text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 6, 1988
|Filing date
|Mar 25, 1987
|Priority date
|Apr 30, 1982
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Paul Callens, Claude Galand
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (35), Classifications (13), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 485,803, filed on Apr. 18, 1983, abandoned.
This invention relates to a multirate digital transmission method and the application thereof to the concentration of digital information originating from a plurality of sources, over a single transmission channel. More specifically, it concerns speech-origin digital data transmission.
The conditions for transmitting digital information over a given channel, may be time-varying. It is therefore advantageous to have multirate data transmitters (i.e. transmitters capable of transmitting several different numbers of bits per second) provided with simple means for switching from one rate to another according to the actual transmission conditions.
The cost of the transmission lines, has induced manufacturers to look for transmission methods which allow the transmission of information from a plurality of sources, over a single channel. Digital techniques lend themselves particularly well to this type of operation. To this end, the signals originating from the various analog sources are separately sampled. These samples are digitally coded before being alternately and sequentially transmitted over a single transmission channel, using time-division multiplexing (TDM) techniques. For proper operation of the system, however, it is necessary that each intended receiver located at the other end of the transmission channel, i.e., on the receiving side, retrieves the signal intended for it. In other words, the samples must not only be properly redistributed through a demultiplexing process on the receiving side, but the information contained in the sample stream to be provided to each receiver, must be sufficient for an accurate reconstitution of the original signal. More specifically, when said sources supply speech signals to be transmitted to different called parties, the latter must receive information which is not only intelligible but also of sufficient listening quality. These are two contradictory requirement, that is, (a) efficient utilization of transmission channel bandwidth, and (b) sufficient information to enable accurate reconstruction of the original signal. On the one hand for a signal to be accurately reproduced, the digital representation of a signal must be as precise as possible, i.e., the quantity of the digital data which define this signal must be relatively large. On the other hand, the higher the quantity of data provided by a source within a given time interval, the smaller the number of the sources which can share the same transmission channel.
The solutions to this type of problem are numerous. The multiplicity of these solutions proves the interest of the industry in solving this problem and trying to find efficient solutions. Furthermore, an increased effort can at present be observed in the technical field considered, which shows that the limits to the improvements in the considered system have not yet been attained.
Two lines of research can be defined, the first one dealing with the method for processing of the signal generated by each of the sources, and the second, relating to the management of the various sources.
Since the signals considered here are essentially speech signals, voice characteristics are taken into account to define coding/decoding methods, which, for a minimum quantity of digital information, alter the quality of the speech signal, as little as possible. Many voice signal processing methods have been defined in a number of publications. More specifically, reference should be made to the book by J. Flanagan, entitled: "Speech Analysis Synthesis and Perception", published in 1965 by Springer-Verlag, to become familar with voice coding methods. Another literature source is the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing" publication. There will be found therein voice compression techniques the purpose of which is to accurately code the speech signal with a minimum of digital information.
For the management of a plurality of sources for concentrating their outputs over a single transmission channel, multiplexing techniques have already been mentioned. Such techniques are roughly based on a sequential and cyclical allocation of the transmission channel to each of the sources. The limitations of such techniques can easily be understood. It is apparent that channel transmission capacity (the number of bits per second) should not, in principle, be lower than the sum of the bits supplied by the various sources during the same time. However, speech signal sources are characterized by having periods of intermittent activity. More specifically, a source which seems active at a given moment, to a person engaged in a conversation has alternating of periods of silence or inactivity embedded within periods of activity are detected. Techniques have been developed which use the presence of these periods of inactivity in order to associate a single transmission channel with a group of "L" sources, where L might seem an excessive number. TASI (Time Assignment Speech Interpolation) is one example of a channel sharing technique. Such techniques use a device for identifying the sources of the group which, at a given moment, can be considered as being effectively active (according to a predetermined criteria) and for allocating the transmission channel to these sources only. The number L is defined by statistical rules with all the risks this implies in a practical application. For instance, during periods of extensive activity, a TASI type multiplexing system may have to delay the transmission of the signals coming from some sources, or to freeze out these sources, in other words, interrupt their speech. All these solutions are, of course, unacceptable in a real-time high quality conversational system.
Finally, one can combine compression techniques which compress the speech signal supplied by each of the source, with the technique of multiplexing the group of the L sources. But there is a risk of adding an excessive complexity to the system which would jeopardize any commercial application. From amongst the methods that make use of such combinations, one can mention the method proposed by David J. Goodman in an article published in the IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. COM-28, No. 7, July 1980, on page 1040 and following, under the title "Embedded DPCM for Variable Bit Rate Transmission".
In Goodman, the speech signal of each of the sources of the described system is, first, coded at a relatively high bit rate (maximum rate). Next the bits obtained through coding the samples of each speech signal, are placed in the bit stream to be transmitted, according to a pre-established order based on bit weight. This order is such that, transmision of the coded signal at a transmission rate corresponding to a coding rate lower than the maximum rate, the operations to be carried out are extremely simple, i.e. bits are dropped. The number of possible transmission rates according to the techniques proposed by David J. Goodman, is however relatively limited, because only rates which are multiples of the signal sampling frequency can be used.
One object of this invention is to provide a simple and effective multirate digital speech signal transmission method.
Another object of this invention is to provide a method for concentrating speech signals supplied by a group of L sources, over a single transmission channel, by means of compression techniques and multiplexing techniques which can be combined with one another, in a simple manner.
Still another object of this invention is to provide concentrating techniques avoiding any delay or freezing of any source output, during periods of traffic congestion.
This invention concerns, more, particularly a method for compressing the signal from each source by means of techniques employing splitting of the frequency bandwidth of the corresponding speech signal into a given number of sub-bands. The sub-bands are regrouped into sub-groups the number of which is defined as a function of the number of possible transmission rates. The coding bit rate of each sub-group is defined as a function of one of said possible transmission rates. The sub-band signals in each sub-group are quantized through a dynamic allocation of the quantizing bit resources (coding rate) allocated to the sub-group. The bits obtained through coding of the signals in each sub-group considered over a given time period, are dispatched over a repetitive frame comprising predetermined zones, each of said zones being intended for receiving the bits corresponding to the coding of the signals supplied by predetermined sub-bands belonging to the same sub-group. Once the effective transmission rate at a given moment has been chosen, each frame is eventually truncated, before transmission, by dropping all zones which were coded at a rate higher than the chosen transmission rate.
The above process is particularly well-adapted for concentrating speech signals originating from several sources, over one transmission channel, by allocating the highest coding rates to the more active sources.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages or the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1, is a type of voice coder such as used in this invention.
FIG. 2, is an embodiment of the coder of FIG. 1 modified to meet the requirements of this invention.
FIG. 3, is an illustration of general format used according to the process of this invention for arranging a block of bits.
FIGS. 4, 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4E show in detail an example of a block of bits formated according to FIG. 3.
FIG. 5, is an embodiment of the receiver to be used in this invention.
FIG. 6 shows details of part of the receiver of FIG. 5.
FIGS. 7 and 8, are embodiments of this invention applied to several sources.
The process proposed by David J. Goodman maintains the frequency band-width of the processed signal, constant. Thus, the available coding bits are always used to code the same number of samples since the Nyquist frequency is invariant.
But it may be advantageous to reach a compromise between the frequency bandwidth assigned to the signal to be transmitted and the average number of the bits available for coding each sample of said signal.
Copending U.S. application Ser. No. 458,796, filed on Jan. 18, 1983 disclosed a method for dynamically reaching such a compromise. Such a method includes arranging the bits obtained by coding the signal by dispatching said bits within a frame having a predetermined format. Some already known basic principles are used in this method. Using these same basic principles, namely, the so-called bit block coding and sub-band coding with a dynamic allocation of the quantizing bit rates between the sub-bands, the present invention proposes a novel transmission process particularly suitable for specific applications.
