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Watch & Download [ 480p ] Watch & Download [ Server 2 ]
Holly just had to dance to her excitement for a triple pleasure of a day. Mr. Pete started off with choking her hot little mouth with his meat and tight pussy. But, the real reward was getting balls deep inside her extra tighter asshole, until he blasted her cute face with jizz.
happy wheels 2 demo


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Shred Laws
Tens of millions of Americans are victims of Identity Theft each year resulting in billions of dollars in cost. A large percentage (in excess of 60%) of those losses are attributable to off-line methods such as dumpster diving, compared to only slightly more than 10% from on line internet schemes.
A simple, low cost practice is too routinely shred end-of-cycle confidential files is an area where SafeGuard Document Destruction, Inc. will be of value to you.
Negligent mishandling of waste documents has resulted in the enactment of laws designed to protect the privacy of businesses and individuals. A few of those laws are listed below:
Privacy Legislation And Regulatory Guidance
Federal Legislation
The Federal Government has stepped in and aggressively legislated several statutes to protect individual privacy as well as requirements for businesses to take appropriate measures to dispose of sensitive information.
- The Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction Act (FACTA) applies to all organizations that obtain and maintain private individuals' data including credit reports, credit scores, employment background, check writing history, insurance claims, residential and medical history.
- The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLB) specifically addresses financial institutions' and insurance companies' obligations to "respect the privacy of its customers and to protect the security and confidentiality of those customers' non-public information."
- The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) pertains to the medical field; the privacy of patient health records as well as appropriate safeguards and destruction of those records prior to disposal.
State Legislation
Many of the states have enacted similar laws adopting and further confirming Federal Law, as well as imposing significant fines for violations.
- The New Jersey Identity Theft Prevention Act of 2006 (ITPA) is designed to protect individual privacy by notifying those whose data has been violated and initiating freezes on consumer reporting functions when necessary. Specifically, data destruction requirements are addressed.
- The New York Information Security Breach and Notification Act of 2005 applies to any individual or business operating in the state of New York. Requirements are to notify individuals whenever their personal information has been released to unauthorized parties and when such a breach in security has caused a loss. This act addresses the guardianship responsibilities with paper and computerized customer data.
- The Pennsylvania Breach of Personal Information Notification Act of 2006 states that businesses are required to notify individuals whenever their personal information has been released to unauthorized parties and when such a breach in security has caused a loss to a Pennsylvania resident. This act addresses the guardianship responsibilities with paper and computerized customer data.
- The Maryland Consumer Protection - Personal Information Protection Act of 2008 is summarized as: "When a business is destroying a customer's records containing the customer's personal information, the business must take reasonable steps to protect against unauthorized access to or use of the personal information, taking specified considerations into account.
Feel free to contact us for more information with regard to any specific state's legislation, classification of business or other legal requirements.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Centrally located in Godlevo Village, K2 Hotel offers modern-style accommodation, a private cinema hall with leather furniture, a sauna and a steam bath. The hotel has 6 all-terrain vehicles and organises ATV tours and paintball. Free Wi-Fi is available in all rooms and suites. They are heated and feature a desk, a seating area and cable TV. The private bathroom comes with a shower, a bathrobe, hairdryer and slippers. Traditional Bulgarian cuisine is on offer at the restaurant, which uses locally sourced ecological products. Guests can relax in the lounge with a fireplace, as well as at the bar. The HD quality cinema hall can accommodate 10 people. Guests can choose from a selection of available films. K2 Hotel houses a fitness centre and massage facilities are provided. Pirin Golf Course can be reached within 6.2 miles. Bansko Ski Resort is 6.2 miles from the hotel and can easily be reached by public transport. A ski storage room is provided in the hotel. Banya Mineral Spring is 3.1 miles from the K2.


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SEO to google page 1 Search Engine Optimization front page
This project received 30 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $380 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$30 - $250 USD
Total Bids30
Project Description
I`m interested to get my website listed in the TOP 10 POSITIONS in [url removed, login to view] for 5 (or more) keywords.
Details regarding the website and keywords can be provided in PM. (The website will be less than a month old)
- Only white hat methods are to be used. (Must follow the rules and guidelines made by Google)
- I should receive a weekly report of your work and results.
- You have to be able to communicate every day if necessary.
- Your english should good enough that we can understand each other.
1. Timeframe
2. An exact price for achieving these results.
3. Guarantees for achieving these results.
4. A logical plan and strategy for this project (and possible what could be future projects)
1. You don't have any feedback.
2. You are only offering some link-building packages etc..
PAYMENT- I prefer to pay for results, so after progress has been made.
This can be negotiated, but I would like something like this:
1- 25% - when my site will be listed in Top 10 [url removed, login to view] results for all of the 5 mentioned keywords
2- 25% - when my site stays in Top 10 [url removed, login to view] results for all of the 5 mentioned keywords for at least 30 days from the date of your first payment.
3- 50% - when my site stays in Top 10 [url removed, login to view] results for all of the 5 mentioned keywords and stays there at least 2 months from the date of your second payment
For this project I will choose the expert/company that offers best price plan/quality/guarantees.
Happy bidding and thank you :)
(Please note, I own a company that has to do this 5-10 times a month at least... so if you are good, you will get this same job to do for 5-10 websites a month! Most SEO will be for local companies around my area, but some is for other companies)
Skills Required
Looking to make some money?
- Set your budget and the timeframe
- Outline your proposal
- Get paid for your work
Hire Freelancers who also bid on this project
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Login/Create Account
Check Out the new Remax App
Ask About This Home
Home Sweet Home! That's what they call me! Im straight out of a Pottery Barn catalog. My Realtor thinks I'm so special, she says I'm charming, cute, larger then I look and a delight to show. I am a lovely tudor that is renovated with quality craftsmanship through out. I have a Beautiful open floor concept that is bright and airy. My 1st Floor lrg open kitchen, corium counter tops, ceramic back splash, island with gas range , newer appls. You will love the openness my kitchen has to offer with endless possibilities! Formal dining room, the Den has large sliders overlooking your private garden, gas firlepace and a play area. Stunning oak wood staircase leads to 2nd flr. 3 bedrooms include a beautiful master bedroom w/cathedral beamed ceiling & Master suite. My walls are trendy, my style is cool. I have a private yard with an oversized car garage. Full basement ready for you're finishing touches. I am fabulous for entertaining & I can't wait to meet you.


text: I travelled to Lake Garda with my husband and family. We stayed for a week at the villa and from the moment we arrived the owner was very helpful giving us advice as to the local attractions, supermarket and where we could hire bikes as we intended riding around the lake. What can I say about the view from the balcony, it was spectacular. The road leading up to the apartment was very narrow but my husband soon got used to driving it. The apartment had everything in it that you would have at home it was very clean and well presented. Would I stay here again, without a doubt. The pool was an added bonus and being able to walk to restaurants made it a very relaxing and stress free holiday.


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Red Christmas comic story images
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Universal AvoMinor Model 1
The Universal AvoMinor Model 1 was a 22 range moving coil multimeter with a 3-inch scale manufactured by the Automatic Coil Winder and Electrical Equipment Company of England. This precision electrical testing instrument was a new offering available for purchase in 1957 and cost twelve pounds in old money. "AVOMINOR" was a registered trademark belonging to the AVO Company, to represent a line of portable multimeters. At that time, there were two models available, where Model 1 had sensitivity of 400 Ω/V and total resistance of 200,000 Ω, and Model 2 had sensitivity of 4000 Ω/V, and a total resistance of 4 MΩ. They both had the same maximum DC current limit of 500 mA; however, Model 1 was limited to 500 V for AC and DC voltages, whilst Model 2 could measure up to 1000 V for AC and DC voltages.
The Model 1 has dimensions 4 3/4 inches × 3 7/8 inches × 1 7/8 inches, and weight 18 oz. If you see an AvoMinor for sale on eBay, then check the AC and DC voltage ranges, because Model 1 has a maximum limit of 500 V and Model 2 has 1000 V.
I bought this meter on eBay for ten pounds selling as "Spares and Repairs". It was out of my poor blogger budget but I decided to bite-the-bullet and go for it as the seller had mentioned something about the movement making a full swing as normal. When I received it, I connected the leads, but there was no swinging of any sort :-) so I decided to open it up and have a look. I used a partially depleted "AAA" battery taken out of a remote control to check the meter movement. Applying a current directly to the voice coil terminals should give an indication whether the movement was working. Luckily, it was working so I decided to apply the voltage a little way down through a series shunt coil, however, the movement was not responding. Therefore, it took 30 seconds to diagnose that the series shunt, was open. I took the shunt apart and joined the wires where they had burnt so that I could measure its resistance value. I measured it to be 18 Ω, however the wire was approximately 2 cm shorter and therefore approximately 2 Ω less, therefore I approximated it to be around 20 Ω. I simply got some nichrome wire and wound a new precision resistor, and the meter started working.
I also had to clean the movement due to dust and foreign particles causing the needle to stick; however, it was all elementary, as Sherlock Holmes would say. In the following pages of this multi-page article you can see all the design features of this meter.
This Article Continues...Universal AvoMinor Model 1
AvoMinor eBay Cost Price
Universal AvoMinor Design and Engineering
AvoMinor Movement Repair
AvoMinor Loose Dial Glass
AvoMinor Movement Balancing
AvoMinor Battery Compartment
AvoMinor Leather Case


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"That's driven by the market. We want to send a message to the marketplace ... that there is enough excess land there to construct another 600,000 square feet."
Related quotes
"If you care about the markets -- if you care about the sanctity of the marketplace and transparency -- Dick Grasso should resign and revise the pay package,"
"The lion's share of the bear market is over, ... It's a two-part issue. Yes, the marketplace could be nasty. But there's a great deal of nastiness that's already happened in the bond market."
"I think this puts a lot of competitive pressure in the marketplace. The first entrant in a market isn't necessarily the ultimate winner. Marc may have created awareness for an interesting market opportunity, but I don't believe this is game over. It has been our intent and will continue to be our intent to take all of our products and services and deliver them in an on-demand form factor."
"IBM's announcement is a good message to the marketplace of how a serious, large player like IBM takes encryption. We've been hearing rumblings of other major chip manufacturers doing similar things."
"to allow market forces to set exchange rates, to let the fundamentals of the marketplace drive exchange rate changes."
"We continue to see a need in the marketplace for increased Internet marketing and sales skills and we are committed to providing dealers with compelling training on proven techniques to merchandise their cars and reach in-market car shoppers."


