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At Holtorf Medical Group, our doctors use a wide range of custom IV therapies that are individually tailored to the needs of each patient. Intravenous (IV) therapy is a method to deliver nutrients and therapeutic agents directly into the bloodstream. Individuals with chronic illness, such as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), Fibromyalgia (FM), Autoimmune disease and those with chronic infections (especially Lyme disease), often have functional nutritional deficiencies that compromise cellular function. These deficiencies affect the body's ability to make energy and fight infections.
In certain individuals oral supplementation may be an inefficient means of delivering nutrients to the cells for improvement in energy, pain, and immune function needed to attack bacteria, viruses, yeast or detoxication. High doses of nutrients and therapeutic agents are needed to improve cellular function which oral supplements cannot achieve due to gastrointestinal irritation, limitations of absorption within the gastrointestinal tract and the metabolic breakdown which occurs when passing through the liver.
When therapies are given intravenously (IV), without the limitations of oral supplements, these therapies are much more effective with major improvements often seen in a short period of time. Intravenous (IV) therapies are a great way to "jump-start" your treatment today. See just a few of the IVs that we offer below.
Hydrogen Peroxidase (Low Dose) IV Therapy
Hydrogen peroxide (low dose) given intravenously is a very safe and effective treatment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and Fibromyalgia (FM). This form of oxidative treatment is designed to kill bacteria, viruses and yeast. Studies have shown oxidative treatments to be far more superior to antibiotics, antivirals and antifungal treatment. Hydrogen peroxide IV therapy also does not have the problematic side effects associated with such treatments.
How Does It Work?
Hydrogen peroxide is produced naturally within the body and is the body's main defense against infections. Diminished ability to produce hydrogen peroxide is a common cause of immune deficiency leading to chronic infections, bacterial infections viruses and yeast. Hydrogen peroxide activates the body's white blood cells producing a boost in mitochondrial function and improving immune function by utilizing natural broad-spectrum anti- infectious agents. This oxidative treatment also increases red blood cell efficiency, stimulating an increase in the rate of
oxygen released to tissues to improve tissue healing.
What Results Can You Expect?
Hydrogen Peroxide (low dose) IV treatments can have different results for each patient. For some, improvement is seen immediately, while others may see the benefits a few days later. Results can last from a few days to several weeks and is individual to each patient's level of internal health.
This treatment provides improvement of mitochondrial function and enhances immune function providing results such as:
- boost in energy levels
- decrease in muscle pain
- improvement of brain fog
- less fatigued
Who Can Benefit From This Treatment?
This treatment can significantly improve the health of patients with:
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
- Fibromyalgia
- Chronic Infections
- Viral Infections such as:
- Epstein Barr (EBV)
- Cytomegalovirus
- Bacterial Infections such as
- Mycoplasma
- Chlamydia Pneumoniae
- Yeast
- Candida
Talk with your doctor to see if this treatment will work for you!
Intravenous (Colloidal) Silver IV Therapy
Silver compounds have been used for treatment of infections in medicine since the late 1800's in the United States, proving to be a safe, extremely effective treatment of acute and chronic infections associated with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and Fibromyalgia (FM). Silver is a natural mineral which humans ingest daily within their food and water intake and is critical for maintaining a healthy immune system. Weakened immune systems or diets deficient of silver increase the incidence of infections.
Colloidal silver, a natural occurring substance, makes it an ideal and effective way of treating acute or chronic infections associated with CFS and FM.
How Does It Work?
Silver compounds are known for their potent antibacterial action against an exceptionally broad spectrum of bacteria, its immune stimulating action, and very low toxicity to human cells. Boosting immune function with colloidal silver therapy allows the body to fight off colds and flu by killing the bad bacteria while leaving the healthy bacteria intact.
While antibiotic treatments have been faced with resistant bacteria, there has been no reported development of resistance to bacteria using colloidal silver therapy, making it a far more effective treatment modality in fighting infections.
What Results Can You Expect?
Colloidal silver intravenous treatments will decrease the incidence of bacterial and viral infections common to individuals suffering with chronic or acute infections associated
with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), Fibromyalgia (FM) and many other diseases, providing for a healthier immune system.
Results can vary according to each individual's level of health and the number of treatments is decided according to your personal treatment plan.
Who Can It Benefit?
Thousands of doses of intravenous colloidal silver (low dose) are given every month in the United States for treatment of acute and chronic infections associated with CFS and FM, providing significant clinical benefits.
The US Food and Drug Administration has approved silver compounds for many clinical uses, with various versions formulated by compounding pharmacies. These formulations include medical treatments for:
- acute and chronic infections
- prevention of blindness in newborns
- treatment of burns to prevent sepsis and bacterial infections
- Pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- STD's
- Eczema
- Meningitis
- Erysipelas
- Mediterranean fever
- Corneal ulcers
- Conjunctivitis
- Septicemia
Talk with your doctor regarding this treatment to see if it is a good fit for you.
Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation (UBI) IV Therapy
Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation (UBI) therapy is an intravenously applied ultraviolet energy, initially used in the 1890's for the treatment of skin conditions of the mucous membranes. Considered the founding father of UBI, Niels Ryberg Finsen was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1903 for his research in photochemotherapy. By the 1930's, Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation IV therapy was being applied successfully for the treatment of bacterial diseases, viral infections, as well as, many other diseases and conditions. In Europe, since the early 1950's, it has been used for treating thousands of patients suffering from cancer and various immune disorders. Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation IV therapy has very profound photochemical, biochemical and physiological effects' on blood cells. These advantageous effects to the blood has made UBI IV therapy an extremely effective treatment modality.
With the appearance of bacteria resistance to antibiotic treatments, Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation IV therapy has again re-emerged as a more successful and natural way to treat chronic disease and infections.
How Does It Work?
Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation IV therapy is performed by withdrawing blood and exposing the blood to controlled amounts of ultraviolet light. When sufficient exposure is obtained, the blood is then returned to the body. This procedure is completely painless and safe for the patient. The action of exposing blood to ultraviolet light allows blood to absorb this light energy producing biological effects on the mechanism of blood cells and other blood components. Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation therapy has germicidal, rheological and immune boosting effects, as well as, the ability to effectively slow down the autoimmune positive response created in autoimmune disease.
In many diseases the oxidation process within blood cells is blocked and energy is produced by fermentation. As a result of this anaerobic condition, microorganisms may become pathogenic or parasitic in nature. Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation IV therapy restores oxygenation to the cells, reverting these microorganisms back to a non pathogenic state. Using this oxidative treatment modality, bacteria and viruses are inactivated by stimulating the production of antibodies, while also activating lymphocytes secreting cytokines to enhance the body's immune response.
What Results Can You Expect?
Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation IV therapy can have different results for each individual. Even in similar diagnoses, the response to treatment varies from patient to patient, as the internal body environment of each individual is unique. The number of treatments needed is also dependent on individual needs and treatment plan.
Results of Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation IV therapy may include:
- inactivation of toxins which cause an immune response
- anti-inflammatory effects which improve immunologic activity
- destruction and inhibition of bacteria
- increased oxygen and blood transportation to organs
- vasodilation with improved blood circulation
- activation of steroid hormones
- decrease of blood viscosity by stimulation of fibrinolysis preventing blood clots
- stimulates the activity of white blood cells, raising anti-disease fighting abilities
- increased immune response which directly increases bactericidal activity
- decrease of platelet aggregation
- destroys the excess amounts of white blood cells which occur in autoimmune disease
- destroys metabolically active T-cells which can slow down the disease process
Who Can Benefit From Treatment?
Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation IV therapy has become a very beneficial and effective treatment for many suffering with acute or chronic diseases, various skin disorders, autoimmune disease and many other diseases such as:
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
- Fibromyalgia Syndrome
- Chronic pain
- Lupus vulgaris disease of skin and mucous membranes (Psoriasis)
- Bacterial disease and viral infections
- Yeast infections
- Mononucleosis
- Acute and chronic hepatitis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Systemic lupus
- Celiac disease
- Sjogren's syndrome
- Multiple sclerosis
- Cancer (particularly prostate, lymph, colon and breast)
For more information about these treatments you may call 877-508-1177 to speak with a patient representative or speak with your doctor at your next appointment.


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Boost your business acumen with The McColl School's Food for Thought series
McColl School of Business launches "Food for Thought" lunchtime classes
Free mini-classes held at Duke Energy designed to enlighten and empower with practical, timely information
The McColl School of Business at Queens University of Charlotte is offering the "Food for Thought" lunchtime seminar series at Duke Energy uptown.
From why mission statements matter to making top management more effective, the series of hour-long mini-classes offers relevant, timely information you can put to work immediately in your organization. The classes will be taught by top McColl School faculty, and the series is free with lunches provided.
Future topics will include:
- What is real business strategy?
- How to leverage creativity
- Coaching for results
- Understanding the economy
- Moving forward strategically
- Managing conflict
Want to go?
Food for Thought: The McColl School at Noon
When: Noon to 1 p.m. Please arrive a few minutes early to select your lunch.
Where: Uptown, in Duke Energy's Paul Anderson Auditorium, first floor, 400 S. Tryon St.
Register in advance: www.mccollschool.edu and click on Food For Thought.
The McColl School of Business offers professional and executive MBA programs, a master of science degree in organization development, coaching certificate program and executive education programs customized to meet the specific needs of companies in our region. All are taught close to Uptown, on the campus of Queens University of Charlotte in Myers Park.
Queens is a private, co-ed, Presbyterian-affiliated comprehensive university with a commitment to both liberal arts and professional studies. Located in the heart of historic Charlotte, Queens serves approximately 2,500 undergraduate and graduate students through its College of Arts and Sciences, the McColl School of Business, the Presbyterian School of Nursing, the Wayland H. Cato, Jr. School of Education, the School of Communication and Hayworth College for Adult Studies.
Office of Marketing & Community Relations
Queens University of Charlotte
1900 Selwyn Ave.
Charlotte, NC 28274
|Media Contact:
Lisa Noakes
704 337-2452
|Royals Athletics Contact:
Sarah Waple
- Students Participate in Model Organization of American States in D.C.
- Queens Announces 2017 Commencement Speaker
- Queens Student-Athlete's Triumph Over Cancer Featured on CNN Health Study
- Students Raise Nearly $20,000 for St. Jude Up 'til Dawn
- Queens' Veterans Support Featured in Charlotte Business Journal
- Queens Mourns the Passing of Porter B. Byrum
- Queens Designated As Voter Friendly Campus
- Business Continuity Management Course Offers Best Practices for Disaster Recovery
- Queens Adds Women's and Men's Rugby
- Queens Adds Baseball To Athletics

subset: commoncrawl


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3.84 acres in Montgomery County, Maryland
Endless potential for this large rambler on almost 4 acres! Directly off rt 29 with access to all major routes. 7 total br/ 5 full bath with seperate basement apartment. Large 40x40 double bay detached garage perfect for running business plumbing, hvac, landscaping, etc. Currently used as landscaping business.Income potential 6k+ per month.Possible church site.
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NOTE: The information contained herein is provided as general information only and has been obtained from sources deemed reliable. It is provided without any guaranty, warranty or representation, expressed or implied, made by Lands of America, or any related entity, as to the accuracy or completeness of the information. The information is presented subject to errors, omissions, change of price or conditions, prior sale or withdrawal without notice. Prospective purchasers should make their own investigations, projections and conclusions concerning the information.


