text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 6, 1986
|Filing date
|Aug 22, 1983
|Priority date
|Aug 22, 1983
|Fee status
|Publication number
|James A. Grau
|Original Assignee
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (17), Classifications (5), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to nuclear well logging, and pertains in particular to an improved method for analyzing neutron-induced gamma ray energy spectra detected in a borehole in order to provide more accurate information about the elemental composition and other parameters of an earth formation surrounding the borehole.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Knowledge of the elemental composition of an earth formation surrounding a borehole (well bore) is useful in identifying possible oil and gas producing regions and in evaluating the degree of hydrocarbon saturation of such regions. For example, an analysis of the amounts of carbon and oxygen in a formation provides useful information concerning the presence of oil in the formation. Similarly, information as to the relative abundance of calcium and silicon in the formation permits the lithology of the formation to be determined. Still other formation parameters, such as the salinity of the formation fluid, the formation porosity, etc., can be ascertained from knowledge of the abundance of other formation constituents, e.g., chlorine, hydrogen, and the like.
An important and basic method for performing an accurate constituent (elemental) analysis of a formation is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,521,064, issued on July 21, 1970, to Moran et al., which is commonly owned by the assignee of this application. In accordance with the Moran et al. technique, a detected gamma ray energy spectrum for a formation of unknown composition is compared with a composite energy spectrum made up of weighted standard gamma ray energy spectra of the constituents (elements) postulated to comprise the formation. As used herein, the terms "spectrum" and "spectra" will mean "energy spectrum" and "energy spectra," respectively. The word "energy" may or may not appear before these terms, but in either case, no difference in meaning is intended. Each standard spectrum represents the detector response over a wide energy range to the excitation of a single constituent or element. The weight coefficients (yields) for the standard spectra that provide the best fit of the composite spectrum to the unknown spectrum, as determined, for example, by the method of least squares, are functions of the relative abundance of the constituents of the formation. By appropriate selection of the elemental standard spectra, the relative abundance of each constituent of interest, such as carbon, oxygen, calcium, silicon, etc., may be obtained, from which the desired information regarding oil content, lithology, porosity, etc., may be derived.
Typically, the elemental standard spectra, or elemental standards, are determined only for those elements commonly found outside the tool, either in the borehole or in the formation, whose neutron-induced gamma ray production cross sections are large enough to produce at least a few percent of the total detected signal, i.e., H, Si, Ca, Cl, Fe, and S for thermal neutron reactions (capture reactions) and C, O, Si, Ca, Cl, Fe, and S for high energy neutron reactions (primarily inelastic scattering reactions, but also neutron-proton and neutron-alpha reactions). Elemental standards are usually determined from a set of laboratory measurements made by the tool in test formations, each containing a high concentration of one of the above elements. These measurements are made under known conditions of temperature, pressure, and detector resolution. Each measurement is carefully stripped of the secondary elemental responses using conventional stripping techniques to leave only the response due to the predominant element.
It has been found in accordance with the present invention, however, that the elemental standard spectra determined in this way include an ever-present tool contribution, or "tool background," spectrum that results from neutron interactions with the components of the tool, and most significantly with the detector itself. Moreover, when gamma rays are measured at a location in a borehole in order to obtain a gamma ray energy spectrum for a formation of unknown composition, the measured gamma ray energy spectrum also includes a tool contribution spectrum.
If the tool contribution were always a constant fraction of the total response, the errors caused by the presence of the tool contribution spectrum in the standards and the unknown spectrum could easily be corrected. As has further been determined, however, the tool contribution is not constant, but rather is highly environmentally dependent. The tool contribution for high energy neutron reactions, for instance, has been found to increase significantly at low formation porosities and when casing is present. Casing has the same effect as a low-porosity formation, that is, its presence results in fewer slowing down events and, therefore, a greater high energy neutron population in the borehole. The tool contribution for thermal neutron reactions, on the other hand, has been found to be especially dependent upon borehole salinity and formation salinity. Furthermore, as implied previously, the tool contribution varies with the energy of the neutrons producing the reactions detected. Consequently, if the tool contribution is ignored, the analysis of the measured spectra may not be sufficiently accurate to provide reliable information concerning the constituent composition of the formation investigated.
Accordingly, a need exists for a method for investigating the composition (namely, the identity and the relative abundance of the constituent elements) of an earth formation traversed by a borehole that is free from errors caused by contributions of the logging tool to either the elemental standard spectra or the measured formation gamma ray spectra.
The foregoing and other requirements of the prior art are met, in accordance with the present invention, by generating the elemental, or constituent, standard spectra in a manner which permits isolation of the spectral contribution due to neutron interactions with the logging tool, and including a tool background spectrum, representative of the tool spectral contribution, among the standard spectra that are combined in the composite spectrum to match the detected gamma ray spectrum in the fitting process. Specifically, the tool contribution spectrum is isolated by generating two standard spectra for each of one or more of the elements postulated to have contributed to the detected gamma ray (borehole) spectrum, with one spectrum of the two having a greater amount of tool contribution therein than the other. In the case of thermal neutron capture gamma ray spectra, this is preferably done by measuring one standard spectrum with a thermal neutron absorber surrounding the tool in the region of the detector (small tool contribution) and the other standard spectrum without the absorber in place (large tool contribution). Where inelastic scattering and other high-energy neutron interaction gamma rays are being detected, the same result can be achieved by measuring one standard spectrum in a high porosity test formation (low tool contribution) and the other in a low porosity test formation (high tool contribution). By stripping the low-tool contribution standard from the corresponding high-tool contribution spectrum, a residual spectrum is obtained that represents the tool contribution to the elemental standard spectrum in question.
As it has been ascertained, in accordance with the invention, that the shape of the tool contribution spectrum is basically the same for all elemental spectra, if desired the tool contribution spectrum need be isolated, or determined, for only one element. If so, this spectrum is included among the elemental standards as the tool background spectrum. Preferably, however, two standard spectra, each having a different amount of tool contribution therein, are generated for a plurality of elements, the low-tool contribution standard stripped from the high-tool contribution spectrum for each element, and the resulting residual (tool contribution) spectra combined together to provide the tool background spectrum. For thermal neutron capture gamma ray spectra, for example, the tool background spectrum is preferably derived by isolating and combining the tool contribution spectra for Si, Ca, H and S, while for high-energy neutron interaction gamma ray spectra, the tool background spectra may suitably be derived by isolating and combining the tool contribution spectra for Si and either Ca or CaC.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, the tool background spectrum, once determined, is stripped from certain of the elemental standard spectra to provide more fully corrected, i.e., purer, elemental standards for use in the fitting process. This has been found to be particularly useful in the case of thermal neutron capture spectra. Accordingly, the standard capture spectra for such formation elements as Si, Ca, H and S are preferably derived by stripping the tool background spectrum from the raw elemental standards. It has been found as a practical matter, however, that stripping of the tool background spectrum from the high-energy neutron interaction elemental standards is not as important, since the presence of the tool background contribution in the elemental standards appears to have little effect on the carbon-oxygen ratio. Thus where the principal purpose of an analysis of the high-energy neutron interaction borehole spectrum is to derive the carbon-oxygen ratio, the additional step of stripping the tool background spectrum from the elemental standard spectra may be omitted.
As will be understood, the standard spectra are measured with the same tool configuration as will be used to measure the borehole spectrum. Hence where the tool is to be run in the borehole with a thermal neutron absorber, e.g., a boron-loaded sleeve, surrounding the detector (to minimize the borehole and tool contributions to the detected spectrum), the elemental standards will likewise be measured with the absorber in place, and vice versa.
