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Will Non Human Species Learn Languages English Language Essay
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Although various studies have been conducted on a variety of species this question has never been accepted as resolved. Although many studies have established tenuous and even some quite firm lines of communication with other species, their success is always refuted due to an ongoing debate about what constitutes language and at what point simple communication becomes language. Whilst the issue is still in flux, several attempts have been made down the years to create a set of criteria which can be used to qualify the differences between language and communication. The most well known set of 'rules' was laid out by Hockett, initially comprising of seven different rules when he initially unveiled it in his paper 'Animal 'Languages' and Human Language' in 1959, but after repeated amendments his final set consisted of 13 rules. This model is not an effective measure, however, as some of Hockett's criteria, particularly the later amendments, appear to be deliberate attempts to make language anthropocentric and deny it to other species. A better measure of language was postulated by Aitchison in 1983 [1] and defines language as needing to meet the following ten requirements:
Mode of communication-vocal-auditory, tactile visual or chemical-olfactory
Arbitrariness-use of neutral symbols to denote objects etc.
Semanticity-the use of symbols to mean or refer to objects/actions
Cultural transmission-handing down the language from generation to generation
Spontaneous usage-freely initiating speech
Turn-taking-conversation is a two way process
Duality-organisation into basic sounds plus combinations or sequences of these
Displacement-referring to things not present in time or space
Structure-dependence-the patterned nature of language and the use of 'structured chunks' (e.g. word order)
Creativity (a.k.a. productivity)-the ability to produce and understand an infinite number of novel utterances
Aitchison, after analysing animal an human 'language' in terms of these ten criteria, concluded that semanticity, displacement, structure-dependence and creativity are unique to humans, and that it is therefore in terms of these four that studies should be evaluated [2]
I intend to evaluate five animal language studies in terms of Aitchison's criteria In this way I hope to establish to what extent in each study the tested animals meet the specifications for language, and consider if any of the specifications are simply beyond animals or if, theoretically, an animal could display them all and thus qualify, in terms at least of Aitchison's criteria, as users of actual language as opposed to communication.
Study One-Teaching Sign Language to a Chimpanzee (Gardener and Gardener, 1969)
Summary [3]
In 1931 Kellogg and Kellogg attempted to raise a chimp they named Gua alongside their son Donald and see if the chimp could be brought up as a human. The experiment proved unsuccessful and was called off in 1932 as they began to fear that Gua's presence was inhibiting Donald's development after Donald, still not talking at 19 months, began to use Gua's food bark to ask for food [4] . Gua herself of course failed to speak as well, and this was the greatest obstacle in the Kellogg's attempts to raise her as a human. Chimps are, unfortunately, unable to mimic human speech beyond a few basic sounds as their vocal tracts are too different. The Gardener's decided to try working around this problem by teaching a young chimp called Washoe Ameslan, also known as American sign language or ASL. In its pure form, Ameslan is constructed from one or more gestures, known as cheremes. Each chereme consists of the arms and hands set in a certain position and/or performing a specific action. These words can then be combined to create sentences which are governed by grammatical rules which differ somewhat from those of normal English [5] , and so theoretically Washoe could fulfil all of Aitchison's criteria, although Washoe did use a somewhat corrupted version of it. The Gardener's acquired her when she was between 8 and 14 months old, as they needed her as young as possible to take advantage of the enhanced language acquisition displayed by young chimps. The Gardeners proceeded to teach Washoe ASL, mostly using imitative learning and instrumental conditioning but sometimes physically moulding Washoe's hands into particular signs, a procedure which became increasingly unnecessary as her command of ASL increased. After the first 22 months of learning Washoe had a repertoire of 30 signs, by four she was using 132 and by the time of her death in October 2007 she could reliably use approximately 250 signs, including nouns, pronouns and verbs. The Gardeners used only ASL in her presence whenever possible to avoid confusion.
Language Evaluation
a) Mode of Communication-the Ameslan used by Washoe, whilst not strictly correct, certainly qualified as tactile-visual communication, as she saw the signs made by others and signed herself to communicate
b) Arbitrariness-according to Gross in the 1999 publication of 'Key Studies in Psychology, '…the signs of ASL are neither uniformly arbitrary nor uniformly iconic but vary in their degrees of abstraction.' The signs do not have the inherent neutrality of spoken language, but are accepted as arbitrary enough to qualify for the purposes of the criterion
c) Semanticity-although Washoe corrupted the actual signs from pure ASL, it was usually not towards the overly iconic and representative and the words themselves are all as semantic as spoken words of the English language, as though the signs were not exact their meaning was always clear.
d) Cultural Transmission-although it is possible that the animals in the other studies I investigated would have been able to culturally transmit their 'language', Washoe is the only one with whom this was tested. After her own child died, Washoe was presented with a young male chimp called Loulis, whom she quickly took on as her adopted son. Loulis initially simply copied Washoe in play, but eventually simple spontaneous requests such as 'tickle', 'drink' and 'hug' were used. Loulis learned a total of 22 words from Washoe, most by imitation, but there are a couple of reports of Washoe actively trying to teach Loulis. Once when they were being brought food, Washoe repeatedly signed 'food' to Loulis and then took Loulis' hands and physically moulded them into the 'food' configuration. [6]
e) Spontaneous Usage-Washoe frequently used her language spontaneously in the form of requests, and is also recorded, having never used the word toothbrush before despite being signed it repeatedly, as having walked into a bathroom and identified a toothbrush there to her trainer at the time, which is referred to by Grosse in the third edition of Key studies in Psychology (published 1999) as '…the first and one of the clearest examples of Washoe apparently naming an object or event for no obvious motive other than communication.'
f) Turn-taking-much of Washoe's communication consisted of questions. She was frequently asked to identify things as part of her training and asked questions herself when the need arose. Her language seems, from my research, to primarily consist of questions and requests and doesn't really stretch far enough to accommodate musings and abstract thought, so her conversation seemed to be defined by turn-taking in its very nature
g) Duality-Washoe seems quite capable of combining words where necessary. When people failed to comply with her requests fairly quickly (e.g. Gimme tickle), she added 'hurry', 'please' or both as emphasisers.
h) Displacement-Washoe often asked for absent objects, notably when the Gardeners came back from hospital where her first child had just dies and she signed 'baby', to which Gardener signed 'baby gone, baby finished', which drove Washoe to a state best described as grief. [7]
i) Structure Dependence-although some signs were always combined in the same order (baby mine, tickle me) Washoe didn't always seem to care about word order. Aitchison (1983) suggests four possible reasons for this: 1) the Gardeners were eager to reward her for correct vocabulary and so never taught her grammar, 2) signs are harder to order than words (some deaf adults have trouble with sign order), 3) lacking order was only an intermediate stage in the learning process and/or 4)she did not and could not understand the patterned nature of language. [8]
j) Creativity-even from very early stages Washoe showed an unprompted urge to combine signs. She insisted on calling her toilet 'dirty good' even though her trainers actively encouraged her to call it 'potty chair', and similarly the fridge was 'food drink', not 'cold box'.
