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text: Next Story > Risk & Compliance Journal. IFRS Makes Progress Around the World Jun 6, 2013 9:43 am ET Over 100 countries use International Financial Reporting Standards, but as more countries consider adopting those accounting rules, the foundation that oversees them is taking stock for the first time of how they are being applied and enforced. To Read the Full Story, Subscribe or Sign In Previous The Morning Risk Report: The United States of Amnesia Next Ex-Nomura Exec Shibata To Become Chairman of Nikko Asset Management


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Over the past few months, there has been a dangerous and unproven rumor gaining ground which could result in sub optimal health and even sickness of many millions all over the world. There could be malnourished children, neurologically-damaged adults and even premature death.
The rumour? That vitamin and mineral supplementation is entirely unnecessary and worse still, a complete waste of money.
However, this is a completely unfounded claim. The truth is everyone should take a multivitamin and mineral, no matter what their diet.
Here's all the evidence you need to see why:
- We don't always eat as well as we could
Even though I'm a health-nut, there are still days where I just don't fancy eating so much, or I'm caught short of fresh produce whilst I'm on a trip, or it's my son's birthday and we all eat cake. And this is perfectly ok. But it can also leave me open to nutritional gaps which I can effortlessly plug with my multivitamin and mineral.
If you're not so careful with your diet, and eat more high-fat, high-sugar, low nutrient processed foods then you're even more likely to need a nutritional helping hand and should really consider doing something about it.
- The nutrients just aren't in our food anymore
Traditionally, our food would have been grown and raised on small farms where the crops were rotated and soil frequently 'rested' to preserve mineral content. This just doesn't happen anymore- our modern intensive farming methods mean we are continually draining the barrel dry and the nutrient contents of all of our veggies is shooting down. Some nutrients have dropped by almost 37% since 1970. Shocking stuff…
- Some people follow special diets
Vegetarians, vegans, and those with allergies, illnesses and alternative lifestyles can find it a challenge to get all of the nutrients they need from the food they eat. For them, it's essential to take a multivitamin and mineral to ensure they stay healthy, and this is not always through choice but often diseases like cancer, Crohn's and lactose intolerance.
- Everyone has different nutritional needs
Each of us is so wonderfully unique. We look different, we act differently and we even like different things. But the differences happen on the inside too; we each need slightly different amounts of those nutrients which keep us healthy. So eating the same diet just won't work. This is especially the case if you're pregnant or breastfeeding, still growing or elderly.
- There's a difference between sufficient and optimal
It's one thing to be getting just enough nutrients in your diet, but a whole other matter to be getting everything your body deserves. Don't you deserve to always feel at your strongest, happiest and healthiest? Multivitamins and minerals are the ultimate in self-care and will help provide your body with everything it needs.
But don't get me wrong. I'm not for a minute suggesting that supplements are a magic pill which will wipe away any dietary vice. But it can be a powerful insurance policy to help you stay as healthy as you can.


text:
Fault Tolerance In Distributed Systems Computer Science Essay
Published: Last Edited:
This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
Computing systems consist of a variety of hardware and software components that are bound to fail eventually [8]. In many systems, such component failures can lead to unanticipated, potentially disruptive failure behavior and to service unavailability. Some systems are designed to be fault-tolerant: they either exhibit a well defined failure behavior when components fail or mask component failures to users that is, continue to provide their specified standard service despite the occurrence of component failures [9]. To many users temporary errant system failure behavior or service unavailability is acceptable. There is, however, a growing number of user communities for whom the cost of unpredictable, potentially hazardous failures or system service unavailability can be very significant .Examples include the on-line transaction processing, process control, and computer-based communications user communities. To minimize losses due to unpredictable failure behavior or service unavailability, these users rely on fault tolerant systems. With the ever increasing dependence placed on computing services, the number of users who will demand fault-tolerance is likely to increase.
The task of designing and understanding fault-tolerant distributed system architectures is notoriously difficult: one has to stay in control of not only the standard system activities when all components are well, but also of the complex
situations which can occur when some components fail. The difficulty of this task can be exacerbated by the lack of clear structuring concepts and the use of a confusing terminology. Presently, it is quite common to see different people use
different names for the same concept or use the same term for different concepts. For example, what one person calls a failure, a second person calls a fault, and a
third person might call an error. Even the term "fault-tolerant" itself is used ambiguously to designate such distinct system properties as "the system has a well-defined failure behavior" and "the system masks component failures. [8]"
When a system is designed to mask failures, it continues to perform its specified function in the event of a failure [9]. A system designed for well defined behavior may or may not perform the specified function in the event of a failure, however, it can facilitate actions suitable for recovery.
