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I am having trouble understanding this graph from Trefler 1995 paper 'The case of missing trade'
Relevant equations:
Ffc = Vfc - Sc(Vfw)
Where Ffc is the factor component of exports
Vfc is the factor endownments of the country
Sc is the ratio of home consuption over world consuption
Vfw is world factor endownments
Epsilonfc on the Y axis is Ffc - (Vfc - Sc(Vfw))
Or in other words the deviations from the Hecksher Ohlin Theorem.
What i don't understand is that the zero trade line is diagonal, shouldn't it be verticle over the point where Vfc - Sc(Vfw) = 0.
Secondly this paper criticises the HO model as performing terribly, but in this graph it seems to be that the deviations from the HO model are all centered around zero, which would seem to suggest a good model. I'm sure i am missing something here.
Hecksher Ohlin model
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Sure, you know the names Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton... but is the name Cantinflas familiar? Perhaps not, but he was only the most famous comic to come from Mexico -- so famous, in fact, he was dubbed "the Charlie Chaplin of Mexico" by many. Born Mario Fortino Alfonso Moreno Reyes in 1911 to an impoverished family in Mexico City, he started out as a prizefighter and circus performer (adopting the stage moniker "Cantinflas") before developing a career in theater and film playing, like Chaplin, el pelado -- a poor everyman. His breakthrough came with Ahí está el detalle in 1940, and he would go on to win a Golden Globe for best actor in a musical or comedy in 1956 for Around the World in Eighty Days. After a long and successful career, the comic actor died in 1993.
Now, a new biopic will introduce Cantinflas to a new generation. Opening this weekend in limited release, Cantinflas follows the comic's story from his humble beginnings. Check out interviews with the cast, below, and five reasons why the guy rocked according to our own Fandango Cine.
Cantinflas Cast Interviews:
Five reasons why Cantinflas rocks:

subset: commoncrawl


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While you're busy spending your hard-earned cash on whatever it is you deem worthy, spare a thought for your autumn wardrobe. Soon enough you're going to need a light jacket to face the new season in style (and cool).
So why not use a little chunk of this month's pay to snap up one of these handsome bomber jackets from our 'Made In England' collection? Crafted from premium cotton (London Cloth Company woven cotton to be exact), it's breathable, which makes it perfect for layering, keeping you cool when it's sunny, but warm if you're wearing it back from the pub on a chilly night.
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- Artist: Cynthia Jordan
- Release Date: 06/19/2007
Best Buy is dedicated to always offering the best value to our customers. We will match the price, at the time of purchase, on a Price Match Guarantee product if you find the same item at a lower price at a Designated Major Online Retailer or at a local retail competitor's store.Here's how:
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Pre-owned boats
Due to popular request we now offer this page for those who want to buy and sell their multihull. This web site is seen by thousands of people every month who are specifically interested in sailing catamarans, so it makes sense to advertise here and reach serious potential buyers.
A quote from someone who listed their boat with me: "He paid the price I was asking which I'm pleased about. I only had the boat advertised on your site and was getting an average of about one email a week. I originally thought it could take 2years to sell, what with the economic climate and all. Also it is an unusual boat but it does attract a lot of attention."
The cost to advertise your Woods Design is £50 (or approx $75) and the advert will run until sold. Or the cost is £75 ($100) if it is a non Woods Design boat. Boats wanted and gear for sale/wanted adverts can be put on my Forum pages. These adverts are free.
After purchasing an advert please email us with full details of your boat, including up to 4 photos. Please note, you should send advert as plain text and photos as small separate jpegs. Doc and rtf files will not be accepted as they take too long to reformat. Thank you.
NOTE: I have kept the old adverts online so you can get a guide to prices
SOLD from this advert!!! STRIDER 24FT MICRO MULTIHULL CATAMARAN
SOLD from this advert!!! STRIDER 24FT MICRO MULTIHULL CATAMARAN Lying Lymington, UK. Several suits of sails; furling headsail; masthead spinnaker. Sail no. 63. Outboard motor 4hp. Anchor and chain; warps; fenders. Compass. Road trailer. £7,500 ono. (Note from Richard - this boat was the second Strider owned by probably the most experienced Strider sailor in the world. Thus I suspect it is very well sorted and maintained)
SOLD from this advert!!! 'Sagitta' SCINTILLA
SOLD from this advert!!! 'Sagitta' SCINTILLA
StripCedar/Glass/Epoxy construction with large beaching keels and daggerboards. Built to standard Sagitta lay out with full headroom in each hull, 2 good size double cabins, huge galley, heads with holding tank, separate nav area. Full VDO instrumentation, Wheelpilot, usual cruising inventory and high quality deck fittings. Can be steered by wheel or tiller and is set up for easy short handed sailing. Yamaha 9.9 outboard that is steerable giving good manouverability. This is a fast, seaworthy and easily sailed cruising cat with excellent windward performance. Kept at Foss Quay, Millbrook.


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Eugenio Garza Lagüera
|Eugenio Garza Lagüera
18 December 1923
Monterrey, Mexico
|24 May 2008
(aged 84)
Monterrey, Mexico
|Resting place
|Del Carmen Cemetery[1]
|Monterrey, Mexico
|Alma mater
|University of Texas, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education
|Home town
|Monterrey, Mexico
|Honorary Life Chairman of the Board (FEMSA and ITESM)
|José Antonio Fernández
|Board member of
|Femsa, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Bank of Mexico, National Bank of Commerce, Wells Fargo Bank, Southwest Research Institute and El Paso Corporation[2]
|Eva Gonda Rivera
|Five daughters[2]
|Eugenio Garza Sada and Consuelo Lagüera Zambrano
Eugenio Garza Lagüera (18 December 1923 – 24 May 2008) was a Mexican businessman and philanthropist who served as chairman of the board of the Monterrey Institute of Technology (ITESM) and Femsa, Latin America's largest beverage corporation.[2] In February 2008 he was laureated with the Business Social Responsibility Award from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, a nonpartisan institution created by the U.S. Congress within the Smithsonian Institution.[3]
Garza Lagüera was born in Monterrey as the first son of industrialist Eugenio Garza Sada and Consuelo Lagüera Zambrano. After finishing high school at Chaminade College Preparatory School in St. Louis, Missouri, he received a bachelor's degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Texas and an MBA from the Monterrey Institute of Technology, a private university founded and sponsored by his father.[4]
He began his professional life at a laboratory of Técnica Industrial in 1947. In 1969 he was appointed to the Grupo Visa's board of directors, which he chaired starting in 1981. He also presided over the Serfín Bank during the peso devaluation of 1982 and the subsequent nationalization of all private banks. Grupo Serfín lost half its size at that time and had to be reorganized accordingly. In 1991 when the government decided to re-privatize the banking system, Eugenio Garza Lagüera bought the Bancomer Banking Group.
Garza Lagüera died on 24 May 2008 in Monterrey, Nuevo León, at the age of 84.[5]
- ^ Luciano Campos Garza. "Homenaje luctuoso en Monterrey a Eugenio Garza Lagüera" (in Spanish). Proceso. Retrieved 2008-06-01.[dead link]
- ^ a b c Femsa. "Business Social Responsibility Award to Don Eugenio Garza Lagüera (Biographical Sketch)". Archived from the original on 2009-09-30. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ^ Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (2008-02-19). "Don Eugenio Garza Lagüera honored with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship in Monterrey".
- ^ Femsa. "Management bios". Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ^ Thomas Black. "Mexican Businessman Garza Laguera Dies at 84". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
|This Mexican business biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Iron-deficiency is a a common condition among women, children, and teens who dont eat enough iron-rich foods. Iron is essential to key bodily functions, and too little of it can leave you feeling fatigued, dizzy, and irritable. Registered Dietitian Dave Grotto offers three of his favorite iron-rich foods.
|3 Iron-Rich Foods You Should Be Serving Up
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Wondering how you can benefit from a non-surgical procedure from the providers of Dermatology Associates of Atlanta? Contact our office today to set up an appointment. Be sure to connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Google+ for the latest recommendations on your cosmetic concerns.


