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The Dragon Within
Ranma Fanfic By Seras4545
Disclaimer: You know the drill... If you don't then you might as well as put a legal bullet in your head, 'cause if you don't then lawyers will instead. Oh, and I own Lethander and Garyx, along with any characters that aren't familiar to Ranma fans. Many spells and abilities based on D&D though many in later chapters won't be.
A/N: No, I am not stopping TCFC, I am just floating an idea before I forget it, something that I do often annoyingly. I'll try updating whenever I can. Hope you like this new twist on Ranma's life in the beginning, as it seems that changing the basic story is all I can do as any attempt to change it after season three or so just gets screwed up. Rated M for later chapters.
"Panda signs"
"Ranma Mindspeech"
"Lethander Mindspeech"
Random Language
Chapter 1: The Secret Of The Neko Ken
Seven Years Ago - Prime Material Plane - Remote Mountain In Northern Region Of Japan
Ranma was terrified. His father was in the middle of tying more fish products to his son. The last time had failed, ending with Ranma cold, cut up, and absolutely miserable. His father had yelled at him for being a weakling and a little girl and had proceeded to beat him. Now, almost a week later, he was attempting to teach his son the technique again.
"Please dad, don't put me in there again!" Ranma cried out, terrified that this time he wouldn't survive this time. Last time the cats had been starved for only a couple days. Now, they had had no food for over six.
The fat man in the gi that was once white but had been stained to something more along the lines of gray ignored Ranma. He finished his work and went and opened the lid covering the pit. Ranma could hear the hunger filled yowling and his terror grew tenfold.
Genma picked him up and held him over the pit. He smiled wickedly at Ranma. "You better learn it this time boy, 'cause I'm not taking you out till you do."
He began lowering Ranma into the pit while Ranma screamed. "No, stop! I'll do anything, just don't put me in there! Noooooooooooooooo!"
Ranma tried to claw his way back up his father's arm but he merely shook him off and he fell into the pit. The cover was replaced and he was enshrouded in complete darkness.
Ranma tried to control the fear and was succeeding, until he felt the first claws on his skin and the terror overwhelmed his already weakened defenses...
Seven Years Ago - Alternate Material Plane - Lair Of Divine Blue Dragon Lethander
There was fire and destruction all over the town. Bodies were strewn everywhere, many just mangled but others appeared to have been torched. The castle, once a great and magnificent keep and home to a dragon god, lay in ruins. One could hear the mighty battle raging inside from the far mountain ranges.
Two dragons were fighting within a cave system beneath the keep. They flew and dove at each other, clawing and biting and battering with tail and wings, with the occasional breath weapon and spell. They were both wounded deeply, their scales marred by huge gouges and furrows left by the others fangs and claws. They broke suddenly and landed, facing each other.
"You will not get away with this, Garyx. The dragon council will have your head!" The saphire blue dragon roared out, shaking the walls with the power of his voice.
The onyx black dragon, Garyx, dragon god of order and death, was unimpressed. "They no longer have that power Lethander. I have mastered all the schools and disciplines of magic and have even surpassed the ninth circle! There is no true end to the wonders of magic, brother."
Lethander, dragon god of chaos and life, winced inwardly when he heard Garyx call him brother. He attempted to throw another spell at his 'brother' . He was surprised to see it immediately fizzle out and heard his brother laugh. He tried again, with a stronger spell this time, with the same results. Now his brother had begun roaring(Literally) with laughter.
"What's the matter Lethander? Can't seem to cast any more spells? How pathetic! I thought you had more in you than that!"
Lethander, his fury stoked to beyond reason, extended his wings and drew in a mighty breath and released a steady stream of lightning on Garyx. He was surprised and afraid when the cloud of lightning dispersed harmlessly, when it should have stayed for at least a few minutes with life in it's own right. Then his fear increased tenfold when he saw thousands of runes come to life all around, and he heard Garyx's victorious laughter. He realized too late that Garyx had used him to power his spell.
"Fool! Now you will be destroyed with your own power!" He then began muttering under his breath in vile speech, a foul language that had been banned from use even by demons because of it's destructive and unwholesome powers.
Lethander tried to attack, but found that he could no longer move or speak. When Garyx finished Lethander could feel the spell clamp down on his soul like bands of adamantium. Before his vision and life failed completely, he threw one last spell to activate the runes that protected his castle and his horde. Then he was cast out of his body, onto what he believed was oblivion.
Garyx felt a surge of superiority and triumph as Lethander's body slumped to the ground, lifeless.
He saw the wards around the cave and the room containing Lethander's horde spring to life and he snorted in contempt. Typical of Lethander to attempt to thwart me even after death. No matter. This should be nothing for me now.
Garyx immediately knew something was wrong as he attempted to tap his mana. It was swiftly draining out of him. As he tried to figure out what was happening he saw the runes he used spring to life once again and heard an echo of his own voice reciting the incantation. Ahh shit! was the last thing he thought as his soul was cast out of his body by his own spell. His body fell lifeless next to Lethanders and both gradually turned to diamond of their respective colors.
No one was able to breech the barriers of Lethander's keep, not even gods. It was not for lack of trying however, as many had perished trying to break the barriers, drained of energy and life. Only Lethander himself knew how to dispel them, all others were drained and made them even stronger than before.
Soon the castle became legend and only foolhardy adventurers traveled there, trying to make a quick fortune.
Seven Years Ago - Prime Material Plane - Ranma's Domain
Lethander tumbled through the darkness for what felt like untold ages, uncontrollably hurtling through the void. Suddenly he felt a pull and was somehow anchored to a plane. He emerged from the void into what seemed like a dark pit. He noticed a young boy, or rather his soul which glowed a brilliant blue, curled up in the middle. Then he saw the souls of cats, hundreds of them, twisted and streaked with red and black. They were attacking the boy and Lethander could see that the poor soul was being ripped to shreds and would soon be lost to the madness induced by such conditions.
Lethander had heard of this particular ritual before and knew that it destroyed the soul and sanity of those who succumb to it. Their soul was then replaced with that of a feline demon and became a mindless machine bent on the destruction of all around it. Only a fool would use such a thing.
He looked into the memories and soul of the lad and saw countless years of loneliness, pain, and torture at the hands of his father in the name of raising him to become the best at martial arts. Lethander knew he could save the boy if the boy was willing. Lethander knew it was too late for him to restore himself, already the barriers of his own 'domain' were crumbling. So he chose to give the boy a chance to save himself.
The technique had actually originated from his plane, but it was meant to bond the soul of a dragon to create a rare creature referred to as a dragoon. This was a twisted version of it that had leaked into this plane of existence somehow. The ritual could be redeemed if the boy so wished.
Lethander cast a barrier around himself and the boy that kept the demons at the edge of the pit. When the boy realized he was no longer being attacked, he raised his head tentatively, as if afraid that acknowledging his safety would shatter it. That was when he saw Lethander in all his hallowed glory. Thinking it was another demon after his soul, he tried to escape but found he couldn't. He turned to face the creature with what courage he had left, thinking it would be his last act as a human, which in a way he was right.
"Calm, young one. I have no wish to harm you. Indeed, I wish to aid you." Lethander said, using his powers to make sure the boy understood his speech. The boy's eyes widened in surprise and hope.
"You'll help me? Why? Why would you do such a thing for me? Who are you? What are you?" Lethander found he could understand the boy's speech perfectly and realized that he was speaking in a language that even the gods had forgotten over the ages as they needed the words less and less. It was the holy language of creation, the word that had bound and created each and every plane of existence by some unknown entity.
How in the world does he know that language? And instinctively no less! Lethander peered deeper into the boy's soul. He saw the deep hidden wells of knowledge and power in him and knew that in time the boy would be a match for a full grown dragon in his own right. Then he saw, deep in the boy's bloodline, the blood of one of the most holy of races in creation, that of the Astral Deva or 'Messangers of the creator' as they were once called. He had thought they had gone extinct long ago but at least one had apparently reached this plane and successfully pro-created.