In a preferred manner of preparation of the thermal neutron capture elemental standards, sleeved (absorber) and unsleeved (no absorber) standards are measured for the elements of interest, e.g. Si, Ca, H and S. The sleeved standards are then stripped from the respective unsleeved standards to isolate the tool contribution to each elemental spectrum, and the individual tool contribution spectra are combined to form the tool background spectrum. As noted, this tool background spectrum is included among the standards used to generate the composite spectrum that is fitted to the borehole spectrum.
An amount of the tool background spectrum is preferably subtracted from the sleeved H elemental standard to remove the high-energy tail above 2.22 MeV, to provide a more fully corrected H standard. Similarly, an amount of tool background spectrum is preferably stripped from the sleeved Ca standard to force the tool background yield, ωCBT, in a worst-case situation to be non-negative. This same amount of tool background is then also stripped from the sleeved Si and S standards. The four corrected standards thus obtained become the final elemental standards for H, Ca, Si and S used in the fitting process when the tool is run in the borehole with the neutron absorber in place. Other elemental standards, such as for Fe and Cl, may of course also be included. For the reasons given hereinafter, stripping of the tool background from the Cl and Fe standards may be omitted, and it may even be desirable in some circumstances to add tool background back to the Fe standard.
When the tool is run without the neutron absorber, however, the final elemental standards are preferably derived by stripping an amount of tool background spectrum from the unsleeved elemental standards, for example, for H, Si, Ca and S, until the residual elemental spectra closely match the corresponding final sleeved elemental standards.
According to still another aspect of the invention, information concerning the relative contribution of the borehole to the total detected signal may be determined from the capture tool background yield.
The objects and advantages of the present invention may be better understood by reference to the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments thereof, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus that may be used to practice the invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing pulse height spectra for capture reactions with silicon that were determined both with and without a thermal neutron absorbing material around the tool;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the tool contribution pulse height spectra to the standard capture spectra for various elemental formation constituents, illustrating by the nearly identical spectral shapes that the tool contribution spectrum is substantially the same in all elemental spectra;
FIG. 4 is a graph of the carbon-oxygen ratio versus porosity for open and cased holes in water-saturated sandstone environments, and illustrates the effect of including a tool contribution spectrum in the elemental standard spectra set when performing analyses of measured gamma ray spectra; and
FIG. 5 is a graph of the renormalized capture tool background yield versus the salinity-indicator ratio.
Referring now to the drawings, and in particular to FIG. 1, a tool or sonde 10 that may be used to practice the invention is illustrated. The sonde is fluid tight, pressure- and temperature-resistant, and is adapted to be suspended in a borehole or well bore 12 by an armored cable 14. The sonde 10 is used for investigating a subsurface earth formation 16. The well bore 12 is illustrated as cased, including the usual annulus of cement 18 and steel casing 20, and as containing a well fluid 21. Although no tubing is shown in the well bore, the tool may be sized for through-tubing use if desired. It will be understood that the invention has application also to open hole logging.
The sonde 10 includes a pulsed neutron source 22 and a radiation detector 24. Preferably, the neutron source 22 is an accelerator neutron source, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,461,291 to C. Goodman and 3,546,512 to A. H. Frentrop, both of which are commonly owned with this application. This type of neutron source is particularly adapted to generate discrete bursts of high energy or fast neutrons, e.g., 14-MeV neutrons, with a controlled duration and repetition rate.
The detector 24 may be of any construction appropriate to the detection of gamma rays and to the production of a pulse signal in response to each detected gamma ray having an amplitude representative of the energy of the detected gamma ray. Generally, such a detector includes a scintillation crystal 26, which is optically coupled to a photomultiplier tube 28. The crystal is preferably of the thallium-activated sodium iodide type, although any suitable crystal, such as thallium or sodium-activated cesium iodide, may be used. Alternatively, a semiconductor detector, having, for example, a germanium crystal, might be employed. A neutron shield 30 may be positioned between the source 22 and the detector 24 to reduce bombardment of the detector by neutrons emanating directly from the source.
Electrical power for the sonde 10 is supplied through the cable 14 from a source of power (not shown) at the surface. Suitable power sources (not shown) are also included in the sonde 10 for the purpose of driving the neutron source 22, the detector 24, and the other downhole electronics. The sonde 10 may be surrounded by a sleeve 32 loaded with a thermal neutron absorbing material, preferably boron carbide, that is located generally in the region of the source 22 and detector 24. The sleeve 32 acts as a shield to minimize the detection of gamma radiation originating from neutron interactions in the immediate vicinity of the source and detector. In those cases where the well bore, casing or tubing is too small for a sleeve 32, the sonde may be used without a sleeve.
An amplifier 34 acts on the output pulses from the photomultiplier 28. The amplified photomultiplier pulses are thereafter applied to a pulse height analyser (PHA) 36, which may be of any conventional type, such as a single ramp (Wilkinson rundown) type. It will be understood that the pulse height analyzer includes the usual low-level and high-level pulse height discriminators, for selection of the gamma ray energy range to be analyzed, and linear gating circuits, for control of the time portion of the detector signal train to be analyzed. Suitable discriminator settings, e.g., from 1.6 Mev to 7.5 Mev, are described in the Moran U.S. Pat. No. 3,521,064 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,055,763, issued on Oct. 25, 1977 to Stephen Antkiw for "Neutron Characteristic and Spectroscopy Logging Methods and Apparatus", and appropriate gating sequences for the linear gating circuits, to selectively detect high-energy neutron gamma rays and low-energy neutron gamma rays, are described in the Antkiw patent and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,317,993 issued on Mar. 2, 1982 to Russel C. Hertzog, Jr. et al. for "Methods and Apparatus for Constituent Analysis of Earth Formations". The pertinent portions of those patents are hereby incorporated by reference.
The PHA 36 segregates the detector pulses into predetermined channels according to their amplitudes and supplies signals in suitable digital form representing the amplitude of each analyzed pulse. The digital outputs of PHA 36 are stored in the memory buffer 37 and then transferred to telemetering and cable interface circuits 38 for transmission over cable 14 to the surface. At the surface, the cable signals are received by signal processing and cable interface circuits 40. It will be understood that the circuits 38 and 40 may be of any suitable known construction for encoding and decoding, multiplexing and demultiplexing, amplifying and otherwise processing the signals for transmission to and reception by the uphole electronics. Appropriate circuits 37, 38 and 40 are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,012,712, issued on Mar. 15, 1977, to William B. Nelligan for "System for Telemetering Well Logging ata." Alternatively, the circuits described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,355,310 issued on Oct. 19, 1982 to Antoine Belaigues et al. for "Well Logging Communication System", may be employed.
The operation of the sonde 10 is controlled by signals sent downhole from a master programmer 42 located at the surface. These signals are received by a reference pulser 44, which, in response thereto, transmits control signals to the neutron source 22 and to the PHA 36. The manner in which this control is carried out is described more fully in the referenced portions of the Antkiw patent and the Hertzog patent.
