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Petroleum structure Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to- black liquid found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface, which is commonly refined into various types of fuels. It consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds.
Petroleum structure The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to intense heat and pressure.
Composition by weight ElementPercent range Carbon83 to 85% Hydrogen10 to 14% Nitrogen 0.1 to 2% Oxygen0.05 to 1.5% Sulfur0.05 to 6.0% Metals< 0.1%
Structure of Oil Resrves
Unit of volume An oil barrel (abbreviated as bbl) is a unit of volume whose definition has not been universally standardized. In the United States and Canada, an oil barrel is defined as 42 US gallons, which is about 159 liters 1 barrel [US, petroleum] = 158.9872972 liter 158.9872972 * 0.88 = 139.908821536 kilograms 1 metric ton is 1000 kilograms: 139.908821536 / 1000 = 7.1475121
Top oil producers According to IEA top 10 oil producer countries produced over 64 % of the world oil production in 2012. The top oil producers in 2012 were: Saudi Arabia 544 Mt (13 %), Russia 520 Mt (13 %), United States 387 Mt (9 %), China 206 Mt (5%), Iran 186 Mt (4 %), Canada 182 Mt (4 %),United Arab Emirates 163 Mt (4 %), Venezuela 162 Mt (4 %), Kuwait 152 Mt (4 %) and Iraq 148 Mt (4 %). In 2012 total oil production was 4,142 Mt. In 2011 the world oil production was 4,011 Mt demonstrating an annually rising trend in oil production.
World84,820,000100% 1 Russia10,900,00013.28% 2 Saudi Arabia9,900,00012.65% 3 United States8,453,0009.97% 4 Iran4,231,0004.77% 5 China4,073,0004.56% 6 Canada3,592,0003.90% 7 Iraq3,400,0003.75% 8 United Arab Emirates3,087,0003.32% 9 Venezuela3,023,0004.74% 10 Mexico2,934,0003.56%
11 Kuwait 2,682,0002.96% 12 Brazil 2,633,0003.05% 13 Nigeria 2,525,0002.62% 14 Norway 1,998,0002.79% 15 Algeria 1,885,0002.52% 16 Angola 1,840,0002.31% 17 Kazakhstan 1,635,0001.83% 18 Qatar 1,631,0001.44% 19 United Kingdom 1,099,0001.78% 20 Colombia1,011,9920.97%
Influence of oil prices The demand for oil is highly dependent on global macroeconomic conditions. According to the International Energy Agency, high oil prices generally have a large negative impact on the global economic growth.
Oil prices 1987- 2013
"Seven Sisters" The "Seven Sisters " was a term coined in the 1950s by businessman Enrico Mattei, then- head of the Italian state oil company Eni, to describe the seven oil companies which formed the "Consortium for Iran" cartel and dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s.
"Seven Sisters" The Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) was an English company founded in 1908 following the discovery of a large oil field in Masjed Soleiman, Iran. It was the first company to extract petroleum from Iran. In 1935 APOC was renamed the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) and in 1954 it became the British Petroleum Company (BP), one of the antecedents of the modern BP plc.
"Seven Sisters" The group comprised Anglo-Persian Oil Company (now BP); Gulf Oil, Standard Oil of California(SoCal) and Texaco (now Chevron); Royal Dutch Shell; and Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso) and Standard Oil Company of New York (Socony) (now ExxonMobil).
"Seven Sisters" Prior to the oil crisis of 1973, the members of the Seven Sisters controlled around 85 percent of the world's petroleum reserves, but in recent decades the dominance of the companies and their successors has declined as a result of the increasing influence of the OPEC cartel and state-owned oil companies in emerging-market economies.
"Seven Sisters" Being well-organized and able to negotiate as a cartel, the Seven Sisters were initially able to exert considerable power over Third World oil producers. However, in recent decades the dominance of the Seven Sisters and their successor companies has been challenged by the following trends:
New Trends the increasing influence of the OPEC cartel (formed in 1960), a declining share of world oil & gas reserves held by OECD countries and the emergence of powerful state-owned oil companies in emerging-market economies. As of 2010, the surviving companies from the Seven Sisters are BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil and Royal Dutch Shell, which form four members of the "supermajors" group.
"New Seven Sisters" The Financial Times has used the label the "New Seven Sisters" to describe a group of what it argues are the most influential national oil and gas companies based in countries outside of the OECD. According to the Financial Times this group comprises: Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia) China National Petroleum Corporation (China) Gazprom (Russia) National Iranian Oil Company (Iran) Petrobras (Brazil) PDVSA (Venezuela) Petronas (Malaysia)
OPEC OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is an oil cartel whose mission is to coordinate the policies of the oil-producing countries. The goal is to secure a steady income to the member states and to secure supply of oil to the consumers. The OPEC Reference Basket (ORB), also referred to as the OPEC Basket is a weighted average of prices for petroleum blends produced by OPEC countries. It is used as an important benchmark for crude oil prices.
OPEC OPEC is an intergovernmental organization that was created at the Baghdad Conference on 10–14 September 1960, by Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Later it was joined by nine more governments: Libya, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Indonesia, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuad or, Angola, and Gabon. OPEC was headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland before moving to Vienna, Austria, on September 1, 1965.
OPEC OPEC was formed at a time when the international oil market was largely separate from centrally planned economies, and was dominated by multinational companies. OPEC's 'Policy Statement' states that there is a right of all countries to exercise sovereignty over their natural resources. Because OPEC is an organization of countries (not oil companies), individual members have sovereign immunity for their actions, meaning that OPEC is not regarded as being subject to competition law in the normal way.
OPEC In the 1970s, OPEC began to gain influence and steeply raised oil prices during the 1973 oil crisis in response to US aid to Israel during the Yom Kippur War which lasted until March 1974. OPEC added to its goals the selling of oil for socio-economic growth of the poorer member nations, and membership grew to 13 by 1975.
OPEC In the 1980s, the price of oil was allowed to rise before the adverse effects of higher prices caused demand and price to fall. The OPEC nations, which depended on revenue from oil sales, experienced severe economic hardship from the lower demand for oil and consequently cut production in order to boost the price of oil. During this time, environmental issues began to emerge on the international energy agenda. Lower demand for oil saw the price of oil fall back to 1986 levels by 1998–99.
OPEC In the 2000s, a combination of factors pushed up oil prices even as supply remained high. Prices rose to then record-high levels in mid-2008 before falling in response to the 2007 financial crisis. OPEC's summits in Caracas and Riyadh in 2000 and 2007 had guiding themes of stable energy markets, sustainable oil production, and environmental sustainability. OPEC has twelve member countries: six in the Middle East, four in Africa, and two in South America.
CountryRegionJoined OPEC Population (July 2012) ProductionProduction (bbl/day)bbl Algeria Africa196937,367,2262,125,000 (16th) Angola Africa200718,056,0721,948,000 (17th) Ecuador South America 200715,223,680485,700 (30th) Iran Middle East196078,868,7114,172,000 (4th) Iraq Middle East196031,129,2253,200,000 (12th) Kuwait Middle East19602,646,3142,494,000 (10th) LibyaAfrica19625,613,3802,210,000 (15th) Nigeria Africa1971170,123,7402,211,000 (14th) Qatar Middle East19611,951,5911,213,000 (21st) Saudi Arabia Middle East196026,534,5048,800,000 (2nd) United Arab Emirates Middle East19675,314,3172,798,000 (8th) Venezuela South America 196028,047,9382,472,000 (11th) Total369,368,42933,327,700 bbl/day
Brent Crude Brent Crude is a major trading classification of sweet light crude oil that serves as a major benchmark price for purchases of oil worldwide. Brent Crude is sourced from the North Sea, and comprises Brent Blend, Forties Blend, Oseberg and Ekofisk crudes (also known as the BFOE Quotation). The Brent Crude oil marker is also known as Brent Blend, London Brent and Brent petroleum.