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PepsiCo the global food and beverage conglomerate is planning to open one of its largest ever manufacturing facilities, in the Saudi Arabia city of Jeddah, said one senior official.
The SIBCO facility will be opened later in 2017 confirmed the PepsiCo CEO Sanjeev Chadha of its Asia, Middle East and North Africa (AMENA) region.
During an interview this week, he said the plant would make the wide portfolio of the company including its carbonated drinks such as Pepsi, Mirinda and Mountain Dew, along with other brands like Gatorade.
Chadha said the plant would be one of PepsiCo's largest worldwide.
While this plant will cater to the entire GCC region, PepsiCo is also looking at the possibility of using the plant to export products across a larger radius.
While beverages weight a great deal, the company is beginning to transport them. They would not ship long distances, but the company is moving on to products with higher value added like Gatorade, making for more opportunities and possibilities of export.
The company, the CEO of AMENA added, is looking into how to create an infrastructure that is required to export, explained Chadha.
In 2016, King Salman the leader of Saudi Arabia announced the kingdom had come to an agreement with Egypt for the construction of a bridge across the Red Sea that would connect the two nations.
Chadha said that if a link was created to connect Saudi Arabia with Egypt, it would be a huge enabler related for much greater trade throughout the Egyptian market.
That would open a market that has 90 million people, added Chadha. The company would be positioned perfectly in Jeddah once the plants are established and the possibilities will be looked into said Chadha.
The regional CEO confirmed as well that a new plant for beverages would be officially opened later this month in Dubai.
The new plant has begun manufacturing some of its products with CEO and chairperson of PepsiCo Indra Nooyi officially inaugurating the plant February 27.
In all, PepsiCo has 17 manufacturing facilities in the GCC region, including ones for the company's snacks and others that are franchised owned by partners in manufacturing for the beverage part of the company.
The snacks plants that are company owned manufacture Lays Forno, Lays, Doritos, Sunbites, and Cheetos, amongst a host of other types of products.
Together with partners in manufacturing, PepsiCo employs over 15,300 people throughout the GCC region.


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Rising from the ShadowsRichmond Ventures 2015; US$ 19.99
Every politician, every soldier, every doctor, every social worker, every refugee, every school child....actually, every Australian needs to read this book.' - Dr Charlie Teo. Saeed gives a compelling account of his life through revolution and war, love, camaraderie, immigration, the hardships and sacrifices which stretch far back into his past,... more...
British Historians and National IdentityTaylor and Francis 2015; US$ 54.95
Two eminent scholars of historiography examine the concept of national identity through the key multi-volume histories of the last two hundred years. Starting with Hume?s History of England (1754?62), they explore the work of British historians whose work had a popular readership and an influence on succeeding generations of British children. more...
Paul Sinha's Real British Citizenship TestPavilion Books 2015; US$ 12.99
Since 2005, well over one million prospective immigrants have attempted to cement permanent residency in the UK by taking the Home Office-devised ?Life in the UK? test. With questions such as ?What is the name of the admiral who died in a sea battle in 1805 and has a monument in Trafalgar Square, London??, it?s as dull as ditchwater and a hopelessly... more...
The Archaeology of BritainTaylor and Francis 2009; US$ 49.95
The Archaeology of Britain is the only concise and up-to-date introduction to the archaeological record of Britain from the reoccupation of the landmass by Homo sapiens during the later stages of the most recent Ice Age until last century. This fully revised second edition extends its coverage, including greater detail on the first millennium AD beyond... more...
Royal TransportDundurn 2005; US$ 11.99
This richly illustrated book describes how British royalty has travelled since the invention of steam. more...
Promoting Racial HarmonyCambridge University Press 1985; US$ 29.00
The years 1965?8 were the 'liberal hour' for race relations policy in Britain. Laws were then enacted, enforcement agencies created, and community relations councils established. These bodies, and their personnel, have been called 'the race relations industry'. To many people, the output of this 'industry' appears disappointing relative to the input... more...
The Government of England under Henry ICambridge University Press 1989; US$ 46.00
This book is essential reading on the reign of Henry I and on the general development of English government in the twelfth century. more...
Crossing Paths or Sharing Tracks?Boydell & Brewer 2009; US$ 90.00
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Derry~Londonderry has a distinctive cultural history which reflects its unique position in the history of Ireland. This ground-breaking book examines three centuries of music and theatre in the city highlighting the key figures and turning points in its cultural life. It documents the rich diversity of drama and concerts played out in the city?s theatres... more...
The Charlestown ChroniclesThe History Press 2012; US$ 11.99
Charlestown has long been a place of strategic importance to Mayo. It has provided many prominent and dedicated residents who have made their contribution not alone to their own area but to the county at large through involvement in public life, sport, community development and business. In The Charlestown Chronicles, Cathal Henry has immortalised... more...


text: Actress Esha Deol feels that making remake of 1975 blockbuster Sholay would remain a pipe-dream for Bollywood as no contemporary actress could step into the shoes of Basanti, the role epitomised by her mother, veteran actress Hema Malini. It is not possible to remake Sholay as nobody would be able to do the role of Basanti as done by Hema Malini. There is no alternative in the film industry who can play the role of Basanti like Hema Malini, Esha told the PTI. Taking a dig at Ram Gopal Verma who came up with Aag in 2007, the official remake of Sholay, Esha said, Ram Gopal Verma tried to produce new Sholay, but it was unsuccessful. Esha, who had made her acting debut in Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe, said she was more inclined to classical dancing and studying Indian culture. The classical and folk dances have their own importance which is different from the dances in films, Esha said, adding she was attracted towards dancing since her childhood. PTI Esha Deol Esha Deol Hema Malini Hema Malini Overview Biography Fan Speaks Fan-tastic Photos Photos Videos Upcoming Movies Wallpapers Overview Biography Fan Speaks Fan-tastic Photos Photos Videos Upcoming Movies Wallpapers


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Maple is a very popular wood specie used in hardwood flooring. It has much less grain than oak and is slightly more durable. The autumn homestead stain is warm, light and neutral finish. It is a lovely stain can go with a variety of warm colour palettes.
Solid - Up to 96" (40-48" Average Length)
Engineered - Up to 144" (66-78" Average Length)
Solid – 2-1/2", 3-1/4", and 4-1/4"
Engineered- 5", 6", 7", and 8"
Sheen- 13% Matte Finish, 25% Satin Finish, 50% Semi-Gloss Finish
Texture- Smooth
Thickness- 3/4" Solid or Engineered Hardwood
Prime Grade - Colour variation with no knots
Country Grade- Colour variation with knots
Warranty- 40-Year Finish
Solid - On or above grade
Engineered- On, above, or below grade
Installation Method
Solid - Nail or Staple
Engineered- Nail, Staple, Float, or Full Glue
Ease of Installation- Easy
Maintenance- Medium
Waste- 5%
Janka Hardness- 1450
- Reviews


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For actors in Toronto, an important aspect of your career is headshot photography. Your headshot is your main marketing tool, and the wrong photo could cost you a job. You may already have a shot, but it could be time for an update. Does your photo look like you? Try looking in a mirror and holding the photo up to the reflection. Do you look older or younger than the image in the headshot? Does the person in the photo have on too much makeup or a wildly different hairstyle than you have now? Most important, does the headshot "say something?" Does it show your personality and express who you are? Toronto photography professionals agree that the most important aspect of headshot photography is in the eyes. Are your eyes well lit and expressive? Can you see something going on in your face or do you look tense and frozen?
Maybe you've decided you need a new headshot. Choosing the right Toronto photographer is the next step. Don't make a hasty decision. Examine several photography portfolios and decide whose work you like the best. Meet with the photographer before you book your appointment, and make sure they put you at ease. This will ensure you have a photo that truly captures your personality.
Before heading into you photo session, do some prep work. Though you may shudder when you think of type casting, the fact is, you are more likely to be cast in some roles than others. If you tend to play the girl-next-door, you don't want overly glamorous shots. If you are primarily a character actor, you will want some more whimsical pictures. You should also determine the market or markets for which you are primarily aiming because they require different looks; smiling, inviting pictures are best for Toronto commercial headshots, while theatrical photography (including film and TV) needs to be more serious, focusing on the eyes and the dramatic potential of the subject. Many photographers will provide different shots if you are working in different markets, but it is best to go in prepared and know what you want.
Choosing the right clothes and makeup is an important part of the preparation. Discuss wardrobe with your photographer prior to your appointment and bring several outfits to the photo session. Color is your friend; choose colors that complement your skin tone and express your personality. Avoid black and white and busy patterns and instead choose simple, solid color clothes in non-reflective, wrinkle-free fabric. Makeup is a key component of your Toronto photography session, especially for women. Ideally, your headshot session will include time with a hair and makeup stylist who will make you look your best. Make sure, however, that you still look like yourself! The makeup artist may make you look fantastic, but only you know what you look like when you go in for an audition. Make sure the person in the photo looks like the same person who walks into a casting call.
Headshots are one of the most important investments you can make as an actor. Make sure you find the right Toronto photography professionals so you will end up with a shot you are proud to carry into an audition and that reflects your personality, talent, and potential.
Livingface Photography provides professional, artistic Toronto photography. Livingface founder and Toronto photographer Bard Azima has photographed all kinds of events, situations, and people during the last 18 years. Since founding Livingface Photography in 2001, Bard has photographed everything from casual to corporate and is a sought-after Toronto wedding photographer. To schedule a personal appointment with Bard, call 416-732-1904 or visit http://www.livingface.com/
Headshots 101
by anonymous