The gamma ray spectra due to high energy neutron (inelastic scattering, neutron-proton, and neutron-alpha) reactions and low energy, including thermal neutron (capture), reactions are generated by data acquisition buffers 56, 57, and 58, which, under the control of the master programmer 42, accumulate the appropriate gamma ray counts-per-channel signals from the signal processing and cable interface circuits 40. As used herein, the terms "high energy" and "low energy" refer to "high neutron energy" and "low neutron energy," respectively, although the word "neutron" may not be included. Additionally, the spectra referred to hereinafter are gamma ray spectra, but the term "gamma ray" may not be used. Specifically, the high neutron energy gamma ray spectrum acquisition buffer 56 accumulates the high neutron energy gamma ray counts-per-channel data, which is obtained using a gating period during the neutron pulse produced by the neutron source 22, for a specified period long enough to give a statistically satisfactory spectrum and is then instructed by the master programmer 42 to output the spectrum, recycle to zero, and accumulate a new gamma ray spectrum for a like period. Similarly, the first low neutron energy gamma ray spectrum acquisition buffer 58 accumulates the gamma ray counts-per-channel data, which is obtained using a gating period following--possibly immediately following--the neutron pulse, for a specified period, outputs the spectrum, recycles to zero, and accumulates a new spectrum for a like period. The second low neutron energy gamma ray spectrum acquisition buffer 57 operates in much the same manner, but the gating period for the gamma counts-per-channel data starts after the gating period associated with the first low energy spectrum acquisition buffer 58 ends, and the gating period ends before the next neutron pulse. As will be understood, the measured gamma ray spectra, both high neutron energy and low neutron energy, that are processed and analyzed are pulse height spectra; however, the term "pulse height" may not be used, but in either case, no change in meaning is intended. It will also be understood that, for purposes of permitting the separate accumulation of the high neutron energy gamma ray spectrum and the low neutron energy gamma ray spectra, the signals from PHA 36 to the buffer memory 37 may include digital address information, e.g., flag bits, that may designate particular gating periods.
Following accumulation in the acquisition buffers 56, 57, and 58, the spectra are transferred to storage buffers (not shown) in a constituent analysis computer 60. The computer 60 may comprise a general purpose digital computer, such as the PDP-11 computer manufactured by the Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Mass., or alternatively, it may comprise an analog computer. In either event, it will be understood that the computer 60 is suitably programmed or constructed to perform the spectrum matching and relative abundance determining functions described in Moran et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,521,064, the pertinent portions of which are hereby incorporated by reference. In the case of the high energy spectrum, computer 60 is also preferably programmed to substract, prior to the spectrum matching process, the first low energy spectrum, in buffer 58, from the high energy spectrum, in buffer 56, to eliminate the low energy component from the high energy spectrum. Alternatively, the second low energy spectrum, in buffer 57, may be used to eliminate the low energy component of the high energy spectrum. However, the first low energy spectrum has been found to be more representative of the low energy component of the high energy spectrum, and the second low energy spectrum is preferably used to provide information concerning the formation. The computer 60 may be located at the well site, as illustrated in FIG. 1, or it may be located remotely and operate on recorded representations of the data, such as would be made by recording the data from the spectrum acquisition buffers 56, 57, and 58 on magnetic tape, as is illustrated in FIG. 1.
Within the computer 60, the signals representing the measured spectrum to be analyzed, high energy or capture, are applied to spectrum comparison circuits (not shown) for comparing the measured spectrum to a set of elemental standard spectra, high energy or capture, whichever set is appropriate. As described in the Moran et al. patent, the measured unknown spectrum is compared with a linear combination of the weighted elemental standard spectra to determine the proportions of the constituents that provide the combination, i.e., the composite spectrum, which most nearly matches the unknown measured spectrum. Preferably the least squares criterion is used to determine when a best fit has been obtained between the composite spectrum and the unknown spectrum. The weights (ωi) for the respective elemental standards which produce the best fit represent the proportions of the corresponding gamma ray yields from the elements (i) in the formation.
The elemental weights (ωi) may be recorded directly or, alternatively, selected weights (ωi) may be combined by the computer 60 to derive indicators of formation properties of interest. Exemplary indicators are described in Antkiw U.S. Pat. No. 4,055,763, the pertinent portions of which are hereby incorporated herein. Preferably, the indicators developed by the computer 60 include, from the high-energy spectral analysis, the carbon-oxygen ratio, ωC /ωO, and, from the capture spectral analysis, a salinity-indicator ratio, ωCl /ωH, a porosity-indicator ratio, ωH /ω.sub.(Si+Ca), a shale-indicator ratio, ωFe /ω.sub.(Si+Ca), and a lithology-indicator ratio, ωSi /ω.sub.(Si+Ca). The computer 60 is further programmed or constructed to supply a signal indicative of the "capture tool background" yield, ωCTB, the utility of which is described hereinafter.
As shown in FIG. 1, the computer 60 supplies the foregoing indicator signals to a recorder 62, which includes conventional visual and magnetic tape components for making a customary record of logging signals as a function of depth. The usual cable-following mechanical linkage 64 for driving the recorder 62 in synchronism with the cable 14 is provided for this purpose.
As previously mentioned, if the tool 10 of FIG. 1 is used to measure gamma ray spectra, which are later analyzed in the manner described, inaccuracies in the elemental analysis will occur unless the tool contribution to the elemental standards and the measured spectra is accounted for. The tool contribution, or background, may be accounted for by, firstly, eliminating the tool contribution spectrum from each elemental standard spectrum and, secondly, by including the tool contribution spectrum along with the elemental standard spectra when performing the spectral analysis; that is to say, by using the tool contribution spectrum as an additional standard in the fitting set. To do this, the tool contribution spectrum must be derived. Since the tool contribution varies not only environmentally but also with the energy of the neutrons producing the reactions detected, tool contribution spectra must, therefore, be derived separately for thermal neutron reactions and for high energy neutron reactions. The techniques for deriving the thermal neutron capture tool contribution spectrum and the high energy tool contribution spectrum will be discussed, in this order, below.
In order to derive the capture tool contribution spectrum, elemental standard spectra are generated in the normal manner for the most prominent elemental contributions to the capture spectrum. For example, measurements of thermal neutron reactions over the gamma ray energy range of interest, e.g. 1.6 MeV to 7.5 MeV, are made in test formations of oil and iron, oil, sandstone, limestone, sulphur, and brine to obtain spectra having as the predominant contributors Fe, H, Si, Ca, S and Cl, respectively. Each measurement is then stripped of secondary responses to obtain a raw elemental standard spectrum for the associated element. However, two such measurements, each having a different amount of tool contribution, must be made in at least one, and preferably all, of these test formations to permit isolation of the capture tool contribution spectrum.
It has been determined, in accordance with the invention, that satisfactory isolation of the tool contribution may be achieved by making one measurement with a neutron absorbing material, such as the boron-loaded sleeve 32, around the tool and by making another measurement without the neutron absorbing material. Boron is preferred because of its high thermal neutron absorption cross section and absence of a gamma ray above 0.5 MeV, but other absorbers may be used, if desired. When a thermal neutron absorbing material is not used, thermal neutrons will interact with the tool used to take the measurement and will cause a portion of the total signal to be due to interactions with the tool. When a thermal neutron absorbing material is used, however, the number of thermal neutrons in the vicinity of the detector that interact with the tool is substantially reduced, and the tool contribution to the total signal is reduced accordingly. There is nonetheless a residual tool contribution to the total signal. Consequently, merely using a thermal neutron absorber around the tool will not completely eliminate the tool contribution.
FIG. 2 shows two gamma ray energy standard spectra 70 and 72 for silicon. The upper curve 70 was generated without the boron-loaded sleeve 32 around the tool, and the bottom curve 72 was generated with the sleeve 32 in place. As will be appreciated, the difference between the two elemental spectra represents the tool contribution. The tool contribution spectrum may be derived by stripping sleeved spectrum 72 from the unsleeved spectrum 70, using the criterion of eliminating one or both of the Si 3.54-MeV and 4.93-MeV peaks. Similarly, in the case of sleeved and unsleeved elemental spectra for hydrogen, the tool contribution spectrum may be derived by stripping the sleeved hydrogen standard from the unsleeved hydrogen standard to eliminate the 2.22 MeV hydrogen peak. The tool contribution may likewise be derived for each of the other elemental capture standards.