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Happy Birthday Lizzie!!
I just thought I would take advantage of the fact that I can now submit blog posts as my individual self and wish my beautiful wife a very happy birthday. And as one of my birthday presents to her I would like to tell everybody who reads this crazy site of ours a little secret about Liz:
The name originated from a class that she was in as a kid that contained three Elizabeths. The teacher did not want to bother with identity confusion and thus assigned the shortening of Liz to our Elizabeth. And, as old habits are hard to break, it has stuck until this day. Liz has told me on multiple occasions that she would rather change her known name to Lizzie or just Elizabeth, but it is such a hard task that we have just given up.
So, this may or may not catch on, but I think we should all try and dispatch the old title of Liz and sub in a new, more Lizzieish name in its place. It may be hard at first, but we will get used to it.
And, Liz (or should I say Lizzie) if you hate this idea and it is the worst birthday present you could conceive of then please go ahead and delete this post. If not, I feel free to expand on any details I missed.
Thanks everybody, and HAPPY BIRTHDAY LIZZIE!!!!


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No. of Franchise Outlets: No Outlets
Investment: Rs. 50lac - Rs. 1 Cr.
We are a financial advisory dealing in the international currency and commodity markets. These markets are the most volatile markets in the world which are open five days a week, 24 hours a day, offering the highest returns possible in the shortest period of time. Due to the high leverage of these markets, the risk is higher. We offer risk management services to minimize the risk to the our client's portfolio and maximize the returns made on the investment. This is not for small time investors. We actively multiply wealth. Please do get in touch to know more.
DANA GROWTH INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED Investment Details
DANA GROWTH INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED Property Details
DANA GROWTH INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED Training Details
DANA GROWTH INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED Agreement & Term Details
Activists criticise Coca-Cola s...
Food regulator FSSAI recently tied up with Coca-Cola India to train 50,000 street food vendors over the next three years and plans to
Domino s to get painted in Navratri...
We are open to franchise in tier II ...
Founded in 1989 by Vandana Luthra, VLCC Health Care Limited is the leader in the Indian beauty and wellness industry by market share
We are looking for investors-...


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For over 20 years Cap Juluca has been a very popular destination for weddings and honeymoons. Trip Advisor named Cap Juluca as
"One of the Top 10 Celebrity Honeymoon Hotels." Cap Juluca is also agreat place to celebrate anniversaries, say "I Do" all over again or a birthday for that special person in your life. Click here for our wedding brochure.
Recent press includes features in Brides, BridalGuide, Grace Ormond Wedding Style, Destination Weddings and Destination Weddings & Honeymoons. In 2015 Conde Nast Johansens selected Cap Juluca as the "Most RomanticHideaway" and Brides magazine named Cap Juluca as the #3 Top Resort in the Caribbean for Honeymoons.


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Loles Leon, 57, went back to the married British actor's suite in the five-star Santo Mauro after a night out in Madrid.
They met earlier in the evening on TV show Vertigo, had dinner and went dancing before going to the hotel with a small group "for one last drink".
But the lights in the 61-year-old's suite were not working, and the actress fell down 18 steps. Leon, from Barcelona, spent 36 days in hospital after the incident in October 1999.
She has fought a lengthy legal battle with the hotel since, but yesterday the Supreme Court in Madrid ordered the Santo Mauro to pay her £39,000.
She had demanded £480,000, but the court found the hotel only partially responsible for not having emergency lighting in the suite.
Today Leon, who appeared in Pedro Almodóvar's films Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown and Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down!, told a Spanish newspaper: "As Jeremy is such a gentleman he insisted I went in [to the suite] first. There was a staircase, I went to turn the light on and I fell. Everyone was screaming.
"I could have been killed. I lost several jobs, I still see the physiotherapist, and I have never fully recovered."Reuse content


text: You may say "WTF is this? It's been 3 years." Yes but I had started months before it and I didn't know much. I didn't know forums etc but that's another think. I was watching 2010 RTWM shows and I am at last Raw before WM. What did you guys thought about MITB match? Now Swagger looked like an surprise. When there is Christian, Kofi, Drew. Now WWE was high on these three on these days. Kofi was so close to being a main eventer, Drew was the chosen one and Christian was a long reigning ECW Champion until he lost that at last show of WWE ECW. Did you predict that Swagger would win that one? And another one, that great match, Taker vs Shawn, who did you thought that will win?


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Here's one for you: Remember when the Christmas season started the day after Thanksgiving and ended Jan. 1? My wife, Janice, and I track the first mention of Christmas every year (a Wal-Mart ad on Labor Day this year) and then see how long it takes before every last decoration is taken down. Even so, we love the holiday season and all the memories that come with it.
Local TV and radio gener – ated a lot of those memories. WEWS was the first TV station in Ohio, and its first broadcast in 1947 was the annual Cleveland Press Christmas Show from Public Hall. They brought out the big guns, too. Jimmy Stewart, the star of "It's a Wonderful Life," hosted, and word is it was a spectacular show.
A TREE AND A KEY Those were the days when people went to downtown Cleveland for first-run movies, nightlife and shopping; the Christmas season kicked it into high gear. You saw the giant tree at the Sterling-Lindner Davis department store, got lunch in a little toy stove at Higbee's Silver Grille, and then a visit to the "Keeper of the Keys," Mr. Jingeling on Halle's seventh floor.
Starting in the mid '50s, Halle's ran a Mr. Jingeling segment on Captain Penny's show on WEWS every day beginning the day after Thanksgiving and usually ending a day or two before Christmas with an hour-long special.
It was a daily story with Mr. Jingeling and the Play Lady spinning some sort of a tale that involved the latest toy. Remember, this was live TV, and after the show, Max Ellis, Earl Keyes or one of the other actors who played Mr. Jingeling headed back to Halle's to meet fans and hand out special paper keys.
It was so cool to be a kid in Northeast Ohio back then....


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This is the opportunity to have a career in Cadet College. This ad is for Cadet College Punjab Jobs 2016 Latest Advertisement. Cadet College requires applications from suitable candidates. Hence, posts are for Cadet College Chakwal. It means it's a golden chance for everyone to have a fine career in …Read More »
Home / Tag Archives: Cadet College Punjab Jobs 2016


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25+ Years Of Experience
Clinical Director & Head Fortis Flt. Lt. Rajan Dhall Hospital, Vasant Kunj
MD( Medicine) AIIMS ,FRCP (London)
Dr. Ashok Kumar is the Director & Head, Department of Rheumatology. He has a rich and varied experience of over 25 years in Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology. Dr. Ashok Kumar was Professor of Medicine & Head of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology Service at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi before joining Fortis Hospital, Vasant Kunj in April 2009. His expertise pertains to rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis/ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, SLE, scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, vasculitis (e.g. Wegener's granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa) and soft-tissue rheumatism. Dr. Kumar imparted training to a number of Clinical Fellows in the subject of Rheumatology.