Global Price Benchmark The other well-known classifications (also called references or benchmarks) are the OPEC Reference Basket, Dubai Crude, Oman Crude, and West Texas Intermediate (WTI). Brent is the leading global price benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils. It is used to price two thirds of the world's internationally traded crude oil supplies.
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Discussion in 'Colorado Football Message Board' started by 77buff, Dec 9, 2010.
this will be the $5,000,000 question wont it?
Petrino, the Arky meltdown would be awesome...
The job would be a big bump in salary for both Mullen and Petrino - especially Mullen.
Good lord. Saban makes over $6 million per year?
4 posts and nobody has mentioned Dave Logan yet?? You people are slipping...
If he can get away from Mississippi St., my money is on Mullen here...
Logan to MissState
On a different note, Neb. granted Bo Pelini permission to talk to the U according to ESPN radio this morning.
So, Logan to the corn??? :lol:
I heard the Gators are about to interview Dan Hawkins
But I thought NU was the best program in America?
Oh, please, please, please, please, please, please, please, please, please, please, please .........
I heard that too - intramural head coach - rumor has it he's got a small but "awesome" young quarterback that he's bringing with him.
That is funny. I would love to see Pelini take his act to South Beach...well, OK UM isn't exactly South Beach but close enough...
Best case scenario: Bo peep to UM in january, kNU has to hire Shawn Watson :smile2:
I am waiting for Miami Buffs to respond to this... :lol:
Would Miami be able to pay enough for Pelini? Seems to me that the niblets can afford a lot more than the canes can, especially with the move to the big 10.
I'd love to see it, though. Maybe Hawkins can go to Lincoln. That would be "awesome".
They could hire from within and just promote Watson. I know a lot of their fans thought he'd make a great HC for us, so I'm sure they'd be excited to have him themselves..
what do we think the chances of this going down are?
Does not seem to be true
I love it when we discuss the same thing in two threads.
I wouldn't mind seeing Florida poach Utah's coach again. What are the odds they get 3 really good/great coaches in a row?:lol:
Then have the Broncos pick off Harbaugh and 2 of the better P12 coaches are gone...
I doubt Miami has enough money to pay Pelini. kNU has a lot more resources than Miami has. I could see Bo going just to get out of Lincoln, which is an armpit of a city, but otherwise, Miami can't offer what the niblets can.
Are you saying Ron Zook was a great coach?
edit, no, you're not. You're saying that both Meyer and Winningham are great coaches. Sorry, I understand.
Agree, just thought it fit in both. :smile2:
Miami's AD didn't just make him apologize for acting like a baby. might be bad feelings there.
he's also one of the lower paid coaches in the Big12-10 what ever at just over 2mm a season
Whoever replaces Meyer will not likely have the same success. Therefore the replacement shall be known as Suburban Meyer.
Thank you, thank you, I'll be here all weeek, and tip your waitresses....
But if he does not have success he's the opposite of Meyer, and thus, wouldn't he be, Rural Meyer?
Then its the third highest cause Lester has a clause that makes him the highest paid.
Separate names with a comma.


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Free Garage Plans for Car
It's needed for homeowners to concern about home design such as exterior and interior design. Well, when it comes to concern in your best home design, you should not forget to design your car garage plans as great as possible. A car garage is really important to save your car easily. However, people might think about more costs if should design large or double garage. Well, you should not worry! You can try a simple way for free garage plans for your car. Make a single garage without a floor to help you easily set your car in your home!
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Well, free garage plans for your car should be planned as easy as possible with effective way. Choosing a single garage without floor might be easier and more effective especially for your cost. In addition, you can use the hard ground with metal thrown in the top can be used as garage floor. Meanwhile add the iron roof cover it might be really cost-effective for car shelter. Well, it's an easy free garage plans!


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Harrods New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc
£16.00 Product Code 5254562
- Overview
Tasting Note:
Herbaceous tones combine with subtle notesof citrus, passion fruit and a hint of gooseberry. The palate is clean and fresh with a mouth-wateringpebble mineral streak that provides the wine a platform and structure.
Food Pairing:
fresh sashimi, salad and goats cheese
- Details
- Country: New Zealand
- Region: Marlborough
- Grape variety: Sauvignon Blanc
- Vintage: 2015
- Alcohol: 13%
- Bottle size: 75cl
- Closure: Screw cap
The Harrods New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc has been created in partnership with Nautilus Estate, a renowned and family-owned winery based in the Marlborough region.
Regrettably, food and wine products are non-returnable.
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Delivery Option Duration Price Standard Delivery 3-5 days, Monday-Friday only. £5.95 Next Day Delivery Next working day on all orders placed before 3pm, Mon-Sat only. £12 Saturday Delivery Saturday only on orders placed before Friday 3pm. £15.95
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Blog Entry# 1635350
Posted: Nov 02 2015 (12:26)
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Nov 02 2015 (12:26) GGN/Gurgaon (3 PFs)
indiagenie 2393 blog posts 2354 correct pred (90% accurate)
Station is in the 'Old' Gurgaon area. The roads around the station are not well maintained. Station is close to a very congested and busy market area and hence food options are plentiful in this market if not exactly upscale. The swanky 'new' Gurgaon is some distance away across the NH-8 and can be reached directly by auto/radiocab or by going to the Gurgaon bus depot and then catching a bus to Iffco Chowk and MG Road.
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Ranchi, Jan. 18: Health secretary Pradeep Kumar's warning that punitive action would be taken against the junior resident doctors of Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) if they did not call off their strike by today had little impact on the protesters.
The junior doctors' indefinite strike entered the third day today even as services continued to be disrupted at the hospital.
According to reports, 29 patients have died till now while over 100 have been forced to leave RIMS due to the absence of proper treatment.
Though the services of 26 doctors from outside have been roped in, they could not fill the vacuum created by the absence of 400 junior doctors. Nurses also complained that they were facing difficulty in looking after the patients.
"We have to run behind the senior doctors as they are few in number and go home after sunset. The work pressure is too much to handle," a nurse said.
Family members of patients are equally distressed. "Doctors are not available round the clock at different units. They turn up only on call and immediately disappear," said Janamjay Singh of Latehar, who was seen sitting outside the casualty operation theatre.
Though complaints poured from the wards, the nurses at emergency unit gave a different picture.
"Services at emergency unit remained unaffected despite the strike. We attended to 40 patients in the emergency section today," a nurse said.
Director of health services Jintendra Kumar said efforts were on to ensure normal services.
"All departmental heads of RIMS have been instructed to take care of their wards. Doctors from outside are also being brought in. We had a discussion with the junior doctors this afternoon. They have been asked to join duty at the earliest," Kumar said.
However, RIMS superintendent I.B. Prasad and Indian Medical Association (IMA) secretary Prabhat Kumar looked worried this afternoon. They were noticed discussing the issue outside the administrative building of RIMS with Prabhat Kumar.
Meanwhile, the junior medicos remained busy holding meetings till late in the evening. However, they refused to divulge what would be their next course of action in the face of the warnings given by the health secretary.
