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Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields
Chapter 22 Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields
A Brief History of Magnetism
13th century BC Chinese used a compass Uses a magnetic needle Probably an invention of Arab or Indian origin 800 BC Greeks Discovered magnetite attracts pieces of iron
A Brief History of Magnetism, 2
1269 Pierre de Maricourt found that the direction of a needle near a spherical natural magnet formed lines that encircled the sphere The lines also passed through two points diametrically opposed to each other He called the points poles
A Brief History of Magnetism, 3
1600 William Gilbert Expanded experiments with magnetism to a variety of materials Suggested the earth itself was a large permanent magnet 1750 John Michell Magnetic poles exert attractive or repulsive forces on each other These forces vary as the inverse square of the separation
A Brief History of Magnetism, 4
1819 Hans Christian Oersted Pictured, 1777 – 1851 Discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetism An electric current in a wire deflected a nearby compass needle André-Marie Ampère Deduced quantitative laws of magnetic forces between current-carrying conductors Suggested electric current loops of molecular size are responsible for all magnetic phenomena
A Brief History of Magnetism, final
Faraday and Henry Further connections between electricity and magnetism A changing magnetic field creates an electric field Maxwell A changing electric field produces a magnetic field
Electric and Magnetic Fields
An electric field surrounds any stationary electric charge The region of space surrounding a moving charge includes a magnetic field In addition to the electric field A magnetic field also surrounds any material with permanent magnetism Both fields are vector fields
Magnetic Poles Every magnet, regardless of its shape, has two poles
Called north and south poles Poles exert forces on one another Similar to the way electric charges exert forces on each other Like poles repel each other N-N or S-S Unlike poles attract each other N-S
Magnetic Poles, cont The poles received their names due to the way a magnet behaves in the Earth's magnetic field If a bar magnet is suspended so that it can move freely, it will rotate The magnetic north pole points toward the earth's north geographic pole This means the earth's north geographic pole is a magnetic south pole Similarly, the earth's south geographic pole is a magnetic north pole
Magnetic Poles, final The force between two poles varies as the inverse square of the distance between them A single magnetic pole has never been isolated In other words, magnetic poles are always found in pairs There is some theoretical basis for the existence of monopoles – single poles
Magnetic Fields A vector quantity Symbolized by
Direction is given by the direction a north pole of a compass needle points in that location Magnetic field lines can be used to show how the field lines, as traced out by a compass, would look
Magnetic Field Lines, Bar Magnet Example
The compass can be used to trace the field lines The lines outside the magnet point from the North pole to the South pole
Magnetic Field Lines, Bar Magnet
Iron filings are used to show the pattern of the magnetic field lines The direction of the field is the direction a north pole would point
Magnetic Field Lines, Unlike Poles
Iron filings are used to show the pattern of the magnetic field lines The direction of the field is the direction a north pole would point Compare to the electric field produced by an electric dipole
Magnetic Field Lines, Like Poles
Iron filings are used to show the pattern of the magnetic field lines The direction of the field is the direction a north pole would point Compare to the electric field produced by like charges
Definition of Magnetic Field
The magnetic field at some point in space can be defined in terms of the magnetic force, The magnetic force will be exerted on a charged particle moving with a velocity,
Characteristics of the Magnetic Force
The magnitude of the force exerted on the particle is proportional to the charge, q, and to the speed, v, of the particle When a charged particle moves parallel to the magnetic field vector, the magnetic force acting on the particle is zero
Characteristics of the Magnetic Force, cont
When the particle's velocity vector makes any angle q ¹ 0 with the field, the magnetic force acts in a direction perpendicular to both the speed and the field The magnetic force is perpendicular to the plane formed by
Characteristics of the Magnetic Force, final
The force exerted on a negative charge is directed opposite to the force on a positive charge moving in the same direction If the velocity vector makes an angle q with the magnetic field, the magnitude of the force is proportional to sin q
More About Direction The force is perpendicular to both the field and the velocity Oppositely directed forces exerted on oppositely charged particles will cause the particles to move in opposite directions
Force on a Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field, Formula
The characteristics can be summarized in a vector equation is the magnetic force q is the charge is the velocity of the moving charge is the magnetic field
Units of Magnetic Field
The SI unit of magnetic field is the Tesla (T) The cgs unit is a Gauss (G) 1 T = 104 G
Directions – Right Hand Rule #1
Depends on the right-hand rule for cross products The fingers point in the direction of the velocity The palm faces the field Curl your fingers in the direction of field The thumb points in the direction of the cross product, which is the direction of force For a positive charge, opposite the direction for a negative charge
Direction – Right Hand Rule #2
Alternative to Rule #1 Thumb is the direction of the velocity Fingers are in the direction of the field Palm is in the direction of force On a positive particle Force on a negative charge is opposite You can think of this as your hand pushing the particle
More About Magnitude of the Force
The magnitude of the magnetic force on a charged particle is FB = |q| v B sin q q is the angle between the velocity and the field The force is zero when the velocity and the field are parallel or antiparallel q = 0 or 180o The force is a maximum when the velocity and the field are perpendicular q = 90o
Differences Between Electric and Magnetic Fields
Direction of force The electric force acts parallel or antiparallel to the electric field The magnetic force acts perpendicular to the magnetic field Motion The electric force acts on a charged particle regardless of its velocity The magnetic force acts on a charged particle only when the particle is in motion and the force is proportional to the velocity
More Differences Between Electric and Magnetic Fields
Work The electric force does work in displacing a charged particle The magnetic force associated with a steady magnetic field does no work when a particle is displaced This is because the force is perpendicular to the displacement
Work in Fields, cont The kinetic energy of a charged particle moving through a constant magnetic field cannot be altered by the magnetic field alone When a charged particle moves with a velocity through a magnetic field, the field can alter the direction of the velocity, but not the speed or the kinetic energy
Notation Note The dots indicate the direction is out of the page
The dots represent the tips of the arrows coming toward you The crosses indicate the direction is into the page The crosses represent the feathered tails of the arrows
Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
Consider a particle moving in an external magnetic field with its velocity perpendicular to the field The force is always directed toward the center of the circular path The magnetic force causes a centripetal acceleration, changing the direction of the velocity of the particle
Force on a Charged Particle
Using Newton's Second Law, you can equate the magnetic and centripetal forces: Solving for r: r is proportional to the linear momentum of the particle and inversely proportional to the magnetic field and the charge
More About Motion of Charged Particle
The angular speed of the particle is The angular speed, w, is also referred to as the cyclotron frequency The period of the motion is
Motion of a Particle, General
If a charged particle moves in a magnetic field at some arbitrary angle with respect to the field, its path is a helix Same equations apply, with
Bending of an Electron Beam
Electrons are accelerated from rest through a potential difference Conservation of Energy will give v Other parameters can be found
Charged Particle Moving in Electric and Magnetic Fields
In many applications, the charged particle will move in the presence of both magnetic and electric fields In that case, the total force is the sum of the forces due to the individual fields In general: This force is called the Lorenz force It is the vector sum of the electric force and the magnetic force
Velocity Selector Used when all the particles need to move with the same velocity A uniform electric field is perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field
Velocity Selector, cont
When the force due to the electric field is equal but opposite to the force due to the magnetic field, the particle moves in a straight line This occurs for velocities of value v = E / B
Velocity Selector, final
Only those particles with the given speed will pass through the two fields undeflected The magnetic force exerted on particles moving at speed greater than this is stronger than the electric field and the particles will be deflected upward Those moving more slowly will be deflected downward
Mass Spectrometer A mass spectrometer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio A beam of ions passes through a velocity selector and enters a second magnetic field
Mass Spectrometer, cont
After entering the second magnetic field, the ions move in a semicircle of radius r before striking a detector at P If the ions are positively charged, they deflect upward If the ions are negatively charged, they deflect downward This version is known as the Bainbridge Mass Spectrometer
Mass Spectrometer, final
Analyzing the forces on the particles in the mass spectrometer gives Typically, ions with the same charge are used and the mass is measured
Thomson's e/m Experiment
Electrons are accelerated from the cathode They are deflected by electric and magnetic fields The beam of electrons strikes a fluorescent screen
Thomson's e/m Experiment, cont
Thomson's variation found e/me by measuring the deflection of the beam and the fields This experiment was crucial in the discovery of the electron
Cyclotron A cyclotron is a device that can accelerate charged particles to very high speeds The energetic particles produced are used to bombard atomic nuclei and thereby produce reactions These reactions can be analyzed by researchers
Cyclotron, 2 D1 and D2 are called dees because of their shape
A high frequency alternating potential is applied to the dees A uniform magnetic field is perpendicular to them
Cyclotron, 3 A positive ion is released near the center and moves in a semicircular path The potential difference is adjusted so that the polarity of the dees is reversed in the same time interval as the particle travels around one dee This ensures the kinetic energy of the particle increases each trip
Cyclotron, final The cyclotron's operation is based on the fact that T is independent of the speed of the particles and of the radius of their path When the energy of the ions in a cyclotron exceeds about 20 MeV, relativistic effects come into play
First Cyclotron Invented by E. O. Lawrence and M. S. Livingston
Invented in 1934
Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
A current carrying conductor experiences a force when placed in an external magnetic field The current represents a collection of many charged particles in motion The resultant magnetic force on the wire is due to the sum of the magnetic forces on the charged particles
Force on a Wire In this case, there is no current, so there is no force Therefore, the wire remains vertical
Force on a Wire,cont The magnetic field is into the page
The current is upward, along the page The force is to the left
Force on a Wire, final The field is into the page
The current is downward along the page The force is to the right
Force on a Wire, equation
The magnetic force is exerted on each moving charge in the wire The total force is the product of the force on one charge and the number of charges
Force on a Wire, cont In terms of the current, this becomes l is a vector that points in the direction of the current Its magnitude is the length of the segment This applies only to a straight segment of wire in a uniform external magnetic field
Force on a Wire, Arbitrary Shape
Consider a small segment of the wire, The force exerted on this segment is The total force is
Torque on a Current Loop
The rectangular loop carries a current I in a uniform magnetic field No magnetic force acts on sides & The wires are parallel to the field and cross product is zero
