text:
Effect of hydrocephalus on rat brain extracellular compartment
- Marc R Del Bigio1Email author and
- Terry L Enno1
© Del Bigio and Enno; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008
Received: 24 March 2008
Accepted: 10 July 2008
Published: 10 July 2008
The cerebral cortex may be compressed in hydrocephalus and some experiments suggest that movement of extracellular substances through the cortex is impaired. We hypothesized that the extracellular compartment is reduced in size and that the composition of the extracellular compartment changes in rat brains with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus.
We studied neonatal (newborn) onset hydrocephalus for 1 or 3 weeks, juvenile (3 weeks) onset hydrocephalus for 3–4 weeks or 9 months, and young adult (10 weeks) onset hydrocephalus for 2 weeks, after kaolin injection. Freeze substitution electron microscopy was used to measure the size of the extracellular compartment. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry with quantitative image densitometry was used to study the extracellular matrix constituents, phosphacan, neurocan, NG2, decorin, biglycan, and laminin.
The extracellular space in cortical layer 1 was reduced significantly from 16.5 to 9.6% in adult rats with 2 weeks duration hydrocephalus. Western blot and immunohistochemistry showed that neurocan increased only in the periventricular white matter following neonatal induction and 3 weeks duration hydrocephalus. The same rats showed mild decorin increases in white matter and around cortical neurons. Juvenile and adult onset hydrocephalus was associated with no significant changes.
We conclude that compositional changes in the extracellular compartment are negligible in cerebral cortex of hydrocephalic rats at various ages. Therefore, the functional change related to extracellular fluid flow should be reversible.
Hydrocephalus is characterized by enlargement of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-containing ventricles of the brain. Several factors including tissue compression, stretching of axons, ischemia, and calcium-mediated proteolysis simultaneously contribute to axon injury in periventricular white matter [1, 2]. We have also postulated that movement and composition of extracellular fluids are altered with potential reversible effects on neuronal function [3] and Hakim suggested that the brain behaves like a compressed sponge with reduction of the extracellular compartment [4]. Although the periventricular white matter extracellular compartment is enlarged in progressive hydrocephalus [3, 5], several types of evidence suggest that the more superficial parts of brain are indeed compressed. Tissue density measurements in adult rabbits with silicone oil-induced hydrocephalus indicated increased density (possibly decreased water content) in cortical gray matter [6], although this was not replicated in a similar study that used wet-dry weight comparisons [7]. Computed tomography scanning of human brains suggests that brain hydration is reduced when the ventricles expand [8]. Freeze-substitution electron microscopic studies of hy-3 mutant mice show that the extracellular compartment in the superficial cerebral cortex is initially compressed and subsequently enlarged [9]. Increased electrical impedance has been interpreted as a reflection of decreased water content in thalamus of hydrocephalic cats [10]; similar findings have been obtained in human studies [11, 12]. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping in rats with hydrocephalus suggest that the movement of water in rat brain is restricted in gray matter but not in white matter [13]. Extracellular infusion of gadolinium-DTPA followed by repeated magnetic resonance (MR) imaging [14] and real-time iontophoretic tetramethylammonium diffusion studies [15] suggest that the extracellular flow and volume fraction is reduced in the cerebral cortex of rats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. In the H-Tx rat with congenital hydrocephalus, ionic composition studies suggest that the extracellular compartment in the cortex is enlarged 4–21 days after birth [16] while iontophoretic studies indicate that the extracellular volume fraction is reduced [15]. In conjunction with the obstruction to CSF outflow, composition of the CSF is altered [17].
It is important to determine if this impairment of extracellular flow in hydrocephalic brains is purely due to physical compression, which could be reversible upon shunting, or if there are structural or compositional changes in the extracellular compartment. If the latter is true, then flow of metabolic waste products might not be reversible by shunting. We hypothesized that hydrocephalus is associated with narrowing of the extracellular space and that chronic hydrocephalus is associated with changes in the extracellular matrix composition. The goals of this experiment were to define the compositional changes of rat brain extracellular matrix constituents in neonatal acute and subacute, juvenile subacute and chronic hydrocephalus rats in comparison to age-matched controls, and to examine anatomical and functional changes in the extracellular compartment. We studied the chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans: phosphacan [18], neurocan (which is a member of the lectican family) [19], and NG2 [20], and the two small leucine-rich proteoglycans: decorin and biglycan [21]. These extracellular proteins have chains of glycosaminoglycans bound to core proteins. With the additional use of less specific histochemical stains, we covered most of the major classes of extracellular substances in the brain. We also studied the basal lamina-associated protein laminin [22]. We used freeze-substitution electron microscopy [23, 24] to assess relative dimensions of the cortical extracellular space. This method is one of the only ways to assess the physical characteristics of the extracellular compartment independent of its functional status by avoiding the cellular swelling that occurs using conventional fixation methods [25, 26]. It is, however, limited in the depths to which preservation is acceptable.
Induction and assessment of hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalic rat groups studied (along with age-matched controls)
Age at kaolin injection
Duration of hydrocephalus
Age at sacrifice
1 day
1 week
1 week
1 day
3 weeks
3 weeks
3 weeks
3–4 weeks
7 weeks
10 weeks
2 weeks
12 weeks
3 weeks
9 months
10 months
MR imaging was performed on all rats within 24 hours of sacrifice using a Bruker Biospec/3 MR scanner equipped with a 21-cm bore magnet operating at a field of 7T (Karlsruhe, Germany) to obtain T2-weighted images of the brain in the coronal plane. The area of the lateral ventricles and cerebrum were measured in the rostral cerebrum slice (0.5 mm thickness) immediately anterior to the third ventricle. Only rats with significant ventriculomegaly (ventricle to cerebrum area ratio >0.25, except for the rats injected at 10 weeks, which never develop severe ventricular enlargement, ventricle to cerebrum area ratio >0.10; control value <0.01) were used in this study along with sham-injected controls (n = 4–5 for each age group).