In practice, however, it is usually unnecessary to ascertain the tool contribution to the chlorine and iron standards. In the case of chlorine, the thermal neutron capture cross section of chlorine is so large that the tool contribution signal is insignificant relative to the chlorine signal, and may be ignored. The iron standard, on the other hand, may be derived in a manner that is effectively self-compensating for tool contribution. To that end, the iron standard is preferably derived by subtracting a spectrum measured in oil with a casing surrounding the tool from a spectrum measured in pure oil (no casing). The effect of the casing is to greatly reduce the number of thermal neutrons interacting with the tool and thus to correspondingly reduce the tool contribution to the measured spectrum. Hence, the subtraction of the oil-only spectrum from the oil-plus-casing spectrum automatically accounts for the tool contribution to the iron standard. Indeed, as described hereinafter, it may even be desirable in certain circumstances to add back an amount of tool background spectrum to the iron standard.
FIG. 3 shows four tool contribution spectra 80, 82, 84, and 86 that were derived by combining (stripping) sleeved and unsleeved standard spectra by hydrogen, silicon, calcium, and sulphur, respectively. As is apparent, the shape of each tool contribution spectrum 80, 82, 84, and 86 is approximately the same. This similarity confirms that the differences in the elemental standard spectra determined with and without a thermal neutron absorber around the tool are produced by a common contribution from the tool.
While the tool contribution spectrum, hereinafter referred to as the "tool background spectrum," may be derived by combining two elemental standard spectra, each having a different amount of tool contribution, for just one element, e.g., hydrogen or silicon, a better background spectrum is obtained by combining the residual tool contribution spectra for several elements to form a weighted average tool contribution spectrum. Thus, the tool contribution spectra 80, 82, 84, and 86, for hydrogen, silicon, calcium, and sulphur, respectively, may be added, and then the counts in each channel may be divided by four to obtain a weighted average tool contribution spectrum--the weighting factor for each spectrum in this case being 1.0. Alternatively, another appropriate weighting factor for each spectrum may be used when the tool contribution spectra are combined. The magnitude of the weighted average tool contribution spectrum is not important for purposes of the spectral analysis technique; only the shape of the spectrum is used in the analysis.
Once the weighted average tool contribution spectrum is derived, the tool contribution may be stripped from each of the raw Si, Ca, S and H elemental standard spectra to provide corrected elemental standard spectra. It will be understood that this is done for both the raw unsleeved elemental standards and the raw sleeved elemental standards, to provide a correct set of unsleeved elemental standards for use where the tool 10 is run without a sleeve 32 and a corrected set of sleeved elemental standards for use where the tool 10 is run with a sleeve 32. The appropriate corrected elemental standards for Si, Ca, S and H, together with the corresponding Fe and Cl standards, are then used in the spectral analysis in lieu of the uncorrected, or raw, elemental standard spectra. The corrected Fe and Cl standards may simply be taken as the raw unsleeved or sleeved, as the case may be, elemental standards for Fe and Cl. The tool background spectrum, or weighted average tool contribution spectrum, is also used in the spectral analysis as another elemental standard. Accordingly, the tool contribution is accounted for, and better, more accurate, and more reliable information about the existence of oil is obtained.
Although the foregoing affords improved results relative to the prior art, it has been found that some residual tool contribution still remains in the corrected standard spectra in certain circumstances. Such residual tool contribution in the standards can lead to erroneous yields (ωi) in the fitting analysis, and manifests itself in the form of negative tool background yields (ωCBT). The presence of residual tool contribution in the standard spectra may be corrected for by subtracting enough of the tool background standard from each of the elemental standard spectra to avoid negative tool contribution yields. Generally, this may be done by looking at the tool contribution yield for the worst case, i.e. a large borehole (e.g. 10 inches, high borehole salinity (e.g., 250 Kppm), and high porosity (e.g. 40 p.u.), and stripping enough tool background standard from the sleeved calcium elemental standard to force the tool contribution yield (ωCBT) to be non-negative. The same amount of the tool background spectrum is then also stripped from the sleeved silicon and sulphur standards. Finally, an amount of tool background spectrum is stripped from the sleeved hydrogen standard to remove the high-energy tail, i.e., that portion of the spectrum above the 2.22 MeV peak that is not due merely to pulse pile-up. The resulting sleeved elemental standards for Ca, Si, S and H then comprise the final fully corrected set of sleeved capture standards. These standards, together with the raw sleeved standards for Fe and Cl and the tool background standard, are used in the fitting analysis when the unknown spectrum is measured with the sleeve 32 in place on the tool 10.
When the unknown spectrum is measured without the sleeve 32 in place, an improved final set of unsleeved elemental standards may be derived by stripping an amount of the weighted average tool contribution spectrum from the unsleeved raw elemental standards for Ca, Si, S and H until the residual elemental spectra most closely match the respective final, fully corrected sleeved elemental standards. This final set of unsleeved elemental standards is then employed in the fitting analysis as the unsleeved elemental standards. The tool background standard is of course also included, as are the unsleeved raw standards for Fe and Cl.
In the case of the unsleeved standard for Fe, however, it is possible to still further refine the standard by adding back an amount of tool background spectrum, e.g., approximately 5% to 10% of the total counts, to compensate for the aforementioned over-subtraction of tool contribution which occurs in the process of deriving the raw unsleeved Fe standard. Preferably, enough tool background spectrum is added to the raw unsleeved Fe standard to bring it into a close match with the raw sleeved Fe standard. This corrected Fe standard may then be used in the final set of unsleeved standards.
The high energy tool contribution is accounted for in a similar, although not identical, manner as the capture tool contribution. As mentioned, it has been found that the high energy tool contribution varies with porosity and is especially significant at low porosities. Thus, an elemental standard spectrum that is determined using a test pit with a formation having a relatively low porosity, e.g., 0%, will have a significantly larger tool contribution than an elemental standard spectrum determined using a test pit with a formation having a relatively high porosity, e.g., 17%. Consequently, two measurements, each having a different amount of tool contribution, may be made by using test formations with different porosities. This is analogous to the above-described technique for determining the capture tool contribution, wherein one measurement is made with a thermal neutron absorber around the tool and another measurement is made without the thermal neutron absorber. After the two measurements are made, the high energy tool contribution spectrum may be derived by stripping the high-porosity elemental standard spectrum from the corresponding low-porosity elemental standard spectrum by employing well-known stripping techniques. As with the capture tool contribution spectrum, it is the shape of the high energy tool contribution spectrum that is important rather than the magnitude.
More specifically, high energy elemental standard spectra are typically generated for the following elements: C, O, Si, Ca, Cl, Fe, and S. If desired, the elemental standard spectra for Ca and C may be merged to form a single Ca--C elemental standard spectrum, which could be determined using a limestone test formation. As in the case of the capture tool standards, the high-energy elemental standards are derived by making spectral measurements in suitably formulated test formations to obtain spectra having the desired individual elements as the predominant contributors. For example, measurements of high energy neutron reactions may be made by a tool in test formations of water, water and iron, iron and oil, oil, sandstone, and limestone, with each measurement than being stripped of secondary responses to obtain the raw elemental standard spectra for Fe, O, C, Si and Ca--C.
To permit isolation of the high-energy spectrum, raw elemental spectra are derived for at least one, and preferably both, of Si and Ca--C in both high-porosity sandstone and low-porosity sandstone, in the case of Si, and both high-porosity limestone and low-porosity limestone, in the case of Ca--C. The high energy tool contribution spectrum may be derived by stripping the high-porosity elemental standard from the corresponding low-porosity elemental standard, e.g. by stripping a 17 p.u. Si standard from a 0 p.u. Si standard to eliminate the 1.78 MeV peak and/or by stripping a 17 p.u. Ca--C standard from a 0 p.u. Ca--C standard to eliminate the 4.43 MeV C peak.
Either residual spectrum may be used alone as the high energy tool background spectrum or, if both are derived, may be added together, in the manner previously described, to form a weighted average tool background spectrum.
