text:
"Deni looked after Tiger extremely well in our own home, and kept me in touch with photos. Tiger was ..."
"Thank you so much Daniel for taking care of Leo. :) He is so much loved again by all of you again...."
"Erik and Nela gave our dog Rookie so much love, I am so grateful that they were able to watch her..."
"Kathryn did the best she could in a difficult situation. Thanks again Kathryn."
"This is the third time I've had Catherine visit my puppy and each time I come home to a very happy..."
"Agreement was for Tanya to stay but something came up last minute for her so she was unable to stay ..."
"Louise was great and I will be using her services again. "
"Bella did a great job looking after Olly. She kept me updated with regular photos and letting me..."
"Amazing lady, Brilliantly looked after 2 puppies and a cat for us. So glad we found her :) Will..."
"Ample space for your dogs to run around and enjoy themselves. Really appreciated the regular..."
"Portia was great and easy to deal with. Our cat seemed very relaxed when we returned and the house..."
"Batman loved his stay with Emma! He had a ball and they really took great care of him. Will..."
"Thanks so much for taking care of Frankie and Hector! We highly recommend Georgia."
"Thanks for looking after Tyler for us, very happy!! "
"We are so happy with the service Divya provided looking after our bichon Honey. Divya is simply a..."
"Really great, Eli was very well looked after, thank you, will definitely hire again :) "


text:
FREE SHIPPING on orders over $75.
Quantity Available:
Corbett Lighting has been creating and manufacturing beautiful lighting for more than 40 years. Their products clearly demonstrate Corbett's dedication to original design and superior craftsmanship, combined with the finest glassware, shades and natural material. Solid brass castings, Italian glass, hand-forged iron and hand-painted finishes are just a few of the quality materials used in Corbett Lighting fixtures.
The Muse Pendant is available with the following:
- Faceted crystal shade
- Hand crafted iron frame with polished stainless accents
- Tranquility Silver Leaf finish
- Square ceiling canopy
- 48" chain
- UL Listed
- Made In China
Shade Color: Faceted Crystal
Finish: Tranquility Silver Leaf
Size: Small, Medium, Large
- Small Option: Four 60 Watt (672 Lumens) 120 Volt E12 Candelabra Base Incandescent Lamp(s) (Not Included)
- Medium Option: 60 Watt (672 Lumens) 120 Volt Integrated LED
- Medium Option: Six 53 Watt (1050 Lumens) 120 Volt E26 Medium Base Halogen Lamp(s) (Not Included)
- Large Option: 60 Watt (672 Lumens) 120 Volt Integrated LED
- Large Option: Eight 53 Watt (1050 Lumens) 120 Volt E26 Medium Base Halogen Lamp(s) (Not Included)
Compare Brightness:
LumensThe amount of light that comes from a bulb, which has commonly been measured in watts. The more lumens, the brighter the bulb.
WattageA measurement of the power delivered to a component of an electric circuit (allowing a one-ampere current to flow through the component under the pressure of 1 volt.)
Bulb ShapeBulb shapes are denoted with a letter, which describes the shape, and a number, which indicates the size. The number indicates the diameter of the light bulb at its widest part in eighths of an inch.
BaseThe part of the bulb that connects to the fixture and its power supply. Bulb bases are denoted with the letter E, and a number which indicates the diameter of the bulb base at its widest part in millimeters.
VoltageIndicates how much voltage a bulb can accept via the fixture it's installed in.
Light Color TemperatureThe relative color from a light source, measured on the Kelvin temperature scale. Warm light is lower in color temperature (2700-3000 K) and cool, blue light is higher (5000 K).
Average Rated LifeThe average amount time that a bulb is expected to last.
CRICRI = color rendering index. This number, which can go from 0 to 100, measures the ability of a light or bulb accurately renders colors. The higher the number, the better, with most quality bulbs these days measuring at least in the 80s.
- Large Option Chain Length 48":
- Large Option Fixture Width 40", Height 42":
- Large Option Suspension Length Adjustable To 90":
- Medium Option Chain Length 48":
- Medium Option Fixture Width 30", Height 32.5":
- Medium Option Suspension Length Adjustable To 80.5":
- Small Option Chain Length 48":
- Small Option Fixture Width 23", Height 28":
- Small Option Suspension Length Adjustable To 76":
Need help with some of our terminology? Check out Lumens' Lighting & Design Glossary.
Related Searches and Products
Aptly named, the Access Lighting Helix Pendant features thick metal bands that gently curve around a central glowing cylinder. Its size and form instantly draw attention whether over the kitchen island or hanging like a beacon in the entryway, or ...
Balancing smooth lines with Asian and Modernist influences, the Corbett Lighting Kyoto Pendant brings a warm, sophisticated ambiance to contempo-modern décor. The combination of handmade Japanese paper with a softback shade diffuser exudes a subtle yet distinctively patterned play of ...
Crystal spheres bound and ricochet from the Boyd Lighting Splash! Pendant, transforming a simple bowl pendant in to a dynamic decorative statement. Hand-applied gold leaf envelopes the metal structure, texturizing the smooth exterior with luxury. The bubbles extend from stainless ...
Lumens Recommends
60W 120V B10 E12 Clear BulbBy Satco Lighting$2.19{boxId:"compareuu11174", id:"uu11174"} See Comparison
53W 120V A19 E26 Clear Halogen Bulb (2-PACK)By Satco Lighting$7.99(1){boxId:"compareuu518373", id:"uu518373"} See Comparison

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byLeonard McDowell Modified about 1 year ago
Trade Logistics Bill Gain Global Product Specialist-Trade Logistics, Investment Climate
Trade Facilitation – A couple of definitions "simplification, standardization, and harmonization of procedures and associated information flows to move goods from seller to buyer and to make payment." But also relevant: "identifying and addressing bottlenecks that are imposed by weaknesses in trade related logistics and regulatory regimes and that prevent the timely, cost effective movement of goods." 2
Benefits of trade facilitation and logistics reform Trade and Transport Facilitation provides important benefits: –increase trade competitiveness through better logistics, border management, and availability of services for overall improved supply chain performance –Result is better cash flow, lower risk, just in time delivery, and more market opportunities (volume and diversification). 3
4 The import/export/transit process is complex The average trade transaction involves 20 – 30 different parties, 40 separate documents, around 200 data elements (30 of which are repeated many times) Parties have different objectives, incentives, competence and constituencies Private sector also need to be part of the process But Reform is not easy
Strategy for customs modernization Human resources and organizational issues Legal Framework Integrity in Border Agencies Managing risk in the clearance process Redesign of Border and Customs Processes Simplification and Harmonization ITC Support for e-Customs and RM - ASYCUDA A Few Trade Facilitation Components – Connectivity is Key
Source: DB database 2012, 2013 Efficient trade logistics – The critical link in effective trade facilitation Distance Logistics Costs (Value of Time & Service Charges) International Jurisdiction National Jurisdiction Collection, Marketing & Packaging Inventory of Semi- Finished Product Land Transport Port Handling & Border Clearance Ocean Shipping Inland Transport Processor Warehouse Information Flow Seller In-house procedures Points of Interconnectivity Changes in supply chain performance are realized through changes in: In-house Procedures Level of Interconnectivity Regulation Technology and systems Infrastructre
The Private Sector Perspective Simple and smooth processing of formalities A 'seamless' process (minimal intervention) Means to allow goods to proceed promptly to their final destination. Standard forms, assembled into a 'single bunch of documents', compatible with trade documents and transport contracts Consistency & Predictablity of information, rules and procedures
Trade Logistics Product 8 Objective To help our clients create simple, efficient and accountable trade logistics systems and services that have a dramatic impact on economic development. Expected Results and Impact Reduce the time & cost to trade, leading to increases in exports & savings to the private sector.
40 – 60 % of time to import is related to document preparation and clearance processes. Developing country average import time DAYS 14 days 4 days 5 days 4.5 days DOCUMENTS ASSEMBLY AND PROCEDURES CUSTOMS AND TECHNICAL CONTROL TERMINAL AND PORT HANDLING INLAND TRANSPORT Source: DB 2013 Categories accounting for more than 40– 60% of the total time to export and import in many countries around the world. Categories accounting for 40% or less of the total time to export and import around the world. Documents & clearancePorts and transport
Emphasis on impact evaluation Capital Carrying Charge Cargo Loss and Damage User Fees and Charges Inventory Cost Savings Capital Carrying Charge Cargo Loss and Damage User Fees and Charges Inventory Cost Savings Increases Export of … by … Sub Saharan Africa6.1% South Asia5.8% East Europe & Central Asia5.0% Middle East & N. Africa4.1% East Asia and Pacific Islands4.1% Latin America and Caribbean3.5% OECD1.7% A 10% reduction export time Impact on exportsImpact on private sector savings Source: Forthcoming research paper (Subramanian, Anderson and Lee (2012)
Global Trade Logistics Advisory Program Themes Simplifying & harmonizing trade procedures and documentation Conducting legal and regulatory reforms Integrating risk management systems into border inspections and clearance Implementing electronic processing/automation and Single Window Systems WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement Improving trade logistics in agribusiness supply chains Bridging the gap between food production and food security by creating and linking growth nodes and markets. Streamlining NTBs and thus offering market access for key agribusiness products in client countries. Agribusiness Improving border clearance, trade logistics systems and services at the regional level Technical Control for the cross border movement of cargo including the implementation and mutual recognition of international standards, accreditation and certification Regional Integration Improving efficiency of cargo movement at ports, airports & dry-ports Improving access for the private sector to invest in logistics and distribution services Improving logistics and services along the supply chain and/or specific Value Chains Trade Supply chain
Source: DB database 2012, 2013 Implementation Model Rapid Response Program 10-12 Months Identifies and achieves quick wins that build trust and catalyze reforms Establishes the basis for medium and long term reforms Systemic Reform Program 1-2 Years Extends rapid response work and addresses key constraints Promotes best practices for efficient trade logistics supply chains Industry Competitiveness Program 2-3 years Building regulatory frameworks for modern logistics and distribution services Improving food security & enhancing agribusiness competitiveness Regional Program 3-4 years Eases access to regional and global markets Provides solutions to land-locked, transit and island economies Typical Engagement Program
Our clients Trade Logistics projects in over 50 countries Caribbean Region - St Lucia, Antigua & Barbuda, St Kitts & Nevis, Grenada, Dominica Central America Region El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica Liberia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau, Benin, Sao Tome West Africa Region (ECOWAS) SE Europe Region - Serbia, Albania, Bosnia Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro Armenia Kazakhstan, Mongolia South Asia Region - India, Bangladesh, Nepal Philippines Timor-Leste Chad, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Gabon Egypt, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Kenya, Zambia Columbia, Peru
Questions ? Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com
Similar presentations
© 2017 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.