This boy will have an interesting fate in store for him if he survives. "I am a god of dragons, Lethander, god of chaos and life. As you just heard I am a dragon. Well... as for the god part, I guess former would be more accurate."
The boy's curiosity seemed piqued. "A dragon! And a god! Wow! Hey wait, what do you mean by former? How can you be a former god?"
Lethander chuckled at his curiosity. "You have more questions than a quickling young one. I'm afraid that we don't have much time. Suffice to say I was defeated by another god and cast out of my body."
The boy still had questions. "Why do you need to hurry then? Don't you have all the time in the world?"
Lethander sighed. "No, and neither do you. Without my body to restore my mana and ki, I am slowly being unraveled. I am beyond saving. You however, I can save. I can merge with you and redeem this unholy ritual and save your mind and soul. I would essentially become you, though my individuality would be completely lost. You will gain the dragon's share (Pardon the pun) of my power and memories, but I will cease to exist."
When the boy began to protest, Lethander could not believe the boy's good heart and pure soul. He was willing to give up his chance at survival to save him instead. The dying dragon merely shook his head solemnly, stopping the boy's protests. "It does not matter either way, I will eventually unravel and disperse throughout the cosmos otherwise. I choose to save you over a slow death."
When the boy mentioned that his father had said it had to be the spirit of a cat, the dragon laughed aloud. "Originally this ritual was made for dragon bonding, that is why I was drawn here. Besides, do you not see the resemblance? We dragons are far distant ancestors of felines, so it will work. Besides, would you rather retain control of your body or would you want to become posessed by a demon that wishes nothing but harm on your world?"
The boy nodded and agreed. Lethander paid a farewell to all who knew him and merged with the boy becoming one. When all was finished Ranma heard Lethander's voice faintly. "Thank you Ranma, and now farewell..." A tear slid down Ranma's cheek as he felt the dragon's personality break down and meld into his. Lethander vanished from existence, leaving only two legacies, his horde and the boy named Ranma Saotome...
A/N: So how do you like it so far? Not bad length if I say so myself, though it will get longer as the fic grows. Just so you know, Ranma isn't going to be all that much stronger than he was in the series, he is just going to be a lot smarter in general (Like six hundred thousand years smarter, though it is gonna be repressed and most will not be applied to his world, though he will have the intelligence to match) and will be able to use magic. No, I don't plan on having this become a Ranma is a god fic. Please R&R, thanks.
Seras out. Till next time!


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Hollie Mack – Scoring a Touchdown
Released: February 4, 2016
Hollie Mack – Scoring a Touchdown
Released: February 4, 2016
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What to expect when you're not expecting III: Not great news
So you might have read my piece, and/or Kim's piece about our adventures through infertility. It's been a hard road. And we had just started the next chapter which was a cycle of IVF.
So you might have read my piece, and/or Kim's piece about our adventures through infertility. It's been a hard road. And we had just started the next chapter which was a cycle of IVF.
I'm not a huge fan of revealing too much personal information on a blog that is read by 10s of people but here we go, this is as personal as it gets. Also, this post may get super long. Sorry.
Over in the dumpster fire that is the United States Government, Trump has announced his Supreme Court nominee, one Justice Gorsuch. A known Christian conservative. This appointment is to replace the late Justice Scalia who died in February last year.
I saw an article yesterday that came from early December about the current intelligence community and its panic over Donald Trump. The article, from Reuters, says that Canada is concerned about Trump's comments around using torture and other ethical atrocities as well as his ties to Russia
So who saw that one coming? No-one. Big news.
Since *that* election I have read myriad reasons why it played out the way it did
The Rev is a band I have wanted to see for, I dunno, 10 years now?
Outside of the Comedy Festival there is a tonne of comedy shows around Wellington city that you should check out. But it's rare that we get a show of this calibre coming to town.
RadioNZ (sorry RNZ) has a remarkable story up about New Zealand's high level of immigration, and how this high level of immigration is actually bringing in a lot of low-skilled workers
So 2016 hasn't been great huh? That's the meme. That it's been a shit year. Smacking us all right in the gooch. Terrorism, celebrity deaths, poverty, Trump, we've had a lot. So I thought in honour of it being such a shitter let's take a look at some good things.
The annual subscription fee has come up again and as I (Dave) have started my own business, money is a bit tight, so if you want to donate to help keep the site live then awesome!
We love comedy at the Ruminator. We review the shit out of it every festival and we're a big supporter of local comedy which we think is going from strength to strength.
Over the weekend, on TV3's 'The Nation', the Wellington Mayoral candidates got together and had a shitfest.
It was a fascinating day yesterday, watching the Brexit results come in and seeing how divided United Kingdom had become.
Whew. This is going to be tricky. And possibly a bit of a wanky review. So for that I apologise.
Angela Barnes has, in her promo material, the sentence "The best mainstream female comedian I've seen since Sarah Millican" and the word mainstream makes me pause.
James Acaster is going to be a very expensive comic to see next time he comes back to New Zealand. I fully expect him to be at the Opera House charging like $50 to see him. And he'd be worth it. Because this was one of the best comedy festival shows I've had the fortune of seeing.
When we settle ourselves in for Rose's show there's an organist playing, it's the soundtrack of just about every funeral you've ever been to and is a nice touch to what is an entertaining, funny, yet somewhat frustrating hour of comedy.


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Here we see an asshole get into his $257,000 Ferrari 458 and try and drive away from a ticket. The cop writing the ticket blocks the way and the driver pulls up onto his foot. He will regret that decision.
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Exciting Line-up: Chef AJ and her awesome team will host Healthy Taste of Sacramento with keynote speaker Dr. John McDougall (Starch Solution). Also featuring Dr. Doug Lisle (The Pleasure Trap), Dr. Richard Oppenlander (Comfortably Unaware; Food Choice & Sustainability), Chef Ramses Bravo of True North, Miyoko Schinner (Artisan Vegan Cheese), Lani Muelrath (Fit Quickies), and Food for Life instructor, Linda Middlesworth.
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If you liked the first movie, you will probably love Desolation of Smaug.
Minor spoilers for the beginning of the movie, sorta. Nothing important.
Desolation of Smaug starts off just before the visit to Beorn. It actually ends further in the story than I thought it would; I'm not really sure what the last movie will be. The movie then goes to one of my favorite LOTR locations- Mirkwood. Despite that, Mirkwood was the biggest fault of the movie in my mind. The Hobbit was split into three movies, which, even taking from Tolkien's other works, should mean that they need all the material they can get. What they had of Mirkwood was good, but they completely left out what made Mirkwood the interesting, mysterious woods that it should be. They did have the spiders at least, but they left out the river, Gandalf's warning not to touch the water, Bombur falling in, the stag they chased, and their desperation for food and water for a start. I'm far from a book purist, but the movie should have spent at least twice the amount of time in Mirkwood as it did.
I was a little worried, after Mirkwood, that I wouldn't like the rest of the movie. Again, I liked Mirkwood, it just should have been a bigger part of the movie. Not to fear, the rest of the movie is fantastic. The scene that stood out to me is the barrel escape. All the dwarves are put into barrels and sent down the river. In the book, they have a relatively uneventful journey down to Laketown. In the movie, Peter Jackson decided to have orcs following them down the river shooting arrows at them, while Legolas and several other elves are defending them. This made for a completely over the top, ridiculously awesome action scene. You need to watch it in a theater. That scene was possibly in my top 10 favorite action scenes ever. It was just awesome. It was completely absurd, but that's what makes it great.
Anyway, I liked the soundtrack better in the first movie, especially the "Misty Mountains" song and the end credits, but it was alright in Desolation of Smaug. It didn't have anything as noteworthy as the soundtrack when Thorin and co. were traveling or the songs, but it wasn't bad.
