text: Immune response to HIVPerreau, Matthieua; Levy, Yvesc; Pantaleo, Giuseppea,bCurrent Opinion in HIV & AIDS: July 2013 - Volume 8 - Issue 4 - p 333–340 doi: 10.1097/COH.0b013e328361faf4 THIRTY YEARS OF HIV AND AIDS: Edited by David A. Cooper and Giuseppe Pantaleo Abstract Author Information Purpose of review: Major advances have been made in the delineation of HIV-specific immune response and in the mechanisms of virus escape. The kinetics of the immunological and virological events occurring during primary HIV infection indicate that the establishment of the latent HIV reservoir, the major obstacle to HIV eradication likely occurs during the very early stages of primary infection, that is, the 'eclipse phase', prior to the development of the HIV-specific immune response which has limited efficacy in the control of the early events of infection. Therefore, the window of opportunity to develop effective interventions either to clear HIV during primary infection or to prevent rebound of HIV in patients successfully treated who stop antiretroviral therapy is very narrow. Recent findings: Genetic factors most strongly associated with nonprogressive infection are human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles and particularly HLA-B*5701. CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses with polyfunctional profile are associated with nonprogressive infection. Broader neutralizing antibodies are detected 3–4 years after infection, generated only in 20% of individuals but show no efficacy in the control of HIV replication. Summary: In the present review, we shall discuss the different components of the HIV-specific immune response elicited by the infection, the kinetics of these responses during primary infection and the changes following transition to the chronic phase of infection, and the functional profile of 'effective' versus 'noneffective' HIV-specific immune responses. aDivision of Immunology and Allergy bSwiss Vaccine Research Institute, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland cINSERM U955, Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Immunologie Clinique, Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France Correspondence to Matthieu Perreau, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. Tel: +41 2 131 41073; e-mail: email@example.com Article OutlineBack to Top | Article Outline INTRODUCTION Primary HIV infection (PHI) is characterized by a transient symptomatic illness (in 40–90% of cases) associated with high levels of virus replication. In the large majority (>80%) of infected individuals, the transmitted virus results from the infection of a single virus variant as revealed by genome analysis of viral RNA isolated during PHI [1]. Symptoms are not specific to HIV but typical of an acute viral syndrome and may include fever, fatigue, rash, headache, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, myalgia, arthralgia, aseptic meningitis, retrorbital pain, weight loss, depression, gastrointestinal distress night sweats, and oral or genital ulcers [2]. The symptomatic phase generally lasts for 2–4 weeks in individuals with 'normal' rate of diseases progression, whereas severe and prolonged symptoms are associated with rapid disease progression [3,4]. Once chronic HIV infection is established, the course of HIV disease and progression may be influenced substantially by host (genetic and immunological) and virological factors [5]. At present, there have not been reports of spontaneous, that is, immunologically driven, clearance of HIV following infection. However, a small percentage (1–5% based on case definition) of HIV-infected individuals experience stable disease, that is, lack of decline of CD4 T-cell counts, and control of virus replication below 1000 HIV RNA copies/ml for an extended period of time (at least 7–10 years) in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) [6]. These individuals are called long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) [7]. Furthermore, an even smaller percentage (<1%) of individuals show control of virus replication below 50 HIV RNA copies/ml regardless of the length of the time of control and are called elite controllers [6]. Rarely, the control of virus replication in LTNPs can be explained by the presence of defective virus [8], and most of them are infected with replication-competent virus, thus indicating that host factors predominantly contribute to virus control and prevention of disease progression. Back to Top | Article Outline KINETICS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE DURING PRIMARY INFECTION Box 1 In order to discuss the kinetics of the different components of the immune response elicited by HIV infection, we will use as a reference the Stages defined by Fiebig on the basis of the kinetics of HIV viral RNA and the appearance of an HIV-specific antibody response [9,10]. Of particular importance is the initial period of infection defined by the so-called 'eclipse phase'. This phase last for 10 days and defines the period when the virus is not detectable in the plasma [1,11]. Studies performed in rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) [12,13] have been instrumental to delineate the events occurring in the 'eclipse phase'. Virus-infected cells cannot be detected in the mucosa until 1–3 days after infection and the first infected cells are resting memory CD4 T cells expressing CCR5. In addition, submucosal dendritic cells and Langerhans cells uptake the virus from the mucosa through C-type lectins such as DC-SIGN [14,15], which binds HIV gp120 with high affinity [14,15] and internalizes virions and subsequently