Tags » Retina Specialist
Retina attached for 8 yr old; Sees again-Thanks to AEHI
One can imagine a day when your child wakes and say that he cannot see. Isn't it scary? This is what happened with Master Mayank an 8-year-old child who suddenly complained of loss of his vision in both eyes on waking up in the morning. 499 more words
Why to Consult an Eye Doctor for Detached Retina?
Having vision problems is something that is annoying and disheartening. There are many people you will find who somehow are suffering from eye pain and vision problem and if you are one of them, you need to take the treatment as soon as possible. 128 more words
Why You Need to be Active at the Times of Macular Degeneration Treatment
When a person is having any kind of visual problems, he/she generally think that it is due to age and they just ignore the problem. It is not advisable. 142 more words
Find the Right Eye Specialist for Your Problems
Eyes are precious and you need to make sure that they stay in good health. However, sometimes, no matter how perfectly you take care of your eyes and at that point of time, you need to hire the qualified eye care specialist to stop further damage. 123 more words
Treat Floaters In Eyes in A Very Effective Manner!
We all can agree that the floaters in eye can be a very troublesome thing. They can cause irritation and it makes the daily life very hard to live on. 166 more words
It's All About Taking Care of Your Eyes
Eyes are one of the best body parts of the body as you can see the beautiful world and your loved ones with the help of them. 141 more words


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text:
Free personalized radio that
plays the music you love
Features of This Trackhardcore rap influence
heavy use of samples
an instrumental rap style
east coast rap influences
funk influences
sparse beats
danceable beats
syncopated beats
funk beats
a repetitive song structure
the use of chordal patterning
a tight kick sound
acoustic drum samples
a slow moving bass line
the use of clean-sounding organs
a hand percussion layer
light percussion fills
the heavy use of funk samples
the heavy use of R&B samples
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more
Similar Tracks
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text:
Japanese Men Suit Up with Sony's Walkman
Suit up, Japanese men and crank up those tunes.
Japanese men can now walk about with the soundtrack to their life beating from the inside of their suit jacket pocket, if they are the proud owners of a Sony Walkman that is.
Department store operator Isetan Co. is selling suits in its fall/winter collection decorated with a special breast pocket stitched onto the jacket flap where the slim music player can be slipped in. The suits come in seven types, and in one style – the Creators Cut with Attachment – the pocket is located on the jacket's interior with a hole to the outside world where the wearer can pass the headphones through. The department store said it designed the suits after observing more young men walking while listening to music players and wanted to meet those needs.


text:
I have 80 megabits speed but when downloading torrent, old/new simply i do not get the speed near to my expectation. Usually I receive 50-70 kB/s for all the torrent files. When download start, it's gradually increases but with in few seconds it stalls.
I tried disabling antivirus and recently I reinstalled my Windows(8.1) but no use.
I have tried VPN to check if really it's blocked/limited by my ISP but VPN doesn't allow torrent download at all.
There is something fishy with my ISP, I called them and they totally denied limiting my access to torrents.
Let me know what could be done!
Best Regards,
from Latest posts from BitTorrent Forums
via Bussines Card


text:
Direct Tumor Injection KLH-Pulsed Dendritic Cells in Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer
This trial is active, not recruiting.
|metastatic pancreatic cancer
|klh-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine
|phase 2
|Leo W. Jenkins Cancer Center
|H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute
|Start date
|July 2006
|End date
|July 2013
|Trial size
|35 participants
|Trial identifier
This research study uses radiation or a gene therapy agent, TNFerade in addition to a dendritic cell vaccine in patients with locally advanced or low volume metastatic pancreatic cancer. The use of TNFerade or radiation serves to generate cell death stimulating the immune response. The dendritic cell vaccine may direct a distant and lasting effective anti-tumor immune response to achieve a local and systemic clinical benefit.
|United States
|No locations recruiting
|Other countries
|No locations recruiting
|Greenville, NC
|East Carolina University - Leo W. Jenkins Cancer Center
|no longer recruiting
Study Design
|Endpoint classification
|safety/efficacy study
|Intervention model
|parallel assignment
|open label
|Primary purpose
Primary Outcomes
Overall Survival
time frame: Patients will be followed until death
Eligibility Criteria
Male or female participants at least 18 years old.