Once the high energy tool background spectrum is obtained, it is used as a standard along with the elemental standards when performing the spectral analyses of the unknown high-energy gamma ray spectra. If desired, it may also be used to eliminate the tool contribution to the elemental standards, in the manner previously described in connection with the capture spectra. It has been found, however, that removing the tool contribution from the elemental standard spectra does not appear significantly to affect the accuracy or precision of the carbon/oxygen ratio. Hence, according to the best mode, the additional step of stripping the tool background contribution spectrum from the raw elemental standard spectra is omitted where the carbon/oxygen ratio is the only output of the high energy spectral analysis of interest. The raw elemental spectra preferably included as standards for this single output are the Fe, O, and C spectra and the high-porosity Si and Ca spectra and the tool background spectrum.
FIG. 4 illustrates the effect, at different porosities, on the carbon-oxygen ratio of using a high energy tool contribution spectrum along with the high energy elemental standard spectra when performing analyses of the measured gamma ray spectra. The squares indicate data taken in a cased hole, and the circles indicate data taken in an open hole. The tool contribution was neglected when the spectral analyses were performed for these data. The triangles, normal for a cased hole and inverted for an open hole, indicate corresponding data for which the tool contribution was taken into account. As FIG. 4 shows, when the tool contribution is neglected, the carbon-oxygen ratio rises significantly at low porosities, which should not happen based on the physical characteristics of the test formations inasmuch as no carbon is present in water-saturated sandstone. A similar, though less marked, effect is seen in cased holes at higher porosities. When the tool contribution spectrum is used as an additional elemental standard, however, the carbon-oxygen ratio remains relatively constant, as it should, over a wide range of porosities. Accordingly, including the tool contribution spectrum as an elemental standard permits a more accurate spectral analysis to be performed, i.e., improves the porosity independence of the elemental yields and reduces perturbations because of casing, and provides more reliable results concerning the presence of oil. An important adjunct of a more accurate carbon-oxygen ratio, for instance, is that it permits more valid estimates of water saturation, especially at lower porosities.
In addition to improving the quality of the elemental analysis of capture spectra, the capture tool background yield (ωCTB) provides useful information of the relative proportion of the tool detected signal that is due to thermal neutron interactions with the contents of the borehole--the total detected signal being due to thermal neutron interactions with the formation, the borehole contents, and the tool. The borehole contribution to the total signal is important inasmuch as it aids in interpreting the results of the spectral analysis and determining whether oil is present. The borehole contribution is a function of the borehole size, the formation porosity, the total borehole capture cross section, and the total formation capture cross section. If each of these parameters were known, the borehole contribution could easily be calculated. In practice, however, usually only the borehole size is known with much certainty. The capture tool contribution yield (ωCTB), being a measure of the neutron flux at the detector, provides an independent measure of the relative borehole contribution.
In ascertaining the borehole contribution, the capture tool contribution yield is advantageously used as a ratio, i.e., with the numerator being the capture tool contribution yield ωCBT and the denominator being 1 minus the chlorine yield (ωCl) in the formation, which is known from the spectral analysis. Next, the salinity-indicator ratio ωCl /ωH, is formed, the yield ωH also being known from the spectral analysis. Once the capture tool contribution yield and the salinity-indicator ratio are calculated, the borehole contribution to the total signal may be determined with the aid of empirically obtained relationships between these parameters.
FIG. 5 shows the renormalized capture tool contribution yield, ωCBT /(1-ωCl), plotted as a function of the salinity-indicator ratio, ωCl /ωH. The curves shown were obtained with a tool in a 10-inch diameter, open borehole that was surrounded by a sandstone formation having a porosity of 17 p.u. In FIG. 5, the solid lines are curves of constant borehole salinity and the dashed lines are curves of constant formation salinity. The capture tool contribution yield and the salinity-indicator ratio from analysis of a measured spectrum are used to enter the graph. These parameters determine a single point on the graph, which is associated with a specific borehole salinity and a specific formation salinity from which, in turn, the relative contribution of the borehole signal to the total signal may be determined.
Although the invention has been described herein with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that various modifications and variations may be made to such embodiments without departing from the inventive concepts disclosed. All such modifications and variations, therefore, are intended to be included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 14, 1961
|Apr 12, 1966
|Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc
|Method of compensating for the iron casing effect in radioactive well logging
|Jun 22, 1967
|Aug 12, 1969
|Schlumberger Technology Corp
|Well logging device using a pulsed source of monoenergetic neutrons
|Mar 14, 1968
|May 5, 1970
|Mobil Oil Corp
|Removal of background radiation component from pulsed neutron measurements
|Feb 17, 1967
|Jul 21, 1970
|Schlumberger Technology Corp
|Analysis of gamma ray energy spectrum for constituent identification
|Feb 13, 1967
|Dec 8, 1970
|Schlumberger Technology Corp
|Neutron generator including an ion source with a massive ferromagnetic probe electrode and a permanent magnet-electrode
|Mar 31, 1975
|Mar 15, 1977
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|System for telemetering well logging data
|May 17, 1976
|Oct 25, 1977
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Neutron characteristic and spectroscopy logging methods and apparatus
|May 18, 1979
|Mar 2, 1982
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Methods and apparatus for constituent analysis of earth formations
|Aug 6, 1979
|Oct 19, 1982
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Well logging communication system
|Sep 15, 1980
|Jul 19, 1983
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Methods and apparatus for constituent analysis of earth formations
|Jun 19, 1981
|Aug 7, 1984
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Method and apparatus for spectroscopic analysis of a geological formation
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 17, 1985
|Apr 28, 1987
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Methods and apparatus for borehole-corrected spectral analysis of earth formations
|Dec 23, 1985
|May 24, 1988
|Halliburton Company
|Method and apparatus for differentiating low porosity limestones from high porosity gas sands
|Nov 1, 1991
|Mar 23, 1993
|Baker Hughes Corporation
|Method and apparatus for nuclear logging using lithium detector assemblies
|May 20, 1993
|Nov 29, 1994
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Method and apparatus for using non-linear spectral fitting procedures on gamma-ray spectral data
|Feb 1, 1995
|May 28, 1996
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Method and apparatus for gamma ray logging of underground formations
|Jun 19, 1997
|Nov 9, 1999
|Western Kentucky University
|Method and portable apparatus for the detection of substances by use of neutron irradiation
|Sep 30, 1999
|May 13, 2003
|Western Kentucky University
|Method and portable apparatus for the detection of substances by use of neutron irradiation
|Oct 26, 2012
|Jan 20, 2015
|Fei Company
|Mineral identification using mineral definitions including variability
|Oct 26, 2012
|Jun 2, 2015
|Fei Company
|Mineral identification using sequential decomposition into elements from mineral definitions
|Oct 26, 2012
|Jul 28, 2015
|Fei Company
|Mineral identification using mineral definitions having compositional ranges
|Jul 30, 2012
|Nov 17, 2015
|Fei Company
|Automated EDS standards calibration
|Dec 28, 2012
|Nov 24, 2015
|Fei Company
|Process for performing automated mineralogy
|May 6, 2013
|Jan 12, 2016
|Bergen Teknologioverfoering As
|Method of investigating a solid sample
|May 17, 2012
|Jun 21, 2016
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|System and method for gain regulation
|May 17, 2012
|May 29, 2014
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|System And Method For Gain Regulation
|Sep 16, 2010
|Mar 24, 2011
|Robert Michael Masnyk
|Method for monitoring or tracing operations in well boreholes
|Jul 29, 2013
|Feb 6, 2014
|Fei Company
|Automated eds standards calibration
|U.S. Classification
|250/269.6, 250/262
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 22, 1983
Owner name: SCHLUMBERGER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION, NEW YORK, NY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:GRAU, JAMES A.;REEL/FRAME:004166/0702
Effective date: 19830819
|Dec 9, 1986
|Certificate of correction
|Oct 10, 1989
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 29, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 3, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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Ch. 8: Global Strategy Formulation Meghan Davidson Berklye Dominguez Justin Pickard Michael Simpson Andrew Vargas
Going Global Global Strategies are rare Coca-Cola McDonalds Other companies
Key factors that drive industry globalization Formulation of global strategies at the microeconomic, corporate, level. Unique risks associated with operating on a global scale and how to mitigate those risks.