Tissue collection and processing
Rats were given a lethal dose of ketamine/xylazine followed by transcardiac perfusion with ice-cold 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS) after which brains were quickly removed. Cerebral hemispheres were separated in the midline. The right side was immersion fixed in 3% buffered paraformaldehyde and after several days in fixative the cerebral hemisphere was cut into four coronal slices and embedded in paraffin. The left side was dissected into frontal and parietal dorsal cerebrum samples (which include cerebral cortex and periventricular white matter dorsal to the lateral ventricle, but no striatum) that were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C. It should be noted that the fixed brain and tissue homogenates from the 1 week, 3 week, 7 week, and 10 month rats have also been used for other previously published experiments [27–29]. Our approach to tissue handling has been consistent.
Western blotting
Frozen frontal and parietal cerebrum samples were pooled together, weighed and homogenized in three times volume of ice-cold RIPA buffer containing 1% deoxycholic acid, (D5670, Sigma-Aldrich, Oakville ON, Canada), 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate, (BP-166, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham MA, USA), 1% Triton ×-100, (T9284 Sigma), in 0.1 M PBS pH 7.4 containing 0.1 mg/ml phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, (PMSF, P7626 Sigma) and 3% (v/v) aprotinin, (A3428 Sigma). The tubes were allowed to sit on ice for 30 min prior to centrifugation. The supernatant was removed after the first centrifugation at 15,000 ×G for 30 min at 4°C and centrifugation repeated. The second supernatant was aliquoted and stored at -80°C. Total protein assays were performed on each aliquot using the Pierce Micro BCA protein assay kit (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford IL, USA). For each antibody, equal quantities of protein homogenate samples were run on 6% acrylamide/SDS gels except for dermatan sulfate, which were run on 8% gels. Samples for phosphacan were digested with chondroitinase ABC (C3667 Sigma) [30] prior to running on the gels, along with prestained molecular weight markers (161–0324 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules CA, USA) or biotinylated protein ladder (7727S New England Biolabs, Ipswich MA, USA,). Laminin positive control was from mouse sarcoma (L2020 Sigma). Extracts from each age group were run on a separate minigel in order to compare hydrocephalics with age-matched controls. Gels were electrophoresed for 90 min, equilibrated in transfer buffer containing 20% methanol, and then transferred onto Hybond ECL nitrocellulose membranes (RPN2020D Amersham Biosciences, Pittsburgh PA, USA) at 180 mAmp for 3 h. Pierce Starting Block (37542 Fisher) was used to block all the membranes for 1 h at room temperature, except for laminin, which was blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin fraction V (BP1605 Fisher) in TRIS buffered saline with 0.5% Tween 20 (P1379 Sigma). Primary antibody dilutions were: 1:5000 for phosphacan (MAB5210 Chemicon, Temecula CA, USA) and neurocan (MAB5212 Cedarlane Laboratories Burlington ON, Canada), 1:2000 for decorin (263310 Calbiochem; San Diego CA, USA) and NG2 (AB5320 Chemicon), and 1:250 for laminin (RB-082-A1 Medicorp, Montreal QC, Canada). All antibodies were applied at 4°C overnight in their respective blocking solutions with gentle swirling. Secondary antibodies were biotin-conjugated sheep anti-mouse (515-065-003 Cedarlane) at 1:3000 dilution for phosphacan, neurocan and dermatan sulfate, while NG2 and laminin detection used biotin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit (111-065-144 Cedarlane) at 1:2000 and 1:5000 respectively for 2 h at room temperature. Streptavidin/horseradish peroxidase conjugate was applied at 1:5000 dilution for 1 h at room temperature and ECL Western blotting detection reagents (RPN2106 Amersham) were used to visualize the bands using Hyperfilm ECL (RPN3103K Amersham). Negative controls were run using non-species appropriate secondary antibodies, to reveal non-specific background bands. Band density was quantified with Imaging Research Incorporated MCID software (Cambridge UK). Values were normalized to the total loading bands and compared across control ages using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test, while control and hydrocephalic groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U test.
Microscopy and immunohistochemistry
Electron microscopy
Young adult rats underwent kaolin (n = 6) or sham (n = 5) injection, and 2 weeks later T2-weighted MR images of the brain were obtained [13]. The following day the rats were deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital, the calvarium was removed, and immediately a liquid nitrogen-cooled, polished copper block (1 cm × 1 cm contact area) was slammed onto the dorsal surface of the brain [23, 24]. The frozen brain was scooped out with the block still applied and both were submerged in liquid nitrogen. Samples of cerebrum were weighed (in pre-weighed aluminum foil packets) then desiccated for 3 days at 100°C. Water content was determined from the difference in the wet-dry weight. For freeze-substitution embedding, fragments from the dorsal cerebrum were removed from the copper block with chilled instruments, placed in 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4) in acetone at -80°C for 2 days, at -30°C for 2 days, then at 4°C for 2 days [23, 32]. The fragments were then transferred to acetone/ethylene oxide at room temperature and embedded in epoxy resin. Semithin sections were cut perpendicular to the pial surface and stained with toluidine blue to select pieces that were properly oriented. Ultrathin sections were cut and placed onto copper grids then contrasted with lead citrate. Beginning at the pial surface, a montage series of photographs of the superficial cortex was photographed at 12000× using a JEOL 1010 transmission electron microscope and printed at final magnification of 32400×. Freeze artifact was usually seen at approximately 100 μm depth [9] therefore the extracellular space determinations refer only to layer 1 of the cerebral cortex. The glia limitans was not analyzed. An investigator blinded to the identity of the specimens analyzed two non-overlapping series of 4–6 prints from each rat brain. The extracellular compartment on the photographs was colored and a D64 counting grid enlarged on a transparency was laid over the photograph. The proportion of points (total 1064) over the extracellular compartment was counted using validated stereometric methods [33]. Data were analyzed using unpaired two-tailed Student's t test StatView software, SAS Institute).