As expected, Martin Freeman did a fantastic job as Bilbo. Ian McKellen (Gandalf, duh), Sylvester McCoy (Radagast), and Richard Armitage (Thorin) all did great also. And Orlando Bloom as Legolas, even though he technically should not be there.
The whole love triangle undertone was really unnecessary to be honest. It wasn't a big deal, and it was pretty funny at times, but it was still pointless.
Desolation of Smaug is also closer to the book than the first movie. That definitely isn't the most important aspect for me, but it is nice to be able to mentally follow along and see how it compared to how I imagined it. Sometimes the movie is even better than I imagined, like the barrel scene.
As someone who has read The Hobbit somewhere around a dozen times, I thought the first movie was great and the second was even better. Mirkwood is my only real issue with this film, and Jackson made up for that with the Laketown journey (I know, I need to stop bringing that up). I am giving it 9/10.


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devon jazz funk soul and motown sessions - yelverton
The "Burrator" inn Prince town road Dousland yelverton pl20 6np GB
devon jazz funk soul and motown sessions on
Event Information
OK a commercial thread runs through this tonights tunes.........and hey lets not forget that these are some of the records that bought our music to the masses and around the world as well as earning the artists some money in the process. 7 - close at the "Burrator" with some of these tunes to put a smile on the punters faces .............happy days
sweet love--anita baker
no more blues--terry callier
making love in the rain--herp albert
paper hearts--algebra blessett
wishing on a star--rose royce
have you seen her--chilites
i'm coming home tomorrow--harold melvin / bluenotes
nobody knows--shaun escoffrey
show and tell--al wilson
sha la la la la--al green
brown skin girl--leon bridges
rising to the top--kenny burke
forget me nots--patrice rushen
you are the sunshine of my life--stevie wonder
your the first, my last, my everything--barry white
never knew love like this--stephanie mills
bad company--luther vandross
a love supreme--will downing
whatcha see is whatcha get--dramatics
writings on the wall--anthony hamilton
backstabbers (tm mix)--o'jays
don't play that song--aretha franklin
underworld--joss stone
no no no--dawn penn
my guy--mary wells
how big is your heart--fantastic4
heaven must have sent you--elgins
never give up on agood thing--george benson
will you be there--jones girls
feel the need in me(tm mix)--detroit emeralds
first impressions--impressions
all around the world--lisa stansfield
blurred lines--robin thicke
i heard it all before--sunshine anderson
jam of the year--prince
shame--everlyn king
hate to love you--amerie
le freak--chic
turn the beat around--vicki sue robinson
get down sataday night--oliver cheetham
signed, sealed, delivered (remix)--stevie wonder
i need your loving (morales mix)--teena marie
ignition (remix)--r kelly
just a touch of love (maw mix)--slave
he ain't going nowhere--jennifer hudson
runnin' away--roy ayers
ain't no half steppin' (us mix)--heatwave
the spell of ra--mighty mocambos
more than a woman--alliyah
1960 what (remix)--gregory porter
my love is real--controllers
in the night--saun / starr
the love we had stays on my mind--the dells
i never thought i'd fall in love--active force
don't take my love--manhattans
..............most on vinyl plus any requests that can be wedged in......The Funkateer
Venue Details
Event AddressThe "Burrator" inn Prince town road Dousland, yelverton, devon, pl20 6np, United Kingdom
Contact the venuePlease check with the venue/promoter to confirm details before travelling
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text: Next Story > Digits Philips Hue Puts Siri in Charge of Lighting With HomeKit Upgrade By Nathan Olivarez-Giles Nathan Olivarez-Giles The Wall Street Journal CANCEL BiographyNathan Olivarez-Giles @nateog nateog Google+ Oct 5, 2015 2:26 pm ET Siri can now be used to control Philips Hue smarthome bulbs and lamps. But new Hue hardware is required. To Read the Full Story, Subscribe or Sign In Previous Back Again: Jack Dorsey Is Just the Latest Founder to Return as CEO Next LinkedIn Pays $13 Million Over Pestering Members' Contacts


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SYSTRAN – Translation Revolutionized Through Neural Networks.
In 2006, OVH established a German subsidiary in Sarrebruck. Ten years later, OVH is speeding up its development in this strategic market by opening its first datacenter in Germany. FRA1 (its codename) will be the 21st datacenter for OVH. For history buffs, the building chosen by OVH in Limburg is an old printing company located an hour away from Johannes Gutenberg's home town. A digital revolution chasing another…
Limburg will now have two fortresses
Located in the Hesse region, Limburg is a charming town of 33,000 residents with a magnificent cathedral and a fortress built during the Merovingian era. With the arrival of the new OVH datacenter, the town will now have its second fortress. The building spans
Germany: a strategic market
Germany is the world's fourth economic power behind the United States, China and Japan and is also the first economic power of the European Union. Known for its industrial sector, Germany isn't far behind in the digital world. Businesses and organizations are well on their way to the Cloud and the startup ecosystem is very vibrant. Besides, several German startups are already being supported by OVH through its Digital Launch Pad) a support program for new innovating companies. Even though Berlin — with its Silicon Allee — is often mentioned, many startups can also be found in Hanover, Munich, Hamburg or Cologne. This is the kind of energy that the French-German pairing would like to build on through a funding of one billion euros announced last week. This aid should stimulate the emergence of European small businesses capable of competing against GAFA (Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon) and, more globally, will play a part in the involvement of France and Germany with Digital Europe and Industry 4.0 ("smart factories").
A deployment faithful to the roadmap
After announcing the opening of 3 new datacenters in Australia, Singapore and Poland last October, OVH continues to invest in Europe and in the United States. The city of Vint Hill, Virginia, was chosen to setup a datacenter and OVH American headquarters on the East Coast, in order to have a separate US entity that would be completely independent from the rest of the group.
SYSTRAN – Translation Revolutionized Through Neural Networks.
Evolution of the Governance to pursue the new phase of acceleration of OVH
OVH at CES 2017: supporting innovation, this is our mission


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Bobbi Brown Retro Coral, Pink Guava, Pale Coral Luxe Lip Colors
Bobbi Brown Retro Coral Luxe Lip Color
Bobbi Brown Retro Coral Luxe Lip Color ($35.00 for 0.12 oz.) is described as a "pale pink coral." It's a medium coral with a hint of pink and warm undertones paired with a luminous sheen. It had mostly opaque color payoff with a creamy, moderately slippery consistency, so you could see "lines" if you pressed your lips together at times. The texture is lightweight and comfortable to wear, while the color lasted for four and a half hours on me and was hydrating over time. Buxom Two-Timer (P, $21.00) is glossier (95% similar). Estee Lauder Cali Coral (P, $32.00) is cooler (95% similar). Marc Jacobs Beauty Understudy (114) (DC, $30.00) is warmer (95% similar). NARS Juliette (P, $32.00) is brighter, less glossy (90% similar). Bobbi Brown Pink Nectar (P, $28.00) is more muted, cooler (90% similar). Guerlain Fancy Kiss (LE, $37.00) is lighter (90% similar). Givenchy Brun Createur (103) (P, $36.00) is cooler (90% similar). MAC Ethereal Orchid (LE, $30.00) is more muted, less pigmented (90% similar). MAC Dreaming Dahlia (LE, $17.00) is lighter, glossier (90% similar). Tarte Rose (P, $19.00) is darker, less pigmented (90% similar). MAC Style Surge (P, $23.00) is warmer (95% similar). Tom Ford Beauty Bare Peach (23) (P, $50.00) is more shimmery, lighter (85% similar). Estee Lauder High Level (P, $32.00) is darker, brighter, cooler (85% similar). Too Faced Coral Fire (P, $22.00) is cooler (90% similar). Colour Pop Topanga (P, $5.00) is cooler (90% similar). Tom Ford Beauty Solar Affair (LE, $52.00) is more shimmery, lighter, brighter (85% similar). See comparison swatches / view dupes side-by-side.
