text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 19, 2010
|Filing date
|Mar 20, 2008
|Priority date
|Mar 20, 2008
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Warren Blackwell, Kevin Wang, Chia-Chee Kuan
|Original Assignee
|Airmagnet, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (1), Classifications (6), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The embodiments of the invention relate generally to wireless local area networks (WLANs) and, more specifically, relate to network channel capacity planning, measuring, and analyzing of WLAN networks.
Computers have traditionally communicated with each other through wired local area networks (LANs). However, with the increased demand for mobile computers such as laptops, personal digital assistants, and the like, wireless local area networks (WLANs) have developed as a way for computers to communicate with each other through transmissions over a wireless medium using radio signals, infrared signals, and the like.
In order to promote interoperability of WLANs with each other and with wired LANs, the IEEE 802.11 standard was developed as an international standard for WLANs. Generally, the IEEE 802.11 standard was designed to present users with the same interface as an IEEE 802 wired LAN, while allowing data to be transported over a wireless medium.
Although WLANs provide users with increased mobility over wired LANs, the quality of communications over a WLAN can vary for reasons that are not present in wired LANs. For example, everything in the environment can behave as a reflector or attenuator of a transmitted signal. As such, small changes in the position of a computer in a WLAN can affect the quality and strength of a signal sent by the computer and can affect the network throughput of signals sent over the WLAN.
The 802.11 wireless standard has been amended various times to improve upon the standard and provide better performance results. For instance, the 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n standards have been either implemented or introduced for implementation since the original 802.11 standard was implemented in 1997. As a specific example, the 802.11n standard has recently been introduced to improve network throughput over previous standards.
Anytime a new standard is introduced, the impact of various conditions on the networking standard is sought to be understood. Typically, the actual hardware implementing the networking standard can be utilized to understand the impact of various condition changes on the standard's performance statistics. However, for newly introduced standards, these physical hardware components do not yet exist. As such, a simulation tool to simulate the network standard and the impact of various conditions on the network standard would be a valuable tool.
Several 802.11 simulation tools (both research and commercial) have been developed. However, none of these existing 802.11 simulation tools allow for a physically deployed IEEE 802.11 WLAN network configuration to be imported into a simulation engine and use this configuration as an input to the creation of "virtual" nodes in the simulation engine.
In addition, the existing 802.11 simulation tools do not allow for the intelligent use of only those parameters of the IEEE 802.11 specification which affect throughput. Instead, the prior 802.11 simulation tools require the full scope of the IEEE 802.11 specification to be implemented in order to derive insight into various throughput metrics.
Finally, the existing 802.11 simulation tools do not allow for an end-user to observe and understand the real-time operation of an IEEE 802.11 network, which ordinarily operates at speeds too fast for a human to discern individual events and states. As such, a simulation tool that overcomes the above deficits of an 802.11 simulation tool would be beneficial.
The invention will be understood more fully from the detailed description given below and from the accompanying drawings of various embodiments of the invention. The drawings, however, should not be taken to limit the invention to the specific embodiments, but are for explanation and understanding only.
A method and apparatus for network channel capacity planning, measuring, and analyzing of WLAN networks are described. In one embodiment, the method includes importing network and node configuration of an existing physical wireless local area network (WLAN) deployment from WLAN surveying system that captures and analyzes WLAN traffic in order to define a configuration of the existing physical WLAN. In addition, the method includes simulating a virtual WLAN using the imported network and node configuration as parameters of the simulated WLAN and applying various other configurations not present in the imported network and node configuration as parameters of the simulated WLAN. Lastly, the method includes analyzing the simulated WLAN to produce throughput statistics of network and nodes of the simulated WLAN.
Reference in the specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase "in one embodiment" in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
In the following description, numerous details are set forth. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form, rather than in detail, in order to avoid obscuring the invention.
Embodiments of the invention introduce methods and systems for network channel capacity planning, measuring and analyzing IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n WLAN network and node throughput statistics, under various conditions and configurations. Prior to describing embodiments of the invention, some terms that may be used throughout the description are defined.
Definitions, Terms, Elements
However, different computers 100 and 1126 can effectively communicate at the same layer using common protocols. For example, in one exemplary embodiment, computer 100 can communicate with computer 116 at application layer 114 by propagating a frame from application layer 114 of computer 100 through each layer below it until the frame reaches physical layer 102. The frame can then be transmitted to physical layer 102 of computer 116 and propagated through each layer above physical layer 102 until the frame reaches application layer 114 of computer 116.
The IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs) operates at the data link layer 104, which corresponds to layer 2 of the OSI seven layer model, as described above. Because 802.11 operates at layer 2 of the OSI seven layer model, layers 3 and above can operate according to the same protocols used with 802.3 wired LANs. Furthermore, layers 3 and above can operate identically in the IEEE 802 wired LAN and the IEEE 802.11 WLAN. Furthermore, users can be presented with the same interface, regardless of whether a wired LAN or WLAN is used.
With regard to
Each station 230 can communicate directly with an AP 220 through an air link, such as by sending a radio or infrared signal between WLAN transmitters and receivers. Each AP 220 can support station services, as described above, and can additionally support distribution services, such as association, disassociation, distribution, integration, and the like. Accordingly, an AP 220 can communicate with one or more stations 230 within its BSS 210, and with other APs 220 through a medium, typically called a distribution system 240, which forms the backbone of the WLAN. This distribution system 240 can include both wireless and wired connections.
Process 300 begins at process block 310 where the WLAN surveying software system captures and analyzes traffic of an existing physical WLAN deployment. Then, at process block 320, a simulation tool imports network and node configurations of the existing physical WLAN deployment from the WLAN surveying software system. In some embodiments, this simulation tool is part of the WLAN surveying software system. In yet other embodiments, the simulation tool may be a separate component from the WLAN surveying software system. In one embodiment, an end-user of the simulation tool may manually configure the parameters initially imported into the simulation tool.
Then, at process block 330, the simulation tool derives other configurations not present in the imported network and node configurations to apply as parameters of the virtual WLAN. At process block 340, the simulation tool simulates a virtual WLAN using the imported and derived network and node configurations as parameters of the virtual WLAN.
Finally, at process block 350, the simulation tool analyzes the simulated virtual WLAN to produce throughput statistics of the network and nodes of the simulated virtual WLAN. In some embodiments, these throughput statistics may include, but are not limited to, overall network throughput, average node throughput, individual node throughput, average node throughput based on media type, air time utilization by a node, packet count, and byte count. In one embodiment, these results are presented to an end-user of the simulation tool via a results screen.
Process 400 begins at process block 410 where the simulation tool creates a virtual WLAN according to network and node parameters provided to the simulation tool. As described above, these network and node parameters may be garnered from an analysis performed on an existing WLAN deployment by a WLAN surveying software system. In addition, the simulation tool may create additional configuration parameters that are not directly present in the captured WLAN traffic. Furthermore, an end-user of the simulation tool may define, modify, and configure network and node parameters utilized by the simulation tool to create the virtual WLAN.