Torque on a Current Loop, 2
There is a force on sides & These sides are perpendicular to the field The magnitude of the magnetic force on these sides will be: F2 = F4 = I a B The direction of F2 is out of the page The direction of F4 is into the page
Torque on a Current Loop, 3
The forces are equal and in opposite directions, but not along the same line of action The forces produce a torque around point O
Torque on a Current Loop, Equation
The maximum torque is found by: The area enclosed by the loop is ab, so tmax = I A B This maximum value occurs only when the field is parallel to the plane of the loop
Torque on a Current Loop, General
Assume the magnetic field makes an angle of q<90o with a line perpendicular to the plane of the loop The net torque about point O will be t = I A B sin q
Torque on a Current Loop, Summary
The torque has a maximum value when the field is perpendicular to the normal to the plane of the loop The torque is zero when the field is parallel to the normal to the plane of the loop where A is perpendicular to the plane of the loop and has a magnitude equal to the area of the loop
Direction of A The right-hand rule can be used to determine the direction of Curl your fingers in the direction of the current in the loop Your thumb points in the direction of
Magnetic Dipole Moment
The product I is defined as the magnetic dipole moment, of the loop Often called the magnetic moment SI units: A m2 Torque in terms of magnetic moment:
Biot-Savart Law – Introduction
Biot and Savart conducted experiments on the force exerted by an electric current on a nearby magnet They arrived at a mathematical expression that gives an expression for the magnetic field at some point in space due to a current
Biot-Savart Law – Set-Up
The magnetic field is at some point P The length element is The wire is carrying a steady current of I
Biot-Savart Law – Observations
The vector is perpendicular to both ds and to the unit vector directed from toward P The magnitude of is inversely proportional to r2, where r is the distance from to P
Biot-Savart Law – Observations, cont
The magnitude of is proportional to the current and to the magnitude ds of the length element ds The magnitude of is proportional to sin q, where q is the angle between the vectors and
Biot-Savart Law, Equation
The observations are summarized in the mathematical equation called Biot-Savart Law: The Biot-Savart law gives the magnetic field only for a small length of the conductor
Permeability of Free Space
The constant mo is called the permeability of free space mo = 4 p x 10-7 T. m / A The Biot-Savart Law can be written as
Total Magnetic Field To find the total field, you need to sum up the contributions from all the current elements You need to evaluate the field by integrating over the entire current distribution The magnitude of the field will be
B Compared to E Distance
The magnitude of the magnetic field varies as the inverse square of the distance from the source The electric field due to a point charge also varies as the inverse square of the distance from the charge
B Compared to E, 2 Direction
The electric field created by a point charge is radial in direction The magnetic field created by a current element is perpendicular to both the length element and the unit vector
B Compared to E, 3 Source An electric field is established by an isolated electric charge The current element that produces a magnetic field must be part of an extended current distribution Therefore you must integrate over the entire current distribution
B for a Long, Straight Conductor, Direction
The magnetic field lines are circles concentric with the wire The field lines lie in planes perpendicular to to wire The magnitude of the field is constant on any circle of radius a The right hand rule for determining the direction of the field is shown
B for a Circular Current Loop
The loop has a radius of R and carries a steady current of I Find at point P
Field at the Center of a Loop
Consider the field at the center of the current loop At this special point, x = 0 Then,
Magnetic Field Lines for a Loop
Figure a shows the magnetic field lines surrounding a current loop Figure b shows the field lines in the iron filings Figure c compares the field lines to that of a bar magnet
Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
Two parallel wires each carry a steady current The field due to the current in wire 2 exerts a force on wire 1 of F1 = I1l B2
Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors, cont
Substituting the equation for B2 gives Parallel conductors carrying currents in the same direction attract each other Parallel conductors carrying current in opposite directions repel each other
Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors, final
The result is often expressed as the magnetic force between the two wires, FB This can also be given as the force per unit length, FB/l
Definition of the Ampere
The force between two parallel wires can be used to define the ampere When the magnitude of the force per unit length between two long parallel wires that carry identical currents and are separated by 1 m is 2 x 10-7 N/m, the current in each wire is defined to be 1 A
Definition of the Coulomb
The SI unit of charge, the coulomb, is defined in terms of the ampere When a conductor carries a steady current of 1 A, the quantity of charge that flows through a cross section of the conductor in 1 s is 1 C
Magnetic Field of a Wire
A compass can be used to detect the magnetic field When there is no current in the wire, there is no field due to the current The compass needles all point toward the earth's north pole Due to the earth's magnetic field
Magnetic Field of a Wire, 2
The wire carries a strong current The compass needles deflect in a direction tangent to the circle This shows the direction of the magnetic field produced by the wire
Magnetic Field of a Wire, 3
The circular magnetic field around the wire is shown by the iron filings
André-Marie Ampère 1775 –1836 Credited with the discovery of electromagnetism The relationship between electric currents and magnetic fields Died of pneumonia
Ampere's Law The product of can be evaluated for small length elements on the circular path defined by the compass needles for the long straight wire Ampere's Law states that the line integral of around any closed path equals moI where I is the total steady current passing through any surface bounded by the closed path
Ampere's Law, cont Ampere's Law describes the creation of magnetic fields by all continuous current configurations Most useful for this course if the current configuration has a high degree of symmetry Put the thumb of your right hand in the direction of the current through the amperian loop and your figures curl in the direction you should integrate around the loop
Amperian Loops Each portion of the path satisfies one or more of the following conditions: The value of the magnetic field can be argued by symmetry to be constant over the portion of the path The dot product can be expressed as a simple algebraic product B ds The vectors are parallel
Amperian Loops, cont Conditions: The dot product is zero
The vectors are perpendicular The magnetic field can be argued to be zero at all points on the portion of the path
Field Due to a Long Straight Wire – From Ampere's Law
Want to calculate the magnetic field at a distance r from the center of a wire carrying a steady current I The current is uniformly distributed through the cross section of the wire
Field Due to a Long Straight Wire – Results From Ampere's Law
Outside of the wire, r > R Inside the wire, we need I', the current inside the amperian circle
Field Due to a Long Straight Wire – Results Summary
The field is proportional to r inside the wire The field varies as 1/r outside the wire Both equations are equal at r = R
Magnetic Field of a Toroid
Find the field at a point at distance r from the center of the toroid The toroid has N turns of wire
Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
A solenoid is a long wire wound in the form of a helix A reasonably uniform magnetic field can be produced in the space surrounded by the turns of the wire Each of the turns can be modeled as a circular loop The net magnetic field is the vector sum of all the fields due to all the turns
Magnetic Field of a Solenoid, Description
The field lines in the interior are Approximately parallel to each other Uniformly distributed Close together This indicates the field is strong and almost uniform
Magnetic Field of a Tightly Wound Solenoid
The field distribution is similar to that of a bar magnet As the length of the solenoid increases The interior field becomes more uniform The exterior field becomes weaker
Ideal Solenoid – Characteristics
An ideal solenoid is approached when The turns are closely spaced The length is much greater than the radius of the turns For an ideal solenoid, the field outside of solenoid is negligible The field inside is uniform
Ampere's Law Applied to a Solenoid
Ampere's Law can be used to find the interior magnetic field of the solenoid Consider a rectangle with side l parallel to the interior field and side w perpendicular to the field The side of length l inside the solenoid contributes to the field This is path 1 in the diagram
Ampere's Law Applied to a Solenoid, cont
Applying Ampere's Law gives The total current through the rectangular path equals the current through each turn multiplied by the number of turns
Magnetic Field of a Solenoid, final
Solving Ampere's Law for the magnetic field is n = N / l is the number of turns per unit length This is valid only at points near the center of a very long solenoid
Magnetic Moment – Bohr Atom
The electrons move in circular orbits The orbiting electron constitutes a tiny current loop The magnetic moment of the electron is associated with this orbital motion The angular momentum and magnetic moment are in opposite directions due to the electron's negative charge
Magnetic Moments of Multiple Electrons
In most substances, the magnetic moment of one electron is canceled by that of another electron orbiting in the opposite direction The net result is that the magnetic effect produced by the orbital motion of the electrons is either zero or very small
Electron Spin Electrons (and other particles) have an intrinsic property called spin that also contributes to its magnetic moment The electron is not physically spinning It has an intrinsic angular momentum as if it were spinning Spin angular momentum is actually a relativistic effect
Electron Magnetic Moment, final
In atoms with multiple electrons, many electrons are paired up with their spins in opposite directions The spin magnetic moments cancel Those with an "odd" electron will have a net moment Some moments are given in the table
Ferromagnetic Materials
Some examples of ferromagnetic materials are Iron Cobalt Nickel Gadolinium Dysprosium They contain permanent atomic magnetic moments that tend to align parallel to each other even in a weak external magnetic field
Domains All ferromagnetic materials are made up of microscopic regions called domains The domain is an area within which all magnetic moments are aligned The boundaries between various domains having different orientations are called domain walls
Domains, Unmagnetized Material
The magnetic moments in the domains are randomly aligned The net magnetic moment is zero
Domains, External Field Applied
A sample is placed in an external magnetic field The size of the domains with magnetic moments aligned with the field grows The sample is magnetized
Domains, External Field Applied, cont
The material is placed in a stronger field The domains not aligned with the field become very small When the external field is removed, the material may retain most of its magnetism
Magnetic Levitation The Electromagnetic System (EMS) is one design model for magnetic levitation The magnets supporting the vehicle are located below the track because the attractive force between these magnets and those in the track lift the vehicle
EMS, cont The proximity detector uses magnetic induction to measure the magnet-rail separation The power supply is adjusted to maintain proper separation
EMS, final Disadvantages Advantage
Instability caused by the variation of magnetic force with distance Compensated for by the proximity detector Relatively small separation between the magnets and the tracks Usually about 10 mm Track needs high maintenance Advantage Independent of speed, so wheels are not needed Wheels are in place for "emergency landing" system
German Transrapid – EMS Example
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Examining The Gremeen Bank Economics Essay
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This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
In 1976, the economics professor Dr. Muhammad Yunus starts the Gremeen Bank research project in the village of Jobra, Bangladesh. In 1983 the research project is transformed to an official bank that is Gremeen Bank, it is the first bank specially provides loans to the poor for self-emplyment in the world (Papa at al., 2006).