As stated above, the age of the rats refers to the age at time of sacrifice (Table 1).
Protein detection in cerebrum homogenates
Histological detection of extracellular substances
There was negligible PASd staining of proteoglycans and glycoproteins in 1-week rat brains. In brains from rats 3 weeks and older there was generally an even distribution in the gray matter with slightly more intense staining at the glia limitans and surrounding blood vessels. White matter stained less intensely than gray matter, except in the striatum. In control 1 week and 3 week rat brains the cortex and white matter stained diffusely with Alcian blue. This was negligible in normal rats 7 weeks and older, although scattered neurons in the cortex were surrounded by a narrow but distinct layer, corresponding to the perineuronal nets [37]. For PASd and Alcian blue there was no difference between hydrocephalic and control rats of any age group in any location.
Electron microscopy
A variety of experiments, outlined in the background section, suggest directly or indirectly that the extracellular compartment of the cerebral cortex of hydrocephalic brain is compressed, thereby impairing movement of extracellular solutes. From a functional standpoint, it is important to know if there are permanent compositional changes, because these might impact on the reversibility. Conceivably, the composition might be altered as a consequence of synthesis by reactive cells in the brain. We verified by freeze substitution electron microscopy that the extracellular compartment of cortical layer 1 in hydrocephalic rat brains is indeed compressed. Unfortunately, this method cannot be used to study deeper sites [23, 38]. Our previous MR studies using the 12-week rat also indicated that the extracellular compartment of the cortex was compressed, with the ADC reduced in gray matter and increased in white matter [13]. In hydrocephalic cats, the extracellular compartment in the cerebral cortex was reported to be comparable to controls [39]. However, conventional electron microscopy fixation methods are typically associated with cellular swelling and tissue shrinkage that lead to underestimation of the extracellular compartment [26]. Increased water content in the cerebral sample is not contradictory with contracted cortical extracellular compartment. It is likely influenced by the edematous white matter [3], and we cannot exclude the possibility of cortical cell swelling, as has been documented in hydrocephalic cats [40].
In a cDNA microarray screening analysis of hydrocephalic rat brains, we had identified elevations of the mRNA for neuroglycan C precursor in the 7 week and 10 month rats, decreased expression of the mRNA for bamacan in 7 week brains, decreased expression of mRNA for biglycan in 12 week brains, and increased mRNA for biglycan in 10 month brains [41]. Despite this, our screening of extracellular proteoglycans and glycoproteins using quantitative histochemical and antibody methods suggest that compositional changes are minimal, even when hydrocephalus persists for many months. Statistically significant changes limited to neurocan and decorin were seen only in the youngest rats. This does not appear to be dependent on the size or duration of ventriculomegaly because the 7 week and 10 month groups had longer durations of equally severe ventricular enlargement. It should be noted that we have not done a comprehensive assessment of time dependent accumulation from a single starting point. Nevertheless, the data do suggest that 2–3 weeks of hydrocephalus is associated with changes in neonatal-onset, but not juvenile or adult-onset, hydrocephalus. Thus the changes seem to be dependent on the age of the animal. In the youngest rats hydrocephalus began at a developmental stage roughly equivalent to that of a human fetus or premature infant [42]. The relatively greater persistence of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) at this age might reflect an attempt by the brain to remain plastic in the situation of ongoing damage [21, 43].
Neurocan is a CSPG of the lectican (hyalectan) family. It is secreted primarily by immature neurons and expression decreases after the first postnatal week in rodents [44]. Our findings in control rats are consistent with these data. We observed slight increases in only the white matter of 3-week-old rats with hydrocephalus. The likely source of neurocan here is activated astrocytes [19, 45]. Phosphacan, another large CSPG [46], did not change in association with hydrocephalus. NG2, a large transmembrane CSPG that can be cleaved proteolytically to become a secretory molecule [47], was detected around cells in the damaged white matter of hydrocephalic brains. These cells are likely oligodendroglial precursors or macrophages/microglia [48]. Biglycan is a small proteoglycan with chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate side chains. It is upregulated following experimental brain injury [49], but its expression did not change in hydrocephalus. Decorin, a related small leucine-rich proteoglycan exhibited increased immunoreactivity in the superficial cortex and white matter of 3-week hydrocephalic rats. No changes were observed in rats with hydrocephalus that persisted for 9 months.
Our study did not include all brain extracellular substances. We did not assay other proteoglycans of the lectican family (e.g. aggrecan, versican, or brevican), hyaluronan, or tenascin, which all interact in the extracellular compartment [50]. Nor did we examine all of the basement membrane-associated proteins (e.g. collagen type IV, fibronectin, vitronectin, etc.) [51]. Nevertheless, we did sample proteins of various classes and also used nonspecific histochemical staining methods, and found that there were only limited changes in the cortex of the youngest brains or in the white matter where structural damage and reactive changes are known to be prominent in hydrocephalus.
We conclude that kaolin-induced hydrocephalus in rats is associated with compression of the extracellular compartment in the cerebral cortex. In this experiment we showed this with morphologic techniques for the outer cortical layer of adult rats; others have shown using functional experiments that this is more widespread. There are only minimal changes in the extracellular proteoglycan composition when hydrocephalus begins in the neonatal period, but there are no changes when hydrocephalus begins in the juvenile or adult periods. The volume and tortuosity, which is influenced by the extracellular substances and cell configuration of the extracellular compartment, determine the ability of solutes to diffuse and move by bulk flow [52]. From a functional perspective this is important because impairments in extracellular solute flow associated with hydrocephalus should be largely reversible after correction of the ventriculomegaly.
List of abbreviations
Apparent diffusion coefficient
analysis of variance
cerebrospinal fluid
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
magnetic resonance
- PASd:
periodic acid-Schiff/diastase
phosphate buffered saline
Funding for this work came from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Dr. Del Bigio holds the Canada Research Chair in Developmental Neuropathology. We thank Yvette Quass and Marla Wilson for assistance with the electron microscopy, Osaama Khan for assistance with the rats, and Dr. Richard Buist for assistance with the MR imaging.