Inclusion Criteria: - Biopsy proven, unresectable pancreatic cancer with an intact primary tumor that is accessible to direct intratumoral injection - Low volume metastatic disease defined as 1) radiographically occult disease discovered at the time of anticipated resection or 2) no more than 4 radiographically detected metastasis none of which are greater than 2 cm in greatest dimension - Good overall health with a Karnofsky performance status of 70% or greater - No evidence or history of an autoimmune dysfunction - Life expectancy > 3 months - Agreement to initiate and complete standard treatment (chemotherapy ± radiation) for pancreatic cancer at the completion of the study - Age equal to or greater than 18 years - No prior or concurrent chemotherapy - No previous or concurrent immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer - Liver enzymes ≤ 3 times upper limit of normal: - Tbili ≤ 3.9 (biliary stents are allowed) - AST ≤ 177 - ALT ≤ 198 - Alk phos ≤ 378 - Adequate pretreatment organ function: - Creatinine no greater than 1.5mg/dL - Total calcium no greater than 11.0mg/dL - PT no greater then 14 seconds - PTT no greater then 40 seconds - Ability to give informed consent - Adequate baseline hematopoietic function: - Total white blood cell count equal to or greater than 3,000/mm3; - Absolute granulocyte count greater than 1,500/mm3; - Absolute lymphocyte count greater than 500/mm3; - Platelet count equal to or greater than 100,000/mm3. Exclusion Criteria: - Prior history of XRT to primary pancreatic tumor - Patients with tumors that are not accessible to direct access cannot be included in the study, nor will patients with poor overall health as determined by standard laboratory data and performance scales - Prior or concurrent chemotherapy - Prior history (within last four weeks) of antineoplastic therapy or irradiation - Prior treatment with anti-tumor vaccines not allowed - Patients with a history of autoimmune diseases such as SLE, rheumatoid arthritis or myasthenia gravis - A history of HIV infection, AIDS or other immunosuppressive disease state - Patients requiring regular corticosteroids within the past year are ineligible. There must be no use of corticosteroids in the fours weeks preceding entry into the study - Active bacterial, fungal or viral infection - Active bleeding (hemoptysis, melena, etc) - Women who are currently pregnant or actively breast feeding. Women of childbearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test and must use effective contraception during trial participation - Uncontrolled or unstable medical conditions, including angina, bronchospasm, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypercalcemia and cardiac arrhythmia - Any medical or psychiatric illness which in the opinion of the principal investigator might compromise a patient's ability to tolerate or complete treatment - Patients requiring anticoagulation are ineligible - Refusal to receive standard treatment (chemotherapy ± radiation) after the completion of the protocol - Evidence of DVT or prior history of DVT
Additional Information
|Official title
|A Phase II Study of Apoptosis Induction Through Direct Tumor Injection of TNFerade(TM)or Radiation Alone Followed by KLH-Pulsed Autologous Dendritic Cells in Patients With Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer
|Principal investigator
|Emmanuel E Zervos, MD
Call for more information
|Principal Investigator
|Trial ID


text:
The Leading eBooks Store Online
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Sustainable Energy ? without the hot airUIT Cambridge Ltd. 2016; US$ 12.99
Addressing the sustainable energy crisis in an objective manner, this enlightening book analyzes the relevant numbers and organizes a plan for change on both a personal level and an international scale--for Europe, the United States, and the world. In case study format, this informative reference answers questions surrounding nuclear energy, the potential... more...
SUSTAINABLE SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS: Challenges and Economics for the Arab WorldBentham Science Publisher Ltd 2016; US$ 59.00
The urgency of exploring alternative energy sources, especially in regions so detrimentally affected by current energy practices on environmental, humanitarian and political levels warrants a crucial effort in raising awareness and activism about renewable energy and sustainable development. Sustainable Solar Energy Systems is a primer on the application... more...
Fractional CalculusWorld Scientific Publishing Company 2011; US$ 72.00 US$ 65.52
Fractional calculus is undergoing rapidly and ongoing development. We can already recognize, that within its framework new concepts and strategies emerge, which lead to new challenging insights and surprising correlations between different branches of physics. This book is an invitation both to the interested student and the professional researcher.... more...