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LA Theater Lover's Event Journal
Thursday September 12, 2013 / 8:00pm (Preview)Breath and Imagination: The Story of Roland Hayes
2 tickets
Tier C Special
How was your experience?
Voices were tremendous! Read about Roland Hayes on Wikipedia before you go. Go to hear the voices if for no other reason.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Mar 7, 1972
|Filing date
|Nov 13, 1969
|Priority date
|Nov 13, 1969
|Publication number
|Dyer Lawrence D
|Original Assignee
|Texas Instruments Inc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (14), Classifications (13)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
[ 51 Mar. 7, 1972 United States Patent Dyer Primary Examiner-William L. Jarvis [541 PRODUCTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL [72] Inventor:
Attorney-Samuel M. Mims, .lr., James 0. Dixon, l-lassell,
Lawrence D. Dyer, Richardson, Tex.
ABSTRACT Assignee: Texas Instruments Incorporated, Dallas,
When producing semiconductor bodies by a proces of positing semiconductor material from a gaseous mixture on gated crystalline semiconductor starting filamen between two laterally fixed supports, ments are removed by allowing substantially friction-free, lateral movement of the filament as it is heated prior to vapor deposition. This movem coupling segment'between the fi supports to thereby allow lateral d ment as any lateral stress of the this method is coupled with convention longitudinal stress in the fila n b e 0: en da m 1 5 %5 19H19 ZM ZM 8 8 3H03H 2 2 A MA 6 6 0 0 l 1 7 7v 1 H 0 .R 1 7 .M m WM .0 W mm C m s m mm c U Q N "m d a n "n R v u 0 MN m "In N 8 m mm m m n w m m d H D. S. MM F A U IF 1 l. .1 ll. 1 2 .l 2 8 6 2 2 5 5 5 l .l i. .ll.
ment, perfection in grown UNITED STATES PATENTS semiconductor bodies is maintained.
Reuschel 117/106 PATENTEDW 7 I972 FIG! INVENTOR LAWRENCE D. DYER PRODUCTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL This invention relates to the production of semiconductor bodies. In another aspect, this invention relates to a method and apparatus for controlling the stress on a seed filament of semiconductor material during operations involving the vapor phase deposition of semiconductor material upon the filament.
Semiconductor materials such as silicon and germanium are commonly used in the manufacture of semiconducting devices such as diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. A conventional method for producing the semiconductor material suitable for the manufacture of electronic components involves the vapor phase deposition of the semiconductor material on a heated filament made from the same material. According to this method an elongated generally cylindrical or flat-sided filament is placed within a reactor such as a quartz tube which is fitted with suitable end plates and graphite electrodes within which the ends of the starting filament are clamped. The filament is then heated by developing a potential across the graphite electrodes and thereby passing current therethrough.
During most operations the filament is initially heated at elevated temperatures and treated with vapors such as hydrogen and/or hydrogen halide to precondition the surface of the filament by etching. Next, the temperature of the filament is lowered somewhat, and a gaseous stream of hydrogen and a silicon halide is passed over the filament. The gaseous components in the stream react upon contacting the hot starting filament and thereby deposit silicon on the surface of the filament. Conventional procedures of this type are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,168,422 and 3,172,791..
When practicing the above-described process in conventional equipment, problems have arisen which result in nonuniform growth and/or defects in the grown semiconductor material due to (1) stresses which arise from sideward restraint and nonaxial positioning of the upper and lower chucks, and (2) stresses which occur due to longitudinal expansion of the filament as it is heated from ambient temperature to the etching and deposition temperature. These stresses can lead to bowing of the formed semiconductor rod and to irregularly deposited semiconductor rods. This in turn results in expensive handling problems during technological processing of the semiconductor rod. Additionally, if the filament is monocrystalline and it is desired to deposit semiconductor material in single crystal form, then the expansion can cause a stress increase that generates an undesirable dislocation content in the crystal which many times yields a product unsuited for electronic purposes.
Recently improved equipment has been devised for alleviating the stresses induced by longitudinal expansion of the filament during the deposition process. These devices are disclosed in my copending applications Ser. No. 744,028 (TI 2904) filed July 11, 1968 and Ser. No. 783,376 (TI 3364) filed Dec. 12, 1968. However, no effective method was heretofore known for alleviating the lateral stresses which are induced in the filament from sideward restraint and nonaxial positioning ofthe upper and lower electrode chucks within the vapor phase reaction chamber.
Therefore, one object of this invention is to provide an improved method for producing semiconductor bodies.
Another object of this invention is to provide a method of alleviating lateral stresses in a seed filament retained between electric leads in a reaction zone during a vapor phase deposition process for producing semiconductor rods.
Still a further object of this invention is to provide an improved process for alleviating both lateral and longitudinal stresses in a semiconductor filament as it expands and contracts between electrical leads during the vapor phase deposition process for producing semiconductor rods.
According to the invention, an improved method and apparatus is provided for growing a semiconductor body wherein an elongated crystalline starting filament is coupled between a pair oflaterally fixed supports (electric chucks) within a vapor phase deposition zone and maintained at an elevated temperature therein, and the lateral stresses within said filament are relieved by melting a coupling segment between said filament and at least one of said supports prior to the vapor phase deposition. The melted segment will deform to relieve any lateral stresses within the filament. The melted segment can either comprise a small section of'the starting filament, or a fusable portion of a conductor connecting the filament to a support.
In one embodiment of this invention, a segment of the semiconductor filament is melted by the action of an RF coil positioned closely around the filament.
In another embodiment of this invention, a small section of the filament is reduced substantially in diameter so that when current passes through the filament, the section will heat to a temperature higher than the rest of the filament and melt to alleviate the lateral stresses in the filament.
In a further embodiment of this invention. a short, very sharp-pointed section of semiconductor material is positioned in a first electrode chuck and aligned with the filament extending from a second electrode chuck. The pointed segment is then moved to contact the extending end of the filament, and current is passed through the electrode, which action causes the sharp-pointed end to melt and deform to relieve any lateral stresses in the filament.
According to still a further embodiment of this invention, the lateral stresses in a semiconductor filament are relieved'by the melting of a fusable dissimilar metal contained within a coupling unitjoining the filament to an electrode.
It is noted that one purpose of this invention is to reduce the number of crystal dislocations formed during heatup and vapor phase growth of single-crystal material used in semiconductor devices, which dislocations are a known source of degradation of such devices.
This invention can be more easily understood from a study of the drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is an elevational view partly in section showing an embodiment of this invention attached to a reactor for producing a crystalline semiconductor rod by vapor phase deposition;
FIG. 2 is a partial view showing another embodiment'of this invention;
FIG. 3 is a partial view showing still another embodiment of this invention; and
FIG. 4 is a partial view showing an alternate electrode chuck which can be used in the scope of this invention.
Now referring to FIG. 1, reactor 10 comprises a cylindrical quartz reactor tube which is held between end plates 12 and 13 by ring clamps l4 and 15, respectively. End plates 12 and 13 are secured to ring clamps l4 and 15 by nut and bolt assemblies l6. Semiconductor filament 17 is positioned within reactor 10 and held in electrical communication between graphite chucks 18 and 19. Electrode 19a extends through end plate 13 and connects to graphite chuck 19. Electrical coupling device 20 connects between graphite chuck l8 and electrode clamp 21, carrying lead 22. Electrode 19a and lead 22 connect to a conventional electrical power source.
Conduit 23 extends through end plate 13 and serves to introduce reactant gases to the interior of reactor 10. Conduit 24 extends through end plate 12 and functions to remove byproduct gases and unreacted reactants from the interior of reactor 10.
(TI coupling device 20 comprises the improved electrical conducting device disclosed in copending application Ser. No. 783,376 (,I 3364) filed Dec. 12, 1968. Electrical coupling device 20 functions to relieve longitudinal stresses on filament 17 during the heatup and cooldown operation. An alternative electrical coupling device is disclosed in my copending application Ser. No. 744,028, (TI 2904) filed on July ll, 1968. While electrical coupling device 20 is not absolutely necessary when proceeding the alleviate lateral stresses in filament 17 in accordance with the broadest concept of this invention, it is preferred that electrical coupling device 20 be utilized in some embodiments of this invention, to yield a rod having substantially no lateral or longitudinal stress induced therein during the vapor deposition process. it
mm nnnn Electrical coupling device generally comprises a bottom section and a top section which is movable in a vertical relationship to the bottom section. The top section of electrical coupling device 20 comprises gas shield 25, chuck 18, and rod 26 which extends downwardly from the inner face of gas shield into socket chamber 28 of the bottom section of coupling device 20.
The bottom section of coupling device 20 is carried by end plate 12 and generally comprises a tubular housing 27 which encloses cooling chamber 29 and a socket member 28 which is adapted to receive rod 26. The bottom of socket chamber 28 is closed by plug 30.
Plug 30 is generally a hollow cylindrical plug which is closed at its lower end and threaded at its upper end and thereby adapted to threadably engage screw threads positioned in the lower end socket chamber 28. Plug 30 functions to retain a conductive fluid such as a molten or liquid metal, for example, mercury and preferably gallium. Heating device 32 is attached to the bottom of plug 30 for the purpose of supplying sufficient heat to maintain metal 31 in the liquid state. Leads 32a are connected to a conventional power source. Electrode clamp 21 is positioned around plug 30 as described above.
Porous bushing 33, which is generally a gas-permeable cylindrical member, is positioned adjacent the open end socket chamber 28. Bushing 33 can be any tubular porous metal known in the art, such as a porous bronze lubricated bushing which has been heated to remove the oil therefrom. Porous bushing 33 is suspended in the open end of socket 28 by holding members 34 which engage and seat with indentations around either end of bushing 33 to yield an annular space 35 between the wall of socket chamber 28 and the outside periphery of porous bushing 33.
Control gas inlet conduit 36 extends through housing 27,
cooling chamber 20 and the upper portion socket chamber 28 to communicate with annular space 35. Control valve 37 is operatively positioned within control gas inlet conduit 36. Control gas outlet conduit 38 communicates between the interior socket chamber 28 below porous bushing 33 and pressure control valve 39. Conduit 40 is positioned within conduit 38 at a point upstream of control valve 39, and is operatively connected to pressure gauge 41. Cooling chamber 29 is connected to coolant inlet and outlet conduits (not shown).
As shown in FIG. 1 RF coil 42 is operatively positioned around the lower portion of filament 17 as it enters graphite chuck 18. RF coil 42 is suspended within the interior of quartz reactor tube 11 by suitable means such as support arm 43. In addition, RF coil 42 is connected to suitable actuation means by electric lead 44 which communicates through the interior of support arm 43, and through end plate 12.
The basic cylindrical reactor utilized in FIG. 1 can be used for the vapor phase deposition of semiconductor materials known in the art such as, for example, silicon, germanium, and compounds of Groups IIIA and VA of the Periodic Table as illustrated on page 8-2 of The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Chemical Rubber Company (1964). However, for the purposes of illustration, this invention will be described in relation to the production ofa silicon rod. In operation, a seed filament of silicon 17 is initially retained between chucks 18 and 19. In most conventional operations the reaction chamber is initially evacuated by a vacuum source and current is then passed through filament 17 until filament 17 is heated to an elevated temperature suitable for etching of the surface thereof. Next, etching vapors such as for example, hydrogen and hydrogen chloride, are passed into the reactor through inlet conduit 23 and exhausted therefrom by outlet conduit 24, in a predetermined manner for a predetermined time.
When operating in accordance with the embodiment of this invention as illustrated in FIG. 1, filament 17 is initially positioned between graphite chucks l8 and 19 through RF coil 42. Electrical coupling device 20 is actuated in a manner to be described below.
Electrical coupling device is operated by initially supplying current through leads 32a to heating device 32 to thereby cause gallium 31 to liquefy. When heating device 32 has melted gallium 31 and rod 26 is free to move within the pool of liquid metal, valves 37 and 39 are opened to allow control gas to pass through porous bushing 33 and out both from under gas shield 25 and conduit 38. A suitable control gas can be any gas which is nondeleterious to the etching procedure and noncontaminating to the subsequent deposition procedure. Preferably, the control gas is hydrogen. When pressure valve 39 is closed, an increased pressure on liquid gallium 31 results, which in turn will force rod 26 upward.
Next, current is passed through filament 17 via electrodes 18 and 19 to thereby cause filament 17 to heat to a temperature at which there is no dislocation generation within filament 17 (below about 960 C.). This heating of filament 17 will cause it to expand in a conventional manner. Next. RF coil 42 is actuated to thereby intensely heat the small segment 17a of filament 17, which is positioned therewithin. This intense heating causes segment 17a to begin to melt. Pressure valve 39 is closed slightly to cause chuck 18 to move upward relative to filament 17, and slightly bulge segment 17a. Any lateral stresses within filament 17 which basically result from angular or positional misalignments of chucks 18 and 19 are achieved by deformation of melted silicon 17a of filament 17.
The longitudinal stresses are next relived prior to etching. Valve 39 is adjusted until the pressure read by gauge 41 will be sufficient to support the weight of the upper section of electrical coupling device 20 comprising rod 26, gas shield 25 and chuck 18, and one-half the weight of filament 17 while providing a sufficient flow of gas to hold rod 26 in a spaced relationship from the inside surface of porous bushing 30. This offsetting pressure will allow filament 17 to expand uniformly during heating without unnecessary distortive forces acting thereon. During this operation, cooling water can be passed through cooling chamber 29.
After the stresses are relieved from filament 17, the vapor phase etching and deposition processes are carried out in a conventional manner. For example, filament 17 is initially heated to a temperature of about 1200 C. and a mixture of hydrogen and hydrogen chloride (about 10 weight percent hydrogen chloride in the hydrogen) is passed through the interior of reactor 10 via conduits 23 and 24 for a period such as one-half hour. Next, suitable reactants are passed to the interior of the reactor such as for example, trichlorosilane. hydrogen chloride and hydrogen to contact filament 17 and deposit pure silicon on the surface thereof.
FIG. 2 illustrates another manner in producing the lateral stress relief according to this invention. As illustrated, the lower portion of filament 17 directly above the portion extending within chuck 18 is ground to a reduced diameter segment 17b, as illustrated. It is noted that the particular position of segment 1712 on filament 17 is not critical, but preferably is located adjacent a chuck. Thus, as current is passed through filament 17 via electrodes 18 and 19 in a conventional manner, the reduced diameter segment 17b will heat much more rapidly than the remaining portion offilament 17, until it melts. The melting will allow distortion of the melted area to thereby offset any lateral stresses within the filament 17. The relative diameter of segment 17b as compared to filament 17 will vary according to the particular situation. When producing a single-crystal silicon body, the relative diameters between section 17b and filament 17 should be sufficient to allow segment 17b to melt before the body of filament 17a reaches dislocation producing temperature of about 960 C. It is noted that during the procedure ofmelting segment 17b, it is preferred that the temperature differential between the larger diameter portion of filament 17 and segment 17b be no less than about 475 C.
Segment 17b can be formed on filament 17 by conventional milling or grinding operations. Since it is very difficult to grind or mill single-crystal silicon to a diameter much smaller than about l/l6 inch before breakage occurs, it has been found when utilizing a relatively small diameter seed filament 17, that an alternate procedure can be utilized to obtain the desired diameter of segment 1712. According to this alternative procedure, segment 17b is initially milled to about 1/16 inch. Then filament 17 is placed between graphite chucks l8 and 19 and heated to a suitable etching temperature, e.g.. about 900 C. This operation will cause segment 17b to become considerably hotter than the body of filament l7 and to thereby etch much faster than the body of filament 17 during the subsequent etching step. Next, etching vapors comprising hydrogen containing about 10 weight percent I-ICl are passed in contact with filament 17. The vapors will etch the entire surface of filament 17, but the action of the vapors on segment 17b will substantially reduce the diameter thereof until the current flowing therethrough causes softening thereof and subsequent release oflateral stresses in filament 17.
After the etching step, the deposition step is carried out in the conventional manner. However, since segment 17b is at an increased temperature, the deposition of silicon occurs at an increased rate thereon until segment 17b reaches a diameter substantially the same as the diameter of filament 17. As the diameter of segment 17b increases, the temperature thereof will correspondingly drop. In this manner, as deposition proceeds, a silicon body of uniform diameter will thereby be formed.
If desired, the heating of segment 1712 can be supplemented by the use of an RF coil 42, as illustrated in FIG. 1, or one or more spot heaters which focus on section 171;. Suitable spot heaters include heaters consisting of a quartz protected tungsten filament and an elliptically shaped reflector.
Now referring to FIG. 3, a preferred embodiment of this invention is illustrated. In this preferred embodiment silicon segment 45 is initially formed which comprises a shank portion 45a adapted to fit within chuck l8 and a pointed portion 45b. Pointed portion 45b is sharpened by a suitable grinding or milling operation to a point having a breadth of from about 1 micron to about 1/32 inch in diameter. Seed filament 17 is next suspended from graphite chuck l9 and then chuck 18 carrying segment 45 is moved upward by the action of electrical coupling device 20 until the tip of pointed portion 45b is in contact with the lower end of seed filament 17 as illustrated in FIG. 0.
Current is passed through filament l7 and segment 45 thereby heating the tip of pointed portion 45b and causing softening and melting thereof. This melting will allow deformation to relieve any stresses in filament 17. It is noted also that the melting of the tip of pointed portion 45b will create molten silicon which will spread over the surface of the end of seed filament 17. This action will create surface tension between the melted silicon and the end of filament 17 to aid in holding filament l7 and segment 45 in intimate contact during the etching and deposition operation.
Now referring to FIG. 4, a further embodiment of this invention is illustrated. Composite coupling member 46 generally comprises a graphite chuck member 47 for receiving the lower end of seed filament 17 and the upper end of connecting member 48. Connecting member 48 has a lower shank portion adapted to fit within chuck l8 and an upper portion having fusable conductor 49 extending concentrically therefrom. Fusable conductor 49 carries graphite extension 50 on the upper end thereof and is adapted to fit within the lower chuck of graphite chuck member 47. Fusable conductor 49 can be made of any suitable metal, such as tin or a tin alloy. Fusable conductor 49 can be either cylindrical or tapered in shape. Graphite chuck member 47 carries a downwardly extending shield 51 positioned concentrically around the lower portion thereof for deflecting reactant gases and decomposition products from the fusable conductor 49. In addition, shield 51 will direct any contaminating vapors emitted from fusable conductor 49 toward outlet conduit 24. It is noted also, that connecting member 48 carries receptacle 52 in the upper end thereof. Receptacle 52 will retain any molten material from fusable conductor 49 during the melting operation.
In the operation of the apparatus as illustrated in FIG. 4, composite coupling member 46 is connected to graphite chuck l8, and seed filament 17 is positioned between graphite chuck l9 and composite coupling member 46. Next, current is passed through filament 17, causing fusable conductor 49 to deform and thereby relieve lateral stresses within seed filament I7. Fusable conductor 49 will melt and cause mating between the lower portion 47a of graphite chuck member 47 and the upper portion 48a of coupling member 48 to thereby allow electrical contact therebetween during the etching and deposition operations.
The following example is given to illustrate a preferred embodiment of this invention, and it is not intended to limit the scope thereof."
EXAMPLE Using a reactor as illustrated in FIG. 1, except that RF coil 42 was not present, an '8 X A inch single-crystal silicon filament was suspended from graphite chuck 19. Next, a silicon segment approximately A inch in diameter and 1 inch long, having a cylindrical check portion and a sharply pointed end portion was positioned in graphite chuck 18 so that the point thereof was directed toward the lower end of the filament suspended from chuck 19. Valves 37 and 39 were actuated to allow electrical coupling device 20 to move upward and the point of the chip to contact the lower end of the seed filament. The reactor was flushed and current was passed through electrodes 18 and 19. Hydrogen was introduced through inlet conduit 23 and exhausted through outlet circuit 24. Pressure valve 39 was regulated so that electrical coupling device 20 supported the weight of rod 26, shield 25, chuck l8, and the pointed segment, and one-half of the weight of the seed filament. The pointed end of the silicon segment melted when the filament reached 600 C. to thereby allow deformation in the coupling segment and the resultant release of lateral stress within seed filament 17. The temperature of the filament was next increased to 1,1 10 C. and maintained at that temperature for 15 minutes. after which the filament was cooled and removed from the reactor. Next, the filament was cut into V2- inch sections and analyzed for dislocations according to the technique disclosed in E. Sirtl and A. Adler in Z. F. Metallk, Volume 52, Number 8, page 529 (1961). No dislocations were found in any of the segments.
It is noted that even though the above example was directed to relieving stresses in a single-crystal starting filament. it must be understood that this invention can also be utilized for relieving stressing in a polycrystalline filament to prevent warpage and breakage thereof.
Thus, while this invention has been described in relation to its preferred embodiments it is to be understood that various modifications thereof will be apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading this specification, and it is intended to cover such modifications as will fall within the scope of the appended claims.
I claim:
1. In a method of growing a crystalline semiconductor body by depositing semiconductor material from a gaseous mixture onto an elongated crystalline starting element coupled between a pair of laterally fixed supports within a vapor deposition zone and maintained at an elevated temperature therein, the improvement comprising:
allowing substantially friction-free lateral movement of said filament by melting a coupling segment between said filament and at least one of said supports to relieve lateral stresses as said filament is heated to said elevated temperature.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said coupling segment comprises a segment ofsaid starting filament having a reduced diameter.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said melting is caused by passing electric current through said filament.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said coupling segment comprises a narrowed portion of semiconductor material held in contact with one of said filament.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said melting is caused by passing electric current through said filament.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said coupling segment comprises a fusable metal.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein said melting is caused by passing electric current through said filament.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein said fusable metal is selected from tin and tin alloys.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein said coupling segment comprises a portion of said starting filament which is heated to its melting temperature by the action of an RF coil.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein said melting is caused by heating said coupling segment with an RF coil.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein said starting filament is silicon.
12. An apparatus for producing a body of semiconductor material by vapor phase deposition comprising:
a. an enclosed reaction chamber;
b. inlet conduit means for introducing vaporous reactants to the interior of said enclosed reaction chamber;
c. outlet conduit means for conducting vapors from the interior of said enclosed reaction chamber;
d. a pair spaced-apart electrode chuck means for holding an elongated semiconductor filament within said enclosed reaction chamber;
14. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said coupling means comprises a heater adapted to intensely heat a small section of said filament.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said heater comprises an RF coil positioned around said filament.
16. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said coupling means comprises a pointed semiconductor segment extending from one of said electrode chuck means and adapted to contact one end of said filament extending from the other of said electrode chuck means.
17. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said coupling means comprises a composite chuck member adapted to seat within one of said'electrode chuck members and extend therefrom to receive one end of said filament, and having a fusable midportion adapted to deform when electric current is passed therethrough.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 6, 1962
|Oct 13, 1964
|Siemens Ag
|Method of producing electronic semiconductor devices having a monocrystalline body with zones of respectively different conductance
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 4, 1974
|Jun 22, 1976
|Technicon Instruments Corporation
|Coating apparatus including liquid sealant between compartments
|Apr 18, 1974
|Jun 28, 1977
|Camahort Jose L
|Apparatus for producing improved high strength filaments
|Nov 8, 2002
|Jan 13, 2004
|Advanced Silicon Materials Llc
|Method for inducing controlled cleavage of polycrystalline silicon rod
|Mar 12, 2012
|Aug 11, 2015
|MEMC Electronics Materials S.p.A.
|Method for machining seed rods for use in a chemical vapor deposition polysilicon reactor
|Mar 29, 2010
|Jan 19, 2016
|Sitec Gmbh
|Clamping and contacting device for thin silicon rods
|Mar 26, 2009
|Jun 30, 2011
|Gt Solar, Incorporated
|Gold-coated polysilicon reactor system and method
|Jun 23, 2009
|Aug 25, 2011
|Gt Solar Incorporated
|Chuck and bridge connection points for tube filaments in a chemical vapor deposition reactor
|Mar 12, 2012
|Sep 12, 2013
|Memc Electronic Materials Spa
|System For Machining Seed Rods For Use In A Chemical Vapor Deposition Polysilicon Reactor
|Mar 29, 2010
|Mar 21, 2012
|Clamping and contacting device for thin silicon rods
|Mar 29, 2010
|Dec 31, 2014
|Clamping and contacting device for thin silicon rods
|Nov 21, 2002
|Jun 12, 2003
|Advanced Silicon Materials Llc
|Method for inducing controlled cleavage of polyrystalline silicon rod
|Jun 23, 2009
|Jan 21, 2010
|Gt Solar Incorporated
|Chuck and bridge connection points for tube filaments in a chemical vapor deposition reactor
|Jun 23, 2009
|Jun 3, 2010
|Gt Solar Incorporated
|Chuck and bridge connection points for tube filaments in a chemical vapor deposition reactor
|Mar 29, 2010
|Oct 14, 2010
|Centrotherm Sitec Gmbh
|Clamping and contacting device for thin silicon rods
|U.S. Classification
|117/10, 118/728, 423/349, 117/935, 427/588, 117/103
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Federal authorities yesterday announced the largest fine ever levied against a company for hiring illegal immigrants -- $1.5 million against a Westchester County cleaning business -- as part of a national effort to increase pressure on employers to comply with immigration laws.
A lawyer for the company, Colin Service Systems Inc., which is based in White Plains and employs 4,200 people in seven states, said it had never knowingly hired illegal workers and would contest the fines.
Article, page B3.Continue reading the main story


