text:
A comparative study of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation with its paracrine effect on control of hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetic rats
© Aali et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
Received: 11 March 2014
Accepted: 22 June 2014
Published: 11 August 2014
Many studies suggested mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation as a new approach to control hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus through differentiation mechanism. In contrary others believed that therapeutic properties of MSCs is depends on paracrine mechanisms even if they were not engrafted. This study aimed to compare these two approaches in control of hyperglycemia in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Animals were divided into five groups: normal; diabetic control; diabetic received MSCs; diabetic received supernatant of MSCs; diabetic received co-administration of MSCs with supernatant. Blood glucose, insulin levels and body weight of animals were monitored during experiment. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis were performed to monitor functionality and migration of labeled-MSCs to pancreas.
First administration of MSCs within the first 3 weeks could not reduce blood glucose, but second administration significantly reduced blood glucose after week four compared to diabetic controls. Daily injection of supernatant could not reduce blood glucose as efficient as MSCs. Interestingly; Co-administration of MSCs with supernatant significantly reduced blood glucose more than other treated groups. Insulin levels and body weight were significantly increased in MSCs + supernatant-treated animals compared to other groups. Immunohistological analysis showed an increase in number and size of islets per section respectively in supernatant, MSCs and MSCs + supernatant-treated groups.
Present study exhibited that repeated-injection of MSCs reduced blood glucose and increased serum insulin levels in recipient rats. Injection of supernatant could not reverse hyperglycemia as efficient as MSCs. Interestingly; co-administration of MSCs with supernatant could reverse hyperglycemia more than either group alone.
KeywordsHyperglycemia Mesenchymal stem cells Diabetes mellitus
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease in which β-cells are completely destroyed, resulting in metabolic dysfunction as a consequence of insufficient circulating levels of insulin [1, 2]. Insulin therapy, as a principal method of treatment, not only has relative life-threatening complications but also do not able to mimic exactly the physiology of insulin secretion in the body [3]. The alternative method to treat diabetes are transplantation of whole pancreas and/or pancreatic islets cells [4]. Pancreatic islets transplantation has major limitations, including inadequate organ donor and also many complications of rejection reaction when xenogenic islet cells have been used [5]. Hence, much effort has been made to generate β cell mass either by stimulating endogenous regeneration of islets or in vitro differentiation of islet-like cells [6–8]. Many studies have revealed that stem/progenitor cells, can promote injured tissue repair. Since MSCs could easily be isolated from bone marrow and differentiated into a variety of cell types, being known as the most commonly used stem cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine [9, 10]. The ability of mesenchymal stem cells particularly bone marrow derived (BM-MSCs) to differentiate into many cell types, as well as their high expansion potential ex vivo, makes them an attractive therapeutic tool for cell transplantation and tissue engineering [11–14]. Several evidences suggested that administration of MSCs have highly potential to recover endogenous β cells in diabetes mellitus due to their ability to differentiate into many cells and tissues under specific condition [15–17]. However, the precise function of BM-derived cells in β cell regeneration is controversial. Some studies believe that therapeutic properties and use of MSCs would be primarily based on their paracrine mechanisms by releasing trophic and immunomodulatory factors. It has been demonstrated that MSCs produce and release various growth factors and cytokines including anti-apoptotic, immunomodulatory, supportive, angiogenic, chemoattractic factors. These studies indicated that MSCs are promising tools for the treatment of different types of tissue damages, because they secrete a multitude of bioactive molecules that ultimately lead to reformation and regeneration of injured tissues [18–21]. Therefore, many studies shift their focus from differentiation to paracrine mechanism in which MSCs could be used as therapeutic tools, even if they do not engraft or differentiate into tissue-specific cell [19, 21, 22]. It has been shown that MSCs migrate and dock preferentially into the injured or damaged tissue sites promoting the survival of surrounding cells [21, 23, 24].
This study was designed to assess: [1] Beneficial effect of supernatant of MSCsin control of hyperglycemia in diabetic rats [2]. Comparative evaluation of MSCs transplantation with their supernatant administration in control of hyperglycemia in diabetic rats [3]. The beneficial effects of co-administration of MSCs with supernatant in control of T1DM.
Material and methods
Eight-weeks-old male Wistar rats with initial body weights of 200-250 g were used in this study. The rats were divided into five groups, normal control, diabetic control, MSCs- treated, supernatant- treated and MSCs + supernatant treated group. Each group (n = 7) was housed in individual standard cages at temperature of 20-25°C and 45-55% humidity under a 12/12 h light/dark cycle. All of the experiments were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences.
Isolation and cultivation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells
Bone marrow (BM) was isolated from femurs and tibias of two-month-old male Wistar rats (200–250 g) under aseptic condition. Wistar rats were euthanized by ketamine (150 mg/kg, ip)- Xylazine (10 mg/kg, ip). Femur and Tibia were dissected and soaked in cold PBS. Adherent soft tissues was carefully removed. BM was exposed and aspirated by forcing 4–5 ml cell culture medium. BM cells (including hematopoietic stem cell and marrow stromal cells) were cultured in minimal essential medium α (α-MEM, Gibco, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) containing 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2. After 24 h, medium was changed and adherent cells were fed with fresh medium every 2–3 days. After 10–14 days, adherent cells formed homogenous fibroblast-like colonies. The cells reach to passages 3–5 were used for following studies. Flowcytometry analysis was used for approving of MSCs and their multipotent property.
Flow cytometry analysis of MSCs
Cultured MSCs were detached by Trypsin/EDTA and washed twice with PBS. About 2× 105 of cells were incubated with an appropriate concentrations of FITC-conjugated monoclonal rat antimouse CD11b, CD31, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD73, CD90, CD105 and CD106 for 40 min at 4°C in the dark. The cells were washed by centrifugation for 5 min and resuspended in PBS. Quantitative fluorescence analysis was carried out using FACS Calibur Cytometer (Becton Dickinson, San Diego, CA, USA) and Cell Quest software. At least 20 000 events were collected. All the experiments also incubated with FITC- rat anti-mouse IgG1 as a negative isotype control.
STZ-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats
Diabetic groups received single intra peritoneal injection of 65 mg/kg Streptozocin (STZ, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The control group received sodium citrate buffer. STZ was dissolved in sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.5, and injected immediately after preparation. Blood glucose levels were monitored before and after injection of STZ by glucometer (GM300, Bionime Corporation, Taiwan). During the experience, from day 3 to 42, blood glucose of animals was measured weekly at 8:00–9:00 AM.
Mesenchymsl stem cells transplantation
Animals were anesthetized by injection of a mixture of ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/kg, ip) and xylazine (5 mg/kg, ip). The adherent MSCs were trypsinized and washed twice with PBS and 2.5 × 106 cells/rat of MSCs in 1.0 ml saline were injected through tail vein. Second transplantation of MSCs was performed with interval of 20 days from the first transplantation. The same volume of normal saline was injected into diabetic control groups.
Harvesting and administration of Supernatant of MSCs
MSCs of passage 3–5 were seeded for further expansion. After the medium of MSCs was changed once, conditioned medium of MSCs (supernatant) was collected at 48 hours and filtered through a 0.2-μm filter. Supernatant was preserved at -20°C until its following injection. Supernatant was injected daily (250 μl/rat, ip) into supernatant- treated group.
Labeling of the MSCs for assessing of in-vivo migration
MSCs were labeled by fluorescence cell membrane tracker, CM-DiI™ (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). CM-DiI was prepared under manufacturer's protocol. The medium of cultured cells was removed and 1 ml of CM -DiI was added to cells in T 25 cm2 flask. The cells was incubated in 37°C for 5 minutes and then in 4°C for 15 minutes. Then medium was added to cells and incubated for overnight. After 24 h, about 1 × 106 MSCs was transplanted via tail vein injection. Twenty four hours after cell transplantation, animals were anesthetized and pancreases were obtained. The pancreas was then processed for paraffin embedding. Serial sections of tissues were prepared. The slides were deparaffinized and rehydration process was performed. Pancreatic tissues were then assessed under fluorescent microscope. The sections counterstained with Hoechst staining solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
Blood glucose monitoring and insulin levels measurements
Blood glucose of all animals were measured weekly by glucometer for 42 days. Animals were considered diabetic when blood glucose levels were higher than 300 mg/dl for two consecutive times.
For serum insulin measurements, blood samples were collected from animals by weekly after intervention (week 1, 2, 4 and 6). Serum insulin levels were measured by rat insulin ELISA Kit (Mercodia AB Inc, Sweden) under the protocol of manufacturer.
Immunohistochemical analysis
Animals were anesthetized and perfused intracardially with 4% paraformaldehyde/PBS. Pancreatic tissues were dissected and soaked in 4% paraformaldehyde. Fixed tissues were then processed for paraffin embedding with tissue processing. Pancreatic sections stained with Hematoxylin/Eosin. Immunohistochemical detection of insulin was performed on 4 μm sections using a standard chain polymer-conjugated technique as described previously on paraffin-embedded tissues of pancreas specimens [25]. Briefly, after deparaffinization, tissue sections were immersed in methanol containing 0.3% hydrogen peroxide to block endogenous peroxidase activity. Protein blocker was then used for blocking non-specific binding. Antigen was retrieved by autoclaving in citrate buffer (pH 6.0). The sections were incubated with primary Anti- insulin antibody (guinea pig polyclonal to insulin, ab7842, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) at 4°C overnight and then incubated with rabbit polyclonal secondary antibody (Rabbit polyclonal secondary antibody to guinea pig IgG - H&L (HRP), ab6771, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) for 1 hour at room temperature. The slides were washed and visualized using 3, 3-diaminobenzidine, (DAB; DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark). The sections were counterstained with heamtoxylin (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark). Finally dehydration process was performed and slides were observed under light microscope.
Statistical analyses
Statistical analysis was carried out by Prism (Version 5, Graph Pad Software Inc). All the group values were expressed as means ± SEM. Differences among groups were determined by a one-way ANOVA. P < 0.05 was considered as significant.
Isolation and characterization of cultured MSCs
Tracking of transplanted MSCs in pancreatic tissues
Induction of diabetes type 1
Effect of MSCs transplantation, supernatant administration and co-administration of MSCs with supernatant on blood glucose of rats
The effect of transplantation of MSCs, supernatant and co-administration of MSCs with supernatant on blood glucose is shown in Figure 3. There was significant difference in blood glucose values among the weeks of experiments (1–6 weeks) in all treated group. Second transplantation of MSCs reduced blood glucose levels at week 4, while MSCs + supernatant administration significantly reduced blood glucose from week 2 after treatment (Figure 3). Results showed that supernatant of MSCs could not reduce blood glucose as good as MSCs. Blood glucose was significantly reduced in MSCs + supernatant treated group compared to MSCs and supernatant groups at the end of experiment (Figure 3).
Effect of MSCs transplantation, supernatant administration and co-administration of MSCs with supernatant on insulin levels of rats
Immunohistochemical analysis of pancreatic tissues
Immunohistochemical assessment of pancreas indicated that both MSCs and supernatant initiates pancreatic regeneration after transplantation into recipient diabetic rats. Partial pancreatic renewal was evidenced by emerge of small islets in pancreatic tissues. The number and size of islets per section in MSCs treated animals were higher than supernatant groups. Also the number and sizes of islets per section in MSCs + supernatant group were higher than other treated groups (Figure 2).
Effect of MSCs, supernatant administration and co-administration of MSCs with supernatant on body weight of rats
Six weeks after induction of DM, diabetic controls exhibited significant reduction in their body weight compared to before induction of diabetes (182.20 ± 8.60 vs. 231.60 ± 8.35, P < 0.001). There was significant difference between body weight of MSCs -treated diabetic rats and diabetic control animals (223.20 g ± 3.50 vs. 182.20 g ± 8.60, P < 0.001). There was a significant increase in body weight of supernatant- treated rats when compared to diabetic control rats at week six (255.80 g ± 7.73 vs. 182.20 g ± 8.60, P < 0.01) (Figure 2). Our results also showed that body weight improvement in MSCs + supernatant received animals was significantly higher than MSCs and supernatant groups respectively (267.20 g ± 4.16 vs. 223.20 g ± 3.50, P < 0.01) (267.20 g ± 4.16 vs. 255.80 g ± 7.73, P < 0.05).
Mesenchymal stromal cells are multipotent stem cells showing tremendous potential for regenerative medicine due to their ability in: self-renewing, differentiation into a variety of tissues and their availability in almost all postnatal organs and tissues [26–28]. It has been proposed that the ability of MSCs to secrete a variety of factors that change tissue microenvironment functionally is more important than their trans-differentiation ability in affecting tissue regeneration [29, 30]. Therefore, besides their ability to differentiate into many cell lines, the secretion of a wide range of biological molecules by MSCs, such as growth factors, cytokines and chemokines, establishes their biologically effective role under condition of injury [29–33]. Although the exact mechanism of action of MSCs in tissue regeneration is poorly understood, MSCs therapy has attracted a great deal of attention for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In this study we planned a comparative study on the influence of MSCs transplantation, supernatant administration and co-administration of MSCs with supernatant on control of hyperglycemia in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
In present study, migration of MSCs to injured tissues was demonstrated by observation of CM-DiI+-MSCs in pancreatic sections under fluorescent microscope. Small islets regeneration observed in immune-histochemical analysis accompanying with elevation of insulin levels and decrease in blood glucose levels in diabetic-MSCs-treated animals, indicating survival of transplanted MSCs in animal's tissues.
Our results showed that, although single transplantation of MSCs could prevent further rise of blood glucose in diabetic rats, but it could not significantly control hyperglycemia as good as when repeated injection of MSCs were used. We found that single transplantation of 2.5 × 106 MSCs could not reduce blood glucose levels of diabetic animals, but repeated injection of same dose of MSCs at the week of four, could significantly reduce blood glucose levels compared to diabetic controls. It is supposed that the first injection of MSCs provide a suitable environment by releasing some growth factor and cytokines, in which survival, docking and homing of incoming MSCs is being facilitated.
In contrary with our study, some evidences reported that single transplantation of MSCs could reduce blood glucose in STZ- induced diabetic rats [14, 34]. In the study designed by Dong and et.al, performing an allogeneic diabetic mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in STZ-induced diabetic rats, they reported that single injection of 2- 4 × 106 MSCs reduced blood glucose levels in recipient rats compared to diabetic controls (27.8 ± 2.1 mM/l vs. 17.7 ± 3.9 mM/l , P < 0.05). They have indicated that small quantity of transplanted MSCs survived and transdifferentiated into insulin-producing cells in pancreas of recipient rats [14].
Efficacy and safety of repeated transplantation of MSCs have been assessed by some other studies in different organs. They exhibited that repeated administration of MSCs is more effective than single administration in improving damaged tissues [35–37]. Repeated versus single transplantation of MSCs for improving of liver injury in mice was studied by Miryounesi et al., they found that transplanting 3 × 106 MSCs in three divided doses improved survival, liver fibrosis and necrosis compared to injection of the same number of MSCs in a single dose. They have also exhibited that repeated injection of MSCs was three times more effective in homing of transplanted cells compared to the single transplant [35].
Using supernatant of MSCs, so-called conditioned medium (CM), in tissue regeneration comes from the idea that MSCs could have beneficial effect even if they do not engraft in target tissues. Bi et al. demonstrated that administration of conditioned medium from bone marrow-derived MSCs in a model of acute kidney injury (AKI) increased survival and limited renal injury in mice. They have also showed that conditioned medium of MSCs, induced migration and proliferation of kidney-derived epithelial cells and significantly diminished cisplatin-induced proximal tubule cell death in vitro [38].
In the study by Timmers et al., conditioned medium of MSCs was used to improve myocardial infarction (MI) in pigs. They have found intravenous human MSCs-conditioned medium increased capillary density and preserved cardiac function through enhancing myocardial perfusion in pigs with MI [39].
Our finding indicated that although there was a difference between blood glucose and insulin levels of supernatant treated group compared to diabetic controls at the end of study but, it could not reduce blood glucose as efficient as MSCs .Interestingly our results showed that supernatant of MSCs could be more beneficial if it would be administered accompany with MSCs. Co-administration of MSCs with supernatant of MSCs in diabetic rats could significantly increase insulin (28.80 ± 4.09) and reduce blood glucose (285.8 ± 10.11) levels in experimental animals compared to other treated groups. We also found that co-administration of MSCs with supernatant reduced blood glucose from week 2 after treatment while, transplantation of MSCs reduced blood glucose levels at week 4. We suppose that supernatant could help MSCs to migrate toward damaged pancreatic tissues via providing a microenvironment for better homing.
Immunohistochemical analysis of pancreas showed an increase in size and number of islets in each slice in MSCs + Supernatant group compared to other treated group. Our results showed that co- administration of MSCs with supernatant could be an effective tool in regeneration of the injured pancreatic tissues. It seems that conditioned medium of MSCs which containing a variety of growth factors, cytokines and immunomodulatory factors, could help MSCs in better survival, proliferation and eventually homing toward damaged pancreatic tissues and higher differentiation into pancreatic cells then after.
We also found that diabetic control animals lost their body weight and became slim during the experiment. In contrast, administration of MSCs and their supernatant to diabetic animals not only could prevent loosing but also could increase their body weight significantly compared to normal diabetic rats. Co-administration of MSCs with supernatant have synergistic effect on the body weight of animals improving their body weight significantly more than either MSCs or supernatant treated animals.
In summary, our study was designed to compare differentiation and paracrine properties of MSCs in control of diabetes mellitus induced by STZ. Our results indicated that co-administration of MSCs and supernatant could control the hyperglycemia in diabetic rats more than either group alone. Therefore, it could be assumed that there is synergistic effect between MSCs and supernatant of MSCs in pancreatic regeneration of diabetic animals. This approach may be considered to be applied in cell therapy of diabetic patients.
- MSCs:
Mesenchymal stem cells
- IPCs:
Insulin producing cells
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus
The authors specially thank Mrs. Maroof and Ms. Ghazanfari for isolation and expansion of bone marrow MSCs from Wistar rats. We also thank Dr. Vosough, head of laboratory animals research center, for his kind cooperation. We thank the experts of pathology, Miss Erfani and Mrs. Kalantari, for their assistance in the immunohistological analysis.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.


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What would happen to all of humanity if, with a single brushstroke, you wiped out all the contributions of chemistry from modern life? Say goodbye to pharmaceuticals to cure diseases. Forget about trying to log on your computer, turn on the television or send a text message. 'Chemistry is essential,' says Professor Julius Vancso, chair of the Materials Science and Technology of Polymers group. 'Without it, we would all die a lot sooner. '
Read more in UT Nieuws, 17 March 2011
The group Materials Science and Technology of Polymers (MTP), chaired by Professor G. Julius Vancso, studies a range of topics, which revolve around macromolecular nanotechnology and materials chemistry of nanostructured (macro)molecular materials.
MTP's mission is to establish approaches, devise and construct tools, and build materials platforms that enable studies of macromolecular structure, behavior and function from the nanometer length scale, bottom up, in a direct one-to-one control of the molecular objects.
This knowledge is utilized to obtain advanced functional macromolecular materials and devices with enhanced or novel properties and functions for targeted applications.
The PhD defence of Kaihuan Zhang is on Wednesday 15 March 2017 14:30
Location: Waaier - Prof.dr. G. Berkhoff-zaal
This Thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of a series of poly(ionic liquids) (PILs), or polyelectrolytes, from poly(ferrocenylsilane)s (PFSs) and their applications in responsive materials. PFSs are a fascinating class of metallopolymers, with a backbone consisting of alternating ferrocene and silane units. Redox-active ferrocene units provide unique redox-responsive properties, and the presence of silane groups offers great opportunities for post-polymerization modification. By tuning polymer structures and compositions, and applying external fields or constraints under appropriate processing conditions, a variety of applications are explored in this Thesis, including artificial muscles from electrospun hydrogel microfibers, porous membranes and micro-particles with breathing pores, an active plasmonic system from AuNP-hydrogel composites, CNT-hydrogel composites with bi-stable states and tunable resistance, an electrically switched smart window device, and symmetric redox flow batteries.
The annual Global Young Scientists' Summit (GYSS) took place 15 - 20 January 2017 at the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD). The summit has a mission to engage early career researchers with Nobel Laureates, Field Medalists, Millennium Technology Prize winners, and Turing Award winners. Over 250 of the world's most outstanding PhDs and post-doctoral fellows in the field of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) had a chance to be inspired by the enthusiasm, determination, and persistence of the eminent scientists through plenary lectures, panel discussions, and interactive small group sessions.
During the summit, young researchers found an opportunity to visit Singaporean universities (National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore University of Technology and Design). In addition, they also visited research centers (Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE)) which provided an insight into the research facilities and available opportunities in Singapore.
The program also included site visits to Deep Tunnel Sewerage System, PSA Corporation Limited, Housing & Development Board and Tuaspring Desalination Plant. Those visits proved that Singapore is a unique example of a country that has a vison to integrate scientific innovations for the benefits of society.
Sinem Tas, Justyna Chromik en Gréanne Leeftink (from left to right) together with Aaron Ciechanover (the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004)
New UT measurement technique uses tiny amounts of protein
Barnacle's larvae leave behind tiny protein traces on a ship hull: but what is the type of protein and what is the protein-surface interaction? Conventional techniques can only indentify dissolved proteins and in large quantities. Using a modified type of an Atomic Force Microscope, scientists of The University of Twente in the Netherlands and A*STAR in Singapore, can now measure protein characteristics of even very small traces on a surface. They present the new technique n Nature Nanotechnology.
Read more >>
Article published in UT-Nieuws Edition 4 2016.
Within the EFRO project 24Water Artecs and MTP collaborate on the development of new materials for nanofiltration membranes to retrieve the remains of medication, drugs and pesticides in our drinking water.
Read more >>


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Accident Investigation Resource
Introduction Reason Since October 2008, Loss Control has submitted recommendations to 25 CBIA Members 44% of the time, accident investigation improvements were formally recommended This is more common then any other recommendation type In most remaining situations, standard procedures were in place and informal recommendations for more details were submitted.
Introduction Audience Supervisors (priority) Dedicated safety personnel Safety committee Management Possibly general employees (to show that there will be a formal process going forward)
Introduction Purpose Provide a resource for those individuals responsible for conducting investigations Create a general structure Improve accident documentation Make every attempt to improve operations based on accident investigations findings
Why formal accident investigations are important? Documentation There is no way to tell what the future holds Have to learn from the past to focus on the future Without documented details, there is no way to learn
Why formal accident investigations are important? Corrective Actions Identify what went wrong to cause the accident Make operational improvements Prevent future injuries Identify additional uncontrolled exposures
Who should be responsible Proper investigations can be a multi stage process It depends on nature and size of company And the overall commitment to safety
Ideal situation Supervisor Should be responsible for conducting initial investigation Provide initial input on corrective actions Safety Personnel Would conduct any follow up investigations and implement immediate corrective actions to resolve major issues Safety Committee Brainstorm possible solutions or corrective actions using information from investigation Creating time table to implement corrective actions Following up on corrective actions to ensure they are adequate
Typical situation If there is no dedicated safety personnel, committee...etc Still follow same process, but designate responsibilities, more minds = more ideas = more solutions Always investigate, review, brainstorm, implement corrective actions, and follow up
Typical current process First Report of Injury (FRI) Since FRI needs to be completed to process claim, it is being used as primary investigation form Majority of information is claims related, home address, phone, social security number, insurance carrier, company name...etc At the very bottom of the FRI, there is a small box that asks "How Injury Occurred"
Typical information documented Why Injury Occurred Employee slipped and fell Employee hurt back while lifting Employee cut left index finger Sprained shoulder What can we do with this information???
First Report of Injury What's the value Still has to be completed to process the workers' compensation claim There is some valuable information such as date and time of incident, years experience, job description...etc But at no time should it be considered a stand alone investigation
So what should be used There is no mandatory investigation form They could come from; Internal form Safety consultant Insurance carrier OSHA Internet Etc...
It doesn't matter what is used, as long as the information is there A blank piece of paper attached to the FRI could be used as long as these two important questions are addressed; What was the direct cause or contributing factor that caused the accident (what went wrong???) What can be done to prevent similar injuries
Possible form A detailed investigation form has been established by FutureComp for all CBIA Members The form will been sent to all Members via physical mail as part of this training program It can also be found on the CBIA website Again, it is not a requirement for this form to be used
Definition of an accident OSHA defines an accident as; Undesired event that results in physical harm to a person or damage to property Unwanted interruption of a desired course of action An unplanned, unforeseen, unwanted occurrence that interrupts or interferes with the orderly progress of an activity (your business)
Accidents effect all aspects of business Indirect and direct effects Cost of injury Time out of work Damaged machinery Time to investigate Time to retrain Loss of production OSHA fines Etc...
Standard format of an effective investigation Typical elements What happened Why did the accident occur What can be done to prevent a similar accident How will this improve operations Status of corrective actions
What happened Details absolutely vital Should be completed by supervisor or designated individual Time is of the essence as details are fresh in employee/witness minds Ask drill down questions Document everything
The six W's Will be used throughout the investigation process Who, when, where, what, how, and eventually why
What happened using the six W's When documenting what happened ask the following questions; Who was involved When did the incident occur Where did the incident occur What task or job was the employee doing How was the task or job being performed Why did the employee feel incident occur
But remember... These are just starter questions If the information is not clear or there could be additional information, then continue to drill down For instance, if an employee states that he/she slipped and fell, ask what did they slip and fall on, why did they slip/fall...etc
Example What Happened Who: Experienced machine operator working in Department 12, 1 st shift When: Accident happened August 1, 2009 at beginning of her shift Where: Working in regular department (dept.21), which is the press department What: Assembling wire combos using press How: Attach smaller, circular component to long, narrow component using press. Was holding piece too close to point of operation causing crushing injury Ultimately these questions will lead to Why
Example What Happened Yellow line indicates downward motion of press Red line represents employee reaching into point of operation
Why did the accident occur Have employee explain their take on why it happened Utilize details from "What Happened" to identify possible causes Supervisor will provide initial thoughts Cause should be reviewed by additional parties
Again, the six W's Is not the exact same process, but similar considerations can be used to determine what caused the incident
Why did the accident occur using the six W's Was the person (who) the cause of the accident Was the time (when) responsible Was the location or department (where) a contributing factor Did the process or material (what) assist in causing accident Was the way the task was being performed (how) a factor
Why did the accident occur By asking questions and drilling down, we should identify true cause Do not rely only on employee version of why Get multiple people involved, more minds = more solutions Remember, multiple things could have gone wrong
Why did the accident occur Employee Error Easy to say it was employees fault or lack of common sense Should be last resort Remember, it is companies duty to take employee error out of the equation.
Example why did the accident occur Using Previous example Who: Experienced machine operator, not considered an immediate factor. When: Beginning of her shift, could be a cause Where: Regular duties, not a factor, may want to check frequency of injuries in press department to identify trends What: Standard product assembly, components are required, not a factor How: Two products need to be attached using mechanical pressure. Employee was holding products to close to press and was able to gain access to point of operation
Possible causes From Previous Example: May want to review for trends associated with time of accident. Are injuries occurring frequently at beginning of shifts Is it common for accidents to happen in press department, we may have to look at entire press operation/process Ultimately, employee should not have been able to gain access to point of operation
Employee Error Remember... It would be very easy to say in this situation that experienced machine operator should have known not to put her hands in the point of operation However...she did and the accident could have been severe What can be done to take employee error factor out of the equation
What can be done to prevent a similar accident Need to learn from the event to prevent future similar situations Should focus on taking employee error out of the equation Should address all contributing factors Training should be considered last resort
Direct cause From Previous Example: Primary direct cause or contributing factor Machine guarding that is available was not set up correctly to prevent employee from gaining access to point of operation
What could be done Assign maintenance department the responsibility of adjusting guards to each specific operation Educate all employees in press area of the point of operation hazard Investigate alternative guards that will allow for production, but prevent access to point of operation (preferred).
Corrective Action Any action is better then no action However, the only way to ensure a similar accident could not happen again is by installing appropriate guarding
Fabricated guards Improving safety is absolutely vital, however it is also understood that a job needs to be completed and production needs to continue. Sometimes the best control is a fabricated one
Caution Develop a schedule to implement controls Create a step by step process Some controls can require significant investment Ensure control is effective and not introducing new hazards before implementing company/department wide Do not invest in a control and have it be ineffective
For instance Fabricated guards will be placed on the three most productive presses Effectiveness will be evaluated for one week Process will be observed by supervisors Discussions about effectiveness should occur with machine operators Attempt to streamline work on unprotected presses, but ensure current guarding is set up correctly prior to use If new guards are deemed effective, schedule for full implementation If ineffective, re-evaluate until proper solution is identified
How will this improve operations Should provide evidence of how corrective actions will prevent similar situations Could be multiple step process Helps provide reasoning for control investment
How will this improve operations From Previous Example By implementing fabricated machine guards the following operational improvements will be made; Employee will no longer be able to access point of operation By modifying guard specific to needs, including a sliding door to accommodate varying parts, production will not be effected The employee error factor is now out of the equation
How will this improve operations Always try to implement the most effective control Training should always be considered last resort or supplemental When training is necessary, do not focus on individual, but entire department or all employees
Status of corrective actions Controls require time and investment Creates a timeframe for when controls will be implemented Should include specific dates May be a multiple step process
Status of corrective actions Remember When there is a possible large investment, implement in steps Include the multiple steps in status report Revisit the status to confirm effectiveness
Other considerations Witnesses When possible attach witness statements to accident reports Take Pictures So valuable, either directly after the incident or just the process Will allow those not familiar with operations to provide input Get signatures
Conclusions Accident investigations... Are the most common area identified as in need of improvement within the CBIA Workers' Comp Program Should be a formal process Help prevent future similar incidents May identify other uncontrolled hazards Provide detailed information that can help identify trends and operational exposures
Knowledge Assessment Two Part Assessment Conduct your own investigation to test what you have learned Complete an assessment to reiterate accident investigation knowledge
Your investigation tools Management has been provided a blank accident investigation form as part of the this training program. This form can be used to help walk through the process The blank form can also be found on the CBIA website Or use your own form
Your example – What happened On January 27, 2009, the injured employee was working in the warehouse located in the northwest corner of the facility. While carrying two cases of screws (estimated 25 pounds each) the employee slipped and fell causing significant strain to his back. The employee has been employed by the ABC Company for seven years and has been working in the warehouse the entire time. Incident occurred during the first shift at 9:30 am. After further investigation, it was determined that there was no poor floor conditions, no spills, and no weather conditions. The employee did state that he tripped over an empty pallet that was located in the aisle way
Your example – Why did the accident occur Based on information provided as to what happened, what could be some contributing factors;
Your example – What can be done to prevent a similar accident What operational improvements can be made to help prevent a similar situation from happening again
Your example – How will this improve operations How will the actions you recommended improve operations and prevent similar situations
Your example – Status of corrective actions Will be different for each organization and each action Remember there should be specific goals or dates Always revisit corrective actions to ensure effectiveness
Compare your results The purpose of this exercise was to start the brainstorming process and confirm that during your next investigation, the correct questions will be asked and answered Compare your solutions to the possible solutions provided to management as part of this resource Remember, there can be varying solutions identified as part of the investigation process, as long as direct causes were identified and appropriate controls implemented to improve operations...an adequate investigation was completed
Complete Assessment Part two of two Complete the assessment to reiterate accident investigation knowledge Management has received a copy as part of resource packet
References Training resource created by; Rob Bolduc Loss Control Consultant CBIA/FutureComp
References A special thank you to the following CBIA Members for allowing pictures; HMP Industries Pictures from; www.osha.gov www.thefabricator.com
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The Senate Transparency Conundrum
By: Rep. Jason Murphey
Regular readers of the state's appropriations bill were greeted by something new as they opened this year's version of the venerable legislation.
Historically, the bill has contained a section-by-section narrative detailing the assignment, or transfer, of dollars to the many government agencies and programs. This document, often confused with the state budget, assigns about 7 billion of the approximate 17.5 billion spent by state government.
In reality, only about 30% of state government spending goes through the legislative process. What about the other 10 billion of spend? A majority comes from the federal government and goes directly to state agencies where it is spent outside the constraints of legislative review. Millions more originate from the regulation and licensing by the many non-appropriated state agencies. These agencies are not subject to the appropriations processes; they constitute the massive hidden layer of state government.
Until very recently, legislators needed to review the state's annual Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) in order to analyze all state government spend. The CAFR contains a omnibus overview of state finance; however, no significant part of the legislative process incorporates this document. In fact, in my experience, a majority of lawmakers either do not realize this document exists, or rarely provide it with more than a cursory review.
This year, the state Senate negotiated for the right to incorporate financial details normally found in the CAFR into the appropriations document.
For the first time, the "state budget" actually provides an omnibus accounting of most state finance. This action elevates the importance of the state's hidden spending in the minds of lawmakers; it represents the latest in a series of efforts by the Senate to enhance legislative purview of the billions of spend not previously accounted for by the legislative process.
In 2012, both the Senate and House formed special appropriations committees designed to provide purview over the non-appropriated agencies as the first important step in putting the Legislature into its role as guardian of taxpayer dollars. While the House later eliminated its appropriations committee, the Senate has stayed true to this vision and successfully negotiated for and won the right to incorporate most state finances within the "state budget."
That said, it's important to qualify this observation by noting that the Senate waived the important budget transparency rules which would have given legislators, the press, and the public time to review this year's budget before it received a vote in the House.
This unfortunate action significantly undermines the Senate's ability to advance a budget transparency narrative, a narrative which would otherwise be spot on. The Senate won the right to publish a transparent budget while simultaneously waiving the very rules which allow for public review of the budget prior to a vote.
This transparency conundrum sends a mixed message to the public; however, the incorporation of the comprehensive financial data does represent one of the few significant and meaningful positives from this year's state budget process.
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خناث اولادخناث اولاد Streaming Videos Streaming videos have become really popular on the web and are still booming by the day. خناث اولاد is one of the interesting videos. Lots of users have been searching for it.
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October stock market rout ends on positive note
October was the worst month for US shares in 21 years, but the month ended with an 11% rally (S&P500) over the final week (its best week since 1980). The rally included the first back-to-back daily increases in a month.
A sprinkling of optimism has emerged as bank lending rates declined and some company earnings outside the financial industry proved quite resilient. Whether stock markets can maintain recent momentum in November is a different story. Tomorrow's US Presidential election is the next big test. [376 words]
Please login to continue reading or find out more about CAPA Membership below.


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Keeping track of all pending tasks and upcoming events is something most employees struggle with. ToDoList is a small-sized app that helps you manage daily activities so that you can stay focused and always have a clear idea of your next assignment. It comes equipped with a lot of options and configuration settings, so you should take plenty of time to discover its full capabilities.


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The flower that blooms in adversity is the most rare and beautiful of all. ~ Mulan
Sunday, April 30, 2017
Wednesday, April 26, 2017
Sunday, April 23, 2017
Friday, April 21, 2017
Friday Phone Dump...
Genetics appointment... as Dr R was discussing with us some testing and results of a CT scan of her ear, she drew him a detailed picture of an inner ear, labeled with all the parts. Ha!
Then it was the boy's turn...
Sometimes everyone goes when the baby has blood work.
And then we go to the zoo!
Train spotting...
We drink protein drinks to gain weight...
How much do I love that my girl loves to shop?
She is the funniest.
He loves his baby. And I love him.
Sometimes you have to eat a giant bowl of noodles for lunch...
Dr Bear love...
Squad goals. With the little one for moral support during her ultrasound to check her clots.
It turned into two and a half hours. All those clots are still there...mostly unchanged.
She's basically a ninja.
Sometimes her belly hurts, and we just cuddle.
Parent fail...the tooth fairy forgot to come! So, he very helpfully wrote her a letter, including a diagram of the lost tooth. Ha! Poor middle child...
Sometimes I blow dry her hair, then I giggle at her for the rest of the day.
Wednesday, April 19, 2017
In Four Years...
Four years ago tonight, after spending months doing paperwork, waiting, and after two weeks in China, we were finally home with our boy.
This boy, our boy, doesn't do anything half way, and even though he was still struggling, he barreled into his new home with the same gusto he does everything with.
This boy, our boy, doesn't do anything half way, and even though he was still struggling, he barreled into his new home with the same gusto he does everything with.
I don't know anybody with the enthusiasm our little guy has. He was excited over every new thing, especially his new toys.
He was small, and he could barely walk, and he had no idea what was in store for him once we started going to the orthopedist.
He's not so small anymore, and he is most definitely walking.
He is almost seven years old.
He wants to run everywhere.
He loves babies, and he prays for a brother every night.
He loves his sisters, and tiny P is his favorite person in the world.
He is our boy...and he has been our boy for four years, tonight!
Happy four years, baby J! We adore you!
Monday, April 17, 2017
Zoo Lovers...
Since we were already in DC getting tiny P's bloodwork done, we thought we should do something fun afterward...so we went to the zoo with some friends! Our babies LOVE them some animals, not touching them, or getting to close, but watching from a safe distance, haha.
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Synopsis: Sondha Bandham is a serial based on sentiments and feeling and the importance of friends and relatives. The story line is like a tale of two families.
Directed By : K. Rajeev Prasad
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Cast : Bharathi, Chithra Lakshman, Sabarna, Delhi Ganesh
Sontha Bandham, Sun tv Serials,
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More Video's from this Category: Sondha Bandham | Sun tv Serials


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Geowiki Online
CMCA members have exclusive access to GeoWiki, a new generation travel app and website. Available across both Android and Apple devices, this platform is a repository of campgrounds, caravan parks, national parks, free camping sites, dump points and so much more. GeoWiki offers the RV enthusiast everything they need to plan their next trip. With live database updates, member reviews and the ability to upload and share photos of specific locations, this platform is one of the Club's fantastic Member Benefits.
Click here to access the GeoWiki website.
Sign up to our E-Newsletter
Each month we send out two E-Newsletters to our members. The first is delivered at the start of the month and includes all the latest news and information about the Club. The second is delivered in the middle of the month and features all the wonderful Member Benefits you have access to as a member. We understand the importance of keeping our members informed on all the latest news about the Club and also want to ensure that members are getting the most from their CMCA memberships. Click here to configure your communication options.
Latest CMCA News Feed
CMCA RV Park Booking System
We have just launched our exciting new CMCA RV Park booking system.
Thursday, 20 April 2017 4:53 PM
CMCA RV Park Booking System
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Thursday, 20 April 2017 4:52 PM
RV Park Ingham to Reopen
The park will reopen Monday 24 April 2017.
Thursday, 13 April 2017 4:23 PM


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The Washington Redskins, despite the potential for distraction and a major financial hit in 2016, have decided to keep quarterback Robert Griffin III on the roster for the regular season.
The Redskins must trim their roster from 75 to 53 players by 4:00 p.m. Saturday. Griffin, who was recently demoted from the starting QB job, mght not have been part of that purge, but speculation put his Week 1 roster slot in jeopardy. Reporting Saturday morning from NFL Network's Jeff Darlington has the Redskins choosing to keep the 2012 NFL Rookie of the Year.
That Griffin's 2016 $16.5 million salary could become guaranteed with a serious injury is seen as reason enough for the team to cut bait.
Coach Jay Gruden named Kirk Cousins starter earlier this week, stating the team was committed to him "going forward."
What this means: Ben Standig's thoughts on the Redskins' "half-measure.
[RELATED -- Redskins roster debate ]


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6. North Carolina State
It's been quite a while since expectations have been so high for the Wolfpack -- and since the team has also had the talent to back it up. Forward C.J. Leslie's decision to come back for his junior season means NC State returns four starters (Lorenzo Brown, Scott Wood and Richard Howell are the others) from a team that won 24 games before losing to Kansas in the Sweet 16. Potential stumbling blocks include too much hype (will it get to their heads?) and too few post players (DeShawn Painter transferred, meaning Howell and Leslie must stay out of foul trouble). But add in three McDonald's All-Americans, led by ACC Preseason Rookie of the Year Rodney Purvis, and Mark Gottfried's team should build off last season's run in a big way. -- Robbi Pickeral


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Thursday, October 1, 2015
2015 Halloween Reading Challenge Goals
4 comments:
Oh, those are great choices! I really hadn't thought of them. I have just joined, and am planning to try to read five books, as well. Knowing me, though, I probably won't be able to get through more than three....lolReplyDelete
Hope you can come over and take a look at the books I've picked! Thanks for sharing and happy reading!!
Here's my own Halloween Reading Challenge post:
Thanks Maria! I hope you did well with the challenge (:Delete
This looks like fun! I love everything to do with the fall! I just finished The Diviners on audio and it is a perfect pick for your challenge. I liked it a lot. I can't wait to see what you think!ReplyDeleteReplies
I still have yet to read The Diviners so hopefully I get it read by the end of the year. Glad you enjoyed it (:Delete
Thanks for stopping by She's Got Books on Her Mind! I appreciate every comment and will always try to comment back. No awards please (: Thanks for reading!


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Safety in the Classroom
A comprehensive look at common hazards within our Business Education classroom.
Identify the Electrical Equipment
Computers Projectors Printers Scanner Make note of their locations and how to use them. If you see any lose or frayed wires, please notify me.
Logging on …Logging off
Log on: You will be given a username and password at the beginning of the year. Memorize it or keep in a safe place. Do NOT share your username and password. Log off: Before leaving the computer lab you must log off your username.
Policies of Computer Usage
Do NOT hit or bang the computer. Do NOT yell at the computer. Raise your hand if you need assistance. Stay on task: Do not open other programs. Do not work on other class work. Do NOT modify the desktop and its icons. Do NOT change the wallpaper or screensaver.
Outside Materials Do not install any outside software, programs, or games from the Internet.
The Internet Appropriate Sites Inappropriate Sites
Any sites provided by the teacher. Inappropriate Sites Do not play online games, such as role play and card games. Do not download instant messengers. Any site not pertaining to class should be avoided.
Horseplay Do not irritate other students.
Do not yell, scream or hit any item in the classroom. Ask for HELP not ANSWERS. Do NOT copy. Do not play around physically, do not throw things, or pass implements through the air.
Safety Issues in the Classroom
No food or drinks allowed in computer lab. Walk, never run! Don't lean back in chairs. Health issues will be addressed on a case by case basis. No Gum! File cabinet safety: only one drawer open at a time, heavy material in bottom drawer. Prevent Eyestrain: look away, blink often. Remember your keying techniques! Never look at the light in the copier. Keep fingers and other items out of the shredder. Use legs not back when lifting heavy items. Keep the classroom clean!
Fire and Tornado Know your exits. Know school procedures.
There will be lesson on emergency exits later in the year. Stay calm, do not panic, exit orderly. Take only necessary belongings.
Traffic Prevent isle rage!!
Keep high traffic areas free of debris. Do not trip people walking down the isle. Open doors slowly.
Quick Reference A list of Safety rules in class!
Make sure your hands are clean from food, debris, and dirt before using the keyboard, mouse, and other technology in the classroom. Do NOT hit, yell, push, bang the computer or other students. Keep all areas clean from trash and debris. WALK, do not run. Know how to log off and on. Know how to use the projection materials and where they are plugged in. Know how to use printers, copier, and scanners; ask for help if needed. If spills occur, clean it up as soon as possible and notify the teacher ASAP. Safety is the game and you are the players. If you question anything, just ask!!
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ABOUT A BAND: LUHJuly 21, 2016
Photos by Ramsay de Give
Osea is a private island off the coast of Essex that's approximately 380 acres wide and only accessible by way of helicopter or boat. There's a causeway that can get you there, but only during the part of the day when the tide is low enough not to swallow it. It's the place of dreams, a place you'd imagine as a kid only to forget that places like this actually exist by the time you're in your mid-twenties and living your life in a studio apartment somewhere else.
For two solid weeks, that was LUH's island — a place where the musical and romantic partners holed up to record their debut record, Spiritual Songs for Lovers to Sing, released earlier this month through Mute Records.
"It was important to stay there the whole time, to stay in that headspace," Ebony Hoorn says about recording Songs, an album that melds Ellery James Roberts' scruffy vocals (he was the lead singer of WU LYF until the band's split in 2012), and her soft, echoing harmonies, which could be likened to The Kills' vocalist Alison Mosshart. The mix makes for a haunting, romantic, and really sharp and shocking album. While one track will blend violin and soft, twinkling guitar with Ellery's raw, dirty scream ("Loyalty"), the next track is purely smashing, 90s-style Brit guitar rock ("Lost Under Heaven,"). There's a lot going on with this record, but there's an overarching spaciousness that keeps it all together.
To fully realize what they wanted to with Spiritual Songs for Lovers to Sing, Ellery and Ebony had to drop their day-to-day life. "It was the world of imagined possibilities beyond the mundane routine that we wanted to live in," Ellery explains of recording on Osea. "I wouldn't say it was escapist. I think in a way it was more intense, going deeper — it was stripping away the frivolous."
It's clear that Ellery's experience with his previous band helped steer this project down a different path."When WU LYF finished, I became quite militant in a mindset of existing in the world and doing something that I perceived to be positive, and [wondering] how you do that," he explains. "I sort of reaffirmed my belief in the power of real expression through whatever medium in which I'd kind of lost it."
"Initially, I was writing very reactionary songs and there was a lot of negativity in them," he says of the political ideology of WU LYF, "but that wasn't giving me much joy — and I think that comes out to the listener."
That said, Songs is not Ellery's attempt at reinventing his musical style. His knack for unconventional, larger than life sound is front and center in both projects. The writing is still just as intense and complex as it ever was, it's just that the subject matter is different. Whereas WU LYF was pushing out reactionary rock songs, LUH is quite literally shutting the door on outside influence, opening up and sharing the stuff that comes from deep within. Sometimes it takes letting go of the past to get to that point. And sometimes, it takes a boat or a helicopter.


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Finished with an airy design that assures maximum ventilation, this yellow tank top from Reebok also is built with Speedwick technology to wick away excess sweat from your body and keep you cool and dry throughout you fitness session. Also featuring mesh back to keep the heat off your back, this top will definitely keep you on fitness mode when matched with a pair of tights and trainers.
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Comment Re:Egypt blocks Google... end of story (Score 4, Informative) 87
TextSecure was their original app. They replaced it with Signal.
TextSecure was their original app. They replaced it with Signal.
Have you got any better ideas for a subtle way of testing a drink? A finger is a lot more discreet than a paper strip. Try explaining why you are dipping a paper strip into your drink without accusing the guy of being a rapist. Slipping your finger in the drink is much less noticeable and almost no one will question it. This can be casually done many ways, for instance sticking your index finger in the glass while grabbing around the brim (not uncommon). The idea of the nail polish, applied before going out, is that it gives a woman a discreet way to test her drink. If it tests positive she can then covertly escape without alerting the guy that she found him out.
I don't think Steve Kondik is the type that would stop supporting what he started. Plus there are a bunch of other devs that also work on it. Samsung gave 5 of the CyanogenMod devs free Galaxy S2 phones and only asked that they make CyanogenMod work on it. Hiring Steve may allow for Samsung to ship their phones already running CyanogenMod. That gives them 1up on other vendors, hardware that officially supports CyanogenMod.
If they are able to provide target ads for viewers, this could be good for digital video distribution. This market really needs to go and improve. Cable TV is too overpriced for the "content" they provide. We put the phone on the internet and now its time to put the TV there as well.
Using Dropbox you can even add the ability to transfer files back and forth.
Refreshed by a brief blackout, I got to my feet and went next door. -- Martin Amis, _Money_


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Sanctum Hand & Nail Repair
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Bear Creek Technologies, Inc. ("Bear Creek") is the patent holder in fourteen patent infringement actions pending in three different district courts. Bear Creek moved for centralization in the District of Delaware or, alternatively, the Eastern District of Virginia. In each of the cases, Bear Creek alleged that various telecommunications companies infringed the Bear Creek patent and the various telecommunications companies raised questions surrounding the validity or enforceability of the patent.
Certain of the defendants did not oppose centralization but suggested that the district should be either Delaware or the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Other defendants opposed centralization and the Vonage defendants asserted that the America Invents Act ("AIA") limits centralization under 28 U.S.C. § 1407.
The Panel began its analysis of the Vonage argument by focusing on Section 1407: "Under our governing statute, Section 1407, we transfer 'civil actions involving one or more common questions of fact' that 'are pending in different district' to a single district 'for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings.' 28 U.S.C. § 1407(a). Even though Section 1407 transfer contemplates transfer 'for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings,' we do not order pretrial 'consolidation' of the cases before us. That is done, if at all, in a district court, typically the MDL transferee court. We refrain from dictating the structure of an MDL's pretrial proceedings (such as whether the litigation will proceed in a coordinated manner as opposed to consolidation of involved actions to the sound discretion of the transferee judge."
Vonage asserted that the Panel could not centralize the litigation because there was only an assertion of commonality based on an assertion that the defendants infringed the same patent. This argument was based on the following section of the America Invents Act: "Allegations insufficient for joinder. For purposes of this subsection, accused infringers may not be joined in one action as defendants or counterclaims defendants, or have their actions consolidated for trial, based solely on allegations that they each have infringed the patent or patents in suit."
The Panel disagreed. The panel found that "[t]he America Invents Act does not alter our authority to order pretrial centralization of this litigation. First, transfer under Section 1407 and joinder under Section 299 operate under decidedly different standards. The requirement for joinder expressed in Section 299(a) requires that (1) a civil action must contain 'questions of act common to all defendants or counterclaims defendants,' and (2) the plaintiff's claims must arise 'out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences' relating to the alleged patent infringement. 35 U.S. C. § 299(a). In contrast, transfer under Section 1407 is for 'pretrial proceedings' and requires civil action pending in more than one federal district that involve 'common questions of fact' for which transfer will be 'for the convenience of parties and witnesses' and "promote the just and efficient conduct of such actions.' 28 U.S. C. § 1407(a)."
Ultimately, the Panel concluded that the AIA joinder provision did not implicate Section 1407: "The plain meaning of the AIA's joinder provision simply does not implicate Section 1407 transfer, and the Act's terms do not contain sufficient ambiguity to imply such a meaning. See Conn. Nat'l Bank v. Germain, 503 U.S. 249, 253-54 (1192) ('[I]n interpreting a statute a court should always turn first to one, cardinal canon before all others. We have stated time and again that courts must presume that legislature says in a statute what it means and means in a statute what it says there. When the words of a statute are unambiguous, then, this first canon is also the last: judicial inquiry is complete.') (citations and internal quotations omitted). We consequently decline to accept Vonage's interpretation of the joinder provision of the America Invents Act, 35 U.S. C. § 299, and hold that, by its terms, this statute does not affect our authority to transfer this litigation for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407."
The Panel also rejected Vonage's arguments that centralization would lead to a flood of MDL litigation by non-practicing entities. "Vonage also predicts that centralization of this litigation will lead to a flood of MDL patent filings by non-practicing entities seeking to execute and 'end run' around the AIA's new joinder requirements. We do not accept this assertion as being a sufficient reason to deny centralization in this litigation. Centralization of any litigation--including patent cases--is not automatic, and will necessarily depend on the facts, parties, procedural history and other circumstances in a given litigation. See, e.g., In re CVS Caremark Corp. Wage and Hour Employment Pracs. Litig., 684 F.Supp. 2d 1377, 1379 (J.P.M.L. 2010) ('[W]e do not 'rubber stamp' in any docket...')."
Accordingly, the Panel centralized all of the actions in the District of Delaware.
In re: Bear Creek Technologies, Inc., ('722 Patent Litigation), Case No. MDL No. 2344 (May 2, 2012)
The authors of www.PatentLawyerBlog.com are patent trial lawyers at Jeffer Mangels Butler & Mitchell LLP. We represent inventors, patent owners and technology companies in patent licensing and litigation. Whether pursuing patent violations or defending infringement claims, we are aggressive and effective advocates for our clients. For more information contact Stan Gibson at 310.201.3548 or email@example.com.


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How-to information and resources.
VW TDI Repair
VW Golf TDI MK4 repair projects and training manuals.
Cincinnati TDI Club
For TDI owners in Cincinnati, Ohio and Northern Kentucky. Provides a message forum, maintenance tips, and get together information.
New Car Net: 2001 A4 V6 TDi Quattro
Graham Whyte roadtests the 2001 model. Discusses the differences from the previous years' model and gives basic technical specifications.
Scott's Jetta TDI Page
Featuring VW's Turbodiesel. Includes articles, photos, links, and a spreadsheet for tracking fuel mileage.
Dale Jarrett Racing Adventure
NASCAR racing school at Talladega SuperSpeedway. The Dale Jarrett Racing Adventure is a company that offers ordinary racing fans the opportunity to find out what its like to race an authentic racecar on a major racetrack. Our racing ''adventurers'' come from all over the country to enjoy a life-defining experience. They receive vital training from top racing instructors, wear real racing suits and safety gear, and climb into the seat of a raceca
SRC (Sampson Racing Radio Communications)
SRC offers a complete line of racing radios, racing communications, and racing electronics systems for drivers, crews, and teams. SRC Products offers a complete line of racing radios, racing communications and racing electronics systems for drivers, crews and teams.
Team Tiger Power Boat Racing Team
Features driver profiles, racing fixtures, results, and galleries, Team Tiger news, and guestbooks. Team Tiger Oulton Broad Poweboat Racing Team, Drivers profiles, Racing fixtures, Racing results, Team Tiger news, Racing galleries, Forums and more. Boat Boys Karting League at Ellough Park Raceway.
Talbot Racing (UK)
Provides information on this racing team. We are Drag Racing team based in Cheshire in the United Kingdom. We having been involved in drag racing for over 14 years and are currently racing in the National Championship in the fastest of all sportsman classes - Super Pro ET which allows cars to run as fast as 6.00 seconds over the 1/4 mile before being limited.
Ryan Falconer Racing Engines, Inc.
Racing engines for every form of auto racing from off-road trucks, to high endurance Rally cars, to sports car racing. Also for marine and aircraft applications. Shop talk forum.
Stock Car Racing Magazine
Featuring stories and information on the people, the cars and the tech. Take a look at in-depth stock car racing articles including racing coverage, technical articles, team and driver profiles, and information about NASCAR, Nextel Cup, Winston Cup, Busch Series and more - Stock Car Racing Magazine.
April Fools Day 2017: the best jokes from the automobile industry - Autocar Professional
Autocar ProfessionalMotorcycle company Triumph tried to fool us with its steering wheel attachment; an attempt to attract more car drivers by attaching a 260mm diameter steering wheel to the handlebars of its motorcycles. We don't think this one's a steer in the right ...
Planes, Brexit Pains and Automobiles - Bloomberg
BloombergFew industries have flourished in modern Britain like carmaking and aviation. Car production rose to a 17-year high last year and thanks to budget carriers such as EasyJet Plc, Brits can fly across the continent for a pittance. Today those achievements ...
Global Automotive Paints Market to Grow at a CAGR of 4.5% by 2020 - Automotive Industry is Expected to Become an ... - PR Newswire (press release)
PR Newswire (press release)The paint is suitably used to re-paint automobiles or for a high-design paint for new vehicles and designer racing cars. Asia-Pacific is expected to be the largest market for automotive coatings, by 2020 owing to the large base of automotive industries ...


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Artworks by Andrej Dubravsky can be seen in two new exhibitions. 'Rural desires' is a solo exhibition in the museum Bratislava City Gallery. A lot of new paintings and sculptures give a comprehensive presentation of this upcoming young artist. Andrej also participates in the new ZERP Galerie exhibition 'The Uncanny'. He will show artworks together with artists Miriam Vlaming, Virgilius Moldovan, Jarik Jongman and Anne von Freyburg. 'Rural desires' opens this Thursday. 'The Uncanny' opens this Sunday. More info: gmb.bratislava.sk/en/exhibition/detail/rural-desires and zerp.nl/andrej-dubravsky
Untitled (flames) - Painting, acrylic on canvas, 2015, 100 x 150 cm


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I was cuddled up with my wife and a few other unknown people. All in our PJs and listening to records by The Jam.
My wife instructed that no one was to pass wind due to the close proximity of bottoms to faces.
Next I was back in my mums kitchen at a time she had a canary in a cage, I would have been around 15 at that time.
Lorraine from work was also there and she was feeding the bird. The floor was around two feet deep with bird seed and so Lorraine in her wisdom decided to just scoop up the seed and filled the cage with it burying the poor canary in the process.
Next I was on an alien planet deep in space as a construction worker along with Daniel from work, who is affectionally known as Special D and Arnold Schwarzenegger.
I went into an elevator and one of Arnie's boots was in there. I tried it on but it was massive! The elevator got stuck and had to crawl out of the top onto the floor above and I just curled up and slept.
As I woke to write a note about this on my phone, I saw a cartoon green long legged frog in a red Christmas hat dancing around my bedside lamp!
Finally I was riding an invisible horse along the street at night. I was floating in the air in the seated position but nothing was beneath me.
Ahead of me I saw Garath and Craig from work and they were policemen.
As I approached a police car was hit by a petrol bomb and a riot broke out.
Seeing the police outnumbered I helped out by grabbing Craig's pepper spray and randomly spraying everyone that moved. Great fun.


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Topic: New Story: Waiting His Turn
Replies: 22
Last Post: Sep 3, 2014 8:32 PM by: RunJumpCatch
"IDIOT POSTER OF THE MONTH SO FAR...GWP-- You have won IPM Award for your failure to completely comprehend a clear post & then choose to attack someone who points out your ignorance. While you are not yet in the same No Class Catagory as deRoberts, ClemTiger117 & Tigerdug23, you are getting closer to the Sewer Dwellers." - coachmac


text: Fairytale Travel Song 1,006pages on this wiki Add New Page Edit this page History Comments0 Share Fairytale Travel Song is a tune from the episode What Happens Next. Retrieved from "http://dora.wikia.com/wiki/Fairytale_Travel_Song?oldid=19234" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Songs


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Shareholders in WM Morrison and Safeway yesterday voted overwhelmingly in favour of creating a fourth big force in UK supermarket retailing, as new figures revealed Safeway's market share had hit a fresh low.
In a dingy hotel room in east London, about 50 private investors in Safeway gathered to bid farewell to the company that David Webster, its chairman, co-founded in the late 1970s. As they raged against the Government's regulatory intransigence that cheated them of a competitive auction for their company, in a similarly dowdy hotel room more than 200 miles away in Bradford some 250 Morrisons' shareholders gave Sir Ken Morrison a somewhat easier ride.
Mr Webster, who is 90,000 words through writing up his memoirs, spent the morning of his 59th birthday defending the merger to shareholders mostly upset that they will no longer receive such fat dividend cheques. He conceded that the competition authorities' decision to block all but Morrisons from bidding had placed Safeway in a "straitjacket" but insisted the board had wrought the best deal possible from Sir Ken.
Nevertheless, some Safeway shareholders refused to be pacified, with one claiming: "I think William Morrison is able to sleep very easily. He's just had a gift and his Santa Claus has been Safeway." Another added: "The only people who will get rich out of this deal are the board, [Safeway's] advisors and Morrisons."
Alluding to the soft line the competition watchdog has taken to Tesco's move into the corner stores market, one shareholder said: "Everybody seems to be able to sell things to anybody except for Safeway."
In the event, 93 per cent of Safeway's investors, representing nigh on 100 per cent of the total value of its shares, backed Morrisons' £3bn bid, a result mirrored in Bradford. Such was the extent of support from Morrisons' shareholders for its audacious move that not one question was fired at Sir Ken, meaning the extraordinary meeting was wrapped up in less than five minutes.Reuse content