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- Quan C. Dang, Terry Baylis, Dilip Patel
- 2007
In the context of end user development, business modelling plays a crucial role in sustaining the usage value of individual application software and the integration of them into a unified enterprise-wide information system infrastructure. The construction of business models requires an appropriate set of modelling constructs and a method. These should be… (More)
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 7, 2000
|Filing date
|Dec 12, 1997
|Priority date
|Dec 20, 1996
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Gerard Lebizay, Maurice Duault, Bernard Pucci, Gerard Richter
|Original Assignee
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (37), Classifications (11), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to the transport of voice data in packet or cell switching networks such as Frame Relay or ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) networks and more particularly to a function of repetitive pattern removel (RPR).
In digital networks, voice is encoded with a PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) coding system which provides a constant bit rate of 64 Kbps (thousand bits per second). This bit rate corresponds to the sampling of the voice analog signal at the rate of 8,000 times per second, each sample being represented by 8 bits. In order to transport this voice signal across a packet or cell switching network, 8-bit samples are assembled into packets.
Packetized systems permit multiplexing of voice and data traffic from several users so that they may share transmission bandwidth and switching resources. A packet header includes the necessary control information allowing a wide range of coding schemes for voice and data and thus easy integration of multimedia traffic (voice, video and data). The packet switching networks considered for the present invention are either packet based such as Frame Relay or cell based such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks. One major requirement in such networks is the efficient management of the bandwidth allocation in order to reduce the transmission costs. One way of saving bandwidth is to reduce the bit rate required from the 64 Kbps standard rate by applying compression techniques. Many voice compression algorithms rely on the fact that a voice signal has considerable redundancy (i.e. the general characteristics of the next few samples can be predicted from the last few). One common coding scheme based on prediction, which reduces the data rate to 32 Kbps without measurable loss of quality, is called Adaptive Differential PCM (ADPCM). In concept ADPCM encodes each sample as the difference between it and the last sample, rather than as an absolute amplitude value. Another compression technique is the analysis by synthesis method, an example of which is the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) standard for European Cellular Telecommunications System. By using the GSM compression technique, the bit rate of a voice data stream can be reduced from the standard 64 Kbps to around 13 Kbps. As well as saving bandwidth, the compression algorithm must be efficient in terms of quality, which means that a listener must not detect the difference between an original analog signal and one which has been encoded and later decoded.
Another way of saving bandwidth is to detect in the voice data stream when there is no actual speech (i.e. silence) and just stop sending data during the gaps. This silence removal function consists of detecting the silence and halting transmission of voice packets at the transmitting side of the network and generating a background noise instead of silence at the receiving side.
Voice communication facilities, such as a PBX (Private Branch exchange) attached to a transmitting node (i.e. an access node of a digital network), may transmit repetitive patterns, )e.g. when a voice channel is idle). It is possible to save bandwidth by detecting the presence of repetitive patterns over the communication channel and stop the transmission of the corresponding data packets from the transmitting node to a receiving node of the digital network. At the receiving node the repetitive patterns should be regenerated in order to maintain the integrity of the data stream transmitted toward a destination communication facility such as a second PBX attached to the digital network.
Such techniques already exist in the background art. One simple technique uses a static configuration of the repetitive pattern to be detected in the transmitting side of the network. Then, once this pattern has been detected and the idle state of the voice channel confirmed, the packet transmission to the receiving node is interrupted. At the receiving side of the network, the repetitive pattern is regenerated and inserted in the output samples stream. A disadvantage of this technique is that if the binary value of the repetitive pattern changes (i.e. differs from the configured value), as in case of a different protocol used by the emitting device (e.g. PBX), the transmission of the repetitive pattern is not stopped unless its value is reconfigured in the repetitive pattern detection system. Thus, this technique has the drawback of being protocol dependent.
A technique that overcomes the above problem of protocol dependency consists of sending, after detection of a repetitive pattern in the receiving side, a control packet which provides the receiving side with the repetitive pattern value to be played out in the output samples stream, after that the transmission is interrupted. This technique requires a specific packet header format for carrying out the control packet recognition. This type of format is not available for ATM Adaptation Layer of type 0 and 1 (AAL0, AAL1).
Still another technique is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,058 issued on May 28, 1991 to B. D. Holden et al. entitled "Packet voice/data communication system having protocol independent repetitive packet suppression". According to this patent, the repetitive pattern suppression technique utilizes a compression/expansion algorithm. On the compression side, the repetitive pattern suppression (RPS) technique looks for repeating patterns in an incoming data stream. The RPS compression side suppresses the transmission of entire packets when a repeating pattern has been established in the last sample of the previous packet, and then is found to repeat throughout the current packet. Whenever a packet does not arrive in time to be played out to the user, the expansion part of the RPS algorithm fills (replicates) the resulting hole in the data stream with the last sample from the previously received packet. This latter technique does not require control packet and is protocol independent but presents some vulnerability in case of dropped packet errors. Indeed, the RPS algorithm disclosed in that patent does not allow, at the receiving side, for the difference between a suppressed packet and a dropped packet during transmission, and the fill pattern for the missing packet is derived from whatever sample pattern lands at the end of the previous packet.
Furthermore, none of the techniques presented above address the case of repetitive pattern removal when voice is compressed, using for example a GSM algorithm. It is still possible to detect repetitive patterns in the incoming encoded packets at the transmitting side of the network and stop the transmission of the next repetitive packets. But, after the decoding of a repetitive packet at the receiving side, the repetitive pattern binary value obtained has a very low probability of complying with the original repetitive pattern before it was encoded and transmitted. This is due to the nature of a compression algorithm such as GSM, which was developed for speech but not for data. As the repetitive pattern value can provide information to the destination device such as information on the state of the connection (e.g. idle state), it is necessary not to corrupt the value of the repetitive pattern during the encoding/decoding process.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide an improved repetitive pattern removal (RPR) function to apply to a voice/data stream, which may be compressed, in order to reduce the bit rate required during transmission of said voice/data stream from a transmitting side to one or more receiving sides of a cell/packet switching network.