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Singapore Grand Prix and Other Marquee Sporting Events
The Singapore Grand Prix Formula 1 racing event is held in September each year. It is a unique racing spectacle and is held under floodlights in the night. And more interestingly, instead of a racing circuit, the cars run through the city's streets. Imagine the amount of preparations the organizers have to go through and the amount of co-operation the public has to provide in having an event of this magnitude conducted over three days! The 2015 singapore grand prix is still months away, but you may be able to do some advance bookings if you wish to avoid any disappointment later.
Tickets and Stay Packages Combined
If you are living in some part of the world far away from Singapore, and you still wish to be part of the excitement the city witnesses over the grand prix event, there are ways you can make sure you not only get the tickets to watch the races from a vantage point, but your 4 day stay in Singapore is also taken care of. In the case of the 2016 Singapore Grand Prix, the air travel arrangements will have to be made by you. The rest gets included in the package you buy. Besides the ticket to the races, the package you choose will have a 4 day stay coupon in a star hotel in Singapore, which includes the daily breakfast. Apart from this, a couple of other events are thrown in, like the pre-race party and the daily music concerts. It may not be feasible to predict the singers who will perform in the 2016 Singapore Grand Prix, but in the past, great names like Bon Jovi, Maroon 5 and Pharrell have been part of the extravaganza. Some of the premium packages will include some merchandise specially issued for the event and much coveted by the F1 fans.
Other Major Sporting Events Covered
There are other popular sporting events around the word which avid fans love to attend. For some marquee tournaments like the Australian Open in Melbourne, it could be sometimes difficult to get tickets. In particular, in the Centre Court, if you wish to sit in some of the front rows and watch the top players battle it out, you will have to go for australian open premium tickets. These are made available by Tennis Australia, the organizers of the tournament exclusively to some of their affiliates from whom you can buy as part of the packages. Check out KPT US Masters Golf.
The All England Lawn Tennis Championship, more popularly called Wimbledon, is another famous event for which travel and hotel bookings are made much in advance. If you are keen on availing some economical Wimbledon travel tickets and also book a package that includes a comfortable hotel stay, you may have to rush now.
The English Premier League (EPL) is one of the best if not the best football league tournaments in the world. World's top footballers can be seen in action playing for one English club or the other and there is no dearth of action, and if you wish to book UK Premier League tickets, you can pick the choices, and you can get to watch some crucial derbies of the season. For more details visit http://www.kpt.com.au/.