expresses them on the cell surface after the dendritic cells have matured and migrated to draining lymph nodes where they encounter T cells [14,16–18]. At 1 week postinfection, that is versus the end of the 'eclipse period', the virus becomes detectable in the draining lymph nodes where virus production may be amplified as result of spreading of infection among activated T cells that have come in contact with dendritic cells [19,20]. The environment of the lymphoid tissue is ideal for virus replication and spreading due to the large concentration of activated T cells, to the trapping of virions on the extracellular surface of follicular dendritic cells [21–23], and to the abundant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, or tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) that highly support HIV replication [24]. The immune response to HIV at the end of the 'eclipse phase' is stimulated as indicated by the detection of proteins of the acute phase, by the initial detection of inflammatory cytokines resulting from the activation of the innate immune response [24–26], and likely by the stimulation of HIV-specific CD4 T cells. During the 'eclipse phase', no effector components of the immune response to HIV capable of containing the initial spreading of infection appear to be operational and after the amplification of the infection in the draining lymph nodes, HIV viral RNA becomes detectable in the plasma (Feibig Stage I) and spreading of the infection to other anatomic compartments such as the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) occurs [27]. At the end of the 'eclipse phase', HIV begins to spread to the GALT that is predominantly populated of CD4 CCR5+ memory T cells. This results in an exponential expansion of infection, with up to 20% of gut resident CD4 T cells being infected and 80% depleted [27–31]. The large depletion of CD4 T cells occurring in the lymphoid tissues during this stage is indicated by the detection of a number of markers of apoptosis such as TRAIL, microparticles containing CCR5, TNFR2, and soluble FAS ligand as viremia increases [32]. By week 3–4, the levels of viremia peak (generally >107 virus particles per ml of plasma) [9] and it is just at this time that antibody response becomes detectable. The first wave of antibody response is predominantly composed of anti-gp41 IgG antibodies, which form immune complexes with HIV virions [33]. Immune complexes have been found in the large majority of individuals (90%) during PHI, but only a minority (about 20%) of virions was opsonised by anti-gp41 antibodies and forming immune complexes [33]. The anti-gp41 antibodies bind both infectious and noninfectious virions and lack neutralizing activity [33]. Anti-gp120 antibodies represent a minor component of the antibody response during PHI while become the dominant anti-Env antibody response after the transition to the chronic phase of infection. As viremia peaks and following initial decline, antibodies specific to the other HIV proteins such as Gag are detected by week 3–4 of infection (Feibig Stages III/IV). Taken together, the above observations indicate that the antibody response during PHI has no efficacy in the containment of HIV replication and spreading. HIV-specific CD8 T-cell response is detected during the increase in viremia levels and generally peaks 1–2 weeks after viremia peak and the peak in CD8 T-cell response coincides with the decline in viremia levels [34,35]. The first wave of CD8 T-cell response is directed predominantly against Env and Nef HIV proteins. The initial CD8 T-cell response appears to have limited or no effect on HIV replication as indicated by the persistence of a homogeneous founder virus without evidence of immune-driven selection of virus escape mutants [36]. It is only at the time of the peak CD8 T-cell response and the decline of viremia that numerous amino acid mutations occur in epitopes of the founder virus recognized by CD8 T cells [36]. No mutations are observed in the escape mutants [36]. The initial CD8 T-cell response is associated with a massive expansion of HIV-specific CD8 T cells [37]. Despite the massive expansion, the initial CD8 T-cell response has likely limited efficacy in the control of virus replication because of the rapid emergence of virus escape mutants and of the rapid disappearance of the responding CD8 T-cell clones due to the lack of recognition of the escape mutants or of exhaustion resulting from high virus/Ag load [36,38]. In the absence of ART, the levels of viremia start to decline around week 4 after infection in order to reach the 'virologic' set point generally 12–16 weeks after infection, which marks the transition of the infection to the chronic phase [39]. The contribution of the immune response to the decline of viremia is only partial and predominantly mediated by HIV-specific cytotoxic CD8 T cells that may kill HIV-infected CD4 T cells. However, a major mechanism of the decline may be the lack of cell targets, that is, CD4 T cells, for HIV due to the large depletion of CD4 T cells through direct virus cythopathic effect, killing by CD8 T cells and activation-induced cell death. There is no evidence that the antibody response plays any role in the partial suppression of the decline of viremia and establishment of the 'virologic' set point. Back to Top | Article Outline ANTIBODY RESPONSE Neutralizing antibodies against autologous virus are detected in a large proportion of HIV-infected individuals about 3 months after infection [40] and their appearance is associated with the emergence of mutations in the Env region [41,42]. Neutralizing antibodies with broad