"We are yet to arrive at a decision on our future programme. Hence, we will not be able to say anything right now," said Junior Doctors' Association spokesperson Kundan Kumar.
Yesterday, the health secretary had asked RIMS director N.N. Agarwal to take "necessary steps" to terminate the strike by today.
In a letter addressed to Agarwal, he also said that if the junior doctors did not withdraw the strike, the third-year post-graduate students, who are to appear in the final-year PG examination, will be barred from doing so.
He had further warned that Ranchi University too would be told to cancel the registration of doctors who do not resume work by today.source:telegraphindia
Striking docs cock a snook at warning
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Luxaire is a division of the Unitary Products Groups – A Johnson Controls Company. The company is a major supplier of heating, ventilating, air-conditioning and refrigeration units in the United States and a leading supplier on the international market. The quest of the company to find the top technology is evident in their line of energy efficient residential and light commercial heating and cooling systems. In addition, Luxaire offers you superior service and support. Efficient and reliable heating and cooling systems that are backed by award winning service is why many homeowners, dealers and distributors choose Luxaire systems.
A vital piece of the Luxaire cooling system is the air conditioning coil. The Luxaire system comes with two parts – an indoor and an outdoor unit. The indoor unit is the air handler or furnace, which is responsible for circulating air throughout the building. Inside the air handler or furnace there is a fan and an evaporator coil. Because of these two components being properly matched, you get a money saving efficient machine that gives you improved comfort and years of maintenance free service.
The air condition coil in Luxaire products are specifically engineered for outstanding durability and exceptional heat transfer. With Luxaire high quality coils you will get the comfort you need in either your home or business atmosphere. You get an indoor and outdoor unit that is perfectly matched for high efficiency. A positive-sloped drain pan reduces the issue of standing water that can lead to germs. A special patented MicroBlue coating on the air conditioning coil keeps germs and moisture from collecting on the coil and being released into the air. In a few air conditioning coils, you can get environmentally friendly and proven refrigerants. For optimum performance, there is an optional thermostatic expansion valve.


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And here you thought Mondo's Christmas Ornament was going to be the best Phantasm news of the week. Rue Morgue has just announced that they are releasing an Authorized Phantasm Film Companion in February! Dig that wild cover artwork to your right and read on for the details.
"Step through the gates of Morningside Mortuary with Rondo Award-winning Rue Morgue columnist and lifelong Phan John W. Bowen for a tour of the Tall Man's domain, personally guided by Phantasm series mastermind Don Coscarelli and friends.
One of the horror genre's most beloved film franchises, Phantasm, comes to life with the first-time participation of Don Coscarelli. Features exclusive interviews with Coscarelli, stars Angus Scrimm, Michael Baldwin, Reggie Bannister, Bill Thornbury and more.
Plus! Never-before-seen photos from Coscarelli's private collection, a blow by blow breakdown of the films in the series, music, stunts and lots more!
Also features Oscar-winner Roger Avary on the Phantasm sequel that never got made and a foreword by Don Coscarelli.
132 pages, perfect bound soft cover."
That the book is being authored by Rue Morgue's own John W. Bowen is fantastic news. Phans should recall he most recently penned last year's Phantasm Ravager cover story for the genre mag. Looking forward to this one!
Pre-order yours here for the low price of $14.95 with free shipping to US and Canada!
Thursday, December 8, 2016
Official Phantasm Book Coming in February!
Exhumed by The Chief Archivist at 9:30:00 AM
Grave Markers: Collectibles, Don Coscarelli, News
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A compendium of developmental gene expression in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes
- R. F. Bloomquist†1, 2,
- T. E. Fowler†1,
- J. B. Sylvester1,
- R. J. Miro1 and
- J. T. Streelman1Email author
DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0146-0
© The Author(s). 2017
Received: 15 August 2016
Accepted: 26 January 2017
Published: 3 February 2017
Lake Malawi cichlids represent one of a growing number of vertebrate models used to uncover the genetic and developmental basis of trait diversity. Rapid evolutionary radiation has resulted in species that share similar genomes but differ markedly in phenotypes including brains and behavior, nuptial coloration and the craniofacial skeleton. Research has begun to identify the genes, as well as the molecular and developmental pathways that underlie trait divergence.
We assemble a compendium of gene expression for Lake Malawi cichlids, across pharyngula (the phylotypic stage) and larval stages of development, encompassing hundreds of gene transcripts. We chart patterns of expression in Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Hedgehog (Hh), Notch and Wingless (Wnt) signaling pathways, as well as genes involved in neurogenesis, calcium and endocrine signaling, stem cell biology, and numerous homeobox (Hox) factors—in three planes using whole-mount in situ hybridization. Because of low sequence divergence across the Malawi cichlid assemblage, the probes we employ are broadly applicable in hundreds of species. We tabulate gene expression across general tissue domains, and highlight examples of unexpected expression patterns.
On the heels of recently published genomes, this compendium of developmental gene expression in Lake Malawi cichlids provides a valuable resource for those interested in the relationship between evolution and development.
KeywordsCichlid fishes Evolution of gene expression Lake Malawi Developmental pathways
Comparative gene expression is a hallmark of the evolution and development research program [1]. This is particularly the case among closely related vertebrate species, like hominids [2], beach mice [3], cavefishes [4], stickleback [5], and cichlid fishes [6]. In these examples and many others, diversity in key traits evolves via spatial, temporal and/or quantitative variation in gene expression. Despite the importance of changes in gene expression to the evolution of closely related species, comprehensive surveys of spatial expression patterns are typically confined to laboratory models (e.g., zebrafish, [7]).
Fish husbandry
Lake Malawi cichlids used for this study included Metriaclima zebra [MZ] and Petrotilapia chitimba "thickbar" [PC]. These species were used owing to their availability and the fact that they belong to the 'mbuna' rock dwelling lineage. While Malawi cichlid species share qualitative expression domains across species, those from different ecotypes (mbuna versus 'non-mbuna') may exhibit heterochronic and quantitative differences in expression [6, 17]. Adult cichlids were maintained in re-circulating aquarium systems at 28 °C (Georgia Institute of Technology). Fertilized embryos were removed from the mouths of brooding females and staged in days post-fertilization (dpf), according to the Nile tilapia developmental series [22]. Embryos were raised to 4dpf or 6dpf and euthanized with sodium bicarbonate buffered anesthetic MS-222, before fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde. Pre-hatching embryos at 4dpf were dechorionated using fine forceps to achieve proper fixation and reagent penetration.
Primer and probe design
In situ hybridization
Specimens for ISH were fixed a minimum of 48 h in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 °C and then dehydrated into a graded series of methanol for further fixation and storage at −20 °C O/N. Embryos were rehydrated and permeabilized in 10 μg/mL proteinase K for one hour. They were then refixed in 4% PFA and incubated in prehybridization solution at 70 °C. Embryos were incubated overnight at 70 °C in digoxigenin-labeled antisense riboprobes. The following day, embryos were washed through a graded series of saline-sodium citrate buffer solutions and blocked with blocking solution (5% blocking buffer, 5% goat serum in MABT). Embryos were then hybridized with 1:3000 anti-digoxigenin-AP FAB fragments in blocking buffer overnight at 4 °C. Excess antibody was removed by washing, and color reaction with NBT/BCIP was performed on the AP-conjugated anti-dig antibodies. Gene expression was imaged in whole mount, using a LeicaDFC295 compound light microscope.