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Ultralight Aircraft News
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YP - The Real Yellow PagesSM - helps you find the right local businesses to meet your specific needs. Search results are sorted by a combination of factors to give you a set of choices in response to your search criteria. These factors are similar to those you might use to determine which business to select from a local Yellow Pages directory, including proximity to where you are searching, expertise in the specific services or products you need, and comprehensive business information to help evaluate a business's suitability for you. "Preferred" listings, or those with featured website buttons, indicate YP advertisers who directly provide information about their businesses to help consumers make more informed buying decisions. YP advertisers receive higher placement in the default ordering of search results and may appear in sponsored listings on the top, side, or bottom of the search results page.
Pet Stores in Las Vegas, NV
1.Exotic Pets
2410 N Decatur Blvd
Las Vegas,NV
4.32 mi
The employees get to know you and chat! Talk about the reptiles you have there. And also when you have any questions they will try to teach you whatever you need to know and point out what's needed for your exotic pet. Sometimes it is busy In there but they do acknowledge you! And they have resonance prices and a huge collection!!!!!
2.Prince and Princess Pet Shop
6870 S Rainbow Blvd
Las Vegas,NV
9.83 mi
Everyone has different experiences but my experience was great. I walked in just to look and all the puppies were up and playing. The store was busy and a young sales girl came over to help me. I told her I couldn't afford a real expensive puppy. She showed me two pom puppies that were discounted because they were 5 1/2 months old. She said the female one was extremely sweet and and a favorite among the staff. I said I couldn't afford the discount and asked if I could get a lower price since I wasn't going to breed the puppy but only wanting her as a pet. The sales girl checked with the owner and the owner gave me an affordable discount so I walked out with an adorable pom. She is white with black ears and black freckles on her nose. She is only 4 lbs and 8 oz and is now almost 8 months old. She is in great health and never had a problem with her health. I named her Blanche and take her everywhere. People love her and always ask me where I got her and I tell them Prince and Princess Pet Shop. I thank the owner for giving me a discount so I was able to buy Blanche. Thanks again, Shelley Werk
3.Frisky Pet Emporium
4300 Meadows Ln Ste 136
Las Vegas,NV
3.42 mi
I don't know what the negative is about. This is a great store. They had everything that I was looking for. My girlfriend really likes to dress up our puppies, and this place had everything... bags clothes hundreds of styles of collars, etc... Their puppies were a little old, but never the less a incredible variety of puppies, and they seemed healthy and well cared for. I will definitely shop here any time that I am looking to have a good day with my girlfriend. And the next time I am looking for a puppy, I will check here first
4.Petland Las Vegas
8800 W Charleston Blvd Ste 3
Las Vegas,NV
8.61 mi
My favorite pet store in Las Vegas! Everyone here is always helpful and they always provide me with great customer service. The management is always friendly and all the pets are just adorable!
5.Pet Kingdom USA
2431 E Tropicana Ave
Las Vegas,NV
5.31 mi
I am totally happy! yes a bit expensive but healthy and happy well handled pets...got a Persian kitten...beautiful (cant wait to pay her off haha) went in for a new ferret bed left with my first boy ferret ever. Turns out I had no idea boys were just as cool if not cooler than girls(only had girls)...im just amazed at how sweet and loving marshall ferrets are............
6.A Doggie's Delight
3850 W Desert Inn Rd Ste 102
Las Vegas,NV
4.32 mi
Over the years I've had quite a few pups. I moved back to Vegas in late 2001. I bought Princess Hannah Abigale Streiff when she was a few months old. She a Bichon. She demands the best and she gets the best in all things. When she needed her first grooming I of course wanted the best. I had admired my neighbors poodle after grooming and she was gorgeous! That was in 2003....She told me about ""A Doggie's Delight"" and let me say they are the very best of all the other groomers I've used with other dogs while living here. They are friendly, extremely professional, caring, responsible, affordable, and most of all flexible with getting your precious one in and out. I've been given excellent service with Hannah and have referred other neighbors and friends. If you haven't been to see them I suggest you give them a try. I hear they have customers as far as Boulder City so that says a lot. I WOULDN'T GO ANY- WHERE ELSE Barb
171 N Nellis Blvd
Las Vegas,NV
4.26 mi
I had taken my dog to Petsmart for her first grooming, and was very happy. She's on her way to her second grooming today with Lonie the Groomer!
2340 E Serene Ave
Las Vegas,NV
10.71 mi
are animal that we purchased died and it was within the 15 day period they refuse to take it back. soo this store on serene SUCKS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
9.Bone Appetit
7240 W Azure Dr Ste 110
Las Vegas,NV
9.45 mi
love going into the shop! Employees are always so friendly and helpful! Prices are decent for a speciality shop.
10.Nature's Pet Market
7260 W Lake Mead Blvd Ste 1
Las Vegas,NV
6.52 mi
7575 Norman Rockwell Ln Ste 110
Las Vegas,NV
11.76 mi
This place is sooo cute! I brought my 1 1/2yr old shepherd/husky mix in there, and the girls showered her with attention and a treat. They helped me pick out a new food which she is now HOOKED on, even though it is slightly more expensive than her old food it is definitely worth it. I like that there's a park within walking distance.
4130 S Sandhill Rd # 19
Las Vegas,NV
4.89 mi
My dog is almost 7 years old and he finally got his best grooming at Wag N Tails. He looked so good. Sorry I did not try them sooner.
6712 W Cheyenne Ave
Las Vegas,NV
6.68 mi
Thank you Mia & staff for doing such a great job with Coconut. I highly recommend Groomingdales, as this was my dog's first time getting professionally groomed. I held off because she is such a hyper dog, so I had my concerns. I was so surprised at the great job they did. Thank you so much & I will definitely be back!!
14.Tropical Treasures Pet Center
3400 S Jones Blvd
Las Vegas,NV
5.94 mi
If you are looking for those hard to find black arrowan's, datnoid tigers, cichlids, parrots then this is the store for you!! I have bought several fish from Jeff and let me tell you I have had no prblems at all. The fish are healthy and stress free. I was referred to this store by my friend (Ahn) and let me tell you that he has the lowest prices in town especially on the arrowan's!! Keep up the good work Jeff.............. Danny
15.For The Birds By Robin Hawk
3210 N Rancho Dr
Las Vegas,NV
5.18 mi
The best thing you could ever do for your feathered friends in Las Vegas is to be a regular customer at Robins store. She has decades of knowledge and is always ready to help if you have a question or a problem with your bird. The store is clean and there is a large selection of beautiful birds that are VERY reasonably priced. The selection of toys and foods is nice & Robin always knows what your birds will need or like when it comes to both. Her birds are in excellent health and are normal, noisy/happy birds. Robin has, through the years, helped many a bird owner to save the life of thier little family member, whether it be by her knowledge or by her referral and recommendation of the best avian veterinarians in town. She will drop everything in her busy life to call the vet ahead of time for a bird/owner with an emergency to make sure they can get in right away. I hope she is in business for many years to come, as I have shopped in most of the bird stores in this valley & find hers to have not only great prices & selection, but a honest, hard working, animal loving person like Robin. Trust me when I say her place really is..."for the birds" & all about them! Do yourself a favor and ignore the negative reviews because they are NOT TRUE! Take it from a very happy multiple bird owner/customer...its the best!!!
16.Adopt A Rescue Pet
1500 E Tropicana Ave Ste 105
Las Vegas,NV
5.08 mi
Great organization. My wife and I fostered and eventually adopted one of our fosters. I've seen the posts about the health and estimated ages of the dogs. Understand that these dogs are RESCUED - you won't get polished puppy mill pet store animals. You will get an animal that will love you forever if you are up to the task of saving them. If you care about animals who have nowhere else to go, this is the place for you.
17.Bogarts Bone Appetit
10660 Southern Highlands Pkwy
Las Vegas,NV
13.02 mi
This place is fantastic! My dog not only gets groomed here but because of the excellent customer service and the obvious commitment these employees have to their job, I've begun purchasing all my dog related items here. The prices are similar to most other pet stores. All of the workers are very knowledgeable too. Happy I found this little gem in southern highlands.
18.Tanks Alot
3307 Las Vegas Blvd N
Las Vegas,NV
3.91 mi
This store is not only a great place to make a purchase, it is a great place to visit! The floor is brimming with enormous custom tanks filled with some of the largest and most beautiful fish! It's like visiting a zoo! Although this store does not sell fish, they showcase tons of fish in their aquarium setups. They can design and build any size/shape setup, including nice wood stands, tops, etc, that you desire. Tanks Alot also rescues fish. If you have a large fish that is healthy, rather than kill it, please contact Tanks Alot as they often are able to place the fish in one of their many tanks. While I was in the military I sadly had to get rid of my fish. I had some unusually large pacu and oscars which they placed in tanks for me. I now can go and visit them whenever I want. I'm so glad my fish have a good home, as the alternative was heart-breaking to think about. The staff is a group of passionate-about-fish people. If they don't have it, they will find it for you, or make it. This is a place where the small home fish tank owner can find anything they need, as well as huge specialty requests. I love this store. Sometimes I bring the kids just to see the huge fish. Truely a one-stop shop; if they don't have it, they'll get it for you! firstname.lastname@example.com
