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With recruiting season at its peak, this is always a time of pining for recruitniks like us at Bucknuts. Each recruit looks like a "must get" that we could easily see in the Scarlet and Gray. Each looks like he is the player Ohio State must have to keep up our winning streak over the Michigan Wolverines.
Since the National Championship game, fretting and worrying in the Buckeye nation seems to have actually increased. So, I thought it might be appropriate to take a look at our recruiting tactics and class thus far.
First, the problems…
- Honesty. For me this is not a problem because it shows integrity, but it will bite you in recruiting from time to time. This seems to be one of those times. Ohio State's current staff (and last one as well) tries to be honest with these young men. They are up front about the positions they see them playing. They are up front about their chances of playing time. They are up front about the need for these kids to get an education and go to classes. They just plain try to make sure there are no misunderstandings so that the young men can come into Ohio State and trust their coaches. The only problem is other coaches and other schools often are not completely honest, and many just flat out lie like a rug. They may tell a kid that he can come in and start right away over their All-American linebacker. They may promise him on their mother's grave that he can pick his position (be it safety, running back, offensive line, etc.), and that they would never, ever consider moving them to another slot. They promise him that they will not recruit another person at his position (which puts the team and program in a bind), all the while talking to another young man and telling him to sign on signing day but keep quiet until then… They just figure that if they can get the young man horned into a scholarship, it would be very difficult for him to transfer. Sadly, they are correct. In at least one instance (and probably multiple instances) this season, a recruit Ohio State wanted was "misled" by a less than honest coach at another school. I would rather Ohio State lose a few here and there instead of selling out the integrity of the school and the coaching staff.
- Negative Tactics. You knew it had to be coming. Ohio State's staff surely points out all of the strong points of Ohio State to the young men. That is their job. I am also fairly certain that Ohio State recruiters and players are not shy about telling kids that they should not go to school X but rather come to OSU. There is absolutely nothing wrong with that because recruiting in any field has to do with selling your product (company, military branch, etc.) as opposed to another choice. It is ethical and even beneficial for the "client" so long as it is not taken too far. However, we are talking about overboard world of college football recruiting, a scene that has a decidedly unethical underside. This year, Ohio State is feeling the brunt of these tactics in some circles. I guarantee that every college competing for Ohio State's recruits are pointing out the depth OSU has. "Lookie here son, over at Ohio State, they have all 5 starting offensive linemen returning next year and two freshmen that played extensively. They get their entire offense and most of their defense back! Now, if you go there you will never get to play in the next 17 years. However, if you come here I will guarantee you that you can come and have a spot… Why, we will even tell our first team all-conference quarterback to switch positions or get used to warming up the bench!"
- Tressel and a National Name. "Jim Tressel? Who is that? Can you spell that out for me? Ohio State head coach huh? You don't say… I never heard of you before," was likely the reply of many recruits this season when the Ohio State coach called. For all that the Ohio High School coaches and Ohio State fans knew about him, the rest of the country only possessed the knowledge that he had been a NCAA I-AA coach with some success that went 7-5 in his first season for the Buckeyes. Recruits locally might be caught up in the promising future of Ohio State because of their own feelings for the Bucks, but young men across the country have no such soft spots in their hearts. They are looking for a big name school if they are a big name talent. They want a talented coaching staff that will help them get to the NFL. They want a coach who will win a national title so they can carry around a ring when they go home on break. Jim now has that status, but he did not earlier this year (when most of the recruits were whittling down their college choices). It hurts when you are trying to get a foot in the door and the other guys recruiting a kid have NCAA division I-A national championships rings like Bowden, Coker, Stoops, etc.
- A Down Year in Ohio. As talented as this year's team was, Ohio State appears to be looking to upgrade their talent level at multiple positions. As such, they need superb athletes who are academically qualified (or at least have a shot at qualifying). Last year, Ohio had a bevy of such players at most every position, but this year it just plain lacked top shelf quality across the board. In past years the Buckeyes might have just settled for a few who were sub-par just to patch the holes in the roster. Not this year, not this staff, and not this head coach. If a young man does not have the talent to play at Ohio State, the staff will not give him an offer and then saddle him with buffing the bench with his rear end for four long years. Good for them. The only problem with this philosophy is in its public relations. You cannot come out and comment on recruits, and you would not want to humiliate the High School and the young man by saying, "This kid has feet of clay. He is fat, slow, and he is no real talent despite what his momma and his High School coach think…" Since the Ohio State coaches are not making public remarks, the only thing fans see is that the "top rated recruits in Ohio" are going elsewhere. In most years that would be a serious issue. This year, it might not be as big of a deal as widely thought.
On the positive side of this coin…
- At Ohio State, it is Not About the Ball. Two years ago at the coaches' luncheon in Chicago, Jim Tressel gave a speech that it is not about the ball at Ohio State. Maybe for some schools and some recruits – it is about the ball. Maybe this curtails their interest in the Buckeyes. Maybe this will cost OSU some prime time athletes in the coming years. However, I see this as a massive positive. Why? What this means to me is that Jim Tressel and his staff may take a few risks, but by and large they are looking for and recruiting athletic young men of class and character. It means that Ohio State's retention and graduation rates should go up. While 4 out of 6 players does not a pattern make, in the last two seasons multiple Buckeyes have shown that it is about more than the ball by staying for their senior seasons. Think about that and consider that the NFL would have paid them hundreds of thousands of dollars if they merely made the roster. As a direct result, the top recruits over the past two years have not been some wide-eyed freshman but the seniors to be – Mike Doss, Darrion Scott, Michael Jenkins, and Will Smith. Maybe the recruiting rankings drop us a few spots because instead of 22 scholarships (or some such number), OSU only offers 19 new players the chance to don the Scarlet and Gray. So what? Would you rather have an unproven freshman with 18 gazillion stars behind his name or a proven commodity in Jenkins/Smith/Scott who is bent upon leaving a legacy in their final season?
- TEAM. If you don't believe in it, then you are not fit for Ohio State. Yeah, all of these young men have an ego (show me a male who does not). Yeah, all of these young men are convinced that they are the best players on the block. Yeah, all of these kids want to see the field. However, Jim Tressel refuses to be bent over a barrel by 18 year olds demanding instant playing time or an offense/defense that is completely tailored around them. If that means that a young man goes to play elsewhere, I actually see that as a positive. Why? They may be talented, but Ohio State has fielded tons of talented teams over the last 3 decades. None of them ever won a national title. If Ohio State is to win another title in the upcoming seasons, I believe their best chance will be to once again play as a team. Selfish players kill team chemistry. There are enough great athletes out there who are unselfish that Ohio State can and will without them. It is great to know that the fans of Ohio State football will be treated to this kind of football instead of the crude, boorish behavior and antics so commonly tolerated (and perhaps even encouraged) elsewhere across the national landscape. Will these young men be perfect? No. Will they even be remotely perfect? No. Will they learn to play as a team or not at all? Yes.
- What Did Ohio State Need? When looking at rating a recruiting class, it is often best to consider the true needs of the athletic program before judging it. This class demanded defensive linemen (see Maupin, Cotton, McClover, and Patterson), one or two linebackers (see Smith), several defensive backs (see Gonzalez, Whitner, Hiley, and Youboty), and a wide receiver (see Jordan). Granted, Ohio State did not clean up on the offensive line side of the equation. Granted, Ohio State could use a fullback. Still, Ohio State filled its two greatest need areas: the defensive line and secondary. Everywhere else the 2003 team should be deep in quantity and quality. Judge not by the rankings but by the needs and the quality of the players in the positions filled.
- It's Not Who You Lose But What You Do with Who You Land. How many "big fish that we cannot possibly live without" has Ohio State lost over the last decade? Yes, some of these young men turned into NFL stars. Yes, some of these young men won some serious hardware. Again though – it is more about who you get and what you do with them. Maybe Donnie Nickey was not the highest rated recruit to ever don the uniform at Ohio State, but he provided 4 solid years at the safety position and serious leadership on a national championship squad. Craig Krenzel was not the highest ranked quarterback coming out of High School and I am guessing that at the time most recruitniks would have gladly swapped him out for Chris Simms… How about now? What about swapping Simms for Krenzel after Craig willed this team to a national title and Chris struggled at Texas all four years in big games? I could go on in this vein for a good while. I could also name off top recruits that never maximized their potential (see Sammy Maldando, Ronald Curry, Ron Powlus, Albert Means, etc.). The bottom line is that most of these kids are phenomenal athletes. If the staff can land motivated young men who have a drive to be the absolute best, then the future of the Buckeyes is more than a little rosy. One last time, say it with me now, "It is not about who we land as much as what we do with them once we land them."