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Acrylic on canvas, inspired by Otto Muller's painting.Size 11.5"x 15.5" (approx)Please note that the colors of the original paintings always slightly vary from what one views on the computer monitor/mobile screen.No frame, will look wonderful in a frame with a mat. Supplementary images are not to scale.Please contact me for cost of shipping to countries not found in Shipping details and for any other questions. Shipped flat in cardboard box/reinforced envelope or rolled in a tube whichever is ideal-The shipping cost indicated is that of Indian Posts Service, with tracking facility. International delivery may take two to three weeks.Customs/Import duty/formalities if any to be borne by the buyer. These are not included in the price or shipping cost of the artwork
acrylic paints and primed canvas
Acrylic painting by Asha Shenoy
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Homeopathic healthcare player Dr Batra's Positive Health Clinic on Tuesday announced their first WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) enabled service for the public using mobile phones.
Titled 'mHealth', this service would help people get free consultation from Dr Batra's Clinics. Services on offer would include registration, case history in brief, online chat with doctors for medical queries, appointment requests and also for commencing or renewing treatment plans, Dr Akshay Batra, Managing Director of Dr Batra positive clinic, told reporters.
"This service targets people who have extremely hectic schedules as well as the general public. The enterprise makes sure that a qualified and recognised doctor is always available when required", he said.
"Initially four doctors would offer their services through this mode. Later 300 Doctors would be enrolled," he said People can visit www.drbatras.com for this service from GPRS enabled phones, he said.
He claimed that this was the first-of-its kind initiative by a homoepathic organisation in India.


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|Time & Place
|Saturday, May 20, 2017 @ 7:00 pm
4552 Princess Anne Rd.
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
|General Admission
|Military, Senior (60), or Student (w/ID)
|TFAM Member
|Child 10-17 w/adult
|Child under 10 w/adult
Stir up some singer/songwriter, folky blues, soulful R&B, add a little rock, and you come up with the influences which molded Ron Fetner's musical career.
From his early days of sneaking into old blues and rock clubs, Ron was being influenced by the music which touched his soul. After years of paying his dues, Ron finally had enough songs under his belt to release his first solo CD in 1997 entitled This Box I'm Looking Through. Acoustic/Public Radio quickly took notice and started playing songs from this CD, including NPR's The Folk Sampler with Mike Flynn and WHRO/Barry Graham's Acoustic Highway Ron was also a winner in the 6th Songwriters Association of Washington's Mid-Atlantic Song Contest.
Ron released another solo CD, Turning for Home in 2001. Turning for Home was a totally acoustic project which propelled Ron onto the Kerrville, TX stage and a win in the prestigious Kerrville NewFolk competition. Quickly following came awards at Doc Watson's/Merlefest Chris Austin Song Contest, Falcon Ridge's Emerging Artist Showcase, the Austin Songwriter Group and Winfield, Kansas' Walnut Valley Song Showcase.
In 2005, Ron released Defying Gravity, which was recorded in Chris Rosser's Asheville, NC studio. Gravity included the widely popular "Man On The Moon" and the holiday favorite, "My Name is Justin", which Ron has provided as a holiday anthem for the Salvation Army's annual Angel Tree campaign.
Sunday Morning Blue followed in 2009, which Ron recorded at home, with Grammy winner and good friend Kim Person doing mixing and editing. Sunday Morning included his versions of "Route 66" and "House of the Rising Sun", along with newly written songs like "Don't Burn the Zion Church" and "Carolina Rain".
In January 2011, Ron and harpist Tom Dikon teamed to win the Tidewater IBC Blues Challenge. Tom and Ron produced a 6-song EP for their trip to Memphis to compete against other Challenge winners. Watch Your Step included 5 original songs written by Tom and Ron and a new version of "Route 66".
His latest effort came in 2012 when he was offered the opportunity to play and sing on Blues great, Eddie Shaw's newest CD, Still Riding High.
Ron has appeared at major festivals like Kerrville Folk Festival, Merlefest, Falcon Ridge, Tucson Folk Festival and First Night-Asheville, and in top venues like Nashville's Bluebird Café, Little Rock's Acoustic Sounds Café, Memphis's Pig On Beale and DC's famous "The Bayou". Ron has opened or shared stages with Trisha Yearwood, Dire Straits, The Nighthawks, Talking Heads, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band and David Wilcox just to name a few.
Ron is still riding high, enjoying playing in venues which love to be entertained with his enthusiastic performances. Don't miss an opportunity to see Ron in person.
Bobby "BlackHat" Walters, recording artist, harmonica player, vocalist, songwriter and 2008 International Blues Challenge Semi-Finalist, hails from Cleveland, Ohio and has been playing harp for over 30 years. After retiring from the U.S. Coast Guard, he started taking his harp playing seriously and has been on a meteoric rise as a performer and songwriter. Bobby believes that the best blues comes from personal experience and you can see that philosophy in his original works such as "Please Give Me A Clue" and "I Hear Mama's Voice". Bobby has shared the stage with Kenny Neal, Bill Deal and the Rhondels, Jason Ricci and New Blood, Eddie Shaw and Wolfgang, Daryl, Davis, and Ruthie Foster.
Bobby brings together the finest blues musicians in Hampton Roads to perform classic, modern, as well as original blues tunes that will keep your toes tappin and your hips shakin' all night long.
"I bought my first harp after hearing Lee Oskar play with WAR in 1972. The sound of his harp just mesmerized me and I knew right then and there I was gonna be a harp player too."
Bobby Blackhat has been voted the MEONA 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 "Harp Player of the Year" and the 2004, 2005 "Blues Entertainer of the Year".
Bobby and Guitarist Larry Berwald were semi-finalists in the solo/duo category at the 2008 International Blues Challenge in Memphis, TN.
In 2006, Bobby added acting credits to his resume when he participated in the filming of the History Channel documentary "Sherman's March to the Sea".