In some embodiments, the network and node parameters utilized for the virtual WLAN include, but are not necessarily limited to: Data, ACK, RTS, and CTS Frame Lengths, IFS (Interframe Spacing, such as SIFS, DIFS and RIFS), Slot Time, CWMin, CWMax, Signal Extension Bits, Radio Preamble and PLCP Lengths, Maximum payload size, IEEE 802.11 amendment, Symbol Rate, Bits per Symbol, Tail Bits, 802.11n Operating Mode, Greenfield, 20/40 MHz channel width, Short Guard Interval, MCS, Number of Spatial Streams, Frame Aggregation Parameters, Block ACK Policy, PHY Data Rate, Modulation and Coding Type, Non-Greenfield STAs present, Non-ERP STAs present, Protection Mechanisms, AP and STA node designation, AP and STA association, RF Channel, Physical Location, Signal Strength, Transmit Power and RF Path Loss.
Next, at process block 420, the simulation tool implements at least a portion of the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF), using network and node parameters defined in the PHY (physical) and MAC (medium access control) layers of the IEEE 802.11 specification. As defined previously, the DCF is the method by which most IEEE 802.11 WLANs allow nodes to share the wireless medium. Then, at process block 430, the simulation tool occupies a channel of the virtual WLAN with a simulated virtual transmission. In one embodiment, all of the network nodes of the virtual WLAN detect and are aware of this transmission.
At process block 440, based on the occupation of the channel by the virtual transmission, information is updated and distributed at each of the nodes of the virtual WLAN. For example, virtual carrier sense (NAV) and clear channel assessment (CCA) information is available and distributed to all of the nodes based on the simulated transmission. In addition, node, media type, and network statistics are updated in terms of packet (frame) and byte counts. These statistics provide the necessary data to calculate various throughput metrics, when coupled with time information, as seen in the remainder of process 400.
At process block 450, the simulation tool calculates, observes, and logs various network and node throughput statistics based upon the above implementation and simulation run-through. In one embodiment, the simulation tool may calculate packet (frame) duration and receive signal strength based upon the defined parameters and utilize these calculations as internal inputs for the simulation. Exemplary outputs of the simulation tool may include network throughput, average node throughput, and node throughput. The following are exemplary mathematical derivations that the simulation tool may utilize for its calculations, observations, and loggings in process block 450:
Packet Duration (μsec):
Interframe Space (μsec)+Preamble Length (μsec)+((Payload Size [bytes]/Bytes per Symbol)/Symbol Rate [Hz])/1e−6)
Receive Signal Strength (dBm):
Tx Power (dBm)−(32.4+20*log10(RF Frequency [Hz])+20*log10(Tx Distance [meters]/1e3)
Network Throughput (Mbps):
N (bytes, all nodes)/Time (seconds)*8 (bits per byte)
Average Node Throughput (Mbps):
(N (bytes)/Time (seconds)*8 (bits per byte))/M (nodes)
Node throughput (Mbps):
N (bytes)/Time (seconds)*8 (bits per byte)
Finally, at process block 460, the simulation tool runs a real-time based timing algorithm (e.g., involving a multi-threaded software system) such that the simulated network operation and behavior (such as the distribution of physical vs. virtual carrier sense back-off, or the nature of TXOP distribution in a DCF controlled network) is observable at runtime at any given instant, with a time-scaling factor. In some embodiments, such a real-time based timing algorithm may involve monitoring a self-calibrating timer, which is based on a high-resolution (hardware) performance counter of a computer system of the simulation tool.
Embodiments of the process 400 involve running the process 400 with varied numbers and configurations of nodes and network parameters, and then observing the varied resulting node and network throughput. This enables the discovery of bottlenecks, capacity limitations, tuning possibilities, and other network behavior.
Process 500 starts at process block 510 where the transmit thread for a particular node is enabled. Then, at decision block 520, the thread checks the network allocation value (NAV). The NAV represents whether a particular node has been informed previously by another station that the station is occupying the medium already. At decision block 520, if the NAV is equal to 0, then as far as the node knows, no one else is intending to transmit and the process 500 proceeds to decision block 530. If the NAV is not equal to 0, then the node must wait for that countdown to expire before trying to transmit again at process block 525.
At decision block 530, the node inspects the channel to see if the medium is free. If so, the 802.11 specification dictates that the node wait at least one DIFS (Distributed Coordination Interframe Space) at process block 540. After the DIFS, the thread determines again whether the medium is free at decision block 550. If the medium is still free after that, then the process 500 proceeds to process block 560 where the node then initiates a transmission according to the simulation.
If medium is not free before or after the DIFS period at decision blocks 530 or 550, then the 802.11 specification dictates that the node perform a random back-off procedure at process block 535. In one embodiment, the random back-off procedure includes the node determining a random integer value and multiplying that value by a slot time. This ensures that each node will not pick the same value for back off and wait the same period of time, thereby never freeing the medium for transmission.
Process 600 begins at decision block 605, where it is determined whether the current transmission is equal to NULL. If so, the simulation tool sets a new packet flag for the transmission as equal to true at process block 610. The process 600 then returns to decision block 605 again. If the current transmission is not equal to NULL at decision block 605, then the process 600 proceeds to decision block 615, where it is determined whether the new packet flag is equal to true.
If the new packet flag is equal to true, then at process block 620 a packet start timestamp is recorded by the simulation tool. Then, at process block 625, the new packet flag is set to false. At process block 630, the frame exchange duration (NAV) is calculated for the transmission. Then, at process block 635, the calculated NAV from process block 630 is sent to all of the nodes in the simulation virtual WLAN. The process then returns to decision block 605.
If the new packet flag is not equal to true (i.e., false) at decision block 615, then the process 600 proceeds to decision block 640 where it is determined whether enough time has elapsed for the current frame exchange in the transmission. If not, the process continues to decision block 645 where it is determined whether enough time has elapsed for the transmit data portion of the current frame exchange. If enough time has elapsed at decision block 645, then at process block 650 the simulation tool updates the node status to "waiting for acknowledgement" and the process 600 proceeds back to decision block 605. If enough time has not elapsed at decision block 645, then the process 600 proceeds directly back to decision block 605.
If, at decision block 640, enough time has elapsed for the current frame exchange, then at process block 655 the simulation tool increments each of node/channel packet, byte, and airtime statistics. At process block 660, the current transmission is set to NULL. As mentioned above, process 600 allows for the accumulation of the simulation statistics for the network and nodes of a simulated virtual WLAN according to embodiments of the invention.
It should be noted that, while the embodiments described herein may be performed under the control of a programmed processor, in alternative embodiments, the embodiments may be fully or partially implemented by any programmable or hardcoded logic, such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), transistor transistor logic (TTL) logic, or application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Additionally, the embodiments of the invention may be performed by any combination of programmed general-purpose computer components and/or custom hardware components. Therefore, nothing disclosed herein should be construed as limiting the various embodiments of the invention to a particular embodiment wherein the recited embodiments may be performed by a specific combination of hardware components.
In the above description, numerous specific details such as logic implementations, opcodes, resource partitioning, resource sharing, and resource duplication implementations, types and interrelationships of system components, and logic partitioning/integration choices may be set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of various embodiments of the invention. It will be appreciated, however, to one skilled in the art that the embodiments of the invention may be practiced without such specific details, based on the disclosure provided. In other instances, control structures, gate level circuits and full software instruction sequences have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art, with the included descriptions, will be able to implement appropriate functionality without undue experimentation.
The various embodiments of the invention set forth above may be performed by hardware components or may be embodied in machine-executable instructions, which may be used to cause a general-purpose or special-purpose processor or a machine or logic circuits programmed with the instructions to perform the various embodiments. Alternatively, the various embodiments may be performed by a combination of hardware and software.