One key approach used to tolerate failures is redundancy [8]. In this approach, a system may employ a multiple number of processes, multiple numbers of hardware components, multiple numbers of copies of data, etc with independent failure modes.
1.2 Thesis Objective
To simulate the message transfer throughput in various topologies using various packet properties.
Comparison of the proposed genetic algorithm with the random voting algorithm proposed by Akhil Kumar [7].
To calculate availabilities under various nodes probabilities using the proposed genetic algorithm.
1.3 Thesis Organization
This thesis is divided into 7 chapters. Each chapter focuses on a specific topic in the field of fault tolerance.
Chapter 1 gives an overview of the overall fault tolerance issues. It introduces the concept of fault tolerance and the various types fault tolerance mechanisms.
Chapter 2 deals with the literature review of the related works and illustrate various protocols used for fault tolerance. It discusses the various schemes used for the vote assignment including the dynamic vote assignment policies. It covers the group voting mechanism for effective message passing.
Chapter 3 deals with the simulation work carried out in respect of the thesis objective. It shows the various parameter performances during the simulation period. It also shows the various scenarios created for the simulation of the different topologies.
Chapter 4 gives the pseudo code for the proposed genetic voting approach .It depicts the various methods used in the voting process.
Chapter 5 shows the various experimental results that resulted from the simulation of the network topologies. It gives the overview of the performance parameters in the message transfer overhead. The comparison between the proposed algorithm and random algorithm gives the clear picture of the performance of the two algorithms.
Chapter 6 concludes showing conclusion drawn from the various simulation and experimental results
Chapter 2
Static Voting
Majority Based Dynamic Voting
Dynamic Vote Reassignment
Group Based Voting
2. Literature Review
2.1 Static voting
This static voting is proposed by Gifford [2].
Replicating data at many sites is the common approach in the fault tolerance in distributed systems. Data can still be obtained from the other copies if the original fails. Commit protocols [10,11,12] can be employed to update multiple copies of data .While the non-blocking protocol [11,12] of the commit protocol family can tolerate single site failure, it is not resilient to multiple site failures, communication failures and network partitioning. In [10] commit protocols, when a site is unreachable, the coordinator sends messages repeatedly and eventually may decide to abort the transaction, thereby denying access to data. However, it is desirable that the sites continue to operate even when other sites have crashed [11,12], or at least one partition should continue to operate after the system has been partitioned. Another well known technique used to manage replicated data is the voting mechanism [2]. With the voting mechanism[13,14], each replica is assigned some number of votes and majority of votes must be collected from a process before it can access a replica. The voting mechanism [13] is more fault tolerant than a commit protocol in that it allows access to data under the network partitions, site failures and message loses without comprising the integrity of the data.
Site i issues a Lock_Request to its local lock manager.
When the lock request is granted, site i sends a Vote_Request message to all the sites.
When a site j receives a Vote_Request message, it issues a Lock_Request to its local lock manager. If the local request is granted, then it returns the version number of the replica (VNj) and the number of the votes assigned to the replica (Vj) to site i.
Site i decide whether it has the quorum or not, based on the replicas received within a timeout period as follows (P denotes the set of sites which have replied).
If the request issued was a read,
If the request issued was a write,
Where the set of sites Q is determined as follows:
M=max{VNj : j€P}
Q={j€P : VNj=M}
If the site i is not successful in obtaining the quorum, then it issues a Release_Lock to the local lock manager as well as to all the sites in P from whom it has received votes.
If site i is successful in obtaining the quorum, then it checks whether its cop of the file is current. A copy is current if its version number is equal to M. If the copy is not current, a current copy is obtained from a site that has a current copy. Once a current copy is available locally, site I performs the next step.
If the request is a read, site i reads the current copy available locally. If the request is a write, site i updates the local copy. Once all the accesses to the copy are performed, site i updates VNi, and sends all the updates and VNi to all the sites in Q. Note that a write operation updates only current copies. Site i then issues a Release_Lock request to its local lock manager as well as to all the sites in P.
All the sites receiving the updates perform the updates on their local copy and on receiving a Release_Lock request, release the locks
2.2 Majority Based Dynamic Voting
This protocol is proposed by Jajodia and Mutchler [5].
Version number: The version number of a replica at a site i is an integer that counts the number of successful updates to the replica at i. VNi is initially set at zero and is incremented b one at every successful updates to the replica at i. VNi is
initially set at zero and is incremented by one at every successful update.
Number of Replicas updated: It is an integer that almost always reflects the number of replicas the number of replicas participating in the most recent update RUi is initially equal to the number of replicas.