Powering Planet EarthWiley 2012; US$ 38.99 US$ 33.79
In their book Nicola Armaroli, Vincenzo Balzani and Nick Serpone uncover the background details associated with a transition to sustainable energy production that are routinely swept under the table in public discussions. They are not only concerned with the (alleged) advantages and disadvantages of any one energy generation technology from a technical... more...
University PhysicsElsevier Science 2012; US$ 72.95
University Physics provides an authoritative treatment of physics. This book discusses the linear motion with constant acceleration; addition and subtraction of vectors; uniform circular motion and simple harmonic motion; and electrostatic energy of a charged capacitor. The behavior of materials in a non-uniform magnetic field; application of Kirchhoff's... more...
Diffraction From MaterialsElsevier Science 2012; US$ 72.95
Diffraction from Materials provides the basic information concerning crystal symmetry, the kinematic scattering theory, as well as the physical properties of x-rays, electrons, and neurons. This book explores the crystalline nature of metals, semiconductors, and insulators. Organized into eight chapters, this volume starts with an overview of the... more...
Physics of High Temperature PlasmasElsevier Science 2012; US$ 72.95
Physics of High Temperature Plasmas, Second Edition focuses on plasma physics and the advances in this field. This book explores the experimental observations on linear waves and instabilities. Comprised of 11 chapters, this edition begins with an overview of heat transition as a result of the heating of a solid or liquid substance. This book then... more...
Plasma WavesElsevier Science 2012; US$ 72.95
Plasma Waves discusses the basic development and equations for the many aspects of plasma waves. The book is organized into two major parts, examining both linear and nonlinear plasma waves in the eight chapters it encompasses. After briefly discussing the properties and applications of plasma wave, the book goes on examining the wave types in a cold,... more...
International Edition University PhysicsElsevier Science 2012; US$ 72.95
International Edition University Physics aims to provide an authoritative treatment and pedagogical presentation in the subject of physics. The text covers basic topics in physics such as scalars and vectors, the first and second condition of equilibrium, torque, center of gravity, and velocity and acceleration. Also covered are Newton?s laws; work,... more...
GeophysicsElsevier Science 2012; US$ 72.95
Methods in Computational Physics, Volume 13: Geophysics is a 10-chapter text that focuses with the theoretical solid-earth geophysics. This volume specifically covers the general topics of terrestrial magnetism and electricity, the Earth's gravity field, tidal deformations, dynamics of global spin, spin processing, and convective models for the deep... more...


text:
Give Now
Study with Janos Starker..."He always had an instrumental trick to solve any problem, absolutely extraordinary."
"Dick and I will be doing sort of Abbot and Costello styled intros with a bit of science for the music and the pictures." Gabriel Lubell.
Not just technical skill, but a real feeling and understanding of the music!


text:
Enlisting one million arts advocates to mobilize support for the arts and arts education Join for Free!
Posted on: Mar 17, 2017
The Color Purple, Rent, and Sesame Street are just some of the cultural treasures for which we can thank the National Endowment of the Arts.
Posted on: Mar 16, 2017
The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), and Institute for Museum and Library Services (IMLS) would all be terminated under the current White House budget proposal.
Posted on: Mar 15, 2017
Posted on: Feb 27, 2017
A bipartisan group of 24 U.S. Senators have signed on in support of the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH).
Posted on: Feb 15, 2017
Arts leaders react to possible Trump call for eliminating cultural programs: Not this again
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Posted on: Jan 19, 2017
Posted on: Dec 11, 2016
Posted on: Dec 10, 2016
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Let's hit the ground running in 2017 as a unified voice for the arts.