So based on this Washoe fills an impressive nine of the ten criteria, although her language is limited to very superficial communication.
Study Two-Project Koko (F. Patterson 1972)
Summary [9]
Excited by a talk she heard by the Gardeners at a western US university in 1971, F. Patterson enrolled in a course to learn ASL and began to make inquiries about acquiring a baby gorilla. In 1972 Patterson began working with a gorilla born the year before called Koko. Her goal was to see if other great apes could be taught ASL, as chimps were thought to be most likely to be able to pick up language due to their strong social groupings. Initially Patterson worked in the rich yet uncontrolled environment of the zoo, where Koko constantly had people moving and talking around her whilst Patterson attempted to teach her sign language, and Patterson claims that Koko began to understand the significance of the signs within two weeks, though at that stage her signing was mostly random and out of context. The training procedures were much the same as those used for Washoe, but Koko, despite the more solitary nature of the gorilla as a species, mastered more signs than Washoe; after three years Koko knew 127 signs to Washoe's 85, and whilst Washoe died knowing about 250 signs Koko boast a vocabulary over four times that size. The same forms of operant conditioning were used, and both Koko and Washoe were capable of taking words such as 'dirty', which initially referred to their faeces, and applying them to people and events later on, displaying an understanding of the multifarious nature of words. The major advantage Koko had over Washoe is that whilst Washoe was painstakingly shown sign language to the exclusion of all else Koko has a strong grasp of spoken English. Although she is unable to speak as gorillas, like chimps, lack the necessary oesophageal architecture, Koko has demonstrated an ability to comprehend spoken English, and has developed a particular fondness for rhymes, which are impracticable in sign language. Opinion is, as ever, divided on Koko's abilities though. As Patterson and Linden said themselves: 'According to one's perspective Koko is either a dolt who has only a shaky hold on basic vocabulary, or a bright, playful, creative creature capable of quite sophisticated innovation' [10] For example, even in a simple rhyming game Koko expressed her answers in different ways, as shown in the following:
Hiller: Which animal rhymes with that?
Koko: CAT
Hiller: Which rhymes with big?
Koko: PIG THERE
Hiller: What rhymes with hair?
Koko: THERE (She points to the bear) [11]
Language Evaluation
Mode of Communication-Koko is able to understand spoken English and her own adapted version of ASL (known as Yeerkish) and can speak in Yeerkish, and so certainly qualifies as being linguistically able in this respect
Arbitrariness-Koko's sign language is classed as arbitrary in the same way as Washoe's was (q.v.)
Semanticity-again, Koko's claims to semanticity are much the same as Wahoe's
Cultural Transmission-untested, although attempts to this day are being made to mate Koko with another gorilla to see if she would teach Yeerkish to her offspring. She has owned a number of Manx cats which she has not attempted to teach, but this is probably because Koko recognises that they would be unable to learn the language
Spontaneous Usage-Koko frequently spontaneously uses language, and there are various publicly available videos showing Koko doing so, for example a video on youtube of Koko meeting Mister Rogers and asking him about his cufflinks [12] She also inputs her ideas into conversations around her, for example when once Patterson, talking to a friend in the same room as Koko, said 'I can't go to L.A. every month-it would kill me!', Koko suddenly signed FROWN; Patterson believes this also confirms that Koko understands the human concept of death, which is suggested by the grief she displayed when her trainers told her that her first kitten, whom she named 'All Ball', had escaped and been killed by a car. According to Patterson, Koko and her original potential mate Michael 'regularly converse[d] in sign language', and that Koko engaged ion 'personal monologues' during relaxation periods. [13]
Turn-taking-as with spontaneous usage, various videos can be seen showing that Koko does take part in two way conversation, although she seems to have a habit of 'butting in' if she becomes bored of what the other person is saying or if she comes up with a question. Then again, as various humans also do this in communication I believe Koko can be credited with this ability
Duality-as the conversation transcript above shows, Koko can use single words and combinations thereof, although she does not tend to create utterances of more than three or four words at a time, and often some of those will be emphasis rather than new material
Displacement-as her reference to a cat as a word that rhymes with that shows, Koko is able to refer to absent objects, but I was not able to find any more specific examples. Despite the lack of these, various sources say that Koko is quite able to refer to events displaced in time and space, and there are claims that her potential partner Michael remembered his mother being killed by poachers and attempted to tell his trainers about it, saying: "Squash meat gorilla. Mouth tooth. Cry sharp-noise loud. Bad think-trouble look-face. Cut/neck lip (girl) hole." In response to the question 'What can you tell me about your mother?' [14]
Structure Dependence-the general feeling about Koko, although there are both more optimistic and more damning points of view, is that she has a tenuous grasp of syntax at best, and that grammar in general eludes her, although she almost always manages to get her point across. The problem is that most of her conversation is conducted with her trainers on hand to interpret for her, and they have been accused of being rather liberal with their interpretations. On the whole, it seems that a grasp of the structure dependent nature of language is for the most part beyond Koko.
Creativity-Koko's ability for creativity seems indisputable. For example, when being taught about jewellery, when asked what a ring was she called it a 'FINGER-BRACELET'. Some of her 'creative' answers are challenged as being demonstrative of a lack of understanding on Koko's part rather than actual creativity. Take as an illustration a time when, when asked 'What's this?' about a green pig Koko responded 'GRASS PIG'. This can be construed as either Koko using metaphor or Koko not understanding the difference between the signs for grass and green.
Koko also shows nine of the ten necessary characteristics of language, but is distinctly more advanced than Washoe in the depth of language that she uses, suggesting that even within these ten criteria subdivisions need to be made to establish the level to which each is followed if we are to truly quantify the concept of 'language'
Study Three-Akeakamai and Phoenix (Herman et al. 1984)
Summary [15]
Although the great apes are the most obvious candidates for language studies, various other species have been experimented upon, including in this case bottle-nosed dolphins. Two were experimented upon, but each was taught language through a different medium. Akeakamai was taught a system of hand signals following a set of grammatical rules, as show in appendix A; Phoenix was taught language as a series of short discrete noises generated by a computer. For the sake of brevity, I shall focus on Akeakamai's study. The language has some distinct disadvantages over the ASL variants used for the two ape studies evaluated thus far-the most important of these is that the language was entirely one way, and although tests could be made on the dolphin's comprehension she was unable to produce sentences. The major advantage is that the simplistic and generally imperative nature of the language meant that Akeakamai's comprehension could be easily tested and measured, for example 'ball hoop fetch' means 'take the hoop to the pipe' and 'hoop ball fetch' means take the ball to the hoop, and when she was first introduced to a four word sentence Akeakamai successfully applied her existing grammar rules to it and performed correctly.