Distinguished sites list: The distinguished sites list [5] at a site i is a variable that stores ID's of one or more sites. The contents of DSi depend on RUi. When RUi is even, DSi identifies the replica that is greater than all the other replicas that participated in the most recent update of the replica at site i. When RUi is odd, DSi is nil except when RUi =3, in which case DSi lists the three replicas that participated in the most recent update from which a majority is needed to allow access to data.
Outline of the protocol:
Site i issues a Lock_Request to its local lock manager.
If the lock is granted, site i sends a Vote_Request message to all the sites.
When a site j receives the Vote_Request message, it issues a Lock_Request to its local lock manager. If the lock is granted, site j sends the values of VNj, RUj and DSj to site i.
From all the responses, site i decides whether it belongs to the distinguished partition, described shortly.
If site i does not belong to the distinguished partition [5], it issues a Release_Lock request to its local lock manager and sends Abort messages to all the other sites that responded. A site, on receiving a Abort message, issues a Release_Lock request to its local lock manager.
If site i does not belong to the distinguished partition, it performs the update if its local copy is current. Otherwise, site i obtain a current copy from one of the other sites and then perform the update. Note that along with the replica update, VNi , RUi and DSi . It then issues a Release_Lock request to the local lock manager.
When a site j receives a commit message, it updates its replica, updates the variables VNj, RUj and DSj and issues a Release_Lock request to the local lock manager.
2.3 Dynamic Vote reassignment protocols
The actual idea was proposed by Gifford [2] but was discussed in detail by Barbara, Garcia-Molina, and Spauster [16].
Barbara et al. [4,15] categorized the Dynamic vote reassignment into two types:
Group consensus
The sites in the active group agree upon the new vote assignment using either a distributed algorithm or bi selecting a coordinator to perform the task. Since the outside the majority group didn't receive any votes.
Because this method relies on active group participation, the current system topology will be known before deciding the vote assignments [4,15,16]. by using that information
Autonomous Reassignment
Each node makes its own decision about changing its votes and picking a new vote value, without regarding the rest of the nodes [15,16]. Before the change is made final, though, the node must collect a majority of votes.
The Protocols
The protocols for autonomous vote reassignment [4,9,15,16] are what guarantee mutual exclusion. Once a node picks a new vote value, a vote changing protocol is invoked to install the change. The vote changing protocol uses the vote collecting protocol to ensure that enough votes have been collected to validate the change. In addition, the vote collecting protocol is used for all other operations requiring majority approval.
Protocol P1. Vote increasing. The initiator (node i)
Send the new vote value along with [15,16] Vi and Ni to the rest of the nodes with which node i can communicate.
Wait for a majority of acknowledgments to arrive (whether or not a majority of votes has been received by node i is determined by following protocol P2 [16] ), and then install the change in the local voting vector, that is update Vi[i] and increase the version number Ni[i] by 1.
Protocol P2. Vote Collecting
Assume node i is collecting votes to decide upon an event. In this case, each voting
node j will send i two vectors, the voting vector Vj and a version vector Nj. Another vector vi is maintained where vi[j] indicates the votes of j as determined b site i upon the collection of votes. An entry Ni[j] represents the version number for the value Vi[j] at site i. Node i decide upon the votes of node k (~6) using the following rules:
(a) If i receives Vj and Nj, then vi[j] = Vj[j]. Also, change Vi[j] to Vj[j] and Ni[j] to Nj[j] if either of the following two conditions applies:
Vj[j] > Vi[j] or Vj[j] < Vi[j] and Nj[j] > Ni[j].
The first condition is simply that of Scenario One. Vj[j] > Vi[j] indicates that j has increased its votes since i last determined Vi[j]. The version number is irrelevant in this case, since it provides no additional information.
In the second case, Vj[j] < Vi[j] indicates that either j has decreased its votes or an increase at k has not yet been approved or has been timed out. If, however, Nj[j] > Ni[j], then Vj[j] reflects a later decrease of votes at k or a failed vote increase attempt, and this new information should be recorded.
(b) If i does not receive Vj, then vi[j] = Vk[j] for k such that Nk[j] = max{Np[j] : p€G}, where G is the set of all sites from which site i has received replies . That is, k assume the newest value among the voting group for the vote value of node j. In addition, i modify its entry Vi[j] to equal Vk[j] and Ni[j] to equal Nk[j].
Protocol P3. Vote Decreasing The same as P1, except that:
The initiator sends Vi and Ni along with its vote decrease. Upon successfully
collecting a majority of votes, the initiator increases Ni[i] by one and sets the Vi[i] to the new value.