text:
Deadlines often loom in the distance as a reminder of all the work you have left to do. Timelines help to break down a task to ensure that you meet your deadline. Whether you're working on a personal goal such as weight loss or a professional goal such as finishing a big project, the same principles apply to using a timeline. The visual reminder of a timeline is a motivating factor by itself, which, when coupled with a strategic plan to accomplish the end goal, can help you to meet deadlines easily.
Things You'll Need
- Calendar
Determine when the project is due or when the goal must be accomplished by you. This is your end point on the timeline. Calculate how long you have from the current date until the deadline arrives.
Write down specifically what needs to be done by the deadline--the end goal or result. For example, a teacher might need to have all report cards filled out with comments and supporting examples by the first day of conferences. Writing down the specific end result helps you to plan the specific steps to achieve the goals.
Divide the goal into logical steps. Think about what individual actions you need to take in order to get to the end result you defined. Using the previous example, the steps might be to total homework and test scores to calculate a grade, write a set number of comments on each report card, sort through sample work to share with parents and create a folder to hold the materials for each student.
Estimate how much time each step will take to complete. Use prior experience or your knowledge of the amount of work involved in each step. Write the time needed next to each step.
Add up your time estimates to determine if the total time needed fits within the actual amount of time you have left. If not, adjust the time lengths for each step as necessary to fit the timeline.
Look at the calendar to calculate the exact date each step is due. Use your time estimates to determine the dates. If step one will take you one week, write down the date one week away next to that step. Continue figuring the date for each step along the timeline.
Add the due dates for each step to your online calendar, PDA or other system you use for your scheduling. Also keep a hard copy of the timeline posted somewhere that you can see it often as a visual reminder.
Monitor your progress on each smaller step and toward the end goal at regular intervals. Make any adjustments to the timeline as necessary if you fall behind or get ahead of the estimated due dates.
Tips & Warnings
- When a due date is predetermined for you, it can be helpful to work backwards from the date of the end goal to see how you may have to adjust the time needed for each step.
- With larger projects, add additional time (if possible) to allow for any unforeseen problems that may arise or in case a particular step takes longer than you planned.
Related Searches
- Photo Credit Jupiterimages/Creatas/Getty Images
You May Also Like
How to Meet Deadlines
You were the type who always pulled all-nighters to cram for exams. Now you're still doing the same thing as deadlines loom,...
How to Prepare for a Project Meeting
A project manager holds meetings with internal project team members regularly to discuss her current projects. Additionally, a project manager may facilitate...
How to Create a Project Plan Timeline
Learning how to create a project timeline may require some time and energy upfront, but it will pay off in any career....
How to Become an Insurance Agent in Virginia
Becoming an insurance agent in Virginia can offer a rewarding career path for those seeking financial stability and long-term income growth due...
How to Make a Product Timeline
Proper planning of product creation ensures that you'll be able to bring your product to market by the target date. The best...
How Do I Create a Work Flow Timeline Chart?
The estimates of the costs of wasted time and labor effort that we read about from time to time are staggering. The...
How to Write a Reminder Letter to Meet a Deadline
People lead busy lives and don't always remember when they need to do something. Sending out reminder letters about a deadline may...
How to Create a Horizontal Timeline
Microsoft Excel, PowerPoint and Word 2010 contain timeline templates, including horizontal timelines. A horizontal timeline displays graphics and concise text to represent...