Mode of Communication-due to the one way nature of the communication, Akeakamai cannot as yet be proven to use a two-way process
Arbitrariness-the symbols are arbitrary, indeed to make them otherwise would be highly inconvenient and need to involve a simulated dolphin of some description
Semanticity-each symbol was attributed a very specific meaning as demonstrated by Akeakamai's usually correct responses. Her ability to distinguish is regularly and easily tested by PENDING EMAIL RESPONSE FROM DOLPHIN INSTITUTE, WHO ARE UNRESPONSIVE 'TIL SEPTEMBER 24th
Cultural Transmission-currently untested and would be very hard to test in any case due to the purely receptive nature of the language
Spontaneous usage-once again untestable
Turn-taking-as above
Duality-Akeakamai's ability to comprehend instructions of varying lengths has been clearly demonstrated through testing, so arguably duality is present, although it is receptive rather than productive duality
Displacement-this can be, and has been, successfully tested. Akeakamai has all the objects in the pool but one, which the trainer specifies in a command. Initially she would then spend a couple of minutes hunting before returning to the trainer, and has now been trained to press a paddle if the object is missing, demonstrating that she understands what is wanted but does not find it present. Temporal displacement comprehension has also been tested by throwing the object in a minute or two after the command has been given, at which point she usually carries out the set task. [16]
Structure Dependence-this study has the most evidence for successful acknowledgement of structure dependence by the animal of any other species study. The quantifiable nature of comprehension due to the fact that the language is used solely to issue commands means that Akeakamai has been proven to be able to interpret syntax of commands and respond accordingly, achieving success rates of PENDING EMAIL RESPONSE FROM DOLPHIN INSTITUTE, WHO ARE UNRESPONSIVE 'TIL SEPTEMBER 24th
Creativity-so far Akeakamai has been able to incorporate all news signs into her vocabulary without difficulty, but creativity cannot be truly tested due once again to the nature of the language
Akeakamai can only really be said to meet four of the ten criteria, but does successfully show that at least some other species are capable of understanding the concept of grammar and use it in language. It is tempting to say that if a dolphin can achieve it an ape can too, and the apes like Koko and Washoe should be able to, but this is an unfair judgement as it could be the case that dolphins brain structure allows for the concept but it is precluded by the apes' mindsets, or it could be that dolphins are in fact more intelligent than apes but simply harder to talk to due to the difference in communication methods between anthropoids and cetaceans.


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In response to a public interest litigation (PIL) filed by a freelance journalist, the state government on Wednesday informed the Bombay high court (HC) that the proposal for granting remissions to prisoners on the occasion of golden jubilee year of formation of the state of Maharashtra has been rejected by the home department.
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The Stillman College baseball team has sewn up the top seed in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Tournament, which will be part of the SIAC Spring Championships set for next Wednesday through Saturday in Tuscaloosa.
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A long extended weekend for the UWA softball team begins today in Decatur at the GSC Crossover, which pits teams from the league�s East Division against rivals from the West Division.
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SMALL COLLEGE NOTEBOOK: Stillman top seed for SIAC baseball
The Stillman College baseball team has sewn up the top seed in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Tournament, which will be part of the SIAC Spring Championships set for next Wednesday through Saturday in Tuscaloosa.


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Going from elementary school to high school can feel like you're starting all over again. You will be meeting new friends and teachers, your classes will be more challenging and you will need to learn to balance extracurricular activities.
You may have many different feelings during the summer before starting high school. Maybe you are:
All of these feelings are completely normal. Remember to try to relax and take it easy. This can be a very fun and exciting time in you life!
One of the first challenges of entering high school is making new friends. Because your high school will be made up of kids from different elementary schools:
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Tag Archives: soul
Bill Withers: The Soul Man Who Walked Away
By Andy Greene On a clear day, you can see the Staples Center from Bill Withers' house, which sits high in the hills above West Hollywood. Today, in about two hours, the Los Angeles basketball arena will host the Grammy … Continue reading
Posted in News from the Soul Brother Tagged Bill Withers, music, r&b, Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, soul Leave a comment
Rihanna – American Oxygen
RiRi gives us a poignant song about our nation. It addresses immigration, civil rights, the Eric Garner murder, corporate greed, the hope of change in the "New America", and much more. She hit this one out of the park! … Continue reading
Posted in Soul Brother's Music Videos Tagged Eric Garner, music, r&b, Rihanna, soul, United States, video 1 Comment
Pharrell Williams – Happy
Good morning! My newest theme song (along with U2's "Its a Beautiful Day"). Be Happy Everyday!!
Posted in Soul Brother's Music Videos Tagged Despicable Me, Pharrell Williams, pop, r&b, soul, video Leave a comment
Beyoncé – Dance For You (Live)
Posted in Soul Brother's Music Videos Tagged Atlantic City concert, Beyonce', music, r&b, soul, video Leave a comment
Robin Thicke – Feel Good
Posted in Soul Brother's Music Videos Tagged music, pop, r&b, Robin Thicke, soul, video Leave a comment
Candice Glover – Cried
New material from the American Idol (US) winner!! Nice!!
Posted in Soul Brother's Music Videos Tagged American Idol, Candice Glover, music, r&b, soul, video Leave a comment
Soulbrother's Christmas Soul Jam IV
We are in the season of joy, blessings, and giving as we rush about. Enjoy this playlist with your family and friends. Merry Christmas, Happy Kwanzaa, and Happy New Year!!
Posted in Soul Brother Presents Tagged Christmas, Holidays, Kwanzaa, music, Playlist, r&b, soul Leave a comment


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Hosting a party requires a lot of decision making, from where the party is held to what kind of hot, savory gravy goes in the piñata. Call in the professionals with this Groupon.
$125 for Princess Birthday Party for Up to 12 Girls ($253 Total Value)
A one-hour, princess-themed in-home birthday party for up to 12 guests (aged 5–12) includes glamorous hair updos, makeovers with eye shadow and lip-gloss, games, and a craft (a $199 value). This party package also comes with facials (a $24 value), fingernail painting (a $10 value), and a take-home treat bag (a $20 value).