The so-called block coding principle is disclosed in an article referring to a presentation given by A. Croisier at the International Seminar of Digital Communications held in Zurich, in 1974, under the title: "Progress in PCM and Delta Modulation: Block Companded Coding of Speech Signal" (BCPCM). A Croisier proposes to code fixed length (e.g. 20 ms) consecutive segments of speech signal. A scale factor (or a characteristic term) of the signal to be coded is defined for each signal segment according to the signal amplitude swing within the segment. This characteristic term is a function of the segment dynamics and is used as a reference to the coding of said segment. More specifically, since the speech signal is sampled at its Nyquist frequency, each signal segment supplies a sample block. The characteristic term C must be such that the largest sample in the block shall not be beyond the coding limits during the considered time interval.
For instance, for a block containing N samples, the characteristic term "C" can be chosen by sorting these N samples to detect the largest sample therein and allocate the value thereof to "C".
As to the sub-band coding operation which the samples in each block will be subjected to, it is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,142,071 and 4,216,354 herein incorporated by reference as well as the presentation given by D. Esteban el al at the IEEE Conference held at Tulsa, U.S. April 10-12, 1978. The elements necessary for the embodiment of this invention will be received here with a few modifications in the notations which, even though obvious, will be specified when necessary in order to avoid any ambiguity.
For the sub-band coding, it should be understood that the speech signal frequency bandwidth is split into "p" sub-bands. The samples provided in each sub-band are quantized (or requantized) with a variable precision based on the relative energy of the signal contained in said sub-band. In other words, for a given fixed overall quantizing bit rate, the specific rate allocated to each sub-band will be time-varying as a function of the relative energy of the signal contained in said sub-band.
As it will appear in the following description, the process of this invention applies to any type of sub-band coding method. It, more particularly, applies to sub-band coding of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,142,071 wherein the whole frequency bandwidth of the speech signal to be transmitted is split into a plurality of sub-bands. It also applies to a sub-band coding wherein only a so-called base band of the speech signal to be transmitted is split into sub-bands. An embodiment of a coder of such a type, is disclosed in the above-mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,216,354. An embodiment similar to this same type of coder, has also been disclosed by D. Esteban et al at the Tulsa Conference, under the title "9.6/7.2 Kbps Voice Excited Predictive Coder (VEPC)".
FIG. 1 illustrates a VEPC type coder. The speech signal applied to the coder input IN is low pass filtered in 10. The low-pass filtered signal has a frequency bandwidth ≦3400 Hz (telephone bandwidth). The filter 10 output is fed into an analog-digital (A/D) converter 12 performing sampling operations at 8 KHz and 12 bit PCM encoding operations. The coded samples are then recoded in the rest of the VEPC coder to enable a more efficient encoding. To this end, the samples are fed into a parameter predictor 14 as well as into a subtractor 16 and an inverse filter 18. The predictor 14 generates a group of partial autocorrelation coefficients (PARCOR) (K), from the signal provided by A/D 12. These coefficient are used to adjust the inverse filter 18 for a predetermined period of time e.g. equal to 20 ms or lower. The inverse filter is made of a lattice network such as defined by J. D. Markel et al in their book entitled: "Linear Prediction of Speech", paragraph 5.4. The signal supplied by the inverse filter 18 is the predictable portion of the speech signal. The subtractor 16, which substracts the inverse filtered signal from the signal supplied by the converter 12, provides a residual signal e.sub.(n) free of the original speech signal redundancy. The residual signal e.sub.(n) is then base-band filtered in 20. The filter 20 supplies samples X(n) of the residual base-band signal limited to a frequency, say, ≦2 KHz, as well as information relative to the energy of the signal in the removed high frequency band. The residual base-band signal is fed into a sub-band coder 22. Said coder requantizes the residual base-band signal, dynamic allocation of the quantizing bits and provides an information designated by SIGNAL. The energy of the high frequency band (1625-3400 Hz, for instance) is requantized in a quantizer QA1, 24 supplying information designated by ENERG (or E). As to the partial autocorrelation coefficients, the so-called PARCOR coefficients, they are recoded through a requantizing operation in QA2, 26 to supply information designated by COEFF (or K). These three types of information, namely COEF (K), ENERG (E) and SIGNAL are a coded representation fully characterizing the speech signal applied to the coder input IN. They may be transmitted over line L by a multiplexer 28.
It should be remembered, first, that since the system is BCPCM-operated, the speech signal is processed by blocks of N samples which are representative of consecutive 20-milliseconds long signal segments.
The parameter predictor 14 is, more specifically, disclosed in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,216,354, and more precisely it is represented in the FIGS. 6 and 7 of said patent. The method on which the device is based, implements, more particularly, the algorithms proposed by J. Le Roux and C. Guegen in an article published by IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, June 1977.
The device 20 is comprised of a digital low-pass filter the higher frequency of which is limited to ≦2000 Hz; e.g. equal to 1675 Hz. This device 20, furthermore, is comprised of means for measuring the energy E contained in the high frequency range 1625-3400 Hz removed by the low-pass filter of device 20. An embodiment of device 20 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,216,354 (more specifically, reference should be made to FIG. 2 of said patent). The energy information contained within the high frequency bandwidth of the residual signal, is quantized in 24 and this, every 10 milliseconds, i.e. twice for each 20 millisecond signal segment.
The samples X(n) of the residual base-band signal come out of the low-pass filter 20 at a 4 KHz rate. The residual base-band signal is subjected to a sub-band BCPCM-type recoding operation in coder 22 with a dynamic allocation of the quantizing bit rates between the sub-bands. This type of coding is disclosed in the above-mentioned documents.
A few rules will be briefly reviewed. Let p be the number of the sub-bands into which the frequency bandwidth of the signal to be recoded is divided. Let N be the number of the samples in each sub-band during a 20 ms time-interval which corresponds to a signal segment to be BCPCM-recoded. Finally, let X(i,j) be the jth sample of an N-sample block in the ith sub-band. For each sub-band signal segment, the characteristic sub-band term C(i) is determined, which meets relationship: ##EQU1## This involves sorting the samples in each block so as to determine therefrom the highest absolute value sample and to allocate such a value to C(i). p characteristic terms C(1), C(2), . . . , C(p), then, are obtained. These terms are eventually requantized through a logarithmic table look-up so as to reduce the number of bits assigned to the coding of the C(i)'s. The recoded terms C(i) can be denoted C(i).
In addition, the samples X(i,j), are (re)quantized so that the corresponding (re)quantizing step is defined as a function of the sub-band which the processed sample belongs to, or, more specifically, as a function of the relative energy contained in said sub-band with respect to the energies contained in the other sub-bands during the same time interval. It can be shown that for a (re)quantizing bit rate per sub-band sampling period and intended for the (re)quantizing of the p sub-band samples, the global quantizing signal-to-noise ratio is minimized by allocating a number of bits n(i) to the requantizing of the ith sub-band, which meets relationship: ##EQU2## which establishes that the (re)quantizing rates are dynamically allocated.
In practice, equation (3) is never directly met without a few readjusments such as disclosed in the above-mentioned pror art documents.
More specifically, when the terms resulting from decoding the C(i)s are denoted C(i), in practice, expression (2) is replaced by ##EQU3##
For the requirements of this invention, the sub-bands are regrouped into several sub-groups and the number M, i.e., the quantizing rate, varies from one sub-group to another. The number of the sub-groups is defined according to the number of the predetermined rates at which transmission is proposed. The selected transmission rates are 2.4; 4.8; 7.2; 9.6 and 12 Kbps. Every 20 ms the total number of the coding bits, then, will be different, namely, 48 bits for a 2.4 Kbps transmission; 96 bits for a 4.8 Kbps transmission; 144 bits for a 7.2 Kbps transmission; 192 bits for a 9.6 Kbps transmission and 240 bits for a 12 Kbps transmission. After subtracting the number of bits to be assigned to coding the:
energies (E): 4 bits for 2.4 kbps transmission rate or 8 bits for 4.8, 7.2, 9.6, or 12 kbps transmission rates,
PARCOR coefficients (K): constant at 28 bits,
characteristics terms (C): 6, 18, 26, 38, or 50 bits for transmission rates of 2.4, 4.8, 7.2, 9.6 or 12 kbps, respectively,
from the total number of coding bits; that is, 48, 96, 144, 192, and 240 bits for transmission rates of 2.4, 4.8, 7.2, 9.6, or 12 kbps, respectively, one gets the number of bits remaining for requantizing of the samples; that is, 10, 40, 80, 115, or 150 for transmission rates of 2.4, 4.8, 7.2, 9.6, or 12 kbps, respectively. The chosen bit allocations are summarized in Table I. It should be noted that some bits are unassigned. One should also note the expression "macro-sample" which designates the group of samples provided by the sub-bands belonging to a given sub-group, when considered over the same 20 ms sampling period.
