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Green tea is commonly consumed in Asia but was introduced into Europe in the 17th century. Traditionally, green tea has been used for the relief of fatigue and weakness, as a diuretic and for stomach disorders.1
Green tea and its constituent catechins have been shown to reduce body fat. A 2005 12-week controlled study in Japanese men found that green tea extract reduced body fat, BMI, body weight and waist circumference.2 A 2009 study in 107 Caucasian subjects also found that green tea extract reduced abdominal fat.3 A 2009 meta-analysis of 11 trials concluded that green tea catechins reduced body weight and body fat.4
Green tea has also been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk. A 2001 meta-analysis of tea intake (black and green) found that the incidence rate of myocardial infarction is estimated to decrease by 11% with an increase in tea consumption of 3 cups/day.5 A 2006 study in Japanese men found that green tea consumption was associated with reduced cardiovascular risk in particular reduced risk of stroke.6 Green tea drinking (120-599 ml daily) has been associated with a 46% reduced risk of hypertension.7 A 2015 meta-analysis found that green tea is associated with reduced CVD mortality and reduced mortality overall.8 There is further evidence to suggest that green tea reduces the risk of diabetes (6 cups daily).9
1 http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2014/04/WC500165886.pdf
2 http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2014/04/WC500165886.pdf
3 http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2014/04/WC500165886.pdf
4 http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2014/04/WC500165886.pdf
5 http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2014/04/WC500165886.pdf
6 http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2014/04/WC500165886.pdf
7 http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2014/04/WC500165886.pdf
8 Tang et al. Br J Nutr 2015, July 23: 1-11http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26202661
9 http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2014/04/WC500165886.pdf
Tea up for a healthy lifestyle
Tea is the most commonly consumed beverage in the world after water. In fact, in the… Read More
Tea, hydration and fluoride
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the most widely consumed beverage in the world after water. Black… Read More
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Drinking tea is associated with reduced risk of mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer according to… Read More
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My "colleagues" and I at the fictitious Arthur Vandelay Urological Research Institute were surprised to find our bogus "uromycitisis" case report swiftly accepted, with only minor revisions requested.
Ernst Haeckel's Pedigree of Man, 1874
August 1, 2011|
After completing his studies in medicine and biology, a restless Ernst Haeckel set off for Italy in 1859 to study art and marine biology. The diversity of life fascinated the 26-year-old Prussian, and in addition to painting landscapes, he spent the

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Oh, the beautiful spring colors! 🌿🌺
Who's excited about it being Friday? 🙋🏻🙌🏻 #weekend #goodfriday
Engagement sessions are one of my favorite things ❤ being engaged can be such a stressful season, but man it's beautiful! 🙌🏻
Had to get a little creative while shooting with a two piece dress - one of my favorite bridal prep images to date! 👗📸
This is how you sweetheart table!🙌🏻🌿


text:
A SEX starved man who demanded sexual favours on several occasions from his married daughter was left licking wounds after the daughter let the cat out of the bag in court. Aaron Maina's protection order application against his daughter, Delia Maina turned sour after Delia revealed to the court that he had on several occasions asked for sexual favours from her claiming that sleeping with him was the only remedy to her barrenness.
Delia went on to tell the court that after she had refused his sexual advances, Aaron advised her husband to divorce her saying she was barren.
"Before he gave me a divorce token, my ex-husband told me that my father was the one who was behind it all since he had told him that I was a barren tree which could never produce fruits.
"During my first marriage, whenever I visited my father he would ask me to have sex with him and he always gave me the reason that it was the only solution to my problem.
"He stated that the moment I slept with him, I would become pregnant, but I never gave in to his requests and that is the reason he destroyed my marriage I think," she said much to the court's amazement.
Aaron did not respond to any of the allegations, instead he told the court that he was head of a crazy and weird family. He claimed that Delia at one time had attacked him with a machete resulting in him losing consciousness.
"At one time she robbed me of my phone. She even assaulted me and I thank God that I am alive because people who heard me screaming came to my rescue.
"As I speak Your Worship my right eye is now blind and my right leg no longer functions well because of Delia's unprovoked attacks.
"I pray that the court should grant me the protection order against my aggressive and violent offspring," he begged.
Aaron went on to tell the court that at one time Delia had confronted him accusing him of causing her bareness.
"She dragged me to prophets. I reluctantly obliged because she had attacked me as well as threatening me with more harm if I had refused to comply with her instructions.
"I was cleared of any wrongdoings by her so-called prophets.
"They openly told her that I was clean and she apologised for having assaulted and falsely accusing me of bewitching her," he narrated.
However, Delia dismissed her father's claims and said he had been told by the prophets to stop his habit of sleeping with his daughters using mubobobo.
Despite Delia's protests against the granting of the protection order, Mutare magistrate, Mrs Yeukai Chigodora granted the order to Aaron Maini and ordered her to stop any acts of violence against her father. – Manica Post


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 15, 1995
|Filing date
|Feb 1, 1993
|Priority date
|Jan 31, 1992
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Michael Blezard, Glyn R. Jones, Moharam Ghadimi
|Original Assignee
|Albright & Wilson Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (19), Referenced by (12), Classifications (19), Legal Events (11)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a method of inhibiting the formation of nitrosamines and nitrites, especially during the preparation and/or storage of amine oxides, an amine oxide composition containing a stabiliser and an improved process for the preparation of tertiary amine oxides.
Amine oxides are conventionally prepared by reacting a tertiary amine with hydrogen peroxide. In order to complete the reaction within a commercially acceptable time it is necessary to heat the reaction mixture and/or to employ a catalyst. Since excessive heating tends to cause (or accelerate) the decomposition of peroxide, the use of a catalyst is preferred.
It has been suggested, e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,333,000 that a mixture comprising sodium bicarbonate in concentrations of from 0.02 to 2% by weight of the amine together with sodium pyrophosphate will catalyse the reaction. In practice, concentrations of bicarbonate in the lower part of the range, i.e. below 1% by weight of the amine were found sufficient to catalyse the reaction and higher concentrations were avoided, so as not to leave any substantial residue of bicarbonate in the product.
Subsequently it has been found that carbon dioxide is a very effective catalyst and its use has now replaced that of sodium bicarbonate (see, for instance, GB 2 032 422, FR 2 632 638 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,247,480).
EP 0 409 043 described the use of certain aminophosphonates as catalysts in the preparation of amine oxides.
It has been recognised for some years that nitrosamines, which are widely regarded as being potentially harmful, and nitrites, which may be precursors of nitrosamines are commonly present as minor, but undesirable, trace contaminants of amine oxides. These contaminants are conventionally present in commercial amine oxides at very low levels of between 200 and 1000 parts per billion.
Until recently, such levels have been at or below the limits of detection. However, improved analytical methods, for instance based on chemiluminescence, have now made it possible to detect total nitrosamine and nitrite (referred to herein as "total NO") down to 10 parts per billion, or lower. This is considerably less than normal ambient atmospheric levels.
There is now a pressing demand for products containing less than 50 ppb total NO. It is likely that lower levels still would be demanded if they were thought to be achievable. It is an object of our invention to provide amine oxide products containing less than 50 ppb total NO preferably less than 20 ppb and most preferably less than 10 ppb.
A particular problem arises because nitrosamine levels, even in products prepared containing low initial concentrations of total NO, have been found to increase during aging especially at elevated temperatures. A particular object of the invention is therefore to stabilise amine oxides so as to maintain the aforesaid low levels of total NO during storage.
It has been found possible, in theory, to obtain very low levels of total NO by controlling the ratio of peroxide to amine and using highly pure reagents and process water which exclude dissolved polyvalent metal ions. However, the conditions are so sensitive that it is not possible in industrial practice to obtain consistently low total NO levels by this approach. The products moreover are not stabilised against the accumulation of NO on storage.
GB 2 252 320 describes the use of relatively high concentrations of carbonates and/or bicarbonates (greater than 2.5% by weight of the amine) to inhibit the formation of nitrosamines, both initially during the oxidation of amines and, subsequently, to stabilise the product. However, to achieve consistently low levels of total NO using bicarbonates, the amount of bicarbonate required may result in levels of inorganic impurity in the product which are unacceptable to some customers.
We have now discovered that bicarbonates and/or carbonates are synergistic with phosphonates such as organoamino methylene phosphonates, and their oxides, in inhibiting the formation of nitrosamines and nitrites during the preparation and/or storage of amine oxides. They may in some circumstances assist in lowering the nitrosamine content of a previously contaminated sample.
The present invention provides the use of a synergistic mixture of a carbonate and/or bicarbonate with a phosphonate to inhibit or to reduce nitrosamine contamination in products which are susceptible to contamination with nitrosamine.
The present invention further provides a method of stabilising an amine oxide in order to inhibit the formation of nitrosamines and nitrites during preparation, storage and/or heating by adding thereto a synergistic stabiliser comprising:
(i) from 0.05% to 20% by weight (based on the weight of amine used to prepare the amine oxide) of a bicarbonate and/or a carbonate; and
(ii) from 0.005% to 5% by weight (based on the weight of amine used to prepare the amine oxide) of a phosphonic acid or its salts, in which (i) and (ii) are added either separately or together to the amine oxide before, during or after the preparation thereof.