In accordance with the present invention, repetitive packets in a voice/data stream, are detected and suppressed in the transmitting side of a network after a predefined number of consecutive repetitive packets have been transmitted. Then, at the receiving side of the network, suppressed repetitive packets are reconstituted by filling the resulting gap in the voice/data stream with the repetitive pattern contained in the last received repetitive packet. When the input voice/data stream is compressed, only non-repetitive packets are compressed so that repetitive patterns are not corrupted by compression.
The repetitive pattern removal function provided by the invention is not protocol dependent, it does not use a signalling or control packet, it allows the input voice/data signal compression concurrently with the suppression of repetitive patterns and their reconstitution in the output signal. Furthermore it is more secure in case of transmission fails such as dropped packets, by sending before suppression, a predefined number of repetitive packets so that the receiving side can differentiate between dropped packets and removed repetitive packets.
FIG. 1 shows a voice signal and its corresponding voice channel data stream transported over a typically configured packet/cell network;
FIG. 2 is an illustration of the RPR technique for non-compressed voice;
FIG. 3 is an illustration of the RPR technique for compressed voice;
FIG. 4 is an illustration of the RPR periodic refresh function for robustness purpose;
FIG. 5 shows a flow chart of the RPR algorithm functions performed at the transmitting side of the network;
FIG. 6 shows a flow chart of the RPR algorithm functions performed at the receiving side of the network;
FIG. 7 illustrates the implementation of the RPR algorithm as a program running in an adapter card of a telecommunication access node dedicated to voice processing.
Referring to FIG. 1 two PBX's communicate to each other through a communication network. A voice signal 110 is transported from a PBX 100 in a standard 64 kbps voice channel as an incoming stream of voice samples 120 to an input access node 130, so-called packet transmitting side, of a packet/cell switching communication network 150. In the input access node the stream of voice samples 120 is packetized and transported through the network as a stream of network packets 140 to a network output access node 160, so-called packet receiving side. The output node 160 provides to the destination PBX 180 an output stream of samples 170, as a standard 64 kbps voice channel, which should be identical to the input samples stream 120. The voice samples 120 enter the network at a constant bit rate of 64 kbps in PCM mode. Optionally, in the input node 130, the voice samples are compressed using a GSM algorithm, and decompressed at the output node 160. The voice signal 110 is a succession of speech periods (115, 135) and idle periods (125, 145) wherein the PBX 100 sends a repetitive pattern 155 which is indicative of the idle state of the voice channel. A general object of the present invention is to avoid the transmission of these repetitive patterns inside the network from the input node, and to regenerate them at the output node such that the original data stream 120 is reconstituted in the output data stream 170.
FIG. 2 shows the repetitive pattern removal (RPR) technique applied to non-compressed voice signals. The voice signal 110 of FIG. 1 is issued from a standard 64 kbps PCM voice channel and comprises an idle period 125 between two speech periods (115, 135). In the network transmitting side of the preferred embodiment, the voice signal is available as a packets stream, each packet including 160 8-bit samples or patterns. As the bit rate of the incoming voice signal is 64 kbps, i.e. one sample every 125 microseconds, there is one packet every 20 milliseconds (ms). Therefore, a network packet stream 140 is sent from the transmitting side to the receiving side of the network. The data transmitted through the network may be embedded inside the payload of an ATM cell, a Frame Relay frame, a IP (Internet Protocol) packet or inside the payload of a packet of any packet switching technology. During the first speech period 115, the RPR system is in speech state 200 and voice samples network packets 230 are sent from the transmitting side. When the voice channel turns to idle state 125, an idle pattern is generated and repetitive packets 240 (idle packets) flow into the transmitting side. The RPR system detects that there is a predefined number N1 (N1=3 in the preferred embodiment) of successive repetitive packets 240 containing the same repeated pattern, and turns to idle state 220, after the N1 repetitive packets have been transmitted. The transmission of the N1 repetitive packets corresponds to a time period 210 of N1*20 ms (where * denotes multiplication; if N1=3 the period is 60 ms). Then the RPR system holds the transmission 250 until non-repetitive packets e.g. speech packets are detected and the transmission starts again by sending the corresponding network packets 260. In the receiving side of the network, an output packet stream 170 is emitted with idle packets 270 inserted in the gap that corresponds to repetitive packets suppressed. These packets inserted are filled with the repetitive pattern that was extracted from the N1 idle packets 240 that were received.
Now referring to FIG. 3 there is shown an illustration of the RPR technique applied to compressed voice. The incoming packets 140 are compressed when they correspond to speech samples 115. A GSM algorithm is applied for reducing the bit rate from 64 kbps to 13 kbps. Speech packets are compressed (V') and transmitted. When idle packets are detected the compression operation is stopped and a number N1 of non-compressed idle packets 240 is transmitted, in network format, as in FIG. 2. In the receiving side speech packets are decompressed providing output speech packets V" and, as in FIG. 2, idle packets 270 are inserted in the gap 250 that corresponds to repetitive packets suppressed. Repetitive packets are not compressed because a compression algorithm such as GSM, which is made for speech, would corrupt the value of the idle pattern contained in the N1 idle packets transmitted, from which the receiving side extracts the repetitive pattern to play out in the output data stream. In the preferred embodiment, the N1 repetitive packets are not compressed when they are transmitted, but they have the same size as compressed voice packets so as to keep the same bit rate. In this case, the receiving side expands these repetitive packets to provide the original size of 160 patterns per packet, so that they can be played out.