TABLE I______________________________________Bit rates (Kbps) 2.4 4.8 7.2 9.6 12 SG0 SG1 SG2 SG3 SG4Frequency band- 250- 250- 125- 125- 125-width (Hz) for 750 750 875 1250 1625each sub-groupTotal Nb of avail- 48 96 144 192 240able codingbits/20 msNb of sub- 4 4 6 9 12bands in eachsub-groupNb bits for 4 + 2 16 + 2 24 + 2 36 + 2 48 + 2C(i)'sNb of bits 4 8 8 8 8for E's in ablockNb of bits for 28 28 28 28 28K'sNb of bits/20 ms 10 40 80 115 150sample (sub-group codingrate)Nb of bits 2 8 16 23 30for each macro-sampleNb of bits 48 94 142 189 236used every 20 msNb of unassigned 0 2 2 3 4bits______________________________________
FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the sub-band coder 22 modified for implementing this invention. The coder 22 is comprised, first, of a filter bank 30 (FB) splitting the frequency bandwidth of the residual base-band signal into 12 adjacent sub-bands distributed according to the following Table II.
TABLE II______________________________________Sub- LimitSub-Groupingband FrequenciesTransmission speed shownrank in Hzin Kbps______________________________________ 0 0-0125 123456789101112 ##STR1##______________________________________
The filter bank 30 includes half-band quadrature filter cells such as disclosed in IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 19, No. 9, February 1977, pages 3438-39.
The 0-125 Hz sub-band is not used. The other sub-bands are grouped into sub-groups according to the indications in Tables I and II, and subjected to Dynamic Bit Allocators DAB1 through DAB4 which determine the dynamic bit allocations, to be made within each sub-group for each of the concerned macro-samples. This, of course, sets the number of quantizing steps for the samples. Each sub-group corresponds to at least one of the possible transmission rates. The transmission rate in each sub-group determines the coding bit rate in the sub-group.
Device DAB1 handles sub-bands 2 through 5 regrouped into a first sub-group SG1. DAB1 calculates, from those terms C(i) which are provided thereto by a generator (31), the dynamic allocation of a given fixed number of bits M1, i.e. M1=8 bits to be distributed between sub-bands 2 through 5 during each macro-sample. See Table I, 9th horizontal row, e.g. M1=8 for a coding bit rate of 4.8 kbps.
When denoting: ##EQU4## the number of quantizing bits N(i) to be dynamically allocated among the sub-bands in sub-group SG1 is:
N(i)=β1 +log C(i) (6)
for i=2, 3, 4 and 5.
DAB2 calculates the dynamic allocation of 8 additional bits to sub-bands 1 and 6 (added to sub-group SG1 in order to form sub-group SG2), for which
β2 =1/2(8-log C1 -log C6) (7)
N(1)=β2 +log C1 (8)
N(6)=β2 +log C6 (9)
DAB3 calculates the allocation of 7 additional bits to be spread between sub-bands 7, 8, 9 (to be added to SG2 in order to obtain sub-group SG3) ##EQU5##
Finally, DAB4 allocates dynamically 7 additional bits to be spread between sub-bands 10, 11, 12 (to be added to SG3 in order to obtain sub-group SG4) ##EQU6## Circuits DAB1 through DAB4 have been grouped into a dynamic bit allocator 33.
In practice, each of the calculated N(i)'s will have to be adjusted to an integer value so that the sum of the N(i)'s determined by each of the devices DAB1 through DAB4 is equal to the sub-group predetermined allocated number of bits. Such an adjustment is carried out by means of the technique already used and described in the above-mentioned references. The sum of the N(i)'s for the 12 sub-bands is equal to 30 for each macro-sample, i.e., to the number of the bits for each macro-sample defined for the highest transmission bit rate (see Table I). The (re)quantizing dynamic allocations at 2400 bps (sub-group SG0) have not been described above. This transmission rate is processed in a specific manner as will be disclosed later on.
Once number of bits to be allocated to the quantization of signal samples from each sub-band, has been defined, the signal samples are requantized in Q1 through Q4. The bits of re-quantized samples are then formatted as described below by referring to an example.
The assembly (31, 33, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4) regroups, therefore, the sub-bands into sub-groups and requantizes the signals in each sub-band relative to the sub-group.
By way of an example, it will be assumed that devices DAB1 through DAB4, using formulae 5 through 13, supply the following values:
It should be noted that ##EQU7##
These N(i) rates are used to adjust the requantizing steps of requantizing units Q1 through Q4 which process the samples in sub-groups SG1 through SG4, respectively. The requantizing step Q(i) of the ith sub-band is such that:
The requantized samples X(i,j) satisfy relationship:
X(i,j)=||X(i,j)/Q(i)|| (14)
where symbol ||.|| indicates that the obtained values are truncated to the next lower integer values.
The bits resulting from the coding operation of each 20 ms segment of voice signal, are distributed by multiplexer 28 into a frame (see FIG. 3) comprised of a plurality of zones (F0, F1, . . . ). A block of bits distributed according to a multirate frame is, therefore, obtained every 20 ms. In the chosen example, there are five zones designated by F0, F1, F2, F3 and F4. According to the required transmission rate, there will be transmitted a more or less large portion (number of the zones) of the multirate frame or block of bits.
Xp.sub.(i,j) =the pth bit in the jth requantized sample of the ith sub-band.
p=0 is representative of the least significant bit, i.e. that bit which has the lowest weight.
Cp.sub.(i) =is representative of the pth bit of the coded characteristic of the ith sub-band.
E1, E2 =are the two energy values (on channel ENERG) determined for each 20 ms segment of the original voice signal to be coded. Terms E1 and E2 are coded in QA1, with four bits, each. E1 p and E2 p are the pth bits of E1 and E2.
Kl p =with l=1, 2, . . . , 8, is representative of the pth bit of the lth PARCOR coefficient defined for the signal segment.
The PARCOR coefficients are coded in QA2 according to the method disclosed in "Piecewise Linear Quantization of LPC Reflection Coefficients" by C. Un and S. Yang in the document entitled "International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing" (ICASSP), Hartford 1977, on pages 417 through 420. More specifically, 28 bits are reserved for the PARCOR coefficients (see Table I), which are distributed as follows:
K1 : 5 bits
K2 : 5 bits
K3 through K8 : 3 bits each
It has been mentioned above that a special handling is reserved for the 2400 bps rate. In that case, a single sub-band is preserved, namely, the sub-band which contains the highest energy, from amongst the sub-bands 2, 3, 4 and 5 (sub-group 1). In addition, only the two highest weight bits in the samples of this sub-band, that are supplied by quantizer Q1, are to be used. The designation of the concerned sub-band is defined by two bits denoted P0 and P1 and satisfying the requirement in Table III.
TABLE III______________________________________P0 P1 Sub-band______________________________________0 0 20 1 31 0 41 1 5______________________________________
In the above-mentioned example, the reserved bits to be used are the two highest weight that is, bits 1 and 2 in each sample of sub-band 5. The coded signal bit samples in zone F0, in this specific example, will be.
Furthermore, for this 2400 bps transmission rate, only one high frequency energy value will be retained, namely, E1 comprising 4 bits.