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SPEECH: Professor Kader Asmal
The Nelson Mandela Museum was established on the 11 February 2000, almost a decade ago. In this time we have travelled a long road towards creating a museum that aptly honours the legacy, values and principles of Nelson Mandela – in the area where he was born and raised, and has chosen to retire.
Today we launch a new exhibition about Mr Mandela. This exhibition presents a new look at Mr Mandela. It shows fresh images and embraces multimedia concepts. The footage, rare photographs, three dimensional objects, notes in Mr Mandela's handwriting, silk screens and historic texts…these represent a shift in our approach to exhibitions and narratives. They set a new standard by which our future exhibitions will be judged.
This exhibition strips back the layers of Mr Mandela's life to reveal him as a comrade, leader, prisoner, negotiator, and finally, a statesman. It shows the human values that underpin the man. This was a man not afraid of debate, or criticism; a man who was tuned into politics by LISTENING, listening to the elders relating stories of heroism in the context of the colonial wars.
Nelson Mandela is a man brave enough to be part of a collective, but to be an individual too… A man who was not afraid of making mistakes, not afraid of change, nor of changing direction should the situation require.
While in prison, when he began speaking to representatives of the apartheid regime, some elements in South Africa called him a 'sellout'. Nevertheless, Mr Mandela continued on the road he believed would best serve the interests of ALL South Africans. He understood where these elements were coming from, but was powerful enough in his self-belief to move forward with reconciliation as the end goal.
This exhibition that you will view today is like a map of Mr Mandela's life, the crossroads he reached and the directions he took. The 'chapters' of the exhibition reveal the routes he chose, and the consequences of his decisions.
One of his enduring strengths as a leader was his ability to do what he believed was right, though not necessarily popular.
Perhaps this strength was largely due to his upbringing, here, in the Eastern Cape, at the knee of a Regent who exercised his authority in a traditional system that emphasised collective decision-making. There was also a dichotomy at play here, in that he was raised a Christian and schooled at a Mission Station.
It was here, in the area immediately surrounding Mthatha, that this extraordinary man was forged. And it is fitting, therefore, that this exhibition is housed at the Nelson Mandela Museum in Mthatha.
When Mr Mandela was elected President of the new democratic Republic of South Africa he began receiving gifts from people, governments and institutions. Mandela's footprints left imprints all over the world, and the world wanted to acknowledge his contribution.
He accepted the gifts on condition that he would donate them to the people, and that they would be displayed near his home village of Qunu. Instead of building a new space to house the collection, it was decided to create the multi-faceted Nelson Mandela Museum at Qunu and in Mthatha.
Ten years to the day after his release on 11 February 1990, the Nelson Mandela Museum opened its doors. Mr Mandela insisted it was not just to be a static collection and tribute to him, but a living memorial to his values and vision. It was to inspire and enrich all who visited it, and should share the heritage and resources linked to him.
His gift is a living one, one that embodies his commitment to the principles of human rights, freedom, peace and democracy. This constantly evolving legacy is housed in the Nelson Mandela Museum, where his footprints are traced from his birthplace of Mveso, to his childhood home in Qunu and finally to the Bhunga building in Mthatha.
It is a landmark building with a history as complex as that of Mandela himself. Built in 1930, it has seen successive political organisations come and go, from the colonials to the Transkei Parliament that sat here during apartheid, presided over by members of Mandela's clan. It is only fitting that it now not only houses the physical artefacts of Mandela's life, but also serves as a centre of learning, a place where Mandela's philosophy is spoken of and passed on to all who visit.
We always knew that developing this institution would involve a phased approach. Plans were dependent on funding, on infrastructure, on adequate staffing…on all sorts of things that resulted, sadly, in delays in implementing all the ambitious plans. Previous councils had to make do with what was available.
The Museum Council that I have led decided to take matters to a completely different level, considering we were on the eve of the Museum's first decade. We aimed to diversify our audience and increase the Museum's footprint, and, of vital importance, present new exhibitions and displays.
The council adopted a programme of renewal in which we focused on issues such as good governance. It has borne results as this year we achieved an unqualified audit. Well done to everyone involved. Our oversight and governance have proved effective.
We also embarked on a programme of renewal relating to the buildings and infrastructure. Today we are pleased to report that we have been told that the Department of Arts and Culture has set aside a multimillion rand fund to facilitate this process, starting with emergency work on further upgrading our security, health and safety.
We decided it was essential to renew our displays, and this exhibition, the second permanent display in the history of the Museum, delivers on that commitment. We continue to work on improving the curatorial and storage facilities for the collections, diversifying audiences and increasing the Museum's footprint.
In 2008 we held a year-long festival celebrating 90 years of Mr Mandela's life, when we announced the programme of renewal. We opened two new exhibitions, held a colloquium on Mr Mandela, hosted an artist in residence programme, and announced a plan to collect all books in all languages by and about Mr Mandela to house right here in Mthatha.
All of these ambitious plans are beginning to bear fruit. This extraordinary exhibition that we're here to launch today is the product of a transformation grant from the Department of Arts and Culture – our major funder – combined with other funding identified by Council to augment the transformation of this historic space.
Over the past few months we have left no stone unturned in ensuring that our infrastructure and staff are ready and able to keep for posterity these treasures associated with Mr Mandela's life.
The Museum has upgraded its storage facilities. We have prioritised the staffing capacity, and in the new financial year, will appoint curatorial staff. We've been assisted in this regard by our partner in the US, the Michigan State University Museum, which has developed an annual fellowship programme that allows a senior student of curatorship, museum studies, and public history to work in the Nelson Mandela Museum for a period of time as part of their graduate programme.
Much has been done; a lot more needs to be done. We are in a recession period. Outputs require resources. We appeal to people and entities of goodwill to dig deep and give generously to ensure that the Museum continues to grow from strength to strength.