Gremeen bank has reversed traditional banking practice, its aim to alleviate poverty through credit and improve the lifestyle and well-being of the poor, so it mainly serves to and owns by the poor, particularly the poorest of the poor women (Khalily at al., 1995), also it provides the micro-loans to poor without collateral and legal instrument, and creates "a banking system based on mutual trust, accountability, participation and creativity" (Gup, 2003). The Gremeen Bank believes the poor also have the fundamental human right to possess credit ability.
In addition, the initial requirement is the borrowers need to form a group of five people who have similar economic background and objectives (Costa & Noble, 1999). Taub (1998) believes the group can provide the moral support, encouragement and advices to each other; also group social pressure can encourage repayment, because defaulting by one group member leads to loss of access for all members.
Gremeen Bank is more than only a bank. It sets up the conditionality which is Sixteen Decisions (Appendix 1) to the borrowers to prompt sustainable social development, such as sanitation and health. These decisions also increase worker productivity and income (Costa & Noble, 1999).
The above unconventional approaches of Gremeen Bank increase the probability of prompt repayment and enhance incentive to maintain the success of the bank.
Gremeen Bank is very success to run the micro-credit program in the Bangladesh. In 2009, it provides services in 84,096 villages, covering more than 100 percent of the total villages in Bangladesh (Gremeen Bank, 2009). Nowsaday, the micro-credit mechanism of Gremeen Bank is a popular non-market instutitional form in the world due to its high repayment rate (Mushinski & Pickering, 2001). now there are houndreds of programs in developing and industrialized countries, such as Malaysia, Philippines and Canada (Anderson & Looney,2002). The United Stated was the first industrialized country which uses this mechanism to address the recipients of public assistance and to reduce poverty (Anderson & Looney,2002; Friedman et al., 1995). It is very spacial and attractive idea that a rich country can learn the worthable knowledge and experience about making wealth from a poor country. However, there are some cultural problems and impacts when the micro-credit program applies in the United Stated.
Firstly, the micro-credit mechanism is came from the third world, Bangladesh, so the American elites are difficult to accept that, because even the successful policies or strategies from the close countries, such as Canada, Grermany and England, the American people also accept reluctantly (Yunus & Jolis, 1999). The most sociologists, economists, bankers and communalist deem that the experience in Bangladesh is not related to eliminate the poverty in the United States, they think self-employment is just a perpetual primitive concept in the third world, the American people do not need it (Yunus & Jolis, 1999).
Secondly, since the programs is first introduction in the United States, the staffs are unfamiliar with the local customers and local people, also the staffs are white and not rural in background. Historically, the white people, especially in the South, have not been known to make the micro-loan in the interest of low-income African Americans (Taub, 1998). So they lack the skills and experiences to deal with the poor.
Thirdly, in the United States or the world, they usually use the gifts and welfare grants to help the poor, they feel strange about proving the loan to help the poor reducing the poverty (Taub, 1998).
Fourthly, base on the population densities, employment habits, and community expectations, borrowers is difficult to form a group with four friends who want to start a similar businesses (Taub, 1998). The group is consist of four to five strangers who have known each other in the few weeks trainning. This grouping reduces the function of group prssure, Edgcomb et al.(1996: p.41) supports that,
Group-lending approaches in the United States do not carry with them the efficiencies anticipated by the performance of peer programs in the developing world.
In addition, groups in the United States tend to break down because of "lack of social capital", "individuals with a good credit record can get loans on their own" and "the fortunes of members diverge through time" (Schreiner & Woller, 2003: p.1568, 1570).
Fifthly, the disincentive is due to welfare payments to either borrow or repay loans (McDonnell, 1999). United States is a welfare state, different welfares provide to the citizen, includes the poor people. The borrowers have an effective social security net to fall back on, unlike borrowers in Bangladesh where defaulting borrowers are reverted to poverty, so this social protection indirectly causes a high default rate in the United States. Also, Disincentives to borrow loans are caused by the welfare laws which ensure that once a person earns above a certain amount of income, the benefits received from welfare payments decrease.
Sixthly, there have abundant wage jobs and an effective social security net which decrease the motivation to credit for self-employment in the United States (Schreiner & Woller, 2003). Also, the economy of United States is well-integrated with global markets; the micro-enterprises are difficult to compete with the large companies or chain stores, because they lack the capital and support to survive in the fierce competitive market. Moreover, income from micro-employment is often low because most poor entrepreneurs choose the business with low levels investment and low barriers (Bates, 1997). Besides, accepting public assistance or doing the wage jobs are less effort and risk than self-employment, if failing the business, they will bear a liability and become more poverty.
Base on the culture difference, although Gremeen bank is very successful in the Bangladesh, it also has some problems when adopting in other countries, such as United States. The Gremeen Bank program is an effective method to alleviate poverty, so according to the local culture background making some adjustments to the program before adoptation, it will apply success in all countries.
Literature Review
This assessment is focus on Hofstede, Trompenaar and Herskovits' cultural dimensions to elaborate the culture difference in different countries.
Hofstede undertakes an enormous questionnaire survey of 116,000 IBM employees in 50 countries to understand how basic values underlie organizational behaviors and attitudes (Deresky, 2000). He proposes four value dimensions: (1) power distance, (2) uncertainty avoidance, (3) individualism versus collectivism, and (4) masculinity versus femininity.
Trompenaar spends 10 years in exploring value dimensions by researching 15,000 managers from 28 countries, representing 47 national cultures (Deresky, 2000). He proposes seven value dimensions: (1) universalism versus particularism, (2) neutral versus affective, (3) specific or diffuse, (4) achievement versus ascription, (5) individualism versus communitarianism, (6) time, and (7) the environment.
Herskovits (1995) offers five values to distinguish the United States culture from other contemporary cultures. The five values are (1) individualism, (2) informality, (3) materialism, (4) change, and (5) time orientation.
From the above three main theories, the author proposes to combine the theories of Hofstede and Herskovits into Trompenaar's seven dimensions. Because Hofstede just researches the IMB which is an information technology company, and Herskovits is base on American people to define his dimensions, both of their researches seem very narrow. Also, Sondergaard (1994) pointes that data collected to Hofstede's study between 1968 and 1973 are no longer valid, it is not suitable to use one company as a basis for conclusions about national dimensions, and the use of attitude surveys does not constitute a valid basis for this type of research. Others, like McSweeney (2002) argues the Hofstede's cultural dimensions are based on flawed assumptions. In addition, the world is changing, since Hofstede's studies in the 1970s, Trompenaars pay much effort and time in the different cultures research, and he does a comprehensive and update study to assess national cultures in 1993, the seven dimensions.
The first of these cultural dimensions is universalism versus particularism. According to the theories of Deresky (2000), universalism beliefs that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere in the world without modification, the universalistic approach is more objective and focus on the rules, systems, contract and personal obligation. This dimension is in direct contrast to particularism. Particularistic approach is more subjective and focuses on relationship; it is more common in Asia.
The second dimension is neutral versus emotional, the focus is on "emotional orientation of relationships" (Deresky, 2000). In high neutral culture countries, such as Japan and British, people try not to show their feelings. While in high emotional countries, such as China and Mexicans, people are enthusiastic, they openly express emotions even in a business situation.
The third dimension is specific versus diffuse, the focus is on the "involvement of relationship" (Deresky, 2000). In specific cultures, people clearly separate the work personal issues and relationships, they share only with close friends and associates, and they are more open, confrontational and extroverted, such as United States and Austria. Conversely, in diffuse cultures, the public and private spaces are similar in size, which means the work and private life usually are closely linked, people tend to indirect and introverted, such as China and Spain.