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Advising for next year - 2019 School Year!
New Viking Families,
If you will be new to Montgomery next year and have not completed registration paperwork for next year you need to do so as soon as possible. Your child will be assigned a schedule if we have not received a course selection sheet by March 31. If you need some guidance on courses selections, please see the Counseling Department's scheduling presentation and the SRCS College and Career Readiness Guide which both contain information about our course offerings.


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and Scope
and Indexing
for Aerosol Research
Accepted Manuscripts
In Press
of Issues
Special Issues
for Authors
Publication Fees
English Language Assistance
Volume 4, No. 1, July 2004, Pages 27-37 PDF(152 KB)
doi: null
Removal of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Flue Gases by Venturi Scrubber and Bag Filter
Wei-Shan Lee1, Guo-Ping Chang-Chien1, Shui-Jen Chen2, Lin-Chi Wang1, Wen-Jhy Lee3, Ya-Hsin Wang2
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Cheng Shiu University. 840, Chengching Rd., Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, ROC
2 Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology. Nei Pu 91207, Ping Tung, Taiwan, ROC
3 Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University. 1, University Rd., Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
This study investigates the individual removal efficiencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) by venutri scrubber and bag filter, which operated in one medical waste incinerator (MWI) and one secondary aluminum smelter (secondary ALS), respectively. Stack flue gases, effluent, and fly ash were measured for PCDD/Fs to characterize the performance of the venutri scrubber and the bag filter for reducing PCDD/F emission. The mean PCDD/F concentrations in the stack flue gases of the MWI and secondary ALS were 0.511 and 10.6 ng I-TEQ/Nm3 (calculated according to International Toxic Equivalency Factors [I-TEQ] and normalized to dry flue gas conditions of 273 K and 11% O2 ), while concentrations in the effluent, including ash and wastewater from the venturi scrubber and fly ash from the bag filter, were 7.51 ng I-TEQ/g, 154 pg I-TEQ/L, and 5.59 ng I-TEQ/g , respectively. The average removal efficiencies of tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octa-PCDD/Fs by bag filter are 8.2%, 10.6%, 33.5%, 52.4%, and 59.1%, respectively. This suggests that highly chlorinated PCDD/Fs with lower vapor pressures are more easily adsorbed onto the particulate and consequently more easily removed by bag filter. The removal efficiencies of the bag filter on the total PCDD/F emission and the total PCDD/F I-TEQ emission are 37.6% and 11.2%, respectively, while those of the venturi scrubber are 46.0% and 44.5%, respectively. Although the operating conditions of the venutri scrubber and the bag filter are different, the removal efficiencies of each for PCDD/Fs is inadequate.
PCDD/Fs; Venturi scrubber; Bag filter; Removal efficiency.


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When involved in an accident and providing evidence, a slip and fall legal professional looks at all viewpoints of any presented circumstance. It does not matter whether it happened this morning or two months ago, a legal professional will always recommend clients to go back and fill out a document about what developed. The more detailed information provided, the better.
Locating the Right Lawyer
When the auto accident occurs, it is important to report it right away. While explaining to a passing witness may speed up help and support, it is not considered to be an official alert. A fall and slip attorney wants to make sure that the client sat down with an agent of the company and filled out the imperative documents.
This does not mean that another person from the corporate office in an additional town or state needs to make the expedition to the area. It does mean that someone with authority to speak for the company should be addressing the incident. A slip and fall attorney at law can be present at the stating if essential.
Filling Out the Papers
Some companies have a simple one-sheet application that documents any circumstances that take place on the property. If a staff member is hurt on the job or an individual sustains an injury during an appointment, the same form is used. Regardless of what the company offers, victims should take advantage of the opportunities. Make sure that all standard facts in included such as the date and the time. If possible, illustrate exactly what happened. Perfectly, it is helpful to include some information that shows how the other participant may have been obligated for what happened. The most important thing is to make sure that all information is exact.
Keeping Paperwork
Once the statement is registered, a fall and slip legal representative makes sure that the person keeps a photocopy of any and all records that are filled out and signed. These data sheets will come in handy when the time comes to put together a case. Remember that even if the report was not classified until much later on, it does suggest that someone was made aware of the situation. From there, a lawyer can record how the other individual managed the relevant information and what was done to make improvements to area in question.
Phone calls, letters and any other paperworks will be kept by the slip and fall lawyer to support in demonstrating liability on the part of the other party. Even if the lawyer or attorney is hanging onto different papers, it can't hurt to maintain an extra photocopy at home.


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PLEASANT HILL, Calif.—Easterseals Bay Area (ESBA) has named Cynthia Riha as its new Chief Operating Officer (COO). In her new role, Cynthia will oversee ESBA's clinical programs, quality control and People & Performance (HR) teams. She is a member of the executive management team and reports to President and CEO Susan Armiger. Prior to joining as COO, Riha served as a consultant to the organization.
ESBA has experienced significant growth over the past four years to meet the unprecedented demand for behavioral health service in Northern California. The organization currently averages nearly 80,000 client visits per month. To help support this growing demand, it has expanded its executive and senior leadership teams. Additional senior leadership hires over the past six months include:
- Darrell C. Byers, Vice President of Development
- Camille Ferond, Vice President of Clinical Research and Development
- Wendy Grover Rebmann, Vice President of Corporate Communications
- Paul Meijer, Vice President of Cloud Operations
ESBA serves people with autism, developmental disabilities and special needs as well as their families in Northern California. ESBA set out to expand access and affordability of behavioral health services for people with autism and their families.
One in every 68 children in the U.S. is diagnosed with autism according to the U.S. Center for Disease Control (CDC). In response to the California Autism Insurance Law – SB 946 – passed in 2011, ESBA has partnered with health organizations, leading technology firms and businesses to meet the unprecedented demand for behavioral health service in Northern California.


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Modis v1.0.3 - Salon & Baber WordPressTheme is is created for anyone looking to start their on beauty or healthcare website. This premium theme includes a couple of advanced features such as asliding menucard with an easy to use menucard buider and a tiled gallery page for treatments, products and services.
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Talos is a Modern and Creative premium WordPress Theme . Design Theme is made in a beautiful style. It is suitable for Personal Portfolio, Creative Agency, Designer Portfolio, Illustrator Portfolio, Photographer Portfolio and more.Theme has a universal design, it thought every detail and animation effect. Its just as easy to customize to fit your needs, replace images and texts.
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Standard Article
Thermal Analysis
Published Online: 15 SEP 2006
DOI: 10.1002/9780470027318.a6605
Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Book Title
Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry
Additional Information
How to Cite
Dunn, J. G. 2006. Thermogravimetry. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry. .
Publication History
- Published Online: 15 SEP 2006
- Abstract
- Article
- Figures
- Tables
- References
Thermogravimetry (TG or TGA) is a technique in which the mass of a substance is measured as a function of temperature whilst the substance is subjected to a controlled temperature program.1, 2 Commonly materials can be heated or cooled in the temperature range from −160 to 1600°C at rates of fractions of a degree per minute up to 100°C min−1. Sample sizes are from 10–100 mg, although apparatus is available which can take larger sample masses. Different atmospheres can be used, from inert gases such as nitrogen, to reactive gases such as oxygen, hydrogen and vapors. The sensitivity of the apparatus is usually in the microgram range, with an accuracy of ±1% and a similar level of precision. The results obtained from TG experiments are subject to a variety of experimental variables, and an understanding of the effects of these is essential to a correct interpretation of the results. TG can be used to study any physical or chemical reaction which gives a mass change, and includes absorption and desorption of gases, sublimation and vaporization, the thermal decomposition of a wide range of materials from inorganic compounds to polymers, the reaction between a gas and a solid, and solid–solid reactions. TG has also been widely used to carry out kinetic studies on solid materials, with the aim of determining the reaction model and the kinetic parameters of activation energy (E) and frequency factor (A). However, considerable care is required in the interpretation of the results obtained.