Results and discussion
Bone morphogenetic protein and transforming growth factor beta pathway
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily is a class of cytokines organized into TGF-βs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and activin/inhibins that bind to Type I and II serine/threonine kinase receptors [23]. Upon ligand activation, type II receptors phosphorylate type I receptors, leading to SMAD protein activation and ultimately gene regulation. TGF-β/BMPs play a major role in almost every aspect of vertebrate biology, from gastrulation and organization of the body plan, to the genesis of almost every organ, to renewal and adult tissue maintenance [23, 24]. Inasmuch, mutations in the TGF-β superfamily and its regulators have been demonstrated as causative for the evolution of major adaptations.
BMPs are believed to control multiple aspects of cichlid jaw shape and function [25, 26], are in part responsible for evolutionary novelty in beak shape of Darwin's finches [27], and have a direct dose-dependent effect on the craniofacial skeleton when transgenically titrated in mice [28]. All of the BMP pathway factors we include are expressed in the jaw once it has formed in the larval stage, and many are also expressed in the pharynx, as indicated in Table 1. bmp2 and bmp4 pattern, generate, shape, and regenerate teeth in mice, squamates, and cichlids [29–35] while a large-effect QTL containing bmp6 has been reported for a doubling of pharyngeal tooth number in stickleback [36]. bmper may regulate tooth number in Malawi cichlids [17].
Tumor-suppressor smad1 is phosphorylated in response to BMP pathway activation, and regulates transcription. We observe smad1 throughout the brain, fins, eyes, somites/vertebrae, jaw, and pharynx. Transcription factors snai1 and snai2 exhibit distinct expression patterns. snai1 is in all three brain regions, notably along the longitudinal fissure at 6dpf, as well as the vertebrae/somites. snai2 appears around the eyes pretectum, and pectoral fins, along with heavy expression in the pharyngeal arches and somites. We observe sostdc1 in the pharynx and cranial lateral line, and tgfb1 around the eyes, retinae, pharynx, and fins.
Fibroblast growth factor pathway
Much like the TGF-β/BMP pathway, the Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway plays a part in eukaryotic development and homeostasis across ontogeny, and is particularly important for organogenesis and the generation of evolutionary novelty. FGFs and FGF receptors (FGFRs) are part of a larger family of Tyrosine Kinases and high-affinity cell surface receptors known as Receptor-Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) that function through activation of Ras/MAP kinase and phospholipase-C gamma pathways [40]. Conserved across all metazoans, FGFs have gained redundancy in higher vertebrate genomes, presumably for the formation of complex traits. In Amphioxus, FGF's coordinate segment reduction, perhaps permissive for the evolution of the vertebrate head [41]. In frog, FGFs work synergistically with BMPs to induce neurulation [42]. By contrast, FGFs have long been recognized as competitors of the BMP pathway in patterning limb outgrowth in mammals [43], and formation and regeneration of fish fins [44]. Genetic ablation of the FGF antagonists Spry4 and Spry2 produces mice with tusks for incisors [45], and heterochrony of fgf8 expression in the blind cavefish neural plate contributes to defective retinal morphogenesis [4]. It is apparent that FGFs are one of the key pathways exploited by nature during animal evolution [46].
Zinc-finger transcription factor sp8 acts under the regulation of fgf10 and Wnt/β-catenin, and has been shown to regulate fgf8 for limb formation during chicken development [47]. We observe sp8 along the spinal region and throughout the brain and olfactory placodes in a pattern similar to that seen in zebrafish [48]. Repressor spry4 and transcription factor twist1 are both expressed along the somites, as well as in the pharynx, fins, eyes, and jaws.
Forkhead box pathway
The Forkhead Box transcription factors share an evolutionary conserved "forkhead" or "winged-helix" 100 amino-acid DNA binding domain. The moniker for the Fox family was coined when the first homolog forkhead (fkh) was identified in Drosophila, with mutant flies exhibiting split heads [49]. Moreover, the helix-turn-helix motif of this domain is comprised of 3 α-helices and two large loops that resemble "wings." To date, over 100 Fox transcription factors have been identified across eukaryotes and much work has been done to clarify their nomenclature [50]. For example, in humans there are over fifty Fox proteins categorized into 19 subgroups (FOXA to FOXS) [51].
In vertebrates, FoxP2 has demonstrated roles in vocalization and the ability to learn language. Deletions in FoxP2 result in verbal dyspraxia and a collapse of the communication system at both the neural and muscular levels [55]; furthermore Foxp2 has evolved episodically in hominids [56]. In cichlids, foxp2 is expressed in distinct foci in the thalamus and telencephalon, as well as in the pharyngeal arches where sound is produced [57], in the otic placodes and tectum where sound is received and processed, and in the fins.
Hedgehog pathway
The Hedgehog pathway executes pervasive roles in embryonic development, stem cell renewal, and cancer biology. Hedgehog proteins are a group of soluble morphogens that include Indian Hedgehog, Desert Hedgehog, and perhaps the most well studied ligand in embryology, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH). These morphogens bind to the transmembrane receptor Patched (Ptch), releasing co-receptor Smoothened (Smo) and permitting activation of Hedgehog signaling. The Hh pathway is involved in the specification and morphogenesis of nearly all animal organs [58].
Homeobox pathway
dlx1a, dlx2, dlx3b, dlx5, emx3, msx1, nkx2-1 and nkx2-5 belong to the ANTP class and members have been well described as mediators of zebrafish jaw [64] and lamprey pharynx development [65], as well as important for fish brain development [66]. In Fig. 7 we note strikingly similar expression of dlx1a and dlx2, and expression of Dlx and Msx genes in the jaws and pharynx. The Dlx and Nkx genes are expressed in the ventral regions of the mid and/or forebrain. emx3 is expressed in the dorsal telencephalon early, and at later stages is seen throughout the brain and trunk.
gbx2 and hoxa10b of the HOXL subclass are expressed in foci of the jaw joint [70] and fins respectively, the latter of which has been described as crucial for proper limb and fin patterning [71].
In the three amino acid loop extension (TALE) superclass we demonstrate expression of irx1b, irx2 and meis2, all three of which are expressed in the eyes and brain. Belonging to the LIM class we present expression of LIM homeobox 2 (lhx2), lhx6 and lhx9. lhx2 and lhx9 exhibit essentially identical expression patterns in the brain, fins, and spinal region, while lhx6 is only expressed in the jaw, pharynx, and preoptic region.
Calcium, endocrine, and insulin signaling
As another example, gad1 and gad2 (also known as gad67 and gad65, respectively) encode enzymes for the production of the neurotransmitter GABA and have known roles in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. As in zebrafish [73] and other organisms, we note expression of gad1 and gad2 throughout the brain early in pharyngeal and larval stages of development. Plasma membrane transporter glast is expressed in cephalic lateral line placodes, where ion exchange will mediate sensory signaling later in the fully functional organ. In the insulin pathway, we report expression of igfbp5 in lateral line and all brachial arches. isl1, or Insulin gene enhancer protein, binds to insulin enhancer sites to regulate insulin gene expression and has known roles in diabetic disease. It is commonly used as a marker of pancreatic cells early and late in zebrafish ontogeny [74] and we show is expressed similarly in cichlids, as well as in forebrain neuronal subsets. Factors involved in endocrine signaling, such as bhlhe40, cdkn1a, and th, are all diffusely expressed in the brain. bhlhe40 exhibits notable expression in the eyes at both stages, and additional expression in the pharynx and somites at 6dpf.