19.Silverado Puppies Plus
9890 S Maryland Pkwy # D-5
Las Vegas,NV
11.38 mi
This is a great place to take my Sheltie for a bath and trim every 4 to 6 weeks. The goomers are exceptionally friendly and take very good care of my dog. It's not too expensive, but most of us that have our pampered pooch groomed regularly won't balk at the approx. $50 price tag. Well worth not gunking up my guest bathroom tub and towels.
20.Bark Avenue Pets
4175 S Grand Canyon Dr Ste 105
Las Vegas,NV
10.53 mi
This is a very cute pet store with a very good selection of merchandise ..... but the customer service is horrible! I called the store mid afternoon to verify closing time which I was told was 8 p.m. and planned my errands accordingly. I was in need of picking up a christmas gift for my daughter that I saw there earlier in the week. I arrived at the store at 7:35 p.m. to see one of the teenage employees locking up as I walked up to the door. The store hours were very clearly posted on the door and listed 8 p.m. as closing time (as I had been informed by phone earlier). I knocked on the door but was ignored by both teenage employees. I know that they saw me. I could see them inside laughing and talking on their cell phones. While I was standing there trying to get the employees to open the door, another customer and his wife arrived to buy a puppy that they had looked at earlier in the week. Upon informing him that they closed early he called the number on the door. He talked to one of the teenage employees and told her that he was at the door and that he was interested in purchasing a puppy. He was told that he would have to come back tomorrow. When he asked why they closed early and asked to talk to a manager the employee hung up on him. I wonder if the owner of this shop knows that his teenage employees are locking out customers during business hours and loosing him lots of money because they are too lazy to do the job they have been hired for? If I were the owner, I would fire both of these girls on the spot! Save yourself the grief and shop some place else.
21.Jane's Birds
3780 E Desert Inn Rd
Las Vegas,NV
4.01 mi
I am very disappointed with Jane. My boyfriend and I went there to shop for a companion pet for me. We started looking at a Senegal Parrot. I've had birds and so I was asking questions. I'd never seen this breed before. I specifically asked if the parrot would love us both or if he would be overly attached to one or the other of us. She said he would absolutely love us both. We bought him and brought him home a couple of weeks later he ONLY responds to my boyfriend. He hates me, he won't even take food from me and he bites and lunges at me whenever he gets the chance. When I googled this problem I found that Senegal Parrots are ABSOLUTELY one person birds and that this is a major problem with the whole breed. Their other charming quality is that they attack other pets. So no bird for me ever, I guess. So either Jane didn't know that the breeds #1 characteristic was becoming attached to only one person (in which case she pretends she is knowledgable when she is not) or she lied just to make a sale. Either way it wasn't good for us and it is a HUGE disservice to the bird. She can't claim that she cares about her birds when she sent this one to a home that she knew was not right for him. I can't even return him because now my boyfriend loves him. And I still don't have a bird. I just have a bird mess and I'm out $800. Very VERY disappointed to be stuck with a bird that hates me for the next 30-50 years. Thanks for nothing, Jane.
22.M&N Pooper Scooper Services
PO Box 82472
Las Vegas,NV
6.77 mi
Want to eliminate the odor. Appearance & disgust? if YOU have ever stepped in POO. And everyone has. We ALL know HOW nasty & messy it IS. . WHAT ever YOU want to call it. DOG poop. DOG DOO. Or DOG crap --- it is a NUISANCE! DON'T have time or TOO tired. Need more Family time? we will "DOO" this for YOU. POOP tracked on shoes? in the house? ALL over the lawnmower? DO YOU "shred" it with the lawnmower? it CAN take UP to a year for "poop" to break DOWN. CONCERNED with the diseases and parasites associated with DOG "poop"? YES. It's true that roundworms. Parvo and Salmonella are ALL transmitted by PET WASTE. WANT to take back the yard for parties and BBQ'S? have a safe. Clean environment for adults and children? of course. Playing and gardening in an unclean yard is NOT HEALTHY. DID YOU know that uncollected DOG "poop" attracts flies & other insects? flies land and LAY eggs on the "poop". They than GET inside your house. On your food. EVERYWHERE. ENVIRONMENT conscious? DOG "poop" that gets into the ditches. Streams. Ponds. Lakes. Rivers. Beaches and is a significant contributor to ground water pollution. Also. An uncollected yard will kill & discolor your lawn. Is your DOG a house PET? a DOG that steps in "poop". Can't BE helped. Especially if its been "shredded". DO YOU want your DOG coming back inside walking on carpets. Getting on Beds. Furniture or even jumping on your LAP? WANT to stop Family arguments. AS to Who's turn it is to pick UP the DOG "poop"? we CAN DOO this for YOU. NO more ARGUMENTS. DO YOU take your DOG for services such AS grooming. Regular VET check UPS? M & N pooper scooper is NOW offering Another important & affordable service. We CAN GET your DOG there and back. Safely and without inconvenience to YOU. . . CONCERNED about costs or contracts? M&N pooper scooper offers affordable rates. NO contracts. 100% satisfaction guarantee. Once YOU start OUR service. YOU will NOT want US to LEAVE. DO we really need more reasons? SO. What are YOU waiting for. Give US a call today! : ).
23.Home Baked
5710 E Tropicana Ave
Las Vegas,NV
7.19 mi
We have strive to find the best tasting, dog approved treats. So why not home baked treats with natural ingredients. We hand roll our doughs with love, patience and devotion. We want what is best for our companions as well as yours here at Home Baked We wont bake it till you order it. Orders are usually ready for pick up between 1-3 days.
24.Bullseye Pet Supply
8704 Magnolia Ridge Ave
Las Vegas,NV
8.53 mi
25.The Bird Spot
4530 E Charleston Blvd
Las Vegas,NV
3.60 mi
26.Pet Pros
3680 S Maryland Pkwy Ste 101LAS
Las Vegas,NV
3.62 mi
3200 Las Vegas Blvd S
Las Vegas,NV
3.70 mi
28.Dog Diggin Designs
3230 Polaris Ave Ste 23
Las Vegas,NV
4.13 mi
29.Austin Rose, Inc.
3305 Spring Mountain Rd
Las Vegas,NV
4.31 mi
30.Celebi Paws
3631 Las Vegas Blvd S
Las Vegas,NV
4.67 mi
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Researchers are on the verge of creating a brand new manufacturing process for opiates by using yeast. Traditionally, opiates are produced via the opium poppy plant and are actually notoriously difficult to grow with yields often down due to the specific environmental needs required to be met for their growth. It's hard to know whether or not finding a new manufacturing process for opioids, free from the poppy plant is either good or bad. What is known is that whilst opiates are a huge cause a problems relating to addiction, there is currently still a place for the use of opiates as pain-management medicines within society, and we must not forget that fact.
Researchers from Stanford University in the United States believe they have found a way to replicate the entire production process of opiates without needing the poppy plant. Christina Smolke, who has led the research process, has already spent an entire decade on genetically tweaking and enhancing yeast in order to reproduce the biochemistry of poppies. Her end goal would be to "brew" opiate-based medications like beer, producing painkillers from start-to-finish in fermentation vats.
In an extract from the research publication via Stanford, the technical details shine light on how they have achieved their current progress in their program to create opiates without the poppy plant:
'...In their report, the research team explains how they carefully inserted five genes from the poppy plant and from bacteria that lives on poppy stalks into the yeast's genetic information. This created new traits that nearly mirror poppies' opiate properties.
Smolke first managed to insert traits into yeast that would allow it to turn simple sugar molecules into complex precursor opiates called salutardine back in 2008. However, that's only the first stage of a complex process. Opiates like morphine can be made naturally from poppies, but others like oxycodone - deemed "safer" and slightly less addictive - have to be produced from an alteration of a chemical within the poppy called thebaine.
This new stage of Smolke's research covers that other end, helping yeast to produce thebaine and other important synthesis chemicals. Now all that is left is to bring these two trait-pathways together into one strain of yeast...'.
I want to point out that in the above quote whilst there may be a pharmaceutical or chemical argument against Oxycodone being marginally safer and/or less addictive than opiates such as morphine – I observe from my own research that this point is almost negligent in a way and is without much efficacy in a real-world context. We know for instance the power of Oxycodone and its addiction rates in the United States have been devastating.
In regards to the future of creating a new manufacturing process for opiates, there are some benefits that absolutely should be considered by being able to achieve an alternative production process without the use of the poppy plant. Christine Smolke outlines that the production process would be done in closed fermentation vats and that securing these vats and offering tighter controls around the access and availability of the process could help prevent the potential for abuse of the production process and also decrease the chances of illegal drug trade and trafficking.
- http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/8736/20140826/brewing-opiates-yeast-step-aside-poppies.htm