neutralizing activity are generated only in a minority (about 20%) of individuals and appear 2–4 years after infection, but there is no evidence of their efficacy in the control of viremia [43–45]. The number of human antibodies with a broad neutralizing activity against a wide range of virus isolates [46–53] remains limited and the majority of neutralizing antibodies has narrow breadth [54]. Numerous phenotypical and functional abnormalities of the B-cell compartment have been described in HIV-infected individuals [55]. These abnormalities include abnormal B-cell activation [56], appearance of transitional immature B cells and exhausted B cells [57,58], and progressive loss of recall responses to vaccination [59]. Passive administration of neutralizing antibodies in nonhuman primates showed protection against SIV challenge, but was dependent upon the titer and the quality of the antibodies [60,61]. In particular, the injection of a cocktail of neutralizing antibodies was able to prevent SIV infection after mucosal virus challenge [62–67]. However, B-cell depletion in monkeys with chronic SIV infection does not influence the levels of plasma viremia [68], thus suggesting that B cells have limited protective role during chronic infection. Slow progression of HIV disease has been found to be associated with high titers of anti-p24 antibodies [69], with neutralizing antibodies directed against autologous virus [70], or with antibodies against certain gp120 epitopes [71]. Antibodies with broader neutralizing activity have been found more frequently in LTNPs [72–76]. However, it is unclear whether these antibody responses reflect mechanisms of protection or rather the integrity of the immune system in LTNPs. Finally, mucosal HIV-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) response has been detected in HIV-exposed uninfected individuals [77]. These IgA may prevent potentially HIV transcytosis through the epithelium [78]. IgA antibodies specific for the gp120-CD4-binding site have also been detected in LTNPs [79]. Back to Top | Article Outline THE ROLE OF CD8 T-CELLS IN VIRUS CONTROL CD8 T cells play a critical role in antiviral immunity [34,35,80–84]. There are a number of observations underscoring the importance of HIV-specific CD8 T cells in the control of virus replication and prevention of disease progression in HIV-infected individuals. These include the rapid loss of control of virus replication after CD8 T-cell depletion in SIV-infected monkeys [80,81,85], the decline of viremia during PHI coinciding with the peak of CD8 T-cell response [35], the presence of CD8 T-cell responses in exposed uninfected individuals [86–89], and the association between protection and HIV-specific CD8 T-cell responses restricted by certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles [90,91]. CD8 T-cell responses from elite controllers compared to progressors have superior capacity to secrete multiple cytokines and chemokines (polyfunctionality), particularly IL-2 [92], to proliferate [93], to inhibit HIV replication in vitro and kill target cells [83,94], to express perforin and degranulate upon HIV-specific stimulation [95–98], and to target Gag epitopes [99,100]. CD8 T-cell responses from elite controllers also inhibited HIV replication without prior activation in vitro, thus suggesting the presence of a pool of CD8 T cells with immediate or rapidly inducible antiviral effector function [92,101–105]. Efficient viral suppression in vitro is predominantly mediated by CD8 T cells specific to Gag rather than Env or Nef [106,107], consistently with the observed protection associated with Gag-specific CD8 T-cell responses detected ex vivo[99]. Back to Top | Article Outline THE ROLE OF CD4 T-CELLS IN VIRUS CONTROL Memory CD4 T cells are the primary targets of HIV [108], and massive depletion of CD4 T cells, particularly of HIV-specific CD4 T cells [109], occurs during PHI. Long-term ART only partially restores the pool of total and HIV-specific memory CD4 T cells [27,28,110,111]. HIV-specific CD4 T cells harbor a skewed functional profile associated with a reduced IL-2 production and proliferation capacity [95,112,113]. This functional impairment was later associated with the expression of coinhibitory molecules [programmed death 1 [114–116], cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) [117]]. Interestingly, a recent study highlighted the functional impairment of follicular helper T cells (Tfh) as responsible for inadequate B-cell help, which may explain some of the functional abnormalities in the B-cell functions observed in HIV infection [118▪▪]. In this regard, it has been recently shown that Tfh serve as the major cell reservoir for HIV, which, in turn, may be responsible for their functional impairment [119▪▪]. Several evidence underscore the importance of CD4 T-cell responses in the control HIV [120]. These include the enrichment in LTNPs and elite controllers of polyfunctional HIV-specific CD4 T cells and preservation of proliferation capacity [84,121–125], the greater production of IL-21 by HIV-specific CD4 T cells in HIV controllers [126,127], the presence of HIV-specific CD4 T cells with higher functional avidity and T-cell receptor-binding affinity in LTNPs [128], the association of some HLA class II alleles with lower viral loads [129,130], and the lower expression of CTLA-4 and other exhaustion markers in HIV-specific CD4 T cells in LTNPs [117]. The superior efficacy of CD8 T cells from elite controllers might also reflect the preservation of the CD4 TCM-cell compartment and of proliferation capacity, which was observed in elite controllers as compared to