Mitogens, stem cell factors and tumor suppressors
Mesenchymal stem cells (mSCs) can be difficult to define due their loose spatial arrangement and degrees of potency. We report expression of celsr1, mcam, pdgf, and vim, which have recently been hypothesized to maintain mSCs [78, 79] in structures including brain, eyes, lateral line, and fins.
Crucial to the dichotomy of stem cell potency is the genetic environment that houses these cells, known as the niche. For instance, a set of key genes known as the Yamanaka factors, cmyc, klf4, oct4, and sox2 are important for maintaining pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), and through retroviral induction can transfate mouse fibroblasts into induced PSCs (iPSCs) [80]. We have cloned oct4, reported as pou5f1 in the Hox panel (Fig. 9). Similar to reports in zebrafish [81] we see little whole-mount expression of oct4 past neurulation, presumably because of its defined roles in PSC maintenance. However, we report expression of klf4, noted in lateral line, fins, and brain, as well as sox2, noted even at later larval stages in adult organs capable of self-renewal, including teeth, taste buds, and the cephalic lateral line. The ability of sox2 to persist and localize to epithelial stem cell (eSC) niches has been noted before [82]. sox2 has been reported as an eSC marker in a host of adult organs [83, 84], along with bmi1 and lgr5 [75] in the intestine, and tumor suppressor lrig1 as a master regulator of eSCs [85]. We observe lrig1 throughout the brain, spinal region, fins, and eyes. Finally, we report expression of neural crest stem factor sox10 in the pharynx and somites, and mitogenic factor tp63 in the jaw, pharynx, CNS, cephalic lateral line, and fins.
Notch pathway
The intercellular Notch signaling cascade is a highly conserved pathway involved in animal cell specification and proliferation [86]. Notch signaling exhibits versatility through a gamut of posttranslational modifications that alter receptor response to ligand. Notch activation occurs primarily by juxtacrine signaling from Delta, Serrate, and Jagged class ligands, which bind the Notch receptor extracellular domain of an adjacent cell. This binding causes proteolytic cleavage of a cytosolic domain to enable it to act as a transcription factor. The Notch pathway is of particular interest in axial patterning during embryogenesis because of this characteristic signal transduction between neighboring cells. In vertebrate models, including chicken [87], and mouse [88], temporal regulation of Notch in the pre-somitic mesoderm plays an important role in segmentation. In zebrafish, segmentation can be restored in Notch-deficient embryos via delivery of artificial pulses of Notch [89]. In cichlids, the Notch pathway is involved in patterning and regeneration of teeth [32], and in the renewing mouse incisor Notch has a role in maintaining the stem niche [90].
In Drosophila, Notch signaling has been shown to regulate cell fate in the eye by acting at specific ommatidium photoreceptors [91]. We observe expression in the retina (see frontal view) for deltaA, hes1, jag1, notch1 and notch2, as well as expression of deltaB, dlk1, jag2, and notch3 in the eyes. At 4dpf, dlk1 expression is restricted to small areas in all three regions of the brain and dorsal side of the eyes, and by 6dpf this expression has spread to the telencephalon, optic tectum, and hindbrain. hes1 expression at 4dpf is seen in the head and lateral line, and at 6dpf expression is also evident in the vertebral somites and jaw.
Jagged1 is important for endothelial tissue development, and has been correlated with human congenital diseases of the heart [92]. We observe expression of jag1 and jag2 throughout the brain and fins at both developmental stages, and jag2 additionally in the somites and jaw. lnfg is expressed in the brain and eyes, with heavy expression along the central midline. We also observe lnfg in the somites, where it is critical for somite segmentation according to studies performed in mouse [93]. Notch receptors notch1, notch2 and notch3 all exhibit expression along the center midline of the brain and in the jaw, somites, pharynx, and lateral line.
Brain development and neurogenesis
The formation of the brain and nervous system is highly conserved and requires the integration of many, often competing, molecular signals. Cichlid brains evolve diversity via subtle modification of conserved gene regulatory networks [6, 19]. Here we show expression of transcription factors and other components of nervous system development as well as guidance cues involved in neurogenesis and axonal growth.
In Fig. 13, egr4 is expressed throughout the brain at 6dpf while neuronal differentiation factor neurod1 can be seen in the brain and pharyngeal arches. neurod2 expression at 4dpf is localized to the telencephalon and eyes, but at 6dpf this expression appears throughout the brain and nerve cord. neurog1 expression is evident in the brain and the dorsal trunk.
We observe receptors nrp1a and nrpn2a in similar patterns in the eyes and brain, with heavier expression of nrp1a in the fore/midbrain and pharynx. plxna3 is expressed throughout the brain and eyes, while plxna4 is localized to more restricted regions of the eyes and in the dorsal region of the cerebellum. We report expression of semaphorins 3a, 3c, 3e, and 3f in the retinal tissue similar to expression reported in zebrafish [100], at both the pharyngula and larval stages. All four of these semaphorins are expressed in the early jaw, pharynx, nasal pits, somites, and presumptive optic and otic regions.
Wingless pathway
The Wingless (Wnt) signaling pathway involves many factors that alter transcription, regulate calcium levels, and affect cell polarity during embryonic development through paracrine and autocrine signal transduction. Wnt ligands initiate the pathway by binding the N-terminal extracellular domain of Frizzled family receptors, which then bind cytoplasmic Dishevelled within the cell to propagate the signal. This pathway is highly conserved across vertebrates and invertebrates, with more than 20 mammalian Wnt ligands identified [101].
Developmental roles for Wnt signaling have been demonstrated for decades, and knowledge of the effects of this pathway has continued to grow. In 1980, lethal mutations of wingless were shown to affect Drosophila larvae body segments, making boundaries between body axes indistinguishable [102]. This was further demonstrated in Xenopus embryos, which exhibited duplicated axes when injected with mouse Wnt1 RNA [103], and similar duplication was observed by injection of other Wnt related factors. This pathway is important for regulation of cell fate in self-renewing tissues, including mouse intestinal epithelium [104], and in zebrafish has been shown to be important in early neural crest development.
Nuclear β-catenin mediates transcriptional activation by transcription factors Lef1 and Tcf. We observe notable expression of lef1 in the midbrain and forebrain in a similar pattern to that of tcf712 in Fig. 15. tcf3 exhibits expression in the brain, eyes, fins, and somites. Additionally, we report R-spondin receptors lgr4 and lgr6 in distinct patterns in the brain, gut, eyes, fins, and somites, and the secreted R-spondin rspo2 in restricted regions of the fore- and hindbrain.
Other developmentally expressed genes
Transmembrane protein ectodysplasin A (eda) acts through receptor edar in ectodermal tissue development. This signaling pair helps pattern early embryonic structures including skin, hair, and teeth, from germ layers, and outlines placode derived structures such as scales and precisely patterned chicken feathers [106]. We observe eda and edar localized to the tooth placodes and fins at these stages, and note expression in and around scales later in development (not shown). Both factors appear to be expressed more heavily in pharyngula stage than at the larval stage. We see krt8 expressed generally across the entire integument at both stages of development.
Vascular endothelial growth factors vegfa and vegfc are involved in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and cell migration. Overexpression of this family of genes is seen in the vascularization of cancerous tumors [107], and is the target of many emerging cancer therapies. We observe expression of vegfa along the midline of the brain, as well as in the hindbrain and somites. We also observe vegfc in the somites, as well as in the olfactory, optic, and otic regions.