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Paired this with some Hertz Mille's and it gets the job done and well. My only gripe is that it won't fit 4 gauge power wire; I thought my KnuKonceptz 4 gauge might just be oversized so I bought some stinger 0to4 gauge reducers, but the reducers won't fit either. Not a huge deal; 8 gauge works fine, but SoundStream needs to do a better job of making it clear in the specs.
Expert Service 1-661-257-9993 [Hours]


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Tony Cruz (
Blake King (
Post game: link
The Sharks fall to 13-6-1 and have a three-game lead over the second-best team in the league.
Also participating: Jim Rapoport (
Instructional League
Ran from September 13-October 6.
Dustin Mattison had a
post-Instructional League interview with Jonny Bravo (
Brett Wallace (
Tyler Norrick (
Justin Fiske (
Peoria Saguaros just could not keep up with Peoria Javelinas and lost 18-11: link
Post game: link
The Saguaros fall to 8-5 and a three-way tie for best record in the AFL.
Peoria Saguaros welcome Surprise (4-9) Wednesday @ 12:35pm MST.
Wallace was the guest blogger for the Cardinals on Tuesday: link
And the Cardinals 2008 first-round selection was also selected to participate in the 3rd Annual AFL Rising Stars game scheduled for October 24. Pop Warner will manage the team: link
Also participating: Shane Robinson (
Mexican Pacific League
Francisco Rivera (Quad Cities): Did not play for
Hugo Castellano (Memphis-free agent): Did not pitch for Obregon.
Obregon fell behind early and lost
8-5 to
Ex-Cardinal farmhand Josh Pressley was placed on the inactive list for Obregon.
Obregon (2-7) visits
Jason Motte (
Venezuelan League
Jose Martinez (
Jose Rada (GCL): Entered in the fifth and pitched two innings. Allowed no hits or runs, and struck out two. (ground out-fly out:4-0)
Aragua fell behind early and never came back, losing 8-4 to Lara: link
Luke Gregerson
Margarita lost to Magallanes 9-2. No box score available, recap coming Thursday.
Margarita (4-2) visits Aragua (2-4) Wednesday @ 7:30pm VST.
David Freese (
Caribes (4-1) welcome Magallanes (2-4) Wednesday @ 7:30pm VST.
Cesar Izturis (St. Louis-free agent): Expected to join Lara in November.
Mark Worrell (
Venezuelan Parallel League
Kevin Moscatel (GCL): Pinch hit and took over at the catcher position, batting 4th. 1-for-2 with one RBI, one run scored, and one strikeout.
Caribes held off
Wednesday's scheduled games:
Caribes (5-1) @ Aragua (6-0)
Amaury Marti (
D'Angelo Jimenez (Memphis-free agent): Did not play for Licey.
Luis Perdomo (
Licey put the smackdown on Aguilas, blowing them out 21-6: link
Licey (2-3) welcome Gigantes (3-1) Wednesday @ 7:30pm AST.
Aguilas (0-4) welcome Estrellas (2-4) Wednesday @ 8:00pm AST.
Kelvin Jimenez
St. Louis Cardinals' players
Albert Pujols and
Kelvin Jimenez have
all signed on to play for the
Colombian League
2 more days before league play begins.
Quite a few of the imported players that will be playing for Toros de Sincelejo, which will be coached by Dann Bilardello, have ties to the St. Louis Cardinals organization: link
An update with Neder Horta from Indios de Cartegena camp. The Caimanes de Barranquilla released their roster which includes Donovan Solano (Springfield), Alexander Castellano (DSL), and former Cardinal farmhand Luis Martinez: link
Players tentatively expected to
play: Pete Parise
Puerto Rican League
Begins play November 6.
Update with Jose Oquendo from Gigantes de Carolina camp: link
Also mentioned in the article is that Oquendo has attempted to contact Juan Gonzalez (Memphis-free agent), but he has not returned phone calls.
Yadier Molina (
Also expected to play:
Bryan Anderson
© 2008 stlcardinals.scout.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Liverpool striker Christian Benteke is in a race to be fit for the visit of his former side Aston Villa.
Tim Sherwood's side come to Anfield on Saturday, but after Benteke had to be withdrawn at half-time in the 1-1 draw with Norwich on Sunday, there is no guarantee their former striker will be lining up against them.
The Belgian international had to be replaced after 45 minutes at the weekend due to a a tight hamstring that will be assessed.
In an interview that will be broadcast on LFCTV tonight, the 24-year-old spoke about his one and only goal for Liverpool so far, which came in the 1-0 win over Bournemouth at Anfield.
"I was proud of myself, because every week you want to play at Anfield and score in front of the fans, and have them singing your name," he said.
The 10 best free-kick takers on FIFA 16
The 10 best free-kick takers on FIFA 16
1/10 10. Marco Reus – Borussia Dortmund
2/10 9. Alban Meha – Konyaspor
3/10 8. Mehmet Ekici – Trabzonspor
4/10 7. Rasmus Elm Kalmar FF
5/10 6. Memphis Depay – Man United
6/10 5. Lionel Messi – Barcelona
7/10 4. Juan Arango – Club Tijuana
8/10 3. Zlato Junuzovic – Werder Bremen
9/10 2. Andrea Pirlo – New York City
10/10 1. Hakan Calhanoglu – Bayer Leverkusen
Before the visit of Aston Villa, Liverpool host Carlisle in the Capital One Cup on Wednesday.
- More about:
- Aston Villa
- Liverpool FC


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Located in Ciparay Village,Garut West Java, was built in 1999, with concept " Back to Nature"to expose Sudanese culture.The resort has a relatively cool climate due to its altitude of about 1000 meters above sea level,the temperature reaches 16-22 ˚C, broadly 4.6 hectare, it's surrounded by 4 green mountains.
The name means:"a place for stop in ".
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Check out the videos from some of our past events.
Come let Roxy pamper you with our exception VIP Services. You will be greeting upon arrival with no lines or waiting. You will be escorted to your table. VIP Reservations come complete with line privileges and free cover for 3-6 of your guests.
Roxy is available upon request for Private, Corporate, and Group Events. Please contact email@example.com for more information.
Keep up to date with our latest promotions and specials we have going on by checking below!
We will be adding more promotions and specials soon!
Is it your birthday? Book a VIP at Roxy Providence and receive a FREE bottle of Champagne!
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Feature Dancers
79 Washington St.
Providence, RI 02903
Phone: (401) 831-ROXY
Email: email@example.com
Thurs: 10:00pm → 1:00am
Sat: 10:00pm → 3:00am
Sunday: Special Events