FIG. 4 is an illustration of a periodic refresh function included in the RPR system which can be used for transmitting compressed or non-compressed voice/data stream. This function consists in sending a certain number of network repetitive packets 400 (in the preferred embodiment this number is one) after a predefined number N2 of consecutive repetitive packets have been suppressed, which corresponds, in the preferred embodiment, to a period of time of 1 or 2 seconds 410. The purpose of the periodic refresh is to maintain data integrity in case of transmission problems, thus improving the robustness of the transmission. For example, if transmission problems such as dropped packets occurs so that none of the N1 idle packets are transmitted, the receiving side does not receive any packet and does not "know" that the state of the line is idle. In this case the receiving side can play silence or digital speech interpolation (DSI) until the refresh repetitive packet is received which allows the receiving side to play the repetitive pattern in the output data stream. More generally, if the receiving side receives no packet during a number of consecutive refresh periods 410, this is indicative of connection problem or trunk failure.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing the functions of the Repetitive Pattern Removal system performed at the transmitting side of the network. Starting in step 501, the process starts by loading in 502, a new incoming packet P from the input voice/data stream. Then in step 503 the RPR system determines if the new packet is repetitive or not. In the preferred embodiment each incoming packet contains 160 8-bit patterns representing PCM encoded speech samples or voiceband data (e.g. fax data). As the bit rate of the voice channel is 64 kbps there is one new packet every 20 milliseconds. If new packet P is repetitive, the repetitive pattern pat(P) that it contains, is stored in a register Rep--Pat (505). In step 507, the repetitive pattern (RP) previously stored in a register Prev--Pat, is compared to the new RP stored in Rep--Pat. If previous and new RPs are equal, which means that previous packet and new packet are repetitive and identical, a first counter n1 is incremented (510). Then, in step 511, the value of counter n1 is compared to a predefined number N1 (N1=3 in the preferred embodiment). If n1 is smaller than N1 (512), signifying that less than N1 successive identical repetitive packets have been detected, new packet P is transmitted (517). On the other hand, if n1 is greater or equal to N1, signifying that at least N1 successive identical repetitive packets have been detected, a second counter n2 is incremented (513) and compared, in 514, to a predefined number N2. If less than N2 repetitive packets have been suppressed (515), new packet P is suppressed (518). However, if n2 is equal to N2 signifying that N2 successive identical repetitive packets have been suppressed then counter n2 is reinitialized to one (516) and repetitive packet P is transmitted (517). The transmission of this (N2+1)th repetitive packet is the implementation of the periodic refresh function illustrated in FIG. 4. The period of the refresh corresponds to N2*20 ms. For a period of 1 second, the value of N2 is 50. If in step 507, the previous and new repetitive patterns are different, counters n1 and n2 are reinitialized to one (509), and register Prev--Pat is loaded with new repetitive pattern stored in Rep--Pat. Then packet P is transmitted (517). In step 503, if the new packet is a non-repetitive packet, counters n1 and n2 are reinitialized to one (504). Then, a selector 506 provides the possibility of compressing (branch YES) or not (branch NO) the new packet. For example, a GSM compression technique is applied (508) if packet P contains speech patterns (samples), and it is not applied if packet P contains voiceband data patterns (e.g fax/modem data). Then non-repetitive packet P is transmitted in cell/packet network format (517). Finally, a new cycle starts by returning to step 501.
Repetitive pattern detection
The repetitive pattern detector of the present invention applies for two different situations. The first is when a voice channel idles with all 8-bit patterns having the same value. And the second is when, as in the U.S. technique of Channel Associating Signalling (CAS), the last bit of one 8-bit pattern every six patterns is used for signalling. In this case, when the channel idles, one pattern of every six is different, due to its last bit. To comply with both situations, the repetitive pattern detector of the present invention proceeds as follows.
For every input packet (160 8-bit patterns)
a) One pattern is taken and is "masked" with 11111110 binary so that only the first seven bits are considered.
b) The "masked" pattern is compared with the preceding "masked" one.
c) If there is a difference, the channel is not in "idle" state; the process is terminated for the current packet (take a new input packet).
d) If there is no difference, a new pattern is taken (go to a)).
The packet is "idle" (repetitive) if all its "masked" patterns are equal.
Now to determine the real value (not "masked") of the "idle" pattern within the current packet, it is sufficient to find five non-masked successive patterns with the same value. This latter value is the repetitive pattern to be transmitted to the receiving side of the network.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing the functions of the Repetitive Pattern Removal system performed at the receiving side of the network. The process starts (600) by resetting (601), Idle--Flag, indicative of the repetitive patterns transmission state (e.g. idle state) of the voice channel connected to the transmitting side. In step 602, an input queue (e.g. FIFO), receiving the incoming packets from the transmitting side, is checked. If the queue is not empty (branch NO), a packet (the first arrived in the queue) is loaded (603). This packet, called new received packet P, is analyzed for determining if it is repetitive or not (604). If new packet p is not repetitive (branch No), Idle--Flag is set to 0 (605). Then, it is determined in step 606 if packet P is compressed or not. If p is compressed (branch YES), it is decompressed (607) before it is played out in the output signal (608). If new packet p is not compressed (606, branch NO), it is directly played out in the output signal (608). Then a new cycle starts by checking this queue (602). Returning to step 604, if new packet p is repetitive (branch YES), Idle--Flag is set to 1 (609). In following step 610, the repetitive pattern pat(P) contained in packet p, is stored in a register Rep--Pat. Then, repetitive packet p is played out in the output signal (608) and a new cycle begins (602).
In step 602, if the queue is empty (branch YES), the value of Idle--Flag is tested (611). If Idle--Flag value is 1, this signifies that the last packet received was a repetitive packet and that the transmitting side is suppressing repetitive packets. A repetitive packet is then reconstituted, filled in with the last repetitive pattern stored in Rep--Pat, and played out in the output signal (612), so that the original voice/data stream is reconstituted, and a new cycle begins (602). If Idle--Flag value is 0 (611, branch 0), this signifies that the last packet received was not repetitive and thus, the voice channel is not idle. Consequently, a transmission problem is identified and the receiving side takes a decision such as playing Digital Speech Interpolation 613 (in case of a speech communication was established) and the queue is tested again (602).