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Pumpkin Semolina Cake
Although it's one of my favorites, I haven't had a piece of pumpkin pie yet this fall. Actually, in the spirit of full disclosure, I did have a few bites of a piece from Mission Pie but that doesn't really count. I seem to have a tendency to over-do it with pumpkin pie and get a little tired of it before Thanksgiving.
So I wait, thinking of other ways to use pumpkin. I was leafing through my recipe binder the other night and stumbled across this recipe for Pumpkin Semolina Cake. Semolina flour is available in most supermarkets, so you shouldn't have much trouble finding it. It's often used to make homemade pasta and pizza dough because it has a higher gluten percentage, making pasta stretch easily rather than breaking apart. While Italians use it for pastas, it's traditionally used in Greece, North Africa and the Middle East to make crumbly baked goods. Because of the high egg content in this recipe, the cake is almost pudding-like with a large, moist crumb (thanks to the semolina flour).
I'd never baked a cake in a water bath before, although I'd heard of people doing so with cheesecakes. It turns out, it's a common practice with delicate foods and egg-based desserts (of which this is one) because it allows them to cook at a lower, even temperature. This cake is best served warm with a dollop of homemade whipped cream. And I think it's especially nice served with cinnamon or mint tea. It should tide me over until Thanksgiving when I'll savor my first real piece of pumpkin pie. However, I loved this cake so much that–dare I say–it could even be a nice substitute.
Pumpkin Semolina Cake
- Yield: 10-12
- Prep time: 20 mins
- Cook time: 50 mins
- Total time: 1 hr 10 mins
From: Cottage Living
Preheat oven to 350 F. Lightly grease a 9-inch springform pan, and dust with flour. Wrap outside of pan halfway up sides with aluminum foil, and place in a heavy-duty roasting pan.
Combine the first 5 ingredients in a small saucepan, and bring to a simmer over medium heat. Slowly whisk in semolina flour until smooth. Remove from heat, and place in a large bowl to cool. Add the butter and pumpkin, stirring well.
Sift together all-purpose flour, baking powder, and salt in a medium bowl; fold into pumpkin mixture until incorporated. Beat egg yolks and 1/2 cup sugar at medium speed with an electric mixer until light yellow and fluffy, about 3 minutes. Clean mixer blades, and beat egg whites in a separate bowl at high speed with an electric mixer until frothy. Gradually add remaining 1/4 cup sugar, and beat to form stiff peaks. Fold yolk mixture into pumpkin mixture; gently fold in egg whites.
Pour batter into prepared pan, place in a water bath, and bake at 350 F for 50-55 minutes or until set in the center. Out of the oven, remove cake pan from water bath. Cool slightly. Serve warm.
Oh my! It looks divine. Thanks for sharing! Side note: Does high gluten content make breads crumbly? I make honey whole wheat bread weekly and it's too crumbly lately...too much added gluten? TIA for your tips! :)
Megan Gordon
Catherine: high gluten doesn't necessarily make breads in particular crumbly...in fact, usually the opposite. If your honey whole wheat has been too crumbly, I'd try switching to a white wheat flour (assuming you were using all whole wheat) which has more gluten and will hold your loaf together with fewer crumbs.
Hope that helps!
What?? This sounds ridiculous. And by ridiculous I mean ridiculously delicious. Semolina + pumpkin, I imagine it would create the most tender bite. Adding to my holiday repertoire!
I am on a huge pumpkin AND semolina kick = making this recipe tomorrow!
Sarah, Maison Cupcake
This looks delicious. Pumpkin desserts are quite unusual in the UK so everyone would love this.
Mardi @eatlivetravelwrite
This looks great and a nice twist on the traditional pie.
Megan Gordon
Kasey-Yes, ridiculous is the perfect word. I'm having some for breakfast this morning!
Karen-Let me know how it turns out!
Sarah-Really? I didn't know that about the UK. Interesting. You could start some new trends...
Love the baby pumpkins. This cake looks beautiful - a great alternative to pumpkin pie!
I made this cake tonight and it is DELICIOUS!!!! So moist and tasty. I didn't have all the spices so I substituted with a bit of pumpkin pie spice and a pinch of chinese 5 space.
Thanks so much for sharing this great recipe. I'll definitely be making it again.
This looks delcious!! Absolutely stunning too!
MMMMMMMMMMMM,...all the way!
I have confirmed that this cake is, in fact, RIDICULOUS!!!! I made this last night as a test trial and ate it with my husband, warm and with a scoop of vanilla ice cream. Suffice to say he demolished it in a matter of seconds. I will be making it again this morning to bring to tonight's dinner gathering at my in-laws. And as of 5 minutes ago I called my mother in Florida and she has agreed to phone-bake with me (simultaneously baking, her in Florida and I in North Carolina). She is on her way right now to picking up semolina flour from the store.
Megan thank you so much for such a delicious recipe!!!
Megan Gordon
Dani-I'm so excited that you enjoyed the cake...and that you're having a phone-bake with your mom. That rocks. Happy Thanksgiving, enjoy...and thanks for letting me know how it turned out!
My fav is a Better Homes & Gardens Recipe: Lemonade Roll. It's the same concept as Pumpkin Roll but obslvuoiy you replace the pumpkin with Lemon. It is light, fluffy & scrumptious. I'm actually going to be making it on Friday for the Visdos family Valentine's Day celebration. : ) I have a photo of it that I will put onto fb since I'm not sure how to post a pic to your blog.
Spring Desserts
Whole Grain Any-Fruit Crisp
On Monday our little family of three is headed to the airport at 6 am to board our first with-baby cross-country trip. We'll be visiting Sam's family in New Jersey for a few days, then renting a car and driving over to meet up with my family at my mom's lake house in the Adirondacks. Sam's younger sister and her kids have yet to meet Oliver; my grandpa has yet to meet him, and Oliver has yet to take a dunk in a lake, see a firefly, or spend quality time with energetic dogs -- of which there will be three. A lot of firsts. This week my family has been madly texting, volunteering to make certain meals or sweets on assigned days while we're at the cabin and it got me thinking about really simple, effortless summer desserts -- in particular, ones that you can make while staying in a house with an unfamiliar kitchen and unfamiliar equipment and still do a pretty bang-up job. I think fruit crisp is just that thing.
Cherry and Poppy Seed Yogurt Cake
Somehow, in what seems to have been a blink of an eye, we have a six month old baby. In some ways I can't remember a time we didn't have an Oliver, and in other ways it's all a blur broken up by a few holidays (a Thanksgiving thanks to grocery store takeout, and our very first Christmas in Seattle), a few family visits, a one-day road trip to Portland, a birthday dinner out, a birthday cake, weekend drives to nowhere in particular, swimming at the pool with Oliver, weekly get-togethers with our parent's group, doctor's visits, hundreds of walks around the neighborhood, hundreds of cups of coffee, dozens (or more?) of scoops of ice cream. Most of the worrying about keeping a baby alive has made way for other concerns, and Oliver's need for constant stimulation or soothing walks and car rides has been traded for stretches of time playing with a new toy or checking out his surroundings. In truth, it's thanks to that tiny bit of baby independence that this humble, summery cake came to be in the first place. So we've all got an Oliver to thank for that. Or, really, we have a Yossi Arefi to thank, as it's from her beautiful new cookbook that I've bookmarked heavily and am eager to continue exploring.
For Now, For Summer
We walked to the library last week and I had a strange realization standing in line watching Sam check out his usual massive stack of books: Will I ever have the time to read stacks of books again? I used to be much more of a reader than I am today -- a fact I'm not at all proud of. But when evening rolls around and the more formal workday ends, I find emails and other odds and ends creep in. Walking home from the library, I began obsessing over free time for reading, asking Sam if we'd ever be those two old people who study bird manuals and can recognize birds on walks. I want to have the time to read bird manuals someday. For now though, we're young and we're working a lot. We did sneak away on that one-night camping trip I told you about, and cooked some interesting, haphazard meals which I hope to share with you soon. For now though, for summer: a strawberry dessert recipe.
Good and Simple
Much like friends, types of Sunday mornings, or books -- there are many different kinds of desserts. Sometimes you may be in the mood for a light French cake piled high with summer fruit. Other days, a thick slice of fragrant pound cake will do. And then there are those days when you crave a rich chocolate mousse that you share after a night of good conversation and a little too much wine. But let's be honest. When it comes right down to it, the most basic and unassuming dessert of all is sometimes the only one that will do. A good and simple affair. Vanilla ice cream. So I want to talk about that today--about a dessert that withstands the test of time, that will always be there for you. A dessert that is far from trendy, that doesn't play favorites or trick you into thinking it's something that it's not. It's a good foundation. A solid beginning.
Visions of Greatness or Something Like It
[ Pie. if you've been around here much in the last few months, you know that I make pie. A lot of pie. And I'm particularly excited to share this pie with you today because it helped me break out of a rut. A pie rut. A baking rut. A Marge inspiration rut.