- Trust the Coaches. I know this is really tough for some, but pull out a copy of the roster. Look at it. In just two seasons, Ohio State's coaching staff has landed some seriously underrated gems. I hesitate to call A.J. Hawk an "unknown" because he was a great player in Ohio High School Football - phenomenal. However, he was not a "national" recruit. So what did he do but play the most of any linebacker in last season's ballyhooed freshman class. What about Nick Mangold and Rob Sims? Both of these young men contributed in a large way down the stretch and played in the Fiesta Bowl. How many offensive linemen were ranked ahead of these two? Chris Gamble was passed over by the Big Three in Florida (I believe at least one service had him ranked as only a 2 star player), and yet he is the closest thing to a legitimate 2-way phenomenon in at least 20 years in college football. This staff appears to know exactly what they are doing. Enjoy recruiting, follow recruiting, obsess over recruiting, but at the end of the day – trust the coaching staff because they really seem to know what is what.
- Wait Until Next Year. I know that this is the famous slogan of all losers, but I mean it – wait until next year. Ohio State should finish this recruiting season strong with a top 10 class. That is absolutely great. Maybe not the best, but it certainly is not anything to hang one's head about. Next year could and should be a banner year with a top 5 crew. Ohio's Junior class is absolutely loaded. Couple that with the glow of the national title and the loss of up to 16 starters? Recruits will flock to the Tressel Vessel on signing day 2004. OSU should have right at 20 letters to hand out, but I am guessing that they could hand out 30 and still not sign all of the top athletes who will be interested. With several of the top juniors in Ohio already favoring the Buckeyes, expect OSU to land a top shelf group of athletes. Bank on it.
So, amidst the recent uproar of verbal commitments, decommitments, soft commitments, silent commitments, and refusal to commit until signing day? Don't worry. Be happy. Look for the positives in this class rather than the "big fish that got away."
And if you can't do that for some reason or other?
Just remember, THE Ohio State Buckeyes are NATIONAL CHAMPIONS until at least January 4, 2004. If a young man wants to play elsewhere? Given the direction of the program, the academic focus of the coaches, and the family environment being cultivated by Tressel? In all honesty, it is probably his loss more than Ohio State's.


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Sneak Peak: Robbie, Class of '10
Robbie is a senior at Academy of Holy Angels, another hockey and soccer extraordinaire, and my cousin, Ryan's, BFF. (do boys have BFF's? Maybe they're just buddies, pals, friends? I'll ask and let you know.)
We did a high school senior shoot a few weeks ago and guess what?!?! ROBBY BROUGHT HIS DOGS!!!! I was sooooo excited to capture some photos of dogs other than my own – what a fun challenge! I have a gagle of photos of my own pets, but it's always interesting trying to get someone else's dog to pay attention to my weird 'pay attention to me' noises…. I think they sat very pretty for their session, don't you?? Oh, and Robbie did a fantastic job too – more on that later this week. :)

subset: commoncrawl


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Thank you for your interest in
Zion Lutheran School!
Please contact our school office for further information,
to schedule a tour and meet with our
Admissions Director Debbie Jones and Principal, Lynne Hereth.
We are currently enrolling children Preschool – 8th grade.
Please call to learn about our needs-based financial aid.
Thank you for considering us, and we look forward to meeting your family!
Call 425-334-5064 to schedule an appointment today!
Zion is known for its excellent education, low student-teacher ratios, and outstanding preparation for high school. Our students emerge from Zion well-rounded, well-educated, and well-adjusted. Our teachers are committed to solidifying our students' Christian base which will serve them well as they navigate through life.
Zion has programs for Preschool, Pre-Kindergarten, Kindergarten, and Grades 1-8. Zion also offers childcare in the form of before and after school care programs.
Zion Lutheran School is situated on 20 rural, natural acres east of Everett and north of Snohomish. Since its founding in 1901, the mission of Zion Lutheran School has been to build solid foundations and transform lives in Christ. We offer a strong academic curriculum for children in preschool through eighth grade. Outdoor education, drama, piano, guitar, voice lessons and academic fairs complement standard programs. Our facilities include a well-stocked library, a computer lab, a gym/auditorium/cafeteria, spacious playgrounds, a ball field, and a covered play area. Zion competes in soccer, volleyball, track and basketball with private schools in Snohomish, King, and Pierce Counties.


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Avalon House
Address: Avalon House 55 Aungier Street, Dublin, County Dublin, 2, Ireland | 2 star hostel
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This 2 star hostel, located in the Trinity College area of Dublin, is near Chester Beatty Library and Gallery of Oriental Art, Merrion Square, Gaiety Theatre, and St. Stephen's Green Shopping Centre.Map this hostel
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Guiness Time
... of guiness, so after a quick tour of the place I went to the top floor bar for my pint. The bar had a great view over Dublin and the Guiness did taste pretty good. Even so I wont be drinking it regularly back home. The next day I caught a train to a little fishing village called Howth. There was a cliff walk you could do so I gave it a go. The cliff turned into a four hour trek, after I missed the turn off, I seem to do that alot. After finally getting ...Dublin, Ireland maccasworldtour


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ITBS or Iliotibial Band Syndrome Hi, Sorry to hear about the ITBS issue. Iliotibial Band Syndrome can be a frustrating condition that seems to be an adaption injury. That means we see it primarily in newer runners, runners new to longer distance or runners that have made a leap up in training volume. The iliotibial […]Read More
ITBS, Hamstring Tear or Stress Fracture….Make the Call History: A patient training for his 4th marathon presented complaining of pain in his lateral, posterior thigh that gets progressively worse while running and seems to be accompanied by groin pain on the same side. He stated that the pain began 3 weeks ago and increases […]Read More
My name is (left out for privacy reasons) . I am 19 years old and live in Valley Center, KS. I am an obstacle racer. I compete in events such as Spartan Race, Hard Charge, and Superhero Scramble. Recently I have been struggling to stay healthy thanks to the dreaded iliotibial band syndrome. It has […]Read More
A patient recently asked "Hi Dr. Runco. I used to run 5 to 6 miles 3 times a week and now I can't even run 3 miles. My right knee starts hurting after mile #3. The pain stays there all day and disappears next day. I can't run distances anymore. I have been training so […]Read More
Hip and knee pain are common in runners. When mild pain and discomfort turns to severe pain and pain AFTER running a bigger problem might be developing. Runners often minimize their painful issue until it blows up on them. A patient recently asked, "After I run, I have pain in left hip and left knee. […]Read More
Case Study: Ultra Marathon Runner with Iliotibial Band Syndrome (ITBS) Author: Victor J. Runco DC, CSCS. Dr. Runco is a practicing sports injury physician in San Diego that specializes in the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of running that Responded to Alter-Gravity Treadmill Rehabilitation. Introduction: A 39 year old experienced female ultramarathon runner presented with persistent, […]Read More
I recently examined a 39 year old female runner who stated she had been having left thigh pain for 1-2 months that felt achy and throbbing and begins immediately when she begins running. She had already been to her primary care doctor who took x-rays and told her nothing was wrong and that is was […]Read More
ITBS or Iliotibial Band Syndrome is the being of any runner's existence. It can feel like someone is stabbing you in the side of the knee forcing you stop running. It is frustrating because runners will rest a few days to a week, their knee feels fine and so they go run. The n a […]Read More
Iliotibial Band Syndrome (ITBS)…..or is it? Iliotibial Band Syndrome or ITBS is a common condition that affects beginner long distance runners. It can also affect experienced long distance runners who make the leap to ultra running or have a long lay off from running and return to excessive distance too quickly. Pain or discomfort will […]Read More
A female runners with 3 years of marathoning experience presented to my office yesterday complaining of persistent lateral knee pain while running. She stated that it started during the 2013 Carlsbad Half Marathon around mile 6 and felt like someone was stabbing her with an ice pick in the side of her knee. She limped […]Read More
Hi Deb, I am truly sorry to hear about your situation. I too have been sidelined by running injuries from time to time and there is nothing more frustrating. You asked a very insightful questions. I added my response in red bold. Hi! I am recovering from many running injuries -seems it is always something. […]Read More
On a recent Tuesday I saw 6 new patients. Out of the 6, two were suffering from ITBS although for very different reasons. One was a local high school track star who had been mistreated by his coach and misdiagnosed by his doctor. The other was a first time marathon runner who after getting knee […]Read More


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Parcelforce Customer Services Telephone Number 0843 903 3487
Calls to these numbers costs 7ppm plus your phone company's access charge.
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In 1883, the parcel post subordinate of the Royal Mail was built, though parcels were kept delivered through train companies for many years. The Royal Mail was divided into three parts in 1986, and in 1990, the name "Parcelforce" was established. In 2012, Royal Mail publicized that it has invested75 million in Parcelforce over four years and this was to add the improvement of the new processing centers in Hampshire, Lancashire and Cornwall.
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Last Updated: Mar 20, 2017 Views: 95
When you log into the Student Portal (http://portal.rasmussen.edu) using your Rasmussen Student email and password and you are registered for a Flex Choice competency course, you will see a logo in the top menu labeled "Flex Choice."
Click on that icon, and you will be taken to your Competency Course home page. From there you will be able to enter the competency course in which you are enrolled.
If you have questions about your Flex Choice competency courses, contact your Advisor.


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You Donate. You Shop. We partner. And together we create jobs for people with disabilities.