In the access nodes of a communication network according to the invention, the implementation of processing functions such as voice compression is done in a dedicated voice traffic adapter card. FIG. 7 illustrates the components related to the repetitive packet removal function in the dedicated voice traffic adapter card 700 the program instructions are stored in a first RAM storage unit 710 and are read via the bus 740, in a Digital Signal Processor 750 or a pool of DSPs which stores the data for instruction execution in a second RAM storage unit 720 accessed through a bus 730. Input voice packets arrive in the DSP through the input serial link 760 and are sent out through the output serial link 770. The DSP 750 can also be used for running the voice compression algorithms. The adapter card 700 also contains the components for carrying out common routing functions using input and output serial links 760 and 770 as communication means.
While the invention has been described with respect to the illustrated embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification
|370/352, 370/477, 375/368
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 7, 1998
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LEBIZAY, GERARD;PUCCI, BERNARD;RICHTER, GERARD;REEL/FRAME:009623/0654;SIGNING DATES FROM 19980330 TO 19980525
|Mar 2, 2000
Owner name: CISCO SYSTEMS, INC., CALIFORNIA
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Owner name: CISCO TECHNOLOGY, INC., CALIFORNIA
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|May 26, 2004
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
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|Jun 29, 2004
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|Apr 17, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 7, 2012
|Fee payment
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subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Jewesses with Attitude
Filter Posts
Can I Ask You Something?
For as long as I can remember, I've butted heads with Orthodox men. There was the time in third grade when I volunteered to sing the Torah trope, but was discouraged by a boy in my class who said that "girls don't actually read Torah at their bat mitzvahs." In other words, why bother? Then in sixth grade, when all I wanted was to learn advanced Talmud, I was met with a discrediting, "okay, Abigail, okay. We'll see."
Second Season with Crazy
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I have a twin brother. Most people, upon finding this out, ask if we're identical. In the scientific sense of the word, my brother, Jacob, and I are fraternal twins, and I always have to suppress a laugh when I'm asked this question because it's biologically impossible that we're identical. However, except for our gender difference, Jacob and I share many social identifiers that influence how we experience the world.
Honey and Hanukah: How Food Justice has shaped my Judaism
Food and food justice had always been something that my family and I were passionate about, so I decided that for my Bat Mitzvah project, I would found a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) program at my temple. CSA is a system in which customers pay a deposit in exchange for weekly bags of fresh vegetables, giving farmers more financial security, and the customer a steady supply of healthy, environmentally friendly, and in-season produce.
Nasty Women, Unite!
When Donald Trump muttered the word "nasty" into his microphone at the third presidential debate, all I could think of was a quote by Bella Abzug. Presciently, while advocating for women in the 1970s, the New York senator said, "The Establishment is made up of little men, very frightened." Trump's choice to use the word "nasty" in an attempt to silence someone who disagrees with him reads as the definition of a little man to me, and Trump is a little man who is very frightened.
From Camp Gyno to Women's Health Activist
The summer of 2013 was when I taught my bunk at Camp Young Judaea that girls have more than two holes "down there." Now for those uninitiated with the workings of a girls' bunk, this may seem crazy or even obscene. However, for us, this was just another lesson in a long line of facts about the female body I had told my bunkmates that summer.
The Cleveland Jew's Dilemma
Nearly 200 years ago, residents of the West Side of Cleveland destroyed the bridge that connected the banks of the Cuyahoga river, separating themselves from East Cleveland, and intending to become their own city. Since then, we've built a new bridge and stayed a single city, but we still haven't gotten over our differences. East Siders think that West Siders are blue-collar conservatives who have failed to build up their communities. West Siders think that East Siders are snobby, rich, white people who never leave their suburban bubble.
The Oxymoron of Jewish Feminism
I had fallen so deeply in love with Jewish text study that I neglected to see the many ways in which I was not represented in those texts. The tension became clear: How could I honor a tradition that did not make space for me as a female?
From the Polls: Voting for "Nixon"
With the 2016 election only weeks away, the JWA staff wanted to share one of our favorite stories submitted to JWA's ongoing collection of voting stories! In a year when "the women's vote" is both highly scrutinized and vital to the election outcome, we especially love the following story detailing one determined young mother's inventive method of finding childcare so she could exercise her right to vote.
This story was submitted by Mae T.
Secular Bat Mitzvahs? Yes, they do exist!
When I was in 7th grade, all of my Jewish friends complained about having to memorize Torah portions and prayers for their Bar and Bat Mitzvahs. I had a Bat Mitzvah too, but mine was secular and didn't include these traditional elements. My secular ceremony was different than any other Bar or Bat Mitzvah, and that is what made it so special to me.
Binding My Religious and Feminist Identities Together
I started wearing tefillin at camp. I was fourteen and I had a lot of ideas about overthrowing patriarchal Judaism, and I thought it looked cool. Tefillin are traditionally worn only by Jewish men who have reached bar mitzvah age (thirteen), although Conservative and Reform Judaism, some of the more liberal sects of Judaism, are very accepting of women wrapping as well.
Pumpkin Spice Rugelach
Hi Everyone! Hope you all had a wonderful Rosh Hashanah, a meaningful Yom Kippur, and an easy fast. And next in the annual fall marathon of Jewish holidays, I hope you have a great Sukkot. In honor of this holiday, filled with stuffed foods and fall vegetables, I've put together a recipe for pumpkin spice rugelach.
My Jewish Feminist Roots and The Fruit of My Mother's Labor
My mother struggled her whole life to bring her love of Judaism and her expectation of gender equality together. I was raised on the foundation that she had worked tirelessly to build.
A Podcast That Sounds Like Me
"'We talk about current events, friendship, Beyoncé, and politics,' Aminatou Sow said in Episode One of the podcast Call Your Girlfriend. I smiled to myself. That's exactly what I talk about with my friends, I thought."
