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The attached photo shows an outstanding example of utter disregard for...
Mar 07 2017
Column: Radio Active Bangalore
Malnad is the region in Karnataka that covers the western and eastern slopes of the Western Ghats. The food from this region appeals to a lot of people in Bengaluru.
Dec 17 2016
Blog: Deepa's jottings
There are some eateries in Bangalore which have become quite renowned. Veena Stores is one such eatery...and I'd never visited in all the years that I have lived in this city I call home. So today, after our birding outing in Institute of Wood...
Dec 15 2016
Blog: Animal Matters
Going vegan is easy in Bengaluru, with multiple options available. Pic: Sowmya Reddy/ Paradigm Shift Across Bengaluru, people are wilfully modifying their palates in a bid to push cruelty off their plate. Veganism or the practice of adopting...
Aug 09 2016
Blog: Deepa's jottings
Recently, at my monthly quiz meet, I was intrigued by this "green" container for chai, from Chai Point. The container seemed made of cardboard, an ecologically friendly material. But when I visited the website of Chai Point You can...
Jul 05 2016
Blog: Deepa's jottings
We often stop at one of the beautifully designed cane "stalls", which can be packed up and carried around, and equally quickly set up somewhere on the roadside. Little puffed, fried balls of semolina, in a large bag; a large pot containing...
Feb 03 2016
Oct 23 2015
Aug 24 2015
Blog: Peacocks, Palaces and Pavements
Recently I went on a food walk with Bengaluru's Unhurried walk and tour company. The three-hour walk led me through the charming streets of Basavanagudi and into some fabulous eateries. At the handful of small restaurants, shops and bakeries...
Jul 20 2015
Oct 17 2014
Come weekend, you want to go out and try a new restaurant or new food. Instead why not try these simple recipes at home?
Apr 18 2014
Dec 24 2013
Blog: Connected Lives
It's been two months now since my husband and I started using jaggery ( bella in Kannada) in our tea and coffee. This traditional sweetener, known by different terms in different languages, from gud in many parts of North India to chakkara or...9
Dec 19 2013
Column: Eat right
All you sweet fans, here's what you might want to follow in life! Even without direct sugar intake, your food has sufficient sugar to get you going.
Oct 25 2013
Column: Eat right
Flooded with sweet boxes on Diwali? Worried on how to deal with those extra sweet boxes? Here are some tips.
Aug 26 2013
Column: Eat right
What do you do when onion price skyrockets? Simple. Try out dishes that don't need onion! Sweta Uchil Purohit has some tips.
Aug 09 2013
Column: Eat right
Children are fascinated by colours, designs, stories and variety. They also like to be independent. Exploit these qualities, to make them eat more veggies!
Jun 11 2013
Column: Eat right
May 24 2013
Column: Eat right
Jan 17 2013
Blog: Deepa's jottings
Some of the BULBs (Bangalore Urban Lady Birders) decided to meet up for lunch at Halli Mane on Sankranti Day: The decorations were beautiful... made of palm fibre: made of palm fronds: This is the menu, as displayed on the...
Oct 04 2012
Blog: Check outs
For some, it's a nostalgia of their cities and for some others, it's just something new to try. Prerna Soni, a professional who shifted to Bangalore recently, says, "I discovered these dosa stalls providing a wide range of dosas. I like them...
Sep 24 2012
Blog: Check outs
Sep 04 2012
Blog: Check outs
Aug 28 2012
Blog: Check outs
Aug 27 2012
Blog: Check outs
Aug 27 2012
Blog: Check outs
Aug 13 2012
Blog: Check outs
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For people who have created a web site, you most likely understand that a superior ranking within the search engine results will result in the successful promotion of your brand.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Welcome to ModMyi.com - your premier Apple & iPhone community. Affectionately coined MMi, we're a community over 900,000 strong who love modifying our iPhones. Be sure to REGISTER to comment, download and ads load last for extra speed! It's free!
Take a few minutes to meet the ModMyi.com Staff!
in fact if u want you can send me the pictures u wanna use and ill do the rest
no prob bro, ill post it when its ready, do you want a prticular year model for it?


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MIL– Switch Division
MIL - Lighting Division
MIL – Electronics Division
MIL – Acoustics Division
Panasonic Minda Storage Batteries
Minda Kyoraku
Minda Emer
Kosei Minda
MJ Casting
Tokairika Minda
Roki Minda
Minda NexGenTech
Toyoda Gosei Minda
Minda F-Ten Pvt. Ltd.
Minda iConnect Pvt. Ltd.
Minda TG Rubber Pvt Ltd.
Kosei Minda Aluminum Company Limited
About Us
UNO MINDA, NK Minda Group established a 40:60 Joint venture with Kosei Aluminum in December 2010. This JV will manufacture Alloy Wheels and Precision Aluminum Die Casting Parts for major OEMs. Kosei Aluminum Co., Ltd. is a leading manufacturer of Alloy Wheels in Japan with head office in Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture.
The new JV named Kosei Minda Aluminum Co. Ltd. is being established in Chennai. It will engage in the development, manufacturing and sales of aluminum alloy wheels and precision aluminum die casting parts for major OE car manufacturers and aftermarket. The Start of Production (SOP) is set to be in the second quarter of 2012 with an annual volume of 300,000 pieces will increase to 600,000 pieces annually by 2014.
This JV will create a very strong local production base to offer market-leading, technology intensive Alloy wheels and Aluminum Die Casting Parts to India and global OEMs. The most important aspect of the JV is the availability of top-notch Japanese technology in aluminum casting, which KOSEI will infuse in this joint venture.
Kosei's core of production system is its strong technological innovation, research & development and production engineering.
The company is planning to offer wheel sizes in following phases;
KOSEI has a strong base supply from its overseas companies in Philippines and Thailand. KOSEI Japan has a combined annual production capacity of 3 million wheels. With rapid growth in Indian market, this Joint Venture is a strategic neccessity.
Kosei Minda has plans to get ISO/TS 16949 certification on 2013-14.
+91 124-2290-693/428
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Vegas, NV, USA /PRNewswire/ -- Caesars Entertainment Corporation (NASDAQ: CZR) today announced its previously arranged $185 million, seven-year senior secured credit facility will fund the conversion of Bill's Gamblin' Hall & Saloon (opened in 1979 as the Barbary Coast Hotel and Casino) to a boutique lifestyle hotel and casino. The renovation includes the addition of a rooftop pool as well as a dayclub/nightclub. Drai Management Group will manage the club.
"This project exemplifies our strategy to develop new experiences that will help attract a broader spectrum of visitors to Las Vegas and our properties," said Gary Loveman, chairman, chief executive officer and president of the company. "The renovated property will provide visitors with a sophisticated, upscale experience, including a unique rooftop pool and club, which will have a panoramic view of the Las Vegas Strip."
The conversion includes the complete remodeling of the guest rooms, casino floor and common areas, the addition of a new second floor restaurant, and the construction of the 65,000 square foot rooftop pool and dayclub/nightclub.
Bill's Gamblin' Hall & Saloon will temporarily close on Feb. 4, 2013 to accommodate the remodeling. The renovated hotel and casino is expected to open in early 2014, under a new name, while the rooftop club will open later that year. The renovated resort and club are anticipated to employ more than 1,000 people.
Caesars Entertainment Corporation is the world's most geographically diversified casino-entertainment company. Since its beginning in Reno, Nevada, 75 years ago, Caesars has grown through development of new resorts, expansions and acquisitions and now operates casinos on four continents. The company's resorts operate primarily under the Caesars®, Harrah's® and Horseshoe® brand names. Caesars also owns the World Series of Poker® and the London Clubs International family of casinos. Caesars is focused on building loyalty and value with its guests through a unique combination of great service, excellent products, unsurpassed distribution, operational excellence and technology leadership. We are committed to environmental sustainability and energy conservation and recognize the importance of being a responsible steward of the environment. For more information, please visit www.caesars.com.
Wednesday, December 5, 2012
Caesars Prepped to Turn Historic 33-Year Old Vegas Strip Hotel Into Boutique Property
Posted by Joe Kleiman at 1:30 PM
Labels: caesars entertainment, las vegas strip