Requirements: Bachelors Degree in Rehabilitation Counseling, Social Worker, Psychology, Education or a related field. Requires a minimum of two years experience in case management, counseling or education. Computer literate. Ability to write reports. Bilingual(English/Spanish preferred
New Partnership Allows Consumers To Donate With The Tap Of An App [Miami] — A new partnership between Goodwill® and Roadie, Inc. aims to make it easier for people to donate items they no longer use or need, from clothes to couches to dressers and bicycles. Roadie — the national on-the-way
Requirements: Basic computer skills. Ability to read, write in English. Job Description: Responsible for processing books Scan books and digital media for online sales. APPLY ONLINE AT: www.goodwillsouthflorida.org Department: Donated Goods FT/PT: Full-Time
Goodwill Industries of South Florida has decided to increase production to 200 flags per day to meet the demands of the community's response to Fidel Castro's death. The Goodwill Flag Center has always sewn the cuban flags and other flags in it's retail location in Allapattah. Since, the flags
Requirements: Must have a valid driver's license. Must be OSHA certified forklift operator. Fluent in English and must have basic knowledge of multiple trades including carpentry, painting, electrical, masonry and plumbing, as well as basic computer skills. Notes: Mon.-Fri.
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Requirements: B.S. Degree or equivalent education and experience. Minimum two years experience in supervision and knowledge of purchasing methods and procedures. Advanced computer skills with excel to be able to create and/or maintain tools to monitor and control performance. Excellent
Requirements: Associates Degree in Human Services or related discipline. Two years working with disadvantage persons, social services or related field. Must have a Florida Drivers License and a clean driving record. Notes: Computer literate. Bilingual (English/Span. Highly


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Click here to print the obituary below
Hilda L. Reindollar
WESTMINSTER, MD Hilda L. Reindollar, 90, died Sunday morning March 24, 2013, at The Brethren Home, New Oxford. She was the wife of John S. Reindollar, Sr. for 71 years. Born June 24, 1922, in Westminster, Md., she was the daughter of the late James and Myrtle (Owings) Swartzbaugh. She was a Westminster High School graduate. Hilda was employed with what is now known as English American Taylors of Westminster. She was a lifelong member of Christ U.C.C., Littlestown. In addition to her husband, Hilda is survived by a daughter, Janet E. Martin and husband, Robert A., of New Oxford; three grandchildren: Scott R. Martin, Michele E. Smith, David A. Martin and eight great-grandchildren. Hilda was predeceased by a son, John S. Reindollar, Jr. and many brothers and sisters. Funeral Service is Thursday at 11 a.m. at Christ U.C.C., Littlestown with the Rev. Craig E. Arentz officiating. Viewing is 10 to 11 a.m. Thursday at church. Interment is in Meadow Branch Cemetery, Westminster, Md. Memorials in Hilda's name may be sent to Christ Church, 131 Christ Church Rd., Littlestown, PA 17340; or VNA Hospice, 440 N. Madison St., Hanover, PA 17331. Online condolences may be shared on
Published in Evening Sun on Mar. 26, 2013


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AKAMI | Upholstered chair
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The product Akami designed by Stefano Sandonà for Gaber has been awarded with Good Design 2013 in Chicago – USA and the Interior Innovation Award 2014.


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Bulldogs in Focus: February 27 – March 6
Bulldog Results
February 27
PeeWee's 1 Hinton 3
Atoms 3 vs. Jasper 2
Novice 4 vs. Whitecourt (3) 5
February 28
Atom's 5 vs. Jasper 5 (OT Winner)
(2 game series Atom's 8 Jasper 7)
Initiation 4&5's 8 vs. Ridgevalley 7
PeeWee's 5 vs. Hinton 2 (OT Winner)
(2 game series PeeWee's 6 Hinton 5)
Bulldog Schedule
March 5
Novice travel to Whitecourt(3) for 11:00 am
(2nd of 2 game series)
Atom's host Mayerthorpe at 12:00pm
(Championship Final, Game 1/3)
Initiation Intersquad Game at 2:45 pm
March 6
Atom's travel to Mayerthorpe(Sangudo Arena) for 2:30 pm
(Championship Final, Game 2/3)
A full schedule and past results can be found at www.sturgeonpembinahockey.com.Print This Post
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NFL is not for him, Spurrier says
Published: Tuesday, November 9, 2004 at 6:28 p.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, November 9, 2004 at 6:28 p.m.
Steve Spurrier ended any speculation Tuesday that he will be coaching the Miami Dolphins - or any other NFL team for that matter.
Spurrier, who last week withdrew his name from Florida's job search, told The Sun on Tuesday that the two years he spent coaching the Washington Redskins were the last he will spend in the professional league.
"I saw where (ESPN's) Dan Patrick had a deal where he wondered if Miami was Steve Spurrier's dream job," Spurrier said. "When did I ever tell anybody I wanted to coach Miami? I think I know that what is best for me is the college game.
"Even when I coached the Tampa Bay Bandits (of the USFL) it was like coaching a bunch of college kids. I guess it's what you grew up with you stick with. It's probably easier for assistants to move around."
When Dave Wannstedt resigned as coach of the Dolphins on Tuesday, the first name on everyone's lips was Spurrier's because of his ties in the state of Florida. He and Miami owner Wayne Huizenga know each other and rumors have been flying for the last four weeks about the possibility Spurrier could be the next Dolphins' coach, in part to erase the black mark that was Washington from his record.
Spurrier left Florida following the 2001 season to try his hand at the NFL, but the Redskins went 12-20 in his two seasons. Spurrier resigned following the 2003 season.
"I probably decided then that I was done with the NFL," he said. "It wasn't the lifestyle best for me. You don't have scout teams in the NFL. When I was at Florida, I worked with the quarterback every snap for two hours. It wasn't that way in the NFL."
And so Spurrier is back on the market for college teams exclusively, except for a Florida program where he built his reputation as one of the country's top college football coaches.
Asked if any college teams have approached him about coaching, Spurrier said, "I can't answer all that. I can't answer all your questions. In the next two or three weeks, once the season is over, we'll see what happens.
"I think I've made it clear now that if I go back into coaching, it'll be at a good state university, a college job. Hopefully it will be in the South. I'd rather not get up there in the North.
"There has to be an opportunity you gotta be asked."
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 23, 1988
|Filing date
|Jul 10, 1986
|Priority date
|Jul 24, 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ian Davinson
|Original Assignee
|Rolls-Royce Plc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (27), Classifications (10), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to the monitoring of geometrical or positional characteristics of light spots such as are produced by optical systems used to monitor displacements, for example, variations in the relative positions of two objects.
In the field of gas turbine engine design and operation it is particularly desirable to monitor accurately the clearances between the tips of turbine or compressor rotor blades and their surrounding casings, because excessive clearances lower engine efficiency, whilst contact between blades and casing causes damage. Such monitoring has become important as a research and development tool in the gas turbine industry and suitable monitoring devices can also be used as components in active clearance control systems of various known types in order to provide a feedback control signal for maintaining the clearance at an optimum value under all operating conditions.
There is of course a need for monitoring displacements in many other areas of technology for purposes of measurement and control. In these areas, and in the gas turbine field, a number of proposals exist which enable monitoring of displacements to be performed utilising devices which project a beam of light at an object whose distance from the device is to be monitored. Light scattered back from the object is then focussed as a light spot onto a sensor surface and the shape, size or deflection of the light spot is monitored utilising a plurality of photodiodes or a photodiode array. The signals from the photodiodes are then processed to produce a monitor signal which when calibrated can be used as a measure of the displacement.
For some purposes--for example, a feedback signal to a servo system--a "qualitative" rather than a "quantitative" determination of displacements is sufficient, i.e. it is sufficient to produce a signal which gives a clear indication of whether, say, a clearance is at its ideal value or not, plus the sense of any variation from the ideal clearance, but which is not required to maintain an initial calibration of the monitoring/servo system combination in terms of the exact value of the clearance. On the other hand, quantitative determination of displacement is necessary for some purposes, such as exact measurement of clearances, and this often requires that the signal finally produced from the output of the monitoring device be ratioed with its input to minimise the consequences of variations in illuminance in order to maintain the validity of the original calibration of the monitoring/servosystem combination within acceptable limits.
One object of the present invention is therefore to provide a means of monitoring displacements optically which can provide an output signal capable of being easily processed to extract qualitative and/or quantitative information concerning the displacements.
In some environments, low light levels are a problem. Thus, in gas turbine engines, lens apertures in the projection/imaging system are minimised in order to get it into as small an aperture as possible in the casing of the turbine or compressor under investigation. This fact, plus low reflectivity of the blade tips whose clearance is being monitored, and the probability of lens contamination in the engine environment, leads to quite low light fluxes in the optics and resulting low photo-electrical signal levels. The characteristics of photodiodes, for example, are such that at low photocurrent levels their outputs fluctuate more widely as percentages of themselves than at high photocurrent levels, i.e. at low illumination levels their outputs are "noisy". Moreover, in some cases an avalanche photodiode detector or photomultiplier may be required to cope with the low light levels, but such detectors are prone to gain variations over the longer term, and therefore can sometimes produce output signals which are not reliable indications of the true illumination.