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|Add to Cart Button
The Cleveland Guitar Orchestra, sponsored by the Cleveland Classical Guitar Society, has 2 sessions per year, led by expert director James Flood. Rehearsals are on Sundays, 1:15-2:45 PM, except when otherwise noted.
Spring 2016 Dates
- March 5
- March 12
- March 19
- March 26
- April 2
- April 9
- April 16 – Easter Sunday – NO REHEARSAL
- April 23
- April 30 – Meeting Time Changed, 12:45-1:15 PM – This Day Only
- May 7
- May 14 (Open Recital Performance at John Carroll University – rehearsal time will be announced)
Rehearsal location:
Church of the Covenant
11205 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106
Cost and Deadline
|Add to Cart Button
The deadline to register for the orchestra is February 1, 2017, but we appreciate signups earlier if possible. The cost of the orchestra is $150, which includes all 10 sessions, sheet music, etc. Payment must be made in advance of the start date. Payment can be made by phone with a credit card (216-905-9348), by mail with a check (address below), or on this website by adding the membership to your cart and checking out.
Check Address
Cleveland Classical Guitar Society
PO Box 19162
Cleveland OH 44119
Sign up for our email list to keep up to date!
New Member Information
If you are a new member, before paying please contact James Flood (information below) to set up a free session to determine your level. This orchestra is designed for those who have at least 1 year of lessons up to advanced level.
Questions about payment or logistics? Send a message to CCGS Executive Director Erik Mann by clicking here. Questions about music or level of difficulty? Contact CCGS Orchestra Director James Flood at firstname.lastname@example.com.
About the Cleveland Guitar Orchestra's director, James Flood
James Flood received his Bachelor's ('89) and Master's ('93) degrees in Guitar Performance from the Peabody Institute of Johns Hopkins University, where, for his Master's degree, he was a student of Manuel Barrueco. He has also studied with David Tanenbaum, Julian Gray, and Ray Chester. He has performed solo recitals in Baltimore, San Francisco, Cleveland, and Wheeling, West Virginia, where he performed as a soloist with the Wheeling Symphony Orchestra.
James Flood has conducted numerous choirs at posts including the Cathedral of Mary Our Queen in Baltimore, his own Sacred Arts Chamber Choir, and at his current post, St. Clement Church in Lakewood. He also directs the Lyceum Schola Cantorum at the Lyceum School in South Euclid, which has been praised by the Chant Cafe: "[Flood] has managed to turn a random group of high school kids into a world-class liturgical choir right in the heart of America. Incredible."
Mr. Flood has taught private guitar lessons at numerous schools, including Gettysburg College and Morgan State University. In 1999, he received a grant from Gettysburg College to research new avenues to further more ergonomically effective classical guitar technique. Today he teaches exclusively out of his own private studio, James Flood Guitar Lessons. Mr. Flood resides in Lakewood with his wife and six children.


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New 2017 Chevrolet Camaro 2LT
- MAKE:Chevrolet
- MODEL:Camaro
- BODY TYPE:Coupe
- ENGINE:I-4 cyl
- TRANS:Automatic
- LOCATION:Houston
- EXT COLOR:Summit White
- INT COLOR:Adrenaline Red
*Please note: we update our inventory daily. Please check with dealer to confirm vehicle availability.
Sellers Comments
Drive this home today! Check out this 2017! Packed with features and truly a pleasure to drive! Turbocharger technology provides forced air induction, enhancing performance while preserving fuel economy. Chevrolet infused the interior with top shelf amenities, such as: leather upholstery, front dual-zone air conditioning, and power seats. Chevrolet made sure to keep road-handling and sportiness at the top of it's priority list. It features an automatic transmission, rear-wheel drive, and a 2 liter 4 cylinder engine. Our knowledgeable sales staff is available to answer any questions that you might have. They'll work with you to find the right vehicle at a price you can afford. Stop by our dealership or give us a call for more information.
- 2.77 Rear Axle Ratio
- Adrenaline Red Interior Accent Trim Package
- Body-Color Outside Heated Power-Adjustable Mirrors
- Convenience & Lighting Package
- Decklid Mounted Lip Spoiler
- Engine: 2.0L Turbo 4-Cylinder SIDI VVT
- Enhanced Driver Information Center
- Federal Emissions Requirements
- Head-Up Display
- Heated Steering Wheel
- High Intensity Discharge Headlamps
- Illuminated Sill Plates
- Interior Spectrum Lighting
- Limited Slip Differential Delete
- Memory Package
- Paddle-Shift Manual Controls
- RS Package
- Rear Cross-Traffic Alert
- Rear Park Assist
- Remote Vehicle Starter System
- Side Blind Zone Alert w/Lane Change Alert
- Tires: P245/40R20 BW AS Run-Flat
- Transmission: 8-Speed Automatic
- Wheels: 20' 5-Split Spoke Machined-Face Aluminum
- Wireless Charging For Devices
- Engine
- 2.0L Turbo
- 4-cylinder
- VVT (275 hp [205 kW] @ 5600 rpm
- 295 lb-ft of torque [398.3 N-m] @ 3000-4500 rpm)
- Transmission
- 6-speed manual
- Rear axle
- 3.27 ratio (Included with (LTG) 2.0L Turbo engine
- or with (LGX) 3.6L V6 engine and (MN6) 6-speed manual transmission.)
- Driver Selector Mode up to 4 modes available for various driving conditions - Snow/Ice
- Tour
- Sport and Track (SS and ZL1 models only)
- Battery rundown protection
- Rear wheel drive
- Suspension
- Sport
- Steering
- power
- variable ratio
- electric
- Brakes
- 4-wheel antilock
- 4-wheel disc
- Fueling system
- capless
- Exhaust
- dual-outlet stainless-steel with bright tips
Vehicle Location
Lone Star Chevrolet
18900 NW Freeway
Houston, Texas 77065


text:
Just today around 11:00am in our office... my cellphone rang and it was from Nokia Philippines but its number was a Globe sim...
I was hesitant when a lady (named Anne) told me "congratulations you have won the Nokia 2680 slide!"
I said "ahihihi are you sure?" and she asked me details like "complete name and address?"
syempre hindi ko binigay! I replied "if you have the details of my registration how come you are asking me these information?"
She said "you still didn't believe me that you have won Ms. Lahora"
I explained why should I when a stranger just ring my phone and asked me personal details and telling me I won why should I believe? of course not!
(wahahaha! nanalo nga ako?!)
and She said all the details from her computer (on my registration) she also explained that she is just verifying if I'm really the person she wanted to talk to...(^_^)
as confirmed she said a registered mail will arrive in the address I specified and then I will claim the Nokia 2680 here in Davao City (^_^)
Sige will be updating one of my blogs as soon as I will get that Nokia 2680!
Tuesday, November 11, 2008
I won Nokia 2680 Slide
Posted by Aice Lahora at 7:45 PM
Labels: agents of value, Aice Nice Concepts, ice nine web, ice9web, Nokia 2680
4 comments:
- RoNald said...
congats ice... burger! burger! burger!
- November 11, 2008 at 9:49 PM
- Aice Nice Concepts said...
nag Libre na ako katong MM chocolates sa lunch nato... mao sa karon kay wala pa man un phone (^_^)
- November 11, 2008 at 9:51 PM
- Pinoy Contests said...
Hi! Nice blog! Paano po kayo nanalo ng phone? Promo ba to?
- November 22, 2008 at 11:05 PM
- Aice Nice Concepts said...
pinoy contest,
yes it was a promo... bale if you buy any nokia cellphone you are entitled to join the contest (^_^)
- November 23, 2008 at 4:21 PM
Post a Comment
"Anonymous" is no longer activated...
what are you afraid of?
C'mon Let yourself known.
Thank you for your message (^_^)