The present invention also provides a composition comprising an amine oxide and a synergistic stabiliser comprising from 0.05% to 20% by weight (based on the weight of amine used to prepare the amine oxide) of a bicarbonate and/or a carbonate and from 0.005% to 5% by weight (based on the weight of amine used to prepare the amine oxide) of a phosphonic acid or a salt thereof.
The present invention further provides a method for the preparation of an amine oxide which comprises reacting a tertiary amine with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a synergistic stabiliser comprising an amount greater than 0.05% by weight (based on the weight of the amine) of a bicarbonate and/or a carbonate and an amount greater than 0.005% by weight of an alkylamino phosphonate such as a polyalkylene amine methylene phosphonate, said amount being sufficient substantially to inhibit nitrosamine and nitrite formation.
The bicarbonate and/or carbonate component(i) may suitably comprise a bicarbonate such as sodium bicarbonate. Alternatively, other water soluble bicarbonates, e.g., alkali metal bicarbonates such as potassium bicarbonate or lithium bicarbonate, or alkaline earth metal bicarbonates such as magnesium or calcium bicarbonate may be present.
Preferably, component (i) may comprises a carbonate such as an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium carbonate, e.g., sodium, magnesium or calcium carbonate, or a mixture of bicarbonate and carbonate, e.g., in a molar ratio of from 0.01:1 to 1:0.01 especially 1:1, provided that, if the carbonate is added to the reaction mixture, the pH is not high enough to cause significant decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide during the preparation of amine oxides. E.g. we prefer that the pH of the reaction mixture during the preparation of the amine oxide should be less than 10, preferably less than 9.8, typically less than 9.5. However, when the stabiliser is added to the product after preparation, such a constraint does not arise and therefore higher pH values may be tolerated depending on the desired end use. In a preferred embodiment, if carbonate and/or bicarbonate species are present in the reaction mixture but the pH of the mixture is carefully controlled, e.g. less than 10, more preferably less than 9.8, typically less than 9.5 for example by the use of dilute acids, excessive decomposition of the peroxide is avoided. Furthermore, at completion of the reaction when maintaining a weakly alkaline pH is not critical, the pH of the reaction mixture can be raised to promote the stability of the sample. We prefer the pH of the product to be raised by, for example an alkali or alkaline metal hydroxide solution, e.g. sodium hydroxide solution to a pH of 9.5-12.0, preferably 10-11.5, more preferably 10.3-11.2.
The phosphonate (ii) is preferably an organoamino methylene phosphonate of the formula RR'--NCH2 PO3 M2, wherein: R and R' may each be separately selected from a CH2 PO3 M2 group, a C1-12, (preferably C1-4) alkyl group, an amino, hydroxy, phosphono or carboxy substituted C1-6 (preferably C1-4) alkyl group, or a group of the formula H[O(CH2)m ]n or M2 O3 PCH2 [NCH2 PO3 M2 (CH2)m ]n ; each M is hydrogen or a cation such that the composition is water soluble; and n is from 1 to 6 and each m is 2 to 6; or an N-oxide thereof.
Preferably R is a methylenephosphonate group and R' is a polyethyleneamino poly (methylenephosphonate) group, e.g. wherein n is from 1 to 5 preferably 2 to 4, or an ethylene or hydroxy ethylene group.
Where the amino phosphonate is added to the reaction mixture during the preparation of the amine oxide, the amino phosphonate stabiliser will normally be converted to the corresponding oxide in situ. Examples of suitable amino methylenephosphonate include sodium amino tris (methylenephosphonate), amino tris(methylenephosphonate) N-oxide or preferably sodium diethylenetriamine penta(methylenephosphonate) or sodium tetraethylenepentamine hepta(methylenephosphonate), available respectively as BRIQUEST 301-32S, BRIQUEST 3010-25s, BRIQUEST 543-25S and BRIQUEST 785-25S. (The word BRIQUEST is a Registered Trade Mark). Our copending application of even date describes the use of ethanolamine bis (methylenephosphonic acid) and its salts as a particularly effective means of inhibiting the formation of nitrosamine during preparation. Accordingly we prefer to use this product, which is available under the Registered Trade Mark BRIQUEST 221, as a nitrosamine inhibitor for the reaction mixture. We particularly prefer to use a combination of ethanolamine bis (methylenephosphonate) and diethylenetriamine penta(methylenephosphonate) the latter being added either with the former or after preparation.
Although we prefer that at least part of the synergistic stabilisers be present initially during the preparation of the amine oxide, it is possible to add some or all of the mixture, or of either component, during or after the preparation. In particular the poly(ethyleneamino) poly(methylenephosphonates) are especially effective for stabilising the product if added after the preparation.
The component (i) is preferably present in a total proportion of from 0.1 to 20% by weight based on the weight of amine used to prepare the product, preferably at least 0.5 e.g. at least 1% especially more than 2% in order to achieve effective catalysis and inhibition. We prefer that the proportion of carbonate be as low as possible consistent with adequate catalysis and inhibition in order to minimise inorganic impurities, i.e. less than 12%, preferably less than 8%, all % being based on the weight of amine used. An amount between 3% and 6.5%, based on the weight of amine used, has been found particularly suitable. Usually these concentrations will equate to a concentration of from 0.05 to 10% based on the total composition e.g. 0.1 to 5, especially 0.75 to 4%.
The component (ii) is typically present in an amount of from 0.005 to 10% by weight based on the weight of amine used, more preferably 0.05 to 5% e.g. 0.1 to 3% especially 0.2 to 2%.
The proportion by weight of (i) to (ii) is usually between 1:0.001 and 1:10, preferably 1:0.01 to 1:2 especially 1:0.02 to 1:1 e.g. 1:0.05 to 1:0.5.
The preparation of the amine oxide is preferably carried out in a conventional manner by reacting a tertiary amine with aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The peroxide may be present in a substantially equimolar amount based on the amine or in a {preferably very small) stoichiometric excess, e.g. in ratio of 1:0.9, amine to peroxide, to 1:1.1. The excess of peroxide is preferably less than 0.05% based on the stoichiometric weight.
The amines that may be used in the process of our invention are typically amines of the general formula R1 R2 R3 N, wherein R1, R2 and R3 represent straight or branched chain alkyl groups, alkenyl groups or aralkyl groups which may be the same or different. They may be lower alkyl groups, i.e. of from 1 to 7, preferably 1 to 4, carbon atoms, but in a preferred embodiment of this invention, the tertiary amines may instead be represented by the general formula (R)m (R1)n N, wherein m=1 or 2 and n=(3-m).
The R groups, which may be the same or different, represent in this case C6 -C24 alkyl or alkenyl groups, C6-24 alkyl or alkenyl polyalkyleneoxy groups, C6 -C23 esteralkyl or ester alkenyl groups, amidoalkyl or amidoalkenyl groups, and the R1 groups, which may also be the same or different, represent C1 -C4 alkyl, alkoxy or hydroxyalkyl, or polyalkyleneoxy groups.
The alkyleneoxy groups are preferably polyethyleneoxy groups or polypropyleneoxy or mixed ethyleneoxy propyleneoxy groups containing between 1 and 20 ethyleneoxy and/or propyleneoxy groups. The amidoalkyl groups are preferably C7 -C23 alkyl or alkenyl-amidopropyl groups.
The amines may alternatively comprise cyclic amines such as imidazolines or pyridines, N-substituted piperazines, or N-substituted morpholines, e.g. N-methyl morpholine.
The process of this invention is typically carried out in aqueous solution. Optionally, a non phosphonate sequestrant such as EDTA may be used in the preparation which prevents decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide by chelating the metal ions which catalyse its decomposition. Alternative sequestrants include other chelating agents such as pyrophosphate. We prefer that such transition metal chelants or sequestrants should be present if the phosphonate is added after the commencement of the preparation. They accelerate the reaction but do not have any significant effect on the nitrosamine levels.
The required concentration of product depends on the particular tertiary amine starting material employed, since those that are preferred for this invention give rise to oxide products with surfactant properties which form a mobile L1 phase at concentrations up to about 30% by weight based on total weight of reaction mixture, subject to exact chemical nature. At higher concentrations the amine oxide products tend to form an immobile M phase. Preferably, water is added to the reaction vessel in the form of aqueous hydrogen peroxide such that the final concentration of product attained is mobile. It is possible at high concentrations, e.g. 60 to 80% amine oxide (by weight based on total weight of reaction mixture) to form a mobile G phase. This option is, however, often impractical in a commercial scale manufacture due to the relatively narrow range of concentration over which the G-phase is usually obtained and consequently the most preferred embodiment is usually the most concentrated L1 phase attainable, usually about 30% by weight based on total weight of reaction mixture. Higher concentrations may be achieved in the presence of phase modifiers such as solvents, cosurfactants, hydrotropes or electrolyte salts. These may raise the L1 /M boundary or broaden the G-phase range. The product may be prepared as anhydrous solid or as a solid hydrate. On a large scale, temperature rise may be a problem during the reaction, as conditions become closer to adiabatic, hence the use of a heel of amine oxide product is preferable since this limits the extent of the exotherm, by avoiding the induction period as the system passes from 2 phase to 1 phase.