Such output fluctuations at low light levels give rise to a problem with monitor signals involving terms derived by differencing the photodiode outputs, in that if the outputs are of similar magnitude, the value of a difference term will show large fluctuations as a percentage of itself for relatively small fluctuations of the outputs as percentages of themselves. Therefore the accuracy of the monitor signal suffers.
The present invention contributes to overcoming the above problems by modifying the way in which the monitor signal is derived from the light flux values in the optical system.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of monitoring a geometrical or positional characteristic of a light spot relative to at least first and second light receptor means arranged in a fixed relationship to each other, the light spot being formed by light incident on the receptor means which produces light signals in each receptor means, the magnitude of the light signals in each receptor means being dependent upon said light spot characteristic, the method comprising:
(a) modulating the incident light at a predetermined frequency;
(b) delaying the light signal in the second receptor means relative to the light signals in the first receptor means by a predetermined fraction of a cycle of the predetermined frequency;
(c) combining the outputs of the first and second receptor means to produce a compound light signal having an amplitude at the predetermined frequency which is dependent upon the magnitude of the difference between the light signals in the first and second receptor means; and
(d) deriving from the compound light signal a monitor signal representative of the amplitude of the compound light signal at the predetermined frequency and hence of said difference between the amplitudes of the light signals in the first and second receptor means, whereby said monitor signal is expressive of said light spot characteristic.
This method has the advantage over the prior arrangements that difference terms, expressive of, e.g., light spot shape or position, are in effect produced optically rather than by combining photodiode outputs, subsequent signal processing serving only to separate out the difference component in the compound light signal. Therefore, the problem of magnification of photocurrent fluctuations during derivation of the difference term from photodiode outputs is significantly reduced.
A further allied advantage is that the invention enables the use of only one photodiode as a transducer to produce an electrical signal equivalent to the compound light signal. Since the compound light signal is stronger than the light signals from the individual receptors, the resulting photocurrents are larger than in the prior art, so that minor fluctuations of the photocurrent have a less serious effect. Use of a single photodiode avoids the problems of relative instability between different photodiode outputs and also saves expense and simplifies the apparatus as a whole.
If it is desired to produce a monitor signal maximally useful for quantative determination of displacements, it is preferred that the above method comprises the additional steps of:
(a) deriving from the compound light signal an addition signal representative of the total light flux falling on the light receptor means; and
(b) normalising the or each monitor signal by obtaining its ratio with the addition signal.
The delay step in the above method produces an out-of-phase relationship between components of the compound light signal and this enables easy electronic processing of the compound light signal after it has been transmitted to a photoelectric transducer element which produces an equivalent compound electrical signal. For example, the light flux from one of the light receptor means may be delayed in transmission relative to the light flux from the other one by half a wavelength of the predetermined frequency, the monitor signal then being produced by inputting the compound electrical signal to a phase-sensitive detector or the like synchronised to the predetermined frequency.
Other aspects of the present invention will be apparent from a perusal of the following specification and claims.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1A is an edited reproduction of FIG. 1 of prior patent number GB2066449B and U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,104, showing diagramatically the layout and components of an optical probe with which the present invention can be used;
FIG. 1B is a diagram illustrating an alternative optical layout for the optical probe;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view on the section II--II in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of a monitor signal it is desired to derive from the probe as plotted against a distance being measured by the probe;
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a system incorporating apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of signals at various stages of processing in the apparatus of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an alternative form of the invention;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a form of signal processing apparatus in accordance with the invention; and
FIG. 8, is a schematic representation of a further alternative form of the invention.
Referring first to FIG. 1, there is shown a known optical probe 1, which is accurately locatable against an aperture 3 in the turbine casing 5 of a gas turbine engine in order to monitor the clearance x between the tip 7 of the turbine blade 9 and the turbine casing 5 which for simplicity is shown as just a single wall thickness.
The probe 1 works on the principle that a light beam which is focussed by an astigmatic lens system changes shape as it passes through the focus. A solid object, such as the tip 7 of turbine blade 9 placed near the focus, has a spot of light projected onto it, the shape of the spot depending on the exact distance S of the object from the objective end of the lens system, which is taken to define a datum from which S is measured. If a detector is then incorporated which produces an output dependent on spot shape, this output will then provide a measure of the distance S, and hence of clearance x.
In probe 1, the end 13 of a single optical fibre 11 acts as a primary light source. Fibre optic 11 has light from a suitable projector lamp, light emitting diode, or laser diode 12 fed into its other end distant from the probe 1. Light 15 emitted from the end 13 of fibre optic 11 is collimated by a lens 17, astigmatism is introduced by weak cylindrical lens 19, and an astigmatic image of the end 13 of fibre optic 11 is projected onto the blade tips by convex lens 21.
The weak cylindrical lens 19 has a plane face P and a cylindrically convex face C whose longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the plane of the paper. The focal length of the lens system 17,19,21 in the plane of the paper is therefore different from its focal length in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the paper. In fact, the focal length in the plane perpendicular to the plane of the paper is shorter, the focal length in the plane of the paper being almost unaffected by lens 19 because in this plane it is effectively a plane sheet of glass.
As an object, such as the blade tip 7, is moved in towards the probe 1 from the first focal position, corresponding to the long focal length, to the second focal position, corresponding to the shorter focal length, the image which the lens system projects on to it will change in shape respectively from a line in the plane of the paper to a line in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the paper. At a position between the two focal positions, the image of the source 13 will be equally out of focus in both planes and here the image will be circular. It is arranged that this latter position corresponds to the optimum clearance x. A suitable size for this circular spot of light is 0.25-0.5 mm. For comparison, the thickness of a blade tip may be 1 mm-1 cm.
The image on the blade tip can itself be regarded as a source of light, and the lens system 17,19,21 allows projection of image light 23 (dashed direction lines) back through the system on to the light source 13 and the area surrounding it. Since additional astigmatism is introduced into the image as it is re-projected back through the lens system, the line-circle transformation still occurs around source 13, but with the effect increased by an amount depending on the ratio of the focal lengths of lenses 17 and 21.
In order to detect the change of shape of the light spot with change in distance x, the light flux falls on the ends of each of four light receptors comprising optical fibres or fibre bundles a,b,c, and d, whose ends are equiangularly spaced immediately around the light emitting end 13 of source fibre 11 (see FIG. 2). Photodiodes 29-32 receive light signals from the four fibre-optics and produce electrical signals for further processing. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the image shape detector formed by fibre-optics a,b,c and d, the light source fibre 11, are both incorporated in a composite optical head component 57.
Mounting of laser diode 12 remote from the probe body and use of the fibreoptic 11 to inject the light is of course desirable due to the effects of heat and vibration in the immediate environment of the gas turbine, but it would also be possible to mount a laser diode directly in the optical head 57 if this was desirable for some reason.
For further details of the construction of the optical probe and its components, the prior patent specifications already mentioned should be consulted. However, in addition it should be noted that use of the probe in the hot environment of a turbine would of course in practice require the probe to be provided with a coupling air jacket as known in the art of radiation pyrometry and indicated in FIG. 4 at J. Some of this air would be used as purge air to protect lens 21 from contamination by combustion products, the purge air being injected into the chamber in front of lens 21 through holes H and exhausting into the turbine passage.
It should be understood that various changes could be made in the optical layout of optical probe 1 described above without affecting the essentials of the working of the invention as subsequently described hereafter. For example, the single cylindrical lens 19 could be replaced by a pair of crossed cylindrical lenses. Furthermore, whilst the incorporation of the light emitting and receiving fibre-optics in a unitary optical head 57 enables a particularly compact probe to be constructed, since all its optical components share a common optical axis, it would be possible to inject the light 15 otherwise than through emitter fibre 11 or an equivalently located laser diode. For example, referring to FIG. 1B, light 15' could be injected at right angles to the main optical axis X' of the probe from a suitable light source 12' located to one side of the axis X', the light 15' being collimated by lens 70 and directed along axis x' by means of a beam splitter 72, the rest of the lens arrangement of the probe remaining the same as shown in FIG. 1A. It would of course also be possible to incorporate the cylindrical lens or lenses between the lens 70 and beam splitter 72 instead of between lenses 17 and 21 as shown, but in this case the advantage of the additional astigmatism, introduced by lens 19' into the light 23 returned from the object 9, would be lost.
Returning now to a consideration of the functioning of the optical head 57 in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the three basic modes in which image light 23 falls on the fibre optics a to d (and hence on the photodiodes 29-32 to which they are connected) are illustrated in FIG. 2 by reference numbers 33, 34 and 35. The probe 1 is oriented with respect to the casing aperture 3 (FIG. 1) so that when the distance S, and hence clearance x, is large, the elongated spot of light 33 (chain-dotted shape) is produced as the blade tip 7 passes optical axis X--X. Spot 33 falls mainly on the light-receiving ends of fibre optics a and c, producing relatively large photocurrents in cells 29 and 31, but only small photocurrents in cells 32 and 30.