Some regions are more efficient than others in producing goods Industry Advantages Other Industries Clustering is the natural outcome of economic forces. Semiconductor industry
Factor Conditions: Natural vs. Created Demand Conditions Size Related and Supporting Industries Competitiveness in the Home Industry Porters 5 Forces (chapter 3)
Public Policy (government) deregulation Local, regional, national Chance Outside the control of the firm
Forces that push companies to think more globally to challenge competition Regional or global similarity in product or service calls for a global product. Ex. Coca Cola and adapting to local markets Global Branding and Marketing important to success
Minimum sales volume required for cost efficiency no longer available in one country Economies of Scale have become critical for Global success. This creates need for critical mass in different parts of the value chain Ex. Pharmaceutical companies and R&D
Globalization potential of an industry influenced by competitive drivers such as: (1)High levels of trade (2)Competitors Diversity (3) Interdependence created between competitive strategies Useful Questions: Do we face the same principle competitors in different parts of the world? How many competitive arenas does our company compete in?
Some Industries regulated more than others Ex. Steel Industry and barriers Companies paying attention to nonmarket dimensions Leads to companies trying to shape the global competitive environment to their advantage
There are Five additional Dimensions which are: (1) Market Participation (2) Standardization/Positioning (3)Activity Concentration (4) Coordination of Decision Making, and (5) Nonmarket Factors.
Few companies can afford to enter all markets open to them. Distinguish between must markets and nice-to–be-in markets Must: compete in to realize global ambitions (Volume perspective) Nice-to-be-in: participation is desirable but not critical Pace of international expansion is dictated by customer demand Ex. Toyota Prius release date in Japan and U.S.
Primary motivations for standardization: Reducing cost and enhancing quality Adopt a more global market positioning Not necessarily mean standardizing all elements of the marketing mix, but by applying a global cost benefit approach to formulate the market strategy and seek balance flexibility with uniformity The use of global branding helps build in brand recognition, enhance customer preference and reduce worldwide marketing cost Ex: Nestle, Coca-cola, Ford, IBM and Disney
MESSAGE STANDARDIZED TAILORED STANDARDIZED OFFER TAILORED Global MixGlobal Offer Global MessageGlobal Change
Global (Marketing) Mix: Strategy under which both the offer and the message are the same Are relatively rare because only a few industries are truly global This applies when: Product's usage patterns and brand potential are homogeneous on a global scale, when scale and scope cost advantages substantially outweigh the benefits of partial or full adaptation, and when competitive circumstance are such that a long-term sustainable advantage can be secured using a standardize approach
Global Offer: strategy characterized by and identical offer but different positioning around the world Applies when fixed costs associated with the offer are high, when key core benefits offered are identical, and when there are natural market boundaries Advantage-give a degree of flexibility in positioning the product or service for maximum local advantage Disadvantage- it could be difficult to sustain as customers become increasingly global in their outlook and confused by the different messages in different parts of the world Example Holiday Inn
Global Message: strategy under which the offer might be different in various parts of the world but the message is the same Primary motivation is the enormous power behind crating a global brand Applies when customers are highly mobile; in which the cost of product or service adaptation is fairly low Disadvantage-can be risky in the long run because global customers might not find elsewhere what they expect at home Example: McDonalds
Global Change: strategy under which both the offer and message are adapted to local market circumstances The most common Adaptation of both the offer and the message is necessary. Differences in a products usage patterns, benefits sought, brand image, competitive structures, distribution channels etc all dictate some form of local adaptation
Many factors must be considered in selecting the right level of participation and the location for key value-added activities Ex: Factor conditions, the presence of supporting industrial activity, the nature and location of the demand for the product, industry rivalry etc. Example: Eli Lilly To reduce cost, Lilly expanded their R&D efforts in India and china to include clinical tirals
Which markets to participate in, how to allocate resources, and how to compete defines the extent to which globalization has been implemented successfully Many think that integrating and coordinating activity on a global scale is at least as important as control. This can take the form of leveraging regional cost differentials, sharing key resources, cross- subsidizing national or regional battles for market share, or pursuing global brand and distribution positions
Global corporate success is influenced by nonmarket factors that are governed by social, political and legal arrangements Different countries have different political, economic, and legal systems and are at different stages of economic development These differences can have profound implication for the rules that shape global competition and for crafting a global strategy
In moving toward a more global strategic posture, there are several choices a company can make. Each of these has their own advantages and disadvantages. Exporting Licensing Strategic alliances and joint ventures Acquisitions or greenfield startups
To help companies with thinking through their globalization strategies, there is a five dimensional framework that maps a particular country or regions institutional contexts. 1. Political and social systems 2. Openness 3. Product markets 4. Labor markets 5. Capital markets
The largest retailer in the world, Wal-Mart Stores, is a great example of a companys transformation from a domestic company into a major global company. Wal-Mart has three different operations: 1. Wal-Mart Stores 2. Sams Clubs 3. Supercenters
Wal-Mart began pursuing globalization in 1991 by the need to grow. Today, almost 25% of its stores are located outside the U.S. If they kept the stores in the domestic market, it would not be exposed to 96% of the worlds potential consumers. The committed workforce is a large success for the company. For this, there is a link between growth and its effect on stock price and the morale of the company.
Wal-Mart exploited tremendous buying power with dominant suppliers like Hallmark, Proctor & Gamble, Kellogg, Nestlé, Coke, Revlon, and more to procure good cost-effectively for their foreign stores. The company also took advantage of domestically developed competencies and knowledge in areas of store management, merchandising skills, logistics, and the use of technology.
During the first 5 years of Wal-Marts globalization, it focused on their presence in the Americas: Brazil, Mexico, Canada, and Argentina. This was because they realized they didnt have the resources to expand to Europe and it wouldnt be a good entry market for them at that point. In 1996, Wal-Mart felt prepared to target China.
After selecting their targets, Wal-Mart had to select a mode of entry. Entered Canada through an acquisition. Entered Mexico through a 50-50 joint venture with Cifra. Entered Brazil through a 60-40 joint venture with Lojas Americana. Entered Argentina through a wholly owned subsidiary.
Wal-Mart acquired the Canadian Woolco and reconfigured it along the lines of a successful U.S. model: A transition team familiarized Woolco with Wal- Marts way Brought the outlets up to Wal-Mart standards Brought high brand recognition into customer acceptance and loyalty Focused on merchandise, high in-stock position, and customer service Implemented employee rewards
Wal-Marts entrance into China was a great example of the problems of local adaptation. Experimented with store designs Varied merchandise Began purchasing 75% of goods sold in China
Acquiring a dominant player Acquiring a weak player Launching a frontal attack on the incumbent.
Wal-Mart is continuing to struggle in England. Wal-Mart had to sell out of the German market after being unable to create the economies of scale needed to dominate the market.
Types of Risk Political Risk Legal Risk Financial/Economic Risk Societal/Cultural Risk
Wal-Mart used economies of scale and standardization to go global. Cemex, however, took advantage of differences in global markets in order to grow globally.