The inventors have found that, in the presence of bicarbonate and/or carbonate in the proportions specified above, with or without phosphonate, careful control of temperature need not be such a crucial factor in limiting the formation of nitrosamines as by-products as is implied by the prior art, wherein it is stated (e.g. European Patent Application 88308270.3 which was published as EP 0 307 184 ) that in order to inhibit the formation of nitrosamines the preparation of amine oxide must be conducted at 45� C. or lower; most preferably below 30� C. This then necessitates the usage of a promoter to raise the slow reaction rate.
According to the present invention the inhibitory action of the stabiliser towards nitrosamine formation, reduces the importance of keeping the temperature low, during the preparation and/or the storage of amine oxides. Accordingly, the temperature of the reaction vessel when carrying out the process of this invention with the carbonate present initially may range from 2� C. to 85� C. but could be higher e.g. by carrying out the reaction in an autoclave to obtain very rapid reaction rates, the most preferred temperature range being 30� C. to 50� C. and a typical operating temperature being 40� C. The time to completion of the reaction is generally up to four hours.
Similarly, incorporation of the synergistic stabiliser, according to the invention, into an existing product renders it heat resistant with respect to the formation of nitrosamine impurities. The inventors have found that this effect is apparent even when the above mentioned product was not originally made in the presence of a nitrosamine inhibitor.
The amine oxide may be prepared, according to the present invention, by reacting a tertiary amine with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of the synergistic stabiliser hereinabove described.
The post addition of the poly(alkyleneamino) poly (methylenephosphonates) has been found to be advantageous in stabilising amine oxides generally, including those prepared by prior art methods, even in the absence of carbonate or bicarbonate. Compared with prior art methods in which the amino phosphonates were used to catalyse the preparation of the amine oxide and were necessarily converted to N-oxides in situ, the post addition does not result in the oxidation of the amine groups of the phosphonate. The resulting mixture of amine oxide and unoxidised poly(alkyleneamino) poly(methylenephosphonate) is thus a novel and surprisingly advantageous composition which constitutes a particular aspect of the present invention. The mixture preferably comprises water, 10 to 99% preferably 15 to 85%, e.g. 20 to 35%, amine oxide and 0.005 to 5% especially 0.01 to 1% of the phosphonate all based on the weight of the composition. The phosphonate preferably comprises 1 to 6 preferably 2 to 5 ethylene and/or propylene groups. Optionally the composition may contain a quantity of amine oxide between 50 and 80% corresponding to that at which a G-phase is formed. Alternatively the concentration may be between 20% and the concentration corresponding to the L1 /M phase boundary, which is typically between 30% and 35%. Phase modifiers such as solvents, cosurfactants, hydrotropes or electrolyte salts, may raise the concentration of surfactant required to form an M-phase, so that the L1 /M phase boundary is found at concentrations of surfactant greater than 35% w /w. Addition of such phase modifiers may also broaden the concentration range over which the G-phase is typically found. It is also possible to prepare the amine oxide as a substantially anhydrous solid, or as a solid hydrate.
The invention may also be applicable to inhibition of nitrosamine and nitrite formation in the context of other reactions and products which involve a nitrosamine and nitrite hazard, for example alkanolamides.
The invention will be further illustrated by the following Examples in which all percentages are by weight based on the total weight of the product or reaction mixture as appropriate except where the context requires otherwise:
The examples 2 and 3 and 5 were based on the following typical preparative method:
Lauryl myristyl amine, as EMPIGEN AB (EMPIGEN is a Registered Trade Mark) was weighed into a flask with any required stabiliser and any required catalyst and the necessary quantity of water. The resulting mixture was warmed in a water bath to 65� C. with stirring for examples 2 and 3, and to 40� C. with stirring for example 5. 20% w /w of the total mass of hydrogen peroxide (35%) required was added to the abovementioned reaction mixture and the mixture allowed to stir for 30 minutes in order to overcome the reaction exotherm. After this time, the remaining quantity of hydrogen peroxide (35%) was added to the flask over 30-45 minutes and the reaction allowed to continue for approximately a further two hours, or until such time that it was determined the reaction had gone to completion.
In this instance, the reaction was deemed to have gone to completion when the free amine content of the reaction mixture was ≦0.3% w /w and the hydrogen peroxide content of the reaction mixture was ≦0.1% w /w based on the total weight of the reaction mixture. If analysis of a reaction mixture aliquot showed a high free amine content but a low hydrogen peroxide content, more hydrogen peroxide was added and the reaction allowed to proceed until such time that acceptable levels of hydrogen peroxide and free amine content were achieved. Thus, in some instances, the ratio for moles (amine: H2 O2) may be in excess of (1:1).
An unstabilised batch of lauryl myristyl amine oxide containing 30% by weight of the amine oxide 0.1% EDTA and 1176 ppb nitrosamine was mixed with the reagents shown below in Table 1. Samples were stored for two weeks at 70� C. and analysed by a chemiluminescence method for total "NO" content, after destruction of nitrite with sulphamic acid.
TABLE 1______________________________________TWO WEEK, 70� C. STORAGE TEST WITH POSTADDED STABILISER______________________________________Phosphonate 0% 0.01% 0.1% 0.5%"NO" ppb 10,105 3,987 2,533 2,792"NO" as % control -- 39% 25% 28%Phosphonate 0% 0% 0% 0.01% 0.1% 0.5%NaHCO3 0% 2% 3% 2% 2% 2%"NO" ppb 10,105 6,366 7,207 2,170 1,815 688"NO" as % control -- 63% 70% 21% 18% 7%______________________________________
The phosphonate used in this and the following Tables was 25% w/w (expressed as acid) diethylenetriamine penta (methylenephosphonic acid) sodium salt- sold by Albright & Wilson Ltd. under the Registered Trade Mark BRIQUEST 543-25S. The figures in the Tables for % phosphonate are all expressed as 100% acid.
The results show that the minimum level of nitrosamine that can be achieved by bicarbonate alone under the conditions of this experiment is 63% of the control even at high concentrations of stabiliser. Phosphonate alone cannot reduce the nitrosamine to less than 25% of the control.
A combination of 0.5% phosphonate +2% NaHCO3 reduces nitrosamine to 7% of the concentration in the control and is thus responsible for a synergistic reduction in the "NO" content on ageing, when compared with unaged starting material, being more effective than the maximum achievable with either material on its own.
An amine oxide was prepared using de-ionised water with the additions shown below in Table 2.
Both nitrite and nitrosamines were determined by chemiluminescence and are both quoted as "NO".
TABLE 2______________________________________TWO WEEK, 70� C. STORAGE TESTWITH PRE ADDED STABILISERReaction A B C______________________________________Reaction time 3 hours 56.5 hours 38 hoursPhosphonate (as acid) 0.1% -- 0.1%NaHCO3 1.0% 1.0% --Nitrosamine ppb "NO" start 51 171 240Nitrosamine ppb "NO" 2 170 804 422weeks at 70� C.NO2 (as ppb "NO") start 4,376 15,648 17,386Moles of (amine: H2 O2) (1:1) (1:1.4) (1:1.02)Free amine levels (% w /w) at 0.1% 0.3% 0.3%reaction completionPeroxide residue (% w /w) at 0.024% 0.01% 0.08%reaction completion______________________________________
The combination of phosphonate and NaHCO3 gives reduced initial nitrosamine and nitrite levels, and reduces the formation of these during ageing at 70� C. Additionally the reaction time is appreciably reduced.
Further reactions were run at 65� C. using water containing up to 5ppm of Fe (II), distilled water, the results being shown below in Table 3. Iron is a notorious promoter of nitrosamine formation in amine oxides. Moreover in the absence of chelant 5 ppm iron prevents the reaction from proceding to completion due to decomposition of peroxide.
TABLE 3______________________________________TWO WEEK, 70� C. STORAGE TEST FOR SAMPLESCONTAINING IRON CONTAMINATED WATERReaction A B______________________________________Reaction time 40 hours 2 hoursPhosphonate (as acid) 0.1% 0.1%NaHCO3 -- 1.0%"NO" ppb start 162 34"NO" ppb 2 weeks at 70� C. 3,940 269NO2 (as ppb "NO") start 15,465 2,670Moles of (amine: H2 O2) (1:1.03) (1:1)Free amine levels (% w /w) at reaction 0.3% 0.3%completionPeroxide residue (% w /w) at reaction 0.06% 0.025%completion______________________________________
The above results demonstrate the superiority of a combination of NaHCO3 and phosphonate, as a catalyst for the reaction and as an inhibitor for NO/NO2 formation both during the reaction and on ageing, even in the presence of iron.
The products of reactions A and B, shown above in Table 3, were each dosed, after preparation, with extra phosphonate as shown below in Table 4, (both had 0.1% phosphonate in the reaction charge).