untreated and treated chronically HIV-infected individuals [121,122,128,131]. In addition, CD4 T cells from elite controllers do not show signs of immune exhaustion such as loss of polyfunctionality and expression of coinhibitory molecules [117,132]. Therefore, these cells are able to secrete IL-2, IL-21, and possibly other cytokines needed to help CD8 T cells in developing and maintaining their effector functions as well as their proliferation capacity and survival [101,121,122,133]. Back to Top | Article Outline THE ROLE OF HLA ALLELES IN CONTROL Whole-genome analysis has demonstrated that the genetic factors most strongly associated with nonprogressive infection are HLA class I alleles and the activating killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) allele KIR3DS [90,134–141]. In particular, the HLA-B*5701, HLA-B*5801, and the HLA-B*2705 are associated with slow disease progression, whereas HLA-B*35 with faster disease progression [139,142]. Protective CD8 T-cell responses restricted by HLA-B*5701 and HLA-*B27 recognize the following immunodominant Gag epitopes: TSTLQEQIGW (TW10), KAFSEPVIPMF (KF11), ISPRTLNAW (IW9) restricted by HLA-B*5701, and KRWIILGLNK (KK10) restricted by HLA-B*27 [138,143]. The low viremia is associated with high rate of sequence mutation (reflecting the immunological pressure exerted on epitopes restricted by HLA-B*57), induction of virus variants with reduced replication capacity, and the ability to recognize epitopes with escape mutations [144,145]. The effect of HLA-B on disease outcome seems to be mediated in part by the amino acid position located in the peptide-binding groove, suggesting a difference in the conformation of the peptide presentation [90]. Indeed, intrinsic differences in self-peptide binding among HLA molecules are important during T-cell repertoire development. As fewer self-peptides are able to bind to HLA-B*57 molecules, fewer CD8 T cells restricted by this HLA will undergo negative selection. HLA-B*57-restricted CD8 T cells have higher tolerability for epitope mutations: several mutations in the peptide recognized do not abrogate the recognition capacity by T cells. These observations explain also the association between HLA-B*57 and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the association between HLA-B*57 and HLA-B*27 and enhanced risk of autoimmunity [146–148]. Along the same line, KK10-specific CD8 T-cell clones isolated from elite controllers expressing HLA-B*27 were characterized by complementarity determining regions 3 (CDR3) sequences significantly closer to germline sequences, superior ability to control virus replication in vitro, and superior cross-reactivity than KK10-specific CD8 T-cell clones isolated from progressors [105]. Back to Top | Article Outline CONCLUSION HIV-specific T-cell and antibody responses have been extensively characterized in HIV infection. Despite the fact that the magnitude of these responses is orders of magnitude greater as compared to those elicited by other viruses establishing chronic infections, HIV-specific responses fail to effectively control HIV replication and disease progression in the absence of ART in the large majority (>95%) of HIV-infected individuals. Several genetic factors and functional profile of the HIV-specific immune response (particularly in the T-cell response) are associated with protection in LTNPs and elite controllers. These observations together with the recent identification of Tfh cells as the major cell reservoir for HIV infection may guide the future development of therapeutic interventions aimed at the development of strategies that may either stimulate effective T-cell immunity or efficiently target the major HIV cell reservoir, that is, Tfh cells. Back to Top | Article Outline Acknowledgements None. Back to Top | Article Outline Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Back to Top | Article Outline REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING Papers of particular interest, published within the annual period of review, have been highlighted as: ▪ of special interest ▪▪ of outstanding interest Additional references related to this topic can also be found in the Current World Literature section in this issue (pp. 357–359). Back to Top | Article Outline REFERENCES1. Keele BF, Giorgi EE, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, et al. 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|Viewing Single Post From: SOW: Dr. Dan and Chloe?
|Dec 10 2008, 01:56 PM
Corday loves Nadia but Higley hates Chloe. Consequently, she remains on the show with no direction whatsoever. It's the usual clusterfuck DOOL "management" style.
Edited by Ponz, Dec 10 2008, 01:56 PM.
|SOW: Dr. Dan and Chloe? · DAYS: News, Spoilers & Discussion

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Arty Girl: Classes at Loveland Boutique
Courtesy of Loveland Boutique.
It's really no secret that I'm a big fan of the independently owned boutique.
I have a hunch that most slightly fashionable women who loved art class as kids have fantasized at least once in their lives about opening their own little spot; filled to the brim with adorable garments, sweet smelling candles, funky bric-a-brac, and every kind of accessory imaginable.
Yes, it's a magical little treasure trove that us artsy chicks have conjured in our crazy minds. So today, my blog is pimping Loveland Boutique and its first set of classes.
The shop in Tempe is hosting jewelry designer, Allison Reinhold, who will teach participants all about wire wrapping. Here are some photos to give an idea what the technique can produce:
By Carodean Road Designs on flickr Creative Commons.