text:
|Jan 14
|Princess Mary of Great Britain the second-youngest daughter of King George II and Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel as the wife of Landgrve Frederick II.
|Feb 8
|Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha Princess of Wales between 1736 and 1751, and Dowager Princess of Wales thereafter. She was one of only three Princesses of Wales who never became queen consort. Princess Augusta's eldest son succeeded as George III of the United Kingdom in 1760, as her husband, Frederick, Prince of Wales, had died nine years earlier
|Feb 10
|Louis Tocqué a French painter. He specialized in portrait painting
|Feb 10
|Joseph Wenzel I Prince of Liechtenstein the Prince of Liechtenstein between 1712 and 1718, 1732 and 1745, and 1748 and 1772.
|Feb 18
|Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff the son of Joachim Engelke von Bernstorff, Chamberlain to the elector of Hanover.
|Feb 28
|Arsenius (Matseyevich) the Russian archbishop of Rostov who protested against the confiscation of the church's land by Empress Catherine II in 1764. He was deprived of his office and was imprisoned in a fortress until his death
|Mar 10
|Frederick III Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg a duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.
|Mar 11
|Johann Georg Reutter an Austrian composer. According to Wyn Jones, in his prime he was "the single most influential musician in Vienna"
|Mar 21
|Jacques-Nicolas Bellin a French hydrographer, geographer, and member of the French intellectual group called the philosophes.
|Mar 21
|Alexander Kokorinov a Russian architect and educator, one of the founders, the first builder, director and rector of the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Peterburg. Kokorinov has been house architect of the Razumovsky family and Ivan Shuvalov, the first President of the Academy. Kokorinov's surviving architectural legacy, once believed to be substantial, has been reduced by recent research to only two buildings, the Imperial Academy of Arts and Kirill Razumovsky palace in Saint Petersburg. The Academy was designed by Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe based on an earlier proposal by Jacques-François Blondel, while Kokorinov managed the construction in its early phases
|Mar 22
|John Canton an English physicist.
|Mar 26
|Charles Pinot Duclos a French author and contributor to the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers.
|Mar 29
|Emanuel Swedenborg a Swedish scientist, philosopher, theologian, revelator, and mystic. He is best known for his book on the afterlife, Heaven and Hell
|Apr 19
|Johann Peter Kellner a German organist and composer. He was the father of Johann Christoph Kellner
|Apr 28
|Johann Friedrich Struensee a German doctor. He became royal physician to the mentally ill King Christian VII of Denmark and a minister in the Danish government. He rose in power to a position of "de facto" regent of the country, where he tried to carry out widespread reforms. His affair with Queen Caroline Matilda caused scandal, especially after the birth of a daughter, Princess Louise Augusta, and was the catalyst for the intrigues and power play that caused his downfall and dramatic death. He died unmarried
|May 1
|Gottfried Achenwall a German philosopher, historian, economist, jurist and statistician. He is counted among the inventors of statistics
|May 22
|Durastante Natalucci an Italian historian who specialized in history of Trevi, in Umbria.
|Jun 12
|Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne a Breton-born French explorer who made important discoveries in the south Indian Ocean, in Tasmania and in New Zealand. Du Fresne was killed by Maori in 1772
|Jun 15
|Louis-Claude Daquin a French composer of Jewish birth writing in the Baroque and Galant styles. He was a virtuoso organist and harpsichordist
|Jun 18
|Johann Ulrich von Cramer an eminent German judge, legal scholar, and Enlightenment philosopher.
|Jun 18
|Gerard van Swieten a Dutch-Austrian physician.
|Jun 22
|François-Vincent Toussaint a French writer most famous for Les Mœurs. The book was published in 1748 and was soon prosecuted and burned by the French court of justice
|Aug 31
|William Borlase Cornish antiquary, geologist and naturalist. From 1722 he was Rector of Ludgvan, Cornwall, where he died in 1772
|Sep 27
|James Brindley an English engineer. He was born in Tunstead, Derbyshire, and lived much of his life in Leek, Staffordshire, becoming one of the most notable engineers of the 18th century
|Oct 4
|Augustin Ehrensvärd a Swedish military officer, military architect, artist, creator of the Sveaborg fortress and the Swedish archipelago fleet. He was born in Fullerö Castle, Barkarö and died in Saris, Virmo
|Oct 7
|John Woolman a North American merchant, tailor, journalist, and itinerant Quaker preacher, and an early abolitionist in the colonial era. Based in Mount Holly, New Jersey, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he traveled through frontier areas of British North America to preach Quaker beliefs, and advocate against slavery and the slave trade, cruelty to animals, economic injustices and oppression, and conscription. From 1755 during the French and Indian War, he urged tax resistance to deny support to the military. In 1772, Woolman traveled to England, where he urged Quakers to support abolition of slavery
|Oct 8
|Jean-Joseph de Mondonville a French violinist and composer. He was a younger contemporary of Jean-Philippe Rameau and enjoyed great success in his day. Pierre-Louis Daquin claimed: "If I couldn't be Rameau, there's no one I would rather be than Mondonville"
|Oct 16
|Ahmad Shah Durrani regarded as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan. He began his career by enlisting as a young soldier in the military of the Afsharid kingdom and quickly rose to become a commander of the Abdali Regiment, a cavalry of four thousand Abdali Pashtun soldiers
|Oct 22
|Franciszek Salezy Potocki a Polish nobleman. Knight of the Order of the White Eagle, awarded on August 3, 1750 in Warsaw. The richest magnate of his time, owner of huge properties in the Dnipro Ukraine. Nicknamed "Litlle King of Ruthenia"
|Nov 10
|Pedro Correia Garção a Portuguese lyric poet.