Bobbi Brown Pink Guava Luxe Lip Color ($35.00 for 0.12 oz.) is described as a "pink tangerine." It's a bright, medium pink-coral with warm undertones and a luminous sheen. It had nearly full color coverage, though there was just a little translucency to the color still. The texture was light-to-medium in weight, creamy, and comfortable on. It applied with smooth, even coverage, and the color wore well for five and a half hours. I found the formula moderately hydrating while worn. Tom Ford Beauty Something Wild (46) (P, $50.00) is cooler (95% similar). Givenchy Rose Dentelle (203) (P, $36.00) is cooler (95% similar). Wet 'n' Wild What's Up, Doc? (P, $0.99) is darker (95% similar). Guerlain Geneva (48) (P, $55.00) is lighter, glossier (95% similar). MAC Hibiscus (LE, $17.00) is glossier (95% similar). MAC Toxic Tale (LE, $17.00) is brighter (90% similar). Urban Decay Tilt (P, $17.00) is lighter, brighter, warmer (90% similar). Clinique Poppy Pop (P, $18.00) is darker, warmer (90% similar). Urban Decay Wired (P, $17.00) is lighter, brighter (90% similar). Tom Ford Beauty Les Mepris (LE, $52.00) is more shimmery, lighter, cooler (90% similar). Dior Sunset (660) (LE, $34.00) is lighter (90% similar). MAC Understanding (LE, $17.00) is more muted (90% similar). Chanel Suzy (460) (LE, $37.00) is darker, more muted (85% similar). Smashbox LA Sunset (P, $21.00) is darker, more muted, cooler (85% similar). NARS Juliette (P, $32.00) is less glossy (85% similar). See comparison swatches / view dupes side-by-side.
Bobbi Brown Pale Coral Luxe Lip Color ($35.00 for 0.12 oz.) is described as a "midtone coral cream." It's a light-medium peach-orange with warm undertones and a creamy, lightly glossy finish. The texture was quite creamy with light-to-medium weight to it, so it was thick enough where you could see "lines" if you pressed your lips together, and the more emollient consistency made it harder to apply evenly. It had good pigmentation, though, and lasted for four hours and was lightly hydrating. Colour Pop Oversized (LE, $5.00) is darker (95% similar). MAC Sushi Kiss (P, $17.00) is less glossy (95% similar). Colour Pop Peppermint (LE, $5.00) is lighter (90% similar). MAC Gotta Dash! (P, $17.00) is lighter (85% similar). See comparison swatches / view dupes side-by-side.
FORMULA SUMMARY | Bobbi Brown Luxe Lip Color ($35.00 for 0.12 oz.) is supposed to have one-stroke color coverage with a hydrating, smoothing formula, and "nourishing shine." I was impressed with the formula as a whole, as the majority of the shades were very pigmented in one pass with a creamy consistency that glided on easily. There's a richness to the texture that does feel more "luxe" in a way. The natural-to-luminous shine level gives lips a smoother, plumper look, while the formula itself is hydrating and many shades are longer-wearing. I noticed that the lighter shades tended to perform more poorly relative to more light-medium to medium-dark-hued shades. There was a faint floral scent (that was a surprise, I wish they had gone the unscented!), but I didn't have issues with taste and found it very subtle on (it's no Dior/Chanel-level scent!). In general, I like Bobbi Brown's lipstick formulas, and this one feels creamier and more hydrating than others, but for pigmentation, you can't go wrong with this or the Rich Lip Color formula.


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[ Home ] [FAQs ] [ Glossary ] [ Newsletters ][Water Rights For Sale][Property & Water For Sale][Water Utilities for Sale] [Geothermal Water] [Bulk Water] [Bulk Water Listings][Springs and Artesian Well Water] [Bottled Water Information][Bottled Water Distributors Wanted][Bottled Water Companies For Sale][Water Abstraction Licenses][Water Investments][Investment Capital][Disaster Relief Water Supplies] [Construction Water][Excess Carriage Capacity Listings][State Trust Lands][Water Product Manufacturers Seeking Distributors] [Dr. Turner's Meeting Schedule][Water Audit][Agreements][Contact Us ]
Dr. William M. Turner
WaterBank®610 Gold Avenue, SW – Suite 111Albuquerque, New Mexico 87102
WestWater Resources dba WaterBank® deals in water projects, water, and water rights in New Mexico and nationwide. A water rights is the legal right to divert, capture, and beneficially use water from the physical surface-water and/or ground-water supply. A water right has a number of characteristics. They are: 1) date of first use or a priority date; 2) a place of use; 3) a purpose of use; 4) a point of diversion; 5) an amount of water; and, 6) ownership. A valid water right requires continuity of use since water was first placed to use. This may be a period of more than 300 years.
WaterBank® makes use of historical research, court decisions, aerial photography, old maps, assessor and tax records, affidavits, and other information. In some cases extensive research into English, French, and Spanish feudal land tenure systems as applied in North America has been used. Our in-house GIS system is used to prepare maps of the old watercourses of rivers. Our GIS system is also valuable for preparing chains-of-title for oil and gas and mineral interests.
When a water right is offered for sale, the buyer is usually in a dilemma over the validity of a water rights. Not only does WaterBank® broker the water rights as real property but we also conduct validation studies. If the water rights lack evidence of continual use, we will not offer them for sale. So that you may appreciate the validation study, we are providing a link to validation study we have done. Click here.
Visitors since April 15, 2008


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This item sold on January 13, 2013.
This vintage spice shelf was given a fresh look with some robin's egg blue paint. It has two hooks on the back to hang by. Measures about 12 1/2 inches high, 9 1/2 inches wide and 2 1/2 inches deep. Not just for spices, you could use this to display vintage perfume bottles, a miniature doll collection or something fun like tiny bowling pins.....
Vintage Spice Shelf Fresh Robin's Egg Blue Paint
- Vintage item
- Materials: vintage spice shelf, paint
- Ships from United States to select countries.
- Feedback: 370 reviews
- Favorited by: 43 people
- Listed on Sep 30, 2012
- 533 views
- 43 favorites


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Search Grand Forks area hotels for the best deals on Travelocity.ca.
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Calendar: 2017 Calendar
I'm thrilled to announce the release of my 2017 Rocky Mountain National Park calendar. While I've done quite a few calendars over the year, this is without a doubt the one I am most pleased with. I think you are going to love it! I've tried to make sure that it properly represents the wonder and diversity of this incredible national park,
One of the changes to this year's calendar is the size. This one will be 12"x9" when closed or 12" wide by 18" tall when open. This size allows me to not have to crop my photos much at all so you can enjoy the images as they were meant to be seen. We've chosen a staple binding rather than a spiral binding and we include a stiff insert to help ensure that the calendar won't be bent during shipping.
As with everything else, quality is of utmost priority and as always, I offer 100% satisfaction on every order. This year I am having the calendar printed at the same print shop where my hardcover book was produced. This helps ensure that the calendar is of a very high quality.
We are charging $5 for shipping which just covers the packing and the actual first class mailing cost. If you live in the area and prefer to save on shipping you can instead purchase your calendar from the Images of RMNP gallery or from one of the national park book stores.
Normally $14.95 but now on sale for just $10.00!


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Establishing a regular exercise routine is a great way to show your body you care and is much less painful than swallowing a greeting card. Celebrate fitness with this Groupon.