When clearance x is at its nominally optimum value, a circular spot of light 34 (dashed circle) is produced and falls equally on all the quadrants, producing momentarily equal photocurrents in all four cells. When the clearance is small, the elongated spot of light 35 (dotted shape) thereby produced falls mainly on quadrants b and d, producing relatively large photocurrents in cells 30 and 32, but only small photocurrents in cells 29 and 31.
If the quadrant reference letters a to c are taken to represent the amount of light which each of them receives, they can also be taken to represent the output voltage of corresponding cells 29 to 32, since these are proportional to the light fluxes incident upon them. It is required to produce a clearance monitor signal whose magnitude is a measure of the shape of the light spot. Such a monitor signal can be obtained if the photo-cell output voltages are combined in the ration ##EQU1## which for convenience may be expressed as ##EQU2##
FIG. 3 shows how the value of (A-B)/(A+B) varies with distance S. When the blade tip is at the long focal position S1 of the probe 1, with spot 33 falling mainly on fibre-optics a and c, then by inspection (A-B)/(A+B) will approach the value +1. At the short focal position Ss, with spot 35 falling mainly on fibre-optics b and d, (A-B)/(A+B) will approach the value -1. At the mean focal position So, with spot 34 falling equally on fibre-optics a,b,c, and d, (A-B)/(A+B) will be zero (optimum clearance).
The production of such a signal is subject to the problems explained previously, and how the present invention contributes to their solution will now be described with particular reference to FIGS. 4 and 5.
Referring to FIG. 4, the fibre optic channels a,b,c and d indicated by dotted lines are not used to feed corresponding individual photodiodes as for FIG. 1; instead they feed their light fluxes into a single fibre optic cable 101 by means of a multiple input optical connector 103 to produce a combined optical signal which is turn is fed through optical connectors 104 to a single photodiode detector and preamplifier 105. Fibre optic cable 101 may be made sufficiently long to enable the detector/preamplifier 105 module to be situated in a suitably benign location on the gas turbine engine being monitored, or on other structure in the test cell or the aircraft. Alternatively, it would be possible to connect the ends of fibre-optics a,b,c and d to the detector/preamplifier 105 through a multiplex input optical connector like connector 103. This would again combine the light signals from the fibre-optics to give a combined optical signal input to the photodiode.
Having combined light from fibre optics a,b,c and d into a single optical channel photodiode input 101 with a corresponding compound electrical signal output 107 from photodiode/preamplifier 105, it is apparent that in order to obtain the desired signals A-B or (A-B)/(A+B) from the output 107 it is necessary to provide some means of differentiating between the light signals a+c and b+d, which are otherwise indistinguishable from each other in the single optical channel. To enable this it is arranged that the laser diode light source 12 which feeds into the optical emitter fibre 11 of the probe (see also FIG. 1) is modulated (e.g. switched on and off) at a high frequency (say 20 MHz) by control circuitry 108, and that the signals in one pair of the receptor fibre-optics, for example, b and d, are delayed relative to the signals in the other pair by means of delay lines Lb, Ld which make fibre-optics b and d longer than the other pair by an amount which ensures that light signals b and d arrive at the multiplex connector 103 one-half cycle of the 20 MHz modulatory frequency out of phase with the light signals a and c. The result is that the combined light signal is in fact a compound light signal. Consequently the output of the photodiode/preamplifier 105 is a compound electrical signal whose amplitude at a frequency of 20 MHz will represent the value A-B whenever a blade tip passes the optical axis X--X of the probe 1 (FIG. 1).
This situation is represented graphically in FIG. 5. In FIG. 5(i) we see the modulated light input to the input optical fibre 11, plotted as intensity against time and appearing as a square wave. The input light signal is only reflected from the blade tips and back onto receptor fibre optics a,b,c and d when a blade tip is present in the probe's optical path, and the passage of a blade past the probe is represented in FIG. 5(ii), where it will be noticed that the presence of a blade tip in the optical path of the probe coincides with several of the 20 MHz light input pulses of FIG. 5(i). Hence, the light pulses intercepted by the blades will be transmitted to the fibre optics a,b,c and d. The amount of light received by each fibre as a blade passes depends on the state of focus of the astigmatic image on the blade tip.
One possibility is shown in FIGS. 5(iii) to 5(vi), where the plot of light intensity against the common time base for each fibre optic as a blade tip passes the probe is shown for the situation when the blade tip is at a small clearance and consequently the light spot falling on the fibre optics is the elongate shape 35 (FIG. 2). In this case the light levels in fibre optics a and c are nominally equal and low but in fibre optics b and d they are nominally equal and high. As shown in FIGS. 5(v) and 5(vi), by the time the light signals reach the ends of longer fibre optics b and d they are delayed by half a cycle (i.e. half a wavelength) of the 20 MHz modulating frequency relative to the light signals at the ends of shorter fibre optics a and c. The light signals from all four of the fibre optics are summed in connector 103 and fibre optic cable 101 (FIG. 4) and hence the compound light signal input to the detector is as shown in FIG. 5(vii), with A and B components which are out of phase by 180�. Because of this phase difference and the fact that the light spot 35 (FIG. 2) is falling mainly on fibre-optics b and d so that B is larger than A, the amplitude of the compound light signal at the 20 MHz modulating frequency is B-A, i.e. -(A-B), this being the third component of the compound light signal and hence also of the compound electrical signal output of photodiode 105.
It will now be seen that at the optimum clearance, when the light spot is circular (34 in FIG. 2), the light signals a,b,c and d would all be of equal value and no output at 20 MHz would be obtained from photodetector/preamplifier 105. As either A or B increases, a 20 MHz signal would be obtained, the phase of which would indicate which one of A or B had increased, and hence whether the clearance had increased or decreased.
In order to isolate the A-B component the output 107 of photo-diode/preamplifier 105 is passed through the first branch 109 of an electronic analogue signal processor. This branch consists primarily of a synchronous demodulator or phase-sensitive detector 111 which is linked to modulator 108 to enable synchronisation to the 20 MHz modulatory frequency. The output of the phase-sensitive detector 111 can be regarded as a monitor of the shape of the lightspot and hence of the clearance and is as shown in FIG. 5 (viii), namely a recurrent difference signal of value -(A-B) if B>A, or A-B if A>B, the recurrence being at blade passing frequency. Clearly, if A=B, which is the case at optimum clearance, there will be no signal out of the phase-sensitive detector.
The A-B monitor signal output from the phase sensitive detector 111 can be used as a feedback signal for a servosystem 113 capable of adjusting the turbine blade clearance in any one of several known ways, which do not form part of the present invention. In such a case the optical probe shown in FIG. 1 merely acts as a null sensor, signalling deviation from the ideal clearance between blade tip and engine casing. Unless the servo 113 effectively incorporates a low pass filter within itself it is necessary to incorporate a low pass filter 123 between the phase-sensitive detector 111 and the servo 113.
If actual values of displacement of the turbine blade tip from the null point are required in order to evaluate clearances exactly, than an A+B addition signal is also required in order to normalise the monitor signal output of the phase sensitive detector 111, the object of such normalisation being to remove the effect on the signal of such things as light source intensity variations, lens contamination, and variations in blade reflectivity. Normalisation is achieved by making the output signal from the signal processor the ratio (A-B)/(A+B), and A+B term being the result of addition of the amplitudes of the two quantities A and B irrespective of phase difference, this effectively being achieved in the second branch 115 of the processor, in which a low band-pass filter 117 receives the amplified photodiode signal 107 and gives an output signal (A+B)/2 as indicated in FIG. 5(ix). This is ratioed with the A-B monitor signal from the other branch of the processor in a divider 119 to give the processor an output signal of the form 2(A-B)/(A+B). The factor 2 and any other constants of the system are of course compensated for by initial calibration of the complete system when it is installed.
The above is a description of two simple variations of a system for electronically processing the compound electrical signal and many refinements will be apparent to the specialist.
For example, the discussion above leaves out of consideration the effect of glare in the optical system due to unwanted reflections and refractions. The glare component of the signal from photodiode/preamplifier 105 is in fact cancelled in the A-B term of branch 109 of the processor, but is still present in the (A+B)/2 output of low pass filter 117. If the glare component were a significant fraction of the (A+B)/2 term it would need to be compensated for and in fact it could easily be removed if necessary by passing the output of low pass filter 117 through a further filter 121 (dashed lines) adapted to remove glare by passing on only the signal components at the blade passing frequency. This would of course need to be a tracking band-pass filter controlled by a rotational speed signal T derived from a tachometer on the engine.
Another complication arises from the fact that there may be fluctuations in signal strength superimposed upon the output signal from detector/preamplifier 107, these fluctuations being caused by variations in surface texture of the parts of the blade tips being scanned by the probe. Such fluctuations, although rapid, should have a frequency much less than 20 MHz and will therefore be smoothed by low pass filtering. Consequently, the output from branch 115 of the electronic processor is corrected in this respect due to the presence of low pass filter 117, but branch 109 could require the addition of a low pass filter 123 after the phase-sensitive detector 111 in order to smooth the signal, assuming it is not already incorporated to aid servo 113.