By Carolina Gonzalez on flickr Creative Commons.
By Zawezome on flickr Creative Commons.
By Lunarpersuasion on flickr Creative Commons.
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The class takes place on February 10 from 6:30-8:30 and costs $25 (fee includes your supplies). If you're interested, get on the horn and reserve your spot right now because there are only ten seats available.
Loveland Boutique, 107 E. Baseline Rd. in Tempe, 480-456-8610, www.lovelandaz.com.
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This savory take on monkey bread tastes as good as it smells.
Get Cheesy! Instead of shredded Parmesan or mozzarella, layer your biscuits with shredded Cheddar or pepper Jack cheese for a new flavor twist!
Fresh chopped basil makes a beautiful garnish for this savory monkey bread!
© 2017 ®/TM General Mills All Rights Reserved


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Hardware requirement for ASA HA
Answered Question
User Badges:
Hi all, Just out of curiousity. If i going to implement a Active/passive Failover with primary ASA contain AIP module and backup w/o AIP, will it works?
I have this problem too.
0 votes
Correct Answer by vitripat about 9 years 11 months ago
As per the failover requirements, you need to have AIP module in the secondary ASA also.


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Amid Isolation, Two Cubans Develop Island's First Video Game
Video game enthusiasts in Cuba face big obstacles with limited access to the Internet. With the opening to the U.S., two young Cubans hope to release the first independent game produced on the island.
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'M*A*S*H' Actor William Christopher Dies At 84
The actor, who was best known for his role as Father Mulcahy on the television sitcom M*A*S*H, died after a battle with lung cancer.
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Regents Review Day 1 Unit 1: Scientific Method Unit 2: Biochemistry
1.In the Scientific Method the problem is what is being investigated, and is written as a question 2.The hypothesis is a testable, educated guess about the answer to the problem a.is a statement written in sentence form b.Makes a prediction c.Must be able to be tested 3.A conclusion is determined from the data in an experiment and is stated as a complete sentence 4.An inference is an idea that is supported by the conclusion in an experiment
5.An experiment must be repeated several times before results are considered valid 6.The independent variable is the things you change or control during the experiment a.Information that you control – "I" change b.Ex. Time, temperature, day c.Independent data is labeled on the X-axis of the graph 7.The dependent variable is the numerical data obtained during the experiment a."Data" you collect b.Ex. Number of heartbeats, amount of oxygen consumed c.Dependent variable is labeled on Y-axis of the graph
8.Every experiment must have a control group a.The group that does not change b.The experimental group is compared to the control group 9.Conditions in an experiment must be the same for all test subjects. a.There should be only one variable (thing that is different) I.Ex. Sunlight or no sunlight
10.Data tables are used for organizing scientific data 11.A line graph has 2 sets of numerical data a.Independent variable is known before the experiment and is written on the horizontal (side by side) b.Dependent variable is what we measure in the experiment and goes on the vertical line (up and down) c.Do not connect the line to (0,0), unless there is a point located there.
12.pH paper can be used to determine the acidity or basicity of a solution a.Acid 0 – 6.9, Neutral is 7, Base 7.1 – 14
13.Energy is stored in the chemical bonds between molecules a.When bonds are broken = energy is Released b.When bonds are created = energy is Stored
14.Monosaccharides are the building blocks that bond together to form a Carbohydrates. a.Monosaccharides are simple sugars, like glucose b.Carbohydrates are used for making energy during Cellular Respiration 15.3 Fatty Acids and Glycerol are the building blocks of Lipids a.Lipids store large amounts of energy b.Useful for insulation and maintaining homeostasis
16.Nucleotides are the building blocks of Nucleic Acids a.Nucleic Acids play a role in Heredity and Genetic Material 17.Amino Acids are the building blocks that bond together to form Proteins. 18.Proteins make up enzymes, hormones, cell surface receptors, skin, hair, and nails
19.Enzymes are protein molecules that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions. a.Speed up chemical reactions by reducing activation energy b.Synthesis means to build something c.Digestion means to break down something
20.The 3-dimensional shape of a molecule is important in how it bonds to other molecules a.Molecules have specific shapes, and if you change that shape they do not work as well b.Heat, pH, and salt concentration can change the shape of the molecules c.When the shape of an enzyme changes, the enzyme will not work, it is denatured
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Men's WRAITH FIRE black hiking shoesMerrell Men's Athletic Shoes
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Last updated: Monday, April 24, 2017 4:20:16 PM
Get the latest on the newest hip and happening style mantras in Bollywood.
Black has always been a staple in a fashionista's closet. The 'little black dress', anyone?
The Amazon India Fashion Week (AIFW) Spring/Summer 2016 recently came to a close, and boy did we find some stunners.