We invite people to support the building renewal campaign so that we can restore this historic building. We ask you to support the Museum's library. We'd like to expand our outreach to schools and learning institutions. Ideally, we hope to change our exhibitions at least every two years. You can do this by becoming a friend of the Museum or a benefactor of the Museum.
The present exhibition comes in good time for the Museum's 10th anniversary in February 2010, and in good time for the 2010 World Cup.
The strength of the exhibition is the way it attempts to provide a layered glimpse of Mr Mandela in all his various guises and reincarnations. We hope that you will explore this notion and come out with the feeling that perhaps you have understood a little more about one of the world's most famous men.
On behalf of my outgoing council, the Museum and the arts and culture sector, I'd like to declare this exhibition open.
This is my last function as Chairperson of the council. I therefore wish the Museum and staff well for the future.
Thank you.

subset: commoncrawl


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text: Tech A Low-Priced iPhone Awaits By Jessica E. Lessin Updated Jan. 9, 2013 5:05 a.m. ET Apple Inc. is working on a lower-end iPhone, according to people briefed on the matter, a big shift in corporate strategy as its supremacy in smartphones has slipped. While Apple has explored such a device for years, the plan is progressing and a... RELATED VIDEO Cheaper iPhone Could Help Apple Fend Off Android A new, less expensive iPhone could help Apple recoup smartphone market share it has lost in the past year to phones using the Android operating system. WSJ's Matt Lynley has details on the News Hub. To Read the Full Story Subscribe Sign In Most Popular Videos France's Presidential Election: What You Need to Know Opinion Journal: The Climate Change Debates You Never Hear About Trump Approval Rating Slides Fitness Blender's Four Tips for Home Workouts Amateur Sailors Can Now Fly on Water Like America's Cup Skippers Most Popular Articles Brick-and-Mortar Stores Are Shuttering at a Record Pace North Korea Arrests U.S. Citizen Disapproval of Trump Grows in Latest Poll What Would a Le Pen Victory in France Mean for Markets? Opinion: Those 'Snowflakes' Have Chilling Effects Even Beyond the Campus


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Selling Out: How Big Corporate Money Buys Elections, Rams Through Legislation, and Betrays Our Democracyby Mark Green
With CEOs and corporations under fire for years of outrageous deception and fraud, the time has come for Mark Green's groundbreaking book, Selling Out. A political watchdog and longtime crusader for better government, Green exposes the truth about the poisonous role money has come to play in our political culture. How are so many corporations able to/em>
With CEOs and corporations under fire for years of outrageous deception and fraud, the time has come for Mark Green's groundbreaking book, Selling Out. A political watchdog and longtime crusader for better government, Green exposes the truth about the poisonous role money has come to play in our political culture. How are so many corporations able to buy political protection? Why do legislators pay more attention to contributors than to constituents? Filled with bold and practical solutions that are already working to return power to the American people, Selling Out is sure to inflame anyone who's stunned by the recent corporate scandals -- or who's curious about how so many have gotten away with so much for so long.
Editorial Reviews
Product Details
- 9780062322012
- Publisher:
- HarperCollins Publishers
- Publication date:
- 09/24/2013
- Sold by:
- Format:
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- Pages:
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Read an Excerpt
Chapter One
The Evil of Access:
An Introduction
"There are two things you need for success in politics. Money ... and I can't think of the other."
-- Senator Mark Hanna (R–OH), 1903
"Political action committees and moneyed interests are setting the nation's political agenda. ... Are we saying that only the rich have brains in this country? Or only people who have influential friends who have money can be in the Senate?"
-- Senator Barry Goldwater (R–AZ), 1988
"The Enron scandal should launch a national movement to leash the corrupt power of money in politics so that legislators and regulators can serve the public interest."
-- The American Prospect, February 2002
Representative Jim Shannon, a Democrat from Boston's North End -- home to working-class families as far back as the 1848 potato famine -- wasn't happy. As a protégé of Speaker Tip O'Neill, and a member of the prestigious Ways and Means Committee, he thought he'd learned all about the culture of Congress, about its blend of high-minded rhetoric and low-road cynicism. But now he was confronted with an overbearing business lobbyist, telling him that his client was disappointed with Shannon's position on an important tax bill while reminding Shannon that this particular client "makes good PAC contributions to the party." Shannon exploded. "I'm tired of hearing appeals based on money," he shouted. Looking pained, the lobbyist responded, "You think I like this any more than you do?"
How do you know when a democracy is in decline? When a bridge collapses, so does the reputation of its engineer. When a plane loses two engines,passengers suddenly lose their lives. A democracy, however, is more like a bather in water slowly getting hotter and hotter: it's hard to notice the change in circumstances until it's too late.
How do you know when a difference in degree becomes a difference in kind, when a democracy goes from warm to scalded?
- when the 0.1 percent of Americans who contribute $1000 or more to political candidates have far more influence than the other 99.9 percent;
- when, in an election year, it's nearly more likely for an incumbent congressperson to die than to lose;
- when senators from the ten largest states have to raise an average of over $34,000 a week, every week, for six years to stay in office;
- when the cost of winning a House or Senate seat has risen tenfold in twenty-four years;
- when it's far easier for a working-class person to win a seat in the Russian congress than in the American one;
- when legislatively interested PAC money goes 7 to 1 for incumbents over challengers -- and 98 percent of House incumbents win;
- when most other democracies get a 70 to 80 percent turnout of eligible voters, while in the U.S. it's half in presidential elections, a third in congressional elections, and often only a fifth in primaries;
- when one senator and one mayor each spend more getting elected than all the legislative candidates in Great Britain combined.
It's true, as Václav Havel wrote, that a genuine democracy is the equivalent of a distant horizon we can see but never reach. Still, at minimum a democracy requires that "the people will participate in the process by which their lives are organized," as historian Lawrence Goodwin put it. But is it a democracy if 0.1 percent pay the piper, if 80 percent stay at home in primaries, if 98 percent of incumbents return to a "permanent Congress"?