TABLE 4______________________________________TWO WEEK, 70� C. STORAGE TEST TO SHOW THEEFFECT OF POST ADDITION OF FURTHERQUANTITIES OF STABILISER A B C D E______________________________________Reaction -- 0.1% 0.3% 0.4% (CONTROL)*A +phosphonate"NO" ppb 162 182Start"NO" ppb 3940 855 560 520 37532 weeks at70� C.______________________________________*Prepared in a similar way to Reaction A but with 0.5%phosphonate (as acid) included in the reaction.Reaction -- 0.1% 0.3% 0.4% (CONTROL)*B +phosphonate"NO" ppb 34 39Start"NO" ppb 269 92 109 102 1252 weeks at70� C.______________________________________ *Prepared in a similar way to Reaction B but with 0.5% phosphonate (as acid) included in the reaction.
Post addition of further phosphonate, as in reaction B,C and D, is more effective in lowering the total nitrosamine and nitrite content of the samples, than is achieved by initially adding the total amount of stabiliser to the reaction mixture. Thus, the stabilising effect is maximised by post addition of further phosphonate.
It should be appreciated that all of the 70� C. two week storage tests hereinabove described are conducted in considerably harsher conditions than are typically encountered in practice, in order to demonstrate significant differences within a short period. Usually storage temperatures are in the range of 20� to 45� C., which promotes the formation of nitrosamines-and nitrites to a lesser extent than a storage temperature of 70� C., and thus represents a more industrially relevant study.
Two further samples (A and B), of amine oxides were prepared using ultra high purity water, with the additions shown below in Table 5 made at the start of the reaction. Another batch of amine oxide (C) received a post addition of phosphonate.
Both nitrite and nitrosamines were determined by chemiluminescence and both are quoted as "NO".
TABLE 5______________________________________TWO WEEK, 45� C. STORAGE TESTS______________________________________Reaction A B C______________________________________Phosphonate 0.25%E.D.T.A. 0.1% 0.1%Sodium Bicarbonate 1.0% 1.0% 1%Phosphonate (post addition) 0.25%______________________________________ 14 28sample start days days 42 days 56 days______________________________________A ppb nitrosamines 22 68 71 155 ppb nitrite 428 770 843 1210B ppb nitrosamines <10 20 23 36 ppb nitrite 183 483 665 759C ppb nitrosamines 12 <10 18 ppb nitrite 443 338 429______________________________________
The post addition of phosphonate to sample (C) provides improved inhibition of nitrosamine and nitrite levels on storage at 45� C., illustrating the synergistic effect of phosphonate (post addition) and bicarbonate. The beneficial effect of using phosphonate in preference to E.D.T.A. is seen by comparison of samples A and B.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 25, 1964
|Jul 25, 1967
|Pennsalt Chemicals Corp
|Preparation of amine oxides
|May 3, 1968
|Apr 29, 1969
|Procter & Gamble
|Detergent containing alkoxy hydroxypropylamine oxide
|Apr 18, 1967
|Aug 26, 1969
|Millmaster Onyx Corp
|Process for producing amine oxides
|Mar 30, 1972
|Oct 22, 1974
|Lever Brothers Ltd
|Detergent compositions
|Aug 9, 1979
|Jan 27, 1981
|Nissan Chemical Industries Limited
|Process for producing amineoxide
|Dec 19, 1979
|Jun 16, 1981
|Union Carbide Corporation
|Organic amine compositions
|Oct 27, 1989
|Oct 2, 1990
|Ethyl Corporation
|Amine oxide process
|Apr 6, 1990
|Dec 31, 1991
|Ciba-Geigy Corporation
|Hydroxyaminomethylphosphonates and stabilized compositions
|Feb 3, 1992
|Jun 29, 1993
|Albright & Wilson Limited
|Nitrosamine inhibition
|Title not available
|Mar 16, 1982
|Sep 22, 1982
|Solid detergent compositions containing alpha-amine oxide surfactants
|Sep 7, 1988
|Mar 15, 1989
|Ethyl Corporation
|Preparation of Amine Oxides
|Jul 10, 1990
|Jan 23, 1991
|Solvay Interox
|Reduction of nitrosamine formation
|Oct 26, 1990
|May 2, 1991
|Ethyl Corporation
|Amine oxide process
|Feb 3, 1992
|Aug 12, 1992
|Nitrosamine inhibition
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 4, 1997
|Dec 8, 1998
|Basf Corporation
|Method for reducing the nitrosamine content of N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide
|Mar 20, 1997
|Feb 2, 1999
|General Electric Company
|Synthesis of tertiary amine oxides
|Aug 20, 1998
|Sep 21, 1999
|General Electric Company
|Synthesis of tertiary amine oxides
|Sep 29, 1998
|Mar 14, 2000
|Albemarle Corporation
|Process for producing amine oxides
|Apr 1, 1998
|Jun 27, 2000
|Albemarle Corporation
|Production of tertiary amine oxides
|Apr 14, 1999
|Sep 19, 2000
|Albemarle Corporation
|Production of solid tertiary amine oxides
|Sep 11, 1998
|Dec 26, 2000
|Albemarle Corporation
|Production of tertiary amine oxides
|Nov 24, 1998
|Sep 25, 2001
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Process for preparing mono-long chain amine oxide surfactants with low nitrite, nitrosamine and low residual peroxide
|Feb 21, 2003
|Apr 25, 2006
|Goldschmidt Gmbh
|High-concentration aqueous solutions of betaines or amine oxides
|Sep 3, 2004
|Jan 26, 2010
|Rosswil Llc Ltd.
|Tobacco precursor product
|Feb 21, 2003
|Aug 28, 2003
|Clariant Gmbh
|High-concentration aqueous solutions of betaines or amine oxides
|Jan 8, 2015
|Nov 26, 2015
|Eoc Surfactants Nv
|Nitrosamine/nitrite inhibition in tertiary alkylamine oxide compositions
|U.S. Classification
|564/2, 544/173, 564/160, 560/2, 564/4, 564/298, 564/198, 546/347, 564/6, 548/341.1
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 8, 1993
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- Subject: RE: SWEDISH CONCRETE STANDARDS
- From: "Polhemus, Bill" <wlpolhemus(--nospam--at)sbinfra.com>
- Date: Tue, 4 Apr 2000 15:03:10 -0500
I would check with the Swedish Concrete Bikini Team. -----Original Message----- From: Tim Mays [mailto:twmays(--nospam--at)vt.edu] Sent: Tuesday, April 04, 2000 1:26 PM To: seaint(--nospam--at)seaint.org Subject: SWEDISH CONCRETE STANDARDS I am trying to obtain nominal material properties for welded wire fabric (WWF) type Nps 500, which is supposedly based on Swedish Concrete Standards BBK 94.
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We accept the return of all damaged or faulty items only if they are returned and in their original packaging and condition within 14 days of receipt. Under these circumstances we will issue a full refund for the price you paid for the item. You will be liable for the cost of the postage to return the goods; this does not affect your statutory rights. Please print a Returns form and fill it in according to the item(s) you are returning. If you have not enclosed a returns form then we will not be able to accept your return. If you are in need of a Returns form please CLICK HERE. Should you be unhappy with any aspect of your purchase you must inform us immediately upon receipt by email or by telephone stating the problem.
Refunds or exchanges will only be given after the returned item has been received and inspected. Goods must be returned by a recorded service to ensure that they are received. If you chose not send the item by recorded delivery we cannot guarantee they will be received.
Any returns outside this timescale will be returned back to you or issued with a credit note, unless there are exceptional circumstances and are at Lemonade's discretion.
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For our "Writing that Matters" civic engagement project, my group contributed to Westfield State's first ever Fresh Check Day, an event held on college campuses around the country to reduce the stigma surrounding mental health issues, to encourage students to speak up about mental health concerns, and to bring to light the fact that there are 1,100 college student suicides each year. Despite the somber reason for Fresh Check Day, the event provides a lively and fun environment in which students connect with each other, become allies for the mental health community, and work to prevent suicide. Participants visit activity booths, interact and connect with fellow students, and compete for cool prizes.
We organized the Honors Program-sponsored "Reach Out" booth to educate participants about how important it is to make connections with others. To help facilitate these connections among Westfield State students we made a ball pit out of a kids' blow up pool and 1,000 plastic balls. Students could hop in and make a new friend by asking fun questions written on big beach balls.
Our booth also featured Westfield State's "Tell Me about Your Day" campaign led by Caroline Koty, a social work major, which encourages students to actively ask others about their day and to listen, rather than just accepting the usual "fine." One volunteer at our booth, Jillian Dicken, explained, "I was surprised how engaged everyone was." Julia Nedry from the Counseling Center reflected on the event, saying, "I am gratified when I think back on the fun, welcoming, and positive atmosphere that we created; it felt so alive, and what better than that for a suicide prevention event?"
Fresh Check Day was a great platform to let people know that it is okay to be open about anxiety, depression, and any other mental health issues, that they can feel safe to share, and that they are not alone. Since this event I have been trying to have more meaningful talks with friends and family. I encourage all Honors students to volunteer for this event. Fresh Check Day is centered around community, and it has really helped me to feel included in something special.
Brooke is an Elementary Education and Liberal Studies dual major from East Taunton, MA.