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Fairplay Emergency Smoke Repair
Dealing with the effects of a fire is a terrible experience to go through, regardless of how the fire began. Obviously fire can create great amounts of damage right away, but many people may not know that remaining smoke can become a threat to your health and home. Smoke can creep into any hard surface or area of your home that is absorbent and can leave stains on whatever that it comes into contact with. Across the past forty years, Paul Davis has helped numerous clients deal with emergencies due to fires. Click on the "24-hour Emergency Services" button above if you have to have help right away. Our specialists can get to your house right away, we know the stress that smoke damage emergencies can create. Paul Davis contractors are aware that you will require help quickly, so we guarantee that we will call you back in half an hour or less and arrive your home in just four hours.
After quickly arriving at your house, our experts can provide the subsequent emergency smoke damage repairs:
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Sebastian O Vol 1
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|Sebastian O Vol 1: (1993-1993)
(published by Vertigo)
This page contains a list of all comics in the series including items such as trade paperback books, magazines, and other items of interest. If you have found a comic or item that is not seen on this page, please add it to this list.
Back to Comics Contents : Comics S : Sebastian O Vol 1
Sebastian O (Volume 1)
Total Issues
From http://www.dccomics.com/vertigo/ "The miniseries that helped launch VERTIGO and further propelled the career of white-hot comics writer."..."SEBASTIAN O follows its eponymous protagonist as he hunts the man who condemned him to Bedlam for his moral outrages against Victorian society. "
See Also
- Comics from Sebastian O Vol 1
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Increased intra-cortical porosity reduces bone stiffness and strength in pediatric patients with osteogenesis imperfecta
Vardakastani, V., Saletti, D., Skalli, W., Marry, P., Allain, J.M., & Adam, Clayton (2014) Increased intra-cortical porosity reduces bone stiffness and strength in pediatric patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. Bone, 69, pp. 61-67.
Available under License Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives 4.0.
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable disease occurring in one out of every 20,000 births. Although it is known that Type I collagen mutation in OI leads to increased bone fragility, the mechanism of this increased susceptibility to fracture is not clear. The aim of this study was to assess the microstructure of cortical bone fragments from patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) using polarized light microscopy, and to correlate microstructural observations with the results of previously performed mechanical compression tests on bone from the same source. Specimens of cortical bone were harvested from the lower limbs of three (3) OI patients at the time of surgery, and were divided into two groups. Group 1 had been subjected to previous micro-mechanical compression testing, while Group 2 had not been subjected to any prior testing. Polarized light microscopy revealed disorganized bone collagen architecture as has been previously observed, as well as a large increase in the areal porosity of the bone compared to typical values for healthy cortical bone, with large (several hundred micron sized), asymmetrical pores. Importantly, the areal porosity of the OI bone samples in Group 1 appears to correlate strongly with their previously measured apparent Young's modulus and compressive strength. Taken together with prior nanoindentation studies on OI bone tissue, the results of this study suggest that increased intra-cortical porosity is responsible for the reduction in macroscopic mechanical properties of OI cortical bone, and therefore that in vivo imaging modalities with resolutions of ~ 100 μm or less could potentially be used to non-invasively assess bone strength in OI patients. Although the number of subjects in this study is small, these results highlight the importance of further studies in OI bone by groups with access to human OI tissue in order to clarify the relationship between increased porosity and reduced macroscopic mechanical integrity.
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These databases contain citations from different subsets of available publications and different time periods and thus the citation count from each is usually different. Some works are not in either database and no count is displayed. Scopus includes citations from articles published in 1996 onwards, and Web of Science® generally from 1980 onwards.
Citations counts from the Google Scholar™ indexing service can be viewed at the linked Google Scholar™ search.
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|ID Code:
|Item Type:
|Journal Article
|Osteogenesis imperfecta, Bone mechanics, Bone microstructure, Intra-cortical porosity, Collagen alignment
|Current > Schools > School of Chemistry, Physics & Mechanical Engineering
Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > Science & Engineering Faculty
|Copyright Owner:
|Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.
|Copyright Statement:
|This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
|Deposited On:
|06 Jul 2015 02:25
|Last Modified:
|04 Jan 2016 02:33
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Today is National Mammography Day, an important day to learn about the benefits of regular mammograms, and also understand the difference between mammograms and other types of diagnostic tests such as an MRI. "Over the past 10 years, there have been dramatic improvements in breast imaging and in the accuracy of breast cancer diagnosis. This … Continued
How Much Do Genetics Impact the Risk for Breast Cancer?
What causes breast cancer? How much do genetics impact the risk for developing breast cancer? Given that 1 in 8 women will develop the disease, these are common questions many women and their families ask. Stephanie Graff, MD, medical oncologist at Sarah Cannon Cancer Institute at HCA Midwest Health in Kansas City, answers common questions. … Continued
What You Need to Know about Breast Cancer Surgical Choices
When diagnosed with breast cancer, one of the first topics you, your family and your care team will discuss is your treatment options. For many patients, surgery is the first treatment, followed by chemotherapy or radiation to remove what surgery could not remove. The main goals of surgery for breast cancer patients are: to remove as much … Continued
Can Men Get Breast Cancer?
Although rare, yes, men can be diagnosed with breast cancer. Breast cancer develops in breast tissue, which both men and women have. According to the American Cancer Society, breast cancer is about 100 times less common among men than women and the lifetime risk of male diagnosis is about 1 in 1,000. Breast cancer in … Continued
How to Combat Fatigue During the Cancer Journey
One of the most common side effects of cancer treatment is feeling fatigued. Fatigue arises because your body is working hard to fight off cancer cells and rebuild healthy cells, which takes a massive amount of energy. The cancer journey can affect patients both physically and emotionally, as they add doctor appointments and treatments into … Continued


text: Comments0 attacking Cathrynejhoy.rivera July 12, 2014 User blog:Cathrynejhoy.rivera malana mire powers-up with the blade creating a shield. Name malana mire Sex female Age 10 Biological age Finn (counsin) Actual age Jake (cousin) Species human wild boss Occupation bad relatives 2 First introduced Marceline Latest appearance [[1]] Retrieved from "http://adventuretime.wikia.com/wiki/User_blog:Cathrynejhoy.rivera/attacking?oldid=688873" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: UserBlog posts


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Medication, ADHD and Kids
May 9, 2014 in ADHD, Family, Kids, Matt by Sharla
Let me start by saying that I'm no expert. I don't have a degree in child psychology and I'm not a doctor. I am, however, the mother of a child with ADHD for 9+ years. What I will claim is experience. I hope our family's experience will help yours.
Our son was diagnosed with ADHD over two years ago but his teachers have been pushing for us to medicate him since the day he started kindergarten. Grrrrrrrrrrrr. How frustrating to feel like teachers and loved ones were not only judging our son, Davis, but also treating him as if some pill could make life easier for THEM?! The simple truth we found, after much thought, research, and observation, is that a pill actually made life better for him.
Choosing to try medication to treat Davis's ADHD was not a decision we came to lightly. Although my husband, Matt, had been on medication before for similar issues, we weren't sure that popping a pill every morning was the right way to help Davis. We had so many worries concerning addiction, side effects, and how it would effect his self esteem. Although Davis was diagnose Developmentally Delayed at 15 months old, we were resistant to having him tested for further issues once he hit kindergarten. We didn't want him to be labeled. We were afraid his teachers and friends would judge him. We were especially concerned that it would ruin his self esteem. All of those concerned turned around his first grade year. What was the catalyst? A loving and devoted teacher. Mrs. Beck (his first grade teacher) contacted me early in the year with concernes about Davis's behavior during class, negative interactions with other students, and his ability to focus on and complete school work. We spent the fist half of the year up until Christmas working hand in hand trying different reward strategies, clear consequences, and structured classroom rules, only to be met with no success. By the time Decmeber rolled around we were both at our wits end. He was constantly distracted during lectures, frequently lashed out in physical ways towards fellow students, and had a complete disregard for the responsibilities placed on him.