In this edition of Spotted, BollyCurry brings to you a round up of who wore what when they attended the Puja.
Whether one wants to flaunt that baby bump a la the ravishing Kareena Kapoor Khan, or conceal it, these tips will make sure all mommy-to-be's look good while staying comfortable!
Today BollyCurry gives you a run down of the hottest fall trends our divas have already been rocking.
In today's edition of the Fashion Face Off, BollyCurry brings to you two such celebrities who can rock unconventional outfits with the same ease as they can a simple shalwar suit.
As the autumn months come knocking down the doors and falling through the chimneys, I, your very venerated Ms. BollyChili, thanks loves, have been preoccupied with globe-trotting various Fashion weeks.
That being said, the recently held special screening of the Amitabh Bachchan and Tapsee Pannu starrer, Pink, was one such event where celebrities attended at their casual best.
Keeping up with the extensive promotional campaign might have been a Herculean job, but today BollyCurry brings to you the most noted appearances by the British beauty as she rooted herself in the galore of fashion.
Lakme Fashion Week came to its impressive end last week with designers experimenting with the hottest trends.
Lakme Fashion Week Winter/Festive was not just about clothes it was also about the celebrities who walked the ramp for their chosen designers.
Designer Anavila Misra unveiled her flagship store called Anavila in Mumbai, all the glamorous puss of B-town showed up in their best hand-looms from the designer.
The Indian Film Festival of Melbourne, more commonly known as IFFMelb, is currently being held in Melbourne and boy were there some great sights.
However, at the trailer launch of her latest release Banjo, actress Nargis Fakhri committed the dreaded fashion faux-pas...
Bollywood's fashionably best reached a plush five-star hotel in Mumbai to attend the Vogue Beauty Awards 2016 in their stylish best avatars.
This week might not have been full of events, but that does not mean Ms BollyChili, meaning moi, was slack in her duty to all you wonderful people.


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- , Reading thread S7 Edge/Flat Synapse Settings for AEL Kernel
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Filter Results:
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- S Fujiwara, A Nawa, +6 authors Y Nishiyama
- Cancer gene therapy
- 2011
Oncolytic viruses capable of tumor-selective replication and cytolysis have shown early promise as cancer therapeutics. We have developed replication-competent attenuated herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) mutants, named HF10 and Hh101, which have been evaluated for their oncolytic activities. However, the host immune system remains a significant obstacle… (More)
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- 2015
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Objective The purpose of the study was to determine spatial clustering of the spread of influenza like illness (ILI) epidemic in Yunnan province, China with the aim of producing useful information for prevention and control measures. Introduction Influenza is a highly contagious,… (More)
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Hi all,
I wanted to give you all a brief experience of my time traveling across the border from Iraq to Turkey by land, via a turkish bus company.
I landed in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan the week before and toured the country. To leave, I wanted to go by land with my US Passport. Now to enter Iraq us citizens need to get visas, but this is not the case with Iraqi Kurdistan. The Kurds control Erbil airport, and they set their own rules. On the internet it says US Citizens get visas on arrival, but it's even better than that when you arrive by air. I went to the visa on arrival window and when asked about it, was greated with a smile by a kurdish passport control officer who told me proudly that US Citizens are VISA FREE for 30 days. I feel like they make up rules as they go, and fortunately they like America a lot. So I went to the passport control window and was stamped for approval of entry to Iraq, visa free.
I had a great time in the country, which I will cover in another article. But on leaving, I wanted to write this because it was nowhere to be seen online on how to leave by land as a US Citizen.
I purchased a ticket from the Erbil bus terminal. The terminal is next to the newly constructed modern Family Mall.
The office I bought my ticket from was a third party contractor for another office in the same terminal, called CIZRE NUH. You can buy a ticket to Diyarbakir for $30 American, or $80 all the way to Istanbul.
I originally was going to do Diyarbakir, and opted to go straight to Istanbul instead. Be prepared if you do this though.
I was given complimentary tea of course, and waited for the 1pm bus. The bus was comfortable, with a tv screen and USB port for charging your phone. Because my T-Mobile plan gives me free data and texting almost everywhere overseas, I literally just played on my phone for the next 30 hours.
At the time of this ride, Mosul was being recaptured from ISIS by the Iraqi Army. The Eastern half of Mosul was government controlled, and the western half was ISIS controlled. We took the road west, passing the river west of Erbil headed towards Mosul. So at first I panicked and thought we were going to drive through government held Mosul. There are busses that ride through all the different territories in Syria, and I thought that this bus company had the same kind of arrangement with ISIS.