The fourth dimension is achievement versus ascription, it examines "the source of power and status in society" (Deresky, 2000). In achievement culture, the status is base on how well people perform their functions, thus everyone has equal opportunity to attain positions base on their achievements and abilities, such as United States and Austria. In ascription culture, status is base on whom or what a person is, such as their class, age, gender and so on, such as China and Indonesia. Hofstede's masculine dimension also concerns on the power, money and status. Herskovits's materialism dimension mentions certain physical objects represent the status in the western.
The fifth dimension is individualism versus communitarianism, Hofstede, Trompenaar and Herskovits, all of them propose that the cultural dimension includes individualism. Individualism refers to the "tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only and neglect the needs of the society" (Deresky, 2000). In countries high on individualism, such as United States, Great Britain and Canada, democracy, individual initiative, accomplishment, achievement and wealth are highly valued and motivated. This dimension is in contrast with communitarianism, this dimension like the Hofstede's collectivism, people regard themselves as part of a group, such as China and Malaysia. Hofstede finds that richer countries were higher on individualism and poor countries were higher on collectivism.
The sixth dimension is time; there are two approaches in the time issue. In sequential approach, people do only one activity at a time; prefer to step by step to do the work and keep the appointment strictly. Herskovits' time orientation dimension, it mentions the western perceives "time as resource and an extremely one", so they emphasize the effective use of time, they are "very fastidious about making and keeping appointment" (Herskovits, 1995). In synchronous approach, people tend to multi-task and view appointment as approsimate. Herskovits mentions the Eastern culture view time as an "unlimited and unending sources", so they are quite casual to keep appointment. Also, people view time as present oriented or/and future oriented, such as United States focus on future, Indonesia focus on present, France focus on both.
The final dimension is the environment which includes inner-directed and outer-directed. In inner-directed societies, such as United States and Australia, people believe in controlling outcomes. In Herskovits' change dimension mentions that Western people believe they have the capable to manipulate and change the environment. In outer-directed societies, such as China and many Asian countries, people believe on letting things take their own course. Also Herskovits points non-Western people view change as "a phenomenon that occurs naturally".
Although Hofstede's cultural dimensions are criticized by several critics, the dimensions is popular in the world. And Herskovits's cultural dimensions is base on United States to develop, it is tend to the America, so the dimensions may has bias, but this assessment is to analyze the culture difference between the Asia and United States, so it may useful in there. Therefore, it is very suitable for using the theories of Hofstede, Trompenaar and Herskovits in this assessment.
In summary, Trompenaar identifies the United States as an individualistic nation, high in universalism, specific, achievement and inner-directed, focus on sequential approach and future time, similar in neutral and emotional dimension.
Besides, Trompenaar identifies the Asia as a communitarianistic nation, high in particularism, emotional, diffuse, ascription and outer-directed, focus on synchronous approach.
The Gremeen Bank in Bangladesh is an international icon of grassroots poor organizing, which motivates the poor, homeless, landless, and vulnerable rural populations to come together, earn income through self-employment, and improve their socioeconomic conditions (Auwal & Singhal, 1992; Fuglesang & Chandler, 1988; Yunus & Jolis, 1999). The mechanism of Gremeen Bank has become very popular in the United States as a tool to "move low income people off welfare" and to become a micro-entrepreneur (Taub, 1998). However, some of the cultural problems should be tackled to ensure the program succeed in the United States. The below analyze and evaluate the problems which come from the culture difference between Asia and United States.
Firstly, when the American people hear to apply the micro-credit mechanism which come from the Bangladesh, they scoff and deem the mechanism is impossible to operate in the United States. Because United States is defined as having individualistic, achievement dimensions. They seek status, money and power. So they are difficult to accept the Third World's mechanism, acceptance means they identify the Bangladesh is outperform than them. Their self-respect do not allow them to accept that. mechanism.
Secondly, since the staffs are the white and sourth Amerian, they usually live in the city and tend to rich. The borrowers live in rural area and are poor. They live in different environment. So cultural background is different that lead the staff difficult to understand local customers and local people. In Bangladesh, they has rich experiencement and well understanding the local people, so they run the program easily and smoothly. In addition, the American people are individualism, they usually look after themseleves, so they are unfamiliar to help others. While Asian is collective, they tend to look after people.
Thirdly, the United States is inner-directed in the environment demension, they believe they can control the environment and outcome. Also, United States with high universalism, they follow the formal rules and legal system objectively. Thus when the micro-credit program introduce in the United States, it is strange, they fear that they cannot control the program, and the program is conflict to the consistent polices, they are not get used to prove the loan to help the poor, because they always distribut the gifts and grants to help the poor, so the program let them cannot follow.
Fourthly, the United States is high on individualism, they tend to look after themselves, motivate individual initiative, accomplishment, and they prefer to work independently, so they are difficult to work in a group. Deresky (2000) mentions American people "tend to perform less when working as part of a group than when working alone". Thus the grouping system may not sutible in the United States. While the Asia is high on communitarianism, they focus on the will of group rather than that of the individual. So the grouping system is effective in the Bangladesh. In the other hand, Low population density is a problem to form group, but if people join the micro-credit program to improve their living condition and create the working opportunity, then they do not need to leave their village and so the population density can increase. United States is international market, so the people can choose many type of job, and they will expect more than the people in the Third World. They unlike the Bangladeshi, they can easy to form a group in their community. Also, the individualism let the American people stand alone, so they are difficult to form a group with five friends who want to start a similar businesses. Whereas Asian is particularistic and communitarianism, they are more willing to share the information and trust each other. They focus on the group and relation. So the group form and group pressure are work well in the Bangladesh. In addition, the individualism and achievement dimensions, the American people work hard individually to achieve their goals, so "the fortunes of members diverge through time" (Schreiner & Woller, 2003: p.1568, 1570).
Fifthly, United States is a welfare state, it provide an effective social security net to the people. So the poor people are not willing to take risk to borrow the micro-credit for self-employment. United States high on individualism, the American people only take care themselves and neglect the society. Because they do not care others and only focus on their own benefit, so they may default the loan, then let other members cannot receive the loan. Therefore, the government need provide more welfare and safety net to protect them. Whereas Asia high on communitarianism and particularism, the Asian view themselves as a part of group, they have interpersonal trust and obligation to help others. So in the community, they tend to help each other, the Gremeen Bank helps and owns by the poor people, there is another form to help each other, they do not need the government assistance. Base on the United States and Asia hold different cultural dimensions, so the Gremeen Bank program is more difficult to operate in the United States than the Bangladesh or other Asia countries.
Sixthly, the United States and Asia are low uncertainty avoidance, they may eager to accept risk, but the American people are not willing to take risk for self-employment through credit. Because the individualism, the American people are individual and independent, so they lack the technical and emotional support from others or the community. Self-employment is new concept to them, they are unfamiliar the self-employment form. Also, if they earn money they will decrease the welfare payment. So they are unnecessary to take the risk to credit the loan for self-employment. They think that it would be better to pay less effort and risk to accept the sound social welfare. But in Asia, they have their members to help and support them; also self-employment is not just benefit themselves, also benefit the society, it can promote the business activities.
Trompenaar's seven cultural dimensions are mainly used in the above analysis, the author only use four dimensions, there are two dimensions, specific versus diffuse and time, are not used in this situation.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Different countries have different culture, the culture conflict or difference will influence the cross country business and communication. Even if the United States and Asia have different background and culture, but their objective is same, both of them want to reduce the poverty and improve their socioeconomic condition. Whereas Gremeen Bank model successfully help the Bangladesh to alleviate the poverty and improve the life quality. Also the mechanism of Gremeen Bank acquires other countries' adoption. So the mechanism also is suitable for the United States. In order to successful and effective operating the mechanism in the United States, there should need some adjustment to deal with the cultural problems. There are some recommendation to solve the culture problems in United States and Asia.
American people should visit the Bangladesh to observe and study their practices and condition. Also they can share the experience and view to clearly understand the operation and successful factors. Then they can summarize the culture difference between the two countries thereby to find out the solution.
Moreover, United States is a developed country, it has high technology and talents, it can develop many good things to improve or upgrade their life quality, but most of that are not used for the poor. Although Bangladesh is a developing country, it is truly understand the need and want of the poor people, so it can develop the effective mechanism to help the poor. So American people should accept the true and learn from the Bangladesh.
Furthermore, American people seek the wealth and personal achievement, they always omit others. Nowsaday, United States is one of the most rich country, the American people should put more concern to others, to develop a good social relationship.
In addition, the welfare police should modify. Because it block the poor people to develop their micro-enterprise. For example, the welfare organizations should provide a specific time frame for the new self-employment people to try their business, in the period they will not lose their welfare.
Finally, the size of group should more elastic. Base on their capacity and background, they can choose to credit individually, or by group, also the number of members in group are not fixed.
In concluded, culture is very related to our life and work. Understanding different cultue help to get along or communicate well with others, also help to succeed in business.

subset: commoncrawl


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Anilos Title:
Movie description: Redhead MILF Alicia Silver gets naughty that she sensually take off her top followed by her panty. Caressing her nipples then rub her punani with her playful fingers.
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Fisher Science Education™ Anti-Static Static-Away™ Handle Brushes
Designed with the softest hairs available to prevent scratching.