|Nov 18
|Madhavrao I fourth Peshwa of the Maratha Empire. Under his peshwaship, Maratha power recovered from the losses suffered during the Panipat Campaign, a phenomenon known as "Maratha Resurrection". He is considered one of the greatest personalities of the Maratha history
|Nov 19
|William Nelson (governor) an American planter and colonial leader from Yorktown, Virginia. In the interim between the royal governors Norborne Berkeley and Lord Dunmore, he served as governor of colonial Virginia in 1770 and 1771
|Dec 4
|Dov Ber of Mezeritch a disciple of Rabbi Yisrael Baal Shem Tov, the founder of Hasidic Judaism, and was chosen as his successor to lead the early movement. Rabbi Dov Ber is regarded as the first systematic exponent of the mystical philosophy underlying the teachings of the Baal Shem Tov, and through his teaching and leadership, the main architect of the movement. He established his base in Mezhirichi , which moved the centre of Hasidism from the Baal Shem Tov's Medzhybizh , where he focused his attention on raising a close circle of great disciples to spread the movement. After his death, avoiding the unified leadership of the first two generations, this third generation of leadership took their different interpretations and disseminated across appointed regions of Eastern Europe. Under the inspiration of their teacher, this rapidly spread Hasidism beyond the Ukraine, to Poland, Galicia and Russia
|Dec 7
|Martín Sarmiento a Spanish scholar, writer and Benedictine monk, illustrious representative of the Enlightenment in Spain.
|Dec 29
|Ernst Johann von Biron a Duke of Courland and Semigallia and regent of the Russian Empire.


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State and Government
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a constitutional monarchy, ruled since 1952 by His Majesty King Hussein. With the passing of the monarch in February of 1999, the King's eldest son, His Majesty King Abdullah, ascended the throne. In Jordan, executive power is vested in the Council of Ministers which is appointed by the King, and which is accountable to a two house parliament.
The 40 members of the Upper House are appointed by the King, while the 80 deputies of the Lower House are elected by popular vote. Constitutional provisions define the rights and duties of Jordanian citizens, while guaranteeing the right of free worship, opinion, press, association and private property.
Since 1989 all elements of the Jordanian political spectrum have demonstrated commitment to increased democracy, liberalization and consensus building. These reforms, which have been guided by the late King Hussein, have placed Jordan on an irreversible path toward democratization.
The result has been greater empowerment and involvement of everyday citizens in Jordan's civic life, contributing to increased stability and institutionalization, which will benefit the county far into the future.
The remarkably stable political and social climate that Jordan has enjoyed for decades under the Hashemite Dynasty continues to thrive under His Majesty King Abdullah's leadership. The new King has undertaken his father's legacy of reform, committing his country to the goals of privatization, economic liberalization, and modernization of the law.
Geography & History
Strategically positioned at the convergence of Europe, Asia and Africa, Jordan's 89,342 square kilometers present a diversity of landscapes. From the hills and mountains of the geographic center of Jordan, the Badia Plains extend in an eastward direction into Saudi Arabia. The Jordan River, flowing through the fertile Rift Valley, forms Jordan's western boundary and terminates in the Dead Sea. This body of water lies at the lowest point on earth, 400 meters below sea level. To the south, the Port of Aqaba provides Jordan with a gateway to the Red Sea
Jordan's climate is arid, and moderate in temperature. Winter temperatures in Amman average around 7 – 10 ° C in January, with July temperatures reaching 23 - 27° C. Average annual rainfall varies from less than 50 mm to over 600 mm in certain parts of the country. Amman, at over 950 meters elevation, is known for its cool, dry nights even in full summer.