We got to the first checkpoint of what would be many after crossing the river. A Peshmerga checkpoint stopped the bus and a soldier took all of our passports and ran our names. This took about five minutes. We then turned off the main highway, to go around Mosul from the north. We hit two more checkpoints at least where Peshmerga checked my passport. By nightfall we arrived at the border with Turkey. About 5 hours from when we left.
At the border, we first went through what I believe was a joint Kurdish, Iraqi immigration office. I got my passport stamped with the exit stamp and went back onto the bus. I was the only westerner this whole time.
Here is where a lot of waiting comes. We waited about an two hours to cross the river completely to get to the turkish side of the border across the river. First the we all got off the bus and ran all of our bags through metal detectors while the bus was searched. They were not very thorough with searches but very rough with bags.
After this, we reentered the bus. Also, officers would come onto the bus, check our passports, and then get off. This happened often at this point when we passed into Turkey. We then drove up to the passport control office for Turkey, where we got off the bus and waited on line to get approved for entry to Turkey. I had my multi entry 90 day visa already for Turkey, so I simply went up to the window, received my stamp, and went back to the bus.
I think because it was obvious I was only visiting Iraq, they were not suspicious why I went. If I had a 9 month gap on entering Iraq, then maybe they would be more alarmed.
After this we drove off to another checkpoint where my passport was checked again along with everyone else on the bus. And then, off into Turkey successfully.
I left Erbil at 1pm. I arrived in Istanbul the next night at 6pm. We arrived at the border at around 6pm, and got through 10pm. From 10pm to 6pm driving through Turkey, our bus was stopped and our passports checked at least 12 times by all types of Turkish authorities from police to soldiers.
The bus stops at restaurants along the way so you'll be able to snack and buy food.
For changing money I didn't see anyplace by the border but maybe I missed it. But it is possible, and I hope this guide helps!


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The franchise offers a high quality education system that is lacking in the area that I looking to place the facility. The area is up and coming and the franchise is totally new to Texas. It offers a core curriculum that is important to parents and I would like to incorporate an inclusive aspect to accommodate families with special needs. The franchise will be a total build out and the spaces that are available are in the middle of an up and coming community. The location will provide for maximum enrollment and maximum profits immediately.
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Email: email@example.com,Good day to you and thank you for your time to read this.We are financial services and asset management company.Search for sustainable finances or the financial freedom to expand your business and company and to grow? We may add your company or a client / friend devise a plan for success help, We offer private loan to individuals.For all types of companies - from small businesses to large corporate companies, we will help you to make your business the right type of financing for your business needs to lower interest rates and fast approvals will act quickly to require help new opportunities and immediate to meet needs.For more details, please contact directly with your business plans or project view. EMAIL( email@example.com )Best regards.
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Fit and Fed
healthy food and figure skating
Finished PT and looking forward to testing my Fourteenstep ice dance!
My first performance in a year, skating my rose program for a small local event.
Exercises from my physical therapist for gluteus medius strength.
At three months after two-level back surgery, I'm cleared for normal activities.
My latest physical therapy exercises– lots of ab work! Plus work for hips and balance.
Making progress in my PT and taking my first steps on the ice.
Recovering from L4/L5 and L5/S1 surgery and hoping for improvement of my weak leg.
Report from the Vancouver ISU competition, and looking forward to Skate America this October. Progress report on my back injury.
The horribly ironic end to my PT, and the beginning of a new round: a bad disc injury.
Recent changes in my skating life.
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Waiting for your contract to be up to buy another cell phone is often more expensive than buying a used phone in the middle of your contract. At Cellular Country, you can get a nice phone in excellent or better condition that you can pick. Because we have such a large amount of inventory, we often have a larger selection than any cell phone store. Our select includes Us Cellular Nokia Phones, each of which will work with your current carrier on your current plan. There are products in this category from $9.99 to $74.95 and everything in between. We also have a large selection of accessories for your next Android or iPhone if you want to go big with your purchase. Your phone will arrive packaged in a sturdy box with an electonic user manual and a free home charger. If you purchase a smartphone or used iPhone, we also have a huge selction of cases, screen protectors, and other accessories to protect your new phone. Our checkout is 100% secure so you don't have to worry about anything except how fast you want your next refurbished phone. Just pick your maufacturer, model, condition, and carrier and we'll take care of the rest. If there are any problems we are always here to help via phone or email.
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Native English writer to rewrite 2000 words
This project was successfully completed by articlewizard123 for $30 USD in 2 days.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$30 - $250 USD
Completed In2 days
Total Bids27
Project Description
Looking for a native English writer to fix grammar and rewrite 2000 paragraphs in a different tone. Please post this redone as a sample -
Muriel did an excellent job in this position and was an asset to our organization during her tenure with the office. She has excellent written and verbal communication skills, is extremely organized, can work independently, and is able to effectly multi-task to ensure that all projects are completed in a timely manner.