Zone F0, therefore, contains
______________________________________ X5,j2 j = 1, . . ., 5 X5,j1 j = 1, . . ., 5 P0, P1E1 3 E1 2 E1 1 E1 0C5 3 C5 2 C5 1 C5 0K1 4 K1 3 K1 2 K1 1 K1 0K2 4 K2 3 K2 2 K2 1 K2 0K3 2 K3 1 K3 0K4 2 K4 1 K4 0K5 2 K5 1 K5 0K6 2 K6 1 K6 0K7 2 K7 1 K7 0K8 2 K8 1 K8 0______________________________________
for a total of 48 bits. Thus at a transmission rate of 2400 bps, the above defined 48 bits in zone F0, distributed according to the schematic diagram of FIG. 4A, are transmitted every 20 ms.
Zone F1, which is illustrated in FIG. 4B contains:
______________________________________C4 3 C4 2 C4 1 C4 0C3 3 C3 2 C3 1 C3 0C2 3 C2 2 C2 1 C2 0E2 3 E2 2 E2 1 E2 0 X5,j0 j = 1, . . . , 5 X2,j1 j = 1, . . . , 5 X2,j0 j = 1, . . . , 5 X3,j0 j = 1, . . . , 5 X4,j1 j = 1, . . . , 5 X4,j0 j = 1, . . . , 5______________________________________
for a total of 94 bits plus two reserved bits which are not used when the signal is decoded at the receiver. (represented by X* in FIG. 4B).
Thus, at a transmission rate of 4800 bps, the 48 bits of zone F0, previously defined, and the above defined 48 bits of zone F1, distributed according to the schematic diagram of FIG. 4A, are transmitted every 20 ms.
Zone F2 is represented in FIG. 4C and contains:
______________________________________C1 3 C1 2 C1 1 C1 0C6 3 C6 2 C6 1 C6 0 X1,j4 j = 1, . . ., 5 X1,j3 j = 1, . . ., 5 X1,j2 j = 1, . . ., 5 X1,j1 j = 1, . . ., 5 X1,j0 j = 1, . . ., 5 X6,j2 j = 1, . . ., 5 X6,j1 j = 1, . . ., 5 X6,j0 j = 1, . . ., 5______________________________________
for a total of 48 bits.
Zone F2, therefore, contains the bits from sub-bands 1 and 6 to be added to the sub-groups corresponding to the immediately lower rate (4800 bps) in order to form the sub-group at the next higher rate (7200 bps).
Thus, at a transmission rate of 7200 bps, the 48 bits of zone F0 and the 48 bits of zone F1, previously defined, and the above defined 48 bits of zone F2, distributed according to the schematic drawing of FIG. 4C, are transmitted every 20 ms.
The following zones F3 and F4 will be processed likewise.
Zone F3 illustrated in FIG. 4D, contains:
______________________________________C7 3 C7 2 C7 1 C7 0C8 3 C8 2 C8 1 C8 0C9 3 C9 2 C9 1 C9 0 X7,j0 j = 1, . . ., 5 X8,j3 j = 1, . . ., 5 X8,j2 j = 1, . . ., 5 X8,j1 j = 1, . . ., 5 X8,j0 j = 1, . . ., 5 X9,j1 j = 1, . . ., 5 X9,j0 j = 1, . . ., 5______________________________________
for a total of 47 bits plus one reserved bit which is not used when the signal is decoded at the receiver.
Thus at a transmission rate of 9600 bps, the 144 bits of zones F0, F1, and F2, previously defined, and the above defined 48 bits of zone F3, distributed according to the schematic of FIG. 4D, are transmitted every 20 ms.
Finally, zone F4 illustrated in FIG. 4E, contains:
______________________________________C3 10 C2 10 C1 10 C0 10C3 10 C2 11 C1 11 C0 11C3 12 C2 12 C1 12 C0 12X1 10,j j = 1, . . ., 5X0 10,j j = 1, . . ., 5X3 11,j j = 1, . . ., 5X2 11,j j = 1, . . ., 5X1 11,j j = 1, . . ., 5X0 11,j j = 1, . . ., 5X0 12,j j = 1, . . ., 5______________________________________
for a total of 47 bits plus one reserved bit which is not used when the signal is decoded at the receiver.
Thus at a transmission rate of 12000 bps, the 192 bits of zones F0, F1, F2 and F3, previously defined, and the above defined 48 bits of zone F4, distributed according to the schematic of FIG. 4E, are transmitted every 20 ms.
The bits obtained at the outputs of the quantization devices Q1 through Q4 are multiplexed in 28 according to the format of the multirate frame comprised of zones F0 through F4. Once the transmission rate has been chosen, a control is applied to multiplexer 28 through line CTRL. Such a control is used to truncate, if at all, each multirate frame, to the required dimensions before its being transmitted over line L connected to multiplexer 28.
FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic diagram of the receiver of the VEPC type similar to the prior art receiver (more specifically, reference should be made to FIGS. 7 through 9 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,216,354) modified according to the requirements of this invention. The data on input line L are, first, demultiplexed in 34 (DMPX). Demultiplexer 34 separates the elements of information on the channels ENERG (E), SIGNAL and COEF (K), from one another.
The information SIGNAL is, first, decoded in 36 (SBC) to provide the samples of the residual base band signal. These samples are subjected, in 36, to inverse quantization operations associated with filtering and interpolation operations intended to recombine the sub-bands into the original base band. The filtering operation is carried out by means of elements which are high-pass and low-pass half-band quadrature filters, respectively. The interpolation operation is obtained by inserting a zero between two consecutive input samples. Then, the outputs of the filters are added two by two. For further details, reference should be made to the above-mentioned literature.
The base-band signal sampling frequency is brought back to 8 KHz by interpolator 38 (INT). Such a device computes the samples to be inserted between two consecutive 4 KHz samples. The interpolation operation can be carried out by means of a filter. The path followed by the interpolator output is split into two paths, one being direct, the other one being indirect. The indirect path includes a high frequency band generator 39 (HB). The low-band frequency spectrum is spread through a non-linear distortion operation performed in 40 (DISTORT). Then the high frequency bands are generated through a filtering operation in 42. The output of the filtering means 42 is then modulated by the energy information provided by channel ENERG receiving the energy information and decoding it in decoder DEC1. According to the bit rate at the receiver input, the higher limit of the base-band is known (see Table II). The high frequency band is, therefore, dependent on the chosen transmission rate. The high pass filter 42 shall be chosen accordingly. More specifically, for 2400 and 4800 bps, the bandwidth of filter 42 is set to 750-3400 Hz; for 7200 bps, it is set to 875-3400 Hz; for 9600 bps and 12 000 bps, it is set to 1250-3400 Hz and 1625-3400 Hz, respectively. This is why filter 42 is made of four pass-band filters designated by HP1 through HP4 associated with switches 44 and 46. The information relative to the transmission rate, which may be determined by conventional means, is used to select the filter to be used. In other words, the received message will include a message indicating the selected transmission rate and this message is used to control switches 44 and 46. In practice, filters HP1 through HP4 will be transversal digital filters sharing the same delay line.
Furthermore, since some sounds, such as, for instance, the fricatives, provide a very weak low-band energy level, the signal energy provided by device 40 (DISTORT) may be insufficient with regard to the requirements of the decoder according to this invention. Energy supplied by a white noise-generator 48 (WN) has, therefore, been added at the output of device (DIST) 40. The level of this energy shall be adjusted so that it fulfills its functions with sounds carrying a low energy in the low-frequency bandwidth without disturbing the operation when voiced sounds are being processed. The white noise shall thus be of a low amplitude when compared to the energy carried by the high frequency bandwidth of voiced sounds. The generator (WN) can be adjusted empirically or dynamically. The signal resulting from the white noise being added to the information provided by device 40 (DISTORT) is fed into one of the band-pass filters 42.
The output samples of filter 42 are fed into the energy adjustment device 50 (EAD) which normalizes the high band level. As shown in FIG. 6 such a normalization is obtained by measuring in a device ENG (51) the energy E'2 of the filter 42 output; comparing E'2 with the energy E'1, where E'1 designates E1 and/or E2 provided by the decoder DEC 1 of channel ENERG conveying terms E representative of the energy in the 1625-3400 Hz frequency band; and, finally, modulating the filter 42 output signal by the result of such a comparison. The output of device 50 is added to the output of interpolator 38 in AD. The resulting signal is filtered by digital lattice filter 52 (INVF) having for coefficients PARCORS coefficients supplied by channel COEF and decoded in 54 (DEC 2).