Novel expression domains
Here, we provide a set of probes for spatial analysis of gene expression, useful across hundreds of East African cichlid fishes, for studies of evolution and development. Gene expression patterns are captivating, and provide important clues to the evolution of gene regulation. Gene expression is context-dependent, dynamic in space and time. Our compendium of gene expression for early Lake Malawi cichlid development provides examples of (i) expression patterns conserved with many other animals, as well as (ii) expression patterns that can be considered novel, because they haven't been assayed at these particular spaces and times. We highlight a few of these novel expression domains.
Calcium and endocrine signals (Fig. 10) as well as the stem cell/mitogenic factors (Fig. 17) are rarely studied at these stages, in whole mount. Particularly striking spatially delimited gene expression patterns are observed for many of these genes, including calb2, calb2a, cldn15a, kiss1r, glast, sparc, stra13, bmi1, pdgf, celsr1, klf4, trp63 and vim, suggestive of precise roles in embryonic development. We also observe new expression domains from well-studied genes. Notable from this class are osr2 (Fig. 3; expression in fins) foxp2 (Fig. 5; expression in fins and jaws), hopx (Fig. 7; expression in the pharynx), nrp1a, sema3a, sema3c and sema3e (Fig. 14; expression in fins and jaws). These novel expression domains set the stage for future exploration of function.
Bone morphogenetic pathway
Fibroblast growth factor
Forkhead box
- Hh:
In-situ hybridization
Labeotropheus fuelleborni
Metriaclima zebra
Quantitative trait loci
Transforming growth factor
- Wnt:
We thank Maya Tome and Avery Shook, along with the members of the Streelman lab and anonymous reviewers for their contributions and comments in preparation of this manuscript.
This study was funded in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01GM101095, 2R01DE019637 to J.T.S.; and F30DE023013 to R.F.B.) and the National Science Foundation (IOS1146275 to J.T.S.). The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study, collection of data, analysis of data, interpretation of data or in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
Sequence data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in GenBank with the primary accession codes KT906433-KT906561, KC633830- KC633846, EU867210-EU867217, KT851376-- KT851399.
Authors' contributions
All ISH and imaging performed by RFB, TEF, and RJM. Sequences were cloned and probes were generated by RFB, TEF, and JBS. RFB, TEF, and JTS conceptualized and composed the manuscript. All authors read and approved final versions of the article.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval
All experiments conducted in relation to this publication were carried out in a humane and ethical manner in accordance with Georgia Institute of Technology policies in strict adherence to IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee) protocols A14053 and A14055.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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Enter to Win Real World's 25th Anniversary Box Set, Real World 25 + More!
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it's literally celestial empire.
but in many korean web sites, it means the united states of america.
천조국에선 뭐든지 크다( in us everything is big)
Read Also:
- the curly haired one
harry styles of one direction. directioners refer to him as this as a trade mark. directioner: i was just curious about the curly haired one! now, i'm in too deep!
- trump'n
grabbing women by the p-ssy. he was trump'n last night at his party.
- hillennial
a member of the millennial demographic who supports hillary clinton. clinton will need to grow her hillennial base in order to ensure a strong showing on november 8th.
- girl fine
when a girl says she is fine but she is really dying the girl fine scale great good okay not okay i hate you fine…


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The New Energy Performance Building Construction Essay
Published: Last Edited:
This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
There has never been a time when the environmental performance of housing and buildings has been of such importance. With increasing fuel bills and greater focus on renewable energy sources housing has become a major focus to reduce demand and increase energy performance. With new government legislation being put in place to drive new and existing housing to higher more stringent standards. This projects looks at the implications of this.
The aim of this project is to look at how feasible it is to bring an existing building down to the new Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) required standards for 2018. This will look at existing legislation and projects of similar nature and then go on to consider existing buildings and the recommendations to reduce said building to the new required standards. Fundamentally through looking at the data gathered and research done the aim will be to have a justified evaluation of the feasibility of achieving a "Net Zero" retrofit.
To achieve the goals set out a logical approach was implemented summarized below;
Look at existing Legislation (EPBD1&2,Passive house standards, Section 6)
Define "Net Zero" for the purposes of the project
Research current practice
Consider calculation method
Standard Assessment Procedure(SAP)
Passive House Planning Package (PHPP)
Integrated Environmental Solutions(IES)
Select existing building for project
Establish current model of housing
Develop Improved models
Select best model with justification
Compare with other projects
The current stage of the project is currently concluding the research phase and moving onto the modeling. This report will cover the work done so far and provide clear indications of the decisions made to date.
The research phase of the project was fundamental to establishing the existing legislation on the topic and developing parameters for the given task. The following information was gathered during this process
Energy Performance Building Directive 1
The EPBD was developed in reaction to the Kyoto protocol of 1991 in which the EU government made a commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by a total of 8% with a deadline of 2008-2012. The EPBD 1 was implemented to reduce emissions from the building sector as it accounts for a large proportion of current CO2 emissions. (1) The simplified main objectives of the EPBD 1 are listed below.
Establish a calculation method to assess the energy performance of a building including all forms of energy use.
Set a minimum energy standard for energy performance requirements for new building and large existing buildings
A new Energy Performance grading system to be implemented making use certificates for all buildings called Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) Figure 1 shows an example of this
Regulation must be introduced for the regular inspection of boilers and heating systems including air conditioning
Figure (EPC for England & Wales)
Unlike a lot of other EU countries The UK decided to implement two EPC certificates one for the energy rating of the build and another for its CO2 this was intent to give a better indication of the performance of a building.
Energy Performance Building Directive 2
The EPBD 2 was a recast of the original directive to solve some issues that were discovered and introduce some additional constraints to the legislation. The most important change made with reference to this project was the introduction of "net zero" or "nearly zero" technologies. The idea being that a building could in fact be considered net zero over its life span if it made use of technologies that offset its emissions. This will be discussed in more detail later in the report. Other notable changes include the following (1);
Minimum energy performance standard must be established
New building to make use of Low/net zero-carbon technologies
Mandatory 'nearly zero-energy' building for new builds
Penalties to be introduced for non-compliance will be introduced
Other Legislation
Other notable legislation of relevance to the project was researched to give an idea of similar projects in existence. The following is a brief summary of what was covered.
Passive House
The concept of a passive house was introduced by Germany and act as a voluntary standard for buildings. It aims to bring buildings energy demand down to such a standard that it only requires a very small amount of energy to heat and power the building . This is achieved by extremely stringent building standards considering the following factors (2);
Insulation ( U values of <0.15W/m2.K)
Very low Air Leakage(AC/H<0.6 at 50Pa)
Next to no Thermal bridging (Psi<0.01 W/m.K ext)
High standard Glazing (U<W/m2.K)
High efficiency ventilation for healthy air quality
Efficient lighting
Measures to deal with solar overheating
This style of building has had relative success in in Germany however limitation have been discovered with attempts in the UK issues with damp and poor installation reducing the effectiveness of the concept.
Section 6
Section 6 of the Technical handbooks 2011 Domestic energy was implemented in Scotland in 2011 with the aim to make sure that the most effective manners of energy conservation of both fuel and power were being implemented in new housing. (3) Unlike the passive house regulations section 6 looked at power generation technologies such as Photovoltaic, solar thermal and Combined heat and power systems. This links in more with the projects aim and is similar to the recommendations of EPBD 2
The green deal
The Green deal is a new government scheme to fund the installment of energy reducing technology in existing homes. The scheme avoids all upfront costs by allowing home owners to pay back the money through their power bill. This is intended to cost no more than the energy saving gained by the installment of the technologies hence stopping homeowners having to burden themselves with large debts. (4) This inactive ties in nicely with the project giving additional motivation for homeowners and landlord to retrofit there houses.