These policies were proposed by Barbara et al. [16]
The Overthrow Technique
Vote increasing under the overthrow technique [16] is straightforward. Consider a system in which node x has gone down, while the rest of the nodes are still up. (This can be considered as a partition of the system into two groups, with x in one group and the rest of the nodes in the other.) Let v, be the number of votes that node x has. Let TOT be the total number of votes in the system and MAJ the majority of votes. Assuming TOT is odd, MAJ = (TOT + 1)/2 [16]. If node a is the node supplanting X, the new number of votes for a, v: will have to be such that it covers the voting power that a had before (v,), plus the voting power of x, plus the increase in the total number of votes. If a increases its votes by 2vx, the total number of votes will be TOT ' = TOT + vx, and MAJ ' = MAJ + vx. It can be shown that all the majority groups that used x can be formed using a instead:
The Alliance Technique
There are many variations of the alliance technique [16]. We describe three here. In general, we want to give each node a fraction of the voting power of a node that has been excluded from the majority group. As in the overthrow technique, we want to be sure to give out at least 2u, votes in the majority group, enough to counteract those votes that node x holds plus the number of votes node x could
have contributed if it were in the active group. Of course, we can always assign a surplus of votes to each node. One possibility is to assign 2v votes to every member of the active group; or we can assign vx votes to each member of the active group, and assign 2u, votes when there is just one node left. Another possibility is to spread 2v votes out. Say N = number of nodes in the majority group. Then, give each node in the active group ┌2v/N ┠votes (henceforth referred to simply as 2v/N). If need be, N can be estimated by the nodes. This may not be as good as possible in terms of resilience to failures [16], but is certainly not dangerous. No matter what the strategy, we have to be careful when there are only two nodes left in the majority group. In that situation, it is senseless to give each node the same number of votes, since if they lose communication with each other, their extra votes will only cancel each other out and no group may have a majority. Instead, it is better to pick one node and give it 2u, votes. We can use a priority mechanism to handle this case
Group Based Voting
This voting mechanism is proposed by Agarwal and Jalote [6].
In the previous voting algorithm, the site initiating the operation has to communicate with all the nodes incurring high communication costs. In this algorithm [6] the sites are divided into intersecting or overlapping groups. In the absence of failures the site initiating the operation communicates with the sites of its group thus reducing the communication costs. This algorithm suggests a method for constructing such logical groups and show that the message overhead of any operation in a system of N nodes is O (√n), when there are no or few failures in the system.
Logical group formation
Let the number of groups be n. Let the n groups in the system be referred to as
Gi (i=1…n). Each group has the cardinality n-1. This formation ensures that the site has to communicate with its own group members to have a read or write operation in case of no failures. Two numbers are chosen from this group and form combinations. Assume that the number of nodes be n (n-1)/2.
Then one-one mapping [6] is performed from number of nodes to number of combinations generated. If a node is mapped to combination (i, j), then it belongs to group i and j and in no other group. This ensures that the each group has the cardinality n-1 since there is only n-1 combinations in the set 1…n for containing number i.
Consider 15 nodes in a system. These nodes can be grouped as follows. The groups obtained by this grouping are shown below.
Group 1: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Group 2: (1, 6, 7, 8, 9)
Group 3: (2, 6, 10, 11, 12)
Group 4: (3, 7, 10, 13, 14)
Group 5: (4, 8, 11, 13, 15)
Group 6: (5, 9, 12, 14, 15)
Voting Algorithm
Let us discuss the read quorum condition.
For this the requesting site should get the current version of the replica from the group. Therefore it should have the access to all the groups in the system which can be guaranteed if it can access at least one member in each group.
A set of nodes R satisfies the read quorum if for all i (i= 1...n), for some j, such that
Iij Ñ" R. That is at least one site from each group participates in read quorum.
Clearly, if R is Gi, then R satisfies the read quorum.
Also, a read quorum can be satisfied if vote from one node from each group can be collected.
A set of nodes R satisfies the write quorum if for some i such that for all j ( j = 1...n), Iij Ñ" R, That is all the sites of particular group participates in the write quorum.
The write availability can be improved if the site initiating the operation can distinguish between the site failures and network partitions.
Suppose that a set of sites R is participating in the operation and a set of sites F is reported to have failed.
Then R and F together satisfy the write quorum if
A write set is available, that is, for some i such that for all j (j=1…n), Iij є (RUF)
2. R satisfies the read quorum condition.
Read Algorithm
Send read request to all nodes in Gi and wait for replies.
Let R be the set of node replied. If some of the intersecting node of a particular group is not present in R then look for a node in the group of the missing intersecting nodes and send the read request.
Read from the node having the current copy.