Jordan's population of 4.8 million is 92% Jordanian and 8% non-Jordanian. Gender distribution is fairly even at 52% male, 48% female. The country is young, with 40% of the population under the age of 15, and only 3% over the age of 65.
Islam is the predominant religion. 92% of the people are Sunni Muslims. 6% are Christian, while the remainder are Shia Muslims, Sunni Circassians, Chechens, Druze, and Bahai. The Muslim New Year and other Islamic holy days are public holidays.
Arabic is the official language, but English is spoken widely, especially in business.
The unit of currency is the Jordanian Dinar (JD), and the rate of exchange is 1 JD = 1.42 US $.
Time is GMT + 2 (in winter, +3 in summer), or 7 hours ahead of US Eastern Standard Time. Summer time is observed from April through September.
Working Days & Hours
Most private businesses observe Friday as the weekly holiday, while banks and government offices close on Fridays and Saturdays. Jordanian labor law limits most workers to 48 hours per week, the exception being hotel, restaurant and cinema workers with 54 hours. Annual paid leave is 14 days, 21 for workers over five years with the same employer.
Working Permits & Visas
Visas are required for entry into Jordan. Fees and length of stay vary according to the visitor's nationality. Visas can be obtained from either a Jordanian diplomatic mission, or for some nationalities, at point of entry.
Work permits are required from the Ministry of Labor, and are issued for a period of one year


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Michael Baker International Pioneers Drone Activity at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport…
Geospatial Corporation Expands Footprint in Energy Sector by Completion of First of Several Projects…
SYSTEMS INTEGRATOR for Palm Beach County Human Resources at West Palm Beach, FL
Solidworks Product Designer for NASCENT Technology at Charlotte, NC
Developer-Support-Implementation Engineer for EDA Careers at San Francisco Area, CA
CAD/CAM Regional Account Manager (Pacific Northwest) for Vero Software Inc. at Seattle, WA
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Estimating Typical Four-Season Thermal Distribution and Self-Adaptive Gradient Based Thresholding Parameters over Coal Fire Areas in China Using Aster and Ldcm Tirs-A Case Study in the Wuda Coal Field, China, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing Authors: Xiaomin Du, Daiyong Cao, Guang Yang, Sergio Bernardes, Zhipeng Li, and Feng Li Coal fire results in significant environmental impacts and coal losses in …
TEN YEARS LARGE FORMAT DIGITAL AERIAL CAMERAS, A REVIEW, Microsoft Photogrammetry Featured Paper by Michael Gruber and Alexander Wiechert Large format Digital aerial cameras were introduced 10 years ago in Amsterdam at the …
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The son of rock star Rod Stewart is to be quizzed by police after allegedly launching a violent unprovoked attack on a couple.
Sean Stewart, 26, has been accused of hospitalising a woman during an assault with a weapon after being refused entry to a party.
Scroll down for more
The police inquiry comes as the latest episode in the troubled tearaway's life and is set to heap further anguish on his father.
He previously served a jail term for assault and has battled drink and drugs problems since his teens.
The model, who is currently appearing in TV reality show Sons of Hollywood, lost his temper when he turned up at the bash in the Hollywood hills near his LA home with two male friends.
Stewart was said to have become upset when they were told they were not welcome and he was taunted by revellers leaving the party, then in full swing.
His trio began throwing bricks, rocks, a mailbox and bin at a car parked nearby, smashing the windscreen and sending glass flying.
Then as shocked bystanders looked on, Stewart allegedly yanked open the door and the three men began punching a man and a woman inside.
The woman suffered "massive lacerations to her legs" - allegedly from shards of glass from the broken windscreen - and was taken to Cedars Sinai Hospital, according to US reports.
Police - who refused to confirm the identity of the three men involved in the 3am attack - said a parking warden called officers after witnessing the incident.
A spokesman from the Los Angeles police department added: "The transport officer had been called to the road because of the number of illegally parked cars and was issuing tickets when the incident happened.