Calculation Method
One of the main requirements of the EPBD was to develop a calculation method that could determine the current performance of buildings as well as estimate performance after improvements. For this the government developed the Standard Assessment Package (SAP). This establishes the current rated of a building and can simulate the improvements effectiveness. SAP will be used throughout the project to establish the base model and effectiveness of improvements. As well as SAP there are other dynamic programs that will be used to model improvements and assess options such as Integrated Environmental Solutions package (IES) which allows the modeling of any structure as well as providing an energy rating for the building. Also to help establish the base standard of the selected building EDEM can be used another dynamic calculation package. Using these calculation methods the building will be assed and the options will be taken into consideration.
Definition of "Nearly Zero" or "Net Zero" home;
For this project a definition of a "Nearly Zero" or "Net Zero" home was to be established. After research was conducted a definition was set for the project because many existing definitions exist within current and old legalisation. The aim is to find and set a definition with respect the project title "Retrofit of existing housing to EU EPBD nearly zero standards". As stated in the title the EU EPBD's legislation is to be used in the definition. Below is a quote taken from the directive giving an outline of its definition?
"A nearly zero-energy building is defined as one that has, 'a very high energy performance', and for which 'the nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced onsite or nearby." (5)
The key elements of importance can be broken down into fundamental points. Below is an extract form HM Government 2008 "Definition of Zero Carbon Homes and Non-Domestic Buildings" article. It indicates some of the main areas of importance with reverence to zero carbon homes
Box 1: What does a zero carbon home mean?
Building A Greener Future (July 2007) set out that all new homes are to be
built from 2016 in such a way that, after taking account of:
• emissions from space heating, ventilation, hot water and fixed lighting
• expected energy use from appliances
• exports and imports of energy from the development (and directly
connected energy installations) to and from centralised energy networks,
the building will have net zero carbon emissions over the course of a year.
The present consultation retains the approach of looking at net emissions
(including from appliances) over the course of a year. It proposes that, to
meet the zero carbon homes standard, homes should:
• be built with high levels of energy efficiency
• achieve at least a minimum level of carbon reductions through a
combination of energy efficiency, onsite energy supply and/or (where
relevant) directly connected low carbon or renewable heat; and
• choose from a range of(mainly offsite) solutions for tackling the
remaining emissions.(6)
The concept of "Net Zero" is when a building can be above and below zero emissions at any given time as long as it's net or annual emissions meet the relevant standards. This makes it more achievable to become net zero given the variance in demand dependant on season and time. Other import aspects to consider are that the minimum levels of carbon reductions can be achieved through both onsite and offsite low carbon or renewable sources. This again makes the target reductions mare achievable.
As the EPBD 2 states that participating countries must define minimum energy performance standards a value for the relevant UK's minimum must be established for the purposes of this project. The following extract taken from the carbon compliance interim report suggests that a reduction of 70% as a national standard for all dwelling by 2016 is relatively unachievable. The extract below sets a more realistic standard for the minimum requirements.
"The Task Group concluded that the currently proposed 70% improvement over 2006 is not
deliverable as a national minimum standard for all dwellings from 2016 as it would significantly
constrain the range of house types (and designs) which could be built.
From 2016 the 'built performance' emissions from new homes should be required not to
exceed the following limits:
• 10 kg CO2(eq) /m2/year for detached houses
• 11 kg CO2(eq) /m2/year for other houses (semi-detached, terraced etc)
• 14 kg CO2(eq) /m2/year for low rise apartment blocks." (7)
The above minimum requirements will be used for the project. As a benchmark of how appropriate the given solution is.
Tracoba Flats
For this project an existing building had to be selected to analysis and assess the feasibility of the "net zero" concept. The choice was made to make to select an existing set of flats located locally in Glasgow. The Strathclyde ESRU team have already done an assessment of the feasibility of bringing the flats to passive house standards this provides a lot of data already available to help with modelling flats and assessing what changes are required to bring the building to "net zero". (8) Given the data and the selected building a strategy had to be devised to achieve the goal to devise this strategy some industry research was performed to establish how similar problems are solved in industry.
Industry Research
Stage 3
Renewable technologies
Heat pumps
PV/Solar thermal etc..
Allowable solutions
Investment in Wind farms
Hydro etc..
Stage 1
Building Materials
U-Value Reduction
Energy Demand Reduction
Stage 2
High efficiency systems
Cost and Technical Difficulty
Order of Approach
To gain a better idea of how to approach the task given a consultancy firm (Rambol UK Limited) was contacted with the aim to gain some insightful knowledge on how the approach similar tasks. The results of this were successful providing some useful information of how to approach the problem. Below shown in Figure 2 is a representation of an adapted strategy that combines the information acquired from the research with the requirements of the project.
Figure (Strategy Triangle)
Stage 1
The first stage is to look at the existing building fabric and assess the areas that can be improved. The existing ESRU report provides data on a selection of different improvements which gives a good insight to the general effectiveness of each improvement against its cost this is shown in Figure 3. However as stated before Passive house standards are much more stringent on the fabrics to be used and the demand reductions to be achieved. As this project aims to bring the building down to "Net zero" standards it's the building fabric will be reduced down to a cost effective level before moving on to look at the efficiency of existing systems. (8)
Stage 2
After the building fabric has been assessed the next step is to look at the existing systems such as the boilers and ventilation(if any exists) once again some data does already exist on this shown in Figure 4 providing an indication of how effective system improvement can be. The project will take these into consideration when justifying recommendations of improvements to be made.
Stage 3
Stage three looks at ways to compensate for the remaining emissions and demands of the buildings by considering allowable solutions and renewable technologies. Allowable solutions are a concept that has been introduced to make "net zero" buildings more cost effective. The idea is that after a building has gone through stage one and two it can make investments in near-site or completely off-site low carbon initiatives. This would allow the developer to buy carbon credits that offset the remaining emissions of the properties. This is intended to be less costly than developing on-site solutions which are notoriously expensive. Also providing larger scale projects and wind warms with incentive. (9) Alternatively on-site renewable solutions can be considered with cost in mind. There are feed in tariff scheme and funding available for certain technologies.
Figure (Existing Data on Tracoba flats (8))
This approach has been adopted to establish whether the selected building can be brought down to "net zero" standards and at what cost. The focus of the project will fall on stage three as stage 3 explores the new idea of allowable solutions which may enable building such as the Tracoba flats to financially achieve the given definition of "net zero". As well as looking at the Tracoba flat buildings this project aims to look at another types of structures and compare the feasibility of implementing the same strategies to achieve the goal of "net Zero". If time permits there is the potential of looking at a community building such as a village hall as well as assessing the feasibility of a new build operation. This will all be done with the aim of giving rounded general assessment on how able the building sector will be achieve the new goals set out by legalisation.