Write Algorithm
Send a write request to all the nodes in the group. Let R be the nodes replied and F be the nodes that failed. Then T=RUF.
If the intersecting node is present in T then check if it is missing in R. if it is missing in R, then check for the nodes in the other group of the particular missing intersecting node and send read request and wait for replies.
If the intersecting node is not present in T then find the nodes of the other group of the missing intersecting node and send write request to all the nodes of that group and get all replies. If the write set is met then try collecting read quorum.
Write to all the operational node of the write set.
Performance Evaluation
Let the no of nodes be T in the system and we have n groups such that T = n (n-1)/2. We have already seen [6] that the cardinality of each group is n-1 .Now from the equation 1 solving the quadratic equation we get
n = from which n = satisfies the equation
since cardinality is n-1 therefore the communication cost is O (n-1) i.e.
O ( ) = O (√T)
Chapter 3
QualNet is a network simulation tool that simulates wireless and wired packet mode communication networks. QualNet Developer is a discrete event simulator used in the simulation of MANET ,WiMAX networks, satellite networks, and sensor networks, among others. QualNet has models for common network protocols that are provided in source form and are organized around the OSI Stack.
Experiment Name
Maximum Simulation Time
Random Number Seed
Coordinate System
Terrain Corners
Terrain Dimensions
Irregular Terrain
Node Placement
Protocol Stack
Statistics Filtering
Mobility Options
Mobility Position Granularity
Application Setup File
Topology simulation
3.1 Star topology
3.2 Ring Topology
3.3 Group Topology
3.4 Observations
TCP in Ring topology
TCP in Star topology
TCP in Group Topology
CBR in Ring Topology
CBR in Star topology
CBR in Group Topology
CBR receive in Ring topology
CBR receive in Star topology
CBR receive in group topology
Chapter 4
4. Algorithm
The Genetic Algorithm
A genetic algorithm (GA) is a search technique used in computing to find exact or approximate solutions to optimization and search problems. Genetic algorithms are categorized as global search heuristics. Genetic algorithms are a particular class of evolutionary algorithms (EA) that use techniques inspired by evolutionary biology such as inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover.
This is the key idea in solving combinatorial optimization problems by this technique. Iterative improvement (or greedy) algorithms tend to "dead-end" in locally optimal solutions; however, the genetic algorithm approach makes it possible to come out of such dead-ends and look for still better solutions
A typical genetic algorithm requires:
a genetic representation of the solution domain,
a fitness function to evaluate the solution domain
Initially many individual solutions are randomly generated to form an initial population. The population size depends on the nature of the problem, but typically contains several hundreds or thousands of possible solutions.
During each successive generation, a proportion of the existing population is selected to breed a new generation. Individual solutions are selected through a fitness-based process, where fitter solutions (as measured by a fitness function) are typically more likely to be selected. Certain selection methods rate the fitness of each solution and preferentially select the best solutions. Other methods rate only a random sample of the population, as this process may be very time-consuming.
For each new solution to be produced, a pair of "parent" solutions is selected for breeding from the pool selected previously. By producing a "child" solution using the above methods of crossover and mutation, a new solution is created which typically shares many of the characteristics of its "parents". New parents are selected for each new child, and the process continues until a new population of solutions of appropriate size is generated. Although reproduction methods that are based on the use of two parents are more "biology inspired", some research suggests more than two "parents" are better to be used to reproduce a good quality chromosome. These processes ultimately result in the next generation population of chromosomes that is different from the initial generation. Generally the average fitness will have increased by this procedure for the population, since only the best organisms from the first generation are selected for breeding, along with a small proportion of less fit solutions, for reasons already mentioned above.
This generational process is repeated until a termination condition has been reached. Common terminating conditions are:
A solution is found that satisfies minimum criteria
Fixed number of generations reached
Allocated budget (computation time/money) reached
The highest ranking solution's fitness is reaching or has reached a plateau such that successive iterations no longer produce better results
Manual inspection
Combinations of the above
Fitness function
The main objective in the vote assignment problem is to find an assignment of votes that maximizes the availability. We shall assume that both read and write quorums are equally important, and hence each quorum is set equal to a majority of the sum of all votes. The vector whose availability is maximum is selected as the solution of the problem
A chromosome consists of a specific vote assignment or a vector of n votes (V1,, V2, . . ., Vn) here Vi is the vote assigned to site i. A chromosome change is produced by selecting a pair of votes; say V and U, from this vector and performing one of the following two operations:
A common method of implementing the mutation operator involves generating a random variable for each vote in a sequence. This random variable tells whether or not a particular vote will be modified. This mutation procedure, based on the biological point mutation, is called single point mutation.