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Monterey Park CA Real Estate & Homes for Rent
9 Properties Found
The median home value in Monterey Park, CA is $602,250.
This is
higher than
the county median home value of $525,500.
The national median home value is $185,800.
The average price of homes sold in Monterey Park, CA is $602,250.
Approximately 48.1% of Monterey Park homes are owned,
compared to 44.35% rented, while
7.55% are vacant.
Monterey Park real estate listings include condos, townhomes, and single family homes for sale.
Commercial properties are also available.
If you see a property you're interested in, contact a Monterey Park real estate agent to arrange a tour today!
Sort Results:
1-9 of 9 properties displayed
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Courtesy: PIONEER FUDOSAN, INC.
View additional info
Front unit. Nice and quiet. New car garage door. turn key Must take shoes off inside of the unit. Submit with Credit report, Bank Statement and Income verification.
Courtesy: REMAX LEGACY
View additional info
Location! Location! Location! Move in ready in highly desire neighborhood in city of Monterey park. Property is Duplex This is a front house Unit A. The property belong to Award Winning School Monterey Highland Elementary School and Mark Keppel High School. Property is recently updated with Laminated floor, New paint, New carpet. New roof. updated bathroom and Kitchen. Open floor plan. Conveniently located near the 10, 710 , 60 freeway. close to Shopping, Restaurants, School and Police Department. Quiet Neighborhood! you don't want to miss this opportunity. Unit B Available to lease Reference CV17092797
Courtesy: IRN Realty
View additional info
Large remodeled southern view townhouse with one bedroom and bath downstairs; 3 bedrooms and 2 baths upstairs; master suite has a large sitting area and a private view balcony; new kitchen appliances, new counter tops, large formal dining area, wall to wall hardwood floors, new paint, central air & heat, large master bath with spa tub, private secured gated complex and direct access 2 car garage; laundry hook up inside garage. Walking distance to Atlantic Time Square with movie theater, Langley Activity Center with meals, games and city staffs; and Garfield Medical Center. Within a few miles from USC Keck School of Medicine, CSULA and ELAC.
Courtesy: RE/MAX TITANIUM
View additional info
Beautiful renewly renovated Town Home in a gated community with Great Schools! Located in a nice, quite neighborhood of Monterey Park this unit features 3 Bedrooms, 2.5 Baths. Attached 2 car garage and 1 car port. Wood floors throughout the living room & dining room. Gorgeous kitchen with new counter top and cabinets. Central A/C and heat. Close to 10 Fwy, restaurants, public transportation. Great Schools! High School: Mark Keppel, Middle School : Garvey Middle School, Elementary: Monterey Vista. Rent includes water & trash.
Courtesy: CAL BEST REALTY
View additional info
This condominium is for lease, 2 bedrooms, 1.5 baths, newly remodel, new kitchen, cabinets, counter tops, dishwashers, refrigeration, washer, dryer, and stove. new window coverings, new painted, 2-cars gargage with remote. A must see property, for more information please call listing office
Courtesy: New Star Realty & Inv.
View additional info
Nice single story house with huge lot. NEW PAINT & NEWER WOOD FLOORING. Large living room with cozy fireplace. Fire pit & built-in BBQ in the backyard. Laundry area in the garage. 2 car garage with spacious driveway. Owner pays gardening service.
Courtesy: ET Realty
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Brand new home in Monterey Park! New construction located within a new gated community of Encanto Walk. This detached home includes caesar stone kitchen counter tops, stainless steel appliances, sola panel tankless water heater brand new, upgraded flooring, window coverings throughout entire home. Within 3 bedrooms and 2.5 baths, this home offers a serene cul-de-sac located within the Encanto Walk community. The new community has a barbeque and prep island located with in the park area as well. Located close to the 605, 60 and 10 freeways , near LA downtown.
Courtesy: IRN REALTY
View additional info
Prime location single story home with over 10,000 sq. ft. flat lot, just across from Branes Park. This recently painted bright home features dual pane energy efficient windows, newer blinds, central air/heat, travertine, hardwood floors and laundry room. It's partially furnished and comes with one year old fridge, washer and dryer. It's near FWY 10,60 and 710. Close to East LA College, Cal State LA, Atlantic Times Shopping Plaza, Downtown LA. Walking distance to restaurants, banks and supermarkets. One block to library, city hall, police station, the Ynez Elementary. Mark Keppel High school boundary. Spacious and quiet backyard with avocado, loquat and lemon trees. Only the front portion with 3 bedrooms, 2.5 baths is for lease. Must see to appreciate!
Courtesy: Coldwell Banker George
View additional info
Spacious Living Room: spacious living area and modern bathroom, large kitchen: granite counter tops, top of the line stainless appliances, and washer/dryer space. Features Includes: Club House, Swimming Pool, Ground parking.. 24 hr fitness center, AMC theatres . Restaurants, jewelry shop, bookstore, and many more. Close to the freeways and downtown.
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Monterey Park & Nearby CitiesMonterey Park Real Estate Alhambra Homes for Rent East Los Angeles Homes for Rent San Gabriel Homes for Rent Montebello Homes for Rent Rosemead Homes for Rent South Pasadena Homes for Rent Commerce Homes for Rent South El Monte Homes for Rent Lincoln Heights Homes for Rent San Marino Homes for Rent
Monterey Park ZIPs91754 Homes for Rent 91755 Homes for Rent 91756 Homes for Rent


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Memorable, Emotional Moment Highlights the 2014 NBA Draft [VIDEO]
On Thursday night, millions of fans saw their favorite college basketball players advance into the next level of their careers.
On Thursday night, millions of fans saw their favorite college basketball players advance into the next level of their careers.
Swimmers are well aware of the dangers of drowning, but many of us aren't as familiar with secondary drowning and dry drowning. Here's what to look out for.
A reminder to everyone—particularly food-service workers—to please wash your hands regularly.
A new study shows that stressed-out men have lower sperm counts and weaker sperm.
Reminiscent of the recent turmoil between radio legend Casey Kasem's wife and his children just prior to his death (though not as intense), Glen Campbell's wife Kim's decision to move the country icon to a long-term care facility has not been met with approval by his daughter.
We've all thought at one point or another that life is too short to maintain a relationship with a toxic person, and there might be some real truth to this.
Living in this area of the country, we all know that at any given point, a storm can get goin'. With storm season here, tornadoes are a major threat. Kenergy Corp. wants to remind you that the "First 72 Is On You".
A new study shows that a pregnant woman in her second trimester could be more likely to have a car accident than at any other time in her pregnancy or life.
The sun is now out in full force, and along with the warm weather come certain added risks for our bodies—particularly skin cancer.
A new report indicates that there is likely a larger population of deer ticks this season, meaning there are more tiny carriers of Lyme disease to look out for.
It's play-outside season for all of us now, finally, and with new reports that more deer ticks survived the winter, we need to arm ourselves with the facts about Lyme disease.
A new study has revealed that mental disorders, many of which go undiagnosed and untreated, could be taking more years off of people's lives than chain smoking does.


text: Hello. I tried 4 times to do the ancient kartia during this month. The 1st 2 timesi did it succesfully. 4 days ago and also yesterday though, just when i got transformed into a mob and talked to the npc (for the player rivals to spawn) client just freezes. It doesnt move on to the next phase. I waited about 10 mins before closing the client. I tried pming the character and it was succesfull which means i was online during it stuck. I dont know what to do sinc ei already lost 2 ancient kartia traces and client freezes ;/ I need help plz.


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Today we got the official paperwork for GIJoe's new adventure. He's decided to give CAP a try and so far he loves it. After getting his ID# and other items he feels ready to test already. He did have a leg up since he'd been around and in Young Marines for a while. CAP is more relaxed on the kids (to some degree), but they seem to be in line for a great number of responsibilities. So... the adventure begins. Guess we will see where this leads him. In the meantime you know the littles always have to try on the new hats in the house. This time it was Cheeks that put it on... yup she's cute in that too.
His first "official" night of drill they did some safety training. It was so much fun watching those kids.
Can't wait to see what else transpires from this. There are plenty of opportunities. It's up to him to take advantage of them and work for the ranks etc.


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To Dr. Ed, re: Dr. Dellon's technique
Posted by
on 8/14/04 at 08:17 (157822)
Dr. Ed,
On Aug 9th you described Dr. Dellon's method during TTS surgery was to tease apart the nerve and look for scar tissue between the fibers. My question was, how is the myelin coating around that nerve preserved? If not, will it re-generate? What are some of the drawbacks of doing this?
Any reply would be appreciated.
Re: To Dr. Ed, re: Dr. Dellon's technique
on 8/14/04 at 11:15 (157838)
I got a pamphlet from Dr. Dellon's office on tts. If I'm reading it correctly, he doesn't always mess with the nerve. It says 'If there is scarring within the posterior tibial nerve or its branches, this is relieved by the technique of internal neurolysis. During internal neurolysis, the outer layer of the nerve wrapping is opened and the scar tissue is removed from within the nerve.'
Re: To Dr. Ed, re: Dr. Dellon's technique
Ed Davis, DPM
on 8/14/04 at 15:16 (157865)
Keep in mind that we a discussing something that doctors don't agree on -- ie. we are basically in uncharted territory. Some doctors are convinced that the technique is best done via a 'no touch' technique; that is, handle the nerve as little as possible in the surgery.
The myelin sheath does regenerate -- it is the fibers themselves that have the poorest regeneration ability so if they are to be disturbed in surgery it must be done so with the utmost of care. The drawbacks of 'handling' the nerve may include permanent damage to nerve fibers. Apparently, Dr. Dellon feels that his microsurgical skills are exceptionally well developed and, as such, the technique works in his hands. The vast majority of tarsal tunnel releases are performed by orthopedists and podiatrists, not neurosurgeons as Dellon. I would, generally speaking, only expect a neurosurgeon to have sufficient microsurgical skills to do the fiber 'separation.' I have talked to numerous neurosurgeons and they appear to have no interest in getting into the area of tarsal tunnel surgery. As such, I think that Dellon's specific approach will remain something in his hands with very few practitioners doing the nerve 'manipulation' part of the surgery.


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Lingela Seafood Buffet
Indulge in a Seafood Safari Buffet every Friday from 18h30 to 22h30 at Lingela, situated on the ground floor of the Elangeni Tower.
Grill Jichana Signature Dinner
The Grill Jichana is a modern and stylish Grill House offering a taste of traditional grill house favourites.
Grill Jichana Gourmet Mixed Grill
Grill Jichana, Durban's best Grill House offers a range of expertly grilled meat, fish and poultry dishes.
Ladies Night Out just got better
Vigour and Verve, Durban's stylish, trendy café is the ideal place for to catch up with your friends and enjoy a wholesome meal.
Celebrate Mother's Day
Spoil your mom on Sunday 14 May with a delicious buffet lunch and live entertainment.