Project Schedule
Figure 4 below shows the Gantt chart for the project. This gives an indication of how the project has been approached and the time scale of which the given tasks are expected to be completed. Figure 4 shows that during the research phase of the project parallel tasks dominated the majority of tasks. However as the research phase comes to close its noticeable that each task relies on its predecessor this reflects the nature of the work. For example once a base model has been established the triangle mythology is adopted which will determine the outcome of the given best case models. This causes a certain amount of ambiguity as if the modelling of the Tracoba flats goes over its time constraint a decision will have to be made to assess if there is enough time to consider other buildings. To mitigate this risk the "modelling of community building/new build" and "Accumulate data" sub categories has been overlapped running in parallel to allow for unforeseen time delays. Mile stones are also indicated for major deadlines and achievements
Figure (Gantt chart)
This report has aimed to give a technical briefing on the project "Retrofit of Existing Housing to EU EPBD 2018 Nearly Zero Standards" developing the general aims of the project and exploring its relevance to real world issues. The project provides challenges in both the electrical and mechanical engineering field, requiring a mechanical understanding of the renewable technologies and materials thermal properties as well as a grasp of how to model proposed solutions. The report has indicated the proposed methodology to approach the task in an analytical and logical manor. With the indicated approach the aim is to establish the feasibility of the defined "net zero" standard for it least one building. The results will give an overall assessment of how effective the "net zero" concept is for retrofitting existing buildings within the UK. Feasibility of models will be assessed on the factors of cost, effectiveness and technical complexity. This report has established the general aims of the projects, method of approaching problem and the project schedule.


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President APJ Abdul Kalam and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Saturday greeted the nation on the occasion of Guru Nanak Jayanti and asked them to follow his message of honesty, truthful and virtuous life.
"As we celebrate Guru Nanakji's birthday, let us deeply understand his message of meditation and remembering God, honestly earning through ones physical and mental effort while accepting God's gifts and blessings and to share within society", Kalam said in his greeting.
Singh said Guru Nanak's profound message of leading an "honest, truthful and virtuous life continues to guide and inspire humanity.
"He showed us the path to spiritual salvation and his preachings inspire us to embrace equality, compassion and humanism," he added.


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Strategic Concept 1: IT as reliable as electricity
Purpose: Make information technology so pervasive you take it for granted
"Reliability is top of the list... People don't want to reboot their systems ever."
Bill Gates
Description: The idea of IT as a utility is a powerful one. Think about the way you use electricity in your home. When you turn on the microwave, lights, or television you don't think about alternating currents, miles of power lines, and transformers. You simply expect that you will be able to get electricity, in just about any amount you would ever need, and at the end of the month you pay the bill for the electricity that you use. That's reliability, it's service provided with such expertise that it allows you to focus not on the transmission of that service, but on the task which that service facilitates. In state IT parlance, it allows business decision-makers to focus on business operations with the expectations that their IT needs will be provided for by a professional IT organization. For example, the Department of Motor Vehicle's Information Modernization Project upgraded DMV's core systems and processes by modernizing components of the existing Driver License, Vehicle Registration, and Occupational Licensing legacy systems applications and programs, transaction processing and database architecture. These upgrades created a robust but nimble IT environment that made the implementation of business decisions quicker and less expensive.
Strategy 1: Make IT more reliable for state customers
- Goal 1.A: Develop a grid computing model (grid computing requires the use of software that can divide and farm out pieces of a program to as many as several thousand computers) that leverages existing technology infrastructure to facilitate seamless computing operations across state government.
- Goal 1.B: Ensure state IT investments support the grid computing model.
Strategy 2: Make IT processes more efficient
- Goal 2.A: Establish Standards for "No Planned Downtime"/"Failures Transparent to End Users" – These standards are necessary to address engineering and business-driven uptime requirements at the application, system or shared service level necessary to effectively leverage the state's technology infrastructure.
Strategy 3: Create secure transactions for our state customers
- Goal 3.A: Build Organizational Maturity through Standardized Operational Processes - Common operational processes need to be identified and standardized across the state in support of the grid computing model.
Strategy 4: Meet a higher standard of service
- Goal 4.A: Staff Development in Support of the grid computing model – Technical and management training programs need to be developed to establish, build and operate the grid computing model.
- Goal 4.B: Establish System Performance Baseline - In order to measure the relative improvement in system uptime performance (system reliability) resulting from the move to a grid computing model, existing system performance must be established to serve as the baseline.
Bottom Line: These goals move the state toward the implementation of a grid computing model allowing statewide computing resources to operate in a seamless, redundant and reliable manner. Individually, the goals address the critical areas of technology infrastructure, applications and systems, business processes, staff development, and IT performance management processes necessary to make IT as reliable as electricity. By standardizing the way we build and operate IT services and by leveraging the dollars that would otherwise be spent on maintaining and refreshing our disparate architectures, we can dramatically improve the value and reliability of IT as an indispensible business tool in delivering the functions of state government.
The essay that follows explores the idea of IT as reliable as electricity playing out in the future.
Requiem for the Digital Age Paul W. Taylor, Center for Digital GovernmentFrom the "IT Doesn't Matter guy"
Nick Carr has written a meditation on loss – the loss of the old when confronted by the shock of the new, the loss of incumbents' advantage when history shifts under them, the loss of control over data to third parties, and the loss of sovereignty by individuals, communities and even societies to institutions and other actors over which we have no control.
It may not be what you would expect from the "IT Doesn't Matter guy," a self-deprecating reference to the Harvard Business Review article that made him (in)famous a few years ago, or from a book with the seemingly optimistic title of The Big Switch: Rewiring the World, from Edison to Google. That said, Carr builds on his earlier arguments -- that information technology was necessary but did not confer competitive advantage -- by suggesting that organizations will inevitably abandon everything from data centers to PCs and almost all locally installed software in favor of cheap, utility-supplied computing.
In making the case for a big switch to utility computing, Carr draws heavily on a richly detailed analogy to electrical utilities that changed the way the world worked a century ago. Carr's Thomas Friedman-esque historical review of the profound effect of cheap electricity on society is the heart of the first half of the book. The historical romp helps to set up the darker half of his thesis – no less a figure than Thomas Edison was wrong about how electrical utilities would develop and was unable to see the myriad uses to which electricity could be put if it was stable, reliable and economical.
He also tweaks Microsoft for being wrong (and late) in a chapter called Goodbye Mr. Gates, although companies such as Dell, Oracle and SAP get briefer but no kinder notices.
Carr points to Salesforce.com and Google as exemplars of utility computing but also worries aloud that Google may be capable of evil, despite its founding premise, even if unwittingly. Such is the curious contradiction of the book that is never reconciled. Carr repeats the commonly accepted view of technological neutrality – "Technology is amoral, and inventions are routinely deployed in ways their creators neither intend nor sanction" – yet reveals a strong technological determinism when he warns, "It should come as no surprise, then, that most of the major advances in computing and networking … have been spurred not by a desire to liberate the masses but by the need for greater control on the part of commercial and governmental bureaucrats."
There is a message for those of us who have been hopeful about the Internet: we're wrong too. "It's clear that two of the premises most dear to the Internet optimists – that the Web will create a more bountiful culture and that it will promote greater harmony and understanding – should be treated with skepticism. Cultural impoverishment and social fragmentation seem equally likely outcomes." Carr's dystopic homily fits with the spirit of this moment, characterized by moribund politics, uncertain economics and loss of national confidence. It would be too easy to say that the lessons of the book are that government should not build data centers and that its bureaucracies should not be trusted.
He concludes, "The full power and consequence of a new technology are unleashed only when those who have grown up with it become adults and begin to push their outdated parents to the margins. As the older generations die, they take with them their knowledge of what was lost when the new technology arrived, and only the sense of what was gained remains. It's in this way that progress covers its tracks, perpetually refreshing the illusion that where we are is where we were meant to be." Unfortunately, Carr's sweeping narrative is less about redressing this loss, or resisting the forces that cause it than ultimately being resigned to it.