Leading a Sea of Voices
I never realized that it was possible for my whole outlook on Judaism to be transformed in an hour and a half, or that a few moments of hearing voices come together in prayer could move me so deeply. But that's exactly what happened when I led my youth group in Shabbat services this past March.
"In a Place Where There Are No Men"
The 21st century in general, and this season in particular, is a high stakes time in the congregational rabbinate. Taking a break from my annual scramble to produce four 20-minute sermons that will change the course of history (that's really what it feels like), I had the opportunity to re-read some High Holy Day words that actually did change the course of history.
How the WASP-iest School in America Taught Me to be a Feminist
I would understand if upperclassmen boys bad-mouthed feminism – they tend to have the need to silence strong women. But our head of school? The first female to hold this position at my school? What kind of example does that set for new girls on campus?
Power Through Words
Boys in my preschool told me that I should like pink. "Boys like blue and girls like pink;" that was their reasoning. They told me that if I wanted to play with them at recess I couldn't "act like a girl." I didn't understand what they meant, but I agreed to the terms. While things like this didn't bother me in preschool, as I got older, people's choice of words started to have more and more of an impact on me.
It's A Bird! It's a Plane! It's a Feminist!
I admit, I am woefully late to the party on Supergirl. I tried the pilot episode when it came out last year and found it a little campy and contrived next to my usual superhero and science-fiction fare. And by the time I gave it another try, late in the season, most of the previous episodes weren't available online anymore.
But to drum up enthusiasm for Season Two, Season One is finally available on Netflix, and bingeing it hasn't just been a guilty pleasure, it's pushed me to look at massive blind spots I still have in my assumptions about feminism and pop culture.
A Pluralistic Girl in a Non-Pluralistic City
As a vocal feminist, you might expect me to get upset at various sites in Israel, such as the Kotel, because women are not treated equally to men. On the contrary, I tend to forgive these characteristics that go against my personal values, and instead embrace the spiritual and Jewish aspects to which I can connect. However, I broke this trend on a Shabbat trip to Tsfat, one of the holiest cities in the country with one of the most observant populations.
Deciphering the Code
Dress codes. If you've been on the internet in the past few years, you've probably noticed that teenage girls tend to butt heads with them quite a bit. You may have read about how blatantly discriminatory dress codes are when it comes to gender. You might already be informed about how they contribute to victim blaming, are a form of slut shaming, and reinforce rape culture. Indeed, dress codes have become a sort-of gateway into feminist thought for teenage girls. For me, they were certainly a rude awakening.
How to cite this page
Jewish Women's Archive. "Blog." (Viewed on April 29, 2017) <https://jwa.org/blog>.


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Welcome to my blog, Friend.
I'm Hye Sung. (That's my first name.) I'm a Quaker in Philadelphia. For Enneagram-nerds, I'm a 9 with an 8 wing. My dream is to one day go on a Mormon history road trip.
I have a lot of thoughts and even more feelings. This is where I tend to air that stuff out.


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Wow, this is like, my third Syelle one-shot in four days. I'm on a roll.
I hope it is received well. The title is a quote from Elle.
Personally, I don't condone Sylar/Claire, it's just wierd, but I thought that'd make this interesting. Niether do I own Heroes
Reviews make me happy :)
Elle and Sylar aren't talking.
He is rushing around like a headless chicken, trying to find things to stop her leg bleeding so profusely all over the shop floor but he doesn't know what he needs! He doesn't know how to save her.
She is sat against a shelf, her little face screwed up in pain and her hand is clamped over her thigh. Red liquid seeps between her fingers and she grits her teeth. She remembers Noah Bennet's words a while ago, while she sat, bound to a chair, soaking wet. Lit up with her own electricity.
Stings like a bitch, doesn't it? She lets out a little whimper and curses Glasses in her head, for being right.
Sylar casts his gaze upon her, sprawled on the tiles, bleeding and helpless. And he doesn't know what to say to her. Because she won't talk to him. Way to go, jackass, Gabriel grumbles inside Sylar's head.
Sylar's fists clench furiously at his own carelessness, his own stupidity. It was an accident. He hadn't meant to say it. Not really. He hadn't meant to whisper someone else's name into Elle's hair back at Canfield House. He hadn't meant to let his mind wander to another girl. Another beautiful girl with long, blonde hair.
Oh, Elle looked like she was going to murder him.
Just when Sylar thought Elle was going to blast him into ash, the father of the girl whose name had blurted out of Sylar's lips, the father of the girl who Sylar's electrogenisist lover hates more than life itself, went and shot her. And not a word has passed between them since.
Sylar wants to think, lucky for me. But he just can't.
As Sylar looks at Elle, and his black eyes meet her blue ones, and he holds out a reel of bandage and some animal plasters, and her bloodied fingers take them without thanks, he feels it swelling up inside him. This foreign feeling that burns and boils and what is it? What is it, what is it, what is it?!
He loves Elle. Really, honestly, truly he does. He loves her so, so much it hurts. It's killing him. He has wanted to tell her for so long. After everything they've been through. He thinks he might even die for her.
Gabriel Gray would have told her about his irrevocable love for her, if he wasn't so pathetically shy. And Sylar would have told her, if he weren't quite the opposite: far too proud.
Godammit, he wants to go back to that house and pour every single drop of the love he feels into Elle until it drowns her. He wants her to feel his pain. But -
If it were another girl, the only other girl, they wouldn't be in this mess.
If he is technical, Sylar knows that Noah Bennet would never shoot his own daughter. He would put a thousand bullets in Sylar, if he found him and her in the same predicament as he found Sylar and Elle. But still.
If he did shoot his daughter she and Sylar wouldn't be in a department store, trying to bandage up a bullet wound, with some idiotic shop assistant wondering if they need help.
Sylar loves Elle. With every fibre of his being, he loves her.
But Claire would have healed by now.
Liked it? Hated it? Let me know ;)


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Prices on demand plus shipping.