Go Girl Parties
Go Girl Parties brings the birthday party to your home, in a package tailored for your daughter and her friends. A typical 60-minute party livens up the event with updos, makeovers, games, and crafts. There's also an array of add-ons to choose from such as facials, mini manicures, hair accessories, and a dessert or candy bar.
Go Girl Parties
Reagan loved her job at Club Libby Lu, where girls were treated to makeovers, dress-up sessions, and dance parties. When the store closed its doors in 2009, Reagan founded Go Girl Parties so that she could continue doing what she loved. Today, she and her close friends visit homes to set up and host kids' makeover parties, where crafts, games, treat bags, and costumes are staples. When soirees are over and cakes have been reduced to crumbs, the team clears all evidence of the bash, tidying up and taking their beauty products back to Go Girl HQ.
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Christmas and New Year 2011
This lovely angel craft is easy to make and can adorn your own Christmas tree for years to come.
Some of my favourite childhood memories are of making Christmas decorations with my family. We would listen to Christmas carols while we coloured, cut and glued our hearts out. Over the years, the Christmas box grew and grew with clothespin Rudolphs, toilet roll Santas and of course, what's a Christmas tree without the angel? Supplies needed: white card, white crepe paper, wrapping paper, one gold pipe cleaner, craft stick, styrofoam ball (about five inches in diameter), fuzzy wool (in a colour that can be used for hair), scissors, glue, tape, pencil, black pen, felt tips, paper plate, stapler, tray for materials1.Cover your work area with an old tablecloth and put your materials in a tray.2.Draw a circle on the white card by tracing around the paper plate with the pencil and cut it out. 3.Fold the circle in half and press along the fold with your fingers to create a sharp crease. Cut the circle in half, using the crease as a guide.4.To create the angel's body, fold the two ends of the half circle inward, so that they overlap and create a cone shape. Be sure to leave a small hole at the top, then staple it together.5.To form the angel's head and neck, put a bit of glue on one end of the craft stick and push it into the styrofoam ball.6.Use the black pen to draw outlines of the eyes, nose and mouth. Use felt tip pens to colour in the eyes and lips. You could even give her some rosy red cheeks! 7.Create the angel's hair by folding the wool back in forth in about 20 centimetre lengths. You'll need at least 20 lengths, but the more you do, the thicker your angel's hair will be. When you have enough wool, use another piece of the same wool to tie a knot around the centre of the pieces. 8.Put glue all over the top and back of the angel's head and carefully attach her hair. Work from the top of the head back, to make sure you have it covered everywhere. Use your scissors to trim and even out the angel's hair if necessary.9.Attach the angel's head to her body by sliding the craft stick into the top of the cone shape. Use a few pieces of tape to secure it to the inside of the cone on the side that does not have staples. Do the same with the gold pipe cleaner, but secure it to the side that does have staples. 10. For the angel's dress, set the unused half of the circle on the back of the wrapping paper to use as a template. Trace around it and cut it out. Wrap the paper around the cone shape and secure it at the back with staples. 11. To make the halo, twist the top part of the pipe cleaner into a circle.12. Use the white crepe paper to create wings. Start with a piece that is about 40 centimetres long by 24 centimetres wide. Fold it in half along the length (making it 20 centimetres), then fold it back and forth approximately every 2 centimetres. This is called an accordion fold or a fan fold. 13. Wrap a piece of tape around the middle of the wings to secure the fold, then tape it to the back of the angel. 14. Now put on the Christmas music and get ready for some fun, because it's time to decorate the tree. When you and your family are all done, ask your mum or dad to help you put the angel on the top of the tree for the finishing touch!Article submitted by Jolie Dennison, artist and children's art facilitator, Web: www.joliedennison.com, email: email@example.com. Tel: 07575 366899 To see more creative project ideas, subscribe to www.youtube.com/joliedennison and www.facebook.com/jolieart.
With the expert guidance of Tracey Radford, you can turn everyday cardboard into incredible, yet simple, craft projects. You'll never look at an empty egg carton in the same way again… More..
Thaumatropes (Thaw-Ma-Tropes) were a popular toy in the nineteenth century. They create an illusion by spinning two images together, which tricks your eye into seeing them as one picture… More..
As children around the world excitedly wait for Santa to deliver their presents on Christmas Eve, 21 years on a new edition of a classic book has been published which celebrates the lives of children and their childhoods across the continents. More..
In his new book for curious dinosaur detectives, Sean Callery explains 30 amazing dino topics in just half a minute, keeping young archaeological adventurers on their feet! More..
Conjure up a fiendish face with this simple guide from face paint specialist Flutterby… More..
To celebrate Maths Week 2016 this October 15-23, we asked Claire Flynn, programme manager of Maths Week Ireland at Waterford Institute of Technology, to come up with a few fun teasers and puzzlers to get our brains ready for 'sum' magic maths action… More..
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Mortgage adviser Carla cleans up
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With January upon us and predicted colder weather on the way, home owners are being warned to take preventative measures against winter's nasties.
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Published byTavion Goodhart Modified over 2 years ago
How the Scottsboro Trials link to the book To Kill A Mockingbird By: Alyse Kullmann Andrea Ohmann Chelsae Walsh Lauren LaGoo
March 25, 1931: Two white women, several white men, and nine black men were traveling from Tennessee to Alabama in freight cars of a train. When the train arrived in Paint Rock, Alabama, all of them were arrested (probably for vagrancy). The two white women were Victoria Price and Ruby Bates. Price was a prostitute, and Bates was a minor. Price was probably afraid of being charged for violating the Mann Act, which prohibited the taking of a minor across state lines for immoral purposes. She and Bates immediately deflected all attention onto the nine black men by accusing them all of rape.
Clarence Norris, Charlie Weems, Haywood Patterson, Olen Montgomery, Ozie Powell, Willie Roberson, Eugene Williams, Andy Wright, and Roy Wright were the nine black men, who immediately became known as the "Scottsboro Boys." The nine men, who didn't all know one another and ranged in age from 12 to 20, were roped together and placed in the Scottsboro jail. The National Guard had to be called to protect the men after an angry mob appeared outside the jail.
The nine men went to court only twelve days after their arrest. Their court-appointed lawyer, Stephen Roddy, who was unfamiliar with Alabama law, had only 25 minutes to meet with them before presenting their defense. Price and Bates gave sordid details of their alleged rapes, and the nine black men (most of whom didn't know one another) started blaming one another. No witnesses were called in their defense, and the jury was completely made up of white men.