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Natural Dark Grey Mix
Natural Light Grey Mix
size SMLXLXXL
quantity item
article number 85422
price € 167,00
all prices incl. VAT., excl. shipping costs
100% pure new wool. Gauge 7 knit. Fully fashioned. Round neck with a 1/1 rib-knit neckband. Suede patches at shoulder and elbow. Raglan shoulder. Length of back 66 cm (size M).
Black Sheep
Welsh Mountain Blacks are a hardy race of small, unpretentious animals that inhabit the bare Welsh uplands – and which provide the wool for this warm pullover. The natural colours of the wool are particularly well brought out in this pullover, which is close-knit to enhance the warming qualities of the wool without impairing its breathability. No dyes or chemical processes have been used – meaning that the original high lanolin content of the wool has been preserved: you'll notice the extra 'give' when you wear it. Also how wind- and rain-resistant it is! It's been reinforced at shoulder and elbows with colour-coordinated suede patches.


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Hotel Viennart am Museumsquartier, Vienna
- Free WiFi
Main amenities
- 60 smoke-free guestrooms
- Breakfast available
- Coffee shop/café
- 24-hour front desk
- Daily housekeeping
- Laundry service
- Meeting rooms
- Multilingual staff
- Free newspapers in the lobby
- Luggage storage
- Tour/ticket assistance
For families
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Daily housekeeping
- Laundry facilities
- Hair dryer
What's around
- In Neubau
- Museumsquartier (0.2 mi / 0.3 km)
- Museum of Art History (0.4 mi / 0.6 km)
- Austrian Parliament Building (0.4 mi / 0.6 km)
- Hofburg Imperial Palace (0.6 mi / 1 km)
- Spanish Riding School (0.8 mi / 1.2 km)
Hotel Viennart am Museumsquartier, Viennafrom NZ$134
- Junior Suite
- Standard Single Room
- Superior Double or Twin Room
- Standard Double or Twin Room
- Superior Single Room
More great choices
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 60 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 6 floors
- Check-in time starts at 2 PM
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
Other information
- Smoke-free property
Nearby Four Star Vienna hotels
In the hotel
- Breakfast (surcharge)
- Coffee shop/café
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Meeting rooms
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Elevator/lift
In the room
- Minibar
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Private bathroom
- Bathtub or shower
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Flat-screen TV
- Satellite TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
Top Vienna hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Vienna
- Hotel KummerFrom
"Great spacious well appointed historic property right in the middle of the city and next to the underground so easy access to airport or train station. Easy to walk,tram or train…"Apr 3, 2017
- Rafael Kaiser Premium ApartmentsFrom
"Really lovely but a bit too warm so we had the windows always open. Very easy transport system into the city center and right on our doorstep. Nothing much to do at night locally…"Mar 5, 2017
- Hotel Marc AurelFrom
"I really enjoyed my stay with you- it was so central to the trams & rail system, in walking distance to many interesting sights and places. It was quiet, warm and comfortable.…"Feb 22, 2017
- DO & CO Hotel ViennaFrom
"Great hotel in the middle of Vienna. Modern and well appointed. Very comfortable"Feb 14, 2017
Nearby hotels
Recommended hotels
Hotel Viennart am Museumsquartier, Vienna's small print
Also known as
- am Museumsquartier
- Hotel am Museumsquartier
- Hotel Viennart
- Hotel Viennart am
- Hotel Viennart am Museumsquartier
- Viennart am Museumsquartier
- Viennart Hotel
- Austrotel Hotel Vienna
Optional extras
Self parking costs EUR 21 per day
Breakfast is offered for an extra charge of EUR 15 per person (approximately)
WiFi is available in public areas for EUR 00 (rates may vary)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