It should be noted that delay elements 56 (DL3), 57 (DL4) and 59 (DL6) have been added into the various original paths within the receiver of FIG. 5. These delay elements are intended to resynchronize the data of the various paths with one another.
FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of the circuit 39 (HB) of FIG. 5. It should be noted, first, that the information indicative of the transmission rate is used to address a table 64 used to designate the filter HP1 through HP4, which should be used. Such an information controls switches 44 and 46. Table 64, in addition, is indicative of the value Xbb of the lower frequency of the filter HP1 through HP4 which has been selected. The Xbb value is provided to adjusting circuit 66 also connected to decoder 55 supplying parameter E'1, and to device ENG 51 supplying parameter E'2. The adjustment circuit 66 calculates term α ##EQU8## The term α is used to modulate in 68 the information provided by filter 42.
The sub-band coding processes and, more particularly, the above-described process, lend themselves particularly well to the concentration of a plurality of speech signals sources, into a single transmission channel.
FIG. 7 illustrates the schematic diagram of a device adapted to serve "L" signal sources connected to ports designated by PORT1 through PORTL, respectively. Each port is connected to a filter bank SB1, SB2, . . . , or SBL.
A coding operation using an optimal dynamic allocation of the quantization bits on the various ports, can be carried out in a global manner upon the whole p.L sub-band signals. To this end, the following operations would be carried out:
Determining the characteristics ##EQU9##
Coding the characteristics;
Controlling the activity of the ports and dynamically allocating the (re)quantization bits to the sub-band signals so that: ##EQU10## with in addition the constraint: ##EQU11##
Adjusting the n(i,k)'s by truncating them to the nearest integer value. These integer values would be limited to a predetermined number of values such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 for instance. Then, the values of n(i,k) would be adjusted so that expressions (15) through (17) are met; and
(Re)quantizing the samples in each sub-band.
Such a process would have the advantage to provide for a dynamic allocation coding means extended to the p.L sub-bands. Such a process, however, may have a few drawbacks when applied to the TASI type system of this invention. A preferred method will now be described, which is of particular interest. This method is based on the application of the above-described multirate coding principles.
Such a method includes the following steps of:
Coding the speech information supplied by each signal source by applying the above-mentioned multirate coding techniques.
Measuring the relative activity of each source;
Selecting a coding rate to be allocated to each souce according to said relative activity;
Selecting part of the multirate frame format for each source according to the allocated coding rate; and,
Multiplexing the eventually truncated macro-samples thus obtained.
FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of the device for concentrating signals from L=8 signal sources, over a single transmission channel LL. The speech signals originating from each of the eight sources (not shown) are fed to a series of ports referenced PORT1 through PORT8. Each port is connected to a coder performing sub-band (i.e. CODE1 through CODE8) coding with dynamic allocation of the coding bits. Each coder may be of the type shown in FIG. 2. More specifically, two groups of terms C(i,j) and X(i,j,k) are supplied by a residual base-band sub-band coder. The multiplexer MPX of each coder supplies bit blocks arranged according to the above-described multirate format (see FIG. 4).
An activity controller 68 determines the relative activity of each signal source and derives therefrom the transmission rate, i.e., the bit rate V(k), to be assigned to said source. The terms V(k), once adjusted, define the way the bit blocks arranged according to the multirate format corresponding to a sample block of source (k), have to be truncated. Such a formatting operation is carried out in 70. Finally, the data of the eight coders are multiplexed in MPLX 72 for their being transmitted over line LL.
The operations for determining the relative port activity and for defining the transmission rate to be assigned to each port, are based upon the application of formulas (15) through (17). But the direct application of these formulas raises a readjustment problem. First, a port bit rate must be calculated: ##EQU12## which must be adjusted so as to be equal to one of the values indicated in Table I under the title: "Number of bits for each macro-sample".
Then, there must be obtained: ##EQU13## where Nc is equal to that portion of channel LL which is available for the transmission of the macro-samples on the ports.
Now, the application of formulas (18) and (19) require readjustments and any action upon either of them affects the other, which makes the process all the more complicated. In order to avoid such a drawback, it is advisable to divide the problem into two.
Indeed, there can be deduced from formula (15): ##EQU14## whence ##EQU15## When writing: ##EQU16## where W(k) is indicative of the PORTk activity.
Then, there is obtained: ##EQU17## where l is a calculation index which is varied from l=1 to a l=L to scan the assembly of ports PORT1 through PORTL.
Formula (23) is indicative of an optimal dynamic distribution of the ML bits intended for the coding operation of the signals on the L ports as a function of the activity W(k) thereof.
Besides, it should be noted, here, that instead of determining the activity W(k) of the kth port of order k from formula (22), one can sort elements of information substantially proportional to the energy in each sub-band, namely terms C(i,k). Thus: ##EQU18## The results can be further improved by taking also the high frequency band energies ENERG(k), namely terms E(1,k) and/or E(2,k), into account and by making use of ##EQU19## An expression wherein λ is a digital coefficient empirically determined and intended to take into account the statistical differences in the energy distribution between the high frequency bands and the low frequency bands of the speech signal spectrum.
Formula (23) becomes: ##EQU20##
The above formula (23') acts against low level locutors when confronted to higher level locutors. This can be remedied by normalizing the terms used as a reference to the measurement of the energy generated by the various locutors. A new term W"(k) is then, defined, which defines a weighted source activity as a function of the prior activity of this very source: ##EQU21## where <W'(k)> is representative of the W'(k)'s over a relatively long period of time, of the order of the syllabic time length (0.5 through 2 seconds, for instance). Besides, a threshold which shall not be exceeded, is assigned to term W'(k).
Therefore, the activity controller 68 is fed with C(i,k) terms and starts with decoding them using a logarithmic table look-up method. Said table performs the opposite operations of those performed with the table used to convert the C(i,k)'s into C(i,k). This decoding operation provides terms C(i,k). Controller 68 receives also the energy information, namely, E(1,k) and/or E(2,k). The operations according to equations (22") and (24) are carried out in 68. They are followed by the carrying out of the operations of equation (23') which defines the bit rate V(k), and therefore the transmission rate, to be allocated to each source for the 20 ms long segment of signal being under process. Such information is used to eventually truncate in a device 70 the multirate block provided by each source into the desired format. The bit block from each source, then, are time-multiplexed in device 72 before transmission on line LL.
It is clear that the preceding description has only been given as an unrestrictive example, and that numerous alternatives can be considered without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention.
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Effective date: 20001206


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We are located directly opposite Ikea on the West Quay Trading Estate, between Honda and Ford just off the A33. If you follow signs for West Quay off of the M27/M271.
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Saturday: 09:00 - 17:30
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The Village Hall and Police Station will be undergoing a partial demolition and full renovation, scheduled to be completed December 2018. During this two year renovation project, Village services will be re-located to a temporary facility at 505 E North Ave. The Village will transition to the Temporary Facility from May 5th-11th. During this transition, Village services may be temporarily disrupted with some departments beginning the day at 500 N Gary Ave. and finishing the day at 505 E North Ave. The Village Hall will remain open during regular business hours until the transition to the Temporary Facility is complete. The Village will do its best to keep the public informed as services become disrupted or change location with regular updates on our website, Facebook, and twitter. In addition many Village services will be available online including bill payments, some permit forms, vehicle sticker purchasing, and more. We appreciate your patience as we work to improve our ability to serve you in the future. For details on the renovation project please visit the Municipal Renovation webpage.