A single crossover point on both parents' vote vectors and chromosome is selected. All data beyond that point in either vector is swapped between the two parent vectors. The resulting vectors are the children
For example, say n is 5, and the two vote vector is V1 (2,2,1,1,1)and V2(2,1,1,3,1). By respectively applying the two operations above to V1 and V2, the following states are produced:
Mutation: VC1= mutated child of V1
= (2,1,1,2,1)
VC2= mutated child of V2
= ( 2,3,1,1,1)
Crossover: crossover child of V1 and V2
= (2,1,1,1,1),(2,2,1,3,1)
public double p[]= {0.95,0.90,0.85,0.80,0.75,0.75,0.70,0.70};
public TreeSet<String> popu ;
public String chromosome ;
public TreeSet<String> popu1;
public double best_avail=0.0;
public String combo;
public String temp_chromosome;
public double avail (String s){
Double avail = 0;
int sum=0;
for (int j=0;j<s.length();j++){
System.out.println("the string called "+s);
double product=0;
for (int i0=0;i0<=1;i0++)
for (int i1=0;i1<=1;i1++)
for (int i2=0;i2<=1;i2++)
for (int i3=0;i3<=1;i3++)
for (int i4=0;i4<=1;i4++)
for (int i5=0;i5<=1;i5++)
for (int i6=0;i6<=1;i6++)
for (int i7=0;i7<=1;i7++)
if((i0*s.charAt(0)+i1*s.charAt(1)+i2*s.charAt(2)+i3*s.charAt(3)+i4*s.charAt(4)+i5*s.charAt(5)+i6*s.charAt(6)+i7*s.charAt(7))> sum){
product = (i0*p[0]+(1-i0)*(1-p[0]))*(i1*p[1]+(1-i1)*(1-p[1]))*(i2*p[2]+(1-i2)*(1-p[2]))*(i3*p[3]+(1-i3)*(1-p[3]))*(i4*p[4]+(1-i4)*(1-p[4]))*(i5*p[5]+(1-i5)*(1-p[5]))*(i6*p[6]+(1-i6)*(1-p[6]))*(i7*p[7]+(1-i7)*(1-p[7]));
avail = avail + product ;
return avail;
public void mutate(){
Iterator<String> itr = popu.iterator();
String p1,p;
p= itr. Next();
p1 = p.replace(p.charAt(2),(p.charAt(4)));
p1 = p1.replace(p.charAt(4),(char) (p.charAt(2)+1));
itr = popu1.iterator();
popu.add(itr. Next());
public void crossover(){
Iterator<String> itr = popu.iterator();
String p1;
String p2;
p1= itr. Next();
p2= itr. Next();
else break;
String p3 = p1.substring(0, 3)+p2.substring(3);
String p4 = p2.substring(0, 3)+p1.substring(3);
itr = popu1.iterator();
popu.add(itr. Next());
public void checkAvail(){
Iterator<String> itr = popu.iterator();
String s;
s=itr. Next();
double new_avail = avail(s);
if (new_avail>best_avail){
The array p[] consists of the site probabilities. The popu data structure contains the total population of the various voting configuration assignment to sites. The method avail() checks the availability of the given configuration and stores best configuration in the best_avail variable. The method mutate() performs the mutation operation for the genetic approach. The method crossover() perform the crossover operation for the genetic approach.
Chapter 5
5. Experimental Results
5.1 Experimental results of Algorithm
We implemented the algorithm by coding it in java and calculating the availability by varying the no. of copies and site reliabilities. We then compared our values with the randomized algorithm [7] and plotted the table as below.
Table Comparison between the Genetic algorithm and the Randomized algorithm for 5 no. of copies
# of copies
Site Reliabilities
Table Comparison between the Genetic algorithm and the Randomized algorithm for 6 no. of copies
# of copies
Site Reliabilities
Table Comparison between the Genetic algorithm and the Randomized algorithm for 7 no. of copies
# of copies
Site Reliabilities
0.89,0. 86,0.80,0.75,0.70,0.65,0.57
# of copies
Site Reliabilities
Table Comparison between the Genetic algorithm and the Randomized algorithm for 8 no. of copies
5.2 Experimental Results of Simulation
Based on the simulation of different topology like star, ring, group topology we found the maximum throughput in each of the case and plotted the table.
Table 5 Maximum Throughput
CBR Receive
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Group Topology
Chapter 6
From the table 5 we conclude that in using TCP packets star topology shows the maximum throughput in comparison to ring topology .The maximum throughput in ring topology is 3.5* 106 bits/sec where as the maximum throughput in star topology is 1.02*107 bits/sec . Also we observed that using CBR packets the throughput is almost of equal value in all topologies. The group scheme has the maximum throughput of all the topologies due to its less overhead of packet transferring to its neighborhood. The group topology has 1.15*107 bits/sec as maximum throughput among the various nodes in operation.