"A couple were leaving the address in a Ford pick-up truck when the three suspects threw objects at the vehicle, including bricks, stones and a mailbox.
"The objects smashed the windscreen and the three men continued to throw objects which landed inside the car. The female occupant received cuts from broken glass.
"At one point the three suspects tried to pull the occupants out of their car and were punching them."
Witnesses told entertainment website tmz.com that Stewart became angry at "mocking comments from people leaving the party, laughing at him for being stuck outside."
Stewart's questioning by police will come as a setback for his 62-year-old father, who thought his son was getting his life in order after his problematic teen years.
Sean has admitted that living in the shadow of his father's fame and £100 million fortune contributed to his angst.
He was already experimenting with drink and drugs by the age of 14, was expelled from school at 16 and enrolled with Alcoholics Anonymous at 19.
Five years ago he was jailed for three months for beating a man unconscious outside a restaurant.
His father and model sister Kimberley, 27, were there to support him at the sentencing in Malibu in September 2002.
Rod Stewart has admitted: "It is hard for me to moralise because I take drugs. All you can do is let your children know the dangers.
"I still take drugs socially. My children have been surrounded by huge parties and drinking all their lives. I just hope they see the pitfalls and learn from it."
- More about:
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Excellent collaboration between Oscar-winning cinematographer Joseph LaShelle and competent director Gerd Oswald tip the scales on the plus side for this B+ western. The big old Columbia western town set never looked more authentic. Dig the dogs harassing the stagecoach horses. The tracking shots and camera set-ups are all A picture quality. Note the use of the extras. Not the usual aimless wandering, but natural and with attitude. We often see the action from their point of view. Good stuff. The story needs it because their ostracizing of the young hero strains credulity. John Derek is a misunderstood hothead who wants to cool off but they won't let him. Very 50s. He and Nick Adams are very good and quite believable as brothers. The action (aka violence) is unpredictable, well-staged and bloody. The good musical score, played mainly by a lonesome harmonica and guitar, is by another Oscar winner, Harry Sukman. Was the last shot a happy accident or planned? It works.


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Urgent Care
The Execu|Search Group
New York
Full Time
A Physician, who specializes in Emergency Medicine, is currently being sought out for a promising opportunity with a New York City-based urgent care practice. The Emergency Medicine Physician will be responsible for solely working day shifts, with either three, 12-hour shifts or four, 10-hour shifts per week.
The Emergency Medicine Physician will collaborate alongside a healthcare team that sees four to six patients per hour. This position offers a better work-life balance than most ERs can provide, as well as generous PTO and paid malpractice.
Required Skills:
- Board Eligible / Certified
Your privacy is important to us. For consideration, please submit your CV in confidence and our recruiter will contact you to discuss job location and details before forwarding your CV to our client for an interview.


text: The 101ers - Elgin Avenue Breakdown Revisited (2005) • Genre : Punk, Grunge, Avant-Garde • Year : 0 • Label : • On demand! (album available 128-320kbs)* #/by GROVER Release code: ODI196912 Added on 27-10-2014, 19:35 You want this album? link doesn't work? report us from your account! Release Info: The 101ers - Elgin Avenue Breakdown Revisited (2005) 01 Letsagetabitarockin'02 Silent Telephone03 Keys To Your Heart (V.1)04 Rabies (From The Dogs Of Love)05 Sweet Revenge06 Motor Boys Motor07 Steamgauge 9908 5 Star R'n'R09 Surf City10 Keys To Your Heart (V.2)11 Sweety Of The St. Moritz12 Hideaway13 Shake Your Hips14 Lonely Mother's Son15 Don't Let It Go16 Keep Taking The Tablets17 Junco Partner18 Out Of Time19 Maybelline20 GloriaThose who doubt the obsessive, unbridled affection Clash mainstay Joe Strummer held for traditional rock and R&B roots need only punch up virtually any track on this infectious collection of live and studio cuts from the 101ers, the raw yet accomplished band Strummer fronted just prior to his punk superstardom. While most such early-catalog excavations are suspicious and often spotty, Elgin Avenue Breakdown Revisited is a revelatory rush, from the opening blowout of Letsagetabitarockin'...DOWNLOADPreview: The 101ers - Silent Telephone:


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New times, new heroes
In his XLTrend Talk 'Millennials, The Shock of The New', ever-enthusiastic trend analyst David Shah reveals more about the fundamental changes of our times, which, of course, are accompanied by the attitudes of a new generation that has since risen.