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AHD7-DVR16-2TB is rated out of 5 by 1.
Rated 3 out of 5 by Joellaboy from Ptz You talk a lot about Ptz but are not great on giving advise or giving equipment for Ptz, I love your cameras and the dr is pretty nice but the streaming is not great and I have 50mbps and still have bad streaming this is my 3rd system in 5 years and still no great improvements plz get stuff better so I continue to purchase stuff from night owl.
Date published: 2015-08-08
Is it possible to hook up a RF modulator to the camera system so it can be viewed on all tvs in house
Night Owl does not guarantee compatibility with third party products. For more information, please contact Night Owl Technical Support. Thanks for choosing Night Owl.
Date published: 2017-02-13
When will the AHD7-DVR16 be in stock? I jusy need the unit not the whole package.
Hello, Unfortunately, we cannot provide an exact date when an item will be back in stock. Please check our web store periodically for updates. We do have the HDA10L-DVR16-1TB available for immediate purchase, see the link below for more information. Thank you for your patience and understanding. http://nightowlsp.com/products/stand-alone-dvr-s-nvr-s/stand-alone-hd-dvr-s/16-channel/hda10l-dvr16-1tb.html
Date published: 2017-01-27
Every time the DVR reboots it says "New Firmware version available, do you want to update?". I run the up date and it says updating remotely but it never updates. It just says the same thing the next time it reboots.
This issue will need to be troubleshooted by our technical support team. Technical support is available 24/7, 365 days a year and can be reached at 1-866-390-1303. Thank you for choosing Night Owl.
Date published: 2016-08-01
Can the cameras keep recording even when the monitor is off?
Good afternoon. Yes, your system will record with the monitor shut off. Depending on your configuration, the recording is triggered by time and date (Normal Scheduling) or motion (Motion Scheduling). Thanks for choosing Night Owl.
Date published: 2016-06-27
I forgot my password how can I reset it?
Good Afternoon, To reset the password on your Night Owl system, you will need to contact our technical support team. To receive technical support assistance please create an account and register your product on our website. Our technical support team is available 24/7 365 days a year at 1(866) 390-1303 and will assist in troubleshooting your Night Owl products. Thank you for choosing Night Owl.
Date published: 2016-04-21
Can you use more then one PTZ cameras with any of your dvrs?
Good Afternoon, Unfortunately at this time our DVRs are only compatible with one PTZ camera at a time. Thanks for choosing Night Owl.
Date published: 2016-04-15
How can I display the cameras on multiple units? Can I use the VGA and HDMI outputs simultaneously? I am looking to have multiple monitors show the cameras. how can i make that possible?
Good Afternoon, Yes, you can use both the VGA and HDMI connections simultaneously to project onto two monitors. However, those two monitors will be mirror images of each other. If you desire to view multiple cameras from different systems, this is possible by using our remote viewing App for your smart device and/or remote viewing software for your PC. The remote viewing software for your PC is available on our support site. In order to remotely view your system on your smart device, you must download Night Owl's HD App from either the Apple or Google Play store. Then you must configure the App to connect to the DVR (most easily done through scanning the QR code on the top left corner of the DVR). Please view the accompanying two links to see videos on the HD App and Owl Scan. Thanks for choosing Night Owl. HD App https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lvb9nEaTdZI&index=2&list=PLbxyRqh8oZf9UulNSCm7yVXMeUTqaD6Ur Owl Scan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24HlfeE5sb4&index=2&list=PLbxyRqh8oZf93d_yKi0ytFX7j3Omv2zVs
Date published: 2016-02-02
I am looking to upgrade the firmware of this Dvr, but I am having trouble location info the file or even what is the current version. I have the ahd7-dvr16 with hw v DM-229 and SW V 6.1.0-20150205 Client V 1.1.1195.0
Good Afternoon. Please view the first attached link. It will direct you to a short video relating to upgrading your firmware. I have also included a copy of your system manual. If will discuss firmware upgrades as well. Thanks for choosing Night Owl. Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3OVhGKC0DLg&list=PLbxyRqh8oZf8i9BkV3pU3RBo6XQj2kO7N&index=6 Manual https://ferrismarketing.box.com/s/ln7rnhfkauv6vinq9iiokdf3dbce5mr6
Date published: 2016-01-05


text: Voices Letter: Labour's plans for 'fairness and opportunity' in education Mr Graham Pirt Friday 23 June 1995 23:02 BST Click to follow Sir: The school plan announced by Labour will lead to chaos if, and when, they become the government. It will lead to the retention of an elitist system of schooling that the country has suffered under for most of its educational life. In order to produce a fair system, we need to either abolish grant-maintained schools or abolish LEAs and allow all schools to be funded equitably. What we must get away from is the multi- structural scenario. Tony Blair talks about level playing fields; at the moment some schools don't even have playing fields.Yours faithfully, GRAHAM PIRT Goole Humberside 22 June Reuse content Comments


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In 1983, our founder, Ellen Kogstad Thompson, noticed a growing problem in her neighborhood—teen moms with nowhere to call home, and no way to fund the expenses of their newborn children. She purchased some diapers and formula, and began distributing them from the trunk of her car.
Nearly 30 years later, New Moms' programming has developed as the result of organic growth, based on the evolving needs of these young families.
In a 2005 study by the Center for Impact Research, homeless youth were asked to identify their greatest needs, reporting:
- 94.9% permanent housing
- 75.1% job placement
- 66% job training
- 30.3% education/GED prep
- 29.3% life skills training
Since New Moms' 1983 inception, our reputation for achieving results has led to the following recognition:
- 2014: Received the All Chicago Service Excellence Award in recognition of our outstanding service to participants in our Transformation Center Housing Program.
- 2013: Moved in to the Transformation Center in the Austin neighborhood at 5317 W. Chicago Avenue — a brand-new facility with 30 studio and 10 one-bedroom apartments, offices, meeting spaces, a daycare facility, and a commercial kitchen.
- 2012: Mayor Emanuel announces Chicago's 2.0 Plan to End Homelessness at New Moms' new facility, still under construction. For the first time, Youth Homelessness is announced as a priority for Chicago!
- 2012: Began construction ona brand-new "green" facility, which nearly doubled our service capacity, bringing all programs under one roof, and adding a licensed daycare to our services.
- 2012: Honored by the Chicago Police Department's CAPS Program for our work in helping to keep Chicago safe.
- 2011: Former Mayor Daley participated in groundbreaking ceremony for New Moms' brand-new facility.
- 2011: Academy of Professional Development recognized in Chicago's Evaluation of its 10-Year Plan to End Homelessness.
- 2011: Awarded contract to hire Infant Mental Health Consultant, to train staff to enhance services around children with mental health concerns.
- 2010: New Moms' vision of a social enterprise became reality when Bright Endeavors merged into New Moms' programs.
- 2010: Selected for American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funding, to pilot a Transitional Jobs demonstration project for pregnant and parenting youth.
- 2009: Awarded $6.2 Million in Neighborhood Stabilization Funding toward construction of a new facility, which will double capacity for both our supportive housing and non-residential programs.
- 2008: Five participant Leadership Council Members were honored by the 14th District Police Commander and Alderman Colon (of the 35th Ward) for their volunteer work with a Domestic Violence Project.
- 2004: Received an award from the IL Dept. of Human Services to expand our Supportive Housing Program and enhance our Workforce Development Program.
- 2003: Opened Chicago's first Bright Space. This play space in our supportive housing facility is part of a national initiative between Bright Horizons Foundation for Children and local homeless service providers.
- 2000: Featured in a manual/video package highlighting model welfare-to-work programs in the U.S.
- 1998: Selected by Crown Financial as a national pilot site for career aptitude assessment materials.
- 1996: Chosen by the Ounce of Prevention Fund to create a pilot welfare-to-work program for pregnant/parenting teens—our Academy of Professional Development.
- 1992: Chosen as the shelter program model used by the Illinois Dept. of Child & Family Services.


text:
For the first time, a majority of U.S. mobile subscribers of all age groups own smartphones. In fact, 51% of mobile owners over the age of 55 now own smartphones, driving the growth in smartphone penetration to seven out of 10 Americans overall. Smartphone penetration continues to grow every day, with 85% of recent acquirers picking smartphones when purchasing new handsets. The majority of smartphones in the U.S. run Android OS (52%), and more than half of these were made by Samsung (29%). However, Apple remains the largest smartphone manufacturer, whose handsets are used by 42% of smartphone users in the U.S. Meanwhile, Nokia's market share doubled over the last year, overtaking Blackberry as more recent smartphone acquirers have chosen Windows Phone handsets, which now make up 3% of smartphones in the U.S.
|Scooped by Tourism Australia