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Conceived and designed the experiments: CY SJG EE. Performed the experiments: CY. Analyzed the data: CY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CY SJG JCL. Wrote the paper: CY SJG JCL EE.
Understanding the relationship between genetic variation and gene expression is a central question in genetics. With the availability of data from high-throughput technologies such as ChIP-Chip, expression, and genotyping arrays, we can begin to not only identify associations but to understand how genetic variations perturb the underlying transcription regulatory networks to induce differential gene expression. In this study, we describe a simple model of transcription regulation where the expression of a gene is completely characterized by two properties: the concentrations and promoter affinities of active transcription factors. We devise a method that extends Network Component Analysis (NCA) to determine how genetic variations in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) perturb these two properties. Applying our method to a segregating population of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we found statistically significant examples of trans-acting SNPs located in regulatory hotspots that perturb transcription factor concentrations and affinities for target promoters to cause global differential expression and cis-acting genetic variations that perturb the promoter affinities of transcription factors on a single gene to cause local differential expression. Although many genetic variations linked to gene expressions have been identified, it is not clear how they perturb the underlying regulatory networks that govern gene expression. Our work begins to fill this void by showing that many genetic variations affect the concentrations of active transcription factors in a cell and their affinities for target promoters. Understanding the effects of these perturbations can help us to paint a more complete picture of the complex landscape of transcription regulation. The software package implementing the algorithms discussed in this work is available as a MATLAB package upon request.
One of the fundamental challenges in biology in the post-genomics era is understanding the complex regulatory mechanisms that govern how genes are turned on and off. In a single organism where the functions of individual genes in a population do not differ much, many of the differences between individuals including physical phenotypes, susceptibility to disease, and response to drugs can be attributed to how genes are regulated. Previous studies have largely focused on identifying regulator and target genes whose expressions are linked to genetic variations in a population. We present work that focuses on considering a specific set of regulators called transcription factors whose targets can be verified from experiments and whose interactions with those targets have been well studied and modeled. In this setting, we can begin to understand how genetic variations perturb the concentrations and promoter affinities of active transcription factors to induce differential expression of the targets. Understanding the effects of these perturbations is important to understanding the fundamental biology of gene regulation and can help us to design and assess therapeutics and treatments for complex diseases.
With advances in whole genome high-throughput technologies such as ChIP-Chip, expression, and genotyping arrays, it is now possible to integrate data from these sources together to decipher the complex regulatory networks that govern transcription. In addition to serving as powerful models for how basic cellular function is achieved, these regulatory networks can also help us shed light on how certain disease phenotypes are manifested. At the heart of these networks are a few regulator genes such as transcription factors (TFs), miRNAs and histones whose activity govern the behavior of many other genes. Among these regulators, transcription factors that bind the promoter regions of genes are by far the most well understood. The process of TFs activating or repressing transcription at initiation is believed to be the primary mechanism of gene regulation. A central question in genetics is how genetic variations perturb this underlying regulatory mechanism to give rise to differential gene expression and ultimately complex phenotypes.
The simplest analysis one can perform to address this question is expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping, which identifies genetic variations such as SNPs in the form of linkages and associations that are correlated with gene expression. Such studies have been carried out in a variety of organisms including yeast [1],[2] Arabidopsis [3], mouse [4],[5] and human [6]–[8]. These studies have identified many linkages between SNPs and genes in close proximity suggesting potential local regulatory mechanisms mediated by regulators such as transcription factors and miRNAs. These studies have also identified a few SNPs linked to the expressions of many genes suggesting a global regulatory mechanism mediated by master regulators such as transcription factors and histones. Unfortunately, beyond nominating candidate genes either as targets or regulators, these studies give little insight into how SNPs perturb the underlying transcription regulatory networks that control gene expression.
To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of transcription regulation, several systems biology based methods have been proposed including clustering of co-regulated genes [9], multipoint linkage analysis [10],[11], pathway enrichment analysis [12]–[16], prediction of regulatory modules [17],[18] and the prediction of causal regulatory relationships [19]–[23]. Many of these advanced methods aim to tease out both the nodes (regulators and targets) as well as the topology (mapping of edges) in a transcription regulatory network from only considering gene expression profiles. Although these methods have predicted some interesting relationships, there are at least two aspects of transcription regulation that go unaddressed when we use them to study transcription factors and their targets. First, most previous methods rely on probabilistic models that do not provide much insight into the hidden dynamics between the activity of transcription factors and the expression of their targets. Second, the relationships inferred by these methods from the expression profiles alone can be misleading because the in vivo activity of a transcription factor does not always correlate with its expression levels [24],[25].
To overcome these problems, we adopt a framework from network component analysis (NCA) [26] that considers a simple bipartite network model of transcription regulation involving only transcription factors and their targets. In this model, the expression of a target gene is completely captured by two properties of the network, the concentrations and promoter affinities of transcription factors. In general, inferring these two quantities from the expression profiles of the target genes alone is difficult. But by leveraging protein-DNA binding data from ChIP-Chip experiments [27],[28], a partial topology of the network can be constructed and one can make the inference given certain constraints [26].
The NCA method as described by liao et al. has been successfully applied to several gene expression datasets to understand transcription regulation in a temporal setting [26] and in the context of gene knockouts [29]. In this study, we extended NCA to study transcription regulation over a population gradient by modeling three mechanisms by which genetic variations perturb the concentrations and promoter affinities of active transcription factors to induce differential expression. Figure 1 gives a simple example that illustrates the original NCA model and our extensions. Imagine we have a small experiment where we collected the gene expressions of four genes, the genotypes of three markers over three individuals. Given the topology of the bipartite network between transcription factors and their targets (Figure 1B), the NCA algorithm allows us to infer the active transcription factor concentrations (C) and the respective promoter affinities (PA) from the given gene expressions (E) in a log-linear fashion (Figure 1A, see Methods). In this example, SNP1 and SNP3 are linked to the expressions of G1 and G3 while SNP2 is linked to the expressions of G2 and G4. We propose three possible mechanisms any one SNP can perturb the regulatory network and show an instance of each using the given example.
Because the inclusion of genetic variation creates additional parameters in each of our three models compared to the original NCA model, we expected them to always fit the data better. To effectively evaluate our models, we devised a likelihood ratio statistic and a permutation scheme to assess the statistical significance of our improvements. We then applied our method to study an expression data collected over 112 segregants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and two separate ChIP-Chip datasets generated by Harbisonet al. and Lee et al..We identified several interesting global regulatory networks perturbed by SNPs located in regulatory hotspots. Some of these networks have one property perturbed (transcription factor concentration or promoter affinity) while others have both properties perturbed suggesting a complex mechanism of global regulation. We also examined linkages between SNPs and target genes located in close proximity. We found that many of these cis linked SNPs perturb the promoter affinities of transcription factors on a target gene locally confirming previous hypotheses of cis regulation.
An interesting method proposed by Sun et al. also used the NCA framework to infer the concentrations of active transcription factors from gene expression data collected over the same yeast strains. Their method was designed to detect linkages between the inferred concentrations and genetic variations and used conditional independence tests to find modules of genes controlled by the same causal regulator. Compared to this method, we expect to find similar networks of genes and transcription factors but our method does not allow us to infer additional causal relationships using statistical tests. Instead, we focus on identifying different mechanisms by which genetic variations can perturb the regulatory networks by directly modeling the effects of these perturbations into the NCA framework. We do not attempt to make rigorous causal claims but use the causal information inherent in genotyping and ChIP-Chip experiments to suggest possible mechanisms of transcription regulation.
The NCA framework is a natural model for describing how transcription factors regulate gene expression. At the heart of the model is a log linear equation that relates the expression levels of genes collected over a gradient (E) to the concentrations (C) and promoter affinities (PA) of active transcription factors. Such a model is well supported by known kinetic properties of protein-DNA interactions [30]. In linear model terms, the transcription factor concentrations are the regressors, the gene expression levels are the response variables and the promoter affinities are the coefficients that relate the two. Figure 2B shows the log-linear equations describing the graph shown in Figure 1B. The goal of NCA is to infer the matrices of concentrations and promoter affinities from the matrix of gene expressions under some restrictions in the least squares sense.
Treating genetic differences between individuals as a gradient, we applied this model to infer the matrices and from gene expressions collected from a population of yeast strains, . For the inference to have been possible, we removed a number of transcription factors and target genes to construct a network from the original ChIP-Chip data that met certain constraints [26]. After preprocessing the Lee et al. ChIP-Chip dataset, we were left with a network with 100 transcription factors and 2,294 target genes. Similarly, preprocessing the Harbison et al. ChIP-Chip dataset left 158 transcription factors and 2,779 target genes. Using a two step optimization algorithm developed by Liao et al., we inferred the concentration profile for each transcription factor over the genetic gradient and compared it to the corresponding TF expression profile by computing Pearson's correlations (). Figure S3 shows that these quantities were not well correlated with average correlation coefficients of and using the Lee et al. and Harbison et al. datasets respectively. The stability of the inferred TF concentrations were however robust when we compared results from the two ChIP-Chip datasets with a correlation coefficient of (Figure S4). The robustness was also verified by bootstrapping experiments [31] (Results not shown).
We next applied our method to study the mechanisms by which regulatory hotspots, genomic locations in yeast shown to be linked to the expression of many genes, perturb the underlying transcription regulatory networks. Although several transcription factors have been known to act as master regulators in yeast, it has been surprisingly shown in previous eQTL studies that only a few regulatory hotspots are located close to transcription factors. We hypothesized that although complex regulatory mechanisms upstream of transcription regulation such as signaling pathways exist, transcription factors ultimately mediate the global regulation of gene expressions. Using our framework, we tested our hypothesis by determining whether a regulatory hotspot is linked to the concentrations or promoter affinities of active transcription factors to achieving this regulation.
To identify the regulatory hotspots, we performed simple linkage analysis on only a subset of genes that were NCA compliant (see Methods). Similar to previous reports, only a few hotspots were located cis to any known transcription factors [1],[2]. For example, a hotspot located on chromosome 12 spanning basepairs 600,000 to 680,000 was cis to HAP1 while another hotspot located on chromosome 3 spanning basepairs 60,000 to 100,000 was cis to LEU3. Several approaches [20],[23] have identified additional putative causal regulators, many of which are not transcription factors, corresponding to these regulatory hotspots.
We first considered SNPs located in regulatory hotspots that perturbed the concentrations of active transcription factors to cause global differential expression. Extending the NCA model to incorporate SNPs as perturbations did not require changing the optimization procedure. As shown in Figure 2C, we first decomposed the inferred transcription factor concentration matrix from applying the original NCA algorithm, , into two matrices and segregated by a SNP. Next, we identified those transcription factors whose concentrations were linked to the SNP using a simple t-test, an example is shown in bold in Figure 2C, and assessed the significance of the linkage by a permutation scheme (see Methods).
Using both the Harbison et al. and Lee et al. ChIP-Chip binding data, we found many transcription factors whose concentrations were linked to at least one SNP. Table 1 lists those linkages occurring at regulatory hotspots and the corresponding transcription factors. In addition to having a strong linkage, we also required the transcription factors in the table to have at least 6 (Lee et al) or 7 (Harbison et al) downstream targets whose expression levels were significantly linked to the regulatory hotspot. A number of transcription factors known to act as global regulators were identified. Of particular note, we found HAP1 to be the mediator of hotspot 6 located on chromosome 12 spanning basepairs 600,000 to 680,000 using the Harbison et al. dataset; and YAP1 and LEU3 to be mediators of hotspot 3 located on chromosome 3 spanning basepairs 60,000 to 100,000. GCN4 was also identified as a mediator of this hotspot using the Lee et al. dataset but it was only marginally significant using the Harbison et al. dataset (Result not shown). These results are concordant with previous findings [2],[23]. In particular, LEU2 has been previously implicated to be linked to hotspot 3 where an engineered deletion of the gene occurs. Figure 4 are heatmaps showing the strong correlations between concentration levels of transcription factors, HAP1 and LEU3 respectively, and the expression levels of their downstream targets linked to the respective regulatory hotspots.
We next examined hotspot 2, a hotspot that has been previously identified by brem et al.to regulate budding and daughter cell separation through the causal regulator AMN1 [9]. We identified four transcription factors, ACE2, MBP1, SKN7 and SWI4, whose active concentrations were significantly linked to hotspot 2 in both datasets. Five other transcription factors responsible for cell cycle transitions, ABF1, FKH1, OAF1, RAP1 and SWI5 were also found to be significant in the Harbison et al. dataset. Some of these transcription factors are known to interact with each other and have similar profiles such as ACE2 and SWI5; and MBP1, SKN7 and RAP1. Figure 3A and Figure 3B are heatmaps showing the strong correlation between the concentrations of transcription factors (ACE2 and SWI4) and the expression levels of their direct targets linked to the hotspot. Our results are consistent with previous findings that suggest ACE2 as a causal transcription factor mediating the global regulation of the mitotic-exit network (MEN) by AMN1 [23] even though ACE2's direct targets were not overrepresented for any GO biological processes or functional groups. This is probably because many downstream transcripts of the MEN were not considered in this analysis because there's no direct ChIP-Chip evidence of binding between these transcripts and ACE2.
Another interesting regulatory hotspot, occurring at chromosome 12 basepairs 1,040,000 to 1,060,000, was found by Brem et al. to regulate subtelomerically encoded helicases through the causal regulator SIR3. We found two transcription factors, GAT3 and YAP5, whose concentrations were linked to this hotspot using the Harbison et al. data. YAP5 was also significant using the Lee et al. data. Figure 3D and Figure 3C show the strong correlations between GAT3 and YAP5 concentrations and the expression profiles of their targets. Unlike the previous example, the targets of YAP5 were enriched for helicases () and consisted of many genes with unknown function as represented by a significant enrichment for the GO annotation of "biological process unknown" (). These results suggest a potential novel mechanism for the regulation of subtelomerically encoded helicases mediated by YAP5 and GAT3.
We next considered SNPs located in regulatory hotspots that perturbed the promoter affinities of transcription factors to cause global differential expression. Modeling these perturbations required an extension to the NCA model. As shown in Figure 2D, in addition to decomposing the transcription factor concentration and gene expression matrices, we also decomposed the promoter affinities matrix, into and where the only difference between the two is the column corresponding to the global promoter affinities of the transcription factor of interest as shown in bold. We identified perturbed networks of genes and transcription factors by deriving a likelihood ratio statistic that compared the extended model to the original NCA model. Since the extended model included additional parameters, namely different promoter affinities between populations, we expected it to always fit the data better. Thus to assess significance, we used a permutation scheme that randomized the decomposition of individuals while preserved the topology of the bipartite graph (see Methods).
We revisited the regulatory hotspots discussed in the previous section. We speculated that transcription factors whose promoter affinities were perturbed by a regulatory hotspot must interact with other transcription factors whose concentrations were perturbed by the same hotspot to induce global differential expression of the targets. The intuition being if the in vivo concentrations of a transcription factor is relatively stable, then it could still regulate gene expression by differentially binding to other transcription factors to form a complex. A transcription factor's binding affinity for promoters is then in part determined by the concentrations of its partnering transcription factors. This is exactly what we observed in our results. For example, we found that hotspot 6 which was shown to be linked to the concentrations of HAP1 was also linked to the promoter affinities of HAP4. HAP1 and HAP4 are known to interact in a complex to regulate global respiratory gene expression. Similarly, hotspot 8 was linked to the concentrations of DIG1 and the promoter affinities of STE12. DIG1 has previously been shown to code for an inhibitor of STE12, a transcription factor involved in pheromone induction and invasive growth [32]–[34]