#LEARN by Daily Paper
Millennial-style entrepreneurship certainly also applies to such new heroes as Daily Paper, which has taken befriended labels to its shop-in-shop in the More Department Store and was an integral part of Modefabriek's #LEARN programme, including in an MF Talk about the collaboration with Puma.
Dutch label ONTOUR, once again showcasing its products at Modefabriek, enjoyed the same level of success as Daily Paper: they too were an instant success 11 years ago with a series of T-shirts that were available at Colette in Paris in no time.
Contact with Content
In his MF Talk together with Patta and Levi's, Perre van den Brink, Head of Content at VICE, emphasised the importance of authenticity in telling your story through social media. "Brands need to increasingly act as publisher: you need to communicate and engage your public continuously, and that requires a great deal of content."
Listen up & Learn // #LEARN // DISTRICT D
Modefabriek is much more than just two days of absorbing the latest collections, discovering brands and meeting new people. Modefabriek is 'More Than Mode': it is also a place to learn about important trends and tendencies, finding inspiration in unique individuals in the field, and acquiring essential knowledge for bringing out the best in your business. The #LEARN programme for 22 and 23 January is definitive, so mark your must-see MF Talks, Winter School Master Classes and Expert Sessions in your agenda!
MF Talks + Winter School + Expert
The Modefabriek lecture programme has expanded considerably over the past few years to become a complete #LEARN programme. Structural changes, such as digitalisation, Internet and the post-crisis retail situation, have unleashed an ambitious dynamic within our creative profession.
District D at Modefabriek is entirely dedicated to the theme LEARN / SHOP / EAT, and is the home of all of the #LEARN activities: MF Talks, Winter School and Expert.
read more
Happy Valley Fashion Show
Hold your horses for some Fashion Galore! Modefabriek performs its Fashion Show in the 'Connecting hall'
Shows start both days at:
12:00 // 13:00 // 14:00 // 15:00 // 16:00
This Trend Forecasting Fashion Show will highlight 4 hot to trot looking themes: Aristo-Stripes – Candy Jockeys – Show Ponies – Gamblers
Van Gils x Dannic
During Modefabriek will Van Gils launch its new Sneaker Suit Winter collection. The Tailored Sportswear line was developed in collaboration with DJ Dannic. The collection consists of slim cut suits, jackets, trousers and shirts, in stretch and jerseys. Garment dyed joggers combined with brushed shirts and unconstructed jackets gives the collection a modern and less formal look.
On Sunday during The Borrel, 'Van Gils x Dannic' will entertain the crowd with a performance by the DJ himself. He will be spinning his records from 19:30 to 20:30. A unique opportunity to meet this world-class DJ live!
NOTE! You're all invited for The Borrel by showing your MF-badge. Limited availability.
Winter School // DISTRICT D // #LEARN
All pre-sale WINTER SCHOOL tickets are sold out, but maybe there are some chairs left, so ask Liestbeth (Fashion Council NL) at the entrance of Winter School in DISTRICT D. And check out the MF TALKS programme HERE, free to visit for all Modefabriek visitors.
'Knowledge is the new black' in our competitive arena, and scientists all agree: there is no better way to learn than to experience it yourself, in real time andface-to-face. read more


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For the last 3+ years, I've been helping out the excellent people at Wayforward Technologies, making the latest game in the Shantae series.
I painted a whole whack o' backgrounds, playfields, and props, in addition to concept art and various bits n' bobs.
I'm playing the game right now and it's a lot of fun to see the final product. (I'm dying a lot because my PC platforming skills are super rusty, lol.)
It took longer than even I expected, but the time went by faster than I ever would have believed!
The game is launching Tuesday Dec. 20th in digital form for PS4, Wii U, PC, Xbone, and PS Vita, and a physical release is in the near future.
Congrats to Wayforward for delivering on their Kickstarter promises and making an awesome game!
Here's some of the stuff I worked on:
© 2016 WayForward Technologies. Shantae and the Shantae logo – TM Matt Bozon.