text:
A Lady Unrivaled (Ladies of the Manor Series #3)Roseanna M. White, Roseanna M. White
A Lady Unrivaled is the 3rd book in the Ladies of the Manor series by Roseanna White.Lady Ella Myerston can always find a reason to smile--even if it's just in hope that tomorrow will be better than today. All her life everyone has tried to protect her from the realities of... Read More
More From: Roseanna M. White, Roseanna M. White
Lady Ella Myerston can always find a reason to smile--even if it's just in hope that tomorrow will be better than today. All her life everyone has tried to protect her from the realities of the world, but Ella knows very well the danger that has haunted her brother and their friend, and she won't wait for it to strike again. She intends to take action . . . and if that happens to involve an adventurous trip to the Cotswolds, then so much the better.
Lord Cayton has already broken two hearts, including that of his first wife, who died before he could convince himself to love her. Now he's determined to live a better life. But that proves complicated when old friends arrive on the scene and try to threaten him into a life of crime. He does his best to remove the intriguing Lady Ella from danger, but the stubborn girl won't budge. How else can he redeem himself, though, but by saving her--and his daughter--from those dangerous people who seem ready to destroy them all?
- Store Only: Yes
- Product type: Book
- Format: Softcover
- Release Date: Sep 13, 2016
- Volumes/Discs: 1
- Pages: 416
- Publish Date: Sep 13, 2016
- Language: English
- Audience Age Maximum: 0
- Audience Age Minimum: 0
Customer ReviewsWrite your own review
- Entertaining and Romantic by Bookish Bakes on 1/16/2017
I was sent this book in return for an honest review from Bethany House publishing. Thank you so much for the opportunity to read this wonderful book in the Ladies of the Manor series. I had no idea that it was the last book in the series, when I first requested a copy to review. However, I was able to keep up nicely with the story line and the happenings of the past books. Considering how much I loved this book, I am tempted to go back and read the first two, The Lost Heiress and The Reluctant Duchess. The character list in the front of the book also helped with figuring out the storyline.
I am always amazed at the lengths that people will go over jewels, gold, or money. The drama between the families and characters was very entertaining to say the least. The way she describes each characters inner struggles had me feeling deeply for them as if they were real. The chemistry between the two main characters Ella and Cayton left me practically begging for a happy ending for them. As an artist, I could relate to Cayton the most and adored his character from the start. While I did not always agree with them, I had to tell myself that this was a completely different time in the world.
Speaking of which, her book made me fall in love with the early 1900s all over again. From the beautiful castles to the early electric fixtures like the chandeliers and lamps, I found myself picturing their home perfectly as if it were right in front of me. While they solve the mystery of the Fire Eyes diamonds, they also have to uphold the traditions and morals of their society. The book began to pick up pace a few chapters in and remained that way until the very last chapter. I really enjoyed seeing the story from different characters points of view. I found myself wanting to warn the other characters after seeing important scenes. It is always fun and frustrating, when reading a book, to find yourself wishing you could help people who are not even real. I would highly recommend this book to any Christian Fiction or Christian Historical fan. It holds a wonderful lesson about how a life of luxury does not always mean happiness or a life free of troubles.
- A Must Read! by MeganHope on 11/6/2016
Do you love a good Regency Romance? Do you like a thrilling suspense? Then A Lady Unrivaled is the book for you! The third, and final installment of, The Ladies of the Manor series, Roseanna White wraps up the mystery surrounding the Fire Eyes. Lady Ella Myerston, unknowingly has the Fire Eyes jewels in her possession. While visiting Brooke and Stafford, she meets up with Lord James Cayton. And later, Lord and Lady Rushworth! From page one your hooked on this thrilling tale, and won't be able to put it down!
- Great Wrap up to the Series by Seasons of Opportunities on 10/4/2016
Last book in the series... Sigh...
I really loved this series and am sad to see it end, but on the up side, this book was an incredible ending!
Roseanna remains one of my favorite authors.
If you haven't read this series, my recommendation would be start with book one and read them all the way through. But each book can be - in and of itself - a stand alone. The whole series revolves around the red diamonds called the "Fire Eyes" and the curse they seem to carry with them. It begins with Brook who, unknown to her, actually owns them. The mystery escalates in each book as those seeking the diamonds get more desperate, daring and dangerous with the passing of time. As the diamonds exchange hands so does the curse that follows them and the tragic impact on those who hold them.
I enjoyed this book from page one to the very last. It kept me captivated and eager to keep reading. I love what Roseanna did with the characters
and how she wrapped up the tale. The villains were a bit unnerving at times, and give you that "chill-bump" feeling. She loads the books with unexpected twists and turns that will keep you guessing just a bit, while some of the story is of course predictable.
I think my favorite part of the Roseanna's writings is the way she incorporates the spiritual into her books. She does it subtly and it fits right into the story, not as an added preachy style. The characters, their faith, how they live that out in their daily lives all encourages and uplifts my heart. I loved Ella's character. She was always optimistic and cheerful, bringing out the best in the people around her. I also liked the character of Felicity the maid. She was content with her status in life and willing to be an encouragement and bring a little happiness to the lives of the people she served, even to the point of self-sacrifice.
I was blessed with a complimentary copy of this book by Bethany Blogging Program in exchange for my honest opinion.
- Third book in Ladies of the Manor series! by Kristina Anderson, The Avid Reader on 9/25/2016
A Lady Unrivaled by Roseanna M. White is the third book in Ladies of the Manor series. Lady Ella Myerston wants to help her family with the matter of Fire Eyes. Lady Ella needs to find more information on the red diamonds and gets herself an invite to the Cotswold's. Her friend has an extensive library and Lady Ella is sure she will find the information she is seeking. Her brother has always protected Ella, but now Ella wishes to help him (since his wife is expecting). Ella runs into Lord James Azerly, the Earl of Cayton. He is staying nearby with his daughter, Addie at Anlic Manor. James' reputation proceeds him, but he has changed since the birth of daughter (and death of his wife). Unfortunately, Lady Catherine "Kitty" Pratt, her brother, Rushworth, and Kitty's maid Kira arrive. Rushworth wants Fire Eyes and is willing to do anything to get them. Lord Pratt, Kitty's husband, had promised them a buyer and had even taken an advance payment for the diamonds. Rushworth is pressuring James into helping him by using Lady Ella. Unknowingly (at first), Lady Ella has the red diamonds and wears them in front of Rushworth. Mayhem is sure to ensue at they try to keep the red diamonds out of Rushworth's hands.
I decided to describe the mystery and intrigue portion of the novel instead of the romance (which was very expected). I found A Lady Unrivaled to have a slower pace than the first two novels in the series. A Lady Unrivaled can be confusing if you have not read the first two books (The Lost Heiress and The Reluctant Duchess). The book does contain the requisite, predictable romance. Actually, more of the novel is devoted to the developing romance between Ella and James than to Fire Eyes. The writing is good, but I found the ending to be anticlimactic. I give A Lady Unrivaled 3.5 out of 5 stars (It was okay). I just did not think A Lady Unrivaled was as enjoyable (interesting, entertaining) as the first two books in the series. I did find the tale of Fire Eyes to be fascinating.
I received a complimentary copy of A Lady Unrivaled in exchange for an honest review. The comments and opinions expressed are strictly my own.
- A Lady Unrivaled by Roseanna White by Tina on 9/21/2016
A Lady Unrivaled #3 Ladies of the Manor Series***** by Roseanna M. White
A Lady Unrivaled is book 3 in the Ladies of the Manor Series. Set in 1913 England, The Cotswolds, Ralin Castle where Lady Ella Myerston is visiting her good friend Brook—Duchess of Stafford. Ella has very specific reasons for visiting Brook and is determined to keep her reasons to herself...for now. She had me chuckling when she was...well, sneaking around the castle to get to the massive library (ooh, what a library it is!) unnoticed. Now why would she want to get to the library unnoticed?...she—I am not saying. I love Ella's heart—full of love for her family, friends and God—overflowing on all she does, her optimism in all situations, gentleness and grace, loving and compassionate, joyfulness, ready smile and laughter, brave and oh so mischievous. I think her optimism and smiles bothered some, which may be why she is thought to be unaware of what is going on around her. However, she has chosen to find joy in all things and is far more aware of things than others realize. She is also determined to keep those she loves out of danger and from more tragedy—a danger that seems to follow the mysterious gems...the "fire eyes".
Oh so handsome James Azerly—Earl of Cayton lives not far from Ralin Castle with his nine month old daughter, Lady Adelaide—or Addie. Addie is a precious little girl that captures the hearts of those around her—she certainly captured mine. James is a complex man, his past is not one he is proud of. However he is a changed man after giving his heart and life to Jesus, he—with God's help—has changed his way of life to a godly one, but his past won't let him be and he has questions. I appreciate that we can see how he struggles with the "old" man he once was and the "new" man he is now. I love his heart, integrity, love and devotion to his daughter. I especially love the interaction between Ella and James!
It was great to revisit many of the characters I fell in love with in the first two books and learn of their lives since then. Plots get more dangerous with even more daring attempts to obtain the mysterious "fire eyes". I had my suspicions as to who actually was responsible for the evil lurking about, the escalating dangerous situations Ella, James and their loved ones found themselves in. Certain characters are not who they appear to be, to their own advantage of course. Surprise developments in the storyline, twists and turns, and unexpected dangers kept me reading—holding my breath at times, just one more chapter and then another chapter. At certain parts of the story I found myself laughing and crying at others. I appreciate the inspirational elements woven throughout the story—learning to trust ones-self and God, redemption, intrigue, forgiveness, joy, suspense, danger, love, betrayal, faith and a surprising ending. The descriptions of the era are such that I could envision the country-side, castles, walking alongside Ella as she strolls in the woods and the clothing—I felt as if I walked among the characters. I appreciate the list of characters and their relationships in the front of the book. A Lady Unrivaled is a gripping, heartwarming story that will stay with the reader—this reader at least—long after the last page.
~I received a copy of the book from the publisher, (no monetary gain were exchanged), this is my honest review~
- A Stunning End to a Legacy of Strong Women by SignGirl58 on 9/21/2016
Roseanna M. White's "A Lady Unrivaled" exceeded my high expectations! I started with book two of the Ladies of the Manor series, but this final lovely lady's story is even better than that of both Brook and Rowena. (I would suggest starting with book one, "The Lost Heiress," in order to best understand the characters and the impact of the cursed Fire Eyes diamonds, which consistently leaves death and destruction in their wake.)
Lady Ella Myerston is the epitome of cheerfulness, but now has fallen into a terrible predicament: patiently hide her love for one man while maneuvering around a dark-hearted man who threatens to destroy her world. Initially Ella tries to discover the mystery of the evasive diamonds, but she is soon trying to uncover household spies and decide between befriending or evading past acquaintances, Catherine and Rushworth. White spins most of the story around the Staffords, Lady Ella, and Lord Cayton, but the depth of new or adapting characters is enthralling: Kira, a Russian ballerina, has been placed in Lady Pratt's household to report the location of the priceless diamonds; in "The Reluctant Duchess," Lady Pratt unashamedly used people for personal benefit, but her state of brokenness in "A Lady Unrivaled" could be a trap; Lord Rushworth wears a mask that is nearly impossible to read. Get ready to be swept into the story and please pick up a You won't be disappointed! Get a copy of each of the Ladies of the Manor books. You won't be disappointed as you get swept away in the lure of the Fire Eyes diamonds!
I received this book from Bethany House Publishing for my honest review.
- A Lady Unrivaled by kp on 9/16/2016
On the opening pages of Unrivaled, the latest from Roseanna M. White, you will find Lady Ella Myerston at Ralin Castle, the home of the Duke and Duchess of Stafford. While Ella is visiting this family, she is also attempting to discover all she can about the Fire Eyes, the diamonds that almost caused the deaths of both her brother, Brice and his wife, Rowena. Ella is determined to do all she can to keep her family safe from any potential danger!
Ella is surprised when she literally runs into Stafford's cousin, Lord Cayton, another visitor at the castle. As Ella and Clayton become acquainted and learn more about each other, Clayton quickly warns Ella to use caution with her obsession to learn about the Fire Eye diamonds. When Ella realizes that the family ruby earrings that she borrowed from Rowena are actually the Fire Eye diamonds, she and Clayton know that Ella must find a place to safely store them. When Lord Rushmore suddenly enters the scene with his sister, Catherine, Ella and Clayton realize the importance of keeping these diamonds out of sight, because Rushmore's sole desire is to acquire the Fire Eyes, no matter the cost!
On the final pages of this book, as you follow this fast-moving tale; you wonder how all of these characters will be affected in the pursuit of these gems!
- Perfect Ending to This Series by Suzie on 9/13/2016
Have you ever been in that place where you really want to read a book because you know it's going to be wonderful while at the same time you really don't want to because you don't want it to end? That's exactly who I felt as I read A Lady Unrivalved, the third and final installment in Roseanna M. White's Ladies of the Manor series.
Readers met Lady Ella Myerston briefly in The Lost Heiress and got to know her more in The Reluctant Duchess. Now she gets her own story.
Loved. This. Book. The bubbly, optimistic personality of Ella perfectly offsets the negative, surly, taciturn (see how I got that Pride & Prejudice reference in there?) attitudes of Lord Cayton (who also made appearances in the previous books in this series).
Catching up with the Duke and Duchess of Stafford (Justin and Brook) was a treat, and Brice and Rowena (Duke and Duchess of Nottingham) also make an appearance.
The heart of this story is in the personal journeys of both Ella and Cayton. After Ella's best friend went mad, she doesn't trust her instincts. How could she not have noticed Stella losing her mind over Ella's brother? And Cayton's past traps him. Though he strives to become a better man, he is constantly concerned about returning to his old ways and he's absolutely certain he's not deserving of someone as good and pure as Lady Ella.
Through a scheme to rid both the Staffords and Nottinghams of the cure of the Fire Eyes (red diamonds from India), Ella and Cayton's time together grows their attractions. While Ella's determined to push past pretending, Cayton's set on keeping both feet firmly planted in the façade.
This book is the perfect ending to the trilogy. The adventure of the Fire Eyes keeps the story moving along with intrigue while Cayton and Ella's relationship grows around it. A beautifully written Edwardian series, the Ladies of the Manor now have a permanent home on my bookshelf.
***Bethany House Publishers and Roseanna M. White provided me with a complimentary copy of this book in exchange for an honest and fair review. All opinions expressed are my own.