The Deal
$49 for a 30-day Smartraining package (a $125 value)
- 15 Smartraining personal-training sessions
- 15 cardio sessions
- Health assessment
- Body-fat measurement<p>
Koko FitClub
Koko FitClub's digital keys unlock personalized cardio- and strength-training regimens tailored to each guest's abilities and goals. Each user receives a small, USB-like device that stores personal fitness data, which is extracted during an initial fitness consultation. During each workout, guests plug their keys into the host of strength-training and cardio equipment. Based on the key's data, the machines display the user's ideal cardio intensity and resistance level or number of reps for each session—and even rate how they're performing. The system adapts routines as members work toward their goals or gain +5 strength from an enchanted amulet, offering them the intelligence of a personal trainer without the costly fees or hassle of matching schedules. Online tracking further digitizes training, allowing users to see their progress on their home computers, in the very same browser where they'll soon order smaller clown suits.
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Craigslist poster
This project received 9 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $1778 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project BudgetN/A
Total Bids9
Project Description
I need a Criagslist poster to post for my car dealership. I need each car posted (20 - 30 cars) posted in the "For Sale by Owner) section of Craigslist three times a week. I am looking for an on going partnership with someone who will monitor if the ads are live and keep our ads in front of the customers.
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A set of delicious biscuits that are 100% chocolate! Handmade from Beligian chocolate in Great Britain, these little bites represent traditionally British biscuits from bourbons over custard creams to party rings, bringing a sugary twist to your afternoon tea or a special occasion. Gluten free, they are also suitable for more sensible stomachs. LB
The set contains the following chocolate biscuits:
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It's been a heady two weeks for MSNBC host Melissa Harris-Perry, but she found an unexpected ally in right wing talking head Glenn Beck. Following her show's controversial comments about Mitt Romney's adopted black grandson and tearful apology, Beck supported Harris-Perry on his own show and even chastised her attackers in the Republican party.
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The name of the state of West Bengal is to be changed, said West Bengal Minister Partha Chatterjee. A cabinet meeting has agreed over the names 'Bangla' or 'Bongo'.
"Cabinet decided to change name of West Bengal, will be either Bangla or Bongo. In English it will be Bengal," Chatterjee said.
Chatterjee also said that a special assembly session will soon be called for advancing the matter.
Famous singer and Union Minister Babul Supriyo seemed to be in favour of the change. "Welcome the name change,but name should not be bongo, that is a musical instrument," he said.
Discussions have been held before to rename the state and a meeting of all political parties had even reached a consensus over the name 'PaschimBanga' in the year 2011.


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Please upload a photo that has a resolution of at least 600 dpi at its print size and is in one of the following file formats: tiff,eps,ai. The file must not exceed 10MB. Beau-coup will not crop or retouch your photo and is not responsible for the quality of uploaded files. By uploading an image, you agree to our terms and conditions.
1. Customer is responsible for owning the copyright or having permission from the copyright holder for all images uploaded to this website. Customer agrees to hold Beau-coup harmless from any claim arising out of the use of copyrighted material.
2. Beau-coup may choose not to publish any images found to be offensive.
Cake bags
Location: Buckingham, PA
We ordered cake bags for our daughters baby shower. They were the best cake bag quality I ever received, they were beautiful and just perfect. Thank you.
Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.
Love these
Verified Purchase
Location: Pa
I used them for the cake slices, but just make sure you choose a dark color or it does not show.
Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.
I love this product
Verified Purchase
Location: Pittsburgh, PA
This is the 2nd item that I have ordered through your company and I have been pleased with both products. I must say that I am very impressed with the ease of the ordering process, your customer service, delivery times and you always keep me posted on my order and when it will be received. Thank you so much for making my daughter's baby shower unique and special.
Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.
Loved It
The Planner
Location: San Jose Ca
I love the bags i just got them in the mail a couple minutes ago and had to write a review. They turned out super cute and the colors are true to the description online. They were a bit bigger then i expected but not to the point were its a big deal. Im going to put fresh baked cookies in them and give them as favors at my sisters baby shower. I cant wait.
Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.
a must have
Verified Purchase
Nannette knows....
Location: Baltimore, Md
I just love these bags for cake to go!!
Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.
Cake / Cookie/ favor bags
Carol g
Location: Phoenix, AZ
Used handing out home baked treats to hospital staff from their therapy dogs. Would be much better to offer more bag colors, i.e. green, orange, red and also offer more icons that could be used for more holidays like St. Patrick's Day, 4th of July etc.
Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.
Quick Processing and Shipping
Location: Levittown, PA
Super fast shipping and order processing - would definitely use this website again
Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.
I was very pleased with this product
Corine Owens
Location: Anderson, SC
I used the product for my daughter's baby shower. She is having a girl, so I ordered hot pink bags with a butterfly and the words Welcome to Nicole's Baby Shower, with the date. The guests used them to transport their cake home. My daughter loved them and the guests thought they were fabulous and special.
Yes, I would recommend this to a friend.
Oven-fresh chocolate chip cookies, just-sliced cake; whatever the treat, take it to go with these personalized baby shower sweets 'n treats bag for your baby shower. They will keep your guests talking about your shower long after they leave.
Each wax-lined paper favor bag is custom-printed with the icon and text of your choice (3 lines of text, up to 30 characters each line). Find inspiration from the examples here or create your own inspiring message. With so many options, you are sure to find one that fits your shower perfectly. Bags measure 8.5"L x 5.8"W.
No cake left over? Send guests home happy with a mouth-wateringly delicious custom treat in each bag. Here are a few of our most popular confections: personalized baby shower cookies, custom designer baby shower cookies and personalized baby shower brownie pops.
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Striped Cello Bags
Thank baby shower guests for coming by filling these striped cello bags with delicious treats and/or fantastic favors. View Product
Personalized Baby Shower Tea Bags
Treat your guests to a relaxing cup of tea with these personalized baby shower tea bags. Choose from 16 adorable designs that can be personalized with two lines of custom text. Each tea bag comes enclosed in a white ... View Product
Personalized Scalloped Baby Shower Favor Bag
These personalized scalloped baby shower favor bags are available in many colors and designs. Choose your own combination of colors and design to create the perfect look for your event. View Product
Personalized Natural Cotton Baby Shower Favor Bag
These personalized natural cotton baby shower favor bags are a must for your event. Each soft bag is made of eco-friendly unbleached cotton, evoking a simple, rustic charm. View Product
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Celebrities Attend Super Bowl 51: John Legend, Chrissy Teigen, Chris Evans + More
Stars like Chrissy Teigen, John Legend, Mark Wahlberg, Chris Evans, Usher and more attended Super Bowl 51 on February 5.
Stars like Chrissy Teigen, John Legend, Mark Wahlberg, Chris Evans, Usher and more attended Super Bowl 51 on February 5.
Find out which classic pop albums are ringing in their 20th anniversary in 2017, from Mariah Carey's 'Butterfly' to Spice Girls' Spiceworld.'
Here's our predictions on who should get nominated for Grammy Awards.
Julia Louis-Dreyfus addressed what's at stake for climate change, Alicia Keys pushed for love over hate and Zendaya said, very simply: VOTE!
With Father's Day nearly upon us, we've rounded up a gallery of some of our favorite celeb dads hanging out with their kids.
Jay Z's new music streaming site, TIDAL, is getting a huge boost from some big-name celebrities.
Stevie Wonder is set to be honored by a number of talented musicians, ranging wildly in sound and genre.
A new single by Usher and Nicki Minaj titled 'She Came to Give it to You' premiered on the radio today, and rips of the recording are now circling the Internet.
Chris Brown is just weeks out of jail, and already he is diving headfirst back into the music -- first, with his killer performance of 'Loyal' last night at the 2014 BET Awards, and now, with his new song 'New Flame,' featuring Usher and Rick Ross.
Usher brought the old-school jams to the 2014 BET Awards tonight (June 29).


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National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team Made by Alexandra Birladeanu and Gina Ioana Ursu.