The optimal assignment of votes to sites so as to maximize overall availability is an important issue. From table 1-4 we found that a miniscule 1% increase in availability from 0.98 to 0.99 is quite large in terms of system availability. On the other hand, it can also be viewed as a decrease in the probability of the system being inaccessible from 0.02 to 0.01, reflecting a 50% decrease in down time. Viewed in this manner, the increase in availability from 0.98 to 0.99 is a dramatic improvement. Hence, even small increases in availability are useful. In this paper we described and tested a genetic algorithm for vote assignment. The algorithm runs very fast, and extensive comparisons with a random algorithm show that its performance is excellent. Although testing was restricted to 9 sites, this approach looks very promising even for a larger number of sites.
Because it runs fast, a Genetic vote assignment algorithm like the one described here would make it possible to dynamically change the assignment of votes to sites as the network changes, rather than maintaining a certain fixed assignment.


text:
Cottage with fishing lake near The Mont St Michel - Quiet And Relaxing, Short Drive To American Cemetery And Market Towns
Fishing or just a family relaxing holiday
Your English hosts are waiting to welcome you.
This 3 bed-roomed holiday cottage is set in the heart of the rural farming community of Normandy, but on the borders of Brittany so you can explore both regions.
The cottage, set in 2.2 acres of land, has been sympathetically converted and has a modern extension. You can choose a very quiet and peaceful holiday just relaxing in the grounds or fishing in the well stocked lake.
The lake (¾ acre) is stocked with carp, tench and goldfish. Perfect for the not so serious fisherman and young ones out to learn.
Fully equipped kitchen.
Stairs leading to double bedroom and attic with twin beds, family bathroom.
Lounge with pool table. TV with free to air English channels.
Separate stairs leading to double bedroom with en-suite bathroom.
Outside BBQ seating area (charcoal supplied.)
Free use of washing machine.
If you just want to come for a relaxing non-fishing holiday there is plenty of garden to relax in, either soak up the sun or curl up in the shade with a glass of wine and a good book. Also plenty of places for retail therapy.
Games room: Pool table, darts board, air hockey, bar billiards, exercise bike and rowing machine (floor)
Top Traveller Review
comfortable stay-a large house and very quit to relax
About the Owner
About Linda
Dave and I are both Londoners. Before moving here Dave was a builder and I worked as an administrator for BT.
in 1995 we found a lovely farmhouse and fell in love with it. After spending many years to-ing and fro-ing we decided to move here. Arrived in time for the 2000 tempete (storm!) At the time we were living in a caravan but from that moment we moved into the not so finished house! Dave being a builder we spent many months repairing other people's roofs damaged by the tempete. We eventually got to finish our cottage part of the house and whilst we had guests we lived in the caravan.
We now have the main house done in which I do bed and breakfast. We love it here, although Dave misses his fast growing family in the UK.
Linda purchased this cottage in 1995
Why Linda chose Manche
Very quiet here with lovely views over the fields. We are close to neighbours if we need them but far enough away if we don't. Less than 10 minutes drive to two towns. Plenty of places to visit. Easy drive to airports and ports.
What makes this cottage unique
This is a very quiet place. Lovely countryside views.
Guestbook comments from the owner
Definitely would have loved to stay longer. We were all made to feel very at home. Very relaxing! Hope to come again.'
'This has been a very mixed weather holiday but very enjoyable. The towns roundabout are exciting and historic. St Malo and the beaches were a joy, golden sands and clear blue sea. Restaurants were fun and authentic. We had a wonderful holiday. Hope your stay is as good as ours.'
What a place! Lovely and peaceful, swallows everywhere. Really enjoyed our stay, super area, lots to do hope to return. A great gite - the best we've ever stayed.
Thanks Linda and Dave for your hospitality. The cottage was perfect for our needs we all felt really at home here. Will certainly recommend the cottage to family and friends. We hope to return. Overall a really lovely holiday.
Guestbook comments from the owner
Definitely would have loved to stay longer. We were all made to feel very at home. Very relaxing! Hope to come again.'
'This has been a very mixed weather holiday but very enjoyable. The towns roundabout are exciting and historic. St Malo and the beaches were a joy, golden sands and clear blue sea. Restaurants were fun and authentic. We had a wonderful holiday. Hope your stay is as good as ours.'
What a place! Lovely and peaceful, swallows everywhere. Really enjoyed our stay, super area, lots to do hope to return. A great gite - the best we've ever stayed.