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Left wing by committee? DePaoli gives you the latest buzz coming out of training camp.
Pittsburgh Penguins
Inside Look at the Penguins Rookie Camp Tournament
Alex Goligoski, Kevin Veilleux and Casey-Pierro-Zabotel are drawing rave reviews from the Penguins prospect tournament. Aaron Boogaard appears to be following his brother footsteps and goes two-for-two against the Florida Panthers. Goaltender David Brown has a shaky outing and a young Penguins defenseman has a strong outing. DePaoli gives you the latest insight and more
Inside Look at the Pittsburgh Penguins
The Penguins report to the UPMC South Side facility Tuesday morning for physicals and tests. The team will then hit the ice Wednesday morning. The majority of the players arrived in Pittsburgh this weekend. When the players hit the ice Wednesday morning it is going to be a very intense camp. There are six to eight players vying for the final two forward spots. Among the players going to garner serious consideration to make the squad will be Jeff Taffe, Kris Beech, Ryan Stone, Jonathan Filewich, Bill Thomas, Janne Pesonen, Dustin Jeffery, and Chris Minard. Just a reminder: Inside Pittsburgh Sports will have daily reports from Penguins training camp available only to Inside Access Members. DePaoli gives you the latest buzz
NHL: Sykora wants to stay in Pittsburgh
Win Tickets to Five Penguins Games
Just a reminder: All Inside Access Members who subscribe before Tuesday September 16th, 2008 (12:00 a.m.) will be eligible to win two Penguins tickets to the following games. Thursday October 23rd Pittsburgh Penguins vs Carolina Hurricanes Saturday November 15th Pittsburgh Penguins vs Buffalo Sabres Thursday December 11th Pittsburgh Penguins vs New York Islanders Saturday January 3rd Pittsburgh Penguins vs Florida Panthers Wednesday January 28th Pittsburgh Penguins vs New York Rangers We will announce the winners on Monday September 22, 2008. Tickets will be shipped the following day Want To Become An Inside Access Member? photo courtesy of Dan4thNicholas


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[February 09, 2014]
Battling cyberattacks: Companies go the distance to protect customers [Daily Inter Lake, Kalispell, Mont. :: ]
(Daily Inter Lake, The (Kalispell, MT) Via Acquire Media NewsEdge) Feb. 09--The recent hacking of retailers Target and Nieman Marcus through a virus, reportedly created by a 17-year-old Russian boy, has opened the eyes of many to the constant assault on computer systems, and those attacks do not miss the Flathead.
At MontanaSky Networks Inc., founder Frederick Weber said the attacks are far from isolated incidents, but rather a constant norm.
In addition to having fought the Russian virus for two years, he estimated that attacks from all sources on accounts serviced by his company occur at an average rate of three per second. That totals 259,200 individual hack attempts per day or roughly 94.6 million per year.
Those attacks are logged and the logs are kept for one month, but Weber said it would be a Herculean task to keep track of every attempt.
"We can't watch these logs all day long," he said. "It's insurmountable." The main way those attacks occurred, Weber said, is by cracking users' email passwords.
He used one of their users as an example of a virus traced back to Russia.
"She got the virus, it launched on her computer, and the first thing it set up was a mail server," he said. "Then it goes through all her address books and picks up anything that looks like an email address -- not hard to find, look for the 'at' sign, find the chunk to the left of it after the space, find the chunk to the right of it with a dot and three letters, and you've got an email address." Once the virus collects those email addresses, it sends out copies of itself to each of them from the original infected account. Infected systems can then be mined for valuable data, damaged remotely or hacked to make a political statement, among other possibilities.
On behalf of his own customers, Weber said he blocks about half of their emails -- known to be spam -- right off the top. The remainder that come in are scanned for viruses before they ever show up in any folder, even in a customer's spam filter.
According to Cisco Systems email and Web traffic monitoring network SenderBase, self-described as the world's largest monitoring network of its kind, only a little more than 14 percent of emails are legitimate, with about two hundredths of a percent being malware (short for malicious software) and a whopping 85.72 percent being spam.
Weber said he has taken the additional step of blocking all of China and all of Russia -- from which a large number of hacking attempts originate -- as well as most Third World countries.
But part of the problem is that companies such as Comcast, Verizon and others are big and use a pool of Internet Protocol, or IP addresses that cycle from customer to customer. So if they block particular IP addresses used by those companies, they will eventually cycle back to a legitimate user who is then blocked.
He added that he could even subscribe to a service that blocks "poisoned" IPs, but it creates the same problem.
"We can't block Verizon, you know?" Weber said. "We've got customers with cellphones." MontanaSky also offers its customers a subscription-based PC Fitness Service Program to have their computers regularly cleared of viruses, spyware, adware and fake alert software.
John Bemis, marketing manager at CenturyLink, said that company also is taking steps to protect its customers from hackers.
"In our day and age you see a lot of cyberattacks that have impacted customers with credit cards through restaurants and stores. It's a very common threat that we recognize," Bemis said. "We work with our vendors very closely to make sure our customers' information is protected." Bemis called that protection an ongoing process monitored "on a 24/7 basis" by a "very dedicated team that is constantly keeping up with the different cyberattacks." Despite the volume of attacks and the amount of potentially dangerous email, Weber said users can protect themselves from most of that danger by taking one simple step -- changing their passwords.
In fact, Weber said the reason both Target and Nieman Marcus as well as URM Stores Inc., locally, were successfully hacked was because of simple passwords.
"The simplest thing could have saved it -- if they all had complex passwords," he said.
According to Weber, 85 percent of all email passwords are four letters or fewer, and five percent are the email address itself. For example, an email address of "email@example.com" with a password of "johndoe." Complex passwords include both lowercase and capital letters as well as numbers and special characters, such as =, & or #.
Weber said his users will soon be required to have passwords that include non-sequential numbers and will be barred from including words that can be found in a dictionary.