All nine men were found guilty. Eight were sentenced to death by electric chair, but Roy Wright, who was only 12 years old, was granted a mistrial.
The International Labor Defense (part of the Communist Party) decided to help the "Scottsboro Boys." November 7, 1932: The United States Supreme Court agreed with the International Labor Defense that the nine black men had not been given adequate legal representation and ordered new trials.
The new trials included two important figures: Judge James E. Horton and New York defense lawyer Samuel Leibowitz. Leibowitz began by asking for an appeal; he claimed that the jury selection deliberately excluded black jurors. The motion was denied.
This time the nine men went to trial individually. The first to be prosecuted was Haywood Patterson. Unlike his first trial, which lasted only a few hours, his second trial lasted two weeks. Victoria Price was a wonderful actress as a witness, but Leibowitz had done his research. He found doctors who claimed the women's bodies had not reflected rape (much less multiple rapes). He found witnesses to affirm that Price was a prostitute. Best of all, he called Ruby Bates as a witness. This time she admitted that she and Price had lied at the first trial in order to avoid having to "lay out a sentence in jail."
Despite his stellar defense, Leibowitz offended many people in Alabama; they viewed him as a hotshot lawyer from the North. One of the prosecuting attorneys even told the jury in his closing remarks, "Alabama justice can't be bought with Jew money from New York!" Due to racism, animosity toward Leibowitz, and disgust with the communist party, Haywood Patterson was found guilty and sentenced to death for the second time.
June 22, 1933: Judge Horton went against popular sentiment in Scottsboro and overturned Patterson's conviction. He claimed the evidence did not warrant a conviction. (Not surprisingly, Horton was not reelected).
Clarence Norris was the second defendant to be tried individually. He too was found guilty. (During this time all nine "Scottsboro Boys" remained in jail- so far it had been over two years.)
. November, 1933: New trials were set, this time with a different judge: Judge William Callahan. He denied Leibowitz's motion for a mistrial even though evidence showed that someone had tampered with the jury rolls. December, 1933: Both Patterson and Norris were found guilty for the third time, and the Alabama Supreme Court refused to reverse the convictions.
April 1, 1935: The United States Supreme Court reversed the convictions (because of the evidence that someone had tampered with the jury rolls in order to exclude African Americans from the juries). But this was not the end. In May of 1935, Victoria Price swore out new warrants against all nine of the defendants.
New trials continued throughout 1936 and 1937- this time with a local defense attorney: 1 received life in prison 3 received 75-99 years in prison 1 received 20 years in prison (for assaulting a deputy sheriff) 4 had charges dropped and were released (after six years in prison) Between 1943 and 1950, eight of the men were paroled. Andy Wright, the last one to be paroled, spent a total of 19 years in prison for a crime that had never been committed. Haywood Patterson escaped in 1948 and went to Michigan. (Even though the FBI caught Patterson in 1950, the Michigan governor refused to sign the extradition papers that would return Patterson to Alabama).
Clarence Norris violated his parole in 1946 by leaving Alabama. In 1976, as the only "Scottsboro Boy" still living, he was pardoned and allowed to return to Alabama. He had spent the most time on death row and had been a fugitive for thirty years.
ScottsboroMockingbird Took place in the 1930s Took place in northern Alabama Began with a charge of rape made by white women against African American men The poor white status of the accusers a was a critical issue. A central figure was a heroic judge, a member of the Alabama Bar who overturned a guilty jury verdict against African American men. This judge went against public sentiment in trying to protect the rights of the African American defendants. The first juries failed to include any African Americans, a situation which caused the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn the guilty verdict. The jury ignored evidence, for example, that the women suffered no injuries. Attitudes about Southern women and poor whites complicated the trial Occurs in the 1930s Takes place in southern Alabama Begins with a charge of rape made by a white woman against an African American man. The poor white status of Mayella is a critical issue. A central figure is Atticus, lawyer, legislator and member of the Alabama bar, who defends an African American man. Atticus arouses anger in the community in trying to defend Tom Robinson. The verdict is rendered by a jury of poor white residents of Old Sarum. The jury ignores evidence, for example, that Tom has a useless left arm. Attitudes about Southern women and poor whites complicate the trial of Tom Robinson
The Town of Scottsboro Scottsboro's just a little place; No shame is write across it face-- Its courts too weak to stand against a mob, Its people's heart, too small to hold a sob. Langston Hughes
Johnson, Claudia Durst. Understanding To Kill a Mockingbird. The Greenwood Publishing, Inc. Westport, CT: 1994. 14 March 2007 http://library.advanced.org/12111/scottsboro/ scottsbo.htm. "Scottsboro: An American Tragedy." PBS. 17 March 2007 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/scottsboro.index.html. "The Scottsboro Boys." That's Alabama. 17 March 2007 http://www.thatsalabama.com/civilwrongs/scottsboro. "The Trials." Court TV Online. 17 March 2007 http://www.courttv.com/archive/greatesttrials/scottsboro/ trials.html. References
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This Sunday Robot Chicken will air their third Star Wars special. You can see the first little sketch here, starring Seth MacFarlane as Emperor Palpatine. Could anything be funnier than Bob Goldstein, Jedi Injury Lawyer? You be the judge.
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Happy Birthday, Über-Smuggler Mickey Munday!
Magnolia Pictures
Of all of Miami's '80s-era cocaine cowboys, Mickey Munday is our favorite. Jon Roberts is a little too batshit-insane for our taste. Max Mermelstein adopted a false identity and died broke. And Manny Noriega, well, he's in France getting reamed by the baguette of justice. Nothing cool about that.
But Mickey Munday is free of the justice system, living (and tweeting) openly and without enemies in North Miami. Instantly recognizable with his fading curly locks and floppy cowboy hat, he can usually be found shooting the shit about his glory days, expressing neither undue pride nor sappy shame about having imported an amount of white powder roughly equal to the gross national product of Slovenia.
Mickey wouldn't tell us how old he's turning today -- only that it represents too many candles so his friends just doused his cake with Everclear and lit it on fire -- but according to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, he's turning 65.
He's already had his annual bash at Tobacco Road, and tonight he'll celebrate with Lil Jon -- why not? -- and others at Cameo. So what do you get the guy who has smuggled everything? How about we show this video, a commercial for local clothing company Last Rights, in which Mickey does his thing with some mysterious black bundles in the Everglades and thugs it up with some mean-looking dudes on motorcycles.
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Memorizing the Hiragana/The H line< Memorizing the Hiragana
The latest reviewed version was checked on 22 May 2016. There are 3 pending changes awaiting review.
|は is a bird Walking on a branch. Can also sound like Ha.
|ひ is a man shouting Hi!
|ふ is mount Fuji.
|へ shows us where Heaven is.
|ほ is a game of Hockey.
|Memorizing the Hiragana
|The N line
|The H line
|The M line


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Certificate in BookkeepingCourses For Success
Price on request
Important information
- Course
- Online
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What you'll learn on the course
Office IT
Ms Office
Course programme
Module One : Bookkeeping – The Fundamentals
Module Two : Understanding General Journals,
Module Three : General Ledger and understanding the trail balance
Module Four : Preparing and interpreting Financial Statements – Profit & Loss
Module Five : Understanding the Balance Sheets
Module Six : Processing accruals and prepayments
Module Seven : Business Budgeting and Forecasting
Module Eight : Cash Flow Management
Module Nine : Ratio Analysis and interpretation
Module Ten : Office Organomics
Additional information
Through well-crafted lessons, expert online instruction and interaction with your tutor, participants in these courses gain valuable knowledge at their convenience. They have the flexibility to study at their own pace combined with enough structure and support to complete the course. And they can access the classroom 24/7 from anywhere with an Internet connection.
New sessions of each course run every month. They last six weeks, with two new lessons being released weekly (for a total of 12). The courses are entirely Web-based with comprehensive lessons, quizzes, and...
Do you see something that is not right in this course? Let us know if there are any mistakes and you will help users like yourself.


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Plaid Patterns Patterned Paper Pack - 6x6
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(1 review)Size: 6" x 6"
Item: EP-04 - Type: Paper & Cardstock.
These 24 sheet packs include 2 each of 12 different designs and coordinate perfectly with our line of exclusive card stocks. The 6" x 6" size makes these papers ideal for card making but equally fitting for creating accents and embellishments for a variety of paper-crafting applications. The Plaid Patterns Paper Pack features a bright mix of colors in a quintessentially preppy plaid.
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- Below are the games from the latest BoardGamesDirect Great Games Club promotion. Game descriptions have videos of how to play. Try before you buy with the rental option below. The prices are for 2 weeks of rental.
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Catan:Traders and Barbarians 5-6 player expansion - for rent
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City Square Off - for rent
Players 2 Age 8+ Mintues 15 mins City Square Off challenges two players to each build a well-designed city that doesn't spill over the boundary lines...
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Players 2-4 Length 20 mins Age 6+ Whether any animal on our beautiful planet has a future is determined by how it can respond to the environmental...
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3 - 5 players Ages: 8 & up Playing time: 30 minutes Author: Michael Schacht Awards Finalist Best Card Game Games Magazine 2004 Finalist Spiel des...
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Players 2-4 Length 30 mins Age 8+ In Dominion, each player starts with an identical, very small deck of cards. In the center of the table is a...
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text: News Bites Eddie Aikau 2015-2016 Holding Period Begins By Nick Yee • Nov 30, 2015 Bielman The three-month holding period for the 31st annual "In Memory of Eddie Aikau" big wave surfing competition begins on December 1st. The one-day big wave surfing event held in Waimea bay follows strict wave height requirements that mimic conditions Eddie Aikau liked to ride with faces of 40-feet and hold for at least eight hours. DLNR Asks Kauai Pet Owners to Watch for Albatross By Nick Yee • Nov 26, 2015 Kim Steutermann Rogers The Department of Land and Natural Resources is reminding Kaua'i residents to be mindful of Albatross breeding season between now and July. Laysan albatross nest primarily in Hawai'i - returning to the same breeding areas each year and laying only a single egg. Their ground level nests make the birds and their young vulnerable to attacks from domesticated dogs and cats. But the albatross are also vulnerable to a long term threat from climate change as rising oceans cover their nesting areas further up the Hawaiian chain. Black Friday Becomes More Digital By Nick Yee • Nov 26, 2015 Daniel Ramirez / Flickr Today is Black Friday – a day where many retailers see their margins go from the red into the black. But this year more and more people are turning to the digital marketplace to gather up gifts. A Google search on holiday shopping reveals that last year- 40% of holiday shopping occurred online…with more than half of consumers using a smartphone or tablet. State Officials Warn of Lengthy Dengue Outbreak By Nick Yee • Nov 20, 2015 Pixabay Commons State health officials say the outbreak of Dengue Fever could last for months and are urging the public to take precautions. The number of confirmed cases on Hawai'i island has now risen to 88 as the infection hotspot has moved from South Kona to Ka'u. Beginning this weekend workers will begin spraying insecticide in Kona and Hilo around schools and areas where infections have been reported. But officials say the real effort begins at home – where people are being advised to wear mosquito-protective clothing and use bug spray. The Lure of Korean Drama By Debra Toy Bressem • Nov 18, 2015 Wikipedia Commons From time to time Hawai'i Public Radio airs commentaries representing different viewpoints on various issues from around the islands. Today, Debra Toy Bressem returns with a perspective on the fervor surrounding Korean Drama in Hawaii. You can read her companion article to this commentary in the November 2015 issue of Honolulu Magazine. Despite Criticism Ige Will Not Close Door to Syrians By Nick Yee • Nov 18, 2015 Wikipedia Commons Governor David Ige's office has been flooded with hundreds of calls following his statement welcoming Syrian refugees. In a statement released earlier this week - Ige said "slamming the door would betray our values of Aloha." He added that his first priority is the safety of the American people – and no one would be admitted without being properly screened. Kapolei Commons Plans Entertainment Center By Nick Yee • Nov 16, 2015 Kapolei Commons Kapolei is the fastest growing area on O'ahu – and its mall is expanding to meet the demand. The Kapolei Commons shopping center announced the addition of an entertainment complex to the existing area. The new space will add more than seventy-thousand square feet to the current location. Restaurants from Roy Yamaguchi, Gyu-kaku and La Tour Cafe will add more food options for shoppers. A New Home for Honolulu's Oldest Bookstore By Nick Yee • Nov 13, 2015 Revolution Books Honolulu's oldest bookstore is settling into a new home. For almost 40 years- Revolution Books has carried literature for UH Students as well as in political science, women's studies, and workers' rights. The little store has served as a community center as well – hosting discussions, poetry readings, and small concerts. Micronesians in Hawai'i – A Closer Look (Part 3) By Jackie Young • Nov 13, 2015 Wikipedia Commons This week we've been looking at part of the legacy of a dozen years of U.S. nuclear testing in the South Pacific. For survivors of those tests and their descendants, part of the story is medical treatment—and how to pay for it. In her concluding report, Jackie Young looks at some possible solutions. Falkor Research Vessel Maps World's Largest Volcano By Nick Yee • Nov 12, 2015 Schmidt Ocean Institute A research team with the Schmidt Ocean Institute has just finished mapping the world's largest undersea volcano. Tamu Massif is an undersea volcano off the coast of Guam which lies 6,500 feet below the surface. For perspective- it's about the size of New Mexico. Researchers aboard the Falkor research vessel were able to map about 98% of the area – filling in gaps of information about the geography of the volcano. Scientists also collected almost 2-million magnetic measurements which help to better understand how the volcano was formed. Micronesians in Hawai'i – A Closer Look (Part 2) By Jackie Young • Nov 12, 2015 Wikipedia Commons Hawai'i 's Department of Human Services projects it will save about 29-million dollars a year by not providing insurance coverage for so-called able-bodied Micronesians of working age. That group has been shifted to plans under the federal Affordable Care Act. But healthcare advocates say the economics are more complicated. Jackie Young has more in her continuing series about the lingering health costs of U.S. nuclear testing in the South Pacific. DOH Launches "Fight The Bite" By Nick Yee • Nov 11, 2015 Skeeze / Pixabay Commons There are now 33 reported cases of dengue fever on Hawai'i Island- and 1 on O'ahu. Dengue is not endemic to Hawai'i- and is spread through mosquito bites. Now the State Department of Health officials are urging the public to keep safe through the "Fight the Bite" awareness campaign. Micronesians in Hawai'i- A Closer Look (Part 1) By Jackie Young • Nov 11, 2015 Wikipedia Commons The rising cost of health care is a concern for all Hawai'i residents. But one group in particular is facing added medical expenses. About 10,000 Micronesians live in Hawai'i. They're at the center of an issue dating back to U.S. nuclear testing in the South Pacific. This week, Jackie Young is taking a closer look at some of that history—and how it impacts us today. UH Research Measures Weathering of Rocks Below Surface By Nick Yee • Nov 9, 2015 James St. John / Flickr Rock formations can tell scientists a lot about changes in the earth. Fractures in bedrock affect where drinking water will flow and the path magma will take as it pushes toward the surface. Now a team of researchers at the University of Hawai'I, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Wyoming and elsewhere has created a model that measures horizontal pressure on rock layers. Harry the Rhino Settles Into His New Home By Dave Lawrence • Nov 5, 2015 Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden A Sumatran rhino born in the United States has been formally handed over to Indonesian authorities at a sanctuary where he is expected to mate to help save his critically endangered species from extinction. UH Mānoa Graduation Rates Continue to Rise By Nick Yee • Nov 5, 2015 Ken Lund / Flickr There's some good news coming out of the University of Hawai'i. According to a report released by the University - graduation rates at UH Mānoa continue to rise. A campus wide initiative to utilize new technology, an updated student road map called the STAR system, and counseling within individual colleges are being credited with the rise. From 2010 to 2015 the six-year rate has increased from 48.6% to 57.1%. The four-year graduation rate has increased from 17.5% to 27.9%. DOH Launches Interactive Health Data Website By Nick Yee • Nov 3, 2015 Hawaii Health Data Workshop Getting a view into Hawai'i's current state of health may be a little easier thanks to a new website from the State Department of Health. The Hawaii Health Data Warehouse is a collection of information gathered from surveys conducted year round. Today the DOH released a new interactive query tool called the "Indicator-Based Information System" or "IBIS". Ginny Pressler is the Director of the Department of Health. She says the new platform puts Hawaii's health data at the public's fingertips. Maui County Mayor Suggests Building Homeless Sanctuaries By Nick Yee • Nov 3, 2015 Jai Mansson / Flickr Governor David Ige's emergency proclamation to deal with the homeless could sweep camps in Honolulu as early as next week. 1.3-million dollars was issued under the emergency proclamation – with a little less than half of that going to help the homeless situation on neighbor islands. Ward Village To Add A Holiday Ice Rink By Nick Yee • Oct 30, 2015 Daniel Ramirez / Flickr You're probably familiar with the luxury high-rises going up in Honolulu's Kaka'ako neighborhood - but you may not know about the latest addition: an ice skating rink. The Ward Entertainment complex plans to add an outdoor ice rink into the courtyard of the historic IBM building. Admission to the 4,200 square-foot outdoor rink will be around fifteen dollars for 1.5 hours – and includes skate rental. Todd Apo is the Vice President of Community Development from The Howard Hughes Corporation. Following Up: Cutting Food Waste By Bill Dorman • Oct 9, 2015 U.S. Department of Agriculture / Flickr Last spring, HPR News reported on the state of landfills around Hawai'i. One issue of concern on every island is green waste—including food. In fact, the US Agriculture Department says food waste is the single biggest contributor to municipal landfills across the country. It's joining with the Environmental Protection Agency and private sector partners to reduce food waste—with a specific goal. Just last month, the federal government announced a national target: to cut food waste in half by the year 2030. Following Up: Prison Visit Cancellations By Nick Yee • Oct 9, 2015 Michael Coghlan / Flickr On this Aloha Friday, you may be looking forward to a variety of weekend activities. But for prisoners, the highlight of a weekend is often visitations from family members. A year ago, those visits were consistently cancelled - now they take place on a routine basis. Following Up: Fighting to Dance on Maui By nick.yee • Oct 6, 2015 zen panda photography / www.zenpandaphotography.com All this week, HPR News is taking another look at stories large and small that we've covered over the past year or so, in a series we're calling "Following Up." Volcano Alert Raised for Mauna Loa By Nick Yee • Sep 17, 2015 J.D.Griggs, USGS For the first time in more than thirty years, scientists at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory have raised the alert level for Mauna Loa. The elevation from normal to advisory indicates the volcano is showing signs of activity that are greater than normal levels. Seismic stations have recorded heightened levels of shallow, small magnitude earthquakes beneath the summit of the upper south-west rift zone. Janet Babb is a Geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey. Capturing the Songs of Japanese Immigrant Plantation Workers By Nick Yee • Sep 16, 2015 University of Hawaiʻi – West Oʻahu Center for Labor Education and Research A new documentary is capturing the music of Hawai'i's plantation history. Japanese workers cutting sugar cane passed the time and dealt with difficult conditions by improvising songs called "Holehole Bushi". The name roughly translates to "dried cane leaf song", and they became musical windows into the hardships of early plantation life But the songs were almost forgotten as workers left the fields for the city. Their memory was preserved in recordings from a music