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Rocksteady Making 'Arkham Knight' As If It's Their LastRocksteady is working hard on "Arkham Knight," which will launch sometime next year.
New 'Arkham Knight' Screenshots Revealed During GamescomNew screenshots of 'Arkham Knight' were revealed during gamescom in Germany this week.
Players Can Visit Bruce Wayne's Tower In 'Batman: Arkham Knight'Players will be able to visit Bruce Wayne's penthouse in "Batman: Arkham Knight."
Special 'Batman: Arkham Knight' PS4 DLC Will Feature Giant Scarecrow'Arkham Knight' will launch for the PC, Xbox One and PS4 next year, and a special DLC for the PS4 will feature a giant scarecrow.
New 'Arkham Knight' Batmobile Features Revealed At E3"Batman: Arkham Knight" will launch next year for the Xbox One, PC and PS4.
Will 'Arkham Knight' Launch In October?Will "Arkham Knight" launch this October? A new trailer released by Rocksteady doesn't give an exact launch date.
New Harley Quinn 'Batman: Arkham Knight' Screenshot"Arkham Knight" is set to launch this fall, and a new screenshot showing Harley Quinn has just been launched by Rocksteady.
Wanna Drive The Batmobile?Rocksteady's decision to make "Arkham Knight" a next-generation title was purely because of the Batmobile.
Is 'Arkham Knight' Only 40 Percent Complete?"Batman: Arkham Knight" is rumored to be only 40 percent complete, according to U.K. game magazine GamesMaster.
Superman Rumored For 'Batman: Arkham Knight'Will the Man of Steel face off with the Dark Knight in "Batman: Arkham Knight?"
'Arkham Knight' Still Set For October Launch Date'Batman: Arkham Knight' is still set for an October launch date, as rumors regarding a delay have been proven untrue.
'Batman: Arkham Knight' Delayed Until Next Year?Will Rocksteady's "Batman: Arkham Knight" be delayed until 2015?
New 'Batman: Arkham Knight' Screenshots"Batman: Arkham Knight" will launch this October for the PC, Xbox One and PS4.
'Batman: Arkham Knight' To Be Scored By 'COD: Ghosts' ComposerThis fall's "Batman: Arkham Knight" will feature music by "Call of Duty: Ghosts" composer David Buckley and Nick Arundel.
Who Is The Arkham Knight?We weigh some theories on who the Arkham Knight is in Rocksteady's upcoming Batman game.
Batwing Revealed in 'Arkham Knight'Rocksteady recently revealed new photos of the Batwing. The title will launch this October.
New 'Batman: Arkham Knight' Screenshots'Batman: Arkham Knight' Will Launch in October this year, and Rocksteady Studios recently launched some new pics of the action adventure title.
What We Want To See In 'Batman: Arkham Knight''Batman: Arkham Knight' is coming this October. Here are a few things we'd like to see in the game.
'Batman: Arkham Knight' Release Date This Fall"Batman: Arkham Knight" will launch this October for the Xbox One, PS4 and PC.
Nvidia Claims New Mobile Chip 'Faster' Than PS3Nvidia (NVDA) unveiled the Tegra K1 at CES 2014 in Las Vegas, claiming the mobile chip is more powerful than the PS3.


text: We were taken by our friends who live in Hong Kong and it was a highlight of our holiday. Great food and lots of different and tasty dishes to sample and something we would never have been able to achieve on our own. We over-ordered and so the bill at £190 for four was understandable. If you weren't local however... More


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Spanish Language Content Writer Needed - Write in Español
This project received 15 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $43 USD / hour.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project BudgetN/A
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Project Description
We're seeking to hire an expert content writer, experienced in Spanish language writing, experienced in writing Press Releases, Article Writing, Website Content Writing, Blog Content writing, Newsletter Writing, Bulk Writing. and SEO Copy Writing.
Price per 100/words for Bulking Writing Projects and article writing is expected to be less than the standard rate
Please include some samples of your work with your message
You must have a Skype ID and be available for a brief weekly strategy session.
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-- The content must be keyword rich, with excellent SEO optimization
-- Articles must be submitted to us ready to use. Articles with grammar or spelling errors will not be accepted until mistakes are corrected
-- All work must be 100% original and pass Copyscape, DupeFree Pro, and Plagiarism Detect
-- Everything must be written in intelligent standard Spanish (no dialects or slang, technical, or scientific language)
-- The content must be informative; sales directed and call to action
-- Keyword must be in the first paragraph (FIRST sentence), middle paragraph (middle of article), and last paragraph(LAST sentence)
-- We will provide you with the keywords for each article
-- Keyword density (the main keyword, NOT together with "theme keywords"!) must be between 1.5%-2% (not higher, not lower!)
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The Slovenian Death Metal, gothic Metal Band "Tristana" publish on 31. March their new album "Virtual Crime" and here you get for you the song "Fallen" as a sample…
Dravens Tales from the Crypt > Death Bell of the Day, Metal, Tristana, Video > DBD: Fallen – Tristana
Dravens Radio from the Crypt
When there's no more room in hell, the dead will dance on earth! Friends, presents the Crypt: "Dravens Radio from the Crypt"! Here you will a hand-picked Musikprogramm necessary, which was collected by Draven specifically for the best reader of the internetwork. From punk to rock, Folk- bis Thrash-Metal, for every dark music's taste. Of course, still a bit louder and better!
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Draven presented Tales from the Crypt with all sorts of mysterious from the sinister depths of the network and from any corner of the world. Since the year 2007 will you here a cool weblog mix of music, Movies, Comics, horror, Games, art, radio, Trash, Punk and Heavy Metal on offer - just as it should be! Because believe me, nothing is trivial.
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Review of Fighting Bed Bugs - A DIY System. And it d a lot of https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wNLgxcD8HcJRi33laG8kNi4c4WgKofM8GkqMce8mkbs/pubhtml panic. And it d a lot of panic. They are bad for the health and the skin.
These little creatures are often characterized as sweet-smelling and its odor enveloping the scent of putrid raspberries. Touching the abdomen will often produce a whimper or yelp of pain. Touching the abdomen will https://photos.google.com/album/AF1QipOHdLfvS0FGT2UjTkxRkSyZhJWx5hy_ljOtExxZ often produce a whimper or yelp of pain. They ate through the bags as well.
I have a few materials treated in this way that will https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZh6X_D9UG7M8egw3PB4yUA/videos help you to get rid of bed bugs, (I used oak chips, and acorns, after reading about the method, and discussing it with a friend who uses this method), and despite intentionally leaving them https://goo.gl/photos/fyZzcsPc4iS9Be5Q8 next to infected materials, and several other experiments, no bed bugs have even gone near them. You are welcome to repost this information so long as it is credited to http://fivestarpreparedness. Scratching a swollen bed bug bite would scrape the skin and may lead to serious infection.
View More Videos from the "Health" category:. This will serve as the shield of your primary bed. So you get less insects AND https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1TYUz32-ToQpowqfYTOgKo3D5KOsp2oCfHdrEpeHcF4o/edit?usp=sharing all the health benefits in one fell swoop! Not only that, but adding diatomaceous earth to your stored grains will actually add 15 trace minerals to your grain--now THAT'S a plus!.
They'll defend against stains, spills, and dust mites and can also increase the life expectancy of the mattress. Bed bugs in hotels are now becoming more and more common. Hence, bed bugs may not pose serious health hazards. GroversDisease.


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Welcome to the CNS Counseling and Guidance Services Webpage!!
*There will be an SAT given at CNS High School on Saturday, August 26th. This is a new administration of the test. Go to www.sat.collegeboard.org for registration details and deadlines.
*Click on the My Resources tab on the left to find important forms and other useful information!!
*Check out the How To Videos Link on the left to watch helpful videos about completing the college application process!!
If you missed our Financial Aid Fact Night Presentation on October 19th and/or our College Course night on January 17th, you can find the PowerPoint Presentations under our Current Information Link.
College Application Time begins in September. Here is the process that should be followed to ensure that colleges receive your application materials in a timely manner:
(1) meet with your school counselor to discuss your plans beyond high school
(2) go into Naviance and add colleges to your "Colleges I Am Applying To" List
(3) go into Naviance and request your letters of recommendation (you will need at least two and you MUST request them in Naviance)
(4) fill out your college applications by either using the Common Application, the SUNY Application, or the application directly on the college website; make sure you fully complete and submit your applications; pay attention to deadlines!
(5) update your resume in Naviance: teachers and counselors can use this information when writing your letters of recommendation
(6) send your SAT and/or ACT scores to your schools: YOU must send your scores; your counselor does NOT send them
(7) complete the PINK sheet: go to your counselor's office and complete a PINK sheet letting your counselor know where you applied (we do NOT send out any transcripts or letters of recommendation until we get your PINK sheet!!)
(8) complete the FAFSA (free application for federal student aid); this can be completed as early as October 1st of your senior year
(9) wait to hear back from your colleges
Counseling Office Secretaries
Bonnie Scott-House 1 Counseling Office Phone #: (315) 218-4107 (Heffron, Kesselring, Mack, and Nappi)
Cindy Zinszer-House 2 Counseling Office Phone #: (315) 218-4207 (Alencewicz, Breindel, Brogan, and Scarcella)
School Counselor List
Sara Mack
BA Psychology (SUNY Geneseo)
MS Counselor Education (Syracuse University)
Phone: (315) 218-4126
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
10th Grade: A-Buq
11th Grade: A-B
12th Grade: A-Carm
Shannon Heffron
BA Psychology (SUNY Potsdam)
Phone: (315) 218-4120
email: email@example.com
*Department Chair
10th Grade: Bur-Cod
11th Grade: C
12th Grade: Carr-Coo
Christy Nappi
BA Psychology (Saint Leo University)
MS Counselor Education (Syracuse University)
CAS Counselor Education (Syracuse University)
Phone: (315) 218-4127
email: email@example.com
10th Grade: Coe-Fos
11th Grade: D-Gi
12th Grade: Cor-Ga
Christine Alencewicz
BA Psychology (St. Bonaventure University)
Master of Teaching, Special Education (University of Virginia)
MS Counseling (SUNY Oswego)
Phone: (315) 218-4212
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
10th Grade: Fot-Kim
11th Grade: Gl-J
12th Grade: Ge-Kel
Eric Breindel
BA Psychology (SUNY Oswego)
MS Counseling (SUNY Oneonta)
Phone: (315) 218-4214
email: email@example.com
10th Grade: Kin-McB
11th Grade: K-Mer
12th Grade: Ken-Mil
Michelle Scarcella
BS Psychology (SUNY Brockport)
MS Counseling (Canisius College)
Phone: (315) 218-4211
email: email@example.com
10th Grade: McC-Pik
11th Grade: Mes-P
12th Grade: Mir-Re
Sean Kesselring
BS Secondary Education (SUNY Oswego)
Phone: (315) 218-4312
email: email@example.com
10th Grade: Pil-Sn
11th Grade: Pr-So
12th Grade: Ri-S
Suzanne Brogan
BS Business Administration (College of St. Rose)
Phone: (315) 218-4311
email: email@example.com
10th Grade: So-Z
11th Grade: Sp-Z
12th Grade: T-Z
Social Worker: Lyra Couillard Phone # (315) 218-4213 email: email@example.com
Student Assistance Counselor: Susan Allington Phone # (315) 218-4125 email: email@example.com


text: If you are looking for a place to eat local food this is it. They have a page full of local traditional dishes along with a variety of typical german foods. The Hausplatte is quite filling even though it looks small on arrival. In addition there are several vegetarian dished which are quite good. Service was efficient and friendly and... More