Various embodiments of the invention may be provided as a computer program product, which may include a machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions, which may be used to program a computer (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to various embodiments of the invention. The machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, floppy diskette, optical disk, compact disk-read-only memory (CD-ROM), magneto-optical disk, read-only memory (ROM) random access memory (RAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic or optical card, flash memory, or another type of media/machine-readable medium suitable for storing electronic instructions. Moreover, various embodiments of the invention may also be downloaded as a computer program product, wherein the program may be transferred from a remote computer to a requesting computer by way of data signals embodied in propagation medium via a communication link (e.g., a modem or network connection).
Similarly, it should be appreciated that in the foregoing description, various features of the invention are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure aiding in the understanding of one or more of the various inventive aspects. This method of disclosure, however, is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the claims following the detailed description are hereby expressly incorporated into this detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of this invention.
Whereas many alterations and modifications of the invention will no doubt become apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art after having read the foregoing description, it is to be understood that any particular embodiment shown and described by way of illustration is in no way intended to be considered limiting. Therefore, references to details of various embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the claims, which in themselves recite only those features regarded as the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 6, 2001
|Apr 25, 2006
|Wireless Valley Communications, Inc.
|Method and system for analysis, design, and optimization of communication networks
|Nov 19, 2003
|Feb 27, 2007
|Cognio, Inc.
|Server and multiple sensor system for monitoring activity in a shared radio frequency band
|Apr 23, 2004
|Dec 23, 2004
|Rappaport Theodore S.
|System and method for predicting network performance and position location using multiple table lookups
|Sep 17, 2003
|Mar 17, 2005
|Trapeze Networks, Inc.
|Wireless LAN measurement feedback
|Jan 9, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Lu Qian
|System and method to simulate and manage a wireless local area network (WLAN)
|Ebert, J.-P. , et al., "An IEEE 802.11 WLAN Simualtion Model", downloaded on Feb. 26, 2008 from http://www.tkn.tu-berlin.de/research/research-texte/WLANmodel.html, (Nov. 13, 2000), 3 pages.
|Ebert, J.-P. , et al., "An IEEE 802.11 WLAN Simualtion Model", downloaded on Feb. 26, 2008 from http://www.tkn.tu-berlin.de/research/research—texte/WLANmodel.html, (Nov. 13, 2000), 3 pages.
|International Search Report for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2009/036688, Apr. 27, 2009, 2 pgs.
|Pant, Pavan, et al., "Simulation of an 802.11 Wireless Network", downloaded on Feb. 26, 2008 from http://nislab.bu.edu/sc546/sc546Fall2002/wireless/index.htm. (2002), 2 pages.
|Song, Charles, "IEEE 802.11 MAC Simulator with DCF and Power-Saving Mode", downloaded on Feb. 26, 2008 from http://www.cs.umd.edu/Honors/reports/falcon-research.pdf, University of Maryland, Department of Computer Science, College Mark, Maryland, (2003), 15 pages.
|University of Luxembourg, SECAN-LAB, "802.11 (WiFi) Simulator for Ad-Hoc networks", downloaded on Feb. 26, 2008 from http://wiki.uni.lu/secan-lab/802.11+Simulator.html, (2002-2006), 5 pages.
|Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2009/036688, Apr. 27, 2009, 7 pgs.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 16, 2011
|Jul 16, 2013
|Fluke Corporation
|Method and apparatus for monitoring network traffic and determining the timing associated with an application
|U.S. Classification
|370/254, 370/338
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 16, 2008
Owner name: AIRMAGNET, INC., CALIFORNIA
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Her father will still get to kiss the blushing bride. What he will not do is give her away.
The Worship Book offers the choice of a traditional service or one where the bride is "presented in marriage" by a friend or relation.
Eleanor, a regular worshipper at her local Methodist church in London, has no intention of being "given away". "I know people are very keen on tradition, but I don't want to be handed over by my father like a bundle of old washing," she said. "I would feel stupid. I haven't lived at home for years. I went away to university at 18, and haven't been dependent on my father since I got a decent job when I was 24. For a grown-up it is demeaning."
Mr Parker, 64, is putting a brave face on it."I'm very happy for Eleanor. It's her day and her decision," he said. "She's grown-up and I want her to have the wedding she'd want, as any father would for his daughter. Times change and what was right before isn't always right now. The church has to keep up if it's going to hang on to younger people. It's up to Eleanor and her fiance."
The Reverend Neil Dixon, secretary of the Methodist Faith and Order Committee and convener of the liturgical group which revised the service, insists the church has to move with the times. "What we are discovering is a small but increasing minority that thinks giving away the bride is a throwback to medieval times. Some find it offensive or objectionable."
Charlotte Mullins, 26, will be given away by her step-father when she marries in July. "I like the idea of being given away but not the term," she said. "It's really redundant in today's society - I'm an independent woman, living away from home with my boyfriend. It's not like giving away a package but it's important none the less, as a symbol to give the father of the bride a role to play."
Gina Walter-Blain, co-owner of the Pronuptia bridal shop in Windsor, was married last December. "My dad is 73 and I'm the only girl in the family, so he'd waited a long time for my wedding," she said. "When we had the rehearsal the vicar said: `Dads always think they have a speaking part, but when I ask who gives this woman, he just has to step forward and give me your hand and then sit down.' When I told my dad, he was really disappointed - he really wanted to say, `I do', or even just, `Me!' When it came to the day, he gave me away, but he wouldn't sit down afterwards, and he stood up through the whole service, sniffling away. It was such a big moment for him."
Tracey Sharrock, Gina's business partner, said: "Weddings have changed over the last few years. There are more civil weddings; often the couples foot the bill themselves, sometimes the bride makes a speech. I believe in throwing etiquette out of the window and doing it your own way. But some things remain important. The family is at the heart of what it's all about, and the dad giving his daughter away is a very important part of that."
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As with many students of advanced typography, this student, Mallory Hawes, chose to develop her own font by hand creating hand carved letterpress type. Follow meRead More
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Adept was highly recommended. Johan and Delphine erected a new doorway on our deck and raised the roof. They also installed a sliding door from our rumpus room to the back yard along with a new wall and window to replace garage doors. Lastly, they constructed a new deck in the ..
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- 205367375
Not just another pretty face, our sliding mirror closet doors are solid 3/4 in. MDF with the mirror laminated directly to the surface. Other mirror doors are simply mesh backed mirror in a lightweight frame. In 1957, when our doors with ball bearing rollers and low profile threshold first hit the market it quickly became the top choice for Manhattan developers and architects alike. From Turner Construction when they built the Hofstra Dormitories to HRH Construction when they built the Trump Towers, developers continue to purchase our Impact Plus bi-fold and sliding doors. Mir-Mel doors, built on the success of our Impact Plus line, are the perfect marriage of beauty and safety.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 18, 1982
|Filing date
|Jan 15, 1980
|Priority date
|Jan 15, 1980
|Publication number
|Jerome C. Kollodge
|Original Assignee
|Ball Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (12), Classifications (4), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates in general to optical interlace imaging for stellar tracking and image enhancing devices. More specifically this invention relates to enhancing the performance of imaging devices by utilizing interlaced images in conjunction with charge transfer devices (CTDs) at their image planes.