Task is simple, i am expecting native writer to do it for 30usd.
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- Forbes
- The New York Times
- Time
- Wall Street Journal
- Times Online


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Custom Cutouts
Photo Booth
Large Party Props
- Hanging Decorations
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- Yard Signs
- Lights
- Chandeliers
- Float Decorating Kits
- Decorating Accessories
- Lanterns
- Shop All
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Product Code : CUP791
Our Eat, Drink and Be Scary Cups are the perfect size for drinks or snacks. These sturdy paper cups will hold 9 ounces of your favorite hot or cold beverage. Sold in a package of eight. Serve your Halloween guests with these stylish Eat, Drink and Be Scary Cups.
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Orders Call
Stun Guns |
Pepper Spray | Stun
Batons | Taser
® |
Knives |
Telephone Voice Changers
Home Alarms |
Blowguns |
Canine Repellent |
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Zap Stun Guns
Streetwise Stun Guns
Telescopic Steel Batons
Personal Alarms
Defense Deals
Fake Surveillance Cameras
Weapon Detectors
the "lost" (but recently re-discovered) fighting style that
was used by the gladiators of ancient Rome back in
the time of Julius Caesar! These guys fought to the
death every day of their lives – so they had to
have a fighting method that would really work under
actual "mortal combat" circumstances. And the system they developed
is unlike anything you've ever seen or trained in before. And get
this: It's known as "Comhrac Bás" – a Gaelic term
that means…
You won't believe your eyes when you see what you can do with "Comhrac
Bás" fighting techniques. You can take everything you've ever
learned in the martial arts and throw it out the window. Comhrac Bás
makes everything else OBSOLETE!
Christophe Clugston's all-new "Comhrac Bas" contains
hyper-advanced "upper level" vicious and amazing
fighting skills.
Comhrac Bas is sending shock waves among the "insiders" of the
fighting world because of the revelation of a hyper-devastating,
easy-to-learn and all-new fighting system
that is perfect for both professionals...
and for "average guys". Comhrac Bas covers the
really nasty stuff that will jettison you
overnight into the world of the most elite fighters on the planet
But what's even more amazing... everything has been
broken down to such simple basics, you can learn it all
almost immediately!
You don't need to be strong, or skilled in fighting (or even have
any fighting experience at all).
These are the simplest fight-ending techniques you could
ever learn. Every move is devastating beyond belief – this isn't
"injure to degree", or "slap-and-run" self defense... these are the
first real fighting secrets I've seen where you can
actually simply watch them performed...
You see, what Chris has discovered is something no
other fighter on the planet has found out yet... the
basic POWER-LOADED physics of "indirect"
fighting. It's true, honest science... and despite being so
simple, this new style can be directly traced
to how the most insanely-vicious (and victorious) animals in the
wild fight. Have you ever seen footage of a tiger taking down a Cape
Buffalo in India? It's the equivalent of a 120 lb. man dropping a
pissed-off 350 lb. Sumo wrestler.
Traditional martial arts aren't
vicious enough for modern day fighting!
When you see what Chris has for you in these new
ADVANCED FIGHTING videos, you'll understand that this
is, truly, the NEXT STEP in hand-to-hand
combat. It's the first NEW approach to "instant
win" fighting since Bruce Lee died. It's a huge "shift" in thinking.
(And publicly saying he's gone where Bruce left off is like painting
a target on his back for every
"tradition-bound" fighter out there -- but Chris doesn't care.
Chris fears no man.)
Compared to other Oriental martial arts, this one is…
If you've been training in the "Oriental" martial arts for any
length of time, you already know what their "root problem" is:
They're very complicated and take years of painful effort
and dedication to master. And even then, they require your attacker
to also use an Oriental martial art (preferably the same
one you're familiar with) so you can use the moves you've
been practicing!
Well, in the real world, it just doesn't happen that way!
As most Oriental martial arts "experts" will tell you (
IF they've ever been in a real life-threatening fight–
most have not), they simply never got the chance to
use all those fancy moves they spent so much
time learning and perfecting in the dojo.
It's simple: It's based on REALITY, not fantasy!
It uses only what really works in real
fights–and it stops there! It doesn't even pretend to get
fancy or sophisticated!
As a result, it doesn't lend itself to having "schools" or
"degrees" or "belts" or any of that other stuff that drives the
martial arts industry. It can be learned in 3 days,
not 3 years. So obviously, no one is going to get rich
teaching it like they do with the Oriental martial arts – where you
end up paying thousands of dollars to some "master" and you
have to be his "student" for life!
It's a "cut-the-crap," down-and-dirty fighting method
designed to defeat your opponent in the easiest way
possible –even under the worst conditions
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