text:
Bus Przeworsk Podkarpackie Voivodeship » Genoa Genova
Coach and bus timetable from Przeworsk to Genoa • 4 bus companies • Voyager, Infobus, euroTicket and Eurolines Switzerland offer • Cheap online tickets
Przeworsk - Genoa bus services available at rebrutto.com.
When you go to tickets offer you can verify your fare in booking system, to which you will be redirected after clicking BUY button. Fill the forms as if you would book your ticket. Set the number and type of tickets, look for available discounts and deals. Cancel your booking without consequences whenever you want, as well just before the payment.
Przeworsk to Genoa coach and bus online tickets
Tickets for journeys between Przeworsk and Genoa can be bought from one of the following companies: Eurolines Switzerland, euroTicket, Infobus, Intercars Basque, Voyager.
Przeworsk to Genoa timetables
Intercars Basque operates on Przeworsk - Genoa route.
You can find more bus connections to cities in Italy at Przeworsk to Italy tickets. Fares and timetables for your journey back are available at Genoa to Przeworsk or Genoa to other cities in Poland.
If you're looking for information about timetables or bus companies operating on Przeworsk to Genoa route, please visit FAQ, Przeworsk news and Genoa news.
Verify timetables, compare fares and pick your most convenient journey.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 30, 1997
|Filing date
|Mar 4, 1996
|Priority date
|Mar 4, 1996
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Stephen D. Julstrom
|Original Assignee
|Julstrom; Stephen D.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (36), Classifications (9), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to the automatic control of microphones used in sound reinforcement, recording, broadcast, teleconferencing, and other applications, and in particular of two microphones employed in fairly close proximity to each other. In many applications such as sound reinforcement, two microphones are often arrayed so that the primary pickup area of each microphone at least partially overlaps the other's. This most commonly occurs when two typically cardioid (unidirectional) microphones are mounted on short stands or goosenecks on either side of a presenter's lectern. This is often done to avoid a visual obstruction directly in front of the presenter, but also serves to broaden the pickup area over that which could be achieved with one microphone.
When the microphone signals are simply mixed together in the sound system, as is commonly done, several problems arise. First, sound quality is degraded by ever-changing comb-filter distortion of the combined microphones' frequency response. This occurs because the usual talking locations are approximately, but not exactly equidistant from both microphones. Each microphone picks up the talker's speech at comparable levels, but at slightly different times. At each frequency where the arrival time difference is equal to one-half cycle, or odd multiples thereof, the signal is cancelled to a degree dependent on the matching of the microphones' effective pickup sensitivities. Second, having two microphones active when just one would pickup the desired sound as well or better degrades gain-before-feedback and signal-to-room noise and signal-m-reverberation ratios. These latter issues are discussed extensively in "Direction-Sensitive Gating: A New Approach to Automatic Mixing" by Stephen Julstrom and Thomas Tichy, Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, Vol. 32, Nos. 7/8, 1984, July/August, pp. 490-506. Third, in addition to the necessary system expense of a second microphone, expense is incurred when a second microphone cable and second microphone signal mixer channel is used.
Prior art microphone systems addressed these signal quality problems by the use of an appropriate automatic mixer. Examples of an automatic mixer designed to address these problems are discussed in the above-mentioned article and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,658,425, issued to Stephen D. Julstrom and entitled "Microphone Actuation Control System Suitable for Teleconference Systems." The contents of this patent are incorporated by reference, as if fully set forth. For ease of reference, U.S. Pat. No. 4,658,425 is hereinafter referred to simply as "the referenced patent."
In particular, an automatic mixer constructed according to the teachings of the referenced patent, such as the Shure Brothers, Inc. model FP-410, is well-suited technically to the resolution of the signal quality problems. It automatically selects the microphone which is momentarily best-suited to picking up a talker, processing its signal at full gain while attenuating the other microphone by 13 dB. This gain differential is sufficient to essentially eliminate comb-filtering and gain-before-feedback loss. Greater attenuation would exacerbate audible gain-switching effects. If two talkers each address a microphone, then both are activated with an attenuation of 3 dB to prevent noise, reverberation, and feedback potential buildup. Background room noise and reverberation do not prevent proper microphone selection. Gain change attack and decay times are controlled for the best subjective effect. In order to minimize unnecessary microphone switching and maintain a consistent background noise level, a "last microphone lock-on" feature can be enabled which leaves the last microphone addressed fully active until another is addressed.
The major shortcomings of the prior art systems are cost and complexity. In contrast to the two microphone systems of the present invention, system cost and complexity are not addressed by prior art automatic mixers, and are probably made worse if an automatic mixer has to be added to an otherwise complete system. Automatic mixers require AC power (battery power is not practical in a permanent installation) and controls that can be mis-set. These limitations require that the automatic mixer be part of or located with the main sound system mixer. Further, two microphone cables are still needed. A general purpose automatic mixer also has features and capabilities, most notably a bus structure oriented towards linking mixers to handle hundreds of microphones, which are not relevant to the present application and add further cost and complexity.
Accordingly, there is a great need for a cost-effective, simple, and dedicated automatic mixer for the described two-microphone application and similar situations. It should provide the necessary automatic mixing action while being powered directly by the "phantom-powering" available from most balanced microphone preamplifier inputs. This will enable the automatic mixer to be permanently installed near the location of the two microphones, with a single microphone cable returning to a single main mixer microphone input. A sound system operator may then conveniently treat the microphone pair as a single, optimized entity. For additional cost-effectiveness, the new mixing device may also be designed to substitute for the companion preamplifiers which most electret condenser microphones ordinarily need.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a cost-effective, simplified automatic microphone mixer.
Another object is to provide an automatic mixer dedicated and optimized for a small number, typically two, of microphones.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an automatic mixer which can be powered from conventional microphone mixer "phantom-powering".
A further object of the present invention is to provide an automatic mixer which can substitute for conventional electret condenser microphone preamplifiers.
These and other objects are achieved in the disclosed embodiment of the invention which employs processing circuitry which uses accurate, varying DC level representations of the frequency equalized output of each of a plurality of microphones to make microphone gate ON, gate OFF decisions to optimize the overall speech pickup quality.
Each microphone DC level representation is processed through a slow rise, rapid fall circuit to yield a noise adaptive threshold (NAT). This threshold adjusts to the continuous background noise level present during brief pauses in speech, but does not appreciably respond to the level representations of the speech itself, as is now well-understood. When the DC level representation of a microphone exceeds its NAT by an amount, preselected at 6 dB, the microphone receives a gating trigger if a second criterion is simultaneously satisfied.
The second criterion requires that a microphone's DC level representation, scaled at one level if the microphone is already gated ON or at a lower level, here 4 dB lower, if the microphone is gated OFF, must momentarily exceed the DC level representations of all the other microphones, similarly scaled. The prior art system of the referenced patent employed a MAX bus structure to test this criterion. The MAX bus functioned as a common connection between the system's individual microphone circuit blocks. The MAX bus was always equal to the maximum of the scaled DC level representations of all the microphones. A microphone's MAX bus criterion was satisfied when its scaled DC level representation was determining the MAX bus level and, therefore, the momentary maximum. This MAX bus structure was appropriate when a large or potentially unknown number of microphones were to be automatically controlled.
In contrast to the prior art, the present invention makes direct, individual comparisons of the scaled DC level representation of each microphone against the scaled DC level representation of each other microphone. If the system is designed for more than two microphones, then the scaled DC level representation of a microphone must exceed the scaled DC level representations of all the other microphones compared individually to meet the second criterion. This can be considered the logical AND of the comparison results. If the system is designed for just two microphones, either a single comparison can be made between the scaled DC level representations and the comparison result used directly for one microphone and the logical inversion of the comparison result used for the other, or two comparators with their inputs cross-coupled can be used. The latter approach is preferred for reasons of circuit simplicity and symmetry.
A microphone's gating trigger causes a gate ON signal to be generated which is "held" for at least 0.4 seconds past the end of the most recent trigger by a retriggerable one-shot. This gate ON signal is also locked ON if no other microphone's gate ON signal is activated. This ensures that the last microphone addressed will remain ON until another, more appropriate microphone is triggered, for better continuity of pickup.
The gated microphone signals are resistively combined with the actual signal gating performed by junction field effect transistors used as voltage-controlled resistors. Shaping of the control voltages achieves a smooth, rapid attack and a smooth, slow decay. An OFF microphone is attenuated 12 dB relative to an ON microphone, sufficient to achieve the comb-filtering, noise and reverberation pickup, and gain-before-feedback improvements, and two simultaneous ON microphones are attenuated 3.5 dB relative to a single ON microphone, sufficient to avoid a noise and reverberation pickup increase or a gain-before-feedback loss.
The disclosed circuitry operates from a relatively low regulated supply voltage of 8.5 volts, without the need for a negative supply. The entire circuit, including voltage regulator, requires only approximately 10.5 volts minimum and 2.2 mA of current, enabling operation from a conventional phantom-powering balanced microphone preamplifier input. Such inputs typically provide standard phantom-powering voltages of 12 to 48 volts. The voltage regulator includes a "pi" filter network to prevent automatic mixer supply current fluctuations from coupling back into the conventional mixer microphone input.
The present invention is described herein with reference to the drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a typical two-microphone lectern installation appropriate for use with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 3-9 are schematic diagrams of the circuitry used in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 1 shows a typical application for the present invention. A presenter or presenters stand generally behind lectern 11 with their speech directed toward microphones 13 and 15 where it is sensed. The microphone signals are transmitted through cables 17 and 19, to automatic mixer 21. The output signal from mixer 21 is transmitted by cable 23 to a conventional "phantom-powered" low impedance microphone mixer input for use in, for example, a sound reinforcement system.
FIG. 2 shows a block diagram representation of microphones 13 and 15, cables 17, 19, and 23, and mixer 21. The signals from microphones 13 and 15 are transmitted through cables 17 and 19, to preamplifier/interface blocks 25 and 27. Cables 17 and 19 connect to preamp/interface inputs 29 and 31, for unbalanced microphones such as electret condenser microphones without their usual associated preamplifiers, or to inputs 33 and 35, for balanced low impedance microphones. Preamp/interface blocks 25 and 27 buffer the microphone signals providing appropriate impedance terminations, provide powering voltage for electret condenser microphone impedance converter integrated circuits if needed, provide a small level adjustment capability to match microphone sensitivities, and provide low frequency response attenuation to reduce room noise transmission. The outputs of preamp/interface blocks 25 and 27 appear on conductors 37 and 39, respectively.
Frequency equalization/rectification blocks 41 and 43 accept inputs on conductors 37 and 39, and produce varying DC voltage level signals at their outputs on conductors 45 and 47, representative of the signal amplitudes from their respective microphones. Prior to full-wave rectification and smoothing filtering, the signals are frequency-equalized to emphasize upper mid frequencies at the expense of lower frequencies and, to a lesser extent, high frequencies. This maximizes the sensitivity of the automatic microphone control to important speech sounds while minimizing the interfering effects of unwanted noise. Frequency equalization/rectification blocks 41 and 43 include 6 dB attenuated outputs on conductors 53 and 55. Additional 4 dB attenuated outputs on conductors 49 and 51, are also provided.
The output conductors 45 and 47 are operatively coupled to noise adaptive threshold (NAT) generating blocks 57 and 59. Output signals appearing on conductors 61 and 63 follow the DC level representations on conductors 45 and 47, with a slow rise and a rapid, near immediate fall characteristic. As is now well-understood, this causes the output signals to adopt a DC voltage level corresponding to the continuous background noise level picked up by their respective microphones, and which is relatively unaffected by impulsive speech sounds.
The NAT signals are then fed into comparators 65 and 67. Their respective outputs 69 and 71 are asserted when their respective 6 dB attenuated microphone level signals on conductors 53 and 55 exceed their respective noise adaptive threshold level signals on conductors 61 and 63, indicating the presence of impulsive, speech-like sounds which overcome the background noise. Typically, outputs 69 and 71 are asserted together, since both microphones will generally be receiving speech input from a talker nearly simultaneously. Thus, a second criterion to determine a preferred microphone is needed.
Accordingly, a comparison is made between the momentary DC representations of the microphone signal levels to determine which microphone 13, 15 is the most appropriate for a given talker. To insure stable selection when a talker is addressing the microphones nearly equally, the level representations are scaled at a higher level for a microphone which is already "ON" than for one which is "OFF" (attenuated). Here, the scale shift is performed by switches 73 and 75 under the control of microphone ON gating signals 101 and 103, which select between unattenuated level representations on conductors 45 and 47, and 4 dB attenuated level representations on conductors 49 and 51, to produce scaled level representations on conductors 77 and 79.
In the referenced patent, the corresponding scaled level representations were used to generate a MAX bus signal, which is equal to the maximum of all the scaled level representations of all the microphones in the automatic mixer system. A "decisional circuit" for each microphone served to generate the MAX bus signal in conjunction with all the other decisional circuits, and to decide if that microphone's scaled level representation was the one which was momentarily determining the MAX bus level and was therefore the momentary maximum.
In contrast, the present invention incorporates a novel direct cross-coupled comparison of the scaled level representations which is particularly appropriate for a two-microphone automatic mixer. When the scaled level representation on conductor 77 exceeds the scaled level representation on conductor 79, comparator 81 asserts its output 85 and the output 87 of comparator 83 is not asserted. If the NAT criterion determined by comparator 65 is also met as represented by an assertion of output 69, then a microphone ON gating trigger is generated by AND gate 89 on conductor 93. If the scaled level representation on conductor 79 exceeds the scaled level representation on conductor 77, then comparator 83 asserts its output 87 and the output 85 of comparator 81 is not asserted. If the NAT criterion determined by comparator 67 is also met as represented by an assertion of output 71, then a microphone ON gating trigger is generated by AND gate 91 on conductor 95.
Except for insignificant errors due to comparator hysteresis and input offset, outputs 85 and 87 are complements of one another. As an alternative embodiment then, output 87 could be developed as the complement (inversion) of output 85, thus obviating the need for comparator 83. In another embodiment, particularly suited to a digital signal processing implementation, a single comparison could be made between signals equivalent to those on conductors 77 and 79, and a signal equivalent to output 85 asserted when the former is greater and a signal equivalent to output 87 asserted when the latter is greater. As yet another embodiment, the comparison could be expanded to a predetermined small number of microphones beyond two by making a microphone control channel's scaled level comparison output, such as that at 85, equal to the logical AND of multiple comparisons of its scaled level representation, such as that on conductor 77, to each of the other microphones' corresponding scaled level representations. These and any other such variations in the direct comparison of the scaled level representations on conductors 77 and 79 are considered to be within the scope of the present invention.
Microphone ON gating trigger signals on conductors 93 and 95 are input to retriggerable one-shots 97 and 99, which generate responsive microphone ON gating signals on conductors 101 and 103. Gating signals 101 and 103 control variable attenuation circuits 105 and 107, and DC level representation scaling switches 73 and 75. Retriggerable one-shots 97 and 99 extend the gating signals on conductors 101 and 103, by about 0.4 seconds past the end of the last trigger signal on conductors 93 and 95, to bridge intersyllabic gaps and pauses in the microphone speech input. With a single talker addressing the microphones, however, this timing is not visible on conductors 101 and 103. One-shots 97 and 99 also include defeatable lock-on circuitry which, in the absence of gating signal triggers on conductors 93 and 95, maintain one of the outputs on conductors 101 or 103 asserted, according to which associated one-shot 97 or 99 received the last trigger on conductor 93 or 95. The lock-on of one-shot 97 is defeated by the assertion of the output of one-shot 99 on conductor 103, and the lock-on of one-shot 99 is defeated by the assertion of the output of one-shot 97 on conductor 101.
Thus, once an initial microphone is gated ON (the gating signal on conductor 101 or 103 asserted, which will often happen at system stamp), at least one of the two microphones will always remain gated ON. There is no benefit in allowing both microphones to be gated OFF, and significantly smoother and more reliable operation is obtained by keeping at least one microphone gated ON. Further, an important aspect of the present system is that for two near-simultaneous talkers positioned so as to require both microphones for optimum pickup, both microphones will be gated ON. The 0.4 second extension (or hold) times of one-shots 97 and 99 are sufficient to bridge the gaps between intermittent gating triggers on conductors 93 and 95. These triggers cannot occur simultaneously (preventing gating of both microphones by a single talker), but can and do occur rapidly after one another for two inherently unsynchronized talkers.
The present invention implements a lock-on characteristic in one-shots 97 and 99 which is defeatable by direct input from the opposing one-shot outputs on conductors 103 and 101. Since the lock-on feature of the present invention does not employ a bus structure, it is particularly appropriate for the two-microphone configuration, although it could be expanded to a predetermined small number of microphones by making the lock-on defeat input of each microphone control channel's one-shot the logical OR of all the other system one-shot outputs.
Variable attenuation circuits 105 and 107 vary the attenuation of the microphone signals on conductors 37 and 39, according to the gating signals on conductors 101 and 103, to produce responsive attenuated microphone signals on conductors 109 and 111 with attack times of about 8 msec. and decay times of about 250 msec. When only one microphone is gated ON, the other is attenuated 12 dB relative to its full ON gain. This is a sufficient amount of attenuation to reduce comb filtering to negligible levels, but not so much as to make the gain shift from OFF to ON too subjectively abrupt. When both microphones are ON, both are attenuated 3.5 dB from their full (single microphone) ON gain. This attenuation keeps the room noise and reverberation pickup in the combined output from increasing and keeps the gain-before-feedback of an interconnected sound reinforcement system from degrading excessively. The attack time of 8 msec. appears during the rise of an OFF microphone from 12 dB relative attenuation to a two-microphone ON relative attenuation of 3.5 dB and during the fall of an already 0N microphone from 0 dB relative attenuation to 3.5 dB relative attenuation. The decay time of 250 msec. appears during the fall from 3.5 dB relative attenuation to 12 dB relative attenuation of a turning OFF microphone and during the final rise from 3.5 dB relative attenuation to 0 dB relative attenuation of a newly ON microphone.
The attenuated microphone signals on conductors 109 and 111 are combined in output interface 113 which produces a responsive output signal at connector 115 to apply to output cable 23 for ultimate connection to a conventional phantom-powered low impedance microphone mixer input. Output interface 113 also accepts phantom power from the conventional mixer through cable 23 and connector 115 and delivers this powering voltage through conductor 117 to voltage regulator 119, which delivers appropriate voltages to the various parts of the automatic mixer. The main 8.5 volt supply appears on conductor 121 and a secondary 5.8 volt supply appears on conductor 123. A bias voltage of 6.3 volts appears on conductor 125 and a bias voltage of 4.2 volts appears on conductor 127.
With reference to FIGS. 3-9, NPN transistors are type 2N5210 or equivalent, PNP transistors are type 2N5087 or equivalent, N-channel field effect transistors are type 2N5457 or equivalent, op amps are one section of Motorola MC33172 or equivalent powered between ground and the 8.5 volt supply on conductor 121, and comparators are one section of National Semiconductor type LP339 or equivalent also powered between ground and the 8.5 volt supply on conductor 121.