We next examined how two hotspots discussed in the previous section also perturbed promoter affinities of transcription factors. Figure 4 and Table 2 show that hotspot 2 was linked to the promoter affinities of ACE2, SWI4 and UME6. Hotspot 2 was also shown in the previous section to be linked to the concentrations of ACE2 and SWI4 but not UME6, see Figure S2 for the expression profiles of the downstream targets of UME6. Consistent with our speculation, UME6 has been shown to interact with SWI4 and SWI4 has been shown to interact with itself. Furthermore, we see that AMN1 is a target of ACE2 suggesting that the regulation of the mitotic-exit network might be feedback in nature.
Figure 4 also shows a similar network consisting of the two transcription factors whose concentrations linked to hotspot 7, GAT3 and YAP5. Notice that while YAP5's promoter affinities were linked to the hotspot also (thick edges), GAT3's were not (thin edges). Consistent with previous results, YAP5 has been shown to interact with itself to modulate gene expression. These results suggest that in some transcription factors, particularly those that interact with themselves, both promoter affinities and concentrations of the transcription factor could be perturbed by a regulatory hotspot. On the other hand, some transcription factors might not have their concentrations perturbed by a hotspot but because of interactions with another transcription factor, has their promoter affinities perturbed giving rise to global differential expression of their targets.
Previous eQTL analyses have shown that the most significant linkages occur cis to genes [1],[2]and often located or in LD with SNPs located in the promoter regions of genes harboring transcription factor binding sites [35]. Our model allowed us to determined if differences in expression of a single gene could be attributed to cis genetic variations perturbing the local affinities of transcription factors on the promoter.
There is a direct similarity between these perturbations and those that affect global promoter affinities. As shown in Figure 2E, SNP3 perturbs the local affinities of transcription factors for the promoter of G3. We modeled this affect by decomposing the matrix into and where the only difference between the decomposed matrices was the row corresponding to G3, as shown in bold. We used a likelihood ratio statistic to choose between two different models and assessed the significance based on permuting the genotypes of the individuals.
Of the small subset of genes examined, 2294 from using the Lee et al. dataset and 2779 from using the Harbison et al. dataset, we found ≈45% of the transcripts (972/2294 Lee, 1315/2779 Harbison) linked to at least one SNP at a FDR of with using a standard t-test. Out of these linkages, ≈30% were cis (257/972 Lee, 331/1315 Harbison). These proportions are consistent with what has been reported [10].
We postulated that many cis linked loci found by previous analyses and confirmed by our analysis are in LD with causal SNPs located in promoter regions. We further postulated that such a causal SNP corresponds to a variation in the primary sequence of a transcription factor binding site that affects the promoter affinity of a transcription factor or a complex of transcription factors. This model is consistent with the idea that a genetic variation at regulatory regions of the genome can give rise to observed subtle differences in gene expression across populations. We identified a total of 138 and 174 genes which have their local promoter affinities affected by a SNP with a FDR of .
Figure 5A shows that there is high concordance between those genes with significant cis linkages and those whose promoter affinities were perturbed. We did not expect all cis linkages to perturb promoter affinities. There are potentially other regulatory machinery that operate on intronic 3′UTRs and 5′UTRs. Next we compared the perturbed genes found using the Lee et al. dataset versus those found using the Harbison et al. dataset (Figure 5B). At a FDR of , 72 significant genes were shared between the datasets and 168 genes were not. We suspected that the different results obtained from these two datasets can be attributed to differences in network topology. The two binding datasets often reported genes with different sets of bound transcription factors and transcription factors with different sets of targets making the estimates of certain quantities inconsistent. Additional discrepancies arose from different sets of genes having been eliminated from each analysis due to the criteria placed on the network topology.
Although there is a growing wealth of literature identifying putative causal regulators in yeast and mouse using statistical approaches, some of which integrate different sources of information, it is not clear by what mechanism genetic variations perturb the underlying regulatory networks to give rise to global differential expression. We have presented an integrated framework based on network component analysis that directly models how genetic variations perturb the concentrations and promoter affinities of transcription factors to cause the differential expression of their targets. Such a model differs from current eQTL analyses in that a direct, testable mechanism of transcription regulation is specifically considered. Although these networks are limiting, both in terms of the amount of biology they explain as well as the dependence on experimental data for their inference, a substantial set of genes (≈1/3) was still considered. In our analysis, we show that many genes with cis linkages are likely to be regulated by transcription factors binding differentially to their promoter regions. We also show two representative examples of the complex mechanism of achieving global differential expression of a large number of transcripts, where the regulation of transcription factors involve two distinct processes and maybe feedback in nature.
Our approach specifically uses one variation of the NCA algorithm to infer the concentrations and promoter affinities of transcription factors. The key aspect of our approach is that we treat genetic variations as perturbations to an underlying regulatory network whose structure is already known. In theory, any NCA like approach [36]–[38] where a network is inferred from known data such as ChIP-Chip experiments, protein-protein interaction experiments or literature can be extended to take into account genetic variation.
There are also some natural extensions to the framework we have presented. First, one is not limited to considering only genetic variation as a perturbation. Other forms of perturbation such as media condition and disease pathogenesis can as well be applied in this approach to identify the corresponding effect on the networks. Second, our method considers the perturbation of only one SNP. Although several approaches have been proposed to investigate the statistical interaction of multiple SNPs on a phenotype [11],[39], it would be interesting to study the mechanistic interactions of multiple perturbations on a transcription regulatory network.
We used the expression measurements (6,216 transcripts) and genotyping data (2,956 SNPs) collected over 112 segregants of yeast derived from two parental strains BY4716 and RM11-1a originally described by Brem et al. The gene expression data is available at GEO (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/geo/) with the accession number GSE1990.
ChIP-Chip data from two datasets [27],[28] were used to generate two different transcription regulatory networks at a p-value cutoff of 0.001. Consistency was checked in each case by comparing the networks generated from using a cutoff of 0.01 and 0.001.
We next checked for NCA compliance as outlined [31]. We were left with a sub-network of 2,294 transcripts and 100 transcription factors after processing the Lee et al. dataset and 2,779 transcripts and 158 transcription factors after processing the Harbison et al. dataset.
We first performed a standard t-test to compare the population means between the segregated expression profiles of a single gene by a given SNP. We assessed the significance of our linkages by performing a permutation test as described [40].
We then identified regulatory hotspots by dividing the yeast genome into 493 20 kb bins and counted the number of significant trans linkages to unique gene expression levels each bin contained from the standard t-test. We found a total of 430 significant trans linkages using the Harbison et al. data and 290 using the Lee et al. data. Assuming a Poisson process where the rare event of a trans linkage occurs at a rate of 0.87 (430/493 Harbison) and 0.60 (290/493 Lee), the probability of observing >7 linkages in the largest bin using the harbison_transcriptional_2004 data is and the probability of observing >6 linkages in the largest bin using the Lee et al. data is . Because of the differences in the set of genes used in the different datasets, we constructed a set of 11 hotspots shared between the two.
NCA was originally developed to analyze time series based gene expression data but can be easily adapted to analyze whole genome expression data collected from different individuals in a population. In both cases, the goal is to infer the concentrations of active transcription factors and the promoter affinities from the expression levels of the target genes. This inference is made possible when the partial topology of the interaction network between transcription factors and target genes is determined from genome-wide location analysis that detects the binding of transcription factors to DNA promoter regions (ChIP-Chip).
Figure 1B shows an example of a bipartite graph where the expression levels of five genes are determined by the concentrations and promoter affinities of the three transcription factors. Formally, given a matrix of dimension where we have collected the expression levels of genes from individuals. Each column represents a separate microarray experiment that measures the expression levels of all genes in one individual. NCA approximates the relationship between the concentrations of active transcription factors and gene expression levels by a log-linear model of the type:
where is the gene expression level for gene in individual , is the concentration of transcription factor in individual and is the affinity of transcription factor for the promoter of gene . We can take the log of Equation 1 and transform it into a matrix representation:
Here, is a matrix of dimension representing the concentrations of the transcription factors in the individuals and is a matrix of dimension representing the affinities of the transcription factors for the promoters of the genes and is a matrix of dimension representing the residual. NCA analysis without incorporating genetic information seeks to iteratively find and that minimizes the quantity:
Finding the least squares estimates of and is equivalent to finding the maximum likelihood estimates under the assumption that the are independent identically-distributed (iid) vectors with Gaussian noise.
In our model, a genetic variation induces global differential expression either by perturbing the concentrations of a transcription factor or the promoter affinities of a transcription factor on all of its targets. Figure 1C shows the former case where the promoter affinities of TF1 on all targets remain the same but the concentration of TF1 is elevated in the group of individuals with an A allele at SNP1 while it is attenuated in the group of individuals with the C allele at SNP1. Figure 1D shows the latter case where the affinities of TF2 for the promoter region of its targets are different between two populations. Notice that in both cases, we do not make any assumptions about where the genetic variation occurs since several mechanisms can contribute to the transcription factor having different in vivo concentrations and promoter affinities. We can formally model perturbations to the promoter affinities by constructing two matrices, and that differ in the column corresponding to the transcription factor of interest.
We can also model local changes to the promoter affinities of all transcription factors on a single gene such as shown in Figure 1E where one group of individuals has the A allele and another group has the T allele (SNP3) in the binding site of the transcription factor complex. To model this change in the promoter affinities on one gene, we again construct two matrices and that differ in the row corresponding to the gene of interest.
We can rewrite Equation 2 to incorporate perturbations on the promoter affinities:
where we have decomposed into and , and into and representing the expression levels and the inferred concentrations of transcription factors in two different populations segregated by a genetic variation. and are the corresponding promoter affinity matrices of the two populations. is again the residual.
If a genetic variation affects the concentrations of the transcription factors to induce differential expression, we can model the effect by decomposing the originally inferred matrix into and that differ in the row corresponding to the transcription of interest. For each transcription factor, we can then apply a simple t-test treating the concentration as a quantitative trait segregated by the genetic variation. We assess the significance of the statistic by shuffling the genotypes of the individuals 1000 times [40] and computing the false discovery rate (FDR) [41].
Notice that if a genetic variation perturbs the promoter affinities either globally or locally, we can't simply compare the and matrices. Instead, we can use model selection techniques to compare our more complex model with the simpler NCA model. Specifically, we define the optimization problem similar to Equation 3:
We can approximate the solution to Equation 5 by running the original NCA algorithm and fixing the matrix and re-estimating the matrix.
To test the validity of our model, we define the null and alternative hypotheses corresponding to the two models as:
Hypothesis H 1: The expression levels can be decomposed into and for those individuals with the major and minor alleles respectively; and approximated by a log-linear models characterized by the parameters :
: A matrix representing the promoter affinities of transcription factors in individuals with the major allele
: A matrix representing the promoter affinities of transcription factors in individuals with the minor allele
: A matrix that can be decomposed into and representing the concentrations of active transcription factors in the individuals with the major allele and individuals with the minor allele respectively.
Hypothesis H 0: The expression levels can be approximated by a log-linear model characterized by the parameters :
: A matrix representing the promoter affinities of transcription factors in all individuals (i.e. ).
: A matrix representing the concentrations of transcription factors in all individuals.
When a genetic variation perturbs the promoter affinities to one gene locally, the difference in the number of parameters is equal to the number of regulators of the target gene. If we are re-estimating the promoter affinities globally for one transcription factor, the difference in the number of parameters is equal to the number of targets of the transcription factor. In both cases, we can compare our alternative model against the null model using a likelihood ratio statistic remembering that the are independent.
where and are the residual sum of squares from solving the least squares equations for and respectively. We estimate the two error variances and from the residual sum of squares of the larger model:
where is the degrees of freedom of the model.
The above statistic follows the distribution asymptotically. However, since we are not re-estimating the full model in our extension, we perform permutations by rearranging the genotype labels of the individuals [40] 1000 times. We further estimated the significance of the permuted p-values by computing the false discovery rate [41].
Heatmaps showing correlations between concentrations of known transcription factors and the expressions of their targets. This figure shows heatmaps of the concentration levels of (A) HAP1 and (B) LEU3, two transcription factors known to mediate global regulation, correlated with the expression levels of their downstream targets.
Heatmap showing lack of correlation between UME6 concentrations and the expressions of its targets. This figure shows that UME6's concentrations are not perturbed by regulatory hotspot 2 but the expression levels of its targets are.
Heatmaps showing correlation between transcription factor concentrations and expression levels. The heatmaps show the correlation between expression levels and concentrations of transcription factors for (A) 158 transcription factors in the Harbison dataset and (B) 100 transcription factors in the Lee dataset.
Heatmaps showing correlation of transcription factor concentrations between two datasets. A heatmap that shows the correlation of inferred transcription factor concentrations between the Harbison and Lee datasets.
The authors would like to thank Noah Zaitlen and Hyun Min Kang for their comments and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive remarks.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
CY and EE are supported by the National Science Foundation Grants No. 0513612, No. 0731455 and No. 0729049, and National Institutes of Health Grant No. 1K25HL080079. SG is partially supported by a University of California Los Angeles Integrative Graduate Education and Research Training bioinformatics traineeship.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Northampton South MP Brian Binley claimed £1,500 a month to rent the flat in Pimlico for more than three years despite House of Commons rules banning MPs from renting properties from themselves or their companies.
Mr Binley failed to inform Mr Cameron's scrutiny panel of the arrangement and senior Tory sources told the Standard today that the backbencher would now be ordered to submit his claims for re-examination.
"We will be looking at this very, very closely. We have always said that we want to be fair but where there are problems David is determined to be very firm" a source said.
The MPs expenses scandal is set to reopen tomorrow when Parliament finally publishes receipts for all 646 MPs. But MPs' addresses, which have exposed abuses of the system, will be kept secret.
Yesterday, the affair claimed yet another victim after Labour MP Jim Devine was deselected by the party's "star chamber" endorsements panel. He had submitted invoices for electrical work worth £2,157 from a company with a fake address and invalid VAT number.
Mr Devine had also faced questions over a £2,326 claim for shelving work said to have been carried out by the landlord of his local pub.
Mr Cameron is now under intense pressure to show similarly tough response to Mr Binley, who was first elected in 2005. To date, Mr Cameron has ordered some MPs to pay money back but only long-serving backbenchers have been forced to quit their seats.
Land Registry records show Mr Binley's £345,000 flat was owned by a company called BCC Marketing, of which he is the chairman and founder.
The Daily Telegraph revealed that Commons officials warned the MP in April 2006 that his claims were a breach of new rules. But he was allowed to continue claiming after appealing to Commons Speaker Michael Martin.
Mr Martin only ruled in April this year that the claims must stop but Mr Binley has not be told to repay the £57,000 claimed under the discredited second homes allowance for MPs.
Had Mr Binley bought the flat himself, he would only have been able to claim the interest on the mortgage.
Mr Binley, 67, insisted today that he had acted with honesty. In what the BBC called "sometimes strong and colourful language", Mr Binley said he would not allow the Telegraph to "bring him down".
He added that he had since moved into another flat nearby, but he was having to claim an extra £2,000 or £3,000 in expenses to pay a market rate.
"I did rent a flat...from a company that I founded. The rent charged included council tax, water rates, electricity, gas and all the furnishings and white goods in the flat," he said.
"When the mortgage was taken out, it was totally cleared by the Fees Office and when the rules were changed which stated that I could not rent from a company that I had an interest in, I appealed that decision. I sadly lost that appeal, accepted the decision and found another flat which unfortunately costs the taxpayer more money because that is the going rate."
- More about:
- House Of Commons
- Northampton
- Pimlico
- Property