Reprinted from the Squirrel Squire, the newsletter of the Honors Program


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Three miscreants not only went on a looting spree in a stolen Delhi Police Gypsy, beacon light atop, in Gurgaon through Thursday night, but also gave police sleeplessness as the incident was mistakenly correlated with the firing reported at Delhi airport the same evening.
Till Friday morning before two of the miscreants were nabbed, Gurgaon police officials were assuming that those who had opened fire at the airport the same day, had hijacked the Gypsy and could possibly launch a Mumbai-type massacre.
"Soon after receiving information of the theft at 3 a.m. on Friday, we ordered the barricading of the entire city thinking that the vehicle had been hijacked by those who had opened fire at the Delhi airport. We launched our entire machinery to ensure that the vehicle did not cross Gurgaon borders," said Gurgaon Police Commissioner Mohinder Lal.
Gurgaon police, however, recovered the Gypsy (DL 1CH 2371) after a drawn-out hunt. The car was stolen from outside a crime branch inspector's house in Palam Vihar on Thursday evening.
"The three old-time carjackers had recently been released on bail from Gurgaon jail," said Lal.
Though sources said that the trio had committed three incidents of snatching using the Gypsy, Lal confirmed just one. "The carjackers robbed a woman of her golden ornaments in the Kherki Daula police station area. We are not aware of other incidents as we are still to interrogate them," he added.
Police have made the Gypsy a property of evidence in the case of snatching on the statement of the affected woman.


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Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
DAVID KRAUSS, DC practices at 1217 NE 6TH ST, GRANTS PASS, OR 97526. Chiropractors diagnose and treat common spinal misalignments that can occur from lifestyle or injuries causing pain, discomfort and degenerative conditions.
DAVID KRAUSS, DC may be able to treat; back pain, sciatica, neck pain, shoulder pain, headaches, sports injuries, and auto accident injuries.
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DAVID KRAUSS, DC practices as a Chiropractor in GRANTS PASS, OR.
Chiropractic Physician, Auto & Work Injuries


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With its finely embroidered lace, and neckline trimmed with a removable bow, this top perfectly blends romance and rock chic.
Ref : WOMEN TOP FTOP1368BEL01
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accessory : 100% polyester exterior : 65% cotton 35% polyamide


text:
Speaking at one of IFAD's Climate and Environment Lectures, Doctor Tim Searchinger focused his analysis of the livestock industry in developing countries and its potential for sustainable intensification.
Natural Resources
As the use of mobile technology in Africa continues to skyrocket, it's changing more than how people communicate — it's also changing how they grow their food.
Sustainably produced fair-trade organic foods are enjoying a surge in demand in the European market, creating not only profits for firms here in Europe but also new income-generating opportunities for smallholders in developing countries.
Over three episodes, WWF-Australia's Conservation Director Dr Gilly Llewellyn speaks with business, government and community experts to explore how climate change impacts are threatening Southeast
Studies & Presentations
A new report from The World Bank Group, CLASP, and Carbon Trust, A Greener Path to Competitiveness offers recommendations and guidance on how companies and countries can stay competitive while implementing more climate-friendly technologies and strategies.
Confronting Climate Uncertainty in Water Resources Planning and Project Design : The Decision Tree Framework
The Decision Tree Framework described in this book provides resource-limited project planners and program managers with a cost-effective and effort-efficient, scientifically defensible, repeatable, and clear method for demonstrating the robustness of a project to climate change.


text:
BE WARNED there are very dirty scenes in this book.
It includes incest, boyxboy, boyxgirl, boyxman, girlxgirl, girlxman, fatherxson and I will also take requests
anyfink Feb 07
lol funny she calls him daddy even tho hes her bro ahaha wyd
serenapotter334 Feb 19, 2016
I'm sure this is not the first time they did this. She seemed to comfortable
Bluecookies4eve02 Oct 23, 2016
My friend Faboula is like 12 in 6th (I'm in 8th) She like 4'5


text:
This film explores the visual beauty of the Boreal forest landscape, but also delves into Ray Mears' personal reflection on nature and his mastered skills in bushcraft.
Follow Ray Mears as he journey's by canoe into the heart of Wabakimi Provincial Park in Northern Ontario, Canada. The film was produced by North West Ontario & the Ontario Tourism Marketing Partnership Corporation.
"We must remember…that in the end…nature does not belong to us, we belong to it."
We Belong To It from Goh Iromoto on Vimeo.
Thursday, 23 March 2017
We Belong To It
Tuesday, 21 March 2017
Mars Flyover
This is one of those videos that is best explained by the creator...
A FICTIVE FLIGHT ABOVE REAL MARS from Jan Fröjdman on Vimeo.
The anaglyph images of Mars taken by the HiRISE camera holds information about the topography of Mars surface. There are hundreds of high-resolution images of this type. This gives the opportunity to create different studies in 3D. In this film I have chosen some locations and processed the images into panning video clips. There is a feeling that you are flying above Mars looking down watching interesting locations on the planet. And there are really great places on Mars! I would love to see images taken by a landscape photographer on Mars, especially from the polar regions. But I'm afraid I won't see that kind of images during my lifetime.
It has really been time-consuming making these panning clips. In my 3D-process I have manually hand-picked reference points on the anaglyph image pairs. For this film I have chosen more than 33.000 reference points! It took me 3 months of calendar time working with the project every now and then.
The colours in this film are false because the anaglyph images are based on grayscale images. I have therefore colour graded the clips. But I have tried to be moderate doing this. The light regions in the clips are yellowish and the dark regions bluish. The clips from the polar regions (the last clips in the film) have a white-blue tone.There are a lot of opinions and studies of what the natural colours on Mars might be. But the dark regions of dust often seems to have a bluish tone. Please study this issue on e.g sites by NASA.
This film is not scientific. As a space enthusiast I have just tried to visualise the planet my way.
The video begins with a nearby approach to Mars moon Phobos.
Some of the anaglyphs used can be seen on my blog, please visit: av-creo.com/fictive-flight-real-mars
A FICTIVE FLIGHT ABOVE REAL MARS from Jan Fröjdman on Vimeo.
Posted by Jon Hunt at 22:47 Links to this post
Labels: Space
Sunday, 12 March 2017
Baby Climbers
National Geographic selected this short film for their showcase. Destined for greatness, two infant mountaineers face off on their most challenging climb yet. Looking for adventure, neither one expected what they would find instead—each other!
Tuesday, 7 March 2017
Love Hate
Megan Phelps-Roper was once a leading proponent of hate as a member of the Westboro Baptist Church. She has since been shown how damaging her life-long held beliefs and actions were and has left the church, choosing now to dedicate her time to more positive words and actions. Here she explains how strangers on Twitter helped her change her mind. A lesson we could all learn from.
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text: Water Hauling Service in Kelowna and Area 1 Listing Found Click for details ALPINE Water Hauling.ca Vernon, BC 250-938-4149 Website http://www.alpinewaterhauling.ca All Your Portable Water Needs * We Fill Cisterns, Swimming Pools, Hot Tubs & Holding Tanks * Commercial Services * Dust Control * Water Lines & Much M ...more Other categories you may be interested in: Other categories you may be interested in: Air Balancing (0) Air Pollution Control (0) Anodizing (1) Anti Icing (0) Blasting (5) Cam Grinding (0) Die Making, Casting, Cutting (2) Dust Control (0) Engineering Services (3) Environmental & Ecological Services (12) Galvanizing (0) Glass Tinting & Coating (12) Incineration Service (0) Industrial Consultants (0) Industrial Designers (0) Industrial Waste Reduction & Disposal Service (1) Industrial X-Ray Laboratories (0) Instrumentation Services (2) Landfill Sites (3) Machinery Liquidators (0) Machinery Movers & Erectors (0) Machinery Renting & Leasing (1) Microfilming & imaging Equipment, Systems, & Service (0) Military Goods (0) Non-Destructive Testing (2) Packaging Service (2) Precision Grinding Production & Equipment (0) Propane Carburetion (0) Public Warehouses (5) Recycling Centres & Services (17) Salvage Companies (1) Sawmill Construction & Maintenance (0) Sharpening Service (2) Shoring (0) Silver Recovery (0) Steam Specialties (0) Steel Distributors & Service Centres (7) Stock Yards (0) Structural Steel Detailers (1) Tank Installation, Cleaning, & Removal (0) Vibration Control & Measurement (0) Water Pollution Control (0) Water Supply Systems (2) Welding (15) Wood Preservation & Restoration (0) Industrial and Manufacturing Services (0) Found: Kelowna and Area waterhauling and more. Water Hauling Service services for Kelowna and Area homes and businesses are only a phone call, click or an e-mail away in this directory of quality Water Hauling Service in Kelowna and Area. Similar searches that lead to our Water Hauling Service Directory are dust control, dust control services, Water Hauling Service who specialize in holding tanks even motor home holding tanks are here. So, whether you're from Big White Mountain, Carrs Landing, Ellison-Scotty Creek, Gallagher Lake, Joe Rich, Kelowna, Lake Country, Lakeview Heights, OK Mission, Oyama, Peachland, Rutland, West Kelowna, Westbank, Westside or Winfield, you can be confident that InfoTel Directory covers your Water Hauling Service needs.