H ubble Space Telescope (HST) is a telescope in orbit around the Earth, named after astronomer Edwin Hubble. Its position outside the Earth's atmosphere, giving it a significant advantage over telescopes on Earth. Since its launch in 1990 became one of the most important instruments in the history of astronomy. National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team
Launch dateApril 24, 1990 Mission length20 years elapsed Deorbiteddue 2013-2021 Mass11,110 kg Orbit height559 km Orbit velocity7,500 m/s WavelenghtOptical, ultraviolet, near- infrared Diameter2.4 m Collecting area4.5 m 2 National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team
National College Romania Cassiopeiae Team
The atmosphere is the biggest problem that space telescopes have faced since the very earliest days of their invention. Shifting air pockets in Earth's atmosphere distort the view of telescopes on the ground. This "atmospheric distortion" is the reason that the stars seem to twinkle when you look up at the sky. National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team
National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team The atmosphere also partially blocks or absorbs certain wavelengths of radiation, like ultraviolet, gamma- and X- rays, before they can reach Earth. Scientists can best examine an object like a star by studying it in all the types of wavelengths.
Fortunately, scientists and engineers had a solution. A series of small mirrors could be used to intercept the light reflecting off the mirror, correct for the flaw, and bounce the light to the telescope's science instruments. National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team
National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team
Every 97 minutes, Hubble completes a spin around Earth, moving at the speed of about five miles per second (8 km per second). As it travels, Hubble's mirror captures light and directs it into its several science instruments. National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team
Hubble is a type of telescope known as a Cassegrain reflector. Light hits the telescope's main mirror, or primary mirror. It bounces off the primary mirror and encounters a secondary mirror. The secondary mirror focuses the light through a hole in the center of the primary mirror that leads to the telescope's science instruments. Once the mirror captures the light, Hubble's science instruments work together or individually to provide the observation. Each instrument is designed to examine the universe in a different way. National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team
National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team The Hubble Space Telescope's six science instruments — its cameras, spectrographs, and fine guidance sensors — work either together or individually to bring us stunning images from the farthest reaches of space. Each instrument was designed to observe the universe in a unique way.
National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team Starburst: A brilliant burst of star formation is revealed in this image combining observations from NASA's Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescopes. The collision of two spiral galaxies has triggered this luminous starburst, the brightest ever seen away from the centers, or nuclei, of merging galaxies.
Astronomers have devised a new method for measuring perhaps the greatest puzzle of our universe -- dark energy. This mysterious force, discovered in 1998, is pushing our universe apart at ever-increasing speeds. Scientists aren't clear about what dark energy is, but they do know that it makes up a large chunk of our universe -- about 72 percent. National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team
Wide Field Camera 3 is expected to become Hubble's new main instrument. It is 35 times better than the infrared camera in the ACS, and 15-20 times better than the NICMOS. It has higher resolution and a larger field of view than the instrument it replaced, Wide Field Planetary Camera 2. WFC3 has two "channels" which detects and processes different wavelengths. National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team The ultraviolet-visible channel The near-infrared channel Used to study nearby galaxies Used to study the light from distant galaxies
National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph doesn't produce the kind of images people associate with Hubble. Spectrographs are instruments that break light into colors and measure the intensity of each color, revealing information about the object emitting the light. The information they produce is typically plotted, creating zigzagging lines that scientists examine for clues about an object's temperature, density, velocity and more.
The Near Infrared Camera and Multi- Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) can see objects in deepest space — objects whose light takes billions of years to reach us here on Earth. As a camera for recording visible light must be dark inside to avoid exposure to unwanted light, a camera for recording infrared light must be cold inside to avoid exposure to unwanted light in the form of heat.This is why the sensitive infrared detectors in NICMOS must operate at very cold temperatures —77 degrees Kelvin. National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team
National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team Far away galaxy The egg nebula
The unique WFPC2 design resulted in the stair-step appearance of many of its images. The "heart'' of WFPC2 consisted of four cameras: one high- resolution"planetary" camera and three "wide-field" cameras. Although the planetary camera could see only a small region of the sky, it packed a punch — compacting the same number of pixels into a smaller area resulted in finer-detailed images. National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team
National College RomaniaCassiopeiae Team The Large Magellanic Cloud The eagle nebula
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Del (erase)
Deletes specified files.
del [Drive:][Path] FileName [ ...] [/p] [/f] [/s] [/q] [/a[:attributes]]
erase [Drive:][Path] FileName [ ...] [/p] [/f] [/s] [/q] [/a[:attributes]]
[Drive:][Path] FileName : Specifies the location and name of the file or set of files you want to delete. Filename is required. You can use multiple file names. Separate file names with spaces, commas, or semicolons.
/p : Prompts you for confirmation before deleting the specified file.
/f : Forces deletion of read-only files.
/s : Deletes specified files from the current directory and all subdirectories. Displays the names of the files as they are being deleted.
/q : Specifies quiet mode. You are not prompted for delete confirmation.
/a : Deletes files based on specified attributes.
attributes : Specifies any of the following file attributes:
/? : Displays help at the command prompt.
To delete all the files in a folder named Test on drive C:\, type any of the following:
del c:\test
del c:\test\*.*
Formatting legend


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VII. Key Issues: Regulation & Reform >> B. Health Care Regulation (last updated 10.13.16)
Topic Outline
- 1 Overview
- 2 Major Categories of Health Care Regulation
- 3 Total Costs of Health Services Regulation
- 4 General Regulation
- 5 Resources
- Field, Robert. A Taxonomy of American Health Care Regulation: Implications for Health Reform. 17 Temple Political and Civil Rights Law Review 605 2007-2008.
- "Health care is one of America's largest industries and is among the most highly regulated" (p. 605).
- "The functions of regulatory bodies can be grouped into four broad categories
- There are rulemaking activities through which they set standards. In health care,
these determine, for example, the criteria for achieving professional or institutional
licensure and for conducting ongoing practices and operations.
- There are adjudications through which they resolve disputes. These may involve
enforcement actions or license denials or restrictions.
- There are administrative activities, such as the management of public hospitals.
- Finally, there is the role of administering funding, as in the implementation of the Medicare and Medicaid programs" (p. 607).
- There are rulemaking activities through which they set standards. In health care,
- "In its historical sweep, American health care regulation is a series of programs layered one on top of another over the course of the past 150 years" (p. 608).
Major Categories of Health Care Regulation
Health Facilities Regulation
Health Professionals Regulation
Health Insurance Regulation
Medical Tort System
Pharmaceutical Regulation
Medical Device Regulation
Antitrust in Health Care
Nonprofit Tax Exemption
Total Costs of Health Services Regulation
2016 Estimates.
- Duke University. The 2002 figure shown below is in the process of being formally updated. A back-of-the-envelope calculation shows that if total health services regulation costs had grown at the same rate as GDP, they would amount to $572 billion in 2016 ($281 billion federal); if they grew at the same rate as national health expenditures, they would amount to $663 billion ($326 billion federal). Neither estimate would account for the cost of new health services regulations, including the ACA.
- Wayne Crews. Wayne Crews estimates the total cost of federal health services regulation to be $194.4 billion in 2016. This includes the Duke University figure of $166.7 billion (without any adjustment whatsoever for inflation) plus the costs of various DHHS rules adopted since then plus a $5 billion "placeholder" for the ACA (even though several estimates have placed the cost at tens of billions; this figure does not include, for example, the CBO estimate that the law will eventually shrink the total number of full-time-equivalent workers by at least 2 million each year).
2002 Estimate. A Duke University study found that in 2002, the total cost of health services regulations amounted to $339.2 billion, of which $166.7 billion was related to federal regulations and $172.6 billion was related to state and local regulations. This study included all the major domains of regulation listed above with the exception of antitrust and nonprofit tax exemption. A detailed breakdown by category of regulation is here. The same study estimated that after accounted for the benefits of such regulations, the net cost of health services regulations amounted to $169 billion.