Manufacturer: fisher science education™ 3323FE
Description & Specifications
|Length (English) Brush
|3 in.
|For Use With (Application)
|Ideal for dusting balances, cuvets, microscope slides, optics and instrument/computer screens, designed with the softest hairs available to prevent scratching
|Length (English) Handle
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|Length (Metric) Handle
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- Natalya Pertaya, Christopher B Marshall, +5 authors Ido Braslavsky
- Biophysical journal
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Many organisms are protected from freezing by the presence of extracellular antifreeze proteins (AFPs), which bind to ice, modify its morphology, and prevent its further growth. These proteins have a wide range of applications including cryopreservation, frost protection, and as models in biomineralization research. However, understanding their mechanism of… (More)
Here we describe studies of the crystallization behavior of ice in an aqueous solution of spruce budworm antifreeze protein (sbwAFP) at atmospheric pressure. SbwAFP is an ice binding protein with high thermal hysteresis activity, which helps protect Choristoneura fumiferana (spruce budworm) larvae from freezing as they overwinter in the spruce and fir… (More)
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Deviating from the common growth mode of molecular films of organic molecules where the adsorbates remain intact, we observe an essentially different growth behavior for metallocenes with a low temperature scanning tunneling microscope. Ferrocene molecules adsorb dissociatively and form a two layer structure. The top layer unit cell is composed of two… (More)
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Roasted broccoli pasta salad
Nutritional Info
Fat med19.7g28%
Saturates low4.9g25%
Sugars low4.3g5%
Salt low0.62g10%
- 100g broccoli florets, cut into bite-sized pieces
- 4 cherry tomatoes, halved
- 1 tbsp olive oil
- 75g pasta, such as farfalle
- 220g can Napolina Cannellini Beans, rinsed
- 50g ready-washed baby spinach
- 1 tsp white wine vinegar
- 1 tsp wholegrain mustard
- 15g Parmesan, grated
Pre-heat the oven to 180C/160C Fan/Gas 4. Put the broccoli florets, tomatoes and 1 tsp of the olive oil in a roasting tin and toss well.
Roast in the oven for 10 minutes, or until the broccoli is just starting to turn crisp at the 'flowery' end, and the tomatoes are slightly softened.
Meanwhile, bring a large pan of water to the boil. Add the pasta, stir once, then return to the boil and cook according to the pack instructions. Drain well.
In a large bowl, mix the pasta with the cannellini beans. Stir the spinach leaves through while the pasta is still warm - the heat will wilt them a little without getting overcooked. Set aside.
Make a dressing by whisking together the remaining olive oil with the white wine vinegar and mustard. Stir the roasted veg through the pasta and add the dressing. To serve, sprinkle over the grated Parmesan.


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Unit 3 Animal Magic
Unit 3 P1 P2 P3 P1 H Listening & Speaking Activities Brainstorming Listening Speaking Brainstorming Verbs referring to the future Expressions related to biotechnology Expressions related to computer science P1 Expressions of achievement Expressions for difficult situations impending: adj. [only before n.] an impending eventyou, or situation, await: vt. if a situation, event etc awaits e.g. Food e.g. shortages The dark loom clouds in some suggest parts an of impending Africa. storm. Verbs referring to the future especially an unpleasant one, is going to happen very soon (通 loom: if a problem or difficulty looms, it it is going to happen in the future 将发生在, draw near/closer: to become closer in The specter e.g.He Death was of war inadequately awaits loomed all men. ahead. prepared for the impending 常指不愉快的事)即将发生的;迫在眉睫的 likely to happen very 逼近 将降临到(某人头上) or space 临近(靠近) e.g. The time deadline isis drawing examinations. near; A warm we人总有一死。 welcome can'tsoon delay awaits any all more. our guests. 食物短缺在非洲一些地区迫在眉睫。 战争的阴影逼近了。 我们的客人都将受到热烈欢迎。 他对即将举行的考试准备不足。 乌云表明暴风雨即将来临。 expect, anticipate, draw near, loom, await, approach, be impending, predict, foretell, look forward to, hope for, foresee mutation: [u &related c] a change the genetic structure of Expressions toinbiotechnology an animal or plant that makes it different from others mutations in plants caused by of the same e.g. kindThe 变异;突变 radiation found in experiments. 放射线引起植物变异已在实验中被证实。 biology, clone, gene, have DNA,been embryology, genetics, chromosome, microbiology, bacteria, micro-organism, mutation B Expressions related to computer science DVD-ROM: Digital Versatile Disc – Read CPU: Central Processing Unit 中央处理器 RW-ROM: Rewritable Read Only CD-ROM: Compact Disc – Read Only disc, software, hardware, screen, monitor, mouse, drive, memory, Only Memory 只读数字化视频光盘驱动器 Memory 可重复擦写只读存取器 Memory (只读)光盘驱动器 CPU , laptop, virus, program (AmE.) programme (BrE.), print-out, CD-ROM , DVD-ROM , RW-ROM e-mail, the Internet, wordprocessing, browser... come through (with sth): to successfully or triumph: vi. to gain adovictory or success complete that you have promised to do make it: Justice a)e.g. to sth succeed inworried getting somewhere inbe打败;战胜;成功 after aover difficult struggle Expressions of achievement e.g. We will were triumph she injustice. wouldn't ableintodoing pull sth ↔ off: informal to succeed b) to be successful at sth, for example in triumph (off over sb/sth) time(成功地)履行诺言,实现诺言 for sth or when this isbound difficult 及时抵达, Advancing handle culture e.g. it, but We is she pulled came to through the triumph deal. in正义必将战胜非正义。 over the end. declining culture. 我们担心她没有能力处理那件事。 先进的文化必然战胜没落的文化。 e.g. bull's Only one bullet hit the bull's-eye. hit/miss the mark: to succeed or fail to have sth difficult 做成,完成(困难的事情) your job 获得成功 make it as eye:靶心;打中靶心的一击;直接命 走完路程;赶上 e.g. The e.g. train He never goes at10.15. really make The I think goalkeeper it as wean shall actor. pulled make it. offsucceed, six terrific saves. 火车10点1刻开,我想我们能赶上。 他从来就不是一个成功的演员。 reach one's goal, make progress, come through, triumph, He scored a bull's-eye in their argument the effect you wanted 达到/没有达到目的 中;击中要害的话(或行动) accomplish, fulfill, make it, win, score a success, pull it off , hit the with 只有一颗子弹击中靶心。 that witty retort. 在他们的辩论中他那一句机智的反驳击中了要害。 mark, success, bull's eye , fulfillment, attainment B Expressionse.g. forThe difficult situations negotiations have reached a deadlock. deadlock: stumbling[singular, block: [c]u]aaproblem situationorindifficulty which a that stops Weachieving can e.g. onlyIt's make asettled good minor plan, concessions, but the opposition but of 这是一个好计划,不过当地人的 disagreement you from cannot sth be 绊脚石;困难;阻碍物 僵局,停顿 it might break the the localdeadlock. people may be a stumbling block. 我们只能做些较小的让步,但这就可能打破僵局。 反对可能成为一大障碍。 谈判陷入僵局。 obstacle, dilemma, crisis, hardship, misfortune, emergency, dead end, setback, shipwreck, mess, barrier, deadlock, stumbling block B Listening Science & a disenchanted world New words Answers to the questions enchanted: to be charmed and a. (2), (3)delighted or even controlled by some magic power 中魔法的;着了魔的;施过魔法的 b. (2), (4) alienated: to feel distant or isolated from persons, society, or nature in emotion or feeling 使(与某群体)格格不入;使疏远 c. (3), (4) integral: essential, basic or necessary to the completeness of a whole 必 d. (1), (2) 需的;不可或缺的 wipe sb/sth out: to destroy, remove, or get rid of sth completely 彻底消灭; 全部摧毁 rigid: 严格的 from…onwards: continuing from a particular time 从(某时)起一直 P1 Speaking Activity a What is the most important invention in history? Choose two of these inventions that you think are the most important inventions in history, and write down at least three reasons for each. The more, the better!!! wheel The steam engine P1 airplane computer mobile phone penicillin compass The printing press P2 H Reading Comprehension & Language Activities Pre-reading task Text Animal Magic Animal-to-human transplants are regarded by many scientists as the only long-term solution to the worldwide shortage of human organs. the remainder: the part oflatest sth that is left after everything Margareta Simonse.g.他在乡村度过余生。 looks at the development. else has gone or been dealt with 其他人员;剩余物;剩余 9个人进来,余下的人留在外面。 1. Throughout the world is a shortage 时间 the remainder ofthere -synonym the rest of human organs for Nine He spent We spent the came remainder the inremainder and the of6000 his reminder oflife theinday the stayed sightseeing. country. outside. 这天剩下的时间我们到各处观光。 transplants. Inpeople Britain, for example, people are waiting for organs — 5000 for kidneys, and the remainder for hearts, lungs and livers. However, only about 1750 kidney, 500 heart or heart and lung, hence: formal from this from now 从year. And the waiting list and 650 b) liver transplants aretime; carried out each 因此人们对动物——人体移植术,即人们所称谓的异种移植, 现在起;从这时起;从此 ten days hence/five increases five per cent a year. Inend the United States only half of the hence: a)atno formal [sentence adverb] e.g. We The have railroad chance will to open meet at each the other a week hence. 产生了极大的兴趣,大多数科学家认为这是解决器官短缺问题 months etc 30,000 inhence need of organs receive them. for this reason 因此,由此 e.g. 这条铁路本世纪末通车,离现在还有两年时间。 A的唯一长远的办法。 of year the hence century, itand will two beyears forgotten. hence. 今后将被遗忘的一年。 我们今后一星期没有见面的机会了。 手工制造,因此很贵。 e.g. Handmade hence expensive. 2. Hence the great interest in animal-to-human transplants, known as xenografts or xenotransplants (from the Greek word xenos, meaning strange or foreign), which most scientists believe is the only long-term solution to the organ shortage. e.g. My early attempts at learning to drive were unsuccessful. attempt: [c] an act of trying to do sth, especially sth 她尝试写诗失败了 。 difficult 企图,尝试 attempt to do sth; attempt at 我首次试做的巧克力蛋糕难吃极了。 (doing) sth ; attest the first/second etc horrible. attempt My Her She first passed attempt attempt her driving at at poetry a chocolate was at the a cake failure. first tasted attempt. 我曾经几次打算学开车, 却都没有学成。 她考汽车驾驶执照时一次就通过了。 There have been attempts at xenotransplants since the beginning of this 任何器官移植手术的主要问题在于, 接受器官的病人的免疫系 century but none has been successful; the longest survivor was a 20-day统把植入器官视作入侵者,因此会对该入侵者发动大规模的攻 old baby called Fae, who in 1984 was given the heart of a baboon. 