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12 Pet Care Jobs Found
Last Minute work trip
Posted by Savannah M. on 4/24/2017
- Start date:
- 21 miles away (Rockwall, TX)
- $65/night
- 4+ pets
We are in need of a pet sitter for our 4 dogs! We have 3 small dogs and 1 medium size dog. We do have one of our small dogs that has special needs. Would need pet sitter over night in our home in Rockwall for 2 nights starting tomorrow or weds if possible.
in home pet sitter
Posted by Michele W. on 4/25/2017
- 15 miles away (Irving, TX)
- $40/night
- 1 pet
need someone to take care of my babes in my home We travel a lot and have home in cottonwood We have 2 dogs min pin and border collie. may ask you to bring in mail and if we are gone for long time water plants
dog visit at my house
Posted by Andrew N. on 4/22/2017
- Start date:
- 24 miles away (Bedford, TX)
- $30/visit
- 2 pets
Planned a surprise 17th anniversary over nite trip with the wife, forgot previous dog sitter (mother in law) is not comfortable with 2 dogs. Need a nite visit to let youngest dog out of crate and morning visit to feed both dogs.
need dog and cat sitter
Posted by Debbie G. on 4/12/2017
- 11 miles away (Garland, TX)
- $10/visit
- 2 pets
I need a back up pet sitter for when I need to go out of town for a few days. ................................. Debbie Gregory
I need to travel to my mothers funeral in...
Posted by Cheryl G. on 4/2/2017
- Start date:
- 4/06
- 24 miles away (Denton, TX)
- $20/night
- 2 pets
I need someone to bring my two sweet well trained and groomed dogs into their home while I travel to Florida for my Mom's funeral. I will provide food, bowls, bedding, or a kennel if you prefer. They are house dogs and very loving. 6 and 7 years old.
Dog walking
Posted by Karen F. on 4/14/2017
- Start date:
- Flexible
- 14 miles away (Frisco, TX)
- $22/30 min walk
- 2 pets
Need dog walker and eventually someone who. Can spend night 2 loving boxers Need someone experienced with walking two big dogs together
Overnight pet care in my home/house sitting
Posted by Shawna P. on 4/13/2017
- 4 miles away (Plano, TX)
- $35/night
- 2 pets
I have 2 six year old pups that I am looking for someone to come stay overnight with in our home when we go out of town occasionally. Lady is a fun-loving beagle mix who loves people and Bonnie is a sweetheart boxer mix with special needs. Bonnie has a seizure disorder but her seizures are... More
Vacationing from April 25-May1st
Posted by Kelly A. on 4/11/2017
- 12 miles away (The Colony, TX)
- $19/visit
- 1 pet
Need to let my Morkey out in the am for potty and walk and 5/6 pm for potty and walk. Also feeding him as well.
Occasion Stop-ins
Posted by Della M. on 4/5/2017
- 12 miles away (Dallas, TX)
- $15/visit
- 1 pet
Will need a someone to come 1-2 times whenever we are expected to travel. Providing clean water, new food and litter box disposal upon visits - for 1 small cat. Play for a few minutes and pet her. Expect to spend up to 30 minutes.
Dog boarding
Posted by Latrice C. on 3/27/2017
- Start date:
- 6/01
- 14 miles away (Irving, TX)
- $30/night
- 1 pet
We have to leave town for a graduation and would like a dog sitter. Rex is a long haired Chihuahua. He is nine years old. Rex likes to play with other dogs, but he doesn't like cats.
Overnight pet care
Posted by Jennifer Q. on 4/6/2017
- 14 miles away (Frisco, TX)
- $40/night
- 1 pet
Overnight pet care in my home for upcoming trip out of town. Dates are May 4-May 9. One older dog needs to be walked a few times a day, otherwise basic food and water.
Looking for a Responsible Pet & House...
Posted by Beth A. on 2/17/2017
- Start date:
- 3/13
- 8 miles away (Dallas, TX)
- $40/night
- 2 pets
We travel frequently and need a responsible person who will love our small dog and home as much as we do. This person will stay over and feed, walk, and give our dog lots of attention. They will also bring in our mail, take out trash, etc. while we are away. Ideally, we want someone who can spend a... More