"It's time for you to pull up your big boy pants and realize that you own a computer and you've gotta figure out how to run this in the future," he said.
He noted that Windows computers are the most vulnerable, adding that Macintosh computers, by and large, "have no problems." He said Windows users should make sure to take the additional steps of keeping their Windows software up to date and paying to keep their antivirus software up to date.
The investigation into the URM Stores Inc. hacking, which affected thousands of residents in the greater Flathead Valley area as well as consumers elsewhere in Montana, Idaho, Oregon and Washington, is now coming to a close, according to a release issued by the company at the end of last month.
URM processes credit and debit card transactions for its customer businesses, and was hacked and had information stolen pertaining to transactions between Sept. 1 and Nov. 24, 2013.
The press release stated that Super 1 Foods stores in Kalispell, Whitefish and Columbia Falls, Blacktail Grocery in Lakeside and Stein's Market in Eureka were affected by the cyberattack The investigation was unable to come up with enough information to identify which specific cards or information was taken, only that it is believed that the hacker was only able to access "track 2 data" -- card account numbers, expiration dates and card verification numbers -- for most of the transactions, only obtaining the cardholder's name in a small number of cases.
No customer addresses, phone numbers or Social Security numbers were compromised in the incident, URM said.
"We are incredibly grateful to our customers for their patience and understanding through this difficult experience," URM Chief Executive Officer Ray Sprinkle said. "We are humbled by their support and continue to extend our sincere apologies for any frustration and inconvenience." Local banks were quick to work with their customers to help them recover money stolen from their accounts and to cancel affected cards and take other precautionary measures.
Cisco Systems released its annual security report last month, indicating what its research has shown were the biggest challenges in the last year and what threats are emerging as the biggest dangers this year.
Among the "key discoveries" listed in the beginning of the report are that spam is continuing to decrease while the proportion of "maliciously intended spam" remains constant, that 99 percent of all mobile malware in 2013 targeted Android devices and that "malicious exploits are gaining access to Web hosting servers, nameservers and data centers." Based on Cisco's own inspections of web traffic, 4.5 billion emails and 80 million Web requests are blocked every day and 50,000 network intrusions are detected every day.
The report indicates that the top nine themes for spam/fraudulent messages worldwide are, in reverse order, PayPal, gift cards or vouchers, Facebook, taxes, online dating, shipping notices, attached photos, online product purchases and bank deposit/payment notifications.
To read the entire report, visit www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/vpndevc/annual_security_report.html.
Reporter Jesse Davis may be reached at 758-4441 or by email at email@example.com.
___ (c)2014 the Daily Inter Lake (Kalispell, Mont.) Visit the Daily Inter Lake (Kalispell, Mont.) at www.dailyinterlake.com Distributed by MCT Information Services
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Gordon Takes Over At Phoenix College
Phoenix College nabbed a rising star in the coaching ranks by naming Matt Gordon, former NCAA Division I coach and current Director of the Operations for Double Pump Inc. (Double Pump Inc. is perhaps the most powerful organization in College Basketball Recruiting)
Gordon, 27, coached in the West Coast Conference at the University Of Portland from 2001-2003, serving as the Player Development Director as well as assisted in recruiting. Other Coaching stops have included Dominican University, Cal State Northridge and UCLA.
I also am extremely pleased Coach Gordon has taken the reigns at PC, having known him for many years, and sharing many of the same contacts throughout the college basketball world.
Gordon will also join the CTB (Crash The Boards) organization and co-direct many of our events.


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Find your new home in Höchst Im Odenwald, GermanyYou are viewing homes 1 to 1 of 1 home for sale
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Learn more about homes in Höchst Im Odenwald, Germany
Höchst Im Odenwald Home inventory breakdown by property type
Of the 1 homes for sale in Höchst Im Odenwald, the breakdown of property types
is as follows:
100% Single Family.
100% Single Family
Area details, home facts and figures
Homes for sale 1
Average Home Size 1,572 ft² / 146 m²
Price Range ($335,000 - $335,000)
Information from in and around Höchst Im Odenwald...
You are Viewing 1 to 1 of 1 homes for sale in Höchst Im Odenwald. These homes are comprised of Single Family. The average list price of these property results is 335,000. Prices are displayed as US Dollar. For more information on these homes for sale in Höchst Im Odenwald please contact our member brokerages to schedule a showing or view an open house.
The 1 homes for sale in Höchst Im Odenwald, Germany are represented by 1 member brokerages serving the Höchst Im Odenwald area. Member brokerages representing the 1 homes include VON POLL IMMOBILIEN.


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Academic +1 Scholarship Program
OVU's easy Academic + 1 scholarship program allows you to get a quick calculation of the scholarships you may be eligible to receive. Just follow these 3 easy steps:
Review the ACT/SAT score ranges to determine the academic scholarship for which you are eligible
Review the +1 Scholarships below to see what other funds may be available to you. You may only receive one award from this category—that's why it's called +1!
Review other OVU scholarships to see if you are potentially eligible to receive any of those
Let's get started building your personalized financial aid package!
Step 1
Academic Scholarships
Ohio Valley University offers Academic Scholarships to students who have at least a 21 ACT (or SAT EquivalentSAT Equivalent) and a 3.0 cumulative high school GPA! Do you meet both of those criteria? If so, take your ACT Score (or SAT Equivalent) and multiply it by your High School GPA to get your Academic Factor:
(ACT Score) x (High School GPA) = Academic Factor
Now find where it falls on the grid!
|Academic Factor Range
|Award Amount
|GPA Required to Maintain
|63 - 84.99
|85 - 99.99
|100 - 114.99
|115 - 127.99
|Full Tuition
Transfer Student? You could be eligible for an academic scholarship too!
|Cumulative GPA
|Annual Award
|3.25 to 3.49
|3.50 to 3.74
|3.74 to 4.00
Step 2
+1 Scholarships
Apply for one of the following scholarships to be added to your academic scholarship.