Selling Out is a book about how big money is sabotaging our democracy -- and how to stop it. For despite occasional bursts of reform, the system of checks and balances we studied in high school has steadily evolved instead into a system of checks, checks, and more checks. Warren Beatty's caricatured rants in Bulworth about how elected officials care more about their contributors than about their constituents are a far more accurate depiction of Washington and state capitals today than those heard in July 4th speeches.
Indeed, the corporate abuse in mid-2002 was the direct by-product of a corporate Washington filled with those paid to be what Kipling called "shut-eyed sentries." In the view of Joan Claybrook, head of Public Citizen and a veteran of the campaign finance wars, "political money from the Enrons and others bought loopholes, exemptions, lax law enforcement, underfunded regulatory agencies, and the presumption that corporate officials could buy anything they wanted with the shareholders' money."
The basic problem is that candidates regard money as Mark Twain did bourbon: "Too much is not enough." Because the press and public judge a candidacy by its treasury, and because no one can be sure how much will be "enough," candidates feel the pressure to engage in financial overkill, just as the Soviets and Americans did with nuclear missiles in their arms race. And when the Supreme Court in the 1976 Buckley v. Valeo decision struck down the Federal Election Campaign Act's spending ceilings, the alms race took off. Then -- and now -- the sky's the limit.
Yes, we're weary of screeds about money in politics. It's an old story: from Plutarch writing about how money corrupted elections and ruined Rome ... to the Standard Oil Trust in the 1890s, which, it was said, "did everything to the Pennsylvania Legislature except refine it" ... to Lyndon Johnson's emergence as a major politician, according to biographer Robert A. Caro, only when he distributed large funds from Texas oil interests to congressional colleagues ... to Richard Nixon's $2 million contribution from milk interests in 1972, followed by his order to increase milk price supports and thereby milk prices to millions of American families ... to Charles Keating, of "Keating Five" fame, who, when asked whether his substantial contributions influenced the policy makers receiving them, helpfully replied, "I want to say in the most forceful way I can: I certainly hope so."
We've been so periodically bombarded by small-bore corruption or Watergate-size scandals that money in politics has become like sex in Victorian England -- a subject of gossip, amusement, and ultimately indifference. "They all do it," many citizens sigh, with a shrug.Selling Out. Copyright © by Mark Green. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. Available now wherever books are sold.
Meet the Author
Mark Green, New York Times bestselling author of Who Runs Congress?, worked with Ralph Nader for ten years in Washington, D.C., before serving for twelve years as New York City's Consumer Affairs Commissioner and Public Advocate. A television commentator, public interest lawyer, and the former Democratic nominee for mayor of New York City, Green is also the founder and president of the New Democracy Project, a national and urban affairs institute. He has been a lecturer at the New York University School of Law since 2002, and lives with his family in New York City.
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May Iremonger
Artist, Poet, Potter.
Passed peacefully on 8 March 2017. Aged 97 years.
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Zoro #: G1320995Mfr. Part #: HPR5-10
$637.17 /ea
This item ships free. DetailsStandard ground shipping
Technical Specifications
|Zoro #: G1320995 Mfr #: HPR5-10
|Voltage: 115VAC
|Includes: Pneumatic Drain, 6 ft. Power Cord
|Features: On/Off Switch, Power On Light
|Phase: 1
|Max. Ambient Temp.: 110 Degrees F
|Refrigerant: R-134A
|Max. Inlet Temp.: 120 Degrees F
|Finish: Powder Coated
|Max. Pressure: 250 psi
|Item: Compressed Air Dryer
|Heat Exchanger Material: Copper
|Overall Width: 13"
|Overall Height: 15"
|Refrigeration Compressor (HP): 1/8
|Overall Depth: 13"
|Max. Air Compressor HP: 3
|Full Load Amps: 2.52
|Dew Point: 46 Degrees F
|Bracket Kit: Yes
|ISO Class: 6
|Power: 0.20 kW
|Pipe Size: 3/8" O.D.
|Country of Origin (subject to change): South Korea
Product Description
Compressed Air Dryer, ISO Class 6, 10 CFM, Dew Point 46 Degrees F, Max. Air Compressor HP 3, Max. Pressure 250 psi, Pipe Size 3/8 In. O.D., Voltage 115VAC, 1 Phase, 2.52 Full Load Amps, Power 0.20 kW, Max. Inlet Temp. 120 Degrees F, Max. Ambient Temp. 110 Degrees F, R-134A Refrigerant, Powder Coated Finish, Yes Bracket Kit, Copper Heat Exchanger Material, Overall Height 15 In., Overall Width 13 In., Overall Depth 13 In., Features On/Off Switch, Power On Light
Restrictions and Compliance
- *1 : California Proposition 65 : This product contains a chemical known to the State of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm.
- *2 : California Proposition 65 : This product contains a chemical known to the State of California to cause cancer.


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A man who works with his hands is a laborer; a man who works with his hands and his brain is a craftsman; but a man who works with his hands and his brain and his heart is an artist. - Louis Nizer
Android 5.0 "Lollipop" is the latest version of the Android mobile operating system developed by Google. Unveiled on June 25, 2014 during Google I/O, it became available through official over-the-air (OTA) updates on November 12, 2014, for select devices that run distributions of Android serviced by Google (such as Nexus and Google Play edition devices). Its source code was made available on November 3, 2014. One of the most prominent changes in the Lollipop release is a redesigned user interface built around a design language referred to as "material design". Other changes include improvements to the notifications, which can be accessed from the lockscreen and displayed within applications as top-of-the-screen banners. Google also made internal changes to the platform, with the Android Runtime (ART) officially replacing Dalvik for improved application performance, and with changes intended to improve and optimize battery usage, known internally as Project Volta. - Android Lollipop
Android 5.0 provides a faster, smoother and more powerful computing experience. - Android Lollipop
This freebie, Android Lollipop UI Kit, is a great package for starters, save your time using this small kit on your next project! Ideally for mobile app designs. This set comes with info graphics elements, mobile call, mobile camera, mobile clocks and time, mobile contact, mobile hangouts and sms, mobile mail, mobile notification, mobile chrome, mobile settings, mobile alert and more.