text:
Sometimes a crummy run in the middle of the year happens, but it's shielded by a good start. But when you can't pick a winner at the opening of the season, the scoreboard is the cruelest thing in the world.
Pick against these if you want. I wouldn't blame you one bit.
Browns +4 vs. Bengals: Like the junkyard dog defense and the Bengals secondary has all sorts of injury problems. Four points could be a lot in this type of game.
Bears +3 at Lions: Marc Trestman looks like coach of the year; still not convinced Matt Stafford plays a clean game.
Cardinals +2.5 at Bucs: Mike Glennon was limited in his reps with Jackson and Williams, a major problem. Arizona's defense can still get after it. Cardinals spring the minor upset.
Falcons -2 vs. Patriots: Atlanta has better skill players, home field, and they're also the more desperate team.
Saints -6.5 vs. Dolphins: Finally, the Saints defense is all growns up. This is a very difficult place for any road team during a prime time game.
-- Last week: 0-5
-- Season: 3-12
-- 2010, 2011, 2012: Very good records. Kind of irrelevant now.


text:
A/n: Hi there! I'd like to preface this by saying I have not finished the game, but I have played through pretty much everything else, so there will be spoilers. There is also mention of Serah/Snow because, let's face it, they're engaged. However, this story is definitely a Noel/Serah, or if you prefer the affectionate term, Noerah. FFXIII-2 is a fantastic game, and the characters grew on me like crazy, so I had to write something for my favourites! I really hope you enjoy this looong oneshot, and a review would be kindly appreciated. Thank you for reading!
Serah was full of surprises.
Their first meeting brought with it Noel's first surprise - Serah was not at all like Lightning. Lightning was a clear force to be reckoned with, a seasoned warrior in unconventional armour. The way she carried herself was steady, and every swing of her sword was exact. She reminded him of the few hunters he'd known while growing up, what with her serious demeanour and her straight talk.
His first glimpse of Serah was from the sky. A head of pink hair and the same pale skin and he figured he'd got the right girl. He instantly assumed that she'd know how to fight, handing off the present Lightning had gifted him with to her. But at that first flash of uncertainty in her eyes, he felt uneasy, and his uneasiness grew watching her in battle that night.
As a hunter, Noel always knew where to hit a monster. Break its joints to debilitate. Stab its stomach for a sure shot at a major organ. Snap its neck for a near-guaranteed kill.
It was painfully obvious over their three, maybe four, battles that night that Serah had no idea what she was doing. She stood as straight as a beam. Her arrows flew off their marks and her slashes were ineffective.
He looked her over that night. He'd told himself before this all began that he had better prepare himself for a variety of worlds. But here he was, in a world that wasn't too shocking, and already there was something vastly different. Bubblegum pink hair and eyes like seaglass.
The following morning he raised an eyebrow at Mog and the moogle knew what to do, instantly transforming into a sword.
"Come on, Serah. I've got to show you how to handle a sword," he called to her, already walking out of her house. When she arrived moments later, he dropped Mog into her waiting hands.
He drew out his double-bladed sword and fell into his fighting stance. She copied him, and he had to admit she looked a little ridiculous. But when she'd finally settled into it, he saw her halfway between her old stiff posture and his own. He passed on his knowledge of where to hit a monster by enlisting the help of the kids on the beach - they built targets out of sand.
Enter the second surprise: "Meanie Miss Farron, meanie Miss Farron!"
He felt his eyebrows shoot up. He couldn't even think that this girl standing not two feet from him had a mean bone in her body. She'd even had trouble cutting down the sand monsters children had built.
But when he turned to see her reaction - expecting nervous stuttering or maybe embarassed blushing - there she was, batting not an eyelash, going so far as to reprimand them.
Curiouser and curiouser.
Training continued when Mog transformed into a bow. They set up along the oceanside so that any errant arrows wouldn't fly into passersby, and made a tree trunk their mark.
She took aim. One look and he spotted a multitude of things to fix. It was nearly enough to propel him over there. But as it was, he sat back on the sand, squinting into the sunset, and directed a lift of the elbow or a tweak of the shoulder.
When it was only evening light shining down on them and Serah had fired thirty or so arrows, he stood, trailing sand from the seat of his pants over to her. She was tiring, but she wasn't frustrated, and that was a good sign. He dared to put his hands on her, adjusting her forearm. "Try now," he directed.
She shot. The arrow overshot the tree by mere centimetres. She held steady and shot again. Again, it overshot.
The look on her face was too disappointed. He quickly got into position behind her, aligning his gaze with hers. "Okay, here we go. See where you've been aiming?" He pointed off into the distance, his arm over her shoulder.
He felt her nod, the air suddenly stirred with the smell of her hair.
"You've actually been aiming too high. These arrows - they're magic, they just appear when you draw back. They fly completely straight. No need to compensate."
"Okay," she said, new determination coming into her tone. She lowered her bow. His hand came up to pillow her elbow higher.
"Thanks," she murmured softly. Then she shot.
The arrow flew straight and true, blazing light, and hit the tree dead centre.
"Good job!" he said, smiling.
She stared at the tree a moment longer, then turned to him. Her smile was blinding. "Thank you so much!" she said, effusive. Her eyes were sparkling, she was that happy. "Noel, I-"
"Lesson over?"
He turned from Serah's smiling face to Gadot, walking slowly up the beach. Instantly, he was on guard. "Lesson over," he echoed back.
"Good. Serah, get inside," Gadot ordered, jerking a thumb over his shoulder to the house.
To his immediate left, Serah cleared her throat. Mog poofed back into existence and was folded into Serah's arms. She started for the house, looking back at him only once she was out of Gadot's line of sight. His gaze trailed her until she was over the threshold.
"Hey, look here, pretty boy," Gadot started. Noel jerked his attention back over to the hulking, unspoken leader. Gadot didn't even give him a chance to respond. "You better not be trying anything funny with Serah, got it?"
Noel felt his jaw set itself. "Funny? Wouldn't dream of it," he snapped back. "Last thing a person needs is funny."
Gadot's nostrils flared, and he took a step forward. "Yeah? Well, don't try anything funny with me either. I saw you pressing yourself up against her, and I don't know about where you come from, future boy, but that ain't acceptable behaviour around here."
Noel didn't bother to correct the other man. He looked at Gadot, unblinking, and tilted his head. Then he smiled a tight smile. "Got it. Laws of propriety and all that."
Gadot stared back, as if unsure if he was being made fun of. But then he turned, made a dismissive noise, and headed back to the house.
Noel turned back to the ocean, now glimmering in the moonlight. Guess he wasn't welcome in there tonight. He found a spot on the shoreline where he wouldn't likely be drenched or carried out to sea in his sleep, and settled in.
Third in Serah's line of surprises: she was engaged.
"Who's Snow?" he asked one morning, only to be assaulted with an extensive list of this Snow's good qualities.
"That's my Snow!" Serah exclaimed with a flourish.
He eyed her carefully. Something was a bit off. A few days ago, he might've believed that this was her usual behaviour, but he knew better now. He didn't want to ask - he didn't need her to be asking him questions he couldn't answer, either - but his good intentions got the better of him. "Something bothering you, Serah?"
She was silent, choosing to direct her gaze at his shoe.
Well, that showed him where to put his misplaced concern. He put a hand to the nape of his neck and started to speak-
"Yes. I mean- I mean, something is bothering me," she said.
He waited for her to continue.
Her fingers went to her necklace, closing around the pendant absent-mindedly, twirling, twisting. She looked up into his eyes, very directly. "But it would be unfair of me to unload my problems on you. Should we... keep going?"
So on they went. On they went to the Bresha Ruins and the Sunleth Waterscape and who should they meet there but "this really cool guy" - none other than the infamous Snow.
"Serah? ... Am I dreaming again?" Snow said softly, almost weakly, as Serah hovered over him. He said her name like a prayer.
Noel watched them with half a mind. And it continued that way for as long as Snow traveled with them. He wanted to be respectful of their relationship, but he wasn't one to fall by the wayside. This was a reunion, he saw that, but there were two worlds at stake.
They were surprisingly non-mushy. Maybe it was just because he was around. But there was barely a touch, only a few words, and nothing more. If he were in the same situation, he didn't think he could do that. He'd miss her so bad he'd scoop her up the second he saw her, couldn't help but sneak glances at her and want to rediscover everything about her. If he ever found someone - and at this time, he honestly doubted it - that would be what he wanted. For someone so passionate about the world around her, Noel thought that Serah would live that way through her relationship.
Only when Snow disappeared did Serah crack, and Noel found himself surprised again. Was this how she'd been all along? A quiet roar.
That night, he said little, roasting meat over the fire. They'd been traveling together long enough for him to know she was a good cook, but he was no slouch either. He watched the flames flash over the surface of the ceratosaur hide. Not the best comfort food, but he doubted veggies would do the trick, and that was all else left in this godforsaken-
Serah came up beside him with more kindling and an extra ceratosaur. "This one, too," she said. She took her seat across from him with an armload of flan leaves, wrapping them around the carcass. Noel noted absently that this seemed like a good idea, flavour-wise.