Note that it is assumed above that the phase sensitive detector 111 would in any case incorporate a low pass filter on its output which would be effective to filter out the 20 MHz modulation, but it would probably not be effective to filter out the lower frequency fluctuations due to surface texture.
Although the invention has so far been described in relation to its applicability to the monitoring of variations in distances, it is also useful for monitoring other types of displacement. For example, a modulated light source and an optical head light the optical head 57 in FIGS. 1A and 1B could be incorporated in surveying instruments, together with appropriate delay lines, for obtaining levels, elevations and triangulations. An interesting example of this sort of use is in guiding a tunnelling machine, and this will now be described, with reference to FIG. 6.
The requirement is for an optical device 600 which will sense the deviation of the tunnelling machine (not shown) from a required normal straight light path 602, the latter being conveniently defined by a laser beam 604. The laser beam is modulated at a high frequency and is projected from a properly surveyed base (not shown) down the tunnel to the optical device 600, which is mounted on the rear of the tunnelling machine. It is necessary to monitor both vertical (y) and horizontal (x) deviations from the ideal path 602 and therefore the optical device has an optical head 606 similar to optical head 57 in FIGS. 1 and 2, except that of course it does not incorporate the light source. It thus consists of four light receptor fibres or fibre-bundles a',b',c', and d' onto which the laser beam is focussed by an appropriate optical system represented by lens 608. The inset to FIG. 6 shows an end view of the optical head 606 with the laser beam 604 falling as a light spot onto the receptor ends of the fibre-optics a',b',c' and d'.
When the tunnelling machine is in the correct position relative to the laser beam 604, the laser beam illuminates all four light receptor fibre-optics equally as shown in the inset. These carry the intercepted light fluxes to a multiplex fibre-optic connector 610, where the light inputs are combined and piped through single fibre-optic 611 to a single photodiode detector and preamplifier 612, as was the case of FIG. 4.
In order to provide the device with the ability to sense positive and negative deviations with respect to the x and y axes, the fibre optics b',c' and d' incorporate delay lines 614,616 and 618 respectively. In this way the lengths of fibre optics b',c' and d' are made greater than a' by one-quarter, one-half and three quarters of a wavelength, respectively, of the modulating frequency. Assuming equal illumination of all the four fibre-optics by the laser beam and a 50% duty cycle for the modulation of the laser beam, the result is that the light inputs a',b',c' and d' add up in multiplex connector 610 to a constant light flux input to the photodiode: changes in light flux input indicate that the tunnelling machine is going off course and are processed as follows.
The output 620 of the detector/preamplifier 612 is fed to the equivalent of a phase-sensitive detector in the form of a two-phase lock-in amplifier 622 which is synchronised at S to the modulation frequency and has two outputs 624 and 626 which respectively indicate the amounts of in-phase and quadrature signals present in the compound signal on line 620. The in-phase output 624 of the amplifier 622 can be used as a first monitor signal and represents the value a'-c' and the quadrature output can be used as a second monitor signal and represents b'-d', consequently it will be seen that when nominal positioning of the tunnelling machine causes the amplitudes of a',c', b' and d' to be equal, the monitor signal outputs 624 and 626 will be zero.
If the tunnelling machine deviates horizontally, the light spot will move on the x axis so that, say, fibre-optic b' is illuminated more than d', whilst fibre-optics a' and c' will remain equally illuminated with respect to each other. Assuming that the reference signal S to the amplifier 622 is in-phase with the light signal a', then the quadrature output 626 of the amplifier 622 will have a signed magnitude proportional to b'-d', indicative of left or right horizontal deviation. Similarly, the in-phase output 624 of amplifier 622 indicates deviation in the vertical or y axis. If the deviation has components in both the x and y axes this will generate signals in both the quadrature and in-phase outputs which are proportional to the x and y components of the deviation.
From the above it will be seen that the outputs 624 and 626 can be used as a control signal input to the tunnelling machine to move it back to the nominal position.
It it is desired to obtain a quantitative measure of the deviations instead of merely a feedback signal for a control system, the output of the detector/preamplifier 612 must be put through a low pass filter 632 in parallel with the lock-in amplifier. This arrangements is like that of FIG. 4 and will give an output from the filter 632 which is proportional to the value (a'+b'+c'+d'), hence proportional to the mean intensity of the light spot. Thus the output of filter 632 can be used to normalise the quadrature and in-phase monitor signal outputs of amplifier 622 by means of dividers 634 and 636. It should be noted that although one lock-in amplifier currently commercially available is known to operate at 50 MHz, most are of low frequency capability, causing the delay lines to be very long.
FIG. 7, shows one way of achieving the two-phase lock-in amplifier 622 of FIG. 6. Two single-phase phase sensitive detectors 700,702 are arranged in parallel with each other, both of them receiving synchronising signals 704,706 respectively from the laser drive circuitry 708 which modulates the laser beam at the required high frequency. The synchronising signal received by phase-sensitive detector 700 is in phase with the modulation of the laser beam, whilst that received by detector 702 is in quadrature to the modulation. Consequently, after passing through respective low pass-filters 710,712, the outputs of the detectors 700 and 702 are respectively the in-phase monitor signal a'-c' and the quadrature monitor signal b'-d'. These are normalised by dividing them by the output of the low pass filter 632 as in FIG. 6.
In order to obviate the need for a physical link between the laser and the device 600 to supply the synchronising signal(s) to the lock-in amplifier 622, the required in-phase and quadrature synchronising signals could be obtained by incorporating a further photodetector and preamplifier to monitor the modulation frequency of the laser beam by means of a receptor in the centre of the optical head. The modulated output of the further photodiode/preamplifier combination would be conditioned to give in-phase and quadrature synchronising signals which would be fed to the two-phase sensitive detectors 700,702.
A further embodiment, analogous to the FIG. 6 embodiment, can be envisaged for use in attitude control or guidance of a satellite or other spacecraft. Again, the device would comprise an optical system for focussing the image of the sun or a suitable star onto an optical head similar to the ones described above, and similar monitor/control signals could be derived. However the incoming light is not modulated in the desired way at source and therefore an optical chopper would have to be inserted in the optical system. This expedient would also be applicable to the FIG. 6 embodiment and would obviate the need to modulate the laser beam at source.
The above-mentioned embodiments of the invention have been concerned to monitor displacements either by two-dimensional variations in the position of a light spot or two-dimensional variations in its shape. However, displacements can also be monitored by utilising an optical system which produces only a one-dimensional variation in the position or shape of a light spot. An example of such an optical system is that one which is known generally as an optical triangulation system. In these a light source such as a laser diode is focussed as a light spot onto an object whose distance from the optical system is to be measured. The light is scattered back from the surface of the object and an image of the light spot is focussed onto a linear photodiode array or other semiconductor light spot position sensor. The arrangement of the optical elements of the system in such that as the distance between the object and the optical system alters, the position of the light spot changes on the sensor, the movement being along the longitudinal axis of the sensor. Examples of optical triangulation systems are the commercially available Selcon Optocator from Selective Electronics Inc., Valdese, N.C., USA, and the one described in Published European Patent Application No. 0119679A by the present applicant.
In accordance with the present invention, it is proposed to replace the semiconductor sensors utilised in prior optical triangulation systems with a single pair of fibre-optics, held side-by-side in an optical head, and an associated optical delay line. The arrangement is as shown in FIG. 8, where twin fibre-optics a" and b" are held in a rectangular section optical head 802, shown in end elevation, and the light spot 804 (dashed circle) illuminates the receptor ends of the fibre-optics equally when the object whose distance is being measured is at a known median distance from the optical system (not shown). The fibre-optics emerging from the rear of the optical head 802 are shown in dashed lines. Light spot 804 moves in the x-direction according to whether the object is closer to, or further away from, the optical system than is the median position. The light beam which forms the light spot 804 is modulated as in previous embodiment. As shown diagrammatically in FIG. 8, the fibre-optic b" is provided with a delay line 806 which lengthens fibre-optic b" relative to fibre-optic a" by an amount equal to one-half wavelength (i.e. half a cycle) of the modulating frequency. Thereafter the connector 808 combines the light signals by joining fibre-optics a" and b" to a single fibre-optic 810. The rest of the signal processing apparatus is the same as that shown in FIG. 4, with conversion to an electrical signal in photodiode/preamplifier 812, the production of a qualitative output (a"-b") from a phase-sensitive detector 814, which gives a calibrateable output proportional to (a"-b")/(a"+b") when normalised with the output of a low pass filter 816.
This is perhaps the simplest embodiment of the invention, of which the other embodiments can be considered elaborations.
It should be noted that the above-proposed replacement of a linear photodiode array or other semiconductor sensor with a fibre-optic head and delay line, as shown in FIG. 8, is subject to certain restrictions connected with relative sizes of the light spot and the receptor ends of the fibre-optics. Thus, to avoid regions of reduced sensitivity and "dead zones", in which illumination of one or both of the receptor ends remains constant despite movement of the light spot, the diameter of the light spot should not be greater than the diameter of the receptor ends, whilst being at least as great as the amplitude of its expected movement.