General Regulation
Federal Rulemaking Process
- Overview. For an overview of the federal rulemaking process, see CRS Report RL32240, The Federal Rulemaking Process: An Overview, coordinated by Maeve P. Carey.
- Executive Order 12866. Agencies that are subject to cost-benefit analysis requirements are not required to conduct a cost-benefit analysis for every rule—only those rules that are deemed economically significant.
- Economically Significant Rules. Economically significant rules are those that may "have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or communities [footnote 36]. These rules are referred to in the OMB reports as "major" rules. Although the definitions of "major" rules and "economically significant" rules contain slight differences, the two terms are often used interchangeably [footnote 38].
- Significant Rules. Rules that are significant, but not economically significant, are subject to requirements for OIRA review and may have a less formal assessment of costs and benefits, but agencies are not generally required to conduct a complete cost-benefit assessment for those rules. For "significant" rules, agencies are asked to conduct an initial assessment of costs and benefits, but not a complete cost-benefit analysis [footnote 39].
- RFA. The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) requires regulatory impact analyses for proposed and final rules that will have a "significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities." The phrase "small entities" is considered in the RFA to include small businesses, local governments, and not-forprofit organizations. For more information about requirements of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, see CRS Report RL34355, The Regulatory Flexibility Act: Implementation Issues and Proposed Reforms, coordinated by Maeve P. Carey [footnote 16].
- UMRA. Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) requires agencies to analyze and reduce costs associated with federal mandates upon state, local, and tribal governments and the private sector 2 U.S.C. §§1532-1538. For more information about UMRA, see CRS Report R40957, Unfunded Mandates Reform Act: History, Impact, and Issues, by Robert Jay Dilger and Richard S. Beth [footnote 17].
- Independent Agencies. The cost-benefit analysis requirement does not apply to independent regulatory agencies, a class of agencies that were created by Congress to have various characteristics of independence from the President. These agencies are listed at 44 U.S.C. 3502(5) [footnote 32].
- Curtis W. Copeland, Economic Analysis and Independent Regulatory Agencies, report prepared for the consideration of the Administrative Conference of the United States, April 30, 2013.
- CRS Report R42821, Independent Regulatory Agencies, Cost-Benefit Analysis, and Presidential Review of Regulations, by Maeve P. Carey and Michelle D. Christensen.
- Cost-Benefit Analysis.
- Requirements. CRS Report R41974, Cost-Benefit and Other Analysis Requirements in the Rulemaking Process, coordinated by Maeve P. Carey.
- Methodology.
- In 2003, OMB issued Circular A-4 to provide guidance to agencies on how to conduct cost-benefit analysis. See Office of Management and Budget, Circular A-4, "Regulatory Analysis," September 17, 2003 This guidance provides information such as what discount rates agencies should use, how to choose a time period for estimating future costs and benefits, etc. Since 2003, OMB has issued several additional guidance documents to provide instruction to agencies on complying with regulatory analysis requirements [footnote 15].
- OMB's 2011 guidance document, Regulatory Impact Analysis: A Primer, instructs agencies to quantify the costs and benefits in terms of units—for example, the number of premature deaths avoided each year or the number of prevented nonfatal illnesses—as well as monetizing the costs and benefits associated with each of these effects, to the extent possible [footnote 46].
- Variations in Regulation Across Administrations. Art Fraas and Richard Morgenstern, Identifying the Analytical Implications of Alternative Regulatory Philosophies, Journal of Benefit Cost Analysis, vol. 5, no. 1 (2014), pp. 137-171. Provides a discussion of differences between the Obama, George W. Bush, and Clinton Administrations' priorities for cost-benefit analysis and OIRA review [footnote 48].
Proposed Changes in Rulemaking Process
- On 1.11.17, the GOP-controlled House passed:
- Regulatory Accountability Act. Puts a ceiling on the regulatory costs coming out of Washington by instructing federal agencies to craft the "least expensive" rules they possibly can.
- Require Evaluation before Implementing Executive Wishlists (REVIEW) Act. Prevents federal agencies from issuing expensive regulations while they are facing court challenges. Once the legal battles are resolved, the rules could move forward.
- Separation of Powers Restoration Act. Would prevent courts from deferring to the regulatory interpretations of federal agencies, which makes it difficult for those rules to be challenged. Goodlatte said the current law "rubber stamps" regulations.
- All Economic Regulations are Transparent Act (ALERT) Act. Instructs federal agencies to publish costs estimates for rules they are working on while they are still in development.
- Providing Accountability Through Transparency Act instructs federal agencies to publish "plain language" summaries of their rules online, so the "public can understand what the agencies are actually proposing to do."
- H.R. 4003, Regulatory Reporting Act of 2015. CBO Cost Estimate. H.R. 4003 would direct all federal agencies, with the help of the Department of Justice, to prepare a report to the Congress that lists each agency rule that is enforced through a criminal penalty. The report also would weigh the use of a criminal penalty for enforcement against a number of criteria. CBO is unaware of any comprehensive source of information on criminal penalties used to enforce regulations. However, based on information from a few federal agencies, CBO expects that on average it would take large agencies a few months to compile the information. CBO estimates the report would cost about $1 million to prepare over the 2016-2017 period; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds.
- Business Roundtable. Using Cost Benefit Analysis To Create Smart Regulation: A Primer and Key Considerations for Congress and Federal Agencies, December 2014.
Number of Regulations
- See CRS Report R43056, Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register, by Maeve P. Carey for a more detailed discussion of the nature and quantity of regulations issued each year.
- CRS Report R41651, REINS Act: Number and Types of "Major Rules" in Recent Years, by Maeve P. Carey and Curtis W. Copeland.
- OMB's website, www.Reginfo.gov, provides data on the number of "significant" rules that OMB reviews each year (but not on the number of those rules that agencies issue each year). The data on OMB reviews show that the number of such rules reviewed each year is approximately in the range of 100-250; this is likely very similar to the number of such final rules issued each year [footnote 37].
Total Cost of Regulations
- Congressional Research Service. Maeve P. Carey. Methods of Estimating the Total Cost of Federal Regulations. January 21, 2016. Scholars and governmental entities estimating the total cost of regulation use one of two methods, which are referred to as the "bottom-up" and the "top-down" approach. The bottom-up approach aggregates individual cost and benefit estimates produced by agencies, arriving at a governmentwide total.
- Bottom-Up Estimates. In 2014, the annual report to Congress from the Office of Management and Budget estimated the total cost of federal regulations to range between $68.5 and $101.8 billion and the total benefits to be between $261.7 billion and $1,042.1 billion (2014 dollars).
- Top-Down Estimates. The top-down approach estimates the total cost of regulation by looking at the relationship of certain macroeconomic factors, including the size of a country's economy and a proxy measure of how much regulation the country has. This method estimates the economic effect that a hypothetical change in the amount of regulation in the United States might have, considering that economic effect to represent the cost of regulation. One frequently cited study estimated the total cost of regulation in 2014 to be $2.028 trillion, $1.439 trillion of which was calculated using this top-down approach.
- Office of Management and Budget (2014). 2014 Report to Congress on the Benefits and Costs of Federal Regulations and Unfunded Mandates on State, Local, and Tribal Entities. This is the latest complete report available; the draft report for 2015 was released 10.16.15. Note that annual OIRA reports on the benefits and costs of federal regulations going back to 1997 all can be retrieved from this page. The most widely-reported bottom-up estimate of federal regulatory costs, although it is limited by being restricted to major rules adopted within the past 10 years.