Vehicle Sticker Registration Begins May 1, 2017The Carol Stream Village Board approved a change in the Village's vehicle registration process. Beginning May 1, 2017, all newly… Read More
Mayor's Water Conservation ChallengeMayor Saverino is once again enlisting the Village's 11,000 water customers to compete in the National Mayor's Water Conservation Challenge hosted… Read More
Village of Carol Stream Annual Pond & Stream Sweep Saturday, May 20th, 2017Come enjoy the outdoors and make a difference in the quality of water in our community. Volunteers are needed… feel… Read More
Municipal Center RenovationSince its inception, the Village's population and staffing levels have grown significantly. A consultant analyzed our space based on staffing… Read More
Summer Project Building PermitsThis is the time of year when many homeowners look to undertake home or property improvement projects. Many common projects… Read More
Veteran's SpotlightThis year, Carol Stream is introducing a Year long Spotlight on Veterans. At the second Board meeting of each month,… Read More
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Upcoming Events
|Mon May 01 @ 7:30PM - 09:00PM
Village Board Meeting
|Mon May 15 @ 7:30PM - 09:00PM
Village Board Meeting
Currently, three groups are a part of the Adopt-a-Highway program in Carol Stream.
In 2016, volunteers cleaned over __10__miles of parkway.
We are currently looking for volunteer groups interested in adopting the following stretch of roadway:
- Kuhn Road between Army Trail Road and Mohican Road (1 mile)
- Lies Road between Gary Ave and County Farm Road (1.5 miles)
Participation in this program requires four clean up events a year. One spring, one early summer, one late summer and one late autumn to prevent the need for a large-scale cleanup. The Village will provide everything your group needs --including safety vests, gloves, trash grabbers, and garbage bags. We even pick up the filled bags once you are done, so you don't have to worry about disposal.
The Carol Stream Public Works Department will install an Adopt-a-Highway roadway sign with your organizations' name on it to let everyone know that your group has adopted that stretch of roadway.
Mayor's Water Conservation Challenge
Mayor Saverino is once again enlisting the Village's 11,000 water customers to compete in the National Mayor's Water Conservation Challenge hosted by the Wyland Foundation. Last year the Village of Carol Stream finished with an impressive top ten ranking, the ONLY Illinois city to do so. This year you can help Carol Stream go all the way to Number One in water conservation efforts! From April 1st - 30th, you can make an online water conservation pledge at www.mywaterpledge.com which will allow you to select indoor and outdoor activities to reduce your daily water consumption. At the end of the 30-day competition, the city with the highest percentage of water customers who make pledges will be eligible to win energy saving prizes. If every Village water customer reduced their April water consumption by just 2%, the Village would save 1.8 million gallons of water. So come April 1st, its GAME ON for our water customers to show the nation the "Can Do" Carol Stream Spirit in action. So let's save money and energy, reduce water system delivery costs, and preserve every drop of our fresh water for a better future.
Summer Project Building Permits
This is the time of year when many homeowners look to undertake home or property improvement projects. Many common projects require a Village building permit, so please be sure to check with the Community Development Department if you have any questions. Continue reading for more information on building permits.
Vehicle Sticker Registration Begins May 1, 2017
The Carol Stream Village Board approved a change in the Village's vehicle registration process. Beginning May 1, 2017, all newly purchased vehicle stickers will be valid for a period of two (2) years. Due to this change, the fee schedule for most vehicle types will double from current rates; however, with the extension of the sticker term to two years, the cost per year will remain the same. For more information click this link. To use your Village mailed registration packets to pay online click here. Please contact the Village Cashier / Receptionist at 630-665-7050 if you have any questions concerning the vehicle registration process.
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The Carol Stream Village Hall and Police Department is located at 500 North Gary Avenue.The Village Hall is open M-F 8 - 5 and closed on Weekends. The Police Department is open 24 hours, 7 days a week. For emergencies, please call 911. For more information see our Departments pages
The Legislative Board is comprised of the elected Mayor and six Trustees of the Village of Carol Stream. The Board makes policy decisions necessary to maintain and enhance the health, safety and welfare of citizens and visitors to Carol Stream. Click here to contact Carol Stream's elected officials.


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Han, T. J.
Post to Citeulike
4 Citations
An improved spectrophotometric method for phosphorus determination in oils is proposed. The proposed new method has made significant improvements in safety, sensitivity, and efficiency in comparison with the current American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) Official Method (Ca 12–55, corrected 1992). The AOCS method employs hydrazine sulfate as the reducing agent to generate molybdenum blue. Hydrazine sulfate is a known carcinogen in laboratory animals and a suspected human carcinogen. The chemical also irritates skin and mucous membranes. In the improved method ascorbic acid is used as the reducing agent. Ascorbic acid is equally effective as hydrazine sulfate for the color reaction. The improved method is approximately 75 times more sensitive than the AOCS method. The sensitivity is improved by measuring absorbance at the absorption peak, 825 nm, and reducing the final volume of reaction mixture for color reaction. The AOCS method determines phosphorus by measuring absorbance at 650 nm, which is about 40% of that at the absorption peak. The efficiency of this improved method is also significantly increased by reducing sample size and the volumes of sample preparation. Therefore, the improved method is more cost-effective than the AOCS method because less chemical reagents and smaller glassware are used, and the hazardous chemical waste disposal cost is eliminated. The improved method also avoids concentrated HCl and 50% KOH for sample preparation.
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Ichino, R.; Cachet, C.; Wiart, R.
10 Citations
The effect of Ge4+ ions, a deleterious impurity for zinc deposition in acidic sulfate electrolytes, and that of Pb2+ ions, which inhibit hydrogen evolution, have been investigated by means of steady-state polarization curves and impedance analysis. Typical impedance plots have been shown to characterize the processes of zinc deposition, hydrogen evolution on zinc, and hydrogen evolution on adsorbed germanium. From changes in the double layer capacitance, the charge transfer resistance and the low-frequency relaxation processes, it is concluded that lead adsorbed on zinc generates a lessened activation of hydrogen evolution with increasing cathodic potential, and enhances the formation of Had on the zinc deposit. With the addition of Pb2+ ions to the Ge4+-containing electrolyte, the features characteristic of zinc deposition are observed to prevail in the electrode impedance.
Lewis, Frederick D.; Yoon, Beth A.
7 Citations
The molecular structures and E ↔ Z photoisomerization reactions of methyl urocanate and several urocanamides were investigated. All of the Z isomers possess intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The intramolecular hydrogen bonds may influence the efficiency of photoisomerization but do not totally inhibit its occurrence. The relative energies of the electronic absorption of the E and Z isomers depends on the mode of hydrogen bonding and are accurately predicted in the case of methyl urocanate using INDO/S-CI calculations. The solvent dependence of the absorption spectra of methyl urocanate can be related to the effects of inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
Thiel, J.; Wysocka, W.; Boczoń, W.
8 Citations
Multiflorine (1) — a minor lupine alkaloid — treated by methyl lithium or methyl magnesium iodide affords 4S-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,3-didehydrosparteine (2) and 2S-2-methyl-4-oxosparteine (3), respectively, as the dominating products. Their steric structure, determined by1H and13C NMR techniques, points to stereospecific preferences of these reactions. The observed nucleophilic 1,2- and 1,4-additions indicate that regiospecificity of the action of MeLi or MeMgI on multiflorine is different from that of the so far known similar alkylation of other enamino ketones.
Allongue, P.
In-situ scanning probe investigations of the semiconductor/electrolyte interface are addressed with a special attention to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) since the technique raises some problems specific to this class of materials. The basic concepts of semiconductor electrodes are briefly exposed before questions relative to tunneling conditions in the UHV and in solution are compared. The possibility for in-situ spectroscopic characterization is also examined, since surface states are important in semiconductor electrochemistry. A last section reviews some recent examples with an emphasis for in-situ real time STM imaging of Si etching and metal deposition on this material.
Bhuiyan, M. Z. A.; Ueda, K.; Inouye, Y.; Sugiyama, M.
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9 Citations
A gene that confers bleomycin resistance was cloned from the chromosomal DNA of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) B-26 into the plasmid anC18. It is of chromosomal origin rather than plasmid and exists in the chromosome making a cluster with the kanamycin-resistance gene. We found that the nucleotide sequence of the bleomycin-resistance gene from the chromosome of MRSA B-26 is identical to that from a staphylococcal plasmid, pUB110. The partial sequence of IS431mec was also found upstream from the DNA fragment containing the bleomycin- and kanamycin-resistance genes.
Myasoedov, B. F.; Molochnikova, N. P.; Shkinev, V. M.; Spivakov, B. Ya.