While all of this was going on at school, I couldn't ignore what was in my heart. At home he was constantly in trouble. I felt like I was yelling at him all the time because the first 5 times I asked nicely yielded no results. I could see that between school and home he was constantly being bombarded with a clear message, "you are not good". I felt like I was failing him as a mother.
It was about this time Mrs. Beck called to see if I would meet with her and the school psychologist about Davis. The three of us sat down and first discussed the things Davis struggled with. At first I thought, "why are we focussing so much on what he's doing wrong. He isn't all bad!" It was when Mrs. Beck started to cry while describing a particularly difficult day for Davis that I realized, she wasn't upset for herself, she was truly frustrated that she had to watch this student day in and day out struggle and fail. Her tears were for him. I was deeply touched. At that moment I put my defenses away and really listened. I asked her what we should do. She suggested testing for ADHD. How could I refuse? We were on the same side, helping Davis. She wanted to see him succeed, learn, grow, and build meaningful relationships with his peers. All of which had been arrested in the current situation.
First, I contacted my pediatrician to see where to start. He arranged the proper paperwork over the phone and the school psychologist carried out the actual testing. It included extensive surveys for Matt and I, his teacher, extended observation by the school psychologist of Davis in the classroom, as well as specific testing for Davis to rule out any other factors that may be contributing to his struggles (i.e. learning disabilities, hearing impairments, or other mental issues such as autism or Asp burgers) . When it was all said and done the result was clear, he had Attention Deficiency Hyperactivity Disorder.
It was strange, I wasn't sad. I actually felt relieved. It's like a patient who is sick that finally gets a diagnosis after years of testing. Now we could treat the issue. We might get results. We might finally begin to help Davis be happy.
I set Davis up on an IEP with the school so that the ADHD would be documented and he could get the full benefit from the school, such has extend and supervised testing for state tests. Next, I made a visit to my pediatrician with the results. Matt, Davis and I sat down with him and discussed medication options. Again, we were reluctant. Then my pediatrician told us about a study that was done with three focus groups of children, all of which were diagnosed sever ADHD. The first group had no help at all, just lived life as usual. The second group was treated with extensive therapy, meaning they saw a therapist at least three times a week for 2 hours at a time to help them learn to cope with ADHD. The third group was treated only with medication. After one month of the experiment the researchers deemed it unethical and stopped the whole thing. The reason why is that the third group's success rate on medication so completely outweighed both of the other groups that they decided to deny the other kids the benefit of carefully prescribed medications was unethical.
Sold. Where do I sign?
I'm not going to lie, getting the right prescription and dosage is a lengthy and sometimes painful process, but in our case, well worth it. Once we were able to dial in the details of the prescription the change in Davis was immeasurable. He wasn't a different or a perfect kid. He was still very much himself as far as his sense of humor or what excited or angered him, but he was able to complete a task when it was asked of him. He started focussing better in school and finishing school work. He was able to control his emotions, to include avoiding verbal and physical outbursts. In other words, he was able to do what he couldn't before, control himself. That equaled increased happiness.
Shortly after Davis was diagnosed my husband, Matt was also diagnosed with ADHD as a result of relating to Davis's struggles. He was able to find a medication that works for him. Researchers believe that as many was 4%-5% of adults and between 3%-10% of children struggle with ADHD. At first we talked to Davis a little about ADHD and his medication but not a ton. After Matt was diagnosed and started learning more about it we decided that, like it or not, this was a label that he would live with his whole life, so we have tried to make it a positive part of his identity. Matt has had many conversations with Davis about his own diagnosis, struggles, medication, and successes. There have been times when Davis was resentful of the medication and in those times we have tried to remind him of the positives of taking it. Matt reminds him of the truth; that people who are diagnosed ADHD are in a rare and elite group. There are no other people in the world that belong to it. This is a blessing. One day Davis told me that he didn't want to take his pill because he didn't want to get rid of his ADHD. Following Matt's example, I explained that the pill doesn't get rid of his ADHD, he is still the same unique person he is without it. However, I said, people with ADHD have different struggles and different talents than people who don't. The pill he takes helps him control the things that are hard about ADHD so that the things that are great about it can shine through.
Is Davis the epitome of the perfect son, student, brother or friend? Um, no. He still has his struggles, just like everybody else. The difference is that on medication he has the ability to think and then react instead of living on impulse. Davis takes a pill because it helps him live a life that is happy and successful. The pill doesn't make him happy and successful, the pill allows him to have control of himself therefore resulting in success and happiness.
<3, Sharla
*If you are interested in helping your child with ADHD succeed in the class room click here. To find out how to get support and additional ideas for helping your loved ones with ADHD click here.


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As an accomplished producer, writer, actor & New York native, Darren Passarello started his career right out of high school at the age of 18 playing "Nitro G" on Stan Lee/Sy-Fy Channel's "Who Wants to be a Superhero." After which, Lee personally asked Passarello to come work for his company POW! Entertainment, where Passarello became the New Media... See full bio »
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Hi ladies, happy Fall! Jess from Spool and Spoon here. I am so excited to be back and to share a new autumnal printable with you! I hope you love the crisp air and smell of fallen leaves in the air as much as I do.
Autumn is my absolute favorite season of all and I feel like I spend the entire year counting down to October. I know I'm not the only one. I cannot wait until the Mr. and I have a family to share the seasons with... There are just so many wonderful things to enjoy indoors and out it's hard to fit it all in. Pumpkin patches. Apple cider. Haunted houses. Seasonal baking. Nature walks. Corn mazes. Hayrides. Why not use a little bucket list to keep your season on track?
(color background)
We've already done four things on our list and we're only two weeks in! I can't wait until pumpkin carving night when we watch my absolute favorite halloween movie -- Hocus Pocus! Two more bits of fun stuff to cross off of the Fall Fun List!
(white background)
And just in case you'd rather plug in your own fun ideas -- here's a blank list to fill in yourself!
(Fill-in the Blank)
Jess is a crafty semi-newlywed living with her husband and two fur babies in a little townhouse outside of Philadelphia. She started Spool and Spoon in 2012 to document her creative endeavors and to counterbalance her day job as a corporate recruiter. Jess is a DIY girl through and through; she'd prefer her camera, sketchbook, and sewing machine over most anything else. Throughout any given week, you can find a mashup of printables, tutorials, and recipes on her blog. Check it out!


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Appearance / Description of Object(s)
Rectangular 1-3 miles wide Black in appearance Only 1 red light slowly pulsating at the bottom center of ship Not bright, deliberately being stealth at night
Size of Object(s)
1-3 miles wide
Distance to Object(s) & Altitude
80,000 in altitude traveling
Description of Area / Surroundings
Dillon Stadium, Housing Projects once called Colt's Gardens, urban area near Colt's Factory, Brained Airport, Marine's military base nearby.
Full Description & Details
At 11:55pm, during a tv commercial break, I enjoyed looking at stars seeking the big dipper, etc. So as I looked out the window gazing upwards, I noticed the stars disappearing when to my surprise I can identify a black silhouette in rectangular shape slowly moving from left to right. Speed of this aircraft was traveling very slowly just gliding across the sky without a sound. I also noticed a red light fading in and out 4 seconds at the center bottom of ship. The rectangular shaped ship was huge. Perhaps 1-3 miles wide traveling 80,000 feet in altitude.
Can sighting be explained as any conventional man-made or natural object?
This huge ship wasn't man-made because of the size much larger than a cargo airplane.
Views on UFOs, before and after sighting
I believe they exist after my experience.
Reported Sighting?No
Your Location:Hartford, CT, USA