FIG. 3 shows one of identical preamp/interfaces 25 or 27 and its associated microphone input connections. Electret condenser microphone element 201 is connected to field effect transistor impedance converter 203 (Sanyo 2SK156J or equivalent) which receives power and outputs the microphone signal through cable 17 or 19 and connector 29 or 31. Resistor R1 serves as a source load resistor for impedance converter 203. Diode-connected transistor Q1 is forward-biased and low impedance when impedance converter 203 is connected. Capacitor C1 blocks the DC voltage at the source of converter 203 and couples the microphone signal to gain-trim network R2-R4. Alternatively, input connector 29 or 31 may be left unconnected and a conventional low impedance microphone may be connected to input connector 33 or 35, which couples the low impedance microphone signal to the primary winding of input transformer 205. Transformer 205 also transfers phantom-powering voltage to a connected low impedance microphone from voltage applied to the center tap of its primary winding on conductor 117 which output interface 113 obtained from the interconnected conventional mixer. Input transformer 205 is a step-up transformer with a 1:5 turns ratio. The secondary of transformer 205 is also applied to gain-trim network R2-R4. When the low impedance balance microphone input at connector 33 or 35 is used rather than connector 29 or 31, diode-connected transistor Q1 does not conduct, preventing signal flow in R1 and preventing R1 from loading the secondary of transformer 205 and lowering the input impedance at connector 33 or 35.
Gain-trim adjustment resistor R3 is normally adjusted fully up, with no attenuation. If one microphone is more sensitive than the other, then resistor R3 of network R2-R4 may be adjusted to provide up to 6 dB of attenuation to balance the two microphones, at the expense of the addition of a small amount of thermal noise. Capacitors C2, C3, resistors R5-R8, and transistors Q2, Q3 form a conventional low noise, unity gain, 12 dB/octave high pass filter buffer stage. Bias is obtained through resistor R6 from the 6.3 volt output of voltage regulator 119 on conductor 123 such that the output at conductor 37 or 39 is biased to 5.8 volts.
FIG. 4 shows one of identical frequency equalization/rectifier blocks 41 or 43 and its associated DC level representation scaling switch 73 or 75. Signal input comes from preamp/interface 25 or 27 along conductor 37 or 39. Op amp 207 in conjunction with capacitors C4-C6 and resistors R9, R10 form a gain and frequency equalization circuit. Op amp 207 is biased from the 4.2 volt reference on conductor 123 for maximum output signal swing.
Op amp 208 in conjunction with dual transistor Q4 (a general purpose PNP dual transistor, or two well matched 2N5807's or equivalent), transistor Q5, capacitor C7, and resistors R11-R17 form a precision full-wave rectifier circuit with integral smoothing filtering with a time constant of 12 msec., outputting DC level representations on conductors 45 and 47, -4 dB scaled DC level representations on conductors 49 and 51, and -6 dB scaled DC level representations on conductors 53 and 55 of the microphone signals on conductors 37 and 39. Op amp 208 is biased from the 6.3 volt reference on conductor 125 to obtain maximum output voltage capability on conductors 45 and 47. Input voltages to resistor R11 which are negative with respect to 6.3 volts produce currents which are reflected by current mirror dual transistor Q4 into the load network consisting of capacitor C7 and resistors R14-R16. Input voltages to resistor R11 which are positive with respect to 6.3 volts produce currents which pass through common base-connected transistor Q5 into the load network. Resistors R12 and R13 bias transistor Q5 almost into conduction quiescently to minimize polarity crossover region signal swing at the output of op amp 208 and thus maximize the high frequency, low signal level response of the rectifier.
Resistor R17 injects current from the 4.2 volt reference into the load network to bias conductors 45 and 47, and thus the outputs of NAT circuits 57 and 59 on conductors 61 and 63 at 50 millivolts. Resistor R17 also biases conductors 53 and 55 to 25 millivolts. Since these are the inputs to NAT criterion comparators 65 and 67, the comparator outputs at 69 and 71, respectively remain unasserted at rest, even allowing for circuit component offset errors. Frequency equalization/rectifier block 41 or 43 must produce more than an additional 25 millivolts on conductor 53 or 55, and incidentally more than an additional 50 millivolts on conductor 45 or 47, to cause an assertion at comparator output 69 or 71. This corresponds to a maximum triggering sensitivity in the absence of background room noise of about 35-40 dB-SPL in the 1-4 kHz frequency range for typical sensitivity microphones.
The smoothing filter time constant of 12 msec is an appropriate compromise between conflicting considerations. If the time constant is made too short, the rectifier outputs would tend to follow the rectified signal waveform and random acoustic reflections too closely, and would not be a good DC level representation of the short time average microphone output level. If the time constant is made too long, then the near-simultaneous sensing of two inherently unsynchronized talkers required for simultaneous gating ON of both microphones would be inhibited, as the required moment-to-moment peaks and dips in their DC level representations which allow each level representation to successively exceed the other would be overly smoothed.
As discussed, DC level representation scaling switches 73 and 75 switch their outputs on conductors 77 and 79, between DC level representations on conductors 45 and 47, when the switch control inputs from the microphone gating signals on conductors 101 and 103, are asserted (high), and the -6 dB scaled level representations on conductors 53 and 55, when the switch control inputs on conductors 101 and 103, are unasserted (low).
FIG. 5 shows one of identical noise adaptive threshold (NAT) generating blocks 57 and 59. Op amp 209 must be of the ground-sensing type to enable operation down to the 50 millivolt minimum voltage level appearing on conductor 45 or 47. Input resistor R18 and feedback resistor R19 are of similar value in order to balance the effects of the input offset currents of op amp 209, as is understood in the art. Capacitor C8 bypasses resistor R18 to prevent a feedback loop pole from forming from the input capacitance of op amp 209 in conjunction with resistor R18.
The inputs of op amp 209 compare the developed NAT voltage on conductor 61 or 63 to the DC level representation on conductor 45 or 47. When the input DC level representation exceeds the NAT voltage, the output of op amp 209 swings positive sufficiently to forward bias the emitter-base junction of transistor Q6 and diodes D1 and D2. This forward bias current plus any op amp inverting input current charges capacitor C10 upwards through resistor R19 towards the voltage at the non-inverting input of op amp 209 with a slow time constant equal to the product of the values of resistor R19 and capacitor C10, 4.4 seconds. The combined forward bias voltages of the emitter-base junction of transistor Q6 and diodes D1 and D2 raise the required voltage at the output of op amp 209 sufficiently to allow the use of an op amp whose output is not capable of swinging very close to ground (its negative supply). Collector current also flows in transistor Q6 when its emitter-base junction is forward biased, which biases transistor Q7 on through current limiting resistor R20. The collector of transistor Q7 sinks the current supplied by resistor R21 from the 8.5 volt supply and biases transistor Q8 off, so that capacitor C10 can be charged.
When the input DC level representation starts to dip below the NAT voltage, the output of op amp 209 begins to swing downwards sufficiently to begin to remove the forward bias from transistor Q6, thus allowing transistor Q7 to begin to turn off, allowing transistor Q8 to begin to turn on, beginning a discharge of capacitor C10. When the NAT voltage on capacitor C10 drops below the input DC level representation, forward bias is restored to transistors Q6 and Q7, turning off transistor Q8, allowing the slow charge-up of capacitor C10 to resume. Capacitor C9 slows and stabilizes to a degree the operation of the NAT generating block, but the high gain of the transistors Q6-Q8 in the discharge condition prevent full stabilization. The discharge of capacitor C10 is slightly jerky, but the tracking errors are not sufficiently large as to cause any practical problem. An advantage of the circuitry employed in the NAT generating blocks 57 and 59 is that they operate down to near ground potential on their inputs and outputs without the need for a negative supply voltage.
FIG. 6 shows one each of identical comparators 81 and 83, comparators 65 and 67, functional AND gates 89 and 91, and retriggerable one-shots 97 and 99. Comparator circuit 210 compares the outputs of DC level representation scaling switches 73 and 75 on conductors 77 and 79, as part of comparator 81 and as part of comparator 83. Comparitors 81 and 83 compare the level representations on conductors 77 and 79 in opposite senses, enabled by the cross coupling of their inputs. Comparator 211 compares the DC level representation on conductor 53 to the NAT voltage on conductor 61 as comparator 65 and the DC level representation on conductor 55 to the NAT voltage on conductor 63 as comparator 67. The outputs of open collector comparators 210 and 211 are connected to each other and to common pull-up resistor R24. This is a hard-wired AND connection, thus combining at a common conductor the functionality of AND gate 89, comparator outputs 85 and 69, and AND gate output 93 for one microphone control channel, and AND gate 91, comparator outputs 87 and 71, and AND gate output 95 for the other microphone control channel. Resistors R22 and R23 provide a small amount of hysteresis for op amp 210 to prevent oscillation.
When the AND condition is satisfied, resistor R24 sources current from the 8.5 volt supply on conductor 121 into the base of transistor Q9 to turn the transistor on. Transistor Q9 then discharges capacitor C11, causing the output of inverted logic NOR gate 212 appearing on conductor 101 or 103 to assert a logic high of 5.8 volts. (NOR gate 212 is one section of a Motorola MC14093B Schmitt-trigger input quad two-input NAND gate or equivalent operated between the 5.8 volt supply on conductor 123 and ground.) The microphone gating signal on conductor 101 or 103 is held for at least about 0.4 seconds beyond the duration of the last momentary trigger resulting from the conduction of transistor Q9. This is the time needed for current supplied through resistor R25 from the 5.8 volt supply on conductor 123 to charge the voltage across capacitor C11 up to the positive-going input threshold of an input of gate 212.
The microphone gating signal on conductor 101 or 103 is normally locked on for much longer than the 0.4 second retriggerable one-shot hold time due to the action of transistor Q10 and resistors R26 and R27. Once conductor 101 or 103 goes high, transistor Q10 conducts and holds the other input of gate 212 low, which in turn keeps the gate output high. This condition maintains as long as transistor Q11 remains non-conducting. The lock-on of gating signal 101 or 103 is defeated when transistor Q11 is biased on through resistor R28 by a logic high state (5.8 volts) at gating signal 103 or 101, respectively. Switch 213 allows a microphone to be forced ON for testing or demonstration purposes.
FIG. 7 shows one of identical variable attenuation circuits 105 and 107. A microphone signal output from preamp/interface circuit 25 or 27 on conductor 37 or 39 is resistively attenuated by resistors R37 and R38 and N-channel junction field effect transistor Q12. Capacitor C16 couples the attenuated signal to ground-biased conductors 109 or 111. For drain-to-source potentials on the order of 100 millivolts or less, transistor Q12 acts as a voltage-controlled resistor. The drain-to-source resistance varies from about 500 Ohms in the 0N condition, with the gate voltage within a couple of hundred millivolts of the drain and source, to many megaOhms in the OFF condition, with the gate voltage negative with respect to the drain and source by an amount at least equal to the particular transistor's pinch-off voltage (0.5 to 6.0 volts for the 2N5457).
The drain and source of transistor Q12 are biased to 5.8 volts by the quiescent voltage on conductor 37 or 39. The gate voltage is varied from 5.8 volts during the ON condition to 5.8 volts less the pinch-off voltage during the OFF condition. This gate voltage is applied through a network consisting of diode D3, capacitor C12, and resistors R29-R33. This network is controlled by a microphone gating signal on conductor 101 or 103 which varies from 5.8 volts in the ON condition to 0 volts in the OFF condition. The OFF condition gate bias is scaled by trimming resistor R31 for the particular transistor Q12 used, such that the pinch-off condition is almost reached. The turn-on attack and turn-off decay times and characteristics are controlled by diode D3, resistors R29 and R30, and capacitor C12 in conjunction with the resistance versus control voltage characteristic of transistor Q12.
As is known concerning the field effect transistor used as a resistor, the even order distortion can be cancelled out, and the limited signal handling capability improved, if the gate voltage is modulated by a signal component equal to the average of the drain and source signals. This is accomplished in the present invention by capacitors C13-C15, resistors R33-R36, and N-channel junction field effect transistor Q13. Source-follower transistor Q13, in conjunction with capacitor C15 and resistors R35 and R36, form a high input impedance unity gain stage to provide a low impedance buffered version of transistor Q12's drain voltage. Capacitors C13 and C14 and resistors R33 and R34 apply the average of transistor Q12's source and drain signals to its gate. Resistor R32 is sufficiently large so as not to significantly load the signal averaging network. Capacitors C13 and C14 are sufficiently small so as not to significantly affect the attack and decay time constants of the gate bias voltage.
FIG. 8 shows the output interface 113. The two variable attenuation circuit outputs on conductors 109 and 111 are normally combined together by switch 214 and applied to the primary of output transformer 215, with the other lead of the transformer primary grounded. Transformer 215 applies the mixed signal in a balanced manner to output connector 115 through a 2.6:1 turns ratio. The mutual loading of the attenuation resistances of variable attenuation circuits 105 and 107, in conjunction with typical output loading results in the ON, OFF, and both ON attenuations previously noted.
To aid in adjusting input gain trim resistor R3 in preamp/interface circuits 25 and 27, a "null" position of switch 214 is provided. This applies the microphone signals on conductors 109 and 111 differentially across the primary of transformer 215, passing through to output connector 115 only the difference of the two microphone signals. With microphones 13 and 15 positioned very closely to each other, trim resistor R3 in either preamp/interface 25 or 27 may be turned down as needed to minimize the output signal at connector 115, thus matching the microphone sensitivities.
The secondary center-tap of transformer 215 draws phantom power voltage from the connected conventional mixer through connector 115 as is understood in the art. This voltage is passed through on conductor 117 to balanced microphone input connectors 33 and 35 through the primary center-tap of input transformer 205 to power any phantom-powered microphones used, and to voltage regulator 119 to power the automatic mixer.
FIG. 9 shows voltage regulator 119. Phantom power voltage from a connected conventional mixer is input on conductor 117 from output interface 113. Diode D4 protects against reversed voltage. Resistors R40-R43, 9.1 volt zener diode D5 (1N5239B or equivalent), capacitors C19 and C20, and transistors Q14 and Q15 form a low quiescent current, low drop-out voltage, low-noise 8.5 volt regulator outputting on conductor 121. Resistors R44-R46, and capacitors C21 and C22 provide filtered reference voltages of 6.3 volts on conductor 125 and 4.2 volts on conductor 127. Resistors R47 and R48 and transistor Q16 provide a 5.8 volt supply on conductor 123. Resistor R48 provides a minimum load on transistor Q16 to improve the regulation of the 5.8 volt supply. Resistors R42 and R47 guard against any emitter-follower stage instability from capacitive emitter loading of transistors Q14 and Q16, respectively.
Capacitors C17 and C18 and resistor R39 form a "pi" filter which filters any incoming phantom power voltage noise. More importantly, however, the filter prevents minor fluctuations in the current draw of the automatic mixer, which occur primarily with changes in signal level, from coupling back into the microphone input of the connected conventional mixer. Being injected as a varying load on the phantom supply, the coupled current variations are partially rejected by the common-mode rejection of the conventional mixer's microphone inputs, but this is generally not adequate by itself, due to the high circuit sensitivity at the microphone inputs. The pi filter provides a high degree of filtering throughout the audio range. Any remaining current variations are well-attenuated and concentrated in the lowest frequencies, where common-mode rejection is generally the greatest.
With reference to the accompanying circuit drawings, the following circuit values are given:
______________________________________Resistors ResistanceR1, R5, R7, R8, R22, R43 30.1KR2, R6, R16, R20 60.4KR4, R15 15.0KR9 2.00KR10, R13, R18, R19, R21, R30, 200KR33, R34, R40, R46R11, R42, R47 1.00KR12, R29 20.0KR14 45.3KR17, R23 10MR24 499KR25, R26, R27, R28, R32, R35 2.2MR36, R41, R44, R45, R48 100KR37 4.02KR38 750R39 402R3 20K trimpotR31 1.0M trimpotCapacitors CapacitanceC1, C12 1.0 μFC2, C3 .047 μFC4, C7, C22 .10 μFC5 100 pFC6, C11 .22 μFC8, C9 1000 μFC10 22 μFC13, C14 2200 pFC15 .01 μFC16, C19, C20, C21 10 μFC17, C18 33 μF______________________________________
It should be understood, of course, that the foregoing description refers to one embodiment of the invention and that modifications or alterations may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. For example, although the description primarily refers to an automatic mixer optimized for just two microphones, it should be recognized that an extension of the fundamental concepts to an automatic mixer optimized for a small, predetermined number of microphones is within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Specifically, the cross-comparison of the scaled DC level representations on conductors 77 and 79 may be extended to the cross-comparison of a small, predetermined number of such level representations, as discussed. Further, retriggerable one-shots 97 and 99 may have their lock-on feature defeated by the logical OR of multiple other retriggerable one-shot outputs, as discussed. Still further, representation and processing of the signals in the system in a digital rather than an analog manner is well within the scope and spirit of the invention, excluding, obviously, those aspects which are specific to an analog implementation.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 22, 1973
|Jun 4, 1974
|Dugan D
|Control apparatus for sound reinforcement systems
|May 9, 1975
|Nov 16, 1976
|Dugan Daniel W
|Automatic microphone mixer
|May 5, 1976
|May 16, 1978
|Wm. A. Holmin Corporation
|Control system for audio amplifying system having multiple microphones
|May 4, 1978
|Apr 10, 1979
|Industrial Research Products, Inc.
|Priority mixer control
|Apr 7, 1980
|Nov 16, 1982
|Ponto Robert A
|Multiple input audio program system
|Mar 25, 1982
|May 15, 1984
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
|Voice-actuated switching system
|Jun 30, 1986
|Apr 14, 1987
|Shure Brothers, Inc.
|Microphone actuation control system suitable for teleconference systems
|Aug 2, 1991
|Nov 2, 1993
|Knowles Electronics, Inc.
|Automatic microphone mixer
|May 9, 1994
|Oct 1, 1996
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Voice actuated switching system
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 24, 1997
|Nov 2, 1999
|Lg Electronics Inc.
|Directivity controlling apparatus
|Nov 5, 1999
|Jun 5, 2001
|Wavemakers Research, Inc.
|Method for estimating the distance of an acoustic signal
|Mar 28, 2000
|Mar 12, 2002
|David R. Levine
|Audio testing system
|Nov 22, 2000
|Jan 14, 2003
|Cascade Audio, Inc.
|Microphone apparatus for producing signals for surround reproduction
|Feb 21, 2001
|Apr 15, 2003
|Digisonix Llc
|DVE system with normalized selection
|Jun 1, 1998
|Aug 5, 2003
|The University Of Melbourne
|Multi-strategy array processor
|Nov 14, 2001
|Dec 27, 2005
|Mike Godfrey
|Method of and apparatus for producing apparent multidimensional sound
|Sep 16, 2002
|Jan 31, 2006
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Portable telephone, control method thereof, and recording medium therefor
|Jul 25, 2003
|Mar 14, 2006
|Pioneer Electronic Corporation
|Surround device
|May 19, 1999
|May 2, 2006
|Siemens Communications, Inc.
|Techniques for audio transducer switching under programmatic and off hook interrupt control
|Oct 18, 2002
|Mar 13, 2007
|Visteon Global Technologies, Inc.
|Audio routing for an automobile
|Dec 3, 2003
|Sep 4, 2007
|Hyundai Autonet Co., Ltd.
|Channel down mixing apparatus for car audio system
|Oct 29, 2008
|Apr 5, 2011
|Yamaha Corporation
|Voice signal blocker, talk assisting system using the same and musical instrument equipped with the same
|Jan 17, 2007
|Feb 4, 2014
|Shure Acquisition Holdings, Inc.
|Digital Microphone Automixer
|Nov 9, 2010
|Mar 24, 2015
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Image display device and method of controlling the same
|Oct 20, 2010
|Jul 12, 2016
|St-Ericsson Sa
|Microphone assembly
|Mar 5, 2001
|Feb 20, 2003
|Ylo Chun Shu
|Hand-free type wireless microphone device
|Dec 7, 2000
|Feb 27, 2003
|Bruwer Frederick J.
|Speech distribution system
|Oct 18, 2002
|May 1, 2003
|Visteon Global Technologies, Inc
|Audio routing for an automobile
|Nov 14, 2001
|May 15, 2003
|Mike Godfrey
|Method of and apparatus for producing apparent multidimensional sound
|Sep 16, 2002
|Aug 21, 2003
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Portable telephone, control method thereof, and recording medium therefor
|Oct 10, 2002
|Apr 15, 2004
|Phone-Or Ltd.
|Phantom power optical microphone system
|Jul 25, 2003
|Jun 24, 2004
|Pioneer Electronic Corporation
|Surround device
|Dec 3, 2003
|Apr 21, 2005
|Hyundai Mobis Co., Ltd.
|Channel down mixing apparatus for car audio system
|Jun 28, 2005
|Jul 6, 2006
|Lite-On Technology Corporation
|Electronic audio processing devices and volume control assistance methods
|Jan 17, 2007
|Aug 16, 2007
|Shure Acquisition Holdings Inc.
|Digital Microphone Automixer
|Mar 28, 2006
|Oct 11, 2007
|Doran Oster
|Microphone enhancement device
|Sep 13, 2005
|Jun 5, 2008
|Pishon Anc Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus and Method for Removing Ambient Noise and Mobile Communication Terminal Equipped with Apparatus
|Oct 29, 2008
|May 7, 2009
|Yamaha Corporation
|Voice signal blocker, talk assisting system using the same and musical instrument equipped with the same
|Nov 9, 2010
|May 12, 2011
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|Image display device and method of controlling the same
|Oct 20, 2010
|Dec 6, 2012
|Agarwal Rishi C
|Microphone Assembly
|Feb 5, 2002
|Sep 6, 2002
|Digisonix, Llc
|Dve system with normalized selection
|Mar 10, 2002
|Sep 26, 2002
|Phone-Or Ltd.
|Phanton power optical microphone system
|Mar 10, 2002
|Mar 18, 2004
|Phone Or Ltd
|Phanton power optical microphone system
|Jan 23, 2007
|Aug 9, 2007
|Shure Acquisition Holdings, Inc.
|A digital microphone automixer
|Jan 23, 2007
|Apr 3, 2008
|Shure Acquisition Holdings Inc
|A digital microphone automixer
|U.S. Classification
|381/119, 381/122, 381/92, 381/94.5, 381/110, 381/123
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 8, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 19, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 23, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Well… have not done any photography for a number of years but I am very interested to get back into it now that the digital world has caught up with SLR equipment.
I just got my first digital SLR (first digital camera full stop actually), a Canon EOS 400D. My first camera was a pentax SLR, I regret that many of my favourite photos (portraits) I have given to those people who were the subjects. I'll see what I can do about getting hold of some of those and putting them on this site.
What do I like to photograph you ask? Well what I enjoy most is when I have an opportunity to document something that is to most people hidden, or disguised… I love to bring out the inner most feelings of people and try to capture it in a photo..
Cheers, John.