Created by UXPin.
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Charming Garden Studio Near Dolores Park(15 Reviews)
The owner has been emailed.
To book this property, you need to complete your booking through checkout on the VRBO website. We can't protect your payment if we don't know you've booked through us. Learn more
- Minimum stay:5 nights
- Sleeps:2
- Bedrooms:0
- Bathrooms:1
- Property type:Studio
- Internet:Yes
- Pets considered:No
- Wheel chair accessible:No
About the Property
Apt, Studio, 1 bath, 1 double bed (sleeps 2 max.)
This charming studio surrounded by gardens and tucked away from the street will offer you a relaxing stay in beautiful San Francisco. The studio is small but has a comfortable futon bed that sleeps 2, a big desk, dressers and shelves, and a large French door to the garden area with lemon tree, roses, chairs and table. A bathroom with shower, a closet, kitchen area with small fridge, microwave, coffee machine, TV and wi-fi, of course. Perfect for a week in San Francisco.
The neighborhood is one of the most sought after for its fabulous restaurants and cafes - Tartine Bakery, Delfina, Limon - all in walking distance. Dolores Park with a wide variety of weekend entertainment and all kinds of people soaking up the fun and the sun is half a block away.
Public transportation, streetcar, buses and BART will take you to downtown in 15 min. and to the airport in 30 min.
More photos are available.
Keywords: Garden studio, quiet, cozy, tucked away from the street, in prime location, near restaurants, cafes, night life, public transportation and a very popular park.
Member since: 2011
Property Type
- Studio
- On floor 1
House Rules
- Max. occupancy 2
- Non Smoking Only
- Pets Not Allowed
Accommodation Type
- Vacation Rental
- Guests Provide Their Own Meals
- Long-Term Renters Welcome
Bedrooms: 0 Bedrooms, Sleeps 2, Beds for 2
- Arboretum
- Churches
- Cinemas
- Live Theater
- Museums
- Restaurants
- Zoo
Local Services & Businesses
- ATM/Bank
- Groceries
- Hospital
- Laundromat
Leisure Activities
- Shopping
- Sight Seeing
- Walking
- Wildlife Viewing
Sports & Adventure Activities
- Basketball Court
- Cycling
- Hiking
- Mountain Biking
- Rock Climbing
- Sailing
- Surfing
- Swimming
- Tennis
- Wind-Surfing
- Dining Area
- Internet
- Iron & Board
- Linens Provided
- Dishes & Utensils
a kitchen area with fold out table, utensils and the equipment as shown. Not suited for a serious cooking, best for breakfast and snacks....moreless
Building Type
- Cottage
RatesCurrency Conversion
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
My Standard Rate
5 night min stay
Rates are based on 1 guests; add $10 per night, per additional guest
Additional information about rental rates
- Refundable Damage Deposit $100
- Cleaning Fee $50
- Taxes Not included
$85 per night per person, additional $10 for 2nd person (5 night minimum)
$50 cleaning fee
$100 security deposit
e-Check or credit card accepted
Owner's cancellation policy:
Policy available by contacting owner when booking
Don't forget your vacation protection! Get protected now
Adding our Vacation Protection services can make sure your getaway goes smoothly, no matter what. We offer Cancellation Protection and Damage Protection so you can truly relax.
Car: Not Necessary
Owner info
Year Purchased: 1998
About the owner: Recently retired I spend more time traveling and rent out a studio in my beautiful home in the City. I love music, books, art and nature which you will all find here.
The Unique Benefits at this Studio:
Great location, unique setting.
Contact us
Send email
Links to more information:
- Click Here to see All My Rental Listings
The house
good night - sweet dreams
your patio with lemon tree
coming in from kitchen area
view of the world from breakfast table
closet space
and a cup of coffee in the sun - if the fog cooperates
This listing was first published here in 2011.
Date last modified - Saturday, April 29, 2017
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I've been digging through the backlog of material submitted to the site and pulled out this bench project from Agatha Chamberlain
I haven't had a look at it (the Polar Lights kit) yet. I'm still finishing up on the ERTL Refit Enterprise kit. As you can see, I am working on both versions and making he first movie Enterprise showing her destruction. The saddle and forward panel markings are my own decal artwork. That's what brought about the necessity of diagraming the differences between the two ships.
The intense blue details of the actual film miniature are intended to translate on film as greys and metallics. I may just paint the next kit with a metallic base rather that light grey. I've redone the saddle decals so they are less intense.
Agatha Chamberlain


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2013 Tsumura Basketball Invitational Features the Best of the Best in High School Hoops
Nov 12, 2013
The 2013 Tsumura Basketball Invitational will make its return to the Langley Events Centre later this month and will once again feature some of the top boys and girls high school basketball players in the province. The event, which was introduced last season, has become a feature tip off event for the top girls teams and the top boys talent to be showcased before the high school season officially gets underway and in advance of the provincial championships which also take place at the LEC. Games will be played on Saturday, November 30 and Sunday, December 1 on LEC Centre Court.
The selection of the girls teams was based on Howard Tsumura's Pre Season Top Ten rankings released at the end of last season. On the girls side, the top six teams, and eight of the top ten, will face off on Sunday, December 1. The first game will tip off at 11:00AM featuring MEI and Riverside, both who are expected to be in the top ten when the season starts. At 12:30PM the number five ranked team from Argyle will play against number six ranked WJ Mouat. They will be followed at 2:00PM by the defending provincial champions from South Kamloops, currently ranked third, who will face number four ranked Holy Cross. At 3:30PM, Brookswood, who starts the year ranked number one after losing in last year's finals, will take on the number two ranked team from Oak Bay.