Athletic Scholarships
Intercollegiate athletic coaches at Ohio Valley University offer athletic scholarships to student-athletes eligible to participate in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Division II programs. More information about Fighting Scots Athletic scholarships is available by contacting the athletic recruiting director at 304.865.6035.
Board of Trustees Award
Students who are the children of a paid full-time minister could be eligible for additional scholarship funds. Contact the OVU Office of Financial Aid for more details.
Congregational Scholarships
Many congregations invest in their youth and assist in paying for their college education if they attend a Christian university. Ohio Valley University will double what any congregation offers their graduating seniors for scholarships. If a church offers a $1,000 per year scholarship to their seniors attending a Christian college, OVU will match it with $2,000. OVU will continue to match funds each year the student is enrolled and the church continues to provide assistance. The double scholarship match is limited to $5,000 per year.
Express Performing Group Scholarships
Scholarships are available for members of the University's a cappella vocal group Express. Selections are determined by audition; visit ovu.edu/express for more information.
Fighting Scots Leadership Scholarships
Members of the university's student life staff annually review the Fighting Scots Leadership Scholarship applications of both new and continuing students who have demonstrated exceptional leadership ability. Recipients must reapply each year by April 1; renewal is not automatic. More information concerning individual eligibility and application procedures for this scholarship is available by contacting the OVU Office of Financial Aid.
National Christian School Association (NCSA) Scholarship
Students of NCSA faculty and staff may qualify for a $5,000 renewable annual scholarship. Contact the OVU Office of Financial Aid for details.
Niche Groups [APPLY NOW]
what you love! We offer special Niche Group scholarships to students participating in unique organized groups on campus for activities like videography, theatre, foreign and domestic missions, social media marketing, and even ultimate Frisbee. You can earn up to $38,000 ($9,500 per year for 4 years) in our Niche Group program. Visit ovu.edu/niche for more information.
Performing Ensembles [APPLY NOW]
Students who audition successfully may receive scholarships for participation in the University's performing ensembles, including A Cappella Singers and Jazz Ensemble. Recipients must maintain a 2.5 GPA. Visit ovu.edu/music for more information.
Wood & Washington County Grant
$20,000 scholarship ($5,000 per year for up to 4 years) available to students who have graduated from a Wood or Washington county high school or individuals who have lived in either county for more than one year. Transfer students are eligible for this discount, but total scholarship may vary. Some restrictions may apply.
Apply for the Wood/Washington County Grant Today!
Step 3
Additional University
Scholarship Programs
The following scholarships are also available to Ohio Valley University students.
Bible Scholarships
Bible scholarships (ranging from $1,000 for freshmen to over $2,500 for seniors) are available to those majoring in Bible and/or ministry. Reduced amount scholarships are available to students minoring in Bible or ministry. Qualification information is available at ovu.edu/biblescholarship.
Circle of Vision Scholarships
The West Virginia Independent Colleges and Universities (WVICU) sponsor a variety of scholarship programs supported by contributions from businesses and individuals wishing to support OVU students through their organization. Recipients must be West Virginia residents. Scholarship selections are conducted annually by the OVU Office of Financial Aid.
Faculty/Staff Tuition Waivers
University employees, their spouses, and children may be eligible for a waiver of tuition expenses. The OVU Employee Handbook contains more information concerning individual eligibility and application procedures.
High School Junior Discount
Students who apply and are accepted by October 31 of their senior year are eligible for a $1,000 scholarship. Freshman year only.
I Want to Know More:
K.S. Foundation Scholarships
Qualified residents of Stark County, Ohio, and the surrounding 8 counties (Carroll, Columbiana, Holmes, Mahoning, Portage, Summit, Tuscarawas or Wayne) may receive an annual award of $1,500. Recipients must maintain good academic standing to continue their awards in successive years. Additional scholarship funds could be available for dependents of international missionaries. Contact the OVU Office of Financial Aid for more details.
Apply for the K.S. Foundation Scholarship Today!
Private Community Scholarships
Be in touch with your high school guidance counselor, area community foundations and civic organizations to see if there are other scholarships available in your area.
All Your Financial Aid Questions Answered!
Got FAFSA?
Fill out your FAFSA today, using OVU code:
If you have any questions or need anything, please call or email:
Lindsay Cole
Director of Financial Aid
Holly West
Assistant Director of Financial Aid


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Essentia Health-Virginia Care Center
The comforting things in everyday life - a warm smile, a friendly pat on the back, the aroma of freshly made meals, a cozy fireplace, or that favorite chair -- this is what you can expect when you enter the Essentia Health-Virginia Care Center located in Virginia, MN.
The Essentia Health-Virginia Care Center is at 90 bed Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) located on the 3rd and 4th floor of Essentia Health-Virginia hospital. This convenient location allows our residents and their families easy access to a full-range of hospital, clinic, and other related services.
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The Essentia Health-Virginia Care Center has been providing long term care in our community since 1968. We were purchased by the Virginia Regional Medical Center in 1968 and renamed the Virginia Convalescent Center. On January 1, 2013 we integrated with Essentia Health and were renamed to Essentia Health-Virginia Care Center. Over the years the 90 bed facility has earned a reputation for providing superior skilled nursing services in our community. We are known for our quality care and positive outcomes in rehabilitative and restorative services. The Essentia Health-Virginia Care Center offers a variety of health care services to meet the needs of today's senior including skilled nursing care, rehabilitation, restorative nursing care, and care for memory impaired persons.
We are called to make a healthy difference in peoples' lives.
Shawna Jokinen, Administrator
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Click here to fill out a Medical Records Release form.
Volunteers play a very important role at Essentia Health-Virginia Care Center—from assisting with activities to simply visiting with our residents. If you're interested in sharing your time, call 741-3340 ext. 2420. Thank you.
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Essentia Health-Virginia Care Center
901 9th Street North
Virginia, MN 55792
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Phone: 218-741-3340
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