text:
Volume 13 Supplement 2
Building community-level resilience for the care of women with pre-eclampsia
Potential for task-sharing to Lady Health Workers for identification and emergency management of pre-eclampsia at community level in Pakistan
DOI: 10.1186/s12978-016-0214-0
© The Author(s). 2016
Published: 30 September 2016
An estimated 276 Pakistani women die for every 100,000 live births; with eclampsia accounting for about 10 % of these deaths. Community health workers contribute to the existing health system in Pakistan under the banner of the Lady Health Worker (LHW) Programme and are responsible to provide a comprehensive package of antenatal services. However, there is a need to increase focus on early identification and prompt diagnosis of pre-eclampsia in community settings, since women with mild pre-eclampsia often present without symptoms. This study aims to explore the potential for task-sharing to LHWs for the community-level management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in Pakistan.
A qualitative exploratory study was undertaken February-July 2012 in two districts, Hyderabad and Matiari, in the southern province of Sindh, Pakistan. Altogether 33 focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted and the LHW curriculum and training materials were also reviewed. The data was audio-recorded, then transcribed verbatim for thematic analysis using QSR NVivo-version10.
Findings from the review of the LHW curriculum and training program describe that in the existing community delivery system, LHWs are responsible for identification of pregnant women, screening women for danger signs and referrals for antenatal care. They are the first point of contact for women in pregnancy and provide nutritional counselling along with distribution of iron and folic acid supplements. Findings from FGDs suggest that LHWs do not carry a blood pressure device or antihypertensive medications; they refer to the nearest public facility in the event of a pregnancy complication. Currently, they provide tetanus toxoid in pregnancy. The health advice provided by lady health workers is highly valued and accepted by pregnant women and their families. Many Supervisors of LHWs recognized the need for increased training regarding pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, with a focus on identifying women at high risk. The entire budget of the existing lady health worker Programme is provided by the Government of Pakistan, indicating a strong support by policy makers and the government for the tasks undertaken by these providers.
There is a potential for training and task-sharing to LHWs for providing comprehensive antenatal care; specifically for the identification and management of pre-eclampsia in Pakistan. However, the implementation needs to be combined with appropriate training, equipment availability and supervision.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT01911494
KeywordsTask-sharing Obstetric care Community health workers Community-based interventions
Plain language summary
Around ten percent of maternal deaths in Pakistan are attributable to eclampsia. The existing Lady Health Worker (LHW) programme in Pakistan provides an existing platform for early identification and prompt diagnosis of pre-eclampsia in community settings. This study aims to explore the potential of task-sharing to LHWs for the community-level management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in Pakistan. A qualitative study was undertaken in two districts of Hyderabad and Matiari involving 33 focus group discussions (FGDs) and review of LHW curriculum and training. LHWs are currently responsible for identification of pregnancies in their community, screening pregnant women for danger signs and referrals. These workers are the first point of contact for women in pregnancy and provide nutritional education along with distribution of iron and folic acid supplements. LHWs do not carry a blood pressure device or medications and refer to the nearest public facility for pregnancy complications. The health advice provided by LHWs is highly valued and accepted by pregnant women and their families. LHW supervisors recognized the need for increased training regarding pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, with a focus on identifying women at high risk. There is a potential for training and task-sharing to LHWs for providing complete antenatal care; specifically for the identification and management of pre-eclampsia in Pakistan.
Task-sharing involves substituting specialised personnel with healthcare workers who are lesser trained but can perform some aspects of their role [1]. A range of both skilled and semi-skilled health workers can play a major role in maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) service delivery [33]. Annually around 40 million mothers give birth at home globally without any trained health worker [2, 3]. As a result, most of the maternal, perinatal and neonatal morbidities and mortalities occur at the community level due to lack of good quality care. The poorest countries have the highest maternal and neonatal mortality rates [4, 5]. Within these countries there are dramatic inequalities, with the poorest communities and other marginalised groups experiencing considerably higher rates of maternal and neonatal mortality. The majority of this burden could be averted by achieving universal coverage of good quality care and skilled birth attendance throughout pregnancy and childbirth. However, due to paucity of trained human resource professionals in first-level health services and the reduced awareness of, and accessibility to, services for the deprived and marginalized populations, these are not accessible to those most in need [2, 6]. A more rational distribution of tasks and responsibilities among cadres of health workers is seen as a promising strategy for improving access and cost-effectiveness for MNCH interventions.
Health service delivery through skilled and semi-skilled healthcare workers has been practiced in both high-income countries (HICs) and low- middle- income countries (LMICs) for several decades. More recently, due to the growing human resource crisis especially in LMICs, task-sharing has re-emerged for extending services to hard-to-reach groups [7–12]. Countries in South Asia and Africa have made a particular effort in recent years to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity through deploying community health workers (CHW) [13–16]. The role of midwives and traditional birth attendants (TBA) in delivering MNCH services has also received growing attention, and a number of publications have described their role and documented the effects of such programmes [17, 18, 32]. Furthermore, utilising these alternate cadres of healthcare workers is widely recognised as an important strategy to deliver key MNCH interventions in many LMICs [19–21]. CHWs can be used to deliver a wide spectrum of promotional and preventive interventions including provision of basic antenatal care (ANC), essential newborn care, breastfeeding counselling, management and referral of sick newborns, and community mobilisation. It also provides a channel to reach far flung areas, thus attempting to reduce existing inequities in healthcare access and utilization.
Pakistan has not meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for maternal and child health by 2015. An estimated 276 Pakistani women die for every 100,000 live births, and 48 % of deliveries occur without assistance from a skilled care provider [22]. Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia account for about 10 % of the overall maternal mortality in Pakistan. CHWs are a part of the existing health system in Pakistan in the form of the Lady Health Workers (LHWs). The LHW Programme was introduced in the public service infrastructure in Pakistan in 1994 and currently employs 96,000 LHWs. Under this banner, public health sector employs LHWs and Lady Health Visitors (LHVs) in rural sectors with 15 months of training in MNCH. Each of these LHWs covers a population of 1000–1500 [23, 24]. These LHWs are usually women residing in the surrounding locality. In the existing health system, the role of LHW is to provide a comprehensive package of antenatal care including pregnancy identification, basic health education, identification of the danger signs of pregnancy and referral when needed; and provide minimal neonatal care. However, there is a need of increased focus on early identification and prompt diagnosis of pre-eclampsia in community settings, since women with non-severe pre-eclampsia typically present with no visible symptoms. This leads to delays in diagnosis, adequate primary care, and referral; consequently contributing to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.
The Community Level Intervention for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) trial package will train the existing LHWs for community mobilisation; identification and triage of women with pre-eclampsia (through weight, blood pressure and urine for proteinuria); administration of oral antihypertensive agent when indicated (methyldopa); administration of intramuscular MgSO4 when indicated and timely referral to facility for women within their catchment population. The objective of this study is to explore the potential for task-sharing to community healthcare providers and LHWs, for early identification and management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia and implementation of CLIP package in Pakistan.
A qualitative exploratory study was undertaken between February-July 2012, as part of a large multi-country study - Community Level Intervention for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) trial (NCT01911494). The study was conducted in two districts, Hyderabad and Matiari, in the southern province of Sindh, Pakistan. Hyderabad is an urban district located and the second largest city in Sindh province with a population of over 3 million. The rural district Matiari is located 25 km north of Hyderabad [25]. The total population of Matiari exceeds half a million, with large rural settlements [26]. The study participants included LHWs, Lady Health Supervisors (LHSs), women medical officers (WMO), and TBAs. Altogether 33 focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted: seven with LHWs, ten with LHSs, nine with WMOs, and seven with TBAs. The LHW curriculum and training materials were also reviewed. Participation in this study was voluntary, and written consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.
The data were collected through the FGDs as it allows participants in a small group to discuss the subject freely and spontaneously [27, 28]. FGD guides were developed for a priori themes informed by the literature; all questions were translated into Sindhi and Urdu languages. These questions were pilot tested for comprehension, cultural sensitivity, appropriateness and duration. All the FGDs were moderated by research officers, accompanied by two research assistants for note-taking. The project staff were native Sindhi or Urdu speakers, they were locally recruited and trained by a senior faculty and a social scientist with qualitative research expertise. The FGDs were audio-recorded; field notes were also taken. Discussions were transcribed verbatim into Sindhi or Urdu. Stringent data quality control measures were followed, which included random observations of FGDs by field coordinator; audit-trailing of 20 % of the FGDs to verify audio with typed transcripts; and biweekly debriefing sessions with moderators and transcribers. In addition, the moderator maintained a self-reflection after each session to describe their personal opinions to contextualise the data, as well as, preventing the self-bias.