During the last decade, stellar tracking and mapping devices have utilized image dissectors as the preferred star magnitude and position sensing elements. In essence, image dissectors are photomultiplier tubes having electron imaging and electron deflecting sections located between their photocathode and a sampling aperture which is at the entrance to the electron multiplier section.
Image dissectors offer various advantages in their use. They are relatively free of signal shot noise. The large comparatively noise-free gain in the multiplier section of the photomultiplier tube reduces the effect of subsequent leakage current and amplifier noise contribution to an insignificant level. The photocathodes utilized in photomultiplier tubes have thermal emmissions of only a few electrons per second or less for a typical image dissector electron aperture area. Pulse height discrimination photon counting techniques exclude the majority of electrons thermally emitted within the multiplier structure and ignore the multiplier gain distribution function. In the absence of a significant sky background or ambient radiation field, an image dissector can reliably detect a few photoelectron events per sampling period.
However, image dissectors have a number of disadvantageous characteristics which have encouraged the use of alternative devices such as the use of arrays of CTDs. These disadvantageous characteristics include the inability of image dissectors to store information. This non-storage problem heavily penalizes sensitivity to multiple targets for full frame search conditions. Other disadvantageous features of image dissector devices are their variable and unsymmetrical magnification across the field which necessitates elaborate calibration for precise offset pointing, and their fatigue and damage susceptibility of photocathodes. In addition, image dissectors have a relatively large weight and power demand, require high voltages, are fragile, and are subject to influence by magnetic fields. Furthermore, they are quite expensive.
As an alternative to the use of image dissectors, silicon photo-diodes or photo-voltaic detectors have been utilized for some application because of their low cost, small size, rugged construction, stability, insensitivity to magnetic fields, and their ability to operate at voltage levels that are compatible with micro circuits. Stellar tracker devices have been built utilizing silicon detectors despite their relatively limited field of view, relatively poor sensitivity, and inability to electronically gimbal or provide accurate star position information except in a very limited region about a null point.
A superior alternative to the image dissector and silicon detector utilizes an array of CTDs which offer the advantages of the silicon detector while suffering few of its disadvantages and further providing capability not available with either the image dissector or silicon sensor.
A detailed discussion of specific performance characteristics CTDs vis-a-vis image dissectors including a comparison of signal and characteristics can be found in a paper by W. C. Goss, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, entitled CCD STAR TRACKERS presenting the results of research carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under Contract No. NAS 7-100 sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This paper was published in the Proceedings of the Symposium on Charge Coupled Device Technology for Scientific Imaging Application given Mar. 6-7, 1975.
CTD-type trackers include a CTD array to provide a minute area for each individual pixel element along with charge storage capability and broad-band high quantum efficiency response for producing a high level of sensitivity. However, there are several problems inherent in the use of CTDs for stellar tracking devices that are not encountered utilizing image dissectors. A signal processing complexity arises because of the discrete nature of the detector array structure. A stellar image will not generally fall upon a single element or pixel at a time. It is necessary to locate the centroid of an image by utilizing the signals generating from a plurality of elements onto which some illumination from the image falls. Interpolation techniques are utilized to locate the centroid of an extended star image to within a fraction of an individual pixel. Such processing techniques require substantial memory capacity and logic capability since signals from a plurality of elements must be processed several ways to derive star magnitude and interpolated image centroid position.
Utilizing conventional CTD array star tracker configurations, a transfer function is typically developed for a subset of four pixels for an image moving across those pixels. Unfortunately, this transfer function is highly non-linear particularly at its extremes, causing certain inaccuracy in the interpolation.
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is shown a conventional stellar tracker configuration. A light beam represented by arrows 10 is focused by a lens 12 onto the surface 14 of an array of light sensitive elements 16. For ease of illustration, a portion of array 16 is shown as including individual elements 16-1 . . . 16-35. These individual light sensitive elements are suitably photo sites of a charge transfer device (CTD) each capable of generating an electrical signal related to the amount of light impinging thereon. Each numbered square represents a single pixel of the total optical field defined by array 16.
Typically, a light beam focused on surface 14 of array 16 will impinge upon more than one pixel at a time. Therefore, without examining the signals from a plurality of pixels, it cannot be determined precisely where the focus and hence the light emitting object, is located. As shown in FIG. 1, the image formed by the beam is shown as including light falling on twelve separate and distinct pixels (16-10, 16-11, 16-16, 16-17, 16-18, 16-19, 16-23, 16-24, 16-25, 16-26, 16-31, and 16-32). As the image moves across the array, corresponding to the motion of the light emitting object to be tracked, a transfer function is developed between pixels by solving for the centroid using the signals from a subset of pixels containing the image. For example, if the subset of pixels of interest includes pixels 16-17, 16-18, 16-24, and 16-25, each of these pixels generates a signal related to the amount of light impinging thereon. If the signals from pixels 16-18 and 16-25 are added to one another to form a "right" signal and the signals from pixels 16-17 and 16-24 are added to one another to form a "left" signal and the "left" signal is subtracted from the "right" signal, a transfer function is formed for the motion of the image shown in the figure as it moves from left to right across the four pixels in the subset.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a graphical plot of the transfer function of an arbitrary subset of four pixels such as 16-17, 16-18, 16-24, and 16-25. The ordinate of this graph represents the position of the image with respect to the subset of pixels and the abscissa represents the output signal level resulting from the subtraction of the "left" signal from the "right" signal. FIG. 2 includes two separate plots of transfer functions, a first transfer function Is representing a "small" image (with respect to pixel size) and a second transfer function I1 representing a "large" image (with respect to pixel size). For the case where the image is positioned as shown in FIG. 1, equal amounts of light fall on pixels 16-17, 16-18, 16-24, and 16-25. Thus, when the left signal is subtracted from the right signal, the result is zero. This corresponds to the point on the graph where both the small image transfer function and large image transfer function cross the ordinant. As the image moves to the right, more light will fall on pixels 16-18 and 16-25 than will fall on pixels 16-17 and 16-24. Thus, the signal resulting from the subtraction of the left signal from the right signal will become more positive as illustrated by both transfer function plots in the region to the right of the zero crossing. As the image moves to the left, more light will fall on pixels 16-17 and 16-24 than falls on pixels 16-18 and 16-25. Thus, the net signal resulting from the subtraction of the left signal from the right signal will yield a more negative result as shown by the plots of the small and large image transfer functions to the left of the zero crossing. The transfer function thus plotted is used to interpolate position between pixels and is repetitive at pixel intervals. The transfer functions plotted are typical for large and small images relative to pixel size for each pixel cycle. Both the linearity and average slope of these transfer functions are highly dependent on image diameter and the energy profile of the image. Uncertainty in these parameters results in tracking error. Furthermore, a relatively large image is required to insure a reasonable slope over the entire pixel cycle. This results in a relatively low average slope as shown in FIG. 2 for a large image. If a smaller image is used to improve the average slope, the slope near the extremes of each cycle approaches zero, rendering interpolation highly inaccurate.
A rather detailed explanation of the application of the standard interpolation technique is set forth in a Final Technical Report published by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in April 1979 under Contract NA58-32801, SRD-78-171, entitled DESIGN, FABRICATION, AND DELIVERY OF A CHARGE INJECTION DEVICE AS A STELLAR TRACKING DEVICE by H. K. Burke et al.