击,激活人称防御素的酶来攻击异体,最终也会杀死病人。 activate: vt. technical to make an electrical 3. Thesystem main problem withprocess any organ is that the immune or chemical starttransplant working 使 对于人体间的器官移植,人们通过对组织进行严格匹配以及 system of the patient receiving the organ sees the transplant organ as an 活动, 激活;使活化 防盗铃误响了/一动就会响。 长期使用称作免疫抑制剂的药物,已经克服了这种排斥现象, e.g. The burglar alarmsystem was activated mistake/movement. invader. The immune thereforebylaunches a massive attack on the 而此类药物仅于十多年前才首次采用。 invader, activating enzymes known as complement, which attack the foreign body, eventually killing the patient as well. This rejection has been overcome when transplanting organs between humans by the close matching of tissue and the long-term use of drugs known as immunosuppressants, first introduced just over ten years ago. With xenotransplants, however, rejection is even more severe; a normal pig's heart, for example, transfused with human blood can be destroyed in 15 minutes. Animal Magic go into doing sth: (of money, time, effort, etc) Animal Magic to be spend on sth or used to do sth 投入某事, e.g. More government money needs to go into 用于某事 rebuilding the inner cities. 政府需动用更多经费重建旧城区。 4. So for the past few years a lot of research has gone into preparing animal organs by raising animals that have been genetically altered; they are known as transgenic breeds. Animal embryos are being injected with a human gene to produce human complement inhibitors, which control the release of complement, so that after a transplant the ironically: adverb] usedorgan when as talking about a human complement "sees [sentence the transgenic animal if it were resemble: [vt. not ininprogressive or passive] situation which the opposite of what you expected human. to look likeb) orifbe similar tointerest someone or sth 看 happens or is true 说反话地, 讽刺地 infect: a feeling or that you have infects other She这种形势与1940年的欧洲十分相似。 resembles her sister in e.g. 这主意是她最先想出来的。 5.e.g. The preferred animals for xenotransplants are not otherformal primates, infect: vt.+a) to give someone a disease originate: [vi. always adv/prep, notthe in progressive] to 起来像;显得像,像;相似,类似 people, it makes them begin to feel same way or have the Theonce situation appearance closely but resembles not in character. that of Europe in 1940. 她和她姐姐外貌相似,但性格不同。 工业革命始于蒸汽机的发明。 considered the best candidates for xenografts, but pigs.situation Ironically, 【医】传染;侵染;感染 infect with come from a particular place or start in a particular 起 same interest使受影响; 感染 The Industrial Revolution originated 火车发自伦敦。 艾滋病最初或许源于猴子体内的一种病 e.g. 全班几乎人人都染上了流行性感冒病毒。 other primates resemble humans too closely; same viruses that The e.g. flu The virus captain's infected courage almost infected thethe entire hisclass. men. 船长的勇气感染了他的船员。 源;发源;发端于 originate in/with/from/as in/from The the The train invention idea originated originated thein steam London. withengine. her. 毒,并通过某种渠道传染给了人类。 他们的隔阂是由误会而起。 Their estrangement originated inof a misunderstanding. infect monkeys and apes may infect humans, and a primate organ transplant could pass on fatal diseases; Aids probably originated as a monkey virus that somehow infected humans. Animal Magic fatal: adj. having a very bad effect, especially making someone fail or stop what they are doing 灾 难性的;毁灭性的;导致失败的 His illness was fatal our plan. e.g. 他的患病给我们的计划带来灾难。 Pigs' organs, though, are close in function and to size tofatal thosetoof humans, yet distant enough not to carry viruses fatal to humans. And pigs are also cheap and easy to breed. 6. A British biotechnology company called Imutran, which is based in Cambridge, is planning the world's first pig-to-human heart transplant some time this year as part of its clinical trials. Last year the Cambridge scientists successfully transplanted transgenic pigs' hearts into monkeys; some of the monkeys were still alive after 60 days, beating the previous best results of scientists in the United States who only achieved a maximum survival rate of 30 hours. 7. If Imutran's research continues as expected, transgenic pigs' organs, including kidneys and lungs, could be generally available by the year 2000. Animal Magic "这将给全世界成百上千的病人以希望,不然他们会在 等待心脏、肺和肾脏中死去。" "This will give hope to hundreds of thousands of patients around the world who would otherwise die waiting for a heart, lung or kidney," said Christopher Sampler, Imutran's Chief Executive. The transplants 然而,异种移植要克服的不仅是科 of pigs' livers are not being considered at this stage. 学上的障碍,还有道德上的障碍。 e.g. The house was in an uproar, with babies crying and people 8. However, xenografts will still have to overcome ethical as well as shouting. uproar: [singular, u] lot ofinnoise or angry protest scientific barriers. Already, piga insulin isanused for diabetes The business community was uproar over the and new pig tax heart law. 但是预计动物权利的倡导者将不会接受 about sthheart 骚动;怨愤;喧嚣 in valves are used surgery, solong the(an) useuproar ofmidnight. animal organs is The in uproar inrepair the cafe lastedbe after 商界因新税法而陷入一片哗然。 为人类医用而饲养和杀害动物的做法。 咖啡馆的喧闹一直持续到午夜之后很久。 not likely to cause an uproar. But it is expected that animal rights campaigners will not accept the rearing and killing of large numbers of bear (sth) in mind: to remember a fact or piece of information that animals for human medical use. And, as Les Ward, Dirctor of the is important or could be useful in the future 将…记在心中,记起; Scottish group Advocates for Animals, has pointed out, what will 考虑 -synonym keep (sth) in mind happen to the rest of the pig after the organs have been removed. Will the meat be used for human consumption? "If so — and bearing in mind that the pig contained human genes — is this not a form of cannibalism?" Hence 结果 as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence 区别 accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus accordingly: 书面用词,强调根据某种原因而得出的结果, 其前可用冒号或分号,但不用逗号。 consequently: 正式用词,侧重符合逻辑的结果。 hence: 较正式用词,指接下来的东西是理所当然的必需的东 西,但强调其重要性。 so: 用于比较随便的场合,口语中多用。 therefore: 通常指引出一个推断出的必然结论。 thus: 多用于书面语中,可与therefore换用。 Hence 区别 hence,thereby,therefore hence: adv. 正式的词,常用于不含动词的短语里,"因此, 从而,所以" e.g. She grew up in Sudan; hence her interest in Nubian art. The town was built near a bridge on the River Cam; hence the name Cambridge. thereby: adv. 正式的词,常用于法律中 "因此,以此" e.g. He wished to travel and thereby study the customs of other countries. therefore: adv. 正式的词 ①"因而,所以" 他想旅游,借此可以了解其他国家的风土人情。 e.g. The new car is smaller and therefore cheaper. ② "用于推理中:因此" e.g. I think, therefore I exisit. 我思故我在。 go into go into: [not in passive] to start to do a particular type of job 加入某组织;从 事某职业 e.g. She's thinking of going into business. go into the Army/the Church/Parliament 参军/加入教会/当议会议员 go into: to explain, describe, or 他对那件事长篇大论地解释起来。 examine sth in detail 详细调查 He went into a long explanation (或深入研究)某事,解释 of the affair. I don't want to go into the minor details now. 我现在不想涉及枝节问题。 go into: [not in passive] to start I'll go into the matter. to be in a particular state or 我会调查这件事。 condition 进入...状态 She went into hysterics. My father went into a rage. 她歇斯底里大发作。 我父亲大发雷霆。 P3 Extended Activities H Dictation Read more Translation Dictation As civilization moves on in the direction of technology, it passes the point of supplying all the basic essentials of life --- food, shelter, clothing, and warmth. Then we are faced with a choice between using technology to provide and fulfill needs which have been regarded as unnecessary or, on the other hand, using technology to reduce the number of hours of work which a man must do in order to earn a decent standard of living. In other words, we either raise our standard of living above what is necessary for comfort and happiness or we leave it at this level and work shorter hours. Mankind has chosen the latter alternative. Men will be working shorter and shorter hours in their future paid employment. P3 Read more P3 craze: n. zeal, enthusiasm (通常为一时的)狂热;疯狂;风行一时的 东西 craze (for sth) e.g. Everyone in his family had a craze for Chinese food. beam: [vn + adv./prep.] to send a radio or television signal through the 他家人人酷爱中国食品。 air, esp. to somewhere very distant 发射电波;播送 e.g. This transmitter will be beamed at East Asia. 世界杯决赛从英国向日本作了实况转播。 这台发射机将用于对东亚广播。 rest assured formalwas used to tell live someone to worry, because The World(that): Cup Final beamed from not Britain to Japan. what you say about a situation is true 放心 e.g. 你放心好了, 你儿子在这儿会快乐的。 cross-reference: a notethat thatyour tells son the reader a book to go to another You can rest n. assured will be of happy here. place in the book, to get further information (书 或文档中的)参见 项,互见条,相互参照 Read more P3 throw sth ↔ up: British English to produce problems, ideas, results etc stumble on/across/upon sth: phrasal verb to find or discover sth by chance and unexpectedly 意外发现;偶然遇见 SYN- come across (just) around/round the corner: a. near 在附近 b. likely 即将来临 e.g. She usedto tohappen live justsoon around the corner. Victory is just around the corner. 胜利就在眼前。 I for one won't …: I would like to be counted as one of the people who (dislike reading on the computer.) Translations for reference The press had criticized her so often that in the end she had become immune to what was said. Air pollution is caused by industries and vehicles which release large amounts of waste gas into atmosphere. The doctor required me to wear goggles at work to prevent foreign objects from getting into my eyes. As parents can pass on their chromosomes to their offspring, some diseases are hereditary. He possesses a remarkable talent for doing business, but we don't see him as a potential leader in business circle. The epoch-making summit conference was beamed by satellite all over the world. P3 Ironically, most people came to watch the match on the Ironically, the murderer was killed with his own gun. day it poured with rain. 饶有讽刺意味的是,杀人者被自己的枪所击毙。 老天爷好像成心捉弄人,很多人前来看比赛却偏偏下 起瓢泼大雨。


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24 Apr 2017Hills secures sponsorship with young Marlborough golf pro >>>
17 Mar 2017Lights go on at Calne RFC >>>
17 Feb 2017Hills Waste Solutions diverts two million tonnes of Wiltshire's waste away from landfill >>>
Hills offers a full range of ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certified municipal, commercial and industrial waste management and recycling services.