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Sorat Hotel Ambassador Berlin, Berlin
- Free WiFi
Main amenities
- 218 guestrooms
- Breakfast available
- Internet in the lobby
- Bar/lounge
- Self parking
- 24-hour business center
- Terrace
- 24-hour front desk
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Daily housekeeping
- Car rentals on site
- Library
For families
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Private bathroom
- Terrace
- Daily housekeeping
- Hair dryer
- Blackout drapes/curtains
What's around
- In Tiergarten
- Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church (0.5 mi / 0.8 km)
- Berlin Zoo (0.7 mi / 1.2 km)
- Victory Column (0.9 mi / 1.5 km)
- Potsdamer Platz (1.7 mi / 2.8 km)
- Brandenburg Gate (2 mi / 3.2 km)
Sorat Hotel Ambassador Berlin, Berlin
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $60
- Standard Double Room Single Use, Street View
- Standard Double Room, Courtyard View
- Standard Double Room, Street View
- Standard Double Room Single Use, Courtyard View
- Economy Room
- Comfort Double Room Single Use
- Comfort Double Room
More great choices
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 218 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 7 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Children (12 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Pets allowed *
- Restrictions apply *
- 1 per room
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Self parking *
Nearby Three Star Berlin hotels
In the hotel
- Buffet breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Bar/lounge
- 24-hour room service
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Bicycle rentals on site
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- 24-hour business center
- Conference space
- Meeting rooms 6
- Conference space size (feet) - 5382
- Conference space size (meters) - 500
- Conference center
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 2
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Terrace
- Library
- Television in common areas
In the room
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Private bathroom
- Bathtub or shower
- Hair dryer
- Flat-screen TV
- Satellite TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Daily housekeeping
Top Berlin hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Berlin
- Novum Hotel Aldea Berlin ZentrumFrom
"nice staff and comfortable hotel and good location."Apr 26, 2017
- IntercityHotel Berlin HauptbahnhofFrom
"My wife and I spent just one night in this hotel. Convenient location, very good and friendly staff, clean rooms, nice breakfast."Apr 25, 2017
- Axel Hotel Berlin - Adults OnlyFrom
"Staff comes with unpleasant attitude. I expected them to be much more friendly/cooperative than this"Apr 25, 2017
- Novum Hotel City B Berlin CentrumFrom
"Nice rooms for a good price...some rooms better than others. Right next to U Bahn Station, or take the bus M48 directly to Alexanderplatz. Plenty of eateries for breakfast or…"Apr 25, 2017
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Sorat Hotel Ambassador Berlin, Berlin's small print
Also known as
- Ambassador Berlin
- SORAT Hotel Ambassador Berlin
- Ambassador Hotel Berlin
- Hotel Ambassador Berlin
- Hotel SORAT Ambassador Berlin
- SORAT Ambassador
- SORAT Ambassador Berlin
- SORAT Ambassador Hotel Berlin
- SORAT Berlin
- SORAT Hotel Ambassador
Free WiFi is limited to one device per guestroom, per stay. For more details, please contact the property using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking.
Pet-friendly rooms can be requested by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation.
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
Optional extras
Self parking costs EUR 18 per day with in/out privileges
Rollaway beds are available for EUR 29.00 per night
Buffet breakfast is offered for an extra charge of EUR 13 per person (approximately)
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of EUR 16 per pet, per night
High-speed Internet access (wired) is available in public areas for EUR 2.50 (rates may vary)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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For most Lebanese, any such notions died in Israel's 1978 invasion (2,000 dead, almost all civilians), Israel's 1982 invasion (around 15,700 dead, almost all civilians), the 1993 bombardment of southern Lebanon (123 civilians dead, 11 Hizbollah), or the massacre of at least 120 civilians in the United Nations compound at Qana last week.
Israel has provided reasons for each bloodbath - "terrorism", mistakes, ignorance. But 15 miles down the coast from Beirut, the Israelis can be under no illusions about what they are shooting at. On a 300-yard strip of highway over the Awali river, north of Lebanon's second city, a road of burned-out cars, shell-holes and raw fear, almost every Lebanese civilian motorist is being targeted by three Israeli 488-ton Hetz-class gunboats. The captains of these 200ft vessels can clearly see their targets by day, and at night through infra-red night vision. Their targets include ambulances, private cars, taxis and vans.
The three ships are named Hetz, the title of the class, Keshet and Romach, - Arrow, Bow and Spear - although when you drive the road all that matters is whether you see a puff of smoke from the wicked little Israeli gunboats lying a mile offshore. On Tuesday, one of the ships took a shot at the Merecedes in which I was travelling; it exploded 100ft behind us. The same day, a shell exploded 20ft from a car carrying an Australian television crew.
So far, at least eight civilians have been wounded by this deliberate shellfire, two of whom had to jump from their blazing car. Israel claims it is interdicting "terrorist" supply lines, although anyone who knows Lebanon knows the Hizbollah have more secure trails by which to transport their Katyushas south. Those who travel the coast road are civilians, often families, and the Israelis know that.
The Israelis say the Lebanese have been told not to use the highway. And yet, civilians in Sidon have no other road on which to travel to Beirut. But like the three children and two women whom the Israelis slaughtered in an ambulance 12 days ago, the Lebanese are now apparently responsible for their own deaths if they are targeted by Israelis. The ambulance was deliberately targeted by an Israeli helicopter pilot because "it belonged to Hizbollah". Even if this was true, which it was not, what morality governs an air force which destroys three children and two young women because it dislikes the owner of the vehicle in which they are travelling?
After my latest brush with Israel's Hetz-class gunboats, I sat on the coast a little to the north and watched two of the ships go on firing at the traffic north of Sidon. What, I wondered, was going on in the minds of the captain and crew of each vessel? Were they obsessed by their own propaganda, that Lebanon is "a nest of terrorism"? Did they really believe that each civilian they were firing at deserved to be wounded, or killed?
Each time these ships fire their Oerlikon gun at civilians, they prove the lie about "purity of arms" and raise the old, old Middle Eastern question of double standards. What if aLebanese gunboat fired at Israeli civilians in Haifa? The UN Security Council would be called into session and the centre of Beirut flattened within 24 hours. There would be a question of war-crimes trials.
Oddly enough, I haven't met a Lebanese who believes the Israeli naval crews trying to kill them off the mouth of the Awali river are going to end up in a war-crimes trial. Not a soul thinks the US will utter a word of condemnation or complaint.
- More about:
- London Ambulance Service
- Middle East
- Morality