It is therefore the primary object of the present invention to provide a stellar tracker configuration providing increased interpolation accuracy for locating of the centroid of a stellar image on a CTD array.
The stellar tracker configuration provided by the present invention includes a beam splitter for splitting the beam from a star being tracked into two separate and distinct beams. These two separate and distinct beams are focused by a lens as separate images on the surface of a CTD array. The beam splitter and lens are configured so that the two beams are spacially phase shifted (interlaced) in each axis of the array by one half of a cycle of the transfer function shown in FIG. 2. By combining the signals derived from the separate subsets of pixels associated with the two separate beams, a more linear transfer function for interpolation of the centroid of the beam is achieved, than is possible using only a single image.
Many of the attendant advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent as the invention becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description with the appended claims, when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a pictorial representation of a conventional stellar tracker configuration;
FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the transfer function of an arbitrary subset of four pixels of the conventional stellar tracker configuration shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a pictorial representation of a star tracker configuration according to the present invention; and
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of the transfer function resulting from the summation of the individual transfer functions developed for two optically interlaced subsets of pixels as shown in FIG. 3 and according to the present invention.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown a pictorial and diagramatic representation of an improved star tracker configuration according to the present invention. A beam of light from a star to be tracked is indicated by arrows 10. This incident beam 10 is split into two separate and distinct beams by a beam splitter 20, suitably a prism window. These two separate and distinct beams are indicated by arrows 22 and 24. The two separate beams are focused by lens 12 as two separate images on the surface 26 of a CTD array 28. For convenience, the individual elements or pixels of a section of array 28 are numbered 28-1 . . . 28-42. As shown, the two separate and distinct beams formed by beam splitter 20 produce two separate and distinct images. One of these images partially illuminates pixels 28-23, 28-24, 28-30, and 28-31 and the other image substantially irradiates pixel 28-12 while partially irradiating pixels 28-5, 28-13, 28-11, and 28-19. Pixels 28-23, 28-24, 28-30, and 28-31 comprise a first subset of pixels and pixels 28-5, 28-6, 28-12, and 28-13 comprise a second subset of pixels.
Each of these subsets of pixels exhibits a transfer function as shown in FIG. 2 for images traversing them from left to right. This transfer function is the resultant signal formed by subtracting the summed signals of the two left pixels of a subset of four from the two right pixels of the same subset.
Beam splitter 20 and lens 12 are configured so as to produce two images on the surface 26 of detector 28 that are spacially phase shifted in each axis by a half cycle, thereby causing the images to be optically interlaced.
As the pair of images moves across the surface 26 of array 28, the transfer function is developed by independently solving for the centroid of each image, then algebraically summing the two. The resulting transfer function is illustrated in FIG. 4.
Referring now to FIG. 4 there is shown a graphical representation of the transfer function resulting from the summation of the individual transfer functions developed for two optically interlaced subsets of pixels. The transfer functions labeled I1 and I2 shown by dotted lines represent the transfer functions for two separate subsets of pixels, each separate function closely approximating the function for a small image depicted in FIG. 2. The solid line indicates the algebraic summation of two such transfer functions that are spacially phase shifted by one half of a pixel cycle. This summation, labeled I1 +I2 is a highly linear transfer function. In the example shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, very small images are utilized for maximum average slope. Even though the two individual transfer functions are non-linear, the sum of the two is extremely linear. The same holds true for a broad range of image diameters. This linearity remains for a significant overlap of adjacent cycles so that a measurement of image position at the overlap position is used to determine average slope at each transition. This measurement can then be used as a correction factor in an interpolation algorithm utilized to determine the position of the star being tracked thereby minimizing tracking error.
The use of a beam splitter 20 causing two separate and distinct images to appear on the surface of a CTD array results in an approximate 6:1 advantage in signal to noise ratio, and a 4:1 advantage in accuracy of locating the star's position.
In addition to providing a higher degree of accuracy of locating stars being tracked, the use of a dual image can be applied to the enhancement of low contrast images. It has been difficult for low contrast extended targets to discriminate spatial variations in detector response and noise from target characteristics. Edge enhancement is commonly used to minimize the effects of large area (low frequency) blemishes. This edge enhancement is typically accomplished by holding an image in memory, by shifting that same image horizontally and vertically one pixel, and then subtracting one image from the other pixel by pixel. Thus, the first derivative of the contrast over an entire frame is obtained. This process is sometimes repeated to obtain multiple derivatives. However, errors resulting from anomalies in adjacent pixels remain in the results because they are included in the first derivative. By utilizing the split beam optical interlace approach, the degrading effects of such anomalies are totally eliminated in detectors processing extended images. This is accomplished by adding a chopper, either a mechanical or electro optical chopper, to the optical configuration shown in FIG. 3. Each of the interlace images is alternately exposed independently of the other. The two image signals are then stored and subtracted from each other on a pixel by pixel basis so that the first derivative of the contrast over an entire frame is obtained. Since each subtraction now involves two signals from a single pixel rather than signals from adjacent pixels, all common modes signals are rejected. The optically chopped interlaced system therefore eliminates the effect of spatial anomalies in the detector allowing detection to a much lower contrast level then would otherwise be possible.
Analysis by the applicant indicates that there is a distinct operational advantage in utilizing a CTD interlaced vis-a-vis a non-interlaced optical imaging system. By utilizing the interlaced optical imaging systems, error and accuracy parameters are enchanced over those representative non-interlaced CTD imaging systems.
Therefore, it is apparent that there has been provided a new configuration for a stellar tracker offering enhanced accuracy and resolution over conventional configurations.
Other embodiments and modification of the present invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the teaching presented in the foregoing description and drawings. It is therefore, to be understood that this invention is not to be unduly limited and such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.
|CCD Star Trackers by W. C. Goss-Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, Calif.
|Design, Fabrication, and Delivery of a Charge Injection Device as a Stellar Tracking Device by Burke, et al.-NASA.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 20, 1984
|Apr 3, 1990
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Laser device
|Mar 27, 1989
|Jul 17, 1990
|Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm Gmbh
|Position-resolving sensor for detecting individual light flashes
|Dec 23, 1988
|Dec 18, 1990
|Agence Spatiale Europeene
|Method and apparatus for sub-pixel centroiding of a photon event
|Dec 20, 1991
|Apr 27, 1993
|Northrop Corporation
|Strapdown stellar sensor and holographic multiple field of view telescope therefor
|Feb 24, 1993
|Apr 25, 1995
|The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
|Space target detecting and tracking system utilizing starlight occlusion
|Jan 25, 1994
|Apr 30, 1996
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Space-based asteroid detection and monitoring system
|Mar 23, 1995
|Dec 17, 1996
|Northrop Grumman Corporation
|Optical sensor with mirror toggling
|Oct 10, 2001
|Apr 29, 2003
|The Texas A&M University System
|System and method for attitude determination based on optical imaging
|Mar 12, 2012
|Feb 3, 2015
|King Abdulaziz City For Science And Technology
|Method of predicting a trajectory of an asteroid
|Apr 19, 1984
|Oct 25, 1984
|Mitsubishi Electric Corp
|Laser device
|Jun 23, 1989
|Feb 28, 1990
|Deutsche Aerospace AG
|System for the recognition of the start and approach of objects
|Jun 23, 1989
|May 8, 1991
|Deutsche Aerospace AG
|System for the recognition of the start and approach of objects
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 22, 1996
Owner name: BALL AEROSPACE & TECHNOLOGIES CORP., COLORADO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BALL CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:007888/0001
Effective date: 19950806


text:
Washington, Mar 18 : Woman use to it get rid of those pesky wrinkles, but a doctor at the Montreal Children's Hospital of the McGill University Health Centre has found another use for Botulinum toxin aka Botox - saving newborns from the CHARGE Syndrome.