On the boys side, US prep school power house, Findlay Prep from Henderson, Nevada, will be returning to the hard court at the Langley Events Centre to participate. This year, the Pilots will be taking on two select teams made up of some of the top talent in the province in boys basketball. On the Saturday night, following a CIS doubleheader in which Trinity Western University Spartans women's (3:30PM tip off) and men's (5:30PM tip off) take on their rivals from the University of Victoria, the Findlay Prep Pilots will face the TBI Selects (Saturday) at 7:30PM, coached by Mike McKay (Tamanawis) and Rich Ralston (WJ Moaut). The TBI Select rosters were identified with assistance from Basketball BC.
The roster for the Saturday Selects is as follows:
Sukh Bains Tamanawis
Sukhman Sandhu Tamanawis
Tristan Etienne WJ Moaut
Corey Hauck WJ Moaut
Denver Sparks-Guest Gleneagle
Tarik Scott Gleneagle
Grant Galbraith Gleneagle
Mindy Minhas Sir Winston Churchill
Jermaine Haley Burnaby South
Taylor Smith Burnaby South
Martin Bogajev Burnaby South
On the Sunday evening at 5:00PM, Findlay will be on the court again taking on the TBI Selects (Sunday), a second select team coached by George Bergen (Vancouver College) and Lloyd Scrubb (Vancouver College).
The roster for the Sunday Selects is as follows:
Jordan Cohee Walnut Grove
Tyler Anderson Walnut Grove
Hayden Lejeune Sardis
Eric Rogers Sardis
Ryan Cowley Delta Secondary
Elijah Campbell-Axson Vancouver College
Dean Johnston BC Christian Academy
Kosia Cauw BC Christian Academy
Adam Karmali Handsworth
Graham Smith Pitt Meadows
Taylor Brown Holy Cross
Jomari Reyes Terry Fox
Following the Findlay Prep and Selects game, WJ Mouat will face Tamanawis at 6:30PM to close out the event.
"We are excited to have all of the great basketball talent from the province committed to this event again this year," says Jared Harman, Director of Business Development for the Langley Events Centre, "having the top high school girls team competing against each other will be a great way to start the basketball season and that will be capped off by seeing the best boys players in the province take on one of the best prep programs in the US."
Headlined by Rashad Vaughn, a 6'6" shooting guard who is widely regarded as the top ranked shooting guard in the country; Kelly Oubre, another athletic wing at 6'7" who has committed to one of the top NCAA programs in the country at Kansas; and Craig Victor, a 6'7" power forward from New Orleans who has committed to Arizona for next season. Both Oubre and Vaughn will be vying for spots on the 2014 USA U18 and 2014 USA Nike Hoop Summit Team, building on already impressive high school basketball resumes.
Findlay has also carried on their strong tradition of grooming Canadian talent, some of which has included current NBA players Corey Joseph (San Antonio Spurs), Tristan Thompson (Cleveland Cavaliers) and last year's number one overall draft pick Anthony Bennett (Cleveland Cavaliers). This year, the Pilots have a duo of highly regarded Canadian players in 6'8" guard/ forward Justin Jackson (class of 2016), from Toronto, ON and 6'6" guard/ forward Dillon Brooks (class of 2015), from Mississauga, ON. Jackson recently represented Canada at the FIBA U-17 Nationals.
Findlay Prep head coach, and former NBA star, Jerome Williams (fondly known as The Junk Yard Dog) calls Jackson, "the next big thing to come out of Canada."
The TBI Select teams are not short on high level talent themselves as they feature two players from the number one ranked school, Tamanawis as well as three players who are committed to NCAA and CIS schools for next season.
Tristan Ettiene, from WJ Mouat, has committed to the University of Washington for next season. The Huskies feature a familiar face to Findlay (and those who attended last year's event) as Nigel Williams-Goss is the starting point guard at UW this season. Jadon Cohee, from Walnut Grove (last year's BC High School Boys Champions) has committed to Seattle University and Mindy Minhas will be attending the University of British Columbia in the fall. The three compliment a strong group of players from the Greater Vancouver Metro area who should pose a strong matchup against Findlay.
Tickets for the event will go on sale on Friday, November 15 at 10:00AM on Ticketmaster or at the LEC Ticket Office. Adult tickets are $12.00, Students and Seniors are $7.00, Children seven through twelve are $2.00 and Children under six get in for free. People who purchase their TBI tickets for the Saturday Findlay versus Selects game will also be able to access the TWU Spartans versus University of Victoria games earlier that evening.
For more information, please visit www.LangleyEventsCentre.com


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LinkedIn: Karl Tanswell
Karl Tanswell coach at sbg mainline Location Manchester, United Kingdom Industry Sports Join LinkedIn and access Karl Tanswell's full profile. As a LinkedIn member
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So, what makes a star student?
The Star Students are nominated each month by all of the personal tutors, and every Star Student will receive a £25 voucher!
Nominations are based on students who have stood out because of:
Their attitude to their studies
Their progress with their studies against their learning plan
Challenges they have overcome
Any other noteworthy factor
Star Student January: Sophie Davey
"I am currently studying AAT Level 2 as part of my apprenticeship. My current job role is a Finance Apprentice at Somerset County Council. My future career aspirations are to become a fully qualified accountant."
Personal Tutor Shannon Dodd says:
"Sophie is currently studying for her AAT Certificate in Accounting. Having started her studies in June 2016, she passed her 3rd exam just before Christmas and will soon be sitting her 4th, with an expected end date in the Spring, well within 12 months of starting.
She is a conscientious, enthusiastic and hard worker, who takes the time to make sure she truly understands each topic before sitting the exam – and has consequently flown through them. She is prepared to ask questions when she is not sure of something and listens and learns from the feedback, applying it to her next piece of work.
She doesn't get depressed by her mistakes – she is happy to learn from them and use them to motivate her further.
This positive attitude to her studies is mirrored at work, where she has been shortlisted as Chairman's Young Person Award 2016."