"I found another gate," she delivered over the carcass.
He smiled. "That's great! You lead the way in the morning," he said, and she nodded. Then he watched her spear the ceratosaur forcefully before lifting it over the fire.
Again, he let himself be surprised by her. He supposed a journey really did change a person. She took point half the time now, Mog floating faithfully by her side and offering a background chitchat that he'd grown used to. Her aim was leagues better, and her sword didn't look quite so odd in her hands anymore. He didn't quite believe that she had gotten so thick-skinned as she was acting now though.
He looked up from the fire when Serah stood. She had plucked the ceratosaur up and was restabbing it through. It wasn't staying though, and she was getting more aggressive.
"Hey, hey, let me see that," he offered, walking over to her side of the fire and trying to disconnect her hands from their dinner.
"I've got this," she insisted.
He kept on, too, despite her body-blocking. His forearms crossed her thinner ones, their hands forming a pattern on the spear. Gadot's needless warning from weeks before echoed over him now - better not try anything funny- he shrugged this off. "Go rotate the other one," he suggested.
"I can take care of this," she repeated stubbornly, giving a final heave and stabbing sideways through the monster's ribcage.
He let go, then threw his hands into the air. "I surrender," he joked. Then he took the spear in hand and lifted it easily over the fire. After positioning the ceratosaurs so they wouldn't burn, he turned to Serah. "What's going on?"
She sat, maiden-like with her legs together and folded beneath her, on the forest floor. The pendant was between her fingers again, the shining globe smudged with prints.
He turned fully away from the fire to crouch in front of her. "Hey. I'm really starting to worry about you, here."
With that, she said, muted, "I can take care of myself."
He tried not to bristle at her brush-off. His lips clamped together and he searched for her gaze. "I won't pry, then," he promised, resigning himself to an awkward next few days. He began to stand-
She caught his wrist. "Sorry," she blurted, blue eyes so big.
"It's fine," he said easily, drawing his arm away from her.
"No, that's- I meant I'm sorry for how it came out. I didn't mean- I didn't mean that I don't appreciate that you care about me," she babbled.
Despite this, he kept on drawing away, though not as far as before. He lifted one carcass from the fire and expertly tore it, handing Serah half a ribcage. She accepted it.
As they munched, Noel filed away another little fact about Serah: she ate when she was upset. He wasn't really one to notice such little things, but it wasn't quite so little in this case. She ate with more abandon than he did tonight. When she'd finished with her portion, she took the other ceratosaur off the flames, unwrapped it from its leaves, and split it just as he had.
He was maybe a little scared as she began eating her second half-rack of ribs. He dug in with more caution, wondering if she was going to give herself a stomachache.
That was when she started crying. It was a slow, sad kind of cry, tears gathering in her eyes and pooling, held only by surface tension. The second she blinked he was up and away, washing his hands clean in the water held by a giant flower, and back before the tears had fully spilt, his now-clean hands hovering helplessly as he murmured her name in concern.
She had set her food at her side. Her nose was running, and she couldn't stop it. Unabashedly, he wiped it all away. He stood her up and guided her to another flower where he rubbed her hands in the water.
She looked up at him over the bloom. Her eyelashes had all glued themselves together and her mouth was quivering.
He let go of her hands immediately, water splashing out with him. And as he stood there dripping, she took her hands out too and said, "Could I tell you something?"
He nodded.
Surprise number four: Serah was unhappy.
After they'd walked the short distance back to their camp, Serah had cried so hard she'd started hiccuping. She cried like she was mourning a death, straight from the gut. For awhile he didn't know what to do with himself, but in the end he'd draped his arm over her shoulders, letting the hiccups jerk their way through her body and into his, until finally, they died down.
He definitely wasn't one for confessions by campfire, but it seemed that the night had turned into that. And he actually didn't mind - not that they didn't finish dinner, not that his clothes were wet from water and tears, not that they weren't fighting monsters or meeting new people but just sitting and talking.
She leant against a tree and lowered herself to the ground. She seemed more balanced now, meditative even. "Do you remember when I first told you about Snow?" she opened finally, after calming down.
He thought to himself that it was kind of hard to forget. She had chattered for a probable solid five minutes. "I do," he answered instead.
She smiled a fragile smile. "You probably couldn't forget, huh? I talked an awful lot," she read his mind. "Well, when I was telling you all these great things about him, I just... couldn't stop thinking that even though it was all true... he wasn't there with me."
He sat down next to her, leaning against the giant tree as well. He remembered asking how she was then, too, and her choosing not to tell him. What a difference a few weeks made.
She continued, trying to speak with her hands, "It was like... I was trying to convince myself that even though he wasn't there, he still cared. That he was a good person still. That I still... knew him."
He shot her a sideways glance. This didn't sound good.
She was pinching each of her fingertips, methodical even in her fidgeting. "And then these past few days I got to see that he really hasn't changed. He's the same," she said, not faulting at all.
Okay, that was positive. Or at least, it sounded like it.
She sat up straighter, leant away from the tree to look at him now. Her hair flowed in waves over her shoulders and down her back. Her eyes fixed him with a mixture of excitement and uncertainty. "Now, I've realized something. It was me who changed. I've changed so much over these past three years and... what, five weeks? It's like I've..." she tried to work up the nerve to find an adjective, but she blushed and stopped short.
He looked at her. "Blossomed," he said. This was why he was always surprised by her, of course - it was because she was changing right in front of his eyes.
She cleared her throat. "That's, um, what I thought of. But I thought you would think I was being cheesy," she admitted.
He shrugged. "Not at all." He offered an encouraging half-smile. "So, you blossomed. And?"
"And it's because of you," she said earnestly.
He felt his eyebrows lift clear into his hairline.
She looked away, into the fire. "I mean, I started some of it myself. I became a teacher in our little town. Once Lightning disappeared and Snow left, I feel like that's when I started carving a niche for myself. Kind of sad, huh? That they had to leave for me to figure out who I was," she told him softly. Her gaze was equally soft when she turned back to look at him. "But the rest was you, and this journey. The growth has been... exponential," she laughed.
"I wouldn't call stabbing a flanbanero blossoming," he replied, burying a hand in his hair.
She looked at him directly again. "Thank you," she said, heartfelt.
"I didn't-"
She cut him off, "You trust me on my own. You've taught me plenty. You believed me about Lightning. You're with me now. So, thank you."
He gulped his words and put his hand on the nape of his neck again. "It's no problem."
She leant back against the tree beside him and looked up through the vines at the night sky. "I've outgrown needing to be taken care of. And to be honest... I'm not sure whether or not I've outgrown Snow."
All of Noel's internal alarms started going off. Don't get him wrong, he didn't like the thug one bit. But he didn't want to be even a little bit responsible for breaking up an engaged couple. "You sure? Snow's pretty tall," he said, trying to take the joking route.
Serah looked over at him, her face relaxing into a half-hearted smile. "Don't worry. I'm not about to do anything rash. Though," she laughed a little now, putting a hand to her mouth, "Since when did you care what happened to Snow?"
"I don't," he replied quickly, and maybe too honestly. "He's a total idiot. But he also loves you, doesn't he?"
Her gaze fell to around his collarbone. "Yes," she hesitated, "In his way."
He wanted to breathe a deep sigh. He could, sadly, see what she might be hinting at. Snow seemed like the type to always be go-go-going, running ahead at a million miles an hour and not once checking to make sure others were still on the track with him. It sounded like Serah wasn't chasing him anymore. Maybe she'd driven off the road completely, freewheeling away.
He let himself look at her for longer now, saw the contemplation in her brows and the optimism in her eyes.
"There's a world of possibilities out here," she said softly.
"More than one world, actually," he said, mouth twitching up at a corner.
She looked him in the eye. He couldn't place it, but there was something different about her, yet again. Her eyes seemed new, fresh somehow. She breathed in raggedly through her mouth. "Thank you for this evening," she told him. "I was a mess."
The it's nothing or yeah, sure were perched on his tongue. But before he could say them something else came tumbling out, "You're welcome."
She smiled her first real smile that day, looking from him to the stars. Then she gave him a quick hug, pulling him close, her breath ghosting over his neck.
He was too slow to hug her back. But as she pulled away and settled into a sleeping position beside him, he thought to himself that Snow was an idiot in more ways than one.
It wasn't until they reached the remade Academia that Noel got his next surprise.
"Noel!" Serah called.
He was looking out over the city, its shiny steel and clean concrete fanning out in front of him endlessly and steeping higher and higher into the sky. There were people everywhere here. Kids running all over and tripping, yelling each other's names and talking about the best toys. Adults standing around trying to advertise, waiting on dates, chattering about university and jobs at the Academy. The energy here was based entirely off of its population. It was a lot to take in.
"Yeah?" he responded, late, turning away from the cityline to the tiny store Serah was inside right now, doing shopping of some kind. She wasn't moving, so he supposed he had to go to her.
Once he was close enough, she thrust her hand out. "What do you think?"
He examined her thumbnail, which had been painted an ocean blue. Was there a point to doing this?