It should further be noted that for detection of very low light levels, the detector photodiodes of FIGS. 4, 6, 7 and 8 could be replaced by avalanche photodiodes or photomultipliers which need not have high stability.
Whereas the above description with reference to the drawings has not mentioned the possibility of utilising light receptor fibres or fibre-bundles moulded to other than circular cross-section shape, it would be within the ambit of the invention to utilise other convenient shapes; for example, quadrants of circles in the case of an optical head like that shown in FIG. 2 or FIG. 6, or rectangular in the case of that shown in FIG. 8.
The optical arrangements discussed above have been concerned with relative displacements causing variation in the shape or position of a light spot relative to one or two pairs of light receptors. As the skilled worker will realise, it would be possible to utilise more than two pairs of light receptors if this were to be thought desirable for any reason, for example to detect changes of shape of a light spot which could not be guaranteed to change its dimensions alsong mutually perpendicular axes, or whose orientation with respect to the axes defined by the light receptors is not predetermined.
The invention is believed to be of particular benefit in apparatus for use in demanding environments, such as those associated with gas turbine aeroengines and satellites, in which it is difficult to maintain relative stability of the separate photo-detectors and amplifiers which would otherwise be needed to handle light signals from a plurality of optical channels; for use when very expensive photodetectors and amplifiers would otherwise be required; and for use in situations where very low light levels dictate the use of avalanche photodiodes or photomultipliers as photodetectors, since the invention avoids the need of an expensive high gain stability photomultiplier for each optical channel by enabling their substitution by one cheaper low stability photomultiplier.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 6, 1979
|Oct 26, 1982
|The Boeing Company
|Digital fiber optic sensor system
|Mar 27, 1981
|Feb 21, 1984
|Sperry Corporation
|Fiber optic differential sensor
|May 7, 1982
|Jan 15, 1985
|Asea Aktiebolag
|Fiber optical measuring device with a frequency sensitive transducer
|Jun 12, 1985
|May 19, 1987
|National Research Development Corporation
|Optical measurement apparatus
|Nov 30, 1982
|Jun 22, 1983
|Device for locating directive illuminators, applicable to panoramic detection of laser sources
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 13, 1989
|Oct 19, 1993
|Pollak Fred H
|Photoreflectance method and apparatus utilizing acousto-optic modulation
|Jul 20, 1989
|Nov 9, 1993
|Pollak Fred H
|Method and apparatus for determining a material's characteristics by photoreflectance
|Sep 13, 1989
|Dec 14, 1993
|Brooklyn College Foundation
|Method and apparatus for determining a material's characteristics by photoreflectance using improved computer control
|Dec 27, 1994
|Sep 17, 1996
|Mtu Motoren- Und Turbinen-Union Muenchen Gmbh
|Signal device for turbo-engines using an optical probe with an elliptical shaped light beam
|Oct 18, 1993
|Apr 29, 1997
|United Technologies Corporation
|Optical measurement system for articles with varying surface reflectivity
|Aug 18, 2000
|Jun 11, 2002
|Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation
|Active control system for gas turbine blade tip clearance
|Apr 29, 1998
|Dec 17, 2002
|Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh
|Apparatus for detecting properties of sheet material
|Dec 20, 2001
|Jan 13, 2004
|Rolls-Royce Plc
|Monitoring distance variations
|May 2, 2003
|Sep 6, 2005
|General Electric Company
|Wind turbine having sensor elements mounted on rotor blades
|Feb 2, 2004
|Feb 14, 2006
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Method for evaluating piezoelectric fields
|Jun 10, 2004
|Nov 14, 2006
|Uchicago Argonne Llc
|Optical apparatus for laser scattering by objects having complex shapes
|Jul 20, 2005
|Jul 15, 2008
|Alstom Technology Ltd
|Method and an apparatus for determining the clearance between a turbine casing and the tip of a moving turbine blade
|Dec 16, 2005
|Mar 17, 2009
|General Electric Company
|System and method to exhaust spent cooling air of gas turbine engine active clearance control
|Dec 16, 2005
|Oct 6, 2009
|General Electric Company
|Thermal control of gas turbine engine rings for active clearance control
|Oct 31, 2008
|Mar 29, 2011
|General Electric Company
|Method and system for inspecting blade tip clearance
|Mar 28, 2011
|May 28, 2013
|General Electric Company
|Method and system for inspecting blade tip clearance
|May 2, 2003
|Jun 10, 2004
|Roland Weitkamp
|Wind power plant, control arrangement for a wind power plant, and method for operating a wind power plant
|Feb 2, 2004
|Aug 12, 2004
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Method for evaluating piezoelectric fields
|Jun 10, 2004
|Dec 15, 2005
|The University Of Chicago
|Optical apparatus for laser scattering by objects having complex shapes
|Jul 20, 2005
|Jan 5, 2006
|Alstom Technology Ltd
|Method and an apparatus for determining the clearance between a turbine casing and the tip of a moving turbine blade
|Dec 16, 2005
|Jun 21, 2007
|Estridge Scott A
|System and method to exhaust spent cooling air of gas turbine engine active clearance control
|Dec 16, 2005
|Jun 21, 2007
|Bucaro Michael T
|Thermal control of gas turbine engine rings for active clearance control
|May 8, 2008
|Nov 12, 2009
|Jesse Jay Schriner
|Method and system for monitoring particulate
|Oct 31, 2008
|May 6, 2010
|Randall Stephen Corn
|Method and system for inspecting blade tip clearance
|Jun 30, 2011
|Jan 3, 2013
|Catch the Wind, Inc.
|System and Method of In Situ Wind Turbine Blade Monitoring
|Sep 15, 2012
|May 9, 2013
|Bluescout Technologies, Inc.
|System and method of in situ wind turbine blade monitoring
|Dec 21, 1990
|Jun 25, 1992
|Bmw Rolls Royce Gmbh
|Measuring turbine engine blade tip play - by detecting reflected light from blades and evaluating intensity time characteristic over blade
|U.S. Classification
|356/624, 250/227.28
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 10, 1986
Owner name: ROLLS-ROYCE PLC, 65 BUCKINGHAM GATE, LONDON, SW1E
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:DAVINSON, IAN;REEL/FRAME:004577/0642
Effective date: 19860630
|Feb 28, 1989
|Certificate of correction
|Jan 17, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 16, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 14, 2000
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 20, 2000
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Oct 24, 2000
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20000823


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Sorry, this item is no longer available.If you like this design, please customize it in our design center and use the Swap Out Item tab to choose a different item.
Jon's Valentine Cami
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Junior Fit Bella Sheer Jersey Longer Length Tank Top - $24.97
Wear it out or tuck it in, the Bella Sheer Jersey Tank Top's flattering slim fit has a longer body length so you can do both. Also makes for a great sleep shirt with a cute Valentine's design!
Wear it out or tuck it in, the Bella Sheer Jersey Tank Top's flattering slim fit has a longer body length so you can do both. Also makes for a great sleep shirt with a cute Valentine's design!
- 3.2 oz, 100% combed and ringspun cotton jersey
- Soft sheer 40 singles material
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- Junior fit runs small and snug
- PLEASE NOTE: Bella+Canvas brand items run small. Please pay close attention to the product's measurements in inches before purchasing.
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- What does 40 singles mean any way? A higher number means a finer thread resulting in a tighter weave and a softer, thinner shirt. A typical adult unisex t-shirt is 18 singles.
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Art: Pink Heart with Wings. This design features a fuchsia heart that is slightly distressed, with its detailed wings spread. It can be used perfectly to symbolize love in every way; from Valentines Day, anniversaries, "I love you", and more! Pair it with a trendy new font and you have a completely original and edgy design!
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Understanding and Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy Presentation to: Presented by: Date:
How Recommendations and Schedules Are Developed: ACIP Committee National committee Membership: – Experts in fields of epidemiology and infectious diseases – Represent areas of academia, research, and public and private providers Meets 3 times a year Has sole authority to add vaccines to the VFC Program
Publication of Recommendations and Schedules MMWR (official notification) – Free Subscription per internet: – http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/mmwrsubscribe.html ACIP Recommendations for each vaccine located at CDC web sites: – http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/ACIP-list.htm – http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/provisional/default. htm American Academy of Pediatrics licensure chart and recommendations: – http://aapredbook.aappublications.org/news/vaccstat us.shtml
Recommended Childhood & Adolescent Immunization Schedule - United States Vaccines are listed under the routinely recommended ages for children through age 18 years Sentence under the title "For those who fall behind or start late, see the catch-up schedule." Gold bars indicate range of recommended ages for immunization Purple bars indicated vaccines that may be needed by certain high risk groups.