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Budget 2014-2015 April 2014
Page 2 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer Agenda – Part 1 Introduction Recent coverage around council rates and debt Council New Civic Offices Rates and valuations –How it is calculated –Analysis
Page 3 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer Agenda – Part 2 Long Term Financial Plan –Principles used (CPI explained) –Future rate increases factored in Budget Document –Operating result v's underlying operating result –Capital Works Challenges facing Cardinia Questions and hopefully answers
Coverage – Council Rates Information as presented in recent letters to the editor indicated Cardinia had the highest growth rate in rates of the councils listed. Refer to Word Document What the table presented in the media also highlighted was: In 2003 Cardinia had one of the lowest Council rates in Victoria. –Of the total 62 councils listed 53 (85%) had rates higher –A number of councils were charging in excess of 90% above the rates charged in Cardinia. In 2013, 32 of the 62 councils listed charge higher rates than Cardinia with 11 (18%) of the councils listed charging in excess of 20% above Cardinia's rates. Page 4 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
Cardinia Shire Changing? With this growth in Population the landscape of the shire has changed and services and infrastructure have had to be significantly upgraded to meet the needs of the continually growing population. Page 5 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer 20032013 Population (60% increase) 50,00080,000
Debt Recent coverage has also stated that council debt is spiralling out of control ? Council's current debt is approx. $47m, in 2008/09 this amount was approx. $45m. As part of it last 2 annual budget processes Council adopted the Debt Management Strategy. Page 6 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
Debt Information - Sector Page 7 | 9/05/2015 |
Is council's Debt Manageable? The Australian Centre of Excellence for Local Government (ACELG) has released in 2014 significant research on local government finance called 'Debt is Not a Dirty Word: The Role and Use of Debt in Local Government' Of its findings, the research suggests that the closely managed use of debt by Australian local councils would address infrastructure backlogs and positively support sustainable local communities and organisation performance. Page 8 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
Cardinia's Audited Results Page 9 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
New Office Background A financial analysis of Council constructing new civic office accommodation against leasing accommodation in 2009 determined that the leasing option was financially more advantageous to Council. Council had entered into an agreement with Places Victoria to lease the building in Officer for an initial 15 year term with options to extend. Places Victoria put the offices up for sale as a property with a tenant (Council) and a coffee shop on the ground floor which will be leased by the owner of the building. The sale of the property presented an opportunity for Council to review the original decision in 2009 to lease the property. Page 10 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
Council New Civic Offices Cost of New Office $25 Million Funding's Sources –Debt $20 Million –Council Own Funds Page 11 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
Page 12 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer Financing the Loan Repayments
Impact of additional $20m? Page 13 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
Page 14 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer Valuations Cardinia uses the Capital Improved Value as the basis for rating purposes The Capital Improved Value is the value of the land and any improvements including dwellings, other buildings and landscaping The Capital Improved Value is generally considered to be an estimation of the market value of a property as at a date set by the Valuer General
Page 15 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer Frequency of Valuations Municipal valuations, for all properties in Victoria, must now be completed every two years. Council's valuation contractor conducts a review of property values based on sales of property The valuations for the 2014/15 budget are based on sales levels as at 1 January 2014
How are rates calculated The "Rate in the Dollar" For a council using only a general rate, the rate in the dollar is calculated as follows: If council plans to raise the total rate revenue of $10 million, and the total Capital Improved Value of all rateable properties in the municipality is $2,380 billion, then the rate in the dollar is calculated by dividing $10 million by $2,38 billion = 0.42 cents in the dollar. Page 16 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
How are rates calculated The formula for calculating the rates for an individual property is the valuation multiplied by the rate in the dollar. Councils determine the rate in the dollar as part of their budget process. For example if the Capital Improved Value of a property is $250,000 and the council rate in the dollar is set at 0.42 cents, the rate bill would be $1050 ($250,000 x 0.0042). ** If council, in a revaluation year decided not to increase rate revenue there would still be changes to rates on individual properties ** Page 17 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
How are rates calculated Page 18 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
Preliminary Valuations 2014-15 9/05/2015 Page 19 Edit your footer in 'Insert>Header and footer' The total Capital Valuation for all the properties in the shire has only increased by $4.88m, which is an increase of 0.000032%. Residential-0.24% Commercial+10.25% Industrial+3.69% Rural-3.03%
Comparison of rate revenue 2013 and 2014 proposed rates 9/05/2015 Edit your footer in 'Insert>Header and footer' Page 20 Levy2013/14 Revenue2014/5 Revenue Base Rate40.05%39.3% Agricultural Land5.6%4.32% Urban Rate35.14%35.12% Urban Vacant Land6.13%6.74% Urban Commercial and Industrial7.12%8.2% Urban Agricultural Land0.23%0.71% Lakeside Residential5.44%5.27% Lakeside Vacant Land0.17%0.2% Cultural and Recreation Rate0.12%0.14% Approx 56%
Rate calculation issues 9/05/2015 Edit your footer in 'Insert>Header and footer' Page 21 As a result of the change in valuations there have been some dramatic shifts in the rate burden. For example 64.3% of residential properties will have an increase in rates with the balance 35.7% benefitting from a decrease
Rate calculation issues 9/05/2015 Edit your footer in 'Insert>Header and footer' Page 22 74.9% of Growth Corridor Commercial and Industrial properties will have an increase in rates while 25.1% will have a decrease. 48.3% of Agricultural Land rate properties will have an increase in rates and 51.7% will have a decrease.
Simply put over one third of the properties in the shire will be receiving a rate decrease in 2014-15 9/05/2015 Edit your footer in 'Insert>Header and footer' Page 23
AGENDA PART 2 Page 24 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
CPI The Australian CPI is measured on an acquisitions approach. This approach is considered to be the most suitable approach when the primary purpose of the CPI is as a macro–economic indicator of price inflation affecting households. CPI is intended to measure the overall inflation in prices of goods and services acquired by Australian households. CPI basket are determined based on a number of factors. Items: must be representative of purchases made by households; –must have specifically identifiable characteristics that can be observed each period to price to constant quality (e.g. a 420g can of baked beans, or adult general admission to a football game); and –may be those that some people would exclude on moral or social judgements, for example, tobacco and alcohol products will be included in the basket even though many households may never purchase them. Source: http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/webfaq.nsf/home/consumer+price+index+faqs#Anchor7 Page 25 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
CPI Unfortunately as can be seen from the previous slide councils cost base does not reflect the goods and services acquired by an Australian household. Councils Cost base is driven mainly by the following factors –Wage Inflation –Price/Usage of Utilities (Gas, Electricity, Water etc) –Price/Usage of Raw Materials ( Road Materials etc) –Growth within the shire –Demand for services Page 26 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
Page 27 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer Draft 5 Year Financial Plan In line with the plan adopted as part of the 2013/14 Budget Council achieves an underlying operating surplus over the life of the plan. Rate increases are factored in at 5.5% and 4.9%. Reductions in developer contributions factored in. No Significant increase in Government grants included Increase in Materials and Services factored in at between 2% and 4% to allow for growth.
Page 28 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer Draft 5 Year Financial Plan Table below shows a comparison with the key assumptions of 2013-14 financial plan (F'cast) to the draft budget preparation completed to date as part of the 2013-14 budget process. ** The increase of $20million is for the purchase of the new offices 2014-15 F'cast2014-15 Budget Debt$4m$24m** Rate Increase5.9% Underlying Result$2.4m$2.1m
Adjusted Surplus (as per AG calculation) Page 29 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
Expenditure Analysis Expense Description % increase on prior year % of total Reason Employee Costs 6.13%33% Council Wage growth is as per the EBA. In addition Costs associated with Workcover Premiums are included here. Material and Services 3.15%42% This line represents the costs of services and goods provided to council to deliver the services the community expects. As the Shire grows these costs grow not just by CPI but also by the growth within the shire and the factors such as electricity, water, road materials etc which move in excess of the CPI figure. Depreciation10.04%17% Represents the Increase in the asset base of council. Significant movement due to the new shire offices. Finance Costs39.04%4% Movement due to cost of borrowings Other Expenses -35.135% Due to reallocation to other expense categories Page 30 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
Rates 1% increase in rates is equal to approx. $550,000 Council has been working over the last number of years to close a significant underlying deficit. A proportion of the rate increase each year is allocated to closing this gap. The continued growth of the shire and the changing needs of the community for different services places additional pressure on council. Aging infrastructure outside of the growth area requiring significant replacement/upgrade and maintenance yet unable to access elements of government funding more suited to these infrastructure types –$160,000,000 Country Roads and Bridge Program for rural and regional councils to provide $1,000,000 per annum to 40 councils over 4 years. Page 31 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
Underlying Budgeted Result The underlying result represents the true operating result Page 32 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer Draft Budget 2014/15 ($'000's) Surplus for the Year14,587Yes that is nearly $15 Million Less Capital Related (Cash)3,389Cash contribution relating to specific capital works Developers Income (Cash)2,494Cash Contribution from developers relating to specific capital works Capital Contributions (Non-Cash)10,000Assets transferred to council non cash Net Gain/Loss858Non cash Accounting entry Underlying result(2,154)Loss on operations
Underlying Budgeted Result The underlying result is an improvement on the budgeted 2013/14 result by $1.10million. This is equivalent of approx 2.0% rate increase. Page 33 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
Underlying Result Amount of Operating Expenditure measured against Operating Revenue. Page 34 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