"You know," she said now, turning her thumb toward herself, gaze jumping from her nail to his face, "It matches your eyes."
He froze, unblinking.
She grinned. "I like it," she declared to the shopkeeper, who he now saw was waiting at the other side of the counter Serah was perched near. "This colour is best," she told the girl, to which the girl raised an eyebrow at him, then began painting the rest of Serah's nails that same colour.
He stood there watching the girl apply streaks of polish to Serah's fingernails, the same colour as his eyes. And then he felt a weird feeling overtake his stomach, and he had to look away.
"They look pretty good, huh?" she said happily after it was done, wiggling her fingers in front of them as they walked the streets.
"Y-yeah," he replied, hardly daring to glance at them. He let a burst of giggling distract him, whipping his head away to catch where it was coming from.
His mind as foggy as it was, he barely saw the gaggle of girls grouped around the benches to their right. It was obvious they were staring at he and Serah though, but for what it was hard to say. His weaponry was hardly something to laugh at, and Mog usually elicited a different kind of squealing. He knew his clothing was odd, at least for this era. Was that it?
As he reviewed the possibilities in his head, Serah chuckled from behind him. He hadn't realized she'd stopped walking, and he doubled back. "Why'd you stop?"
She smiled at him, a knowing stretch of the lips, and said slyly, "To allow them a longer look, of course."
So, she'd noticed them too. Her tone made him narrow his eyes, but he raised his eyebrows playfully. "I don't really think Mog needs more attention."
She shook her head, his joke sliding off of her completely. "Not at Mog, Noel. At you," she stated.
His eyebrows came down and peaked together confusedly.
She gave a short laugh. "Noel. Really?"
His hand went to the nape of his neck again, a knee-jerk reaction. "Really what?"
More cooing and hushed giggling erupted from the girls, and Noel twisted his torso to them, which only made a new wave of giggling spill forth.
He turned back to Serah. "My clothes are that bad, then?" he said, a self-deprecating smile making its way to his face.
She paused then, crossing her arms over her torso. She examined him a moment, which only made him hyper-aware of his posture. She looked over his shoulder too, presumedly at the peanut gallery. Finally, she uncrossed her arms and said, "No, it's not your clothes." She started down the street again, back the way they came.
"Hey," he called, taking long strides to catch her, "Why are we going back?"
She tossed a look over her shoulder, but she wasn't looking at him. The girls? She answered, "I saw a swimsuit earlier that I liked. I think I'll go check it out."
He rotated his shoulder, feeling his muscles flex and relax. "Okay," he said, hoping that whatever this swimsuit was it didn't dip into their weapon upgrade funding.
A few minutes later, Noel watched Serah disappear into the store, this one slightly bigger than the other one. With a smidgen of self-consciousness, he examined his own clothes in the glass covering a map of Academia. He finally gave a mental shrug and began to look out over the city again. Hope really knew what he was doing, didn't he? He and Serah would visit Hope tomorrow at the giant headquarters.
A cautious tap on his shoulder broke his thoughts. "Sir?" a wide-eyed woman of about 20 spoke, "Your girlfriend needs you."
His mouth immediately became a screwy line, but he didn't bother to correct the salesclerk. This assumption had been made many times before, after all. "Sure," he said instead, and followed her into the store.
As he was led to the back of the store, he looked at the clothes lining the walls. So these were what swimsuits looked like? The name alone told him that you swam in them, but they hadn't had much need for swimming so far on their journey. Why would Serah need a swimsuit?
The salesgirl knocked on a door, presumedly which Serah was behind. "Miss? He's here."
"Noel?" Serah called.
"Present," he called back, as the salesgirl stepped around him. "Meanie Miss Farron," he added with a laugh.
The door cracked open, but he had yet to see her. "Funny," she bit back with a little more spunk than usual. The door whipped open a little more forcefully now, and she stepped out with her hands on her hips.
Noel's eyes widened, almost scared. Not of her threatening pose - he always knew when she was joking - but at just how little she was wearing. That didn't look like the ones he saw hanging on the walls.
"What does that mean?" she half-laughed, but shot him a serious look. Her hands were on her hips still, those fingernails flashing blue against bare skin.
He fixed his gaze on a poster over her head and touched the back of his neck. "Can you swim in that?" he evaded.
She twisted this way and that in his peripheral vision, and he felt his throat dry up. "Yeah, I'm pretty sure. Is it nice enough?"
He cleared his throat and made a concentrated effort to focus solely on her face. "You look great," he answered.
She lit up with a smile. "I guess that settles it, then," she concluded, then disappeared back behind the door. "I had a feeling about this one," she chatted from the changeroom.
Moments later she emerged in her regular outfit, the two pieces from her swimsuit between her blue fingernails. She strode over to the cashier, and then remembering something, turned to Noel. "I forgot- I gave the money to you today," she said.
"Right," he responded, then quickly handed off their pooled collection of gil to her. He just wanted to get out of this store. He missed the cashier snickering at him.
After Serah had paid and given the gil back to him, he found his breathing settling back into its regular rhythm. And it wasn't until much later that he discovered that they had barely a gil to their name - definitely not enough for weapon upgrades.
He didn't know exactly when it happened, but it wasn't much of a surprise. One day she was wearing the necklace, and the next-
She wasn't.
He wasn't counting by now how many surprises this journey had handed him, but he was sure it was plenty. And this one, it was one he couldn't believe he had forgotten.
How could he have forgotten the law that binded the farseers? And dream or no, how could he have forgotten Serah?
She faced him bravely after he'd told her what could happen. With every paradox corrected, it was another twist of the knife. And it was Serah who walked the razor's edge.
But she told him she'd already decided. She had even given him hope - this last one might be the one to end it all, and then she wouldn't need to see anymore. Time would no longer whittle away at her precious life like it did Yeul's.
"I want to believe that we can solve this soon," he told her as they walked back across the barren plains. It was a chilling place - sound absorbed so quickly, leaving no echoes. He checked on her, trailing behind him.
She was hesistant even in her following, biting her lips, lost in thought just as he was. He wanted to protect her from Yeul's fate so badly. It was enough to hold one dying girl in your arms. Another and it just might send him to a dream even worse than this.
His breath caught in his chest. It... could never come to that. He wouldn't let it.
A sudden scream from her made his heart leap in his chest, much too high. He whirled quickly, panicked, and cursed himself for letting her take rear guard.
She was hacking at a monster he'd never seen before, and she was fading fast. He drew his swords and went at the monster with a ferocity he seldom felt. It fell soon after, dying with a whine.
"Serah!" He went to her prone figure on the ground, glowing green magic at his fingertips already. The light enveloped her, hopefully mending whatever was hurt. "Serah!" he yelled, desperation colouring his tone. He was always careful about the way he approached her, feeling that she was not his, but in this moment he knew that wasn't true - they each had a claim to each other that no one else did. He took her into his arms swiftly, and he felt as if he were holding onto her for both their sakes. The armlets she wore dug into his palms. "Serah, come on," he pleaded.
She awoke with a stuttering gasp, eyelids fluttering. It took all he had not to crush her with a hug. Even though they had faced worse, the possibility of losing her pressed in too close over their heads.
"Noel?" she croaked.
"Serah," he breathed.
She blinked slowly, organizing events on her own. "Thank you," she said. She sat up, and he moved back just enough for her not to smack their foreheads together.
He didn't have it in him to let her go yet. He looked at her wordlessly, not noticing how his thumbs ran over her skin. He gulped down what he could of his nervousness, swallowing nothing. He wanted to say something, but he didn't know what. She was... a paradox herself. So strong but so fragile. And this thing that was eating away at her... it wasn't anything he could protect her from.
Her hand came up to grip his bicep, steadying herself. "I wasn't out for long, I hope," she said, still sounding dazed.
"Long enough," he answered her quietly. "I take rear guard from now on."
She looked at him, assessing the leftovers of his frantic state, and simply nodded. "Thank you for healing me."
He looked tortured. "I wish I could do more," he said too honestly. He bit down hard on his lower jaw, gritting his teeth. How could he be so helpless? So powerless to protect the people he cared about?
She shifted again, sitting up higher and bringing her face closer to his. She brought her other hand up, debating with herself whether to touch him or not. "You can. We can. We'll take the timeline on, together." She rested her hand on his cheek. Her hands were so warm - proof that her body had yet to fail her.
He looked to her, at the seaglass cerulean of her eyes. They were still so close, close enough for him to see flecks of green there. If these eyes should close forever...
She was shifting again, grabbing tighter hold of his bicep, her other hand wandering to the nape of his neck - that spot he always touched. Only, this time her fingers wove up into his hair, and she was pulling him to her, and her lips were parted and she was suddenly kissing him. Kissing him.
His heart galloped into doubletime. They were as close as close could be, and he had to hold on tight. So he closed his eyes and kissed her back.
He should've been surprised. At the way she kissed like there was no tomorrow, at the clumsy, earnest crushing of her lips to his. At the fingers she wiped his tears away with, at the soft groans she emitted into the stale air. It was their first kiss, after all.
But he wasn't. I know you, he thought to her, as they met yet again. It was a long time coming.
No, he wasn't surprised.
Not at all.


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