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Hills delivers ready-mixed concrete and floor screed produced from strategically located plants in Wiltshire, Dorset and West Berkshire.
Hills builds high quality, sustainable, energy efficient and award-winning homes in Wiltshire and neighbouring counties.


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2008 Pontiac G6 - Consumer Review
Average Consumer Rating
Total Reviews
Value Leader Sedan (2.4L 4-cyl. 4-speed Automatic w/1SV)
Build Quality
Reliability Value
Build Quality
Reliability Value
Nice car but lacking important qualities
By aregister11 on
Vehicle2008 Pontiac G6 Value Leader 4dr Sedan w/1SV (2.4L 4cyl 4A)
ReviewOverall a nice car; comfortable, decent pick-up for a 4 cyl car, and nice radio with mp3 jack. I think that the exterior makes the car look more expensive than it is. My big problems with this car is the lack of keyless entry and the fuel economy. There is only one keyhole on the drivers door and it only unlocks that door-a big pain with full hands. Also I only get about 21mpg which is a big let down to me. I feel like I'm filling up all the time. I'm glad it's a lease. I miss my 06 Hyundai Elantra; it was cheaper had keyless entry and much better fuel economy. My advice - check other cars in this price range before buying, you may feel that you get more for your money.
Best FeaturesMP3 jack, nice interior cloth, comfortable, and nice feel to all of the buttons. Also, OnStar is nice, but only while it's free.
Worst FeaturesKeyless entry, or at least more than one keyhole that only opens the drivers door! Better fuel economy, especially these days!
Recommend (0) (0)
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Comments (1) Post a Comment
By detroitcadtech
on 10/20/14 11:29 AM (PDT)
on 10/20/14 11:29 AM (PDT)
My 4 cylinder has the keyless entry. Dont knock a vehicle if you dont buy it with the add on features. Not the manufacturers fault.Report it
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A masters is the first level of graduate coursework and can be obtained after you receive a bachelor's degree. Earning a masters usually requires two years of full-time study, which amounts to 36 to 54 semester credits.
Statistics is a highly relevant field with applications in many different academic disciplines, such as medicine, natural sciences, education, psychology, and education. It is also a desirable skill for workers in industry, business, and government.
Australia education is mainly the responsibility of the government. The government fully funds the public university education while it partially funds the private university education. Australia being an English-spoken country, most of students from countries whose english is the first language often loves studying in this country
Queensland is a home to many Australia universities. The largest and top ranked universities in the world such as The University of Queensland and James Cook University operates in this area.
Best Master's Program in Statistics in the Queensland in Australia
The professional program follows the same structure as the Master of Actuarial Science program with an additional 20-week Work Integrated Learning component. [+]
The Master of Actuarial Practice follows the same structure as the Master of Actuarial Science, plus Practice Subjects. [+]
The Master of Actuarial Science combines advanced mathematics, statistics, data analytics, actuarial risk theory, finance, economics and accounting subjects with large-scale, real-life commercial data analysis. [+]


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Infini RF or Eclipse Micropen w/ PRP?
Hello all, Does anyone know the difference between these two? Thank you so much!
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Doctor Answers 2
Energy vs no energy, insulation vs no insulation
I think there are many roads to the same destination, each Specialist is comfortable with their own device to deliver optional outcomes. In context of your question INFINI RF is unique because it delivers insulated RF energy deep into the dermal layers, where scars lie. I often use this with PRP in the 'over and under' technique -especially for patients who have atrophic scars. Energy from the RF breaks the bonds and acne scars, and remodels collagen.
All the best,
Dr Davin Lim , Brisbane. Australia.
All the best,
Dr Davin Lim , Brisbane. Australia.
Facial Aging and Lasers like Fraxel/Clear + Brilliant/Fraxel, RF like VIVA/Intensif, Microneedling/PRP, Fillers, Skin Care
These are completely different and are used for different functions in my practice. I find that intensif is better than infini. I suggest you see an expert. Best, Dr. Emer.
Web reference: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCa6C2fuS-AgOnvBjr6_VSQg
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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W elcome to E agle J unior H igh's P ositive E ffective B ehavior S upport P lan
Guiding Principles PEBS School-wide Expectations: Soar for Respect Soar for Responsibility Soar for Readiness
How is your school sharing information about PEBS with staff? Staff newsletters Emails Teacher bulletins Notes in teacher mailboxes Department head meetings Principal open-door policy Staff meetings Data such as office referral or surveys Post-classroom observation meetings
What has been your biggest challenge? Staff buy in, commitment and participation Developing and implementing behavior plans for red-zone kids Honestly assessing what is currently in place and evaluating its impact Constantly evaluating and re-evaluating what works
How is this school celebrating behavioral / social skill success? Monthly recognition assembly Traditional awards ceremony Positive graffiti wall An honor hall Positive referrals Daily compliment A+ Staff recognition draw Classroom celebrations Weekly Draw for Golden Eagle Award
Goals and/or Objectives To Decrease Office Referrals By 25% TO Decrease Suspension By 20% Increase Student Attendance Increase Time On Task Reduce The Number Of Literacy Support Plans For Grade 9 Students By 15%
Introducing Our Team Members and Their Responsibilities
Chairperson/Facilitator & Time Keeper/Task Master : Anna Mae Muise/Vice-Principal
Recorder/Secretary & Communication Coordinator: Susan Henderson/Principal
Data Manager & Team Archivist : Alison MacKeigan/Vice-Principal
Team Cheerleader: Mary Elaine Muise/Guidance Counselor
Team Cheerleader: Speedy Gonzolas / Classroom Teacher
School Rules RESPECT For self, others and property RESPONSIBILITY Be responsible and prepared at all times READINESS Be ready to follow directions and procedures
How we teach the rules and procedures The process for teaching the rules and school-wide procedures: –Lesson Plans – Code of Conduct (includes quiz), Bullying, Substance Abuse, Media Awareness, School Wide Tardiness, Use of Kind Words, Acts of Kindness...etcCode of Conduct quizUse of Kind Words, Acts of Kindness –Opportunities for practice –Active monitoring of rule following behavior: Incentives, support from teachers, checklists, data collection, surveys, observations, regular group meetings and re-evaluations/evaluationssupport from teacherssurveys
Rules and Procedures Continued… –Guest Speakers (positive role models) –Posting rules prominently in building –MatrixMatrix –SignsSigns –Sharing the expectations –Information Brochure for ParentsInformation Brochure for Parents –Behavior Management FlowchartBehavior Management Flowchart –Suggested ConsequencesSuggested Consequences –Implementation ChecklistImplementation Checklist
School Wide Incentives Student Incentives Teacher Incentives –Teacher to Teacher Given from one teacher to another as PEBS is implemented –Student to Teacher Tickets given to teachers who exemplify the values of the code of conduct –By Number of Golden Eagles Distributed Given monthly to teacher who gave the most incentive tickets to students
Student Incentives Monthly Recognition September: Ice Cream Social October: School Wide Sports Day November: Turkey Dance December: Basketball Game (students vs. faculty) January: Snowballs / Cotton Candy / Popcorn March: School Wide Lunch & Movie April: School Wide Sports Day May: End of Year Swim Trips
Student Incentives Continued… Golden Eagle Award (teacher and admin picture on back)Golden Eagle Award Weekly Draw for Golden Eagle Award Traditional awards ceremony Positive graffiti wall An honor hall Positive referrals Classroom celebrations
Teacher Incentives Teacher to Teacher: Golden Apple Award, Letters in mailboxes, A+ Staff recognition draw Letters in mailboxes Student to Teacher: Gift Certificates By Number of Tickets: Special PEBS Parking Space In Front of Building
Resources for Incentives Adopters: Cape Breton Screaming Eagles Community Agencies and Businesses Restaurants and Movie Theater Fundraisers Parent organizations
Monitoring Process School Wide Information System (SWIS) Data Referral System Track Office Referrals Track # of "Golden Eagles" given Performance Feedback
Prevention Programs Roots of Empathy Virtues Project Bullying prevention programs Peer Mediation Conflict resolution Classroom Routines
Prevention Programs Implementation All Staff Guidance Counselor Introductory Events/Rally Ongoing Direct Instruction Embedding in Curriculum Booster Training Keeping it out there; displays, announcements, etc…
Secondary Interventions Token economy (have meeting to discuss correct behavior, then reward desired behavior with token) The Behavior Education Plan –Organization/Structure –Identification/Referral –Contract/Agreement –Basic BEP Cycle (see binder) –Design of Support
Secondary Interventions Role Play Show instructional videos Continuous monitoring of student behavior for decision making Secondary Team – "Yellow Team" –Behavior skills –Social skills –Anger Management
Tertiary Interventions Number and extent of office referral forms Referrals through program planning process Focuses on students who exhibit dangerous behavior, are highly disruptive, impede learning, and/or suffer social or educational exclusion Functional Behavior Assessment
Collaborative (rather than expert-driven) approach Includes the student and people who know him/her best Rooted in understanding and intervention Focuses on adaptive (and replacement) skills, and improving the individual's overall quality of life Tertiary Interventions
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I am looking at disassembling an old riveted joint bridge truss and reassembling at another site. My question is can rivets be replaced with bolts? Thanks Bob Conley, P.E.