text:
A.S.A.P Plumbing and Electrical Pty. Ltd.
Currently open
9:00 am - 5:00 pm
Unit 21, 43 College St
Gladesville, NSW, 2111
A.S.A.P Plumbing and Electrical Pty. Ltd.
Have a picture to share?
Upload it to help other users learn more about this business.
Hi ASAP Plumbing, I will make sure never to call you again. EVER. I urgently required a plumber and my landlord asked me to get one in. When I called, you interrupted me several time in a very rude way. When I said I was a tenant requiring help, you literally refused to help me and hung up. It is your right to do this. However, the way HOW you do the customer support is a completely different matter. I will make sure to share this experience with everyone I know. It certainly ...read more
We had difficulty getting them to respond to a call and when they came out we queried the price and agreed a figure which then increased exponentially with extras added on which were not agreed. Would not recommend them and will never call again
I REPEAT, do not under any circumstance engage these plumbers to quote or undertake any works. Their quotes are grossly over priced i.e. triple the standard price on a job. I was recently rorted on a hot water installation in which I was charged nearly $3,000 for a job which should have cost approx. $1K based on 2 further quotes I subsequently obtained once realising in hindsight I was to proceed with them. When I challenged their invoice and cost they did not want to ...read more
BEWARE Unless cost is no object go elsewhere. At $896 to install a vanity (with water proofing done, mixer, all parts provided) and remove the old vanity they were working at over $300 per hour. I have since learned this is significantly more than other plumbers would charge for such a simple job, If only I too had read the reviews. When I rang and asked for a 'ball park' figure they wouldn't give me any indication over the phone.
We had a plumbing job booked and ASAP plumbing did not turn up for the first few bookings because it was raining (without even letting us know)! They took forever to provide us with the report and quoted us what we now know to be grossly exagerated figures. I would definitely never use them again!