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Historic Ranch Adobe 3 BR/2 BA Home on Private Ranch(15 Reviews)
The owner has been emailed.
To book this property, you need to complete your booking through checkout on the VRBO website. We can't protect your payment if we don't know you've booked through us. Learn more
- Minimum stay:2 nights
- Sleeps:10
- Bedrooms:3
- Bathrooms:2
- Property type:House
- Internet:Yes
- Pets considered:Yes
- Wheel chair accessible:N/A
About the Property
House, 3 Bedrooms + Attached Unit, 2 Baths, (Sleeps 6-10)
The House comfortably sleeps six in the Queen, King, and Twin bedrooms. There are two full bathrooms, and for larger parties a Queen sofa sleeper, and two roll-away beds will increase the accommodations to sleep ten. Satellite TV and WiFi will keep you plugged in if you choose. And a courtyard patio, lawn and garden, gas grill and portable fire-pit make for good leisure time outside.
The Babacomari Creek runs through the property with a lush riparian habitat that is home to abundant wildlife and provides excellent bird watching. There is also seasonal fishing in the pond or Babacomari Creek, and miles of mountain biking & hiking trails. Horseback riding is available with a local outfitter, or you may bring your horses with you and lodge them for an additional fee.
Chosen for its landscape beauty, the Babacomari Ranch has been the film-site for several movies such as Tombstone, Oklahoma, and Red River.
The nearby Elgin/Sonoita communities are home to award winning Wineries, shops, and restaurants. A little further down the road Patagonia also offers eclectic art galleries, shops and eateries. Tucson is 60 miles to the North. Nogales, AZ + Sonora, Mexico is 45 miles to the West. Sierra Vista, world renowned Ramsey Canyon (bird watching), and Ft. Huachuca is 35 miles to the East. Beyond you'll find Bisbee, formerly home of the Copper Queen Mine, now a "bohemian" artists' colony, and Tombstone, with it's window to the old wild, wild west.
Keywords: Southwestern, Sonoita, Patagonia, Ft. Huachuca, Parker Canyon Lake, Coronado Nat'l Forest, Mountain Empire of SE Arizona
When you're ready to book, here are some tips to keep in mind.
Paying with a credit card on VRBO protects your payment for up to $10,000 against listing fraud. We recommend completing your booking on VRBO.Learn more
Member since: 2010
Property Type
- House
House Rules
- Max. occupancy 10
- Children Welcome
- Non Smoking Only
- Pets Considered
Accommodation Type
- Vacation Rental
- Guests Provide Their Own Meals
Onsite Services
- Massage
Bedrooms: 3 Bedrooms, Sleeps 10, Beds for 6-10
Bathrooms: 2 Bathrooms
Other Amenities
- CD Player
- DVD Player
- Satellite / Cable
- Television
- Adventure
- Away From It All
- Family
- Historic
- Romantic
- Sports & Activities
- Tourist Attractions
- Churches
- Restaurants
- Winery Tours
Local Services & Businesses
- ATM/Bank
- Groceries
- Massage Therapist
- Medical Services
Leisure Activities
- Antiquing
- Bird Watching
- Boating
- Eco Tourism
- Horseback Riding
- Scenic Drives
- Shopping
- Sight Seeing
- Walking
- Wildlife Viewing
Location Type
- Mountain View
Sports & Adventure Activities
- Cycling
- Equestrian Events
- Fishing
- Freshwater Fishing
- Golf
- Hiking
- Hunting
- Jet Skiing
- Kayaking
- Mountain Biking
- Rock Climbing
- Spelunking
- Wind-Surfing
- Child's Highchair
- Dining Area
- Seating for 8 people
- Broadband Access
- Clothes Dryer
- Hair Dryer
- Parking For RV/Boat/Trailer
- Telephone
- Towels Provided
- Washing Machine
- Catering Available
- Coffee Maker
- Cooking Utensils
- Dishes & Utensils
- Kitchen
- Microwave
- Oven
- Refrigerator
- Stove
- Toaster
- Lawn / Garden
- Outdoor Grill
RatesCurrency Conversion
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
My Standard Rate
2 night min stay
Additional information about rental rates
- Cleaning fee $150
- Pet Fee $100
- Tax Rate 6.6%
Paying online here through HomeAway Payments is easy and it doesn't cost you anything.
Owner's cancellation policy:
Policy available by contacting owner when booking
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Car: Necessary
Wine tasting at 8 nearby vineyard/wineries within 4-10 miles.
Owner info
Year Purchased: 1935
Contact us
Send email
- Primary: +1 5204555507
- Secondary: +1 3183933008
Links to more information:
Historic Ranch Adobe House
Living Room w/sleeper sofa
King Bedroom
Attached apartment wing
Pond on Babacomari Creek
Dining Room
Queen Bedroom
Twin Bedroom
Cienega w/birding and wildlife
Ranch horses on pasture
This listing was first published here in 2010.
Date last modified - Monday, April 24, 2017
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