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International Edition
April 28, 2017
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Mayor defends 'Hsinchu rice noodles' brand against government regulations
The China Post news staff Tuesday, July 1, 2014, 12:01 am TWN
TAIPEI, Taiwan -- Hsinchu Mayor Hsu Ming-tsai (許明財) said yesterday that not only is the "Hsinchu rice noodles" brand a legacy of the island's forefathers, but it is also a brand sought after by the global consumer market, stressing that it would be unwise to change the label.
The mayor made the remarks in response to a new regulation stipulating that only products containing more than 50 percent rice can be labeled and sold as "rice noodles."
Last year, the Consumers' Foundation said that most rice noodle products sold in markets contain only a small amount of actual rice as an ingredient, citing suspicions of fraudulent advertising. The Ministry of Health and Welfare subsequently resolved to demand that manufacturers re-label "rice noodle" products containing less than 50 percent rice.
Rice noodles are a regional specialty of Hsinchu.
Accompanied by Kuomintang lawmaker Lu Hsueh-chang (呂學樟), Hsu and representatives rice noodle manufacturers yesterday held a press conference at the Legislative Yuan
Hsu said that as a brand, "Hsinchu rice noodles" signifies more than just a type of food. The mayor explained that the brand signifies more than 200 years of culture, urging the Ministry of Health and Welfare to allow companies to retain the label, so that the products can continue to help promote Taiwanese culture on the global stage.
Company representatives pledged that the actual ingredients of their products will be labeled in accordance with regulations, but asked that they be allowed to retain the Hsinchu rice noodles label and by extension the brand value it carries.
One representative said that his industry has reached an annual market scale of NT$3 billion to NT$4 billion, adding that there have even been instances of firms from other countries counterfeiting the brand to edge in on the market share.
The representative explained that it would be unwise to re-label the products, considering that Taiwanese firms will lose their share of the market if they are forced to do so.
A Hsinchu-based business owner said that manufacturers adjust the ingredients and the prices in accordance with consumer demand.
The business owner further explained that local firms will lose their competitive edge in the global consumer market in as short as six months if they are forced to re-label the products.
Taiwan becomes first country in Asia to ban eating of cat and dog meat
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Explorer: 4 things to do in Hualien that might surprise you
Comedian and daughter end high-profile feud
Man behind famous fish's death comes forward to face the music
U.S. police officer discovers pistol in bag on arrival in Taiwan
Apple Pay available in Taiwan from today: banks
Government to raise tax on cigarettes by NT$20 per pack
Say hello to the new Taiwanese
Mayday rocks Daan Forest Park


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I'm a longtime member of the BDSM community, lifestyle Mistress, internationally renowned Dominatrix, Mentor to many of the globe's current top dominatrices, BDSM Film Consultant, Educator, Speaker, Writer, Columnist, acclaimed Hostess of elaborate fetish parties, S&M stage Performer, and fetish Model who has appeared inside and on the cover of many BDSM publications. I am also a Sublime Lady of OWK, where I visited 6 times, and an enthusiastic Traveler for kinky experiences around the world.
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A musical presentation featuring the Astoria Music Project's creative team along with guests artists the Gavroche Duo, a French jazz group based in Queens. The program will compare and contrast the two music scenes (jazz and classical) in Paris, while providing context and additional info about the arts landscape of that time. Works by composers such as Gershwin, Reinhardt, Copland, and Stravinsky will be performed.
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is sold out. Contact us to be placed on the wait list.
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$ 7.00
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Fendi Unisex Statement Sunglasses - Burgundy Frame
A clever deal seeker from CA snagged this deal before you could.
Search our site to find another great deal. But hurry! With our low prices, we sell out fast!
Please note: BLINQ sells products in multiple conditions (new, open box, refurbished, etc). Not all reviews are reflective of the condition that you may purchase.
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- Frame Color
- Burgundy
- Lens Color
- Rose
- Gender
- Unisex
- Style
- Shield
- Frame Material
- Plastic
- Protection
- Features
- Frame color: Burgundy
- Lens Color: Rose
- Lens width: 58mm
- Bridge width: 17mm
- Arm length: 130mm
- Description
- Lightweight sunglasses from Fendi with tinted lenses and bold, colorful frames to complement outfits.
- 750666952983
- Brand
- Fendi
- Model
- Statement Sunglasses
- Part
- Statement Sunglasses
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- Retailer needs to move overstock, open box & refurbished inventory.
- BLINQ receives inventory and professionally inspects each item.
- Condition is determined, with only the best items passing inspection.
- Item is heavily discounted on BLINQ.com to sell quickly.


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This is a really nice brass frame. It measures 7" x 4 1/4". It holds a photograph measuring 4" x 5 3/4". The glass is domed. The top decoration is roses, grapes, with a French Ribbon. Each border has a beaded decoration. The sides of the frame have a chain design. The back is brass as well as the stand. The unique design of the stand enables it to be a table-top frame or hang. There is a mark on the bottom, but it has no meaning to me. The frame is in very good condition.
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Cookbook Cafe Live with The Dutch Baker's Daughter
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This week on Cookbook Cafe.. Q & A with Cathy Wiechert, cookbook author and publisher of The Dutch Baker's Daughter. We'll be chatting about Cathy's parents love for baking, recipes she grew up on and her new cookbook "Quick Breads, Muffins and Cakes… Oh My!"
Subscribe to our shows: google+ account or on youtube.
Add Cathy to your friends on BakeSpace!
OUR SPONSOR: Our chat is sponsored by Cookbook Cafe, the first DIY cookbook publisher and storefront that allows anyone to publish, market and sell their own cookbook as both an ebook and iPad app.
Make a cookbook today!
Download our cookbook app!
Check out Cathy's Cookbook!
BakeSpace's Cookbook Cafe
BakeSpace is an independent, grassroots community created by and for people who enjoy cooking, baking, and hanging out in the kitchen.
← Previous Story #KitchenParty Tonight: Leftover #Halloween #Candy Ideas w/ @CakeSpy


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Job title: Clinical Nurses
Location: Nationwide
Are you a nurse looking for a new and exciting adventure? Looking to move to a country renowned for beauty and cultural heritage?
Here at FRS Recruitment we are currently recruiting Clinical Nurses for different locations in the Republic of Ireland. These posts are in hospitals in vibrant cities and beautiful towns all over the country.
Vacancies include General Medical and General Surgical Nurses, Oncology Nurses, Theatre Nurses, HDU, ICU and CCU Nurses.
The ideal candidate will be a qualified nurse, registered in the general division with An Bord Altranais (or in process).
Top hospital employers are attracting nurses like you by offering a high salary, strong benefits package, friendly work environment and the opportunity to work towards promotion to management level positions.
Nurses with all levels of experience will be considered. For further information in confidence, contact Emma in FRS Recruitment by email or phone today
International: +353860243108
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