text:
Once, Again: Film features the Frames' Glen Hansard and Czech pianist Markéta Irglová
By Brendan Joel Kelley Last week I blogged here about the film Once, starring the Frames' Glen Hansard and Czech pianist Markéta Irglová. Apparently, the New York Times and myself aren't the only fans of the film, which is pretty much a musical about two talented people who express their mutual attraction by making music together and then going their separate ways. In this week's issue of New Times, Robert Wilonsky, adds his seal of approval (the article's here), writing that Hansard sings "like Cat Stevens performing Damien Rice's songs for a Coldplay crowd as James Blunt forlornly looks on wishing that were him at the mic." It's an apt description, so if you find the film playing near you, you ought to check it out.
Get the Music Newsletter
Keep your thumb on the local music scene each week with music news, trends, artist interviews and concert listings. We'll also send you special ticket offers and music deals.
In Case You Missed It
Upcoming Events
Miss May I
TicketsThu., Jun. 1, 6:30pm
Britain's Finest
TicketsFri., Jun. 2, 7:30pm
Enrique Iglesias & Pitbull
TicketsWed., Jun. 14, 7:30pm
Ann Wilson
TicketsTue., May. 23, 8:00pmpowered by goldstar
Sponsor Content


text:
Compare Speeding Ticket attorneys near you. Read reviews, see Avvo Ratings, and contact them directly.
5.0 stars 7 reviews
Avvo Rating: 10
I am believer that people accused of a criminal offense deserve the most competent and experienced legal counsel possible for a fair and reasonable cost of representation. My team of criminal defense lawyers vigorously defends the rights of Ohioa...
Practice areas & skills: Speeding & Traffic Ticket, DUI & DWI, Criminal Defense
5.0 stars 5 reviews
Avvo Rating: 7.7
Nathan Pieri is the proud son of parents that both served in the United States Air Force. His family settled in the Columbus area in the mid 1990's. Nathan attended Ohio University on an academic scholarship, and it was there that he first discove...
Practice areas & skills: Speeding & Traffic Ticket, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI
5.0 stars 1 review
Avvo Rating: 7.4
My name is Clay Lopez. I have been licensed to practice in the State of Ohio since 1999. I have also been admitted to the Federal Bar in the Southern District Court of Ohio. In my time as an attorney, I have worked as an Assitant Prosecuting Attor...
Practice areas & skills: Speeding & Traffic Ticket, DUI & DWI, Violent Crime, Domestic Violence, Juvenile
Not yet reviewed
Avvo Rating: 8.1
Mr. Luckett is the firm's practicing attorney and has over 26 years of experience in Criminal Litigation. Mr. Luckett practices in Ohio's courts of Common Pleas, local Municipal and Mayor's courts as well as in Ohio's Federal District courts. Pr...
Practice areas & skills: Speeding & Traffic Ticket, DUI & DWI, Divorce & Separation, Criminal Defense
If the police give you a ticket for violating traffic laws (quite often for speeding), you may require the services of a traffic ticket lawyer (sometimes called a speeding ticket lawyer) to help you through traffic court. Traffic ticket lawyers know which people to talk to at court and the kind of deals they are willing to make. The traffic ticket lawyer will also know the specific types of proof the officer must submit to the court and when there is not enough information to support the traffic ticket.


text:
Full Paper
Designing Polymers to Enable Nanoscale Thermomechanical Data Storage
Version of Record online: 22 MAR 2010
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.200902241
Copyright © 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Advanced Functional Materials
Volume 20, Issue 8, pages 1276–1284, April 23, 2010
Additional Information
How to Cite
Gotsmann, B., Knoll, A. W., Pratt, R., Frommer, J., Hedrick, J. L. and Duerig, U. (2010), Designing Polymers to Enable Nanoscale Thermomechanical Data Storage. Adv. Funct. Mater., 20: 1276–1284. doi: 10.1002/adfm.200902241
Publication History
- Issue online: 14 APR 2010
- Version of Record online: 22 MAR 2010
- Manuscript Received: 26 NOV 2009
Options for accessing this content:
- If you are a society or association member and require assistance with obtaining online access instructions please contact our Journal Customer Services team.
- If your institution does not currently subscribe to this content, please recommend the title to your librarian.
- Login via other institutional login options http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/login-options.
- You can purchase online access to this Article for a 24-hour period (price varies by title)
- If you already have a Wiley Online Library or Wiley InterScience user account: login above and proceed to purchase the article.
- New Users: Please register, then proceed to purchase the article.
Login via OpenAthens
Search for your institution's name below to login via Shibboleth.
Registered Users please login:
- Access your saved publications, articles and searches
- Manage your email alerts, orders and subscriptions
- Change your contact information, including your password
Please register to:
- Save publications, articles and searches
- Get email alerts
- Get all the benefits mentioned below!