Ages 0-6 years Ages 7-18 years 2012 Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule
Vaccine Hesitant Parent Profile Most often, these moms can be defined as: Ages 30-45 College graduates Upper income Planned pregnancy – read all the books! Worried about being a good mom Worried about her children's progress relative to development stages Engaged in mom groups - PEPS, church, daycare Information seekers
Vaccine Hesitant Parents Profile WebMD is the most used and influential website, followed by CDC, AAP, Mayo Clinic, and blogs by other parents Listens to NPR, watches Oprah, reads parenting magazines, follows the mommyblogs, etc. Risk adverse Environmentally responsible Health-conscious Organic-food-buying Talks to her family practice doctor – does not always get answers and is probably a bit frustrated
Parents Who Refuse Vaccines Concerns about vaccine safety –Cause harm 69% –Overload immune systems 49% Child not at risk for disease 37% Disease not dangerous 21%
Belief that vaccine-preventable diseases no longer pose any risk
Doubt about the vaccine safety profile What are ingredients? What are side effects? Who has tested them?
Belief that multiple vaccines overload the child's immune system
Vaccines over the past 100 years DateVaccineProteins/Sugars TotalsTotals 1900Smallpox~200 1960Smallpox~200 ~3,217 Diphtheria1 Tetanus1 Whole cell Pertussis~3,000 Polio15 1980Diphtheria1~3,041 Tetanus1 Whole cell Pertussis~3,000 Polio15 Measles10 Mumps9 Rubella5
DateVaccineProteins/Sugars TotalsTotals 2000 Diphtheria1133-136 Tetanus1 Acellular pertussis2-5 Polio15 Measles10 Mumps9 Rubella5 Hib2 Varicella69 Pneumococcus8 Hepatitis B1 Influenza10 Offit PA, et al. Addressing parents' concerns: Do vaccines weaken or overwhelm the infant's immune system? Pediatrics 2002;109:124-129.
Belief that certain vaccines have been linked to autism
Belief that certain ingredients (thimerosal and aluminum salts) in vaccines are dangerous
Why Parents Change Their Minds Adapted from D Opel, 2011; Gust et al, Pediatrics, 2008
AAA Ask – Identify hesitant parents Acknowledge – Questions and concerns Advise – Answer specific questions
Strategies for Communicating with Vaccine-Hesitant Parents Do you have any cultural, religious, or personal belief regarding immunization? Has your child or any child you know has a serious adverse event after an immunization? Do you have any vaccine safety concerns? What vaccine safety information can I provide?
HOW TO COUNSEL THE VACCINE-HESITANT PARENT Initiate a dialogue about vaccines early (at the infant's first visit) to find any underlying hesitancy or misinformation that can be corrected. Distribute the Vaccine Information Sheets early, usually at the 1-month visit, so parents have time to consider their unspoken questions. Solicit and welcome questions during vaccine visits and take time to listen (make eye contact), don't patronize. Don't get offended and don't offend.
HOW TO COUNSEL THE VACCINE-HESITANT PARENT Acknowledge benefits and possible risks. Use clear and simple language. Respect the parent's authority and develop the ability to have shared decision making. Have your practice emphasize the reduction of stress and pain of the shots through the use of sucrose and/or swaddling.
National Immunization Survey Children 19-35 Months of Age by State
Georgia Immunization Study (2010-2011) Reasons for Incomplete Immunizations by 24 months
Georgia Immunization Study (2011) Reasons for Incomplete Immunizations by 24 months by WIC Enrollment, 2011
Georgia Immunization Study (2010-2011) Reasons for Incomplete Immunizations by 24 months for children of Hispanic mothers, 2010-2011
Georgia Immunization Study (2010-2011) Reasons for Incomplete Immunizations by 24 months for children of African American mothers, 2010-2011
Georgia Immunization Study (2010-2011) Reasons for Incomplete Immunizations by 24 months for children of white, non-Hispanic mothers, 2010-2011
Georgia Immunization Study (2010) Reasons for Incomplete Immunizations by 24 months, race-ethnicity differences, 2010
Georgia Immunization Study (2011) Reasons for Incomplete Immunizations by 24 months, race-ethnicity differences, 2011
Immunization Rate History National Immunization Survey and Georgia Immunization Study, 2000-2011 *2009 data was not collected due to personnel vacancy
Religious Exemptions by District, 2010
Georgia Immunization Study (2011) Immunization Rates by Health District, 2011
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is a national vaccine safety surveillance program co-sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration. What Can Be Reported to VAERS? Who Reports to VAERS? Does VAERS Provide General Vaccine Information? http://vaers.hhs.gov/http://vaers.hhs.gov/ or 1-800-822-7967
National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program provides compensation to individuals found to be injured by or have died from certain childhood vaccines. – Established in 1988 by NCVIA – Federal "no fault" system to compensate those injured – Claim must be filed by individual, parent or guardian – Must show that injury is on "Vaccine Injury Table"
Resources Local health department District Immunization Coordinator GA Immunization Program Office On call Help line: 404-657-3158 GRITS Help Line:1-866-483-2958 VFC Help Line:1-800-848-3868 Website http://health.state.ga.us/programs/immunization Your local Immunization Program Consultant (IPC) GA Chapter of the AAP GA Academy of Family Physicians
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Senior Project Manager
Senior Project Manager - E-commerce/Business Change
An exciting opportunity has arisen for an experienced Senior Project Manager to join this market-leading organisation, with excellent opportunities to really progress in your career!
Coming from a strong project management and E-commerce background, you will possess significant experience in managing multiple large projects whilst utilising a variety of methodologies and have experience of matrix management of teams up to twenty people. With extensive business change project management experience, including organisational and cultural change, you will be well-accustomed to managing outsource suppliers and managing various budget sizes.
In this Senior Project Manager role, you will be required to own, lead and manage the planning, initiation, delivery and closure of business related projects and ensure that projects are completed within all set parameters (time/budget/quality). You will lead projects throughout the entire project lifecycle and will be responsible for:
- Defining project scope, budget, goals and timelines and deliverables in collaboration with senior management and stakeholders
- Implementing appropriate project management control mechanisms as appropriate to ensure successful project delivery
- Proactively undertaking risk management where necessary
- Taking ownership for the delivery of multiple concurrent projects as required
This Senior Project Manager position will be based in the organisation's Preston office and comes with a competitive salary as well as benefits and bonuses.
This is an excellent opportunity to join a market-leading, multi-national organisation during an exciting time of transformation, in which you can really make an impact and develop further in your career!
Apply now by sending an up-to-date copy of your CV, or for more information please call Mark Goode on 0161 888 2541.


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Under Armour UA Tech Short Men's
SUIT UP FOR BASKETBALL.The Under Armour Tech Prototype Shorts help him dial up his performance. Smooth, lightweight fabric provides ultimate comfort, and built in moisture wicking properties keep him dry. A covered elastic waistband with drawcord ensures a snug, just right fit, mesh hand pockets store small essentials, and contrasting panels help him stand out with bold style. Watch him take his game up a notch in the UA Tech Prototype Shorts.FEATURES Loose: Fuller cut for complete comfort. Smooth, lightweight, fast drying fabric for superior performance Moisture Transport System wicks sweat dries fast Encased elastic waistband with internal drawcord Mesh hand pockets
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For many men, wearing a tie is a necessary evil of fashion. We aren't quite sure which tie to wear, but this infographic makes it easy to pick out the right one and try some different knots.
We've covered different ways to tie a necktie before and how to tie one really quickly, but the folks at the Long Tie Store organized everything you need to know in one graphic. It'll help you decide which style of tie to wear to any occasion, along with what the width of the tie says about you.


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Cotton candy is the most amazing form of caramelization ever invented by man.
Tags: | Jose Andres,Man,Candy,Cotton,
Cotton Owens was leading and daddy was second. They came up on me and I moved over to let them pass. Cotton went on, but daddy bumped me in the rear and my car went right into the wall.
Tags: | Richard Petty,Me,Right,Cotton,
I was born in Glasgow. But my family is pretty much from a little town called Paisley, famous for its cotton mills and paisley pattern.
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Okra is the closest thing to nylon I've ever eaten. It's like they bred cotton with a green bean. Okra, tastes like snot. The more you cook it, the more it turns into string.
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The federal government does not trample in jackboots those with whom it does business. It wraps them in cotton batting and, when they express ingratitude, apologizes profusely.
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So I went out and bought Hard Again by Muddy Waters. That was a big learning curve. I listened to that album again and again and again. James Cotton was the harmonica player on that album.
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With the help of this images you can make your own " Cotton Image Quotes"
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VAGX is a Korean fashion designer label established in 2007 and specializing in modern urban apparel. The company's items are designed with the younger generation in minds, and most of their items offer sporty, casual looks. The brand's product line includes clothing items for both men and women, as well as a wide range of accessories from bags to baseball caps, and from belts to wallets. Recently the company has also started to focusing on the electronic gadgets creating smartphone accessories and VAGX tablet cases.
Active tablet owners looking to buy VAGX tablet cases have several choices before them. The styles include tablet bags with handles and shoulder straps, tablet messenger bags, and tablet backpacks of all shapes and sizes. Their cases can accommodate all Apple tablets and a wide range of similarly sized devices. Prices range from $40 to $375.
Young tablet owners leading active lifestyles will certainly appreciate the versatility and stylish looks of VAGX tablet cases. The company's products not only offer premium quality and are made of top-notch materials, but also deliver multi-functional uses and attractive modern looks.
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