CHARGE Syndrome includes a variety of birth defects in different organs, such as the heart, eyes or ears, but it also affects the salivary glands. The disorder is rare but can become life-threatening in its most severe form.
Newborns with CHARGE Syndrome are hyper-stimulated and secrete excessive fluids that are discarded into the lungs, causing asphyxia.
In most cases the only solution possible is for the infant to undergo devastating tracheotomy in which a direct airway is opened through a cut in the windpipe.
Dr. Sam Daniel, Associate Director of Research of the Otorhinolaryngology Division at the Montreal Children's Hospital of the McGill University Health Centre injected a minute dose of Botox into each of a two and a half month old infant's salivary glands.
The infant, named Franck (name changed) was the first baby treated with botox, which is also one of the most poisonous naturally occurring substances.
This had never been done before on such a young child.
Dr Daniel found that two weeks after the injections, Franck's extubation was a success.
He now leads the normal life of a three-year-old boy at home with his parents.
Dr. Daniel has described Franck's treatment with the toxin in an article from the Archives of Otolaryngology dated March 17th.


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The Lesson Of Wisdom That Suleiman (pbuh) Learned From The Bird
Suleiman once heard a male bird saying to a female bird: "Why are you staying away from me? If I want I would take off the dome of Suleiman's castle with my beak and throw it in the sea." Suleiman smiled when he heard there conversation and called upon them. He said to the male bird: "Can you do it?" He said: "No O Messenger of Allah but one must ornament himself and look big for his wife. The lover is not blamed for what he says." Suleiman then said to the female bird: "Why you are staying away from him when he loves you?" She said: "O prophet of Allah, he doesn't love me. He pretends that he loves me because he loves others also." The words of the female bird reached the heart of Suleiman. He wept a lot and stayed away from people for forty days pleading Allah to place love of Allah only in his heart and to make it void of loving anyone else.
It is narrated that he (pbuh) once heard a bird saying to his wife: "Come near me so that I mate with you and thus we would beget a child that would celebrate the remembrance of Allah. We had grown old." Suleiman was surprised by his words and so he said: "Such intention is better than my entire kingdom."
Tafseer Al-Mizan Book 16/221


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Enjoy your visit to Shedd with more time inside, not outside in line. There are a variety of options that let you get smooth sailing into the Shedd experience when you get here.
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Shedd's Extraordinary Experiences bring you to the front of the line and behind the scenes for an experience of a lifetime.
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Guide your students through a themed exploration of Shedd's animals.
Travel to Cancun this summer with this millenial designed adventure.
Explore coral reefs and flooded rainforests—without getting wet! Explore all of Shedd's amazing exhibits.
Spend an afternoon shadowing a Shedd trainer! See belugas, sea otters and more during training and feeding sessions.


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Robey Plastic SurgeryCosmetic Surgery, Minimally Invasive Surgery (BOTOX®), Ear, Nose and Throat
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Ashley Robey, MD
- American Board of Otolaryngology
- American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
LocateADoc Q&A
What does living in the Carmel community mean to you?
I initially moved to Carmel at the age of two. I have had the opportunity to live and travel around the word. After completing my training in various cities across the United States, I am happy to have re-established myself back in the Indianapolis area.
Can you tell us in your own words what you consider a perfect outcome of a surgical procedure?
My perfect surgical outcome is getting my patient to their individual aesthetic goal(s), and that varies depending upon the patient.
What Sets Us Apart
Dr. Ashley Robey specializes in providing the utmost care through the latest surgical technology. With a background in both head & neck surgery AND plastic & reconstructive surgery, Dr. Robey has the experience and skills to address your aesthetic needs.
Oregon Health & Sciences University - Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Residency; Portland, Oregon; 2010-2013
University of Nebraska Medical Center - Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery Residency; Omaha, Nebraska; 2005-2010
University of California San Francisco - Surgical Internship; San Francisco, CA; 2004-2005
Indiana University School of Medicine - Doctor of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN; 2000-2004
Purdue University - Chemical Engineering; West Lafayette, IN; 1997-2000
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Candidate for Membership American Society of Plastic Surgeons
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The Everton manager says the reported Tottenham target is working hard to improve his game after an indifferent first half of the season
Breaking's V I V I D L Y
The Impeccable Crook!
A cartoon From VANGUARD Newspaper
You can hear the headlines on Breaking Radio
Listen to news, download Inside the News, and share the news at Breaking Radio.
- RUMOURS: Everton to swap Barkley for SissokoRonald Koeman has lost patience with the England international and is now willing to let him go in the hope he can sign the former Newcastle midfielder
- 'You shake hands and move on' – Henderson…The Liverpool captain was on the receiving end of a reckless challenge by the Everton midfielder but he insists he doesn't hold a grudge against his compatriot
- 'He is a big part of Everton's future'…The Belgium international is in discussions over an extension to his current deal, with his manager admitting that positive progress is being made
- Pochettino issues Eriksen challengeThe Dane has been told to assert himself more on Tottenham matches by his manager, who believes he has the potential to become a "top, top, top player" in the…
- LIVE: Tottenham vs BurnleyTottenham have the chance to climb back into the Premier League top four this afternoon as they host Burnley. Will Mauricio Pochettino's men get the win?
- Koeman questions referee's decision not to send off…The Liverpool defender was lucky to stay on the pitch during his side's 1-0 victory over Everton on Monday, according to the Toffees boss
- Pochettino dreams of winning Premier League with SpursThe Argentine coach believes Tottenham's new stadium can be a catalyst for success, with the top-flight crown considered to be a 'first step'
- Pochettino: Tottenham not out of Premier League title raceThe Spurs boss is staying positive about his team's chances of overcoming a 10-point gap to Chelsea at the top of the table
- Guardiola unsure if Yaya Toure will sign new Manchester CityManchester City manager, Yaya Toure, has said he does not know if Yaya Toure will remain at the club next season. Toure, 33, will become a free agent next summer,…
- Lukaku renewal at Everton '99.9 per cent' done,…The Toffees are close to sealing a contract extension for their star man, though his agent admitted he could still move on at the end of the season
- Struggling Palace sacks Manager Alan PardewEnglish Premier league club Crystal Palace has on Thursday fired its manager Alan Pardew, with the club having had a poor run this season and currently hovering above the Premier…
- Eriksen: Tottenham are '100 per cent' Premier…Winning their first league crown since 1961 is not beyond Mauricio Pochettino's men this season, according to the Denmark international
- CSL financial might no threat to Premier League, says…Oscar is the latest player to be lured by the riches of China, but the Tottenham manager says the English top flight retains its status as the most important in…
- Enyimba ready for new NPFL season- Anyansi assuresFelix Anyansi-Agwu, Chairman of Enyimba International Football Club of Aba, on Friday assured that his team was fully prepared for the 2016/2017 Nigeria Professional Football League (NPFL) season. Enyimba…


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The No 7 Lounge offers a 4-course pre-match buffet in the comfortable surroundings of the Lower Centenary stand. The Lounge provides the perfect setting to dine in a relaxed and friendly atmosphere. Ideal for special occasions with friends or to entertain guests, the No 7 Lounge provides a warm welcome from friendly and experienced staff. Parties of 7 or less may have to share a table in the lounge. One car park pass for every 4 seats booked.