text:
Login/Create Account
Check Out the new Remax App
Ask About This Home
Rare find! Great 3 bedroom/3 bathroom pool home with two master bedrooms and formal dining area in the ever popular and gated Windsor Palms resort. You don't get much closer to Disney World than this! Ceramic tile throughout living and wet areas. Bedrooms are carpeted. Nice and bright with elevated ceilings and tri-fold sliding doors leading out to the pool area. Pool has a large deck and lanai for additional shade from our Florida sunshine together with pool bath door for convenience. Rare split-bedroom floor plan with two large master suites. Bright and airy dinette with bay window. New air conditioner installed in 2015 plus new washer, dryer and range. This home is fully furnished and would make an ideal primary residence or vacation home. Community is zoned for short term rental and has a fabulous clubhouse with community pool and spa, sundry store, flood lit sand volley ball, tennis and basket ball courts. There is a fitness room, movie theater, games room, arcade and gathering room, tot's lot and picnic area with grills. Plenty of fun for all the family. Further pics of home and community in virtual tour.


text:
CodeBrew Technologies is foccussed on creating best-in-breed BPM technology and provide consulting services required by the Enterprises for BPM initiaties. Research and innovation by CodeBrew Technologies over the years have culminated in the ExpressBPEL BPM Platform, a lean and feature rich platform making it a solid platform for an Enterprises BPM requirements.
The ExpressBPEL BPM platform's features set help in covering a wide-range of BPM requirements that an Enterprise has and would need in the future. CodeBrew Technologies licensing terms are adoption friendly and reduce the capex required by a factor of over 15-20 times over similar platforms hence reducing the TCO significantly and thereby improving the ROI of investement in BPM technologies for an Enterprise significanlty.
Please visit the Products, Solutions and LicensingTerms area of this site to know how we can partners with you in the successful implementation of your BPM vision and goals.


text: Next Story > Risk & Compliance Journal. Art Sales Will Boost Stanford Fraud Victims' Recovery May 15, 2013 3:47 pm ET Photo courtesy of Heritage Auctions. A Dale Chihuly chandelier that once belonged to convicted Ponzi-scheme operator R. Allen Stanford will go on the auction block next week. To Read the Full Story, Subscribe or Sign In Previous CommonWealth Reappoints Board Member Forced to Resign Next White Picks 2 Top SEC Lieutenants


text:
Maci and Kyle contemplate buying a house together and Farrah introduces Sophia to her new boyfriend. Now that she's home, Amber struggles to find a way to see her daughter Leah. A fight between Catelynn and Tyler's parents throw their family's future into question.
I Try To Be Civil
Maci and Kyle meet with a realtor to look at houses, and Amber stresses out while trying to re-adjust to life at home.
Back To School
Farrah heads off for her first day of school, and Catelynn goes to check on her mom after the fight with Butch.
I Just Can't Forget
Amber argues with Gary about time with Leah, Maci wonders about her future with Kyle and Sophia throws a tantrum.
Who's Going To Buy It?
Maci tells her mom about her plan to buy a house, and Cate and Ty talk to April about her toxic marriage.
That Really Opened My Eyes
Tyler and April bond over their experiences with Butch, Farrah introduces Sophia to Daniel, and Amber plays with Leah.
Joint Custody
Farrah introduces her mom to Daniel via Skype, and Maci and Kyle pick a house while Ryan considers filing for joint custody.
Next On...
Tune in to an all new 'Teen Mom' next Tuesday at 10/9c.


text:
Used Refurbished Tmobile Phones Deals from $0.00 to $0.00
Welcome to Cellular Country, your source for quality refurbished, and used iPhones, smartphones, and basic phones. All of our used phones are thoroughly tested and inspected by a trained cell phone technician and are guaranteed to function with your carrier. We have a full range of Used Refurbished Tmobile Phones that you can select from. All of our phones are 100 percent functional, in fair or better condition, and are ready to ship to you today. Once your phone arrives at your house, all you have to do is contact your carrier, let them know you're using another phone, and you can start making calls, texting, and watching videos online immediately. No dealing with pushy salespeople or being confused about what plan to select. Keep your current plan and just get another phone. Our checkout is 100% secure so you don't have to worry about anything except how fast you want your next refurbished phone. Just pick your maufacturer, model, condition, and carrier and we'll take care of the rest. If there are any problems we are always here to help via phone or email.
Related Categories


text:
O'Reilly logo
Safari Logo
Start Free Trial
Sign In
Stay ahead with the world's most comprehensive technology and business learning platform.
With Safari, you learn the way you learn best. Get unlimited access to videos, live online training, learning paths, books, tutorials, and more.
Start Free Trial
No credit card required
Crisis, Issues and Reputation Management
by Andrew Griffin
Publisher: Kogan Page
Release Date: April 2014
Management Communication
View table of contents
Start reading
Book Description
The reputation of an organisation influences who we buy from, work for, supply to and invest in. In today's complex environment, organizations have to understand and respond rapidly to shifting public values, rising expectations, demands for public consultation and increasingly intrusive news media. This is particularly important when things go wrong. Crisis, Issues and Reputation Management outlines a comprehensive approach to managing situations that may turn into crises; handling crises once they occur; and features a wide range of case studies of brands who have had to respond to a variety of crises including Nestle, Unilever, General Electric, McDonald's, Coca-cola, Cadbury, Tesco, Pan Am, RBS and more. Crisis, Issues and Reputation Management defines reputation, explores how to value it and provides practical guidelines for effective reputation management, including advising companies on how to approach issues of Corporate Social Responsibility.
Table of Contents
Title page
Table of contents
Foreword by anne gregory
Foreword by mike regester
1. Reputation: what it is and why it matters
2. The challenging climate in which reputations are managed
3. What are the risks to reputation?
4. Externally driven issues
5. Internally driven issues
6. Externally driven incidents
7. Internally driven incidents
8. Interrelated risks
9. Managing reputation risk through the life cycle
10. Predicting reputation risk
11. Preventing reputation risk
12. Preparing for acute reputation risk
13. Resolving risks to reputation
14. Responding to immediate reputation risk
15. Recovering from reputation damage
16. Where next for crisis, issues and reputation management?
Full imprint


text:
Fandom unbound: Otaku culture in a connected world, edited by Mizuko Ito, Daisuke Okabe, and Izumi Tsuji
Book review of Mizuko Ito, Daisuke Okabe and Izumi Tsuji, eds. Fandom unbound: Otaku culture in a connected world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012, Kindle edition, $35; paperback, $38 (352p) ISBN 978-0300158649.
2chan; AMV; Anime; Cosplay; Dōjinshi; Fan community; Games; Japan; Manga; Otaku; Trains; United States
Full Text:HTML
Transformative Works and Cultures (TWC), ISSN 1941-2258, is an online-only Gold Open Access publication of the nonprofit Organization for Transformative Works. TWC is a member of DOAJ. Contact the Editor with questions.


text:
Amidst demands of reduction of troops in Jammu and Kashmir, Congress today said that any decision regarding the security situation in the state is taken by the Unified Command in consultation with the state government.
"Decision regarding the security situation is taken by the Unified Command in consultation with the state
government," Congress spokesperson Manish Tewari said, adding that security experts are consulted in any such decisions.
Asked about the functioning of Chief Minister Omar Abdullah at a time when the separatists were posing a threat,
he said the party did not make judgement calls on its allies.
"I do not think there is any cause of alarm. The state is headed by an able leader. However, there are some
mischievous elements with whom you have to deal with," he said.
To a query whether the NC-Congress coalition had frittered away the goodwill which was witnessed during the
heavy turnout in the Assembly election, he said the coalition was "strong and stable".
"It is a continuous battle...Minute to minute. The nationalist forces have always triumphed. The government is on
top of the situation," he said, adding that the broader situation was stable.


text: Pinch to zoom Personalised Name Necklace by Marie Walshe Jewellery £65$114.10€79.28$85.83 19 customer reviews(19) Made to order Favourite Favourite View your favourites namename (required)Up to 5 LettersUp to 6 Letters (+ £5)Up to 8 Letters (+ £10)Up to 10 Lettersname (required)Up to 5 LettersUp to 6 Letters (+ $8.77)Up to 8 Letters (+ $17.55)Up to 10 Lettersname (required)Up to 5 LettersUp to 6 Letters (+ €6.09)Up to 8 Letters (+ €12.19)Up to 10 Lettersname (required)Up to 5 LettersUp to 6 Letters (+ $6.60)Up to 8 Letters (+ $13.20)Up to 10 Letters name (required) quantity personalise & pay PRODUCT DETAILS made in britain can be personalised gift wrapping available ask seller a question save for later Stunning individually hand made pendants made to order in our workshop. Have your name made uniquely for you in highly polished sterling silver. Why not suprise your loved ones with their name made in the same unique way. A perfect gift for Birthdays, Christenings, Bridesmade Gifts, Valentines or Xmas. Treat your best friend, sister, niece or mother..... everyone will love one of these pendants! Chain Length: 40cm All our jewellery comes in our beautiful gift wrap boxes and gift messages are welcome. Hand made in the UK. Please allow 14days for Personalised items. product code: 104977 CUSTOMER REVIEWS 19 customer reviews see more customer reviews read about our product rating system ratings guide trusted independent customer feedbackforum excellent bad good poor DELIVERY This product is dispatched to you by Marie Walshe Jewellery. RETURNS You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. Marie Walshe Jewellery's return policy Please see notonthehighstreet.com's returns policy.