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As one of the most effective analytical and technological separation techniques, liquid/liquid extraction is based on distribution of compounds between an aqueous solution and an organic solvent immiscible towards the former. The effectiveness of the process markedly depends on the energy difference between solvation and hydration of extracted compounds in the two phases. Water-soluble organic and inorganic agents of high hydration energy usually form poorly extracted complexes in traditional extraction systems. Meanwhile, a number of water-soluble organic reagents exhibit significant complexing ability and selectivity with respect to metal ions including lanthanides and actinides. Such reagents could substantially extend the sphere of applications of liquid-liquid extraction to separation and concentration of elements. Among reagents of this type are various derivatives of aminoacetic acids (so called complexones), a number of organic photometric reagents such as Arsenazo III and other complexones. Most water-soluble reagents do not usually form extractable complexes in conventional extraction systems due to the high hydration energy of the species to be extracted. These reagents can be used in heterogeneous aqueous systems with considerable amounts of water in both phases where the effect of hydration on transfer of the extracted complex from one phase to another is not significant. Such extraction systems use water-soluble polymers whose salting out from an aqueous electrolyte solution results in formation of a second liquid phase.1 One of these is poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a cheap, easily available, and non-toxic polymer producing two-phase aqueous systems with various salts.1,2 These systems are of interest to us from a practical point of view, since they contain no organic solvents which are usually volatile, explosive, and toxic.
Ashbee, K. H. G.
1 Citations
Litwinienko, G.; Kasprzycka-Guttman, T.; Jarosz-Jarszewska, M.
20 Citations
The kinetics of thermooxidation of edible oils: soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn and peanut oil was investigated in two ways. The DSC and its pressure version (PDSC) were used for measurements under the isothermal and non-isothermal conditions in atmosphere of oxygen. Comparing these two methods for each oil the differences between the values of activation energies were observed. However, mechanism of oxidation in both method was different.
Yang, H. Du. Z.; Libera, M.; Jacobson, D. C.; Wang, Y. C.; Davis, R. F.
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High-dose chromium implantation resulted in complex changes in the structure, chemistry, and oxidation behaviour of beta-type single-crystal silicon carbide. Detailed analytical studies indicated that, in addition to the primary process of surface doping, chromium implantation of silicon carbide to 3.90×1017 ions cm−2 at 200 keV was accompanied by many secondary processes such as surface sputtering, lattice damaging, and silicon depletion/carbon enrichment in the implanted region. These changes resulted in accelerated oxidation of the implanted samples by a factor of 1.14 as compared with the unimplanted crystals in 1 atm of flowing oxygen at 1100°C. The oxidation layer exhibited interesting structural and compositional inhomogeneity which could be explained based upon chromium mobility variation in the implanted region. The presence of densely populated chromium oxide precipitates in the outer region of the oxidation layer played a significant role in keeping the degree of oxidation acceleration low under the detrimental influence of lattice damages and silicon deletion/carbon enrichment. It was concluded that the potential of chromium implantation to improve the oxidation resistance of silicon carbide can be realized only when the implantation-induced secondary effects are suppressed.
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This intelligence was not greeted with a polite round of applause or even silence - either would have been the response 20 years ago - but with booing and jeering. Yet Mrs Bottomley conforms to the average English rugby follower's vision of womanhood. Some of the players have wives or girlfriends who look like younger versions. If she could arouse such hostility, the prospects for her party must be dire. That was what struck me at the time. Exactly the same thought occurred to Mr Simon Hoggart, as he told us afterwards in the Spectator.
The same thought is in the minds of most backbenchers and ministers, with the exception of Mr John Major, who really does think he can pull it off again. He does not share the view Lord Callaghan expressed to Lord Donoughue in 1979:
"You know there are times, perhaps once every 30 years, when there is a sea-change in politics. It then does not matter what you say or what you do. There is a shift in what the public wants and what it approves of. I suspect there is now such a sea-change, and it is for Mrs Thatcher."
The analogy between 1979 and today is admittedly inexact. Lady Thatcher was offering something different from Lord Callaghan - even if it did not sound so different then as it turned out to be. But Mr Tony Blair is not offering anything very different from Mr Major. Both parties are agreed, for example, that the welfare state as thought up by William Beveridge and put into effect by Aneurin Bevan and the now unjustly forgotten Jim Griffiths must be supplemented by private insurance. They differ about the proportions, that is all: about the relative burdens to be assumed by citizen and state.
But then, Labour politicians and academics differ among themselves too. It is surely extraordinary that the Conservatives are not exploiting this and similar disagreements, over devolution, for instance. It needs a specific and easily understood case, previously taken up by the Sun or the Daily Mail - Ms Harriet Harman's son - before Conservatives are capable of deploying it against the Opposition.
Mr Blair may not be offering anything very different. But most Conservatives have concluded that he is going to win the election none the less. They have left the Army to fight one another instead. People say this is what happens in the Labour Party. It is true only partially. Though there have been rebellions during Labour governments, the spells of ferocious warfare - of boots, bicycle chains and even knives - have been confined within periods of opposition: 1951-57, 1970-74 and 1979-83. What is happening with the Conservatives is something new in modern politics.
Last week I could hardly believe it when the formerly Whipless Ones, who now call themselves the Magnificent Eight, put on a public display at a self-admiring press conference. There is a mystery about numbers here. Sir Richard Body was not originally one of them because he had resigned the Whip voluntary. He was a sort of honorary member. But there he was at the press conference, large as you like. So someone else must have dropped out.
At all events, the eight, nine or whatever clearly do not care. They are reminiscent of the Greek Hippocleides who, according to Herodotus, got drunk on his wedding night, danced on a table and behaved in a generally riotous fashion. His new wife, clearly a determined girl, was not prepared to put up with this nonsense and took herself off. The next morning the wedding guests said to him:
"O Hippocleides," - for they talked like that in those days - "you have danced your bride away."
The young man replied:
"Hippocleides doesn't care."
It is hard to imagine Mr Nicholas Budgen, Mr Richard Shepherd or Sir Teddy Taylor dancing on a table, though Mrs Teresa Gorman might well have a go if the mood took her. But the formerly Whipless Ones are a minority among the Europhobes. Mr William Cash and Mr Iain Duncan Smith like to think of themselves as representative of the more respectable wing. The true figure is nearer 70, which is based on the 66 Conservatives who voted to support Mr Duncan Smith's Ten Minute Rule Bill to curb the powers of the European Court.
He was disingenuous because he said that the Bill would not entail our departure from the European Community (for it is not yet a union, whatever the Euro-enthusiasts may assert in their choice of propagandist words). But if we diluted or refused to accept the decisions of the court we should have to leave. It is as simple as that. Perhaps it would be better if Mr Duncan Smith and others were frank about their objective, as Mr Norman Lamont and Mr Jonathan Aitken are at least prepared to be.
For the Europlast which Mr Major has been applying to his party ever since the Maastricht Treaty is coming badly unstuck. An example of Europlast Man is Sir Bernard Ingham, writing in last Thursday's Daily Express: "In common with Scottish Secretary Michael Forsyth, I shall not be flying the blue-star spangled banner today - Euro [officially Europe] Day. Nor shall I be attending the Euro-event to which I have been invited." Later on, however: "[The former Whipless Ones'] suicidal self-indulgence over Europe, when any alternative on offer would be disastrous for Britain, means that they could still do the impossible: chuck away power..."
Well, you cannot have it both ways, even if Kenneth Tynan did once observe that you could have it at least 57 different ways. This is what Mr Major, like Sir Bernard, is trying to do. If the Conservatives really thought they could win, they would collude in the deception. They refuse to do so; though some, such as Mr Lamont, are prepared to go further than others.
In 1964 the Conservative government expected to lose by a larger margin than it did. In 1970 the Labour government was convinced it would win, but lost. In February 1974 the Conservative government thought it would win and lost likewise. In October 1974 the Labour government vainly hoped to increase its majority handsomely, as it had done in 1966. In 1979 Lord Callaghan thought he would lose, but there were many Conservatives who doubted whether the country would ever elect a woman Prime Minister. The woman duly won. She was confident in 1983, though less so in 1987. In 1992 hardly anyone in the government apart from Mr Major thought the Conservatives would win. Today it is only Mr Major. His colleagues sound more and more like the Twickenham crowd.