- W. Mark Crain and Nicole V. Crain (2014). The Cost of Federal Regulation to the U.S. Economy, Manufacturing and Small Business, A Report for the National Association of Manufacturers, September 10, 2014. One of the most prominent examples of the top-down approach, although it is not a purely top-down measure of the cost of regulations. It combines a top-down estimate—their estimate of the cost of economic regulation—with a bottom-up estimate of environmental, tax compliance, occupational safety, and homeland security regulation. However, the estimate of the cost of economic regulation resulting from their top-down methodology is almost 75% of the total estimate, totaling $1.439 trillion out of $2.028 trillion in the 2014 study [footnote 71].
- John W. Dawson and John J. Seater. Federal Regulation and Aggregate Economic Growth. Journal of Economic Growth. January 2013″Regulation's overall effect on output's growth rate is negative and substantial. Federal regulations added over the past fifty years have reduced real output growth by about two percentage points on average over the period 1949-2005. That reduction in the growth rate has led to an accumulated reduction in GDP of about $38.8 trillion as of the end of 2011. That is, GDP at the end of 2011 would have been $53.9 trillion instead of $15.1 trillion if regulation had remained at its 1949 level. One channel through which regulation has reduced output is TFP. We find that federal regulation can explain much of the famous and famously puzzling productivity slowdown of the 1970s."
- W. Mark Crain and Thomas D. Hopkins (2001). The Impact of Regulatory Costs on Small Firms: A Report for the Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration 2001.
- Thomas D. Hopkins (1995). Profiles in Regulatory Costs: Report to the U.S. Small Business Administration. November 1995.
Monetizing Intangible Effects of Regulations
- Rachel Bayefsky. Dignity as a Value in Agency Cost-Benefit Analysis. Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, no. 6 (April 2014), pp. 1732-1782
- Matthew D. Adler. Fear Assessment: Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Pricing of Fear and Anxiety. Chicago-Kent Law Review, vol. 79, no. 3 (January 2004), pp. 977-1053.
Monetizing Life and Health Impacts
- Curtis W. Copeland. How Agencies Monetize "Statistical Lives" Expected to Be Saved By Regulations, CRS Report R41140.
- Robinson, Lisa A. How US Government Agencies Value Mortality Risk Reductions (9.23.08).
- Viscusi, W. Kip. Monetizing the Benefits of Risk and Environmental Regulation. Fordham Urban Law Journal, vol. 33, no. 4 (2005).
- Viscusi, W. Kip. What's to Know? Puzzles in the Literature on the Value of a Statistical Life. Journal of Economic Surveys, vol. 26, no. 5 (2011).
Accuracy of Regulatory Impact Assessments
- Winston Harrington, Richard D. Morganstern, and Peter Nelson. On the Accuracy of Regulatory Cost Estimates. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol. 19, no. 2 (Spring 2000), pp. 297-322. Authors compared ex ante studies to ex post studies and found that agencies frequently overestimated both costs and benefits of regulations [footnote 58].
- Winston Harrington, Richard D. Morganstern, and Peter Nelson. "How Accurate Are Regulatory Cost Estimates?" Resources for the Future, March 5, 2010. This is a similar ex post study of several cost-benefit estimates that had been produced by agencies subsequent to the foregoing 2000 study. Again, they concluded that regulatory agencies tended to overestimate the total costs of regulations, explaining that "a variety of factors contribute to initial government agency cost estimates that may differ from the realized results, although in some cases this is coincident with differences in benefits produced by regulations" [footnote 59].
- Office of Management and Budget. Validating Regulatory Analysis: 2005 Report to Congress on the Benefits and Costs of Federal Regulations and Unfunded Mandates on State, Local, and Tribal Entities. In a chapter on "validation" of cost estimates, OMB examined a number of ex ante cost-benefit estimates and compared them with ex post estimates, when they were available. OMB's conclusions were that the costs of regulations were more often overestimated by the agency, but that the benefits were sometimes overestimated as well [footnote 60].
- Winston Harrington, Grading Estimates of the Benefits and Costs of Federal Regulation: A Review of Reviews. Resources for the Future Discussion Paper, September 2006.
Impact of Regulations
Bailey, James and Diana Thomas. Regulating Away Competition: The Effect of Regulation on Entrepreneurship and Employment. Mercatus Center (9.9.15). Using novel data on the extent of US federal regulations for 215 industries (as classified by their North American Industrial Classification System codes) from the Mercatus Center's RegData database and data on firm births and employment from the Statistics of US Businesses, the study confirms the hypothesis that regulation inhibits business growth and job creation while protecting larger, existing businesses:
- Firm births. A 10% increase in the intensity of regulation leads to a statistically significant 0.5% decrease in overall firm births. There is a statistically significant decrease among births of small firms but no statistically significant effect on births of large firms, confirming the hypothesis that incumbent firms benefit from regulation because it deters new entrants.
- Firm deaths. Regulation had no statistically significant effect on firm deaths. Regulation drives away new entrants, but does not put existing firms out of business. In fact, there is some evidence that firm deaths may decrease with increased regulation as businesses benefit from less competition.
- New hires. A 10% increase in regulation is associated with a statistically significant 0.9% decrease in hiring among all firms and a 0.5% decrease specifically among small firms.
- Chambers, Dustin and Courtney A. Collins. How Do Federal Regulations Affect Consumer Prices? An Analysis of the Regressive Effects of Regulation. Mercatus Center (2.23.16). When the federal government introduces new regulations for an industry, there are numerous potential consequences for both producers and consumers. Often, complying with regulations is costly for firms, and these higher costs may in turn drive up prices for consumers. Higher prices caused by regulatory growth are unlikely to affect all consumers equally. High-income and low-income households tend to have different spending patterns, and regulations may have a larger impact on one group than on another. This study examines the relationship between regulatory expansion and higher prices and finds that price increases caused by regulation have a disproportionately negative effect on low-income households. The poorest households tend to spend a larger proportion of their income on goods that are heavily regulated and subject to both high and volatile prices. This cost should be recognized in policymakers' efforts to consider the costs and benefits of new and existing regulations.
- Patrick McLaughlin, Laura Stanley. Regulation and Income Inequality: The Regressive Effects of Entry Regulations. Mercatus Center, Jan 20, 2016. This study for the Mercatus Center at George Mason University examines the relationship between income inequality and the number of regulatory steps necessary to start a business. Looking at 175 countries and multiple variables, the study finds that there is a positive relationship between entry regulations and income inequality.
- Legal/Regulatory Issues (Health Affairs topic page)
- RegData is the first database to count the actual number of restrictions in the Code of Federal Regulations, as opposed to the former method of simply counting total pages. The interactive tool enables a far more focused view of the regulatory burden by measuring the growth of regulation by industry. While previous methods provided an idea of the growth of overall regulation, they told nothing about how those regulations affected specific sectors in the economy. 3-digit industry codes related to health care include 621-Ambulatory Health Services; 622-Hospitals; and 623-Nursing and Residential Care Facilities. From 1997 to 2010, federal regulations increased by 170.5% in ambulatory health services, 53.8% in hospitals and 36.2% in nursing homes according to this index.


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Susan Sarandon: This Is Why I Would Never Trust Hillary Clinton
"I can't trust her."
"I can't trust her."
Republican presidential candidate Ted Cruz earned some boos and hisses while on CBS' "The Late Show" Monday evening as the topic turned to his views on same-sex marriage. "I believe in democracy," Cruz managed to say after host Stephen Colbert pressed him on his marriage views. The Texas senator had been saying that he believes…
At this point, only David Letterman could get four of the five living U.S. presidents — Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush — plus one who's no longer with us, to come together for a video tribute message on his final night. "Our long national nightmare is over: Letterman is…
Following the surprise announcement by David Letterman this week that he will retire in 2015, Tonight Show host Jimmy Fallon weighed in Friday night with his thoughts on Letterman — and offered is own "Top 10″ reasons Dave decided to retire. via ijreview
President Barack Obama appears on the Late Show. Not only does he say "we don't need to worry about [the national debt] short term", but then he can't even tell David Letterman how much the national debt even is when asked.