text:
Dark-Haired Hotties Swap Boyfriends for Fully-Clothed Silk and Satin Fuck
Tags: babes hardcore orgy party satin threesome tits
Sperm Swap Rough fuck for cum swapping hotties
Tags: blowjobs cum cum swapping deep throat rough sperm tits
Hotties share a warm bath then swap boyfriends and have a foursome
Tags: babes brunettes foursome group sex hardcore
Girls swap boyfriends for the night to get some new dick
Tags: blowjobs brunettes couple dick doggystyle fingering hardcore
Sperm Swap Hot dark haired babes need to fulfill their pussies
Tags: babes cum cumshots orgy pussy sperm
Young amateur teen hotties fuck on cam with their boyfriends
Tags: amateur ass girlfriend pov teens webcams
Dark haired hotties fooling around on couch with sensuality...
Tags: amateur brunettes dark hair fingering lesbians tits
Two dark haired busty hotties sharing one hard weiner
Tags: big tits busty pornstars threesome
Busty dark haired hotties like it steamy on sofa
Tags: beauty brunettes busty cute lesbians redheads
Dark haired whorish hotties have nice sex on leather sofa
Tags: beauty brunettes cute leather lesbians licking massage
Three dark haired spoiled hotties share one big hard dick
Tags: beauty cowgirl cute dick foursome group sex hairy
Dark haired spoiled hotties are in company with their kinky studs
Tags: beauty brunettes cute hardcore kinky milf
Dark haired yummy hotties in stockings show off nice solo compilation
Tags: beauty brunettes compilation cute lingerie solo stockings
Two dark haired whorish hotties enjoy steamy 4 some with brutal dudes
Tags: beauty brutal busty cowgirl cute foursome group sex
Bosomy dark haired hoe blows staff cock of her boy for hard fuck
Tags: blowjobs boy brunettes busty deep throat hardcore high heels
Curvy dark haired girlie took a couple of fuck toys for harsh action
Tags: beauty couple cute dildo girlie masturbation toys
Two dark haired hotties with natural tits give blowjob to tattooed bald hunk
Tags: blowjobs ffm pornstars threesome tits
Brazzers - Jenna and Maya Swap boyfriends
Tags: ass booty doggystyle group sex orgy shaved swinger
Teen Camgirls Swap Boyfriends - FREE HD
Tags: big tits hd teens webcams
Dark haired kinky GF Megan sucks giant black dick for hard mish pose fuck
Tags: beauty big cock black blowjobs cute deep throat dick
Nice romantic supper ended up with steamy fuck for lovely dark haired chick Gia Paige
Tags: beauty brunettes cute hardcore missionary
Dark haired whorish bitch Tristan Berrimore and two other hotties show off stout lesbian trio
Tags: beauty bitch cute dildo lesbians toys vibrator
Girls swap boyfriends during a wild, hardcore foursome
Tags: fake tits foursome group sex hardcore hd pornstars tattoo
TrafficHolder.com - Buy and Sell Adult Traffic|Trafficshop.com - Let your business grow|Contact Us|Webmaster
All content, including images, text, graphics, video and audio content contained in the website is protected under the laws of copyright, owned or under license to company or its designees,and represents proprietary and valuable intellectual property.
Contact Webmaster 18 U.S.C. 2257 Record-Keeping Requirements Compliance Statement
Powered by Stream Rotator


text:
Recapping the week that was in the ACC each Sunday, all in one place. The scores, the stars, the stories, the quotables, the standings, the future. It's all here. Everything except the surround sound.
Saturday, Oct. 20
No. 6 Florida State 33, Miami 20
No. 19 Clemson 38, Virginia Tech 17
Duke 33, North Carolina 30
Wake Forest 16, Virginia 10
Georgia Tech 37, Boston College 17
North Carolina State 20, Maryland 18
Clemson Sr. S Jonathan Meeks: Two interceptions, 74-yard INT touchdown.
Clemson Jr. QB Tajh Boyd: 12 of 21, 160 yards, 1 TD, 1 INT, 20 carries, 27 yards, 2 TDs.
North Carolina So. RB Giovani Bernard: 24 carries, 160 yards, 1 TD
North Carolina State So. WR Bryan Underwood: 6 catches, 134 yards, 68-yard TD
Maryland Fr. RB Wes Brown: 25 carries, 121 yards, 1 TD
Duke Sr. QB Sean Renfree: 23 of 36, 275 yards, 1 TD, 1 INT.
Florida State So. RB Devonta Freeman: 10 carries, 70 yards, 2 TDs.
The Seminoles needed a 17-point fourth quarter to finally pull away.
History was made in Durham last night. The Blue Devils are going bowling.
Despite five fumbles and a missed field goal, Florida State still won easily.
North Carolina State avoided another road letdown with a crazy win in College Park.
Virginia Tech's offense grinded to a halt in the second half against Clemson
Nothing like facing the Eagles to end Georgia Tech's skid.
Boston College is off to its worst start since 1989.
"It wasn't that we couldn't score points. It's just that we didn't score points." – Virginia Tech QB Logan Thomas.
"Everybody was kind of on the same page. We'll see when we grade the film, but you didn't see the busts." – Georgia Tech Coach Paul Johnson.
"We have to develop our guys and recruit some more and keep working, and don't make any excuses. They're a better team right now." – Miami Coach Al Golden.
"When I realized I still had it, I just wanted to get to the sideline and celebrate with my team. I knew there was still time on the clock, so I didn't want to celebrate too much." – Duke's Jamison Crowder.
Florida State: 7-1 overall (4-1 ACC)
Clemson: 6-1 (3-1)
North Carolina State: 5-2 (2-1)
Maryland: 4-3 (2-1)
Wake Forest: 4-3 (2-3)
Boston College: 1-6 (0-4)
Duke: 6-2 overall (3-1 ACC)
Miami: 4-4 (3-2)
North Carolina: 5-3 (2-2)
Virginia Tech: 4-4 (2-2)
Georgia Tech: 3-4 (2-3)
Virginia: 2-6 (0-4)
Thursday, Oct. 25
No. 19 Clemson at Wake Forest (7:30 p.m.)
Saturday, Oct. 27
North Carolina State at North Carolina (12:30 p.m.)
Maryland at Boston College (1 p.m.)
BYU at Georgia Tech (3 p.m.)
Duke at No. 14 Florida State (3:30 p.m.)


text:
> Garden Furniture
> Garden Furniture Sets
This Bramblecrest Foxham 2 Seat Armchair Bistro Set is extremely comfortable and makes the perfect spot in which to relax on a summers afternoon in...more
Bramblecrest Foxham 2 Seat Armchair Bistro Set Features:
Foxham Bistro Set Dimensions
Why not sign up to our newsletter to receive exclusive offers and news about what's happening at Internet Gardener. You'll
receive fantastic offers and seasonal gardening ideas directly to your inbox. We value your privacy, and so we promise not to share your email adresses
with anyone else.


text:
The Joy of Despair: "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?"
Clip Job: an excerpt every day from the Voice archives. January 1, 1970, Vol. XV, No. 1
Films in Focus by Andrew Sarris
"THEY SHOOT HORSES, DON'T THEY?" has finally come to the screen 34 years after the publication of Horace McCoy's classic wouldn't-that-make-a-wonderful-movie novel. I read the novel myself back in the '40s and I have been busy casting it ever since. Nowadays it would be hard to improve on Jane Fonda as Gloria, Michael Sarrazin as Robert, Susannah York as Alice, Gig Young as Rocky, Red Buttons as Sailor, Bonnie Bedelia as Ruby, Bruce Dern as James, and Allyn Ann McLerie as Shirl. All things considered, I'm glad the movie was made even after a 34-year delay. Director Sydney Pollack, scenarists James Poe and Robert E. Thompson, and producers Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartroff have brought "Horses" to the screen with considerable intelligence, sensitivity, and affection, and they have avoided needless flourishes of stomach-churning pseudo-realism. John Green's subdued potpourri of pop music is particularly tasteful in its avoidance of the temptations of self-parody.
But 34 years is a long time just the same, and when the picture started on a lyrical note of horses and rural America and childhood and lost illusions and the credits not even completed I began to worry that they were about to mess up my movie and so I began to kibitz the writing and direction. First I wouldn't have illustrated the last line of the movie. The visual stuff, however beautifully photographed in slow-motion, makes the reading of the line itself superfluous. What everyone remembers about the line from the novel is its marvelously apt incongruity. Either do the line without the virtual horses or do the horse without delivering the line.
Upcoming Events
New York Red Bulls vs. New England Revolution
TicketsSat., May. 27, 7:30pm
New York Red Bulls II vs. Charleston Battery
TicketsSun., May. 28, 2:00pm
New York Liberty vs. Los Angeles Sparks
TicketsTue., May. 30, 7:00pm
New York City FC vs. New England Revolution
TicketsWed., May. 31, 7:30pm
My next worrisome moment came when the dance marathon contestants were lined up in a gaudy torture chamber on the Pacific Coast. Susannah York's ultra-refined Jean Harlow imitator looked at first glance like a parody of the Glenda Farrell parody "Dames at Sea." For her part, Jane Fonda made her first entrance with frizzed hair and tough talk reminiscent of Barbrara Stanwyck in her "Baby Face" period. Oh-oh, I thought, high camp on the late, late show. Perhaps, the '30s are beyond serious restoration after all.
Then I began to worry about the overly explicit ex-post-facto ironies in the dialogue. (Happy days are here, again, folks, and, as President Hoover tells us, prosperity is just around the corner.) Gig Young's smooth-talking Rocky the promoter seemed too sympathetically satanic as the diabolist ex marathon. Hence, his final confession of being a financial as well as spiritual swindler falls flat as dramatic revelation, and serves instead as half-heartedly existential ritual in order to trigger (literally) the ultimate violence.
Also, the characters take on a doomed look from the very outset, and the very modern plot-killing flash-forwards drain away the last possibility of suspense in the ongoing action. Still, the seaside dance hall succeeds as a symbol fully as much as it failed in "Oh What a Lovely War." Nothing kills a symbol more effectively than stripping away its realistic raiment. Because the dance hall is so palpably real in "Horses," it reverberates with all the symbolic resonance of the Pacific Ocean pounding under the floor. The Pacific functions on so many levels for American writers as the fatal frontier beyond which only the great, cold silences lurk that Horace McCoy's choice of locale can never cease to evoke intimations of mortality and morbidity.
And finally there are the dancers themselves, slower and slower and slower, from the dance of love to the dance of death, the girls degenerating from clinging vines to clutching serpents, the men watching the last shreds of their manhood peeling off with shame and fatigue. I was moved, then shaken by the beauty and genius of Horace McCoy's metaphor. Two people, male and female, circling endlessly around a dance floor, the girl, tough and scared and vulnerable, spitting out "Christ" as an epithet at every new evidence that God did not exist. (Jane Fonda and Michael Sarrazin transcend the trashy romanticism of their portentously underdeveloped characterizations.) In the last stages of the marathon with death hovering everywhere, the survivors make us rejoice for all those '30s families that hung together through the incredible squalor of the period. "They Shoot Horses, Don't They" is joyous entertainment even though or perhaps because its joy is the joy of despair, the only decent mood we can feel as we enter the '70s.
[Each weekday morning, we post an excerpt from another issue of the Voice, going in order from our oldest archives. Visit our Clip Job archive page to see excerpts back to 1956.]
Get the ICYMI: Today's Top Stories Newsletter Our daily newsletter delivers quick clicks to keep you in the know
Catch up on the day's news and stay informed with our daily digest of the most popular news, music, food and arts stories in New York, delivered to your inbox.
In Case You Missed It
Upcoming Events
New York Yankees vs. Kansas City Royals
TicketsTue., May. 23, 7:05pm
Pinstripe Pass: New York Yankees V Kansas City Royals
TicketsWed., May. 24, 7:05pm
New York Yankees vs. Oakland Athletics
TicketsFri., May. 26, 7:05pm
Pinstripe Pass: New York Yankees V Oakland Athletics
TicketsFri., May. 26, 7:05pm
Sponsor Content