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Episode 209
May 20, 2012 Bob appears in a cooking segment on a local news morning program, but Gene steals the show when he crashes the set with a sasquatch mask.
Episode 208
Bad Tina
May 13, 2012 Tina starts hanging out with bad girl Tammy in an effort to get closer to Jimmy Junior.
Episode 207
Moody Foodie
May 6, 2012 When the restaurant receives a bad review from a food critic, the Belchers fear that the negative press will keep customers away. When Bob shows up at the critic's house for a redo, his plan quickly spirals out of control when the kids and his fellow restaurant owners show up to support him.
Episode 206
Dr. Yap
Apr 29, 2012 Linda's sister Gayle joins the family ski trip. But before she does so, she picks up a heavily medicated Bob from Dr. Yap, the family dentist. When Bob mistakes Gayle for Linda and kisses her, Gayle falls for Bob. So Bob turns to Dr. Yap for help.
Episode 205
Food Truckin'
Apr 15, 2012 Bob's family persuades him to buy a food truck and compete with the ones stealing his customers right outside the restaurant. When the Belchers bring their food truck to the "Lolla-Pa-Foods-A-Festival," the Belcher kids' mischief causes the foodies and other truck owners to riot against them.
Episode 204
Apr 1, 2012 Bob becomes obsessed with an old-school burger-flipping video game after Jimmy Pesto gets the high score and writes "BOB SUX" on the leader board.
Episode 203
Synchronized Swimming
Mar 25, 2012 The kids con their way out of gym class with a bogus synchronized swimming independent study. Meanwhile, Bob welcomes a new soft serve ice cream machine to the restaurant.
Episode 202
Bob Day Afternoon
Mar 18, 2012 A bank robber holds up a bank across the street from Bob's Burgers. When the robbery goes awry, Bob finds himself at the center of a hostage crisis.
Episode 201
The Belchies
Mar 11, 2012 The kids hunt for treasure in an abandoned taffy factory and Bob and Linda must find them before the factory's scheduled demolition.
About This Show
- Summary
Bob's Burgers is a new animated comedy series from creator Loren Bouchard about a man, his family and their floundering burger joint. Despite the greasy counters, lousy location and occasionally spotty service, Bob and his lovable and quirky family are convinced their burgers are their ticket to success.
Genre: Animation
Network: FOX
Time Slot: Sundays at 8:30pm
Status: Airing
Original Air Date: Jan 9, 2011


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T HE C REDIT C RISIS C AUSES, C ONSEQUENCES & C URES University of Nevada, Reno Institute for the Study of Gambling & Commercial Gaming 14th International Conference on Gambling & Risk Taking Stateline, Nevada May 25-29, 2009 Mark Sievers Sievers & Sievers P.O. Box 546 Cripple Creek CO 80813 (719) 659-7580 email@example.com
M AY Y OU L IVE IN I NTERESTING T IMES M AY ALL OF Y OUR D REAMS C OME T RUE 4 consecutive Qs of GDP declines ◦ 2.7% in 3 d Q 08 ◦ 5.4% in 4 th Q 08 ◦ 6.4% in 1 st Q'09 ◦ 1% in 2 nd Q '09 7.4 million jobs lost since Jan. 08 ◦ Unemployment rate = 9.7% (4.9% in Jan 2008) ◦ Unemployment projected to be 10.5% in Dec. 2009 Spending for business equipment dropped 30% Industrial output dropped 20% in 1 st Q 2009 (equal to 1998 levels) Industrial capacity used dropped to 69% (lowest ever) Banks in trouble ◦ 89 bank failures in2009 ◦ 416 banks failed FDIC grading system Stock market (S&P 500) down about 40% from 2008 June '09 average housing prices down about 30% from Jan. '07 July '09 foreclosures 32% higher than July '08 ◦ 800,000 homes in foreclosure – expected to peak at 1.15 million in 2010 ◦ Cure rates for defaulting mortgages: ◦ Prime loans - 6.6% from 45% (2006) ◦ Alt-A loans - 4.3% from 30% ◦ Subprime – 5.3% from 19.4% 1.4 million bankruptcies expected in 2009 – 75% higher than 2007
I NTERCONNECTED C AUSES Era of Easy/Cheap Money 2000-2005 Era of Easy/Cheap Money 2000-2005 ◦ Greatly expanded the supply of loans Created a Real Estate Bubble Rise of the Shadow Banking System Rise of the Shadow Banking System ◦ Highly leveraged, risk-seeking business model ◦ Equal in size to traditional banking system Securitization of loans Securitization of loans ◦ Expanded cheap/easy money ◦ Agency problems – "loan to sale" business models ◦ Gambling with Credit Default Swaps widespread ◦ Inability to re-negotiate defaulting loans and loans on property where value falls below loan principle
W HAT (W HO ) C AUSED THIS M ESS ? B OOM & B UST M ONETARY P OLICY 2000-2004 – Fed reduces interest rates to combat 9/11 and dot-com recessions 2000-2004 – Fed reduces interest rates to combat 9/11 and dot-com recessions ◦ Wave of cheap money Housing price bubble caused by: Dramatically reduced mortgage rates & sub- prime mortgages increase house prices Securitized loan instruments makes even more money available for cheap mortgages 2005 – 2006 Fed increases interest rates and bursts the housing bubble 2005 – 2006 Fed increases interest rates and bursts the housing bubble ◦ Falling House prices upside-down loans ◦ Collapse in the securitized loan market Fed missed the rise of securitization & highly-leveraged shadow banks Fed missed the rise of securitization & highly-leveraged shadow banks "May you come to the attention of higher authorities."
F EDERAL R ESERVE M ONETARY P OLICY H OUSING P RICE B UBBLE 1% Reduction in Market Mortgage Rates Causes a 10-16% Increase in Housing Prices Robert Schiller – Irrational Exuberance 1% Reduction in Market Mortgage Rates Causes a 10-16% Increase in Housing Prices Robert Schiller – Irrational Exuberance
G REENSPAN ' S B UBBLES F INE -T UNING THE E CONOMY WITH M ONETARY P OLICY Source: Paul Krugman, The Return of Depression Economics (2009) 1999 Stock Market Bubble "Irrational Exuberance" 2006 Housing Price Bubble
US & Japanese Real Estate Bubbles Japanese decline 65 %
M AJOR C ONTRIBUTOR – S ECURITIZATION Bundling & selling loans in bond-like instruments Bundling & selling loans in bond-like instruments ◦ 25% mortgages; 21% credit card loans; 13% auto loans; 15% other (student loans, business loans) Massive Boom & Bust Cycle Massive Boom & Bust Cycle ◦ 1997 $300 billion 2006 $2 trillion 2007 $121 billion Agency Problems Agency Problems ◦ Borrowers are unknown to the bundled loan purchasers – loan renegotiations are virtually impossible when borrower gets into trouble ◦ "Loan to sale" business models -- compensation based on # of loans not loan quality (rise of unregulated mortgage brokers & mortgage lenders) Serious Structural Problems Serious Structural Problems ◦ Low quality (sub-prime) loans in securitized tranches carried high returns, create incentives to make low-quality, risky loans ◦ Valuation grossly complex making after-market sales to 3d parties nearly impossible ◦ Insurance/Gambling via Credit Default Swaps
S ECURITIZATION IN A N UTSHELL AKA T OXIC A SSETS, L EGACY A SSETS Borrowers Households Businesses Lenders Banks Credit Cards Auto Lenders Hedge Funds Mortgage Lenders Loans/Assets Mortgages Sub-Prime Loans Alt-A Loans FHA/VA Loans Credit Cards Auto Loans Student Loans Commercial Loans Special Purpose Vehicle Securitized Instrument Collateralized Debt Obligations Collateralized Loan Obligations Asset Backed Securities Mortgage Backed Securities Arranger Buyers (Highly Leveraged) Investment Banks Pension Funds Hedge Funds Private (Foreign) Investors Rating Agency Credit Default Swaps Insurers Insurance Companies Investment Banks Hedge Funds Individuals Speculators Investment Banks Hedge Funds Investors
S ECURITIZED L OAN I NSTRUMENTS T HE W ATERFALL Loans/Assets Mortgages Sub-Prime Loans Alt-A Loans FHA/VA Loans Credit Cards Auto Loans Student Loans Commercial Loans Senior Tranche High quality loans Priority on cash flow Lower coupon Prices determined by changes in : Risk rating by rating agency Interest rates (P when interest rates ) Loan to value ratio (Market price of assets) Repayment patterns (Foreclosures) MediumTranche Medium quality loans 2d Priority on cash flow Higher coupon Junior Tranche Lowest quality loans Last priority on cash flow Highest coupon Securitized loan portfolio divided into tranches of bond-like instruments with different prices, interest rates and claims on cash flow
L EVERAGING & S HADOW B ANKS (M AGNIFIES R ETURNS & L OSSES ) $100 Million Security 10.5% Return Lender's Money $95 Million Hedge Fund Money $5 Million Conservative Lenders 10% Loan Terms Hedge Fund Investors $95 M $5 M $9.5 M 10% Return to Conservative Lenders $1 M 20% Return to Hedge Fund Investors Problems: Moral Hazard Moral Hazard – Hedge Fund gambles with Conservative Investors' Money No Regulatory Oversight of Leveraging No Regulatory Oversight of Leveraging Oct. 2004 -- SEC suspended net capital rule for largest investment banks eliminating regulatory restrictions on leveraging
S HADOW B ANK R UN Price/Value of securitized bonds/assets falls. Investors: "I 'm outta here. I want to withdraw my money." We don't have the cash to cover the withdrawals Sell securities. Reduce prices to raise the cash. Value of firm falls. Federal Reserve Increases Interest Rates Causes Bond Prices to Fall Federal Reserve Increases Interest Rates Causes Bond Prices to Fall Credit Default Swaps: Bets that firm will fail. Credit Default Swaps: Bets that firm will fail.
H OW L ONG THIS WILL L AST ? CBO E STIMATES – 2014 BEFORE GDP G ROWTH R ETURNS TO N ORMA L Congressional Budget Office: A Preliminary Analysis of the President's Budget and an Update of CBO's Budget and Economic Outlook (March 2009). Assumptions: No exogenous shocks (e.g., no oil price , major bankruptcies,) Government solutions actually work -- do not create other issues
N OW, THE B AD N EWS Expects further declines in real estate prices ◦ Japan's experience – 65% overall decline; 83% decline in commercial real estate ◦ Commercial real estate bubble expected to be as large as securitized mortgage losses Alt-A and Jumbo mortgages (bigger than sub-prime) have begun to reset ◦ Why renew a mortgage on a property worth less than the mortgage? Potential bank-run from pre-existing lines of credit ◦ Approximately $4.5 trillion outstanding Large, high-profile insolvencies disrupting markets(GM, Citigroup) State, local government shortfalls ◦ State/Local governments cannot engage in deficit spending, so MUST increase taxes or substantially decrease spending – both options retard economic growth Political pressure to erect trade barriers to protect domestic industries ◦ Replay of Smoot-Hawley disaster of the Great Depression Return of Stagflation ◦ Replay of the Great Inflation driven by dramatic increases in government spending ◦ Unemployment > 15% (projection for Dec. 2009 = 10.5%)
Economic Policy Cures… Digging out of the Hole Keynesian Policies Keynesian Policies ◦ Spend LOTS of money on stimulus projects Monetary Policies Monetary Policies ◦ Federal funds rate = 0% ◦ Discount window = 0% ◦ Interest on reserve requirements Trade Barriers Trade Barriers ◦ Not yet happened Government Buys Toxic Assets Government Buys Toxic Assets Quasi-Nationalization Quasi-Nationalization ◦ Government invests in financial firms Government Guarantees Government Guarantees ◦ Government issues auto warrantees, guarantees bank deposits New Banking & Investment Regulations New Banking & Investment Regulations Bans/Restrictions on Short Sales Bans/Restrictions on Short Sales ◦ Prevents runs on leveraged firms Bankruptcy to Clean Up Illiquid Assets & Force Re-negotiation of Loan Terms Bankruptcy to Clean Up Illiquid Assets & Force Re-negotiation of Loan Terms ◦ Bankruptcy courts empowered to alter terms of mortgages ◦ Pre-packaged bankruptcy of Chrysler Fix the Credit Markets Stimulate the Economy
P UTTING THE N UMBERS IN C ONTEXT (T AKE A VERY DEEP BREATH BEFORE PROCEEDING …) Total Spending in Entire US Economy (GDP)$14.3 trillion Total US Stock Market Capitalization $15.4 trillion Total Value of US Housing Stock Total Outstanding Mortgage Balances Total Consumer Equity $18.3 trillion $10.4 trillion $2.6 trillion Total Corporate Real Estate Total Corporate Inventories & Equipment $8.4 trillion $5.8 trillion Total Federal, State & Local Government Spending Total Government spending on Health Care Total Defense spending Total Federal, State & Local Education spending $5.2 trillion $910 billion $729 billion $838 billion Total US, State & Local Government Receipts (Taxes) $4.2 trillion Total Federal Government Debt Total 50-State Government Debt $10 trillion $2.5 trillion Total US "Near-cash" Money Supply (M2) $8.2 trillion US Spending on Military Conflicts (2008 dollars; CBO figures) Iraq/Afghanistan (6 years) World War II (5-6 years) Vietnam (10-15 years) Korea (4 years) $804 billion $3.9 trillion $518 billion $456 billion
B AILOUT & S TIMULUS P ROGRAMS ProgramCommitment Government as an Investor$ 4.8 trillion Government as a Lender$ 2.3 trillion Government as an Insurer/Guarantor$ 5.14 trillion Stimulus Spending$1.2 trillion As of May 8, 2009 (changes daily)
G OVERNMENT AS AN I NVESTOR C OMMITMENT = $4. 8 TRILLION ProgramCommitment Commercial paper The Fed is the buyer of last resort in the commercial paper market. $1.6 trillion Public-private investment fund Fund seeks private investors and uses a combination of private and public money to guarantee and buy nonperforming assets. $900 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) Treasury buys stock in banks, General Motors, Chrysler and AIG. $700 billion Federal Home Loan Bank Securities Government buys mortgage-backed securities from Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae. $1.5 trillion A.I.G. Fed provided seed money to create investment vehicles to buy, hold and possibly dispose of bad AIG securities. $53 billion Bear Stearns Fed bought distressed assets/securities from Bear Stearns to facilitate its sale to JPMorgan Chase $29 billion Reserve US Government Fund Government buys assets to bailout troubled money market fund $4 billion The government gives money at risk of loss.
H OW THE TARP W AS S PENT ? O NLY ABOUT $467 MILLION REPAID Who Received TARP Funds?How Much? Banks$310.4 billion (44%) Other Financial Companies AIG American Express Discover Card Capital One GMAC Chrysler Financial CIT Group Other (9%) $69.8 billion $ 3.4 billion $ 1.2 billion $ 3.6 billion $ 5 billion (+ $7.5 billion) $ 1.5 billion $ 2.3 billion $238 million Automakers$24.8 billion (4%) TALF Funding to provide loans using toxic assets as collateral $100 billion (14%) Homeowner Mortgage Re-negotiation Program$50 billion (7%) Public-Private Investment Fund to buy toxic assets$100 billion (14%) Uncommitted$52.6 billion (8%)
G OVERNMENT AS A L ENDER C OMMITMENT = $2.3 TRILLION ProgramCommitment Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF) Provides loans and accepts securities backed by consumer and small business loans as collateral. $900 billion Term Auction Facility The Federal Reserve makes low-interest, short term loans to financial institutions, allowing them to pledge asset-backed securities as collateral. $900 billion Discount Window Loans Extended time (90 days v. overnight), amount and eligibility (investment banks v. commercial banks) for Federal Reserve discount window loans. $236 billion + Debt Swaps (Term Securities Lending Facility) The Federal Reserve loans/swaps US Treasury notes in exchange for less liquid debt, mortgage-backed securities and investment- grade corporate debt. $200 billion AIG Loans A line of credit offered by the Federal Reserve. $60 billion A promise to pay back a government loan
G OVERNMENT AS I NSURER /G UARANTOR C OMMITMENT = $5.14 TRILLION ProgramCommitment Bank Debt (Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program) FDIC insures senior subordinated debt issued by banks and poorly performing assets owned by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. $700 billion Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program FDIC insures non-interest bearing bank accounts. $684 billion Citigroup Guarantees Government guarantees that exclude the direct investments made through the TARP program $249 billion Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac Guarantees Treasury pledged up to $200 billion each to cover their losses. $400 billion Bank of America Guarantees Government guarantees that exclude direct investment through the TARP program $98 billion Money market fund guarantees$3 trillion Morgan Stanley Guarantees Treasury guarantees for a capital infusion by a Japanese bank $9 billion The government promises to pay if things go badly.
R AW G OVERNMENT S PENDING (P ORK ) C OMMITMENT = $1.2 TRILLION ProgramCommitment Stimulus Bill (HR-1) All the pork you can eat. $787 billion Omnibus Budget Act 2009 (HR 1105) The remaining nine appropriations bills that the Congress failed to pass during the 2008 term $410 billion The government just spends money. Keynesian Economic Prescription Government deficit spending will stimulate economic growth Gross Domestic Product = Consumer Spending + Government Spending - Taxes + Business Investment + Exports – Imports
R ECENT US E XPERIENCE 1990-2008 N ET G OVERNMENT S PENDING (S PENDING MINUS T AXES ) V S. GDP G ROWTH D ATA S OURCE : US B UREAU OF E CONOMIC A NALYSIS T IMESERIES : 1990(1 Q ) – 2008(4 Q ) IN CONSTANT 2000 DOLLARS (T RILLIONS OF $) Government Surplus Government Deficits D OES G OVERNMENT S PENDING S TIMULATE E CONOMIC G ROWTH ? Boom years when government ran a surplus and when spending dropped "We're all Keynesians, now." Richard Nixon
H ISTORICAL C ORRELATION BETWEEN GDP G ROWTH AND N ET G OVERNMENT S PENDING (S PENDING MINUS T AXES ) D ATA S OURCE : US B UREAU OF E CONOMIC A NALYSIS T IMESERIES : 1970(1 Q ) – 2008(4 Q ) IN CONSTANT 2000 DOLLARS Vertical Axis: % Change in GDP Horizontal Axis: % Change in Net Government Spending w/6 month lag Increase in net government spending Decrease in net government spending Correlation between GDP Growth and Net Government Spending = 0.05 1 means perfect correlation 0 means no correlation Correlation between GDP Growth and Net Government Spending = 0.05 1 means perfect correlation 0 means no correlation Decrease in GDP Growth Increase in GDP Growth If deficit spending was correlated with economic growth, points should be clustered around a line like this. D OES G OVERNMENT S PENDING S TIMULATE E CONOMIC G ROWTH ? "We're all Keynesians, now." Richard Nixon
Looking into the Crystal Ball Can we spend our way out of the crisis? Can we spend our way out of the crisis? ◦ Didn't work in Japan ◦ No correlation (0.05) between spending & economic growth ◦ Sharp stimulus cutbacks will hit state/local governments hard How will we pay for the spending & debt? How will we pay for the spending & debt? ◦ Increase taxes ◦ Devalue the currency (inflation) ◦ Collapse of foreign- government lending to US Zombies Zombies ◦ Firms kept alive for political reasons but that consume resources and slow the recovery GM, AIG, Citigroup, Chrysler New Regulations New Regulations ◦ Expansion of bankruptcy and government to intervene in private agreements ◦ End of high-flying investment banks & loan securitization
Top 10 Business Strategies 1. Be Realistic/Pessimistic This won't turn around quickly. 2. Exogenous Shocks to Equities Finance for expansion by IPO or new share issues is unrealistic. 3. Right Size, Right Now Don't staff at levels in hopes that things will turn around soon. Outsource as much as possible 4. Investigate Your Lender Assess likelihood of lender's failure. Draw down lines of credit (especially for critical projects) 5. Understand Landlord/Tenant Issues What happens if your landlord owner becomes insolvent Tenants have strong economic incentives to terminate leases 6. Shed Real Estate Investments Commercial real estate fell 83% in Japan 7. Keep your customers happy It is easier to keep old customers than to attract new customers 8. Market Smart Cut everything before marketing Focus on how your product meets the new economic reality (e.g., saves customers' money) 9. Keep remaining employees happy Employee problems can spook customers. 10. Review your vendors Back-ups for critical vendors Contract review for insolvency, force majeure and dispute resolution
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Bobs Burgers › Bobsburgers › Fox › Kidrobot › Tina Belcher › Toys › Vinyl Toy ›
Happy First Look Friday Kidrobot fans!
We know other toys can be a snoregasm but don't worry, today we are giving you a taste of Bob's Burgers!
Joining Beefsquatch in the Kidrobot x Bob's Burgers collection is another Belcher family favorite, Tina, and this time she is BAD! Sporting her not so secret Erotic friend fiction notebook, she is ready for any shelf, desk or dance floor just preferably anywhere she can see your butt.
Releasing next month on www.kidrobot.com, keep a close eye on our blog and social media channels for more details to come!
The post First Look Friday! Bob's Burgers Bad Tina appeared first on Kidrobot Blog.
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