Page 35 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer Draft Capital Works 2014-15 Total of Works program for 2014-15 ($20.58m) of which ($15.47) is funded by council, ($9.56m) from Rates Funding. $50m invested in Infrastructure renewal over 5 years of which $39m (78%) is funded directly by council. Approx 46% of council funded work directed in the renewal sector. Approx 38% of Rate Funded Capital Works Spend on Roads and Footpaths
Page 36 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer Draft Capital Works 2014-15 Loan Borrowings to Fund New Major Projects reduce below level of repayments to allow for a reduction on overall debt over the 5 years. Community grants and Township implementation Funds total $3.5m over 5 years. Total Capital Works Program $126m over 5 years of which council internally funds $85m.
Challenges Facing Cardinia Cost Shifting Unfunded Liability on Precinct Structure Plans Continued Development and Growth within the Shire Access to Government Funding Page 37 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
Questions Submitted 1.Would council please inform the meeting what the rateable ( rates only) incomes, material & services expenses borrowings, servicing the borrowings expenses, total liabilities were reported by council in the various annual report for 2012-13,2011-12,2010-11,& 2009-10 years –Rates Income – Contained in Note 2 of the annual accounts –Material and Services – Contained in Note 10 of the annual accounts –Expense Borrowing - Contained in Note 13 of the annual accounts –Total Liabilities - Contained in Balance Sheet under heading "Total Liabilities" of the annual accounts (Available on Council Website - http://www.cardinia.vic.gov.au/Page/Page.aspx?Page_Id=196) 2.Would council please inform the meeting what the non expenses carry-over's financial figures were each year at the close of the financial year beginning 30 June for 2012-2013,2011-2012,2010- 2011,2009-2010 & report the financial carry over figures as at 31 March. –2012/13 $23.73m2010/11 $11.16m –2011/12 $21.44m2009/10$13.7m Page 38 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
Questions Submitted 3.For each of the years previously listed, how much revenue was council/ ratepayers revenue as a figure(not a percentage) of the carry over's? – 2012/13 Approx $4.6m2010/11 Not Available – 2011/12 Approx $5.7m2009/10Not Available 4.Would council please explain what the carry over is in the financial terms & why carry over's exist each year after elected councillors vote & approve a budget & the CEO each year allows carry over's to exist when it is the duty under the local government act 1989 to carry out the instructions as set down by the councillors through the 12 month budget, strategic resource plan & council plan. –The carry over represents the value of Budgeted Capital Works "only" committed at the end of the year. These works may have not have commenced or are partially complete. These funds will be utilised once the works have commenced/complete and/or payment falls due. 5.Based on previous years carry over financial figures, will council fully expense all items listed in 2013-14 year? If no then why not? –Council does not carry forward (accrue) expense items that have not happened to future years as this is not permissible under accounting standards. What Council does reflects the capital dollars budgeted to be completed in the year that have not been fully expended, these funds will need to allowed for to be capitalised in the following period. These funds would show as a actual V's budget variance. Page 39 | 9/05/2015 | Edit this in Header and Footer
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Social Norms Explain Social Learning Theory, making reference to two relevant studies Discuss the use of compliance techniques Evaluate research on conformity to group norms Discuss factors influencing conformity
Define social norm. What do they do?
According to Smith and Mackie (2007) – a generally accepted way of thinking, feeling, or behaving that most people in a group agree on and endorse as right and proper. Norms: Provide for appraisal of true/false and appropriate/inappropriate Regulate behaviours Make social life predictable
Explain observational learning.
Variant of behaviouristic learning – extended to observing others and learning from their consequences. A form of vicarious learning – we learn by imitating the behaviours of others (models) and anticipate the same consequences they elicited. Reinforcement: Is cognitive rather than direct – increases our ability to predict the future. Reinforcement is not needed for learning but for the performance of what has been learned.
Outline the cognitive processes involved in Social Learning Theory.
Motivation – we behave according to outcome expectancies Attention – we focus awareness on a model and their actions and consequences. The more attractive, distinctive, or powerful the model the more we attend to them. Coding and memory – model behaviour needs to be encoded to allow for immediate imitation or delayed imitation
Give an example from your own experience of abstract modelling.
Abstract modelling – Learning of abstract skills or underlying principles that guide behaviour and consequence through observation of models.
How does our sense of our effectiveness affect our motivation
How does our sense of our effectiveness affect our motivation? What impact do you see this having on the classroom setting? We are more motivated to behave in a given manner if we believe we will be successful or effective in gaining our anticipated outcome. We are more likely to imitate a model in a behaviour in which we anticipate we will be effective. In a classroom setting, if a student believes that the task is beyond their capability or they anticipate poor performance, incomplete modelling will occur or motivation will decrease.
Social Learning Theory
Abstract modelling, observational learning, self-efficacy, deferred imitation and vicarious reinforcement all show us how normative standards for behaviour are internalized. – Social Cognitive Theory
"Our behaviour is largely regulated by our beliefs and expectancies rather than…the external environment" Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your point of view referencing your personal experience and your prior knowledge from the course. Do you sing in the shower? Do you pick your nose? Do you behave differently when you are alone? FARTS!!!!
Social Learning Theory - Bandura (1965)
Type – covert observation experiment Aims – to determine whether children will play more aggressively with a doll after observing adult models play aggressively. Methods – In the control condition, children were shown a video of adults playing with a "Bobo" doll aggressively by throwing it around and kicking it. In the model-reward condition, the adults behaved aggressively toward the doll and a second adult entered the frame and rewarded them with a soft drink. In the model-punished condition, the adult behaved aggressively toward the doll and was scolded and spanked by another adult. After viewing, children were taken into a second room of toys including the Bobo doll and their play was observed. Conclusions – control and model-reward conditions resulted in equal levels of aggressive play. Model-punished condition showed significantly lower aggression. When asked to repeat the aggressive play for a reward, all children acted more aggressively.
Bobo doll experiment Demand characteristics – were the children being authentically aggressive to the doll or were they just mimicking the adult models according to the expectations of the researchers? Internal validity – did the operational definition of aggressive play accurately reflect aggression or was this an a priori assumption Natural validity – it's just a doll – it doesn't have feelings, it doesn't cry, it doesn't say stop
Do you think the study supported the theory that aggression is a learned rather than an innate behaviour? Do infants perform the task and grow into its meaning or do they behave according to their disposition or urge?
Explain social learning theory, making reference to two relevant studies
1) Bandura's "Bobo" doll experiment (1965) Aggressive play was observed and learned by children by just observing rewards and punishments. Aggressive play was elicited with expectancies of rewards. Therefore learning occurred without rewards and punishments but they were required for performance. 2) Gergely et al (2002) Children did not simply imitate the behaviour of the adult models (turning on the light with their , they attributed a reason to the behaviour and copied the reasoning, not just the behaviour.
Sherif 1935 To investigate the effect of group setting on responses to ambiguous situations Participants viewed an optical illusion involving a lit object that would be stationary but appear to move. Participants made 100 judgements regarding how much the object moved. Personal norms were generated through these estimates. Participants were then asked to form group judgements by announcing their interpretations in order. The alterations in judgements were then compared and analysed. Group estimated settled around a group norm that varied from other group norms and from the individual norms. Subsequent individual estimated reflected the new group norms. To what extent were these authentic groups? Are these natural ambiguous settings that we would be likely to encounter in real life?
Asch 1951 To investigate the impact of group influence on conformity in unambiguous situations. Participants were asked to compare a single line length to a set of three lines. In the control condition, participants were responding aloud and alone. In the experiment condition, participants were responding among a group of confederates who announced their responses out loud first. In 12 of the 18 group trials confederates announced incorrect responses. Participants conformed to the wrong responses 37% of the time and 76% conformed at least once. There are some ethical concerns with deception. Will all participants conform for the same reason? Why, if this is a powerful situational determinant, were conformant responses not 100% of the time? What would influence a participant to break from the group some of the time and not all of the time?
Abrams et al. 1990 To investigate the impact of perceived ingroup influence on conformity Participants were asked to compare line lengths to another set of lines in groups. In one condition, the participants were told that the other group members were fellow psychology student and in the second condition, participants were told that the fellow group respondants were history of civilization students. 100% of participants conformed at least once in the ingroup condition, 50% in the outgroup condition. Would there be a genuine perception of ingroup sentiment from simply enrolling in the same field of study?
Describe the three forms of influence on conformity identified in the reading
Informational influence - when we take another's views as our own for the purpose of gaining evidence we perceive as valid or useful. Important for reducing ambiguity and based on our need to be right. Normative influence – when we allow ourselves to be influenced to meet the expectations of others, avoid disapproval or rejection, and be liked by others. Referent informational influence – when we conform out of a need to belong to important ingroups as part of maintaining our desired social identities. We conform more to groups we identify with and want to belong to.
How does the study by Deutch and Girard exhibit both informational and normative influence?
College students would alter their answers and conform to the authoritative result showing informational influence College students would lie about their unwritten answers to conform to the norm of the actual estimate
How is referent informational influence different from informational and normative influence?
People conform not to other group members (normative) but to the group norm. They use others as a source of information on what the norm is rather than the actual answer (informational).
Dispositional traits for conformity:
What dispositional traits are associated with higher levels of conformity? Dispositional traits for conformity: Low self esteem High need for social approval Anxiety Perception of low status