Match ticket in the Lower Centenary Stand (blocks KN and KG)
Delicious four-course buffet meal
Half-time tea and coffee
Full-time tea, coffee and refreshments
Matchday programme
In-lounge betting facilities
Licensed Bar
Satellite TV broadcasting the LFC TV channel and match highlights
The recently renovated Shanks and Paisley suites, named after Liverpool's most celebrated and famous Managers Bill Shankly and Bob Paisley, are the perfect place to mix first-class match day hospitality with match day passion and excitement.
Whether you are attending the game with friends or impressing clients the delicious hot and cold buffet served before the game is sure to impress. A seat in the executive section of the Upper Centenary stand awaits you as you prepare to watch the Red Men in action.
Upholstered reserved seat in the Executive section of the Upper Centenary
Unlimited access to Shankly & Paisley suites
Opening times 2 ½ hours pre-match and following the final whistle
Complimentary hot & cold food with a great variety of delicious dishes
Half time tea and coffee
Match Programme
Cash bar service
Paper tickets in stock for immediate dispatches
Located in the Lower Centenary Stand, the Reds Bar is a spacious match day facility offering a relaxed and friendly atmosphere. Reds is perfect for informal entertaining, or simply to meet and have a drink and a bite to eat with friends and fellow Liverpool supporters, before taking your seats in the Lower Centenary Stand.
Match ticket in the Lower Centenary Stand (block KP/KG/KN)
Tea and coffee served throughout the day
Chef's hot dish of the day served before the game
Matchday programme
In-lounge betting facilitiesLicensed bar
Satellite TV broadcasting the LFC TV channel and match highlights
The Sandon (George Edward) holds a special place in LFC's heart and history. It was here that the Club was formed in 1892. Today, the Sandon is still revered by fans and remains a hugely popular location for a drink before the game. Located just a short walk from Anfield (0.4 miles), The Sandon's function suites offer excellent matchday hospitality. Guests will enjoy great food and friendly service as they experience the famous pre-match atmosphere.
Packages Includes:
Package includes:
|Liverpool V Burnley
|Sat 20 Aug
|Liverpool V Leicester
|Sat 10 Sep
|Liverpool V Hull
|Sat 24 Sep
|Liverpool V Man Utd
|Sat 15 Oct
|Liverpool V West Brom
|Sat 22 Oct
|Liverpool V Watford
|Sat 5 Nov
|Liverpool V Sunderland
|Sat 26 Nov
|Liverpool V West Ham
|Sat 10 Dec
|Liverpool V Stoke
|Mon 26 Dec
|Liverpool V Man City
|Sat 31 Dec
|Liverpool V Swansea
|Sat 21 Jan
|Liverpool V Chelsea
|Wed 1 Feb
|Liverpool V Tottenham
|Sat 11 Feb
|Liverpool V Arsenal
|Sat 4 Mar
|Liverpool V Everton
|Sat 1 Apr
|Liverpool V Bournemouth
|Wed 5 Apr
|Liverpool V Crystal Palace
|Sat 22 Apr
|Liverpool V Southampton
|Sat 6 May
|Liverpool V Middlesbrough
|Sun 21 May


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As 9,000 schoolchildren flocked to Lord's for the first two days of the current Test they were greeted with the images of 46 great former cricketers. Things being what they are, they may have wondered why Phil Tufnell was not among them.
They are photographs that help to form a history of the game, or perhaps a teaching aid. There are 22 of them on banners at the rear of the Compton and Edrich stands, all of players who performed great deeds on the ground. All Test-playing nations (except for Bangladesh, who will not come to England and Lord's until 2005) are represented. Bradman's 254, the highest score by an overseas player here, is denoted, as is Mudassar Nazar's more unlikely 6 for 32 for Pakistan in 1982.
Sachin Tendulkar is there, despite a top score for India at Lord's of 31. True, he made 125 for the Rest of the World against MCC in 1998, but that was an exhibition match. As MCC said: "It was felt any cricket hall of fame would be incomplete without such a celebrated figure."
The other stands, too, are adorned by photographs, 24 of them, from Thomas Lord to Courtney Walsh. Unfortunately, as the teachers have no doubt been explaining to their charges, it would be impossible to field a team from the stirring displays. There are no wicketkeepers.
Connor's Brave face
There were no women cricketers on display either, partly because it is not that long ago since they were allowed to play at Lord's. Clare Connor, the captain of the England female side, has been gracing the match with her live presence, however. She has been commentating, authoritatively and eruditely, for Channel 4 (see Sport on TV, page 14) before departing to play in the Super Fours today and tomorrow. This limited-overs tournament consists of four teams comprising the best 48 players in England.
"The idea is to allow the best players to compete against each other," said Connor. She is captain of the Braves, who will defend their title against the Super Strikers, the V Team and the Knight Riders. Notice the influence of popular television on the women's game?
A cover drive
As cricket is quickly discovering, it is as well that books should not be judged by their covers. The latest tome to demonstrate the point is The Official ECB Guide to Cricket Grounds.
If the dry title could not be helped - it is what it says it is - the livery is not the sort that shouts: "Buy me now for the goodies inside". Broadly, the cover consists of a bland design incorporating the England one-day colours of red and dark blue with a barely discernible photograph of the Grandstand at Lord's. "The publishers decided on the cover," said an ECB spokesman. "We were more anxious for the information inside to be correct, and are happy to be associated with it."
The insipid cover on the official grounds guide follows the controversial wrapping on the 2003 edition of Wisden Cricketers' Alamanack, which featured a photograph for the first time. If it was an unnecessary gimmick, it drew attention to the usual content of excellence and self-satisfaction. But as the sales of Powell's book may demonstrate, the point is that it drew attention.
It's Tuffers at the top
The new star of cricket has not been seen at Lord's - the kids with free tickets would doubtless have mobbed him. But Phil Tufnell has been signed up to promote the game for three days this summer.
He will appear in the Metro Centre shopping complex in Newcastle for a day to promote the Second Test in Chester-le-Street, and then for a day at the match to have lunch with winners of a radio station's competition. He will then be used to market the new Twenty20 contest.
Asked if a bowler with a Test match average of 37 was the appropriate man to promote the game, John Read of the ECB said they were using him on "a short-term project tactical basis". It is also said that Tufnell is not being paid per day what he would earn for playing in a Test match, some £5,500.
Banks of Birmingham
So, who were the last Test side containing three former Warwickshire players to beat Australia? Answer: West Indies in the Fourth Test in Antigua the other week. They had Brian Lara, Vasbert Drakes and Omari Banks, who played three games for the county second team last summer.
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Tuesday, October 1, 2013
A New Workspace
My workspace used to be tiny, not ideal when you want to be able to spread out boxes of charms and beads to make jewelry, so it was time for an upgrade!
This is what my new office / creative space looks like! I used to only have the small desk on the right, so you can imagine how happy I am with the new big table!