Thanks Linda and Dave for your hospitality. The cottage was perfect for our needs we all felt really at home here. Will certainly recommend the cottage to family and friends. We hope to return. Overall a really lovely holiday.
13 Reviews
4.8/5 -
(13 traveller reviews)
comfortable stay-a large house and very quit to relax
We had a wonderful stay, comfortable and very clean. Great fishing for our kids. The house owner were very friendly.Everything was available in the house. We would certainly recommand this house. Perfect stay to visit :Le Mont Saint Michel and St Malo and.....Thanks so much. Family Streng from Luxembourg
A warm welcome and relaxing cottage
Finding the cottage was no problem and we were immediately made welcome and shown around. The only surprises were good ones!
Milk in the fridge, biscuits and wine on the table. Starter pack for the barbecue, powder for the washer, tablets for the dishwasher, foil, matches, clingfilm, tea, coffee, etc everything we needed on day one was there when we arrived.
The kitchen has everything we needed. The rooms were comfortable and the bathrooms spotless. The boys enormously enjoyed the TV and pool table. We all appreciated the WiFi for so much: planning trips, checking spellings, weather reports and calling family (via Viber). Everything was clean and everything worked. If you need them, everything has instructions. Linda and Dave were there with advice and answers, or just a wave as we made our way to the lake.
We had our own little garden and dining area, which has cover from the direct sun. The lake is pretty and full of fish. The larger ones eluded us..until the last day! We saw dragonflies, buzzard, sparrowhawk, snipe and Kingfisher whilst fishing, which all adds to the experience.
The cottage allowed us to relax in comfort after a day out and I wouldn't hesitate to recommend it to family or friends.
Idyllic setting,home from home, with its own lake.
Everything was exactly as described on the website. The gite was very clean and well maintained and the welcome pack of fresh milk, biscuits and wine were a lovely touch. Linda was the perfect host and a pleasure to deal with, from our initial enquiry up until we left. Dave was on hand to give us fishing tips and let us store our fishing gear in his shed around the lake, which made life much easier for the two fishermen! The gite really felt like home and we cooked every night on the barbecue, not feeling any need to eat out. The pool table was used every day, as was the lake. It was a perfect setting for our grandson, 12 years old, and provided a very relaxing stay for us. Close to Mont St Michel and Dinan and an hour and a half from the Normandy Beaches made it a well positioned gite. Would thoroughly recommend this property, without hesitation. We arrived as customers and felt we left as friends.
Perfect formula for relaxation
Our stay in Le Pre was especially relaxing with full use of Dave and Linda's extensive gardens, and the fishing helped immensely! On arrival the cottage was as described and very clean, well equipped and comfortable. The design of the cottage strikes a nice balance between the old farmhouse part of the property and the newly built extension in similar style.
If you are looking for a peaceful holiday in rural Normandy, this could be the place for you. Dave and Linda live next door. They are most friendly and helpful, and respect your privacy if you so wish.
They are on hand to offer good advice, based on their experience of living in this area for some 15 years. Should you be able to drag yourselves away from this idyllic idle then there are many things to do and see in the local area. The local markets are fascinating as are the places favoured by fellow visitors. For something a little different venture out into the some of the delightful villages, where the local people will be extremely friendly, helpful and polite.
Idyllic and Relaxing
Our 3rd stay at Le Pre, as always a lovely place to stay with a warm welcome from Linda and Dave.
Both Linda and Dave are fantastic hosts and always on hand to help with any information or problems.
The lake is fantastic to sit and relax by or do a little 'fun' fishing and the Gite is just fantastic and superbly renovated to a high standard.
All in all a home from home.
Stunning authentic french gite with own lake
The gite itself was spotlessly clean on arrival. Gifts of wine, milk, biscuits on arrival were a welcoming touch. The property is safe and secure, very spacious with additional garden furniture in the grounds for outside dining and bbqs! Beautiful private lake with superb fishing for youngsters (carp and goldfish!). The owners, (living next door) are always on hand for help or advice, but did not intrude whatsoever. Very friendly and accommodating. Rural location but stunning french towns full of character within a 30 minute drive, including Dinan and St Malo. Mont St Michel also a short drive away is an absolute 'must' see. An hour and a half drive will get you to the Normandy beaches and all associated museums and landmarks. Would highly recommend this property, a wonderful time was had by all!
From the Owner
"Very quiet here with lovely views over the fields. We are close to neighbours if we need them but far enough away if we don't. Less than 10 minutes drive to two towns. Plenty of places to visit. Easy drive to airports and ports."
Activity and Interests
The nearest beