text:
Jimmy was born in Texas, grew up nominally Protestant, but at age 20 experienced a profound conversion to Christ. Planning on becoming a Protestant pastor or seminary professor, he started an intensive study of the Bible. But the more he immersed himself in Scripture the more he found to support the Catholic faith. Eventually, he entered the Catholic Church. His conversion story, "A Triumph and a Tragedy," is published in Surprised by Truth. Besides being an author, Jimmy is the Senior Apologist at Catholic Answers, a contributing editor to Catholic Answers Magazine, and a weekly guest on "Catholic Answers Live."
Recently I've been encountering claims that the Bible is "pro-choice," meaning pro-abortion.
I've been asked more than once how to respond to this claim.
Here's how . . .
Jezebel Speaks
The best way to respond to a claim will depend on the specific form the claim takes and the arguments used in favor of it, but we need to start somewhere, so let's use this article from the blog Jezebel.
In case you're not familiar with Jezebel (I wasn't), according to Wikipedia,
Jezebel is a blog aimed at women's interests, under the tagline "Celebrity, Sex, Fashion. Without Airbrushing." It is one of several blogs owned by Gawker Media.
In a piece titled "Conservative Christians Conveniently Ignore All the Pro-Choice Passages in the Bible," blogger Erin Gloria Ryan writes:
Nowadays, you can't swing an IUD around without it smacking a pro-life evangelical Christian right in the bloody fetus protest sign. But did you know that all of these eternal Biblical truths religious conservatives trot out in making their argument that life begins at conception are actually at odds with much more reasonable, pro choice stuff in the Bible? And did you know that until until about 30 years ago, many prominent American evangelicals believed that life didn't begin until birth?
I mean, we've kind of been over this — there are a lot more passages in the Bible that imply (or insist) that the big man upstairs doesn't consider a zygote to be the same sort of being with the same value as, say, a mailman or a trapeze artist than there are passages that mention abortion. Probably because there are zero Bible passages that mention abortion, as in "don't do it."
Zero Bible Passages?
Ryan is correct that there are no passages in Scripture that explicitly say "don't commit abortion."
One reason is that in ancient Israel children were so highly prized that the crime of abortion was basically unthinkable.
As we've mentioned before, children were viewed as a gift from God. They were also an economic asset rather than an economic burden in Israel's ancient, agrarian society. Between these two facts, there was a strong disincentive to want to kill them in the womb.
As a result, it was not until the Christian era, when the Church began to spread in urban, Greco-Roman circles, that the question of abortion arose in a serious way. When it did, the reaction was immediate and consistent.
One of the earliest Christian documents outside the New Testament--which itself appears to date from the apostolic age--conveys the constant Christian perspective:
Do not murder; do not commit adultery; do not corrupt boys; do not fornicate; do not steal; do not practice magic; do not go in for sorcery; do not murder a child by abortion or kill a newborn infant.
Of course, this rests on principles that are firmly biblical (e.g., "Thou shalt not kill" and the recognition that a woman who is "with child" is, you know, with child).
So while Ryan is correct that there are no biblical passages that explicitly say "Do not commit abortion," the Bible does contain the principles needed to derive this moral truth.
Zero Passages = Zero Passages
It's worth noting, as Ryan acknowledges, that there are zero passages mentioning abortion at all--at least in the modern sense of a direct, procured abortion. (There are, of course, passages referring to miscarriages or "spontaneous abortions"--to use the term in another, older, less common sense.)
That means that her case also rests on inference, so she could hardly object to Evangelicals or other Christians using inference in their case.
Whether one is pro-life or pro-abortion, one has to use inference.
So what, in the Bible, does she think supports her position?
"When Men Strive Together"
Ryan says that there are "a lot more passages" that support her position, but in her piece she names only one. She also provides a link, and I may critique what she links in a future post, but to keep this one short, I'm going to stick with what she cites. Presumably, that's what she thinks is the strongest passage for her position. She writes:
In fact, in Exodus, God talks about how if an assailant harms a pregnant woman and her pregnancy is ended as a result, the assailant only owes the woman's husband a fine. But if he hurts the woman beyond the miscarriage? Ruh-roh.
"When men strive together, and hurt a woman with child, so that there is miscarriage, and yet no harm follows, the one who hurt her shall be fined according as the woman's husband shall lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine. If any harm follows, then you shall give life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe."
So, wait — the Bible specifically says that a woman is much, much, much, much, much more important than a fetus? What sort of crazy talk is this?
Understanding Ryan's Argument
The fact she cites this passage (Exodus 21:22-25) may strike many pro-lifers as odd, because they are used to citing exactly the same passage against abortion.
What's up here? How could two groups with opposite viewpoints appeal to the same verses?
Let's take a moment to see how Ryan (and others) are parsing the passage.
They are taking it like this: If two men are fighting and they hurt a pregnant woman so that she miscarries then her child is dead. This passage does not demand the death penalty for the life of the child, so abortion must not be murder. Instead, the one who hurt the woman must pay what her husband demands as compensation for the loss of the child.
On the other hand, "if any harm follows"--i.e., if the woman herself is hurt--then the law of retaliation applies, and the one who hurt her must be subjected to commensurate harm.
But that's not the only way to take this passage . . .
A Pro-Life Interpretation
Pro-lifers commonly parse the passage differently.
They often do it like this: If two men fight and they hurt a pregnant woman so that she miscarries that does not mean that her child is dead. It means that her child comes out of her body, but it does not tell us what happens to the child. The child may live, the child may die, or the child may live but be wounded somehow.
On this view the one causing the miscarriage has to pay a fine set by the woman's husband for the trauma of the event (physical and emotional, including convalescent time and medical expenses, according to the Jewish Publication Society's Torah Commentary: Exodus), but as long as there is no permanent damage to the woman or the child then the law of retaliation is not applied.
On the other hand, if there is permanent harm to the woman or the child then the law of retaliation applies and the offending party must be given commensurate harm.
Which View is Right?
Different scholars take this passage in different ways, making it difficult to settle the matter simply by appealing to scholarly opinion.
Both pro-lifers and pro-abortion individuals can cite people who take the passage the way that they would want to take it.
That can lead to an impasse.
One way of solving the impasse would be to analyze the original Hebrew and see how much it can be clarified.
That's more of a time investment than most people are up for, particularly in the world of modern, soundbite political discussions, so let me make the following observations . . .
Just What Bible Version Is This?
I have been unable to determine what Bible version Ryan is quoting from.
My Logos Bible Software--which has dozens of translations--does not have the quote the way Ryan gives it.
Various online Bible sites that I checked don't have it.
Googling did not turn up any Bibles giving this translation of the passage.
So I suspect that the passage has been altered to slant it in the direction Ryan wants.
It uses archaic language like "strive together" but it also uses more modern language like "miscarriage."
That doesn't mean that Ryan was the one who altered it. In all likelihood, she simply copied and pasted it from some other source, which had itself been copied and pasted several times, and whoever did the alteration is unknowable.
But it's not from a standard Bible translation that I've been able to identify.
That's significant, because it muddies an important point . . .
"And Her Children Go Out"
There have been a number of translations that used the word "miscarriage" in this verse, but none of them are rendering the Hebrew literally.
What the Hebrew says is vyats'u yladeyah, which means "and her children go out."
In older Bible translations, this is more clear. For example, in the King James Version the passage reads:
If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman's husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine.
"Fruit" is itself not a literal translation. The word in Hebrew is clearly "children." But the King James is closer to the original.
I can understand a more recent Bible translator, in the days before abortion was a political issue, trying to render the Hebrew text in idiomatic, colloquial English by using the (now) familiar term "miscarriage"--without really thinking about whether that meant the death of the child.
That's how the term "miscarriage" got into some English translations to begin with.
Technically speaking, "miscarriage" does not imply the death of the child, but that is how it is commonly perceived since that is its frequent outcome.
But once abortion became a political hot potato, a closer study--and a more accurate rendering of the text--needs to be employed.
Thus the New International Version (a popular version among Evangelicals) has this for the passage:
If people are fighting and hit a pregnant woman and she gives birth prematurely but there is no serious injury, the offender must be fined whatever the woman's husband demands and the court allows.
That kind of casts the passage in a different light, doesn't it?
What's the Upshot?
I noted that Ryan likely quotes this passage because she thinks that it's the one which best supports her position.
If so, she's on very shaky ground indeed.
This is not the kind of passage one wants to (snarkily) throw at your pro-life interlocutors:
1) They're accustomed to taking it to mean precisely the opposite of what you want it to.
2) They have experts they can cite in their favor.
3) The passage--in fact--refers to "her children" coming out.
That last not only fails to imply that the children are dead, it also states (not just implies) that they are children.
So is Ryan in favor of killing children?
Whatever else one may draw from this passage, the idea that it is okay to kill children is not one of them.
What Now?
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In the meantime, what do you think?
I like your web site and blog posts a lot, they are very inspiring and informative. Thank you for providing such quality post.
Just wanted to say that reading the Bible is so very important for me. Finding time to spend in the Word of God is probable the best use of my time. I also like the Audio Bible and listen to that when I am driving. Found that to be a great time saver.
Problem is that people really don't seem to have enough time to read or listen to the Bible as much as they would like to in today's hectic pace.
However, I try to put time aside everyday to read my Bible, If I don't then I just feel that my day is not complete and I'm not fulfilled. Some people are dedicated to working out, playing golf, and many other things they do all the time.
For me it's reading my Bible and I would advise the same for everyone. It's a source of joy and inspiration as well as comfort and encouragement.
God Bless you in your ministry
David Morgan
I'm so sorry to hear about your baby but am glad to hear of your faithfulness.
A friend at my former parish had a large family.Two of her babies died shortly after birth from the same condition.Both times, her dr. advised abortion, both times she refused & she made the choice to use the same OB/Gyn dr. so that she & her family could be a pro-life witness to him.I'm pretty sure I would have dumped that dr. early on, but I'm amazed at her strength & courage.
"Anon" excuses abortion when "a pregnancy went terribly wrong medically". We had a baby with serious defects. Most significantly his lungs did not form properly, and he would not be able to breathe after being born. If he lived that long he would live to die in our arms. I was twice asked if we were, of course, going to terminate the pregnancy. I did not force them to explain what possible benefit there would be to this. He was going to die, yes, but not by my hand. There was nothing to do to help him, but I wasn't going to make it worse.
Anon, why is killing the baby the solution to a birth defect? Is it to get out of any nasty inconveniences? I think my teens are pretty inconvenient at times too. Is it okay with you if I just terminate them if I can't cope any more?
Douay-Rheims is considered the best translation by many Catholics. And Exodus 21:22 is…"If men quarrel, and one strike a woman with child, and she miscarry indeed, but live herself…"
So let's not compare what the NIV or whatever new age version has to say about the passages. I think Douay-Rheims is pretty clear.
I do have a question. I've been taught that we should NOT take the old testament too literally, because "Jesus changed everything". As a result we no longer take an eye for an eye, etc. So why are we so hung up on the wording of Exodus? How would Jesus react to the abortion? And I think his reaction is very clear as well.
We've all been warned about people twisting and shaping the Word of God to fit their agenda. This is a perfect example. Our best defense is to read, study and understand the Bible.
May the Lord bless each and everyone of us with wisdom,
"That would still allow for a ban on aborting the conceptus during the period before implantation & some hours after conception; because it can be regarded as human, not biologically (which it would not be), but by anticipation."
An analogy with this can be found in the adoration of the yet-to-be-consecrated Eucharist Gifts in the 1962 Mass: they are treated as what they will soon be: the adoration is anticipatory.
We can also view the matter eschatologically: the present fact of the conception is that what is conceived is not yet human. But it is to be preserved from harm, because its conception is a present guarantee of its future human status. That it has been conceived, is a reason to hope for its humanisation-after-implantation & its birth; & a reason to look after it in the meantime. This is not exactly a POV encouraging to abortion. It's a reason to be universally pro-life, from conception to death.
"5. Is a just-conceived child, at his/her earliest stages of development, not yet having hands and feet, a living human being? Or is it a sort of partially-assembled machine, which won't really be a human being until some later point in its assembly?"
## AFAICS, what is conceived is not a child, because it is not yet a specific human being; and it is not a human being. It is alive; & it is not in any sense a machine. Something can be a human child only if it is a human being; which presupposes that it has been ensouled. IIRC, ensoulment depends on the nature of the receiving matter. The matter of the conceptus allows, not for a human soul, but for an animal soul. Ensoulment as human is, perhaps, not a fresh creative act, but the awakening of latent powers that constitute he conceptus as human once ensoulment as human occurs. Obviously the soul, which is purely spiritual, cannot undergo material alteration; there is no matter in it to alter. On this theory, ensoulment is a two-stage act. Equally obviously, any theory of ensoulment has also to square with the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, & has to avoid the pitfalls in the debate over the theories of traducianism & creationism, both of which concern the way in which the newly-procreated participate in the Fall.
If there is human life in a sperm from conception - what becomes of all the spermatazoa that do not implant in the lining of the uterus ? There are millions of them. If the life of a sperm is *specifically* a human life from conception, even before its implantation in the lining some days later, that is a lot of human lives that do not implant. I find that too problematic to be able to believe that God works like that. I think it makes much more sense in every way to distinguish between the life of the conceived organism, & the specifically human life of the implanted conceptus, AKA the human foetus. That would still allow for a ban on aborting the conceptus during the period before implantation & some hours after conception; because it can be regarded as human, not biologically (which it would not be), but by anticipation. Denying the humanity of the conceptus does not logically require denying that what is conceived is intended (by God) to be human in due course.
Tom ATK,
great verses. I love the reminder that my God knit me in my mother's womb. No matter how inconvenient I've ever been to anyone, no matter how much I've screwed this world up (just today even!), my Father has given me nothing but love. How much that fills me with love for him and this world that he has given to me as a gift!
Thanks, Tom!
I see the approach some other folks have taken in replying to you.
I would like to take a slightly different approach, by having you answer some questions for me, if you will. Here's why: You have arrived at a different conclusion from me, so I suppose your thoughts must have been different. But I'd like to know how they were different; I'd like to know where you and I diverge. So here are my questions:
1. Do persons have rights intrinsically, because they are persons? Or do they not have rights at all, unless government gives them those rights, and do they cease to have those rights when government takes them away?
2. The Catholic faith tells us that our moral license for using force against other human beings is very limited: One may not point guns or arrow-points at human beings for just any old reason! One must have adequate justification. For example, one cannot go to war for any old reason; it must be a Just War. You cannot shoot a man who happens to walk by your house just because he looks suspicious; but if he kicks down your front door in the middle of the night or otherwise threatens you or your family, you may use force against him…even lethal force. It's called Justified Self Defense.
So: Not all acts of using force are justified. But some are. What, I ask you, makes the justified ones "just?" What distinguishes a morally-licit use of force against another human being, from a morally-illicit use of force?
3. From whom does the United States government get its authority to govern—which is to say, to use force to achieve its ends? (Since every enforcement act of a government is backed by the threat or use of force, hence the term "enforcement.")
Obviously the authority (all authority) comes ultimately from God. But most earthly authority comes from God through intermediaries, through a series of delegations or successions. For example, Christ did not personally ordain your bishop; but Christ ordained the apostles and one or more apostles ordained some bishops who ordained some other bishops who ordained…et cetera, et alia…who ordained your bishop. Or, for a more near-to-home example: I got authority to paint my house when I bought it from the previous owner, and I delegate that authority to the house-painters when I pay them to paint my house.
In the case of the United States government, from whom does it immediately get its authority to act (forcibly)? No prophet showed up to institute the U.S. government! And it is not named in the Scriptures, either. So the authority comes from God, but clearly not directly from God. How, then, does the U.S. government obtain its just powers? From whom is the government's authority delegated?
4. What is the mission statement of the United States government? If it is a tool, what is its purpose, its task? If the government has a highest duty—something it must do or else be derelict—what is that duty? Indeed, what is the first duty of governments in general? Why are governments "established among men" (to quote the Declaration of Independence) to begin with?
5. Is a just-conceived child, at his/her earliest stages of development, not yet having hands and feet, a living human being? Or is it a sort of partially-assembled machine, which won't really be a human being until some later point in its assembly?
If you could give me your thoughts with respect to those five questions, I think I'd understand your perspective better.
To Anon: you claim that pro-choice is not pro-abortion and it is intellectually dishonest to equate the two. Use this logic on any other moral issue and see how it works. "I am not pro-slavery, I merely support the right of the property owner to choose what type of labor he will use on his cotton farm".
You claim that you can't impose your religious views on others. But holding abortion to be wrong is not a religious issue, it is a human rights issue. When a church takes a stance against injustice, poverty, human trafficking, violence, etc , no one accuses the church of imposing their religious views on others. Churches have a long tradition of speaking out on human rights issues. People who are PRO ABORTION like to twist this opposition to abortion as the unconstitutional imposition of religion - and you have fallen for it hook, line and sinker. I find the people who are most susceptible to this arguement (that Pro-lifers are trying to impose a religious view) are folks who are trying to rationalize their support for abortion-rights supporting politicians. Telling yourself that while you personally are pro life, but you are too good a person to impose your religious views on others is a great way to convince yourself that it is OK to support pro-abortion politicians - perhaps including someone who feels it is OK to kill babies who are accidentally born during botched abortions. All of us, myself included, are capable of rationalizing terrible things.
Well examined. A few additional thoughts common to Cathoics. One, the sola scriptura approach of atheists runs the same risks as when fundamentalists do it. Meaning and info is lost and more readily twisted…as we see here, twisted so much two diametrically opposed beliefs use the same sentence. Second, the clearly wrong "proof" provided by the sex, celebrity and fashion lady isn't meant for faithful and educated Christians. It's meant for those who know almost nothing of Christianity except key critical points which they use to reinforce blinding themselves to deeper understanding. They feel contempt for Christians and this is fodder. It also appeals to uneducated Christians, and I mean those under educated on our faith. These people are susceptible to such people as it sounds well thought out. It would take knowledge to dissect the obvious errors which was nicely done here.
...So clearly those that wrote the Bible knew, instinctively, 101 biology (science is nothing other than the description of God's creation, after all). In fact, in the Psalms quotes above, pregnancy is used as an allegory of God's creating the universe (something that should make feminist happy, but alas, it doesn't).
Luke 1: 14-16
And you will have joy and gladness, and many will rejoice at his birth, for he will be great in the sight of [the] Lord. He will drink neither wine nor strong drink. He will be filled with the holy Spirit even from his mother's womb, and he will turn many of the children of Israel to the Lord their God.
****Direct passage on killing a baby in the womb****
Jeremiah 20:17
because he did not kill me in the womb!
Then my mother would have been my grave,
her womb confining me forever.
Isaiah 66:1
Shall I bring a mother to the point of birth,
and yet not let her child be born? says the LORD.
Or shall I who bring to birth
yet close her womb? says your God.
Isaiah 49:5
For now the LORD has spoken
who formed me as his servant from the womb,
That Jacob may be brought back to him
and Israel gathered to him;
I am honored in the sight of the LORD,
and my God is now my strength!
Isaiah 49:1
Hear me, coastlands,
listen, distant peoples.
Before birth the LORD called me,
from my mother's womb he gave me my name
Isaiah 44:2
Thus says the LORD who made you,
your help, who formed you from the womb:
Do not fear, Jacob, my servant,
Jeshurun,* whom I have chosen
Isaiah 44:24
Thus says the LORD, your redeemer,
who formed you from the womb:
I am the LORD, who made all things,
who alone stretched out the heavens,
I spread out the earth by myself
Ecclesiastes 11:5
Just as you do not know how the life breath
enters the human frame in the mother's womb,
So you do not know the work of God,
who is working in everything.
Psalm 71:6
On you I have depended since birth;
from my mother's womb you are my strength;
my hope in you never wavers.
Psalm 22:11
Upon you I was thrust from the womb;
since my mother bore me you are my God.
Job 31:15
Did not he who made me in the belly make him?
Did not the same One fashion us in the womb?
What about:
Jeremiah 1:5
"Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, before you were born I dedicated you, a prophet to the nations I appointed you."
Psalm 139:13
"You formed my inmost being;you knit me in my mother's womb."
Generally speaking the Biblical argument either way is tenuous and we are much better off not appealing to Scripture. While the exegesis here is interesting, it really doesn't carry through the full implications of the text.
The fact that Judaism is generally silent on the issue of abortion is itself problematic. The ancient Israelites knew of and undoubtedly practiced abortion, though the word itself only appears once in the Old Testament and there not in a condemnatory fashion.
We are always better with the Natural Law argument.
"single person who is pro abortion. No one likes abortion"
There are 1.2 million abortions each year vs. 4 million births, in the US alone. Somebody must be "pro abortion" for this to happen. A child in the womb has better chances to make it to age 5 years in the poorest countries of Sub Saharan Africa, than in the US, where incomes are over 100 times higher… More children are killed in the US every year that people die of malaria in the world. In places like in NYC, there are more abortions than deliveries of babies. Those are facts. Most abortions are done out of pure convenience. Why? Simply because an average young adult on birth control has 10%-40% chance of becoming pregnant within a decade (depending on studies, methods used, etc…). ao birth control method is 100% "effective". Since sex is for mainly for entertainment now days, what will "progressives" "chose", if they become pregnant? They will "chose" abortion, of course (as "hard" as this is), and the abortion industry will make a buck. Babies in the womb are now just a disposable, somewhat inconvenient byproduct of sex as a commodity, a $trillion industry.
"But I think that answer is obviously very debatable. "
How is Luke 1: 41-45 i"debatable"? If "consciousness" and "feeling pain" is what defines "personhood", does that mean someone in a very deep coma, with severe accidental brain injury undergoing therapeutic hypothermia is no longer a "person"?
Brave new world.
Well, Fran, science shows a lot of things. It shows that a a unique human DNA is present at conception, but that most of those never end up as established pregnancies, much less babies. It shows that sometimes eggs are blighted ovums, or empty blastocysts, or so genetically deformed that they are incompatible with life. Life only moves forward when you have a genetically viable embryo and a sufficiently nurturing environment. It shows that early embryonic and fetal life has no feeling, or consciousness, or any other attribute we attribute to persons, and looks kind of like a little fish, or a bean with flippers on ultrasound. Then it also shows that as a pregnancy progresses that little bean turns into a child, who begins to awake to consciousness and who starts to engage his environment. Pregnancy typically makes a pretty astounding leap around 18 weeks, which is why doctors wait until then do a scan to confirm that the fetus is fully viable and all systems are operating. Having been a mom, it's pretty amazing. It is also pretty mysterious. It's a process.
I also think it is inaccurate to ask "Is the Bible Pro-Choice". "Pro-Choice" is a late 20th century political phrase, that makes certain modern assumptions about women, their autonomy, and their place in the world, assumptions that were not even on the table in Biblical times. Women in ancient societies (heck, women in modern societies up until very recently) were assumed to be under the authority of men, where not assumed to have any sexual or bodily autonomy, were assumed to be virgins, mothers who had as many children as they could, widows, or whores. "Choice" did not factor into any aspect of women's lives. So of course "Pro-Choice" would not have even occurred to the writers of scripture.
The more accurate question is "Does the Bible (or philosophical or legal or church tradition) ascribe the same moral value to embryonic life from the moment of conception as it ascribes to a born person? What evidence or personhood does biology show?"
On that question I do not think it does (nor does philosophical tradition, or church tradition until recently, or legal tradition). But I think that answer is obviously very debatable. I'm open minded to change (and, being a Catholic, I do in my personal life live as one with regards to life, regardless of my doubts to the current church teaching. My husband and I practice NFP and welcome new life and I would choose to die for my own unborn child if called upon to do so. But I have difficulty using politics to force that on non-Catholics).
We can't ignore science in this regard. Science has conclusively determined that life begins at conception…therefore, any attempt to end that life is wrong, especially if we believe that ALL life comes from our Creator…!!!
Thank you. I have always wondered how to answer this passage, since the NAB also uses miscarriage and I presumed the baby died. Now that I know what the Hebrew behind it says, I can argue effectively on this point. I am so grateful to you as you saved me from having to learn Hebrew.
For anon. Like you said it usually causes a miscarriage but that doesn't mean always, and yes it could result in a live premature baby in ancient times. It doesn't matter that Catholics don't like niv, all that matters is how they translated the passage. Of course you are wrong, the passage is not "ambiguous", "the child (not fruit) goes out" reflects birth in the bible not miscarriage, except in numbers 12:12 but context determines there that it's about a still birth not the phrase "goes out", and there's no such context here. And it doesn't matter that "The situation of a woman getting struck and then delivering a healthy, surviving premie newborn in a pre industrial society seem too remote a possibility to have its own mention in scripture." because you are missing the fact that if the child dies it's life for a life, it's not just about the child surviving but also about the child dying, and that deserves it's mention in the bible. In ancient Israel children were important for the survival of the household, and what about "Of course, this rests on principles that are firmly biblical (e.g., "Thou shalt not kill" and the recognition that a woman who is "with child" is, you know, with child)", so yeah abortion didn't exist among women in ancient Israel except as a crime, did you even read the article. A premature birth would be difficult for a child (google it), even if not deadly, and that's why there's a penalty, not for "emotional distress". A premature baby is not "healthy" if it's premature, the child can live but that is not "healthy". How can you be pro choice and not pro abortion when you want people to have access to abortion, you are for that is "pro" abortion, of course if the woman wants it, but still in favor of (pro) abortion.
Confraternity of Catholic Doctrine Catholic Bible (NABRE) translation
22 When men have a fight and hurt a pregnant woman, so that she suffers a miscarriage, but no further injury, the guilty one shall be fined as much as the woman's husband demands of him, and he shall pay in the presence of the judges. 23But if injury ensues, you shall give life for life, 24eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.
Pro choice does not equal pro abortion. I'm pro choice, and I have never known a single person who is pro abortion. No one likes abortion. Abortion means something failed for a woman- birth control, a pregnancy went terribly wrong medically, finances failed, a relationship or marriage failed, etc. Abortion is an invasive surgery, and regardless of how one feels about the right of a woman to legally make choices about her own body or the moral status of an early term fetus (which is 99% of what we are talking about with legal abortion in the US), pretty much every pro choice person prefers that women don't end up in e situations that lead to abortion in the first place. It is intellectually dishonest to call someone who is pro choice pro abortion. We are very specifically pro choice, as in pro "I do not have a right to use the secular force of the law in a free country to compel you to follow a set of religious beliefs, irregardless of your own conscience."
I'm pro choice. I have never chosen abortion, and would not in my own life, because I am a practicing Catholic. The one pregnancy I've ever had (married, planned) I carried lovingly to term. It is not honest to call someone who is pro choice pro abortion, because they are…not pro abortion. Pro choice is not some sanitary, evasive term; it is used because it is just so accurate as to what the stance means. Pro abortion does not accurately describe the position, becaus pro choicers are pro women who CHOOSE to have their babies, too, which is why they oppose coercive abortion in other parts of the world and the failure of society to help needy women care for their children.
Secondly, the original language of the exodus passage is fairly ambiguous, and could still be interpreted as miscarriage. The NIV is hardly considered a reputable translation among Catholics. When a woman miscarries or has a stillbirth, her "fruit goes out of her". It hardly seems worth mentioning unless it meant miscarriage. If a woman goes into labor and delivers a live baby, what is the harm? Is the God of the OT mandating penalties for mere emotional distress? That seems out of character, and too minor for much of a mention in that context. And as a woman who has actually had a child, this doesn't ring biologically true. Do singular acts of violence against women even induce labor and the delivery of healthy premature babies that survive without modern medicine? Systemic domestic violence and the associated long term stress can cause pre term birth, but this passage seems to be referring to singular acts of violence. The kind that would usually cause a miscarriage or stillbirth in a situation with no c sections or modern medicine. The most common effect of violence against a pregnant woman is a placental abrubtion, which without an immediate C is almost always fatal to the fetus. Google assault and preterm birth, and you get systemic spousal abuse, and an example of a woman who nearly lost a child, saved only by…a c section. In nature, this child would have been a casualty. The situation of a woman getting struck and then delivering a healthy, surviving premie newborn in a pre industrial society seem too remote a possibility to have its own mention in scripture.
And saying abortion did not exist among women in ancient Israel is just ridiculous. Women have been finding ways to control and prevent pregnancy for as long as pregnancies have brought about pain, suffering, death, and possible alienation (if mistimed or not married). And human being, fallible creatures that we are, have been having non marital sex since….forever. To suggest that abortion was unknown among a people because their VERY patriarch centered narratives only show women competing to have babies for the very men who are controlling the narration of these very stores is silly. Of course women in ancient Israel knew about and likely occasionally had abortions. Why would they ever advertise it to the men? Women are pretty good at keeping stuff like that " between the girls."
I respect your position and this is a great exegesis in many ways, but I think you are missing some glaring holes.
"So is Ryan in favor of killing children?
Here's a shocker: I am pro-choice and I'm Catholic. what do I mean by this? I mean that I am all for a woman's right to choose when it comes to what color she dies her hair, what clothes she wears, whether or if she wants to work outside the home, how many children she has, whether or if she wants to get married, and what kind of recreational hobbies she wants to pick up. Those are all viable choices for her to make. I'm also all for a woman's right to choose not to have children, but if she chooses not to have them I expect her to be responsible and exercise self-control by not engaging in activities that cause children to be conceived. Put simply, murder isn't a choice anyone ought to have the right to make.
Good article and good point Tom; thx to both.
First, the phrase "pro-choice" is a politically-correct progressive/liberal phrase. What they don't tell you is that they have already made up their minds for abortion.
Second, God has always been "Pro-choice." After all, he gave us free will.
However, he did give us intellect and free will to choose between right and wrong, good and bad. He also gave us the mandate "I give you life and death; choose life!"
Yes, he IS pro-choice.
And I am making a choice for LIFE. I am pro-life.
Quote - "That's more of a time investment (to analyze the passage)than most people are up for, particularly in the world of modern, soundbite political discussions". This is the main problem with this type of debate.
Citing scripture may bring a type of credibility but without proper context and meaning it is "abused" to suit the users agenda.
A very good Evangelical (Prot.) site also has an excellent rejoinder to Exodus 21.
The site uses some of the same arguments as Jimmy, and I have found it helpful.
Sorry Ryan et al, there is a passage in the Gospel that clearly defines a baby in the womb of the mother as a baby:
Luke 1 41-45
When Elizabeth heard Mary's greeting, the infant leaped in her womb, and Elizabeth, filled with the holy Spirit, cried out in a loud voice and said, "Most blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb. And how does this happen to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? For at the moment the sound of your greeting reached my ears, the infant in my womb leaped for joy. Blessed are you who believed that what was spoken to you by the Lord would be fulfilled."


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text:
Favorite amenities
Village Inn Event Center is located within a 15-minute drive of Hanes Mall and Tanglewood Park. This 141-room, 3-star hotel welcomes guests with conveniences like an outdoor pool, free in-room WiFi, and free self parking. Wake Forest University is also within a 20-minute drive.
Start your day off right with a free hot/cold buffet breakfast, served each morning from 6:30 AM to 9:30 AM. Sit down for a leisurely bite to eat at the onsite restaurant, or enjoy a drink at the bar/lounge. Savor a meal from the comfort of your room with room service, or get a quick energy boost at the coffee shop/café.
Village Inn Event Center's 141 rooms are air-conditioned and provide iPod docks, private yards, and microwaves. Guests can expect 32-inch flat-screen TVs with cable channels, along with free WiFi and wired Internet. Pillowtop beds sport premium bedding and bathrooms offer hair dryers and free toiletries. Other standard amenities include refrigerators, coffee makers, and free local calls.
Property features
At Village Inn Event Center, guests enjoy an outdoor pool, a fitness center, and free WiFi in public areas. There's free parking and an area shuttle for a fee. The 24-hour front desk has multilingual staff ready to assist with sightseeing, directions, and local dining recommendations. Additional amenities include 9 meeting rooms, a conference center, and coffee/tea in a common area.
- Free hot/cold buffet breakfast
- Free WiFi in rooms and public areas
- Free parking
- Onsite dining
Village Inn Event Center
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Village Inn Event Center features an outdoor pool and a fitness center. The hotel offers a restaurant and a coffee shop/café. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast each morning. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
Event facilities measuring 15000 square feet (1394 square meters) include a conference center. This business-friendly hotel also offers multilingual staff, coffee/tea in a common area, and laundry facilities. Complimentary self parking is available on site. A total renovation of this property was completed in May 2012.
Village Inn Event Center is a smoke-free property.
- Conference space
- Total number of rooms - 141
- Number of floors - 2
- Laundry facilities
- Conference space size (feet) - 15000
- 24-hour front desk
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Coffee shop or café
- Free breakfast
- Fitness facilities
- Shopping center shuttle (surcharge)
- Grocery/convenience store
- Free WiFi
- ATM/banking
- Meeting rooms 9
- Multilingual staff
- Conference center
- Free self parking
- Conference space size (meters) - 1394
- Free long-term parking
- Free RV, bus, truck parking
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Outdoor pool
- Bar/lounge
- Use of nearby fitness center (discount)
- Wedding services
- Restaurant
- Number of meeting rooms - 9
- Area shuttle (surcharge)
- Smoke-free property
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Outdoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Grocery/convenience store
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free long-term parking, Free self parking, Free RV, bus, truck parking
Room Amenities
Village Inn Event Center offers 141 air-conditioned accommodations with iPod docking stations and coffee/tea makers. Pillowtop beds feature premium bedding. 32-inch flat-screen televisions come with premium cable channels. Refrigerators and microwaves are provided. Bathrooms include shower/tub combinations, complimentary toiletries, and hair dryers.
This Clemmons hotel provides complimentary wired and wireless high-speed Internet access. Business-friendly amenities include desks and phones; free local calls are provided (restrictions may apply). Additionally, rooms include irons/ironing boards and blackout drapes/curtains. Housekeeping is provided daily.
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Premium TV channels
- Coffee/tea maker
- Daily housekeeping
- Phone
- Premium bedding
- Private bathroom
- Hair dryer
- Air conditioning
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Free local calls
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Free toiletries
- Shower/tub combination
- Desk
- Iron/ironing board
- Cable TV service
- Flat-panel TV
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- iPod docking station
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Pillowtop mattress
- Room service (limited hours)
- Yard
Where to Eat
A complimentary hot/cold buffet breakfast is served each morning between 6:30 AM and 9:30 AM.
Crosby Pub and Restaurant - This restaurant serves breakfast and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Start your day with a free hot/cold buffet breakfast, available daily from 6:30 AM to 9:30 AM. You can order up room service during limited hours.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include an outdoor pool and a fitness center.
Children under 12 years old are not allowed in the swimming pool without adult supervision.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Mountain biking nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Golf lessons available nearby
If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Kids stay free! Up to 2 children 18 years old and younger stay free when using existing bedding.
- Free cribs (infant beds)!
- Pets allowed for an extra charge
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Minimum Spring Break check-in age is 21 years old.
No rollaway/extra beds available
No elevators
Optional extras
- A pet fee will be charged
Hotel Name
- Village Center Inn
- Village Event
- Village Event Center
- Village Event Center Clemmons
- Village Inn Event Center
- Village Inn Event Center Clemmons
- The Village Inn Golf And Conference Center
- The Village Inn Golf Hotel Clemmons
- Village Hotel Clemmons
We should mention
Up to 2 children 18 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.


text:
Re: [arkitectindia] Re: New Face
There are few mails who want to know about Ark Foundation and about joining the egroup. We apologise for late response to these queries. In fact we should have discuss it earlier but anyway better late than never. The purpose of the egroup is to share and exchange news, views and experience to give a proper direction to ongoing development initiatives in various parts of the country. The philosophy is that we cannot go every place but our ideas and experience can reach there to make a difference with the help of the internet technology.
How to join this egroup- arkitectindia?
There are many ways to join it but I will tell you two very simple and easy method.
- Forward this link http://groups.yahoo.com/group/arkitectindia/ to those who are interested in joining the egroup and exchange ideas and experiences to enhance each others understanding on various issues close to our heart.
- At the top right of the page there will be a blue box embossed with "Join This Group"
- Tell them to hit "Join This Group".
- They will see a form which is very easy to fill and submit.
- And instantly they will receive a welcome message.
- If there is any problem simply send their email addresses to us at arkitect95@... and relax.
How to join Ark Foundation:
You need to identify an Action Area, preferably a village, in any part of India. Form a group of five committed people who would be interested in development of that area. All the five should be the local inhabitants. Contact us with their CV and their area of interest. Rest we will do- providing logistical support and all the relevant documents necessary to work as a legally recognised independent group. A group of trainers will visit new action area to train the group in the process of capacity building. Except logistical and professional support, the group will work independently in its area. Therefore, we suggest, one of the group leaders should take it as a full time job.
About Ark Foundation- For those who have joined the egroup later.
Ark Foundation is a creation of a group of research scholars from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, who felt the need to use their education for betterment of society. But now it has been joined by people from different backgrounds and different universities and colleges and also from different parts of the world.
There is a brief introduction given in the middle of the homepage of the egroup- http://groups.yahoo.com/group/arkitectindia/
Initially the group was known as "Two Hours A Week". It was the name of our first programme in which every volunteers would give at least two hours a week. later the name of the programme was associated with the group of people itself.
People's Action for Village Development, Aadarsh Graamin Samaaj, Two Hours A Week and Global Village Group came together on one platform and came to be known as Ark (boat). Later the group registered itself as Ark Foundation under the Society Registration Act (1860) in 2002.
Different people have different interest and like to devote their time in different projects. Sometime they come with their own programmes and take Ark's help to translate their feeling to do something for the deprived section in their own localities. Ark provides a platform, logistical support, other possible help and, most importantly, a group of experienced individuals in order to maximize the results of their social responsibilities.
For some it is the education which should be given top priority and hence they engage themselves in educational activities, for others it is the health and further for some, specially students from School of Environmental Sciences, it is the environmental education and preservation of ecological system which is more important. There is no debate and discussion on this issue. We believe every one should work according to his/her interest and understanding of the issue. We should also take out some time to help each other in building a better society for every one. For people like Annie, Pallavi, Sangeeta, Shradha, Sunita and Rashmi, it is womens issue which should be taken up seriously and that too without wasting any time. They are doing their work in their limited capacity. But at the same time they are also helping others in their educational initiatives. There is no watertight grouping. One set of people like to see other sets of people doing better in their domain, hence, extends their helping hand.
Our educational initiatives are most successful as majority of us feel it is lack of education which is the mother of many problems in our society. Following are the programmes which different sets of people are involved with.
A brief introduction of Ark's programmes- some of them are in action and some are for future action. Though most of us are working in cities but our future plan is to go to villages and create Village Development Circles (VDC) in each village with a radius of approximately 3kms. It will be the basis for the implementation of Ark's activities. Each Development Circle will have:
1. Ark Education Centre (Coordinator: Dr. Shaheen Ansari)
· High School
· Library
· Computer Education Centre
· Cultural Activity Centre
· Vocational Training Centre
2. Ark Health Care Centre (Coordinators: Sneha Singh & Pallavi Sharan)
· Primary Health Centre
· Medicine Bank
· Counseling Centre
· Routine Check up
· Workshop
· Health Mela (festival)
3. Ark Women and Child Development Centre (Coordinators: Shradha Sinha &
Rashmi Rawat)
· Women's empowerment
· Vocational Training
· Reproductive Health and Family Planning
· Child-care centres for working mothers
4. Ark Youth Bank (Coordinator: Dr. Ahmad Khan)
· Formation of a group
· Provision of Loan for Self Employment
· Identification of Skills and training in their trade
· Vocational Training
5. Ark Information Dissemination Centre (Coordinators: Dr. Razi Ahmad & Juanita
· Publication of quarterly magazine- Baal Chaupal
· Campaigning- individual, family and community level.
· Workshops
· Community Radio
· Folk Songs
· Street Play
6. Ark Old Items Bank (Coordinators: Abdul Halim & Rajiv Mehra)
· Collection of Old Items
· Identification of Needy People
· Development of Distribution Mechanism.
7. Ark Eco Club (Coordinators: Sudhyan Negi & Ramakant Tiwari)
· Community forestry
· Planting a tree at the three important events of a life- birth, marriage and death
· Planting trees of medicinal, ecological and economic values.
The above coordinators are at the central level. All the groups have their own sets of coordinators at the local levels. It depends on how many programmes they want to implement in their own Action Areas.
For detail you can visit our website www.arkindia.org (it is under construction).
Remember we are always open for comment, criticism and suggestion.
Thanksjanmanass <janmanass@...> wrote:
Sneha Singh
Ark Foundation
JNU, New Delhi
This question has been ask several times but it has not been replied
even once. I request Ark Foundation to tell something about Ark and
its activities to those who are intersted inknowing it
--- In email@example.com, nimisha sukhadia
<nimisha810@y...> wrote:
> dear asfar
> hallo! i got your mail but i didnt know about this
> group. so please send me information so i can join.
> yours,
> nimisha.
> __________________________________
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> The all-new My Yahoo! - Get yours free!
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Find Senior & Boomer Events Near You
MED-CALL Emergency Response Systems, LLC
MED-CALL Emergency Response Systems, LLC
2742 Village Parkway
San Antonio, Texas
Phone: (210) 521-1800
Talk Directly to a Care Advisor
No matter if you live in Southtown, Alamo Heights, or Westover Hills, you are always within reach of exceptional emergency healthcare in San Antonio. But what if your aging parent lives alone and takes a hard fall on the floor is out of reach of a phone? What if she can't call 911 and is stranded and in pain? That's a very scary thought! Fear not, there are plenty of fall protection monitors, also known as medical alert systems, that are designed to prevent this exact predicament. Below is a list of companies in San Antonio that provide medical alert systems for seniors.
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Speak to one of our advisors 1-800-955-8510


text:
Margareth Madè is an Italian model and actress.
Madè was born in Paternò to an Italian father and an Egyptian mother. She began her modelling career at the age of 15. She takes parts in various international fashionshows and televisionprograms like Donna sotto le stelle and La Kore, both broadcast by Rai Uno. She also did some publicity campaigns.
After studying acting she is chosen by Giuseppe Tornatore for the part of Mannina in Baaria. After that, she plays the role of Sofia Loren in the miniserie La mia casa è piena di specchi, broadcast in 2010 by Rai Uno.
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Find Vegan & Vegetarian Restaurants in Hualien (18)
13 Vegan / Vegetarian Friendly Restaurants
139-5 Ming Guo Rd (at near Jung Shan Rd), Hualien, Taiwan
Cuisine: Vegan, Take-out, Taiwanese
國香園素食 is a small restaurant serving vegan food, a la carte or choose from what's already prepared. Find noodles, rice, dumplings, mock meat, veggies. Chinese menu only.
503, Ziqiang Road, Hualien, Taiwan
Cuisine: Vegan, Take-out, Taiwanese
Part of international chain of vegan restaurants opened by followers of Supreme Master Ching Hai, an advocate for vegetarian living. Each location is individual family owned and operated. Serves food, coffee, non-alcoholic beverages, and more. Name in Chinese 愛家國際連鎖餐飲. Open for breakfast and lunch service. Only prepackaged items during dinner hours. Hours are for restaurant - shop remains open until 9pm.
22 Fu An Road, Hualien, Taiwan
Cuisine: Vegan-friendly, Buffet, Take-out, Taiwanese
Near Hualian train station, you'll find this veggie buffet. Also sells health foods and dried foods. Closed on 2nd & 4th Monday of month.
287, Zhongfu Rd, Hualien, Taiwan
Cuisine: Vegan-friendly, Taiwanese
慈昕素食 veggie eatery.
142, Jianguo Rd, Hualien, Taiwan
Cuisine: Vegan-friendly, Taiwanese
Modern style with additional upstairs seating. Chinese only, no English spoken. English menu available upon request.
90, Ziyou St, Hualien, Taiwan
Cuisine: Vegan-friendly, Take-out, Taiwanese
家畇素食 is a small vegetarian restaurant that serves a variety of noodle and rice dishes plus kimchi.
8, Guofu 10th St, Hualien, Taiwan
Cuisine: Vegan-friendly, Lacto, Ovo, Chinese, Taiwanese
明園素食坊, at 花蓮市國富十街八號, is a casual veggie eatery that uses faux meat and vegetables in the dishes.
16, Zili Rd, Ji'an Township, Hualien, Taiwan
Cuisine: Vegan-friendly, Chinese, Fast food, Take-out, Taiwanese
茹薰素食 stall sells vegetarian and vegan dishes containing tofu, mock meats, fried or cooked with vegetables, soups, noodles soups, rice. Menu is in Chinese only, but there is a glass box with all the protein you can choose, so it's easy to point to what you want. The family cooks in the porch of their house and inside, in the living room, there are a few tables for the guests. Cheap, clean and with folklore.
88, Zhuangjing Road, Hualien, Taiwan
Cuisine: Vegan-friendly, Lacto, Japanese, Taiwanese
Chinese name 養心樓素食懷石料理, address 花蓮縣花蓮市國富里莊敬路88號, 970. This place adapts the Japanese multi-course tradition to Taiwanese palettes and gives it a veg twist. Occasionally some items use dairy products but they will ask you when you book if you avoid dairy/egg and other allergens. Courses are served in different bowls and plates like works of art. Food is light, healthy, and filling. Cost is around NT$600 per person. No walk-ins.
646, Ziqiang Rd, Ji'an Township, Hualien, Taiwan
Cuisine: Vegan-friendly, Lacto, Ovo, Buffet, Take-out, Taiwanese
一道健康素食 is a small place where you choose the dishes to create your lunchbox.
857, Jhongshan Road, Hualien, Taiwan
Cuisine: Vegan-friendly, Buffet, Take-out, Taiwanese
Chinese name 齋舖素食館, address 花蓮市中山路857號. A vegetarian buffet, which you will find other ones like this throughout cities in Taiwan. The spread is extensive, and you pay for food by weight (choose what you'd like).
131, Ren'ai St, Hualien, Taiwan
Cuisine: Taiwanese, Non-veg
Serves meat, vegan options available. Hot pot restaurant where you get veggies, noodles, rice, and mock meat for your pot. Ask fr the vegetarian (vegetable) broth.
73, Jianguo Rd, Hualien, Taiwan
Cuisine: Lacto, Ovo, Italian, Take-out, Non-veg
Serves meat, vegan options available. 太革義廚 is a pasta restaurant that opened in Hualien summer 2015. The menu marks 4 or 5 vegan and a few more vegetarian choices, such as spaghetti with vegetables, mushroom, and basil sauce. In English vegan items are marked as "vegetarian" (全素), and vegetarian options are marked "ovo-lacto vegetarian" (素食). Order and pay for your meal at a machine near the entrance. There is self-service hot black coffee, hot and cold black tea, and cold water that is free.
Health Food Stores, Vegan Shops, Vegan Bakery and Catering, Vegetarian B&Bs, Organizations
30, Datong Street, Hualien, Taiwan
Previously a Loving Hut restaurant, now a hostel only. Offers vegan breakfast brought in from a nearby Loving Hut.
Huadong Rd, Hualien, Taiwan
Large fruit market. Open daily.
20, Jieyue St, Hualien, Taiwan
黑何子仙草專職鋪 dessert shop serving hot and cold grass jelly and a variety of sweet bean soups. Option to have dairy milk in your order replaced with no milk or with soy milk. Menu in Chinese only.
114 Guofu 10th St, Hualien, Taiwan
All organic shop with fresh vegetables and large selection of other organic health foods, nuts, legumes, pasta, dried stuff.
632, Ziqiang Rd, Ji'an Township, Hualien, Taiwan
Organic food store chain. Sells fresh veggies, fruits, nuts, legumes, pasta, dried foodstuff.
Still hungry? Try searching for areas surrounding Hualien.
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What's So Funny About Japan?
Published: June 18, 1989
(Page 3 of 5)
Old and new become hopelessly confused during the three-day mourning period. The husband's mistress comes to the wake uninvited, gets drunk and turns amorous. The ''high'' Buddhist priest arrives for the funeral in a majestic white Rolls. Family members mug and giggle in front of the camcorder. The widow becomes eloquent in her grief, and the corpse's ear turns blue.
Photographed at Itami's country house on the Izu peninsula, about 70 miles southwest of Tokyo, ''The Funeral'' is sunny, bawdy, unsentimental. Though it is Itami's finest film, and was a critical and box-office hit in Japan, it did not do well in this country. ''Tampopo,'' his second film, was a smash in the United States (earning $3 million, which is big money for a non-Kurosawa Japanese import), and a comparative disappointment in Japan. American audiences loved the very things that put off the Japanese, especially the film's deadpanned Bunuelian jokes about food and death. ''Tampopo'' is set in a magical Tokyo, full of open spaces and good fellowship.
The Tokyo of the two ''Taxing Woman'' films, both hugely popular in Japan, is dark, rain-swept, hemmed in by people and dead-end streets. In ''A Taxing Woman,'' a flood-lit Diet Building looms over the mob's midnight payoff to a legislator. The movie does a jig atop a somber vision of Japan.
In ''A Taxing Woman's Return,'' the scale of the corruption suggests the Recruit Cosmos scandal that recently forced the resigna-tion of Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita. This is a Japan of vicious real-estate wars; of bribes accepted by government bureaucrats, respected intellectuals and crusading reporters; of phony religious cults, and even of Swiss bank accounts.
At the center of the film is a wintery, sad, very Bunuelian love affair between a rich dirty old man, in his 70's, and the 16-year-old girl whose father has put her up as collateral on a loan. ''A Taxing Woman's Return'' has the manner of a comedy, but the message is bleak.
IN COMING TO TERMS with the communication gap that separates America and Japan, Itami believes it is far less important to celebrate the similarities between the two cultures than to recognize the differences.
''We both have a phrase to the effect that one puts one's heart into something,'' he said one afternoon in January. ''When the Japanese sushi chef slices a piece of dead tuna, he has the sense that he has put his heart into it. The object has become enriched. It possesses something of his spirit. This has much to do with the Japanese attitude toward work.''
The analogy suggests an association with animism, with ancient beliefs in the existence of spirits within trees, stones, mountains and other aspects of nature, as well as in man-made objects, whether talismanic or as utilitarian as a food processor.
In Itami's Japan, animism and Freud converge.
Itami's conversation is full of Freudian terminology, especially when he begins to talk about the Japanese mother figure, whom he blames for many of the difficulties the Japanese have in dealing with one another and the rest of the world.
As he describes her, the Japanese mother is a voracious if well-meaning monster. No Jewish mother in the canons of Bruce Jay Friedman and Woody Allen can compare. With the father out of the house five-and-a-half days a week, the self-denying, martyred Japanese mother indulges the children, especially the boys, setting patterns that endure for the rest of the children's lives.
All Japanese relationships come down to mother and child role-playing. ''Even in our political system,'' he said, ''where loyalty to party is considered far more important than moral principle. The party is the mother. The politician is the child.'' It is no great surprise, then, that Itami had difficulties with his own mother. ''She was,'' he said, ''the type of woman who dominated her children, but I received most of the poison. In the name of love she used her children for her own satisfaction. It was a big problem.''
Itami's mother, 85, is still alive, living with his sister and brother-in-law and her own sister. ''She is happy,'' he said. ''She has a talent for finding people willing to be dominated by her. They treat her like a queen.''
It could be that Itami resents the fact that his mother lived and his father died. Itami reveres his father. Mansaku Itami, bedridden with tuberculosis the last years of his life, died in 1946 at age 46, leaving his son, 13, to cope with the widow.
''Without a father, someone to lead the way and to surpass,'' he said, ''it is very difficult for a boy to grow into a man. At a time when I most needed a father, I lost mine.''
By all accounts, Mansaku Itami was a man of consider-able character, a successful film director and an outspoken antimilitarist in an era in which antimilitarism was soon to be treasonous. He was also one of Japan's first film theoreticians, his collected essays filling four volumes.
One of Juzo Itami's earliest, fondest memories is walking with his father along the railroad tracks near Kyoto, and his father's pointing out how the tracks seemed to come together in the distance. ''Behind us,'' his father said, ''they spread out.'' When the boy looked around, the tracks were coming together. His father shook his head in mock despair. ''You just weren't quick enough.''


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What Families Are Saying
These are honest comments from actual families based on their firsthand experience with La Petite Academy. Want an even broader overview of the La Petite Academy experience? Visit independent websites like Google and Yelp, where many families share their thoughts on every aspect of La Petite Academy.
"I loved the staff from day one since my son started in the two-year-old room. I really do enjoy the activities that the parents participate in at the center. La Petite has a clean and friendly environment. The teachers are very loving, and know how to handle my child's different moods. I feel that La Petite Cordova is a great place for my son to learn."
Terence & Tabitha M
"My daughter has been going here since she was 7 months, and now she is in the Pre-K class. The service is outstanding and my daughter really enjoys going here. La Petite Cordova has great teachers, a wonderful environment, and has always made my daughter feel special. I would highly recommend La Petite Academy to other families."
Reggie & Janie R
"I chose La Petite Academy because it offers a diverse environment. La Petite Academy also offers an excellent educational program to help prepare my son for school. Also, La Petite has competitive pricing, and a friendly staff."
Eriaka J
Cynthia H
"My child has attended La Petite Academy since he was in the Two's class and he is now in Preschool. I am truly delighted with the care that has been provided to him at this facility. His teachers are always knowledgeable as to where he is developmentally. I absolutely love this academy."
Danielle J
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This post is written through a partnership with Sprouts Farmers Market. I've made this confession before, but I don't always buy organic foods. Shopping organically can be expensive and most families just can't afford the extra expense to buy only organic foods. While we could probably afford more than what we spend on groceries, it's very hard to commit to spending THAT much more every time we shop. I'm very excited to see all the money saving options that Sprouts is bringing to the Tampa area for organic, natural, and non-GMO groceries. Grand Opening Specials The Grand Opening of Sprouts in Carrollwood is next week and shoppers have several options to save money. Sprouts will be opening at 7 a.m. on Wednesday, February 22nd and the first 200 shoppers in line will get a coupon for 20 percent off their entire purchase. That's a huge savings for anyone who's up early enough to stand in line that morning. Sprouts will be serving coffee and muffins to everyone in line before the ... [ Read More ]
Shop Fresh, Shop Local, and Shop Small
This post is written through a partnership with Sprouts Farmers Market. What does it mean to "shop local?" In today's "Amazon" world everyone is migrating to instant gratification and wanting to order everything online, knowing that it will be delivered tomorrow. The meaning of shopping local is changing. Small businesses are closing their doors. Buildings are sitting vacant for longer. They can't compete with the Amazon-lifestyle. I'm pretty sure the only places I've shopped locally within the last month has been our grocery store, craft store, and drugstore. Aside from that anything that we need we usually order online and have it delivered to our house. However, I'm not much of a shopper so our needs are pretty limited. I don't think I'll ever start grocery shopping online. That would require me to have a set meal plan and use a grocery list to know exactly what I need days in advance. No more stopping by the grocery store on the way home to grab a few things for ... [ Read More ]
Chocolate Cookie Butter Balls & More Recipe Fun with Sprouts Brand
The recipes in this post are brought to you through a partnership with Sprouts Farmers Markets. About a week ago a huge box of goodies arrived from Sprouts Farmers Market full of pantry staples from their private label. My box arrived on a day when we were running all over town and it sat in the trunk of our Jeep until about 10pm. We had errands to run after school, then we had our Girl Scout meeting, ran by son up to a youth group meeting, grabbed a quick dinner with some friends, back to get my son and finally home to get both kids ready for bed. It was such an exhausting day, but my kids really wanted to help me open the box. This was the box that never ended, the goodies were packed deep in the box. It was a fun box to open. Lots of spice, some sweet heaven in a jar (i.e. Cookie Butter), and a few essentials that will stock our pantry for a while. We (almost) immediately opened the jar of Cookie Butter for a quick snack before heading off to bed! If you missed my ... [ Read More ]
Sprouts Farmers Market coming to Carrollwood
This post is written through a partnership with Sprouts Farmers Market. It doesn't take long for the news to spread when something new is headed to your neighborhood. Several months ago some friends circulated a post on Facebook about a new farmers market grocery store that was going in down the street from us. The building has been under construction for months and there are no signs out front yet. Fast forward to December of last year when one of their communication specialists reached out to me about working on an upcoming campaign to announce the store to the Tampa Bay area. I was very curious to know if this was the same store I had heard about earlier in the year. Is Sprouts Farmers Market coming to Tampa Bay?? Is there really going to be a new place for me to shop locally for natural and organic foods...without having to drive 20+ minutes to "the other guys?" Yes!!!! Sprouts Farmers Market is opening several stores in the Florida area in 2017; including Tampa! The ... [ Read More ]
Tips for Simplifying Your Holiday
This post is sponsored by Good Food Made Simple #SimplifyTheHolidays Is holiday stress getting to you? Too much family drama? Too many things to mark off your list? Too many gifts to buy and ship? If there is one thing that my parents taught me, it's that the holiday's shouldn't be about "things" and shouldn't stress you out. Here are some tips that help our family enjoy the holidays and reduces our stress level. Give the Gift of Experiences. Christmas presents don't always have to be "things," they could be special experiences like a day at the park with mommy, or a special weekend getaway to see some holiday lights, or a full day unplugged from distractions. Your kids will love their special time doing things with you and making memories. Limit the Gift Count. Don't feel like you have to indulge your children with every gift on their wish list. If they are like my kids, that wish list will keep growing and growing and growing. We stick with 1-2 big gifts and a few ... [ Read More ]
How to Incorporate Vegetable Juice into Your Recipes
I was sent a sampling of R.W. Knudsen vegetable juices this month as part of their blog ambassador program and was scared that I'd never end up using them. I've never been a fan of vegetable juices by themselves, so I decided to try to use them in other recipes to hide some vegetables from my kids. I was really surprised at how well they worked with some of our favorite recipes. We received Tomato Red Bell Pepper juice, Tomato Sriracha and Carrot juice. All of the juices are organic and only have 2-3 ingredients. Did I mention that these juices were a little intimidating to me? These are not things that I would normally add to my grocery cart. Since my Instant Pot (IP) has become my new best friend, it's only natural that my favorite recipes were ones cooked in the IP. The key with most IP recipes is that you need a liquid to create steam and pressure used in cooking the meal. Instead of using water, vegetable juices can be use and will add a more savory flavor to your ... [ Read More ]
Have a Wild Breakfast with Barbara's Bakery New Wild Rewards
Mornings are always a bit WILD around our house as we try to get dressed and out the door for school. Our current struggle? My kids don't want to eat breakfast anymore. I'm always reminding them to sit down for a few minutes and eat something - anything - before they leave. I just received a new box of goodies from Barbara's as one of their Mom-Tourage Blog Ambassadors that will help me with this daily battle. Barbara's Bakery makes an entire line of Non-GMO, wholesome cereals that my kids actually like. My daughter loves the wild animals on the boxes, her current favorite is the little fox on the Chocolate Chip Snackimals. Now my kids can make interact with these animals online with Barbara's Wild Rewards program. To watch this video on YouTube: https://youtu.be/n7Bh1N3LXXw Their new interactive wildlife education platform, Barbara's Wild Rewards, is designed to make it fun and entertaining for kids and families to learn about endangered and imperiled species while ... [ Read More ]
How to Cook Steel Cut Oats in an Instant Pot
You may have noticed my love of my Instant Pot lately? I've found a new way to use it to make breakfast even more fun and stress-free. I was sent some Bob's Red Mill Steel Cut Oats for this months Stonyfield Yogurt campaign. Before this month I had never before cooked steel cut oats and really wasn't sure how they were different from regular "quick oats." They are essential the same oat, but processed a little differently. Quick oats have been steamed and pressed to make them "quick" to cook. Steel cut oats are relatively unprocessed, but can take a lot longer to cook. With an Instant Pot you can prepare a single serving or a family-sized batch in only 10 minutes (20-30 including prep time and for natural release), as compared to 7-8 hours in a slow cooker. You won't have to watch the pot or stir anything once you have it started. If you want to learn more about Instant Pots you may want to read, What is an Instant Pot and Why Do I Need One. Directions for cooking steel ... [ Read More ]
Breakfast for Dinner – Apple Ginger Oatmeal
There are some nights when I just don't feel like preparing a full family meal. Tonight was one of those nights so I decided we were going to do breakfast for dinner. A nice hearty bowl of oatmeal was just what we needed to fill us up on a lazy Friday family night. Even though it's still in the 90's here in Florida, it's starting to feel like Fall in other regions. Most people crave all that pumpkin spice everything, but Fall for me means I crave apple everything. I received a bottle of Apple Ginger juice from R.W. Knudsen as part of their blog ambassador program so I decided to use it when making my oatmeal. I have to say that it was a GREAT decision. The kids both asked for a second bowl. I used steel cut oats for the first time and they are a much sturdier oat than regular quick oats. You can cook them on the stove, slow cooker, or my favorite, in an Instant Pot. Cooking times will vary depending on which cooking method you choose. Ingredients: 1 cup steel cut ... [ Read More ]
What is an Instant Pot and Why do I Need One?
I've jumped on the Instant Pot (IP) bandwagon and so should you! Several months ago some friends were raving about this thing called an Instant Pot and I had never heard about it. I later learned that it's a modern day pressure cooker. The only time I've ever seen a pressure cooker in use is at my Grandma's, she always makes the best pot roast with potatoes and veggies. The meat would just melt in your mouth and the veggies were cooked to perfection. Disclosure: This post contains affiliate links, all opinions are my own and I truly love these products or I wouldn't share them with you. An Instant Pot is a pressure cooker is similar to a slow cooker (or crock pot), but cooks much quicker and under pressure. There were a few features that my friends explained to me that sold me on this thing instantly (pun intended). Here are just a few.... Frozen chicken breasts or things can cook in less than 30 minutes! It makes hard boiled eggs super easy and quick, less than 5 min. ... [ Read More ]


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KNO is a child centered event designed to provide a safe, Christian, caring, and fun environment for children ages six-weeks through 5th Grade. Children will enjoy theme based activities, games, crafts, and a light dinner. Each month you will need to register your child.
Event Dates 2016
May 12- Join us for our last KNO of the season! Register HERE.
Food is included with the nightly fee. If your child has allergies specific to the meal, please provide them with one from home.
A reservation for your child must be made by noon the Tuesday prior to the event (unless otherwise noted).
Cancellations must be made by noon the day before the event to recieve a refund.
$15.00 per child, with a cap of $45.00 per family. If you have more than three children, contact Allyson Jones before registering online.
Contact: Allyson Jones, Children's Assistant
Circle of Friends is a program for all 4th and 5th graders. We might be playing games, doing service projects, or going on outings like bowling or trampoline parks. Feel free to invite a friend... the more the merrier!
Bring $5 to every event, unless otherwise noted.
May 7
Who wants to be a Superhero? Then this event is just what kids need to earn their official Superhero identity! We welcome all boys and girls as we put them through our first Hero Training Academy. It is an action packed event with tons of superhero fun. This academy is to get kids ready for our Hero Central Vacation Bible School on June 19-23.
Kids (and parents) will run through a series of training exercises! There will be activity stations all around Cypress UMC!!
We will end the night with a special assembly to introduce our Vacation Bible School! Be sure to sign up for Vacation Bible School before this event. If you register your kids by April 26 (early bird deadline), your kids will receive their VBS shirts early and get a free cape!
(note: you do not have to be attending Vacation Bible School to participate in this event)
Kids will go on an epic adventure alongside biblical heroes and disover the qualities that make them heroes as well. HERO CENTRAL is filled with spectacular music, science, crafts, recreation, and Bible stories that helps kids (and leaders) discover their strength in God.
For 4 year olds (as of 9/1/17) through those entering 5th grade for the 2017/2018 school year.
Register by April 26 to receive a FREE T-SHIRT and CAPE. These will be passed out at our HERO TRAINING ACADEMY on May 21.
FINAL REGISTRATION DEADLINE MAY 23 (T-shirt includuded)
We are looking for volunteers (guides, teachers, and hospitality). Sign up to serve. You will be blessed. Childcare is offered and there is a special VBS for volunteers with 3 year olds.
Everyone wants to win at sports and at life, but what does it take to get to victory? Kids will discover 4 important things they can do to become winners as they Conquer the Day.
MEGA Verse: "In all these things we are more than conquerors through him who loved us." Romans 8:37
Mega Sports camp is for kids 4 years old (September 1, 2017) through entering 5th grade.
Cost: $10 includes a t-shirt
There are only 60 spots available for each sport including the Sports Basics program.
Deadline to register is May 23.
For children 4 and 5 years olds (those entering Kindergarten) will participate in the Sports Basics program.
Children entering 1st - 5th grade will get to choose a sport for the camp: Basektball, Soccer, or Cheerleading. You can only choose one sport.
What happens at Mega Sports Camp?
Sports Training: Every day kids go to three sessions to learn new skills for the sport they chose.
Coach Huddle Small Groups: A highlight for kids is connecting with their Huddle Coach for small group time and discussing the theme for the day.
Large Group Rallies: Everyone comes together two times during the evening for fun songs, sports stories, interactive Bible stories, and response time.
Join us to become a Master Chef for the day! We will have a real chef to teach you how to cook something tasty! Cost is $15 per person. Children must be 4 years old through entering 5th grade in the 2017-18 school year. Register HERE
Come splash around in our super cool water activities! Cost is $15 per person. Children must be 4 years old through entering 5th grade in the 2017-18 school year. Don't forget to bring a sack lunch, swimsuit, change of clothes, and a towel! Register HERE
Join us as we travel to Urban Air for a fun day of jumping on tramponlines, a foam pit, and even dodge ball! Cost is $15 per person. Children must be entering 1st-5th grade in the 2017-18 school year. Younger siblings may attend if a parent volunteers to come. Don't forget to bring a sack lunch! Register HERE
Come to the carnival! We will have loads of fun with carnival games, face painting, and even a surprise guest! Cost is $15 per person. Children must be 4 years old through entering 5th grade for the 2017-18 school year. Don't forget to bring a sack lunch! Register HERE
I wonder what we are doing today... It's a MYSTERY! Join us for a day of fun surprises! Cost is $15 per person. Children must be 4 years old through entering 5th grade for the 2017-18 school year. Don't forget to bring a sack lunch! Register HERE


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Zalig Kerstfeest en Gelukkig nieuw jaar
Click below for…..
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"Click" for live Webcam
The beautiful setting of medieval Bruges with it's cobbled streets and historic buildings, offers a magical setting for the Christmas markets, located at Simon Stevin Plein and Markt Square around the open air skating rink.Traditional stands sell anything from Christmas goods, clothing, decorations, foods, snacks and warming Gluhwein. There are also several smaller markets around Bruges.
View Larger Map
LocationSimon Stevin Plain & Market Square
25 Nov 16 to 01 Jan 17
Opening Times
Why not travel by Train, leave the car at home, and relax letting someone else do the driving
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An RV Tour of some of the National and State Parks in the USA 26th April – 15th June 2012 Sent in by Joan & Malcolm, UK The beginning of the tour was late at night when we arrived at the hotel in Portland, Oregon. Our taxi driver warned us not to walk out in […]


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NEW ORLEANS—Fresh off its initial raise and roll-up in December 2015, Provenance Hotels Partners Fund I (PHPF I) has announced its acquisition of the Old No. 77 Hotel & Chandlery in New Orleans. The seller was a partnership primarily comprised ...Read More »
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Pendry Hotels Announces East Coast Debut
NEW YORK—In collaboration with Sagamore Development Company, the development enterprise of Under Armour Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Kevin Plank, Pendry Hotels announced today its first East Coast hotel, Sagamore Pendry Baltimore. Located in the vibrant waterfront neighborhood of Fells ...Read More »
Dream Hotels Announces New Destinations
NEW YORK—Renowned hotel brand and management company Dream Hotel Group has signed its first hotel in the Middle East with Qatar-based Al Alfia Holding to develop a Dream Hotel in Doha, the state capital. To cap off a letterhead day, ...Read More »
Monarch Beach Reveals $40 Million Renovation
Previously known as the St. Regis Monarch Beach, the resort has been revamped into the Monarch Beach Resort, finishing its $40 million project after one year. The Monarch now displays a coastal atmosphere, complete with numerous amenities and activities. The ...Read More »
Homewood Suites Breaks Ground in Arlington
ROSSLYN, Va.—The B.F. Saul Company is adding an upscale, all-suite hotel to its presence in Arlington County, Va. On June 1, partners from Hilton Worldwide, the Commonwealth of Virginia, Arlington County, Donohoe Construction Company, and BB&T joined the B.F. Saul ...Read More »
Hilton Enters Cleveland with New Hotel
Located on Lakeside Avenue in downtown Cleveland, the new Hilton Cleveland downtown hotel overlooks Lake Erie and FirstEnergy Stadium, towering 32 floors high with 600 spacious guest rooms. Shawn McAteer, vice president, global brand management, and full service brands for ...Read More »


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Grind rock salt and green chilly in mixer. Take one bowl of curd & mix it in water & make it in a liquid form. Heat some oil and add curry leaves, mustard
Heat oil in a kadhai, Put jeera and wait till they start crackling. Add onion, tomatoes and palak. Now add red chili powder, dhaniya powder, jeera
Soak broken wheat and moong dal for half an hour. In pan heat the oil, put mustard seeds and jeera. Put chopped ginger, turmeric powder and hing and
Blanch tomatoes in boiling water for 2-5 mins, peel the tomatoes and chop it finely. Dry roast chana dal, moong dal, and coriander & cumin seeds, Kashmiri
In a medium bowl, place apple slices and pomegranate, add lime juice and toss. Sprinkle some mint, chaat masala and drizzle with honey.
Health Total is a prominent name in nutrition, weight loss, health, and lifestyle management.
We have 60 centers across India in Mumbai, New Delhi, Pune, Bengaluru, Indore, and Nasik.
2016 © Anjali Mukerjee Health Total Pvt. Ltd.*Disclaimer : Weight Loss results may vary for our clients following our customized programs


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Oil on canvas, 36 inches by 60 inches, 2010
Nyx is the Greek goddess of the night. A shadowy figure, Nyx stood at or near the beginning of creation, and was the mother of other personified deities such as Hypnos (Sleep) and Thanatos (Death). Her appearances are sparse in surviving mythology, but reveal her as a figure of such exceptional power and beauty, that she is feared by Zeus himself. She is found in the shadows of the world and only ever seen in glimpses. More Inspired by a photograph of Kate Moss included in a feature on her in Interview Magazine.


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Question: Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya was the disciple of -1)Sheikh Alauddin Sabir
2)Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti
3)Baba Farid
4)Sheikh Ahmed Sirhundi
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Need a book? Engineering books recommendations...
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RE: shear wall program[Subject Prev][Subject Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next]
- To: <seaint(--nospam--at)seaint.org>
- Subject: RE: shear wall program
- From: "Robert Jonkman" <rjonkman(--nospam--at)cwc.ca>
- Date: Fri, 9 Mar 2007 15:15:49 -0500
Casey, does this spreadsheet take the generated loads and distribute them to the shearwalls based on the type of diaphragm?
Robert J. Jonkman, P.Eng.
Manager, Structural Engineering
Canadian Wood Council
From: Casey K.
Hemmatyar [mailto:khemmatyar(--nospam--at)gmail.com]
I have made an excel file for this purpose that I've been using since 1992 and have updated for new codes as required. It does calculate the accurate lateral deflection of the plywood shearwall poer code and compares it with allowable drift at each story. It can analyze and design up to 4 story . It specifies Nailing, Sill plate, Holdowns and Anchor bolts requirement. I have been using it for apartment buildings as well as other wood frame staructures.
The spreadsheet is based on the optional City of
If you or others are interested send me a private email at k(--nospam--at)hemmatyar.com .
From: ndz28(--nospam--at)aol.com [mailto: ndz28(--nospam--at)aol.com]
I was just wondering
if any one of you is familiar with the Woodworks shear wall software. I need a
program that can comply with the flexible and rigid diaphragm requirements
of the code and also provide me with wall deflections. I have several
larger buildings to do in
Thank you
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- RE: shear wall program
- From: Casey K. Hemmatyar
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