My old desk was a Micke from Ikea, and I already had a Micke cabinet for my printer. As all Micke products are the same height, all I needed to buy was another set of Micke drawers and a table top.
I added some Ekby Törre drawers on top, because I like being organized and always need more drawers.
The chair is from Ikea too. I've had it for six years though, and they don't seem to have it anymore.
What does your work space look like?
Posted by Tizzalicious at 4:20 PM 7 comments / Leave a Comment
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Tankmates for Congo
Dwarf, Red Eye, South American & more. Freshwater puffer talk in here.
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Re: Tankmates for Congo
Unfortunately, there are many "wrong" ways common in this hobby.
Where's the fish? - Neptune
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Published byElla King Modified about 1 year ago
Literal Definition It means to join. Allah Ta'ala has 99 qualities. One is al- Kafeel as he joins (assists) in the affairs of every creation. Shar'ee Definition 'To attach a responsibility to another in a claim.' (Hidaaya)
a) Qur'aan "They said, 'We have lost the (golden) bowl of the king and for him who produces it is (the reward of) a camel load; and I will be responsible to it.' (Yusuf 72) The officers have taken the responsibility (Kafeel) of the lost item. b) b) Hadith Hadhrat Abi Umamah (Radhiallaahu Anhu) narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallaahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, 'Aariya (loaned item) should be fulfilled; Debt should be fulfilled; Minha (loaned goat or sheep) be returned and the Za'eem (Kafeel) is responsible.' (Nasbur Raaya) Rasulullah (Sallallaahu Alayhi Wasallam,) said, 'The one who looks after the Yateem (orphans), I and him will be (close) like this in Jannah. Rasulullah (Sallallaahu Alayhi Wasallam,) indicated with his two fingers (forefinger and middle finger).' (Tirmidhi)
Makfool Anhu (the person who owes the debt - Debtor). Makfool Lahu (the person claimihg the debt - Creditor) Kafeel (the person who undertook the responsibility to discharge the debt - Guarantor) Makfool Bihi (the undertaken responsibility, e.g. debt, etc.) For example, Zayd requires a loan of R10,000 from Umar and Bakr stands guarantee for Zayd to Umar. Zayd is the Makfool Anhu umar is the Makfool Lahu. Bakr is the Kafeel and the amount of R10,000 is the Makfool Bihi.
'Proposal from the Kafeel (gurantor) and acceptance from the Taalib (creditor).' (Badaai'e) The proposal must be in clear words, for example, one states, 1 assume the responsibility of a Kafeel' or It is upon me, etc.
In Kafaalat, the common conditions for the Makfool Anhu, Makfool Lahu and Kafeel are to be free, sane and adult. That implies that the Makfool Anhu and / or Kafeel cannot be a slave. Either one of the two cannot be insane or immature (under age in Shari'ah). Besides the common condition, the Makfool Anhu, Makfool lahu have an additional condition of being known.
There is flexibility in Kafaalat (and ambiguity in it will be tolerated). (Hidaaya) Based on that principle, the Fuqahaa have ruled, '(Kafaalat) in Kafaalat bil Maal is permissible whether the Makfool Bihi is known to him or unknown.' (Hidaaya) 1) The Makfool Lahu has the right to claim the debt from both parties Aseel and Kafeel, or any one he choose to. 2) The Kafeel may place a condition in assuming the responsibility, for example, he says, 'Whatever you purchase from a particular person, it is upon me. 3) The Kafeel says that if the Asil does not pay, then he will pay. In this case, the Makful lahu or creditor must first claim from the Asil. If he does not pay, then he can ask the Kafeel.
If the Makfool Lahu relieves the Makfool Anhu, the Kafeel will be relieved, not vice versa. If the Kafeel or the Asil dies, then the responsibility of Kafaalat terminates
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Trip Reports
Indonesia: Waigeo and Arfak Mountains May 9-21, 2017
South Pacific Adventure May 23–June 24, 2017
Birds & Culture Venture to Ecuador June 27-July 15, 2017
Northern Peru July 21-August 5, 2017
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Tanzania November 10–24, 2017
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Northern Colombia Endemics December 4-15, 2017
Vietnam Endemics December 10-27, 2017
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Washington State August 22-31, 2017
Golden Isles of Georgia October 13-16, 2017
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Spring Warbler Workshop Max Patch, NC May 3, 2017
Grandfather Mountain May 7, 2017
Hampton Creek Cove & Roan Mountain, TN May 13, 2017
Spring Big Day May 14, 2017
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Bird Songs Workshop 1 June 4, 2017
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Trip Report
Venture to Spring Migration on
Dauphin Island, Alabama
April 20-25, 2012
Whether we have a "fall-out" of trans-Gulf migrants or not I always love our trips down to Dauphin Island, Alabama. Yes, it's a bit of a drive down from Asheville via Atlanta and Montgomery all the way down to "LA", but once down on the island it's a different world. Of course before we even check into our hotel it's down to the Shell Mounds to see what has just landed. Birding on the island is always about constantly checking the local hotspots while always keeping one eye on the weather. Our introduction to DI was 10 Scarlet Tanagers sitting in a tree at the Shell Mounds so maybe this was going to be a good year…..
The winds shifted and blew strongly from the northwest but not many birds arrived. There were good numbers of Eastern Kingbirds, Rose-breasted Grosbeaks and both Scarlet and Summer Tanagers but no large arrival of warblers. Small numbers of Red-eyed Vireos began to arrive and most patches of woodland now seemed to have a Wood Thrush or two, but where were the Warblers? And now it was time for shorebirds- the West End of the island was now just for the birds so we walked down the beach towards the tidal pools and the masses of shorebirds feeding out in the shallows. The majority were Dunlin, Short-billed Dowitcher and Semipalmated Plover, but mixed in with this crowd were Whimbrel, Red Knot, Sanderling and Ruddy Turnstone- some in sparkling breeding plumage. A Snowy Plover was watched mixed in with some Piping Plovers and a couple of Black-bellied were transitioning into very bright coloring.
A Reddish Egret was racing around in one of the pools and a peregrine flew over scattering shorebirds into the wind.
Another excursion took us inland to Coden and Bayou la Batre. This area had been hammered by hurricanes and had barely begun to recover but overall everything did appear to be on the sleepy side, albeit in a very attractive way. A walk through the piney woods produced great views of a singing Yellow-breasted Chat, a family of Brown-headed Nuthatches and a Confederate Jasmine in full bloom (great scent). There were a few late ducks at the impoundment including Redhead, Shoveler and a distant Sora.
Back on the island the northwest winds pushed the "fall-out" into Fort de Soto in Florida and we never got any large numbers of warblers- I believe we finished with 14 species and about 40 individuals……but who could forget the close views of the Kentucky Warbler or the side-by-side comparisons of Hermit, Gray-cheeked, Swainson's, Wood Thrush and Veery?
Other highlights included a blue carpet of Indigo Buntings, single male Bobolink and male Orchard Oriole that sat for great views at Fort Morgan and a Clapper Rail that walked into view in the airport pools, plus soaring Swallow-tailed Kites in the Tensaw Delta on our way home.
We finished the trip with about 143 species, but great views of many of them during our Dauphin Island migration week.
Simon Thompson
P.O. Box 1095
Skyland, N.C. 28776
Office: 828.253.4247