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Child's Play, a game industry charity dedicated to improving the lives of children with toys and games in our network of over 60 hospitals worldwide. So when I found out that a game I worked on, A Flipping Good Time, was going to be used to raise money for Child's Play, I was pretty happy! The guys over at Indie Games for Good are going to be playing indie games in a marathon to raise money for Child's Play. The more money that is donated for a game on their list, the longer they have to play it live over the internet. At the current time of this posting they have raised $1190.69 for Child's Play. A Flipping Good Time has had enough money donated so they have to play it for an hour live.
The whole thing goes down live on November 4th at 11am at http://iggmarathon.com/


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I told you I was on the lookout for a nice, rosy nude shade. I tested out Dior Grège 1947, and I didn't feel instant love for the formula (though it was just from a sample card), so I didn't run out to buy it. (Plus, you guys made me buy Trafalgar).
But I was at the Macy's Shiseido counter picking up a pre-order of skincare (GWP time!), and since I was being helped by my favorite SA, we played with some of the colors. She showed me a fun way to use my YE406 trio (see here), and I picked out a warm, rosy pink Lacquer Rouge to try - RD311, Rubelite.
Lacquer Rouge here). It is a bit tacky, but it's not drying and the tackiness is alleviated with reapplications at reasonable intervals (I don't expect my lip colors to stay all day - I find that any formula will get drying if left to fade for hours, so I reapply.).
|Same makeup mentioned above, done by my favorite Shiseido SA at a Macy's. Wearing Shiseido Sheer and Perfect foundation, a touch of bronzer, and the YE406 trio.
RD311's finish is a touch more creamy and opaque than BR616, but I think I like the formula of that one slightly better - it's a touch less sticky and easy to even out (I think the shimmers make this one a little thicker). Still, this fits the bill for what I wanted. It pairs well with colorful looks, and neutral looks.
|Sorry, I didn't have a photo where I actually looked at the camera. On eyes here: Catrice 720 Papaya Don't Preach and theBalm Risque Renee over Clinique Massive Midnight; Guerlain Sunny Pink on cheeks, and Dr. Jart Detox BB Cream as a base.
Have you hopped on board the liquid-balm-gloss-lipstick-hybrid-what's-it train? What's your favorite formula? Do you have any of these?


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The real violent rhetoric
The past week has sparked a lot of discussion about violent rhetoric in the media. Some have even suggested a return to the Fairness Doctrine, which would spell the end of talk radio, and now American citizens are being investigated for simply asking their congressmen questions.
Glenn read the news, "Clay Bowler has become active in politics. Starting last year he didn't support Billy Long, the Democrat running for congress in his Missouri district. So he started a website. He began attending campaign events. He even started asking the candidate tough questions. But when Long eventually won, Bowler and his website 'Long is Wrong' went away. So when the FBI showed up at his door recently saying he was perceived to be making threats to the congressman, he was shocked. Bowler said, 'I'm not a threat to Billy Long. I find whole thought funny because I'm such an advocate for constitutional rights, I would never do anything that would put in jeopardy those constitutional rights like the Second Amendment.' Bowler admitted he confronted Long in the past but never threatened him. He said 'I never, ever, ever threatened him'. Bowler showed KSRP the worst of his confrontations, a YouTube video showing him walking with Long asking him questions, more of a journalistic inquiry than a threatening tirade."
Glenn then told the story of the Fairness Doctrine, which started and then forties and went away in the late eighties. "So the late Forties, I know at least we had Truman shot, or at least shot at and almost killed. It was just by the grace of God that Truman wasn't assassinated. We had JFK, Malcolm X, MLK, RFK, George Wallace, Gerald Ford, Vernon Jordan, John Lennon, Ronald Reagan and then the Fairness Doctrine went away. Since the Fairness Doctrine ended, literally the only one we can find is Gabrielle Giffords."
Glenn told the story of the violent rhetoric being aimed at Sarah Palin. "Have you seen the drawings and the posters of Sarah Palin? They're in San Francisco. There is a group SFist that is putting out posters of Sarah Palin, and it's Sarah Palin with her mouth open and flames all around her. And I'm trying to remember the exact slogan. We'll share it with you later on in the broadcast. But it basically says, engulf her in rage until she understands her violence. Excuse me? Engulf her in rage? And nobody's saying anything."
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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Ralph Goers <Ralph.Go...@dslextreme.com>
|Re: Adding JSR-286 API jar to a Maven repository
|Tue, 17 Apr 2007 13:50:35 GMT
I have a couple of thoughts 1. It doesn't seem kosher to have the jar in an open source project without the source that goes with it. 2. How close is JSR 286 to being done? I still have major issues with it as it is virtually impossible to build an application containing several portlets without resorting to portal specific enhancements. Ralph Stefan Hepper wrote: > Not sure what was decided here... > > As long as the jar file is marked as draft version of JSR 286 I don't > have any issues with putting them in a Apache repository. > Once the JSR 286 is final and approved we plan to submit the source > code of the files under the Apache license to the pluto project, like > we did with JSR 168. > > Stefan > >
|View raw message


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International Environmental Law
Economic Evaluation of Use Regarding Environmental Measures and Policies in the Impact Assessment Process
Environmental laws and measures not only have impacts on the environment but also induce different kinds of benefits and costs for citizens and the economy. For a comprehensive evaluation of the impacts of new policies and measures both environmental and economic costs and benefits need to be analysed and, if appropriate, monetised.Read more
Regulation of Fisheries in the Arctic High Seas
Criteria for Evaluating Climate Policy Scenarios
Training for Lebanese Climate Negotiators 2014
Taking Stock of the UN Climate Talks Towards Paris 2015: Ambition Before and After 2020
Protection of Investment through the International Human Rights Law?
Dr. Nils Meyer-Ohlendorf; Head Global Policies, spoke at the conference "Trade Unions as actors in EU and International Investment Policy". The European Trade Union Confederation organized the Conference on 25 September 2014 in Brussels and brought together senior trade unionist, functionaries and experts.
In his presentation, Nils Meyer-Ohlendorf raised the question whether international human rights law provides for protection of investment similar to the guarantees enshrined in investment protection treaties. He also discussed whether investment protection is necessaryRead more
A Dynamic Adjustment Mechanism for the 2015 Climate Agreement
Training for Lebanese Climate Negotiators 2014
How can Lebanon engage more effectively in the international climate negotiations? How do the negotiations work in practice and what tips and tricks can Lebanese negotiators avail themselves to influence the outcome? These questions become especially relevant in the run up towards a new climate agreement, expected to be adopted in 2015 in Paris. In September 2014, Dr. Camilla Bausch and Lena Donat conducted a 2-days training to enhance the negotiation skills of Lebanese negotiators.
The September workshop is a follow-up on a workshop conducted in cooperation with the LebaneseRead more
Wishful and Fearful Thinking about International Law and Climate Engineering
At the international Climate Engineering Conference from 18 to 21 August 2014, Dr. Ralph Bodle, Senior Fellow at Ecologic Institute, was a speaker and panelist on international law and governance of climate engineering and related research.
The conference was organised by the Institute of Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS). More than 300 participants from the research, policy and civic communities discussed the highly complex and interlinked ethical, social and technical issues regarding climate engineering.
Climate engineering or 'geoengineering' refers to theRead more


text:
Three people have died in a house fire in Langley Mill, Derbyshire.
Police were called to a house in North Street at 4.04am on Sunday 21 June, following reports of a fire.
A man, woman and female child died following the fire, which badly damaged the house and a car parked outside.
Derbyshire Police say they are working with firefighters to determine the cause of the fire and whether it was accidental.
Several neighbouring properties have been evacuated, as the fire caused a gas leak. Police currently understand that engineers are working to fix the leak.
Police have also appealed for anyone with information should to call 101.
More to follow.Reuse content