Research and give an example of ONE study showing the impact of group size on conformity. Give the author, date and conclusions of the study.
Define risky shift. Explain how social comparison theory and social identity theory account for this group behaviour. Risky shift – the tendency for group decisions to be riskier than individual decisions. Modified later into group polarization – the tendency for the group to make decisions that are more extreme than individual decisions. Social comparison – norms are extablished in group discussions, the need for some to establish individuality causes them to want to stand out. This leads to greater ingratiation into the ingroup and further members to conform. The net effect is a more extreme norm being established. Studies controlling for group modelling of this effect have still obtained extreme norm formation which would indicate that this effect is not uniform. SIT – in order to maximize ingroup-outgroup differentiation, category accentuation effect will cause positions to become more extreme. Research shows that norms can be polarized away from target outgroups to maintain positive distinctiveness.
High group cohesiveness Decisional urgency Need for consensus
What are the defining characteristics of groupthink? How was the phenomenon modified in its interpretation of group cohesion? Groupthink: High group cohesiveness Decisional urgency Need for consensus Research indicates group members share social identity rather than individual information showing that group cohesiveness was a function of group level effects rather than interpersonal liking. Social identification strengthens the effects of normative and informational influence and intensify conformity
Culture and Cultural Norms
Outline two definitions of culture.
Shirav and Levy, A set of attitudes, behaviours and symbols shared by a large group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next. Matsumoto and Juang, A unique meaning and information system, shared by a group and transmitted across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness and well-being, and derive meaning from life
They cover wider groups and form parts of larger identities.
Define cultural norms. How are they similar to social norms and how are they different? Cultural norms – Norms of an established group which are transmitted across generations and regulate behaviour in accordance with the group's beliefs about acceptable and unacceptable ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. They cover wider groups and form parts of larger identities.
Describe the method used by Hofstede to define cultural dimensions
Describe the method used by Hofstede to define cultural dimensions. Do you think there are any validity issues with this method? Thematic content analysis of survey data of work-related attitudes of IBM employees in 72 countries. Depending on the questions asked, there could be sampling validity issues considering only one company or type of company was used as a pool of respondants. Demand characteristics could also account for uniformity of answers as the relevant culture expressed in the responses would be one of the workplace rather than the culture of the host country.
Identify the five cultural dimensions according to Hofstede
Identify the five cultural dimensions according to Hofstede. Explain where you think we rank on these dimensions. Individualism/collectivism – Individual societies define identity with personal characteristics whereas collectivist societies define identity with membership in groups (families, tribes, etc) Power distance – the extent to which a society fosters power and status differences between individuals and encourage people to accept their place in the social hierarchy Uncertainty avoidance – the extent to which a society accepts ambiguous situations or uncertainty or are uncomfortable and unaccepting of them. Masculinity/femininity – Masculine societies emphasize achievement, success, and possessions as opposed to feminine societies which emphasize interpersonal harmony, caring for others, etc. Long-term/short-term orientation – Confucian dynamism – the extent to which a culture will promote delay of gratification or will promote consumption or hedonism.
How would the dimension of individualism and collectivism impact the SIT of identity? Evaluate how the textbook deals with this issue. SIT states that our identity comes from our network of group memberships and the relationship between our group and other attended groups. Individualism/collectivism define the cultures in isolation broadly. According to the text – people in individualistic cultures will still seek out and become part of defining groups.
Describe the research conducted by Petrova (2007)
Describe the research conducted by Petrova (2007). Do you agree with the textbook's explanation for the results (Cialdini, 1999)? Field experiment-experimental study Aim – to investigate the interaction of individual/collective cultural dynamics on compliance levels Method – 3000 US college students, half of which are Asian. All are sent an participation request for a study. A month later, all were asked to participate in an online survey. Results – a higher proportion of Asian students agreed to the first request but a higher proportion of US students followed through to the second request. Cialdini hypothesized that a higher proportion of collectivist culture members would be sensitive to the actions of the group and would therefore "fall in line" with the rest if they knew who had complied in the past to requests. This was not studied as part of Petrova's work.
Summarize the impact of individualism and collectivism on compliance and conformity.
Meta-analysis of conformity studies shows that collectivist cultures showed more tendencies toward conformity in Asch paradigm studies than individualistic societies. This is consistent with the cultural dynamic of collectivism as members of collectivist societies would be more concerned with agreement and minimizing conflict rather than submitting to the will of another which would a negative idea in individualistic cultures
Summarize the research by Chen (2005)
Summarize the research by Chen (2005). How would SIT explain the results? Chen (2005) Aims: To investigate the prevalence of patience in long term oriented societies compared to short term societies. Methods: 147 participants of both Singaporean and US origin were split into two groups. One viewed a collage of images related to Singaporean culture and the second group viewed images relate to US culture. Both groups were then given a decision to purchase a book with a delayed delivery or with an extra charge and an immediate delivery. Results: participants activated by the US images valued immediate consumption by purchasing the book immediately more than Singaporean activated participants. SIT would explain these results with the idea that the images activated perspectives of the relevant ingroup. Participants then would behave in a way which would emphasize positive distinctiveness and social comparison. Participants were able to choose either ingroup to identify with and would consciously or unconsciously act in accordance with them.
Identify some extraneous variables that may confound the results in some of the research identified in this section. It would be an assumption to link viewing images with activating a mindset of a particular culture. There are many possible variables that would factor in to the decision of a subject and other factors may account for behaviour. Participants history would be composed of other relevant events that would presumably shape behaviour.
Emic and Etic Concepts
Define emic and etic. How did these concepts originate?
Etic – An approach to cross-cultural analysis. Studying what all cultures have in common. Seeking universal principles of human behaviour. Emic – An approach to single cultural examinations. Isolated to one culture's distinctive or unique behaviour. The meaning of behaviour can only be expressed in terms of the culture of its origin. These approaches grew out of the study of language sounds – phonetics.
defined in relation to another culture.
Using the above definitions, would you consider Hofstede's method of defining cultural dimension emic or etic? Hosfstede's approach would be etic – some identified concepts are common for all cultures (time? Definition of wealth?) defined in relation to another culture.
What is the imposed etic approach? Is all research inherently etic?
Using the concepts of one culture to study another – imposed etic approach Is it possible to explain behaviour without culture-specific approaches? Language used to convey results and discuss Audience of the targeted hypothesis Purpose of doing the study to begin with
How do emic and etic approached differ in their approach to depression
How do emic and etic approached differ in their approach to depression? Give one example of research supporting each approach. Depression – etic – Symptoms of depression are common across cultures – sadness, joylessness, anxiety, sense of insufficiency. Some symptoms were reported that were not asked as part of the diagnosis - possibly due to cultural factors related to the study. Eg. WHO study of depression across four countries Depression – emic – approach to depression would be different in different cultures. Eg. Hopi Indians – AID Scale – no word to describe depression but five illness categories. Some categories were similar to Western conceptions of depression but others were not.
What effect would language have in the research and interpretation of data in cross-cultural studies? Understanding and expression of ideas automatically involve some cultural bias in interpretation. Some sets of feelings associated with what we would call depression may not be called the same terms or expressed in the same perspective in another culture. Framing conclusions in English automatically introduces cultural perspective.
Individualism/collectivism Masculinity/femininity Power distance
Going back over the cultural dimensions – explain the behavior associated with depression according to TWO of the five dimensions. How would you guess someone with depression would behave in those cultures? Individualism/collectivism Masculinity/femininity Power distance Risk/uncertainty avoidance Confucian dynamism Sadness Joylessness Anxiety Sense of insufficiency
Methods used in the sociocultural level of analysis
Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the sociocultural level of analysis Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the sociocultural level of analysis
Experiments Egs Validity is high
Jones and Harris – FAE study Bargh et al – experimental study on automatic stereotype activation Bandura – Bobo Doll experiment Validity is high Artificiality leads to low ecological validity Rarely are experiments taken alone – triangulation True lab experiments are not possible on cross-cultural questions Field experiments and natural experiments are more common – Chen et al – bicultural participants
Correlational studies
Egs Hofsetde's cultural dimensions Relies on massive surveys - factor analysis through elaborate mathematical formluas Individuality de-emphasized for broad cultural generalizations Allows for more specific claims to be investigated/targeted
Case studies Egs Janis – Groupthink
Relies on archival research and interviews Must be seen in a group framework rather than individual behaviour Asch and Sherif – are these group studies or case studies?
Ethics Use of deception and inducing stress: Evoking of stereotypes
Asch Milgram Evoking of stereotypes Bargh et al. Cross-cultural studies used as grounds/justifications for stereotyping? Hofstedes' cultural dimensions Final question must be based on the value of the knowledge gained – which of the studies we have examined could be justified on these ground? What cultural biases would make one answer different from another?
Choose ANOTHER one…/22 marks
Choose one…/8 marks 1. Outline TWO principles that define the sociocultural level of analysis 2. Explain ONE error in attribution 3. Describe ONE factor influencing conformity 4. Explain the terms emic and etic. Choose ANOTHER one…/22 marks 1. Evaluate social identity theory, make reference to two relevant studies 2. Discuss research on conformity to social norms
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