A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 457 LHWs, all questions were designed using a Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree). For reporting purpose, the responses 'strongly agree' and 'agree' were merged together and reported here as an affirmative response to the question. A response was considered to be negative if answers were either 'strongly disagree' or 'disagree'. The competency and skills of LHWs was evaluated by a set of questions pertaining to their current responsibilities: ability to identify danger signs of pregnancy, blood pressure (BP) measurement, administration of injections at home, and acceptance of referral in community.
Administrative and logistic support for task-sharing was evaluated by review of LHW training.
Using NVivo 10 [QSR, Doncaster Vic, Australia], all participants' responses were coded to relevant themes. Subsequently, emerging themes and sub-themes were drawn from the initial structure.
This study received ethical approval from Ethics Review Committee of Aga Khan University, Karachi Pakistan (1917-Obs-ERC-11) and Institutional Review Board of University of British Columbia, Vancouver Canada (H12-00132).
Maternal health responsibilities
Lady Health Worker National Programme for family planning and basic health
Lady Health Worker Maternal Health Responsibilities
• Counsel and vaccinate all women (15–49 years of age) of their area for tetanus
• Keep record of pregnant women of their respective area for advice and referral
• Advise pregnant women about:
o Healthy diet
o Accessing antenatal care from a health facility
o Exclusive breast feeding
o Uptake of offered iron and folic acid tablets
• Maintain liaison with TBAs in their area for safe birth and to refer women to local health facility as required
• Identify danger signs during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum and refer appropriate women to a health facility
During FGDs, LHWs discussed some of their job responsibilities as outlined in the curriculum: identification of pregnancies, registration of pregnancies, periodic visits to encourage birth preparedness, dietary advice and provision of multi-vitamin tablets. LHWs do not carry any antihypertensive agents for pregnant women; in cases of suspected or confirmed hypertension they refer to the nearest public facility. LHWs report regularly to LHSs, who confirm their registers. In FGDs with LHWs, one participant said "If she has high blood pressure, bleeding and water comes out, and then refer her to the hospital". In another FGD with LHWs, one participant narrated that "If we see dangerous signs in pregnant women then we informed her that these are the signs: tension, she does lots of vomits and because of that BP becomes high, because of vomits; fits can occur. On that time we recommend them to go to health facility". Referral was also endorsed by LHS on interview that "We usually don't handle these types of cases as we don't have the equipment to cater to the problem properly. We usually refer them to a lady hospital, CDF or Bhattai Hospital".
Competence in providing maternal health services
Lady Health Worker competencies and skills related to maternal health care
Frequency (%) of affirmative responses
n = 457
Identify pregnancy signs and symptoms
457 (100 %)
Identify danger signs of hypertension in pregnancy
331 (72 %)
Identify danger signs of seizures in pregnancy
422 (92 %)
Can measure BP
153 (34 %)
Can administer intramuscular injections
389 (87 %)
Can refer pregnant women to District Hospital
376 (82 %)
Acceptance by pregnant women or decision-making proxies of referral
432 (94 %)
Administrative and logistic support available to Lady Health Workers to provide maternal health care
Administrative support
Frequency (%) of affirmative responses
n = 457
Trainings to identify pregnancy complications
203 (44 %)
Trainings to refer or manage pregnancy complication
254 (56 %)
Available tools for screening of pre-eclampsia
BP apparatus
38 (9 %)
Weight machine
183 (42 %)
Urine dipstick (pregnancy test)
22 (4 %)
Measuring tape
108 (24 %)
Gaps in training
Findings from questionnaires and FGDs suggest a need for periodic training regarding patient triage and the emergency management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Many LHSs recognised the need for training, with a focus on identifying woman at high-risk. Also, they claimed that pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are very important subjects; however, they had received negligible attention during their training. In contrast, very few TBAs perceived the need to learn about pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.
Government and facility healthcare provider support
Facility providers offer backup for LHW referrals. They do not make regular home visits but they support LHWs in the community. The LHW Programme, outlined by the Government of Pakistan, indicates strong support by policy makers for community care provision by LHWs. During an IDI with women medical officer, she narrated that "We motivate them to get their check-up done regularly. If they are hypertensive then we give them medicine weekly and tell them to get their weekly check-up done".
Findings from this study demonstrate that the existing LHW program could provide a platform for community-based identification and management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in Pakistan with the help of the existing network of LHWs. LHW have the capacity to screen women for pre-eclampsia, administer emergency medications and refer with appropriate training. The potential task-sharing to community level delivery of these services is reasonable as LHWs already perform regular home visits and deliver health promotion, preventive care and essential curative MNCH services. LHWs conduct visits during pregnancy and encourage families and communities to gain timely access to referral facilities. There is significant community acceptability of LHWs' capacity to deliver additional services. There was insufficient LHW training related to the prevention and management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia specifically.
The World Health Organization and the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) recognize the critical role community and lay health workers play in preventing post-partum haemorrhage and increasing access to misoprostol where skilled birth attendants are not available [34]. Existing literature supports the findings of our feasibility study and suggest that task-sharing to community health workers for antenatal care delivery has shown some evidence of success [31]. In Pakistan, antenatal care delivery through LHW and TBA in community settings has shown improvement in maternal morbidity and mortality [35, 36]. A large scale community-based study in Pakistan on LHW training to provide antenatal care alongside TBA showed favourable results [37]. Another study on educating and training mothers through LHW resulted in a greater number of visits from the LHW in the intervention group as compared with the routine antenatal care package delivery group [37]. There are successful examples of community based trails where community health workers have been trained to administer medications. A study involving TBA, LHW and other community workers to administer 600 micrograms of misoprostol in women with postpartum haemorrhage has shown an impressive 24 % decrease in maternal mortality [38]. This is supportive of the recommendation that with proper training, it is feasible to incorporate emergency medication administration into the LHW care package, in community settings where accessibility and availability are an issue. There is also precedence of task-sharing where LHWs have provided misoprostol to reduce vaginal bleeding and administered oral amoxicillin to children under 5 for pneumonia at home [39]. These findings highlight that administration of methyldopa and MgSO4 by LHWs is feasible as planned for the CLIP study. In addition, this approach is supported by the World Health Organization (WHO) in terms of providing technical assistance, including the development of manuals, training activities, improved supervision and monitoring, resource generation and capacity building of LHW [29].
LHWs play a pivotal role in Pakistan's health care system [30, 40]; however the existing number of LHW is estimated to be insufficient according to the World Health Organization [29]. This human resource shortage must be considered in the redistribution of health care services. Furthermore, with the annual income of around $343, LHWs often struggle to satisfy the financial needs of their families, which is made more difficult as more responsibilities are added to their role [29, 30]. There is a need to critically review the current tasks assigned to LHWs prior to the inclusion of additional activities. If LHWs are to identify pre-eclampsia, they must be provided a blood pressure apparatus and urine dipsticks for assessment and diagnosis in community settings. In addition, it is important to create acceptance within the community for emergency treatment to be given by LHWs. In order to strengthen the delivery of these new interventions the focus should be on skills development and supportive supervision. Skills development and competencies need to be enhanced for blood pressure monitoring, dipstick testing of urine, and medication administration. Task-sharing of this nature, will require high levels of motivation, focus and accountability on the part of LHWs. Additional motivation and reinforcement are needed to use protocols where they exist for managing patients with pre-eclampsia, and novel education strategies are required where such protocols do not exist.
There is strong potential for training and task-sharing to LHWs for providing comprehensive antenatal care; including the identification and management of pre-eclampsia in Pakistan. However, implementation must be coupled with appropriate training, equipment provision and supervision.
Antenatal care
Blood pressure
Community health workers
Community Level Intervention for Pre-Eclampsia
Focus group discussions
International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
High-income countries
Lady Health Supervisors
Lady Health Visitors
Lady Health Workers
Low- middle- income countries
Millennium Development Goals
Maternal Newborn and Child Health
Traditional Birth Attendants
World Health Organization
Women medical officers
This work is part of the University of British Columbia PRE-EMPT (Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia, Monitoring, Prevention and Treatment) initiative supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. CLIP Working Group: Zia Sultana, Dania Anwer, Payne Beth, Aina Olabisi, Chomiak Marianne, Dada Olukayode A, Drebit Sharla, Firoz Tabassum, Goudar Shivaprasad, Kariya Chirag, Katageri Geetanjali, Lee Tang, Li Jing, Lui Man Sun, Makanga Tatenda, Ramadurg Umesh, Sharma Sumedha, Solarin Kunle, and Magee Laura A.
This article has been published as part of Reproductive Health Volume 13 Supplement 2, 2016: Building community-level resilience for the case of women with pre-eclampsia. The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/supplements/volume-13-supplement-2. Publication charges for this supplement were funded by the University of British Columbia PRE-EMPT (Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia, Monitoring, Prevention and Treatment) initiative supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Authors' contributions
RNQ was involved in the concept, design and execution of the study. She also made significant intellectual contributions to the manuscript; RAS, ARK, SSS and SS were involved in the design and execution of the study; data collection. RAS and SSS contributed to the writing of the manuscript. ZAB and PD made significant intellectual contribution to the entire study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer review
Reviewer reports for this article are included in Additional file 1.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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