teacher named Harry Urata who recorded hundreds of examples in the early 80's. Tsunami Advisory Cancelled After Yesterday's Large Earthquake Off Chile By Bill Dorman • Sep 16, 2015 National Tsunami Warning Center The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center has dropped the tsunami advisory for Oʻahu and Maui County as officials saw conditions were no threat to the state. Based on all available data, a major tsunami is not expected to strike the state. However - sea level changes and strong currents may occur along all coasts and could be a hazard to swimmers and boaters as well as to people near the shore. The threat may continue for several hours after the initial wave arrival. Navy Agrees to Limit Sonar Testing in Pacific By Nick Yee • Sep 15, 2015 Gregory "Slobirdr" Smith / Flickr The US Navy has agreed to limit its use of sonar and explosive training off the coast of Hawai'i and Southern California that may harm marine life. A lawsuit filed in 2013 by environmental group Earthjustice challenged the National Marine Fisheries' five-year permit for testing. UH Law to Gather Public Feedback on HECO/NextEra Merger By Nick Yee • Sep 15, 2015 Wikipedia Commons The proposed merger between Hawaiian Electric and NextEra is generating dialogue about what Hawai'i's sustainable energy future should look like. 'Ewa High School Hosts Fan Drive to Beat the Heat By Nick Yee • Sep 10, 2015 Pixabay Commons The muggy weather and soaring temperatures are setting records across the state. And inside 'Ewa Beach schools – classroom temperatures hover around 93-degrees and can go upwards of 108-degrees. Parents of students at James Campbell High School are organizing a drive this Saturday called "Be Cool 4 Campbell" to gather new (or gently used) fans for classrooms. Fans can be dropped off at the school from 9am till 1pm or the Kapolei K-Mart from 9am till 5pm. Abandoned Monk Seal Pup Transported to Kona Hospital By Nick Yee • Sep 9, 2015 Michelle Barbieri An abandoned monk seal pup is now being cared for in Kona. The emaciated pup was found on Monday during a survey being conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on Ni'ihau. Rescue workers who discovered the seal waited to see if the seals mother would return. When it was clear she was gone, they arranged for the seals transport. The Robinson family and the US Coast guard transported the pup to the Ke Kai Ola monk seal rehabilitation facility in Kona. Kapi'olani Community College Breaks Ground for New Cooking School By Nick Yee • Sep 9, 2015 ChefSteps / Flickr Kapi'olani Community College has broken ground for a new culinary school campus. The Culinary Institute of the Pacific at Diamond Head is located at the former site of the Cannon Club. The school will offer students an advanced professional certificate in culinary management. The 25-million-dollar first phase includes two classroom buildings, parking, and an outdoor cooking area. Future plans include pastry and confectionary classrooms… as well as a teaching restaurant. John Morton is the Vice President of the U-H Community College systems. Pages« first ‹ previous … 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 next › last »


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Charles Wright: Two Poems from Littlefoot
I have nothing to say. I am a recording machine, / a listening device.
A fresh look at poems from our archives
I have nothing to say. I am a recording machine, / a listening device.
I wrote "Confession" in the winter, recently after I had moved from Iowa City to Cambridge, MA. I'd moved from a rambling attic apartment with secret unfinished rooms to a partially furnished attic studio with a shared bathroom down the hall. My writing space was the floor. The convent of San Marco in Florence, Italy contains small, individual cells, like a beehive, that monks would use for devotion. Each cell is bare save for a simple fresco by the early Renaissance master Fra Angelico. My room in Cambridge hardly had a monastic aesthetic; books and clothes were piled in geological strata. Every so often, I would find a bee feebly circling around the lampshade, or a couple of dead bees in the windowsill. "Confession" came to me after receiving a phone call very early in the morning from a friend whom I hadn't spoken with in months. I don't know why she chose that morning. She was in a difficult relationship, unhappy, isolated, yet surrounded by a city; I was feeling adrift and lonely, uncertain …
Let us eat nothing but darkness / refuse our stale orbit / and walk only in sleep
We all quit dancing / To look.
The eye leans out to those white wings / Molded in flight like waxen things / To slender stems.
the city's not so big, the / hills surround it.
In the night I strike a match, / one little glory, a flame / the world surrounds
It may be that the only thing these two poems have in common is that they were written by the same poet, and that they were published in Poetry Northwest, one a quarter century or so ago, the other quite recently. "Dust" was written about the time I was, you might say, entering into the possibilities of rhyme (it was accepted, as many were in those days, by David Wagoner, to whom I offer my thanks); "Hanging Laundry On a Windy Day in Assisi," was written in Italy this past May, and it suggests that those possibilities have stayed with me. Rilke said, "Rhyme is a goddess of secret and ancient coincidences," and that strikes me as one of the finest things anyone's ever said about a poetic technique. Among other things, the first is about getting very dirty; the other is about the joy of clean laundry. But both are very much about the places in which they occur. I am, it has been pointed out, a "poet of place." That's not something I …
Leaving Mother Waiting for Father The evening went on; I got very old. She kept telling me it didn't matter. The real man would come back soon. We waited. We had alarms fixed, vases of white and purple flowers ready to thrust on him should he. We had to sell the place in a hurry; walked downtown holding hands. She had a yard of blue material in her pocket: I remember that so well! She fell asleep and a smile began to blister her old mouth. I propped her against an old hotel and left without any noise. — James Tate (1943-2015) was the author of more than twenty collections of poetry, including the Pulitzer-Prize winning Selected Poems. His Dome of the Hidden Pavilion will be published in August 2015 by Ecco Press. — "Leaving Mother Waiting for Father" was published in the Summer 1968 issue of Poetry Northwest, and appeared in The Oblivion Ha-Ha. — photo credit: Peace Lily BW | (license)
Periodically, we'll take a tour of the Poetry Northwest archives, spotlighting vital poems and writers from the magazine's fifty-plus year history. Previous entries in the series can be found here. This edition features early work from the Pulitzer Prize winning poet Stephen Dunn, a frequent contributor to the magazine during the seventies, eighties and beyond. Here are five poems as they originally appeared in Poetry Northwest, with the poet's reflection on what these pieces mean to him now. Before I begin to say anything about these poems that appeared in Poetry Northwest many years ago, a few dating back to 1969, I want to thank David Wagoner for recognizing a quality in them worthy of publication. He was the first editor of an important magazine to regularly publish my work, and therefore helped develop in me a confidence that I might have a little something on which to build. It may not be possible, but I'm going to try to look at these poems as if they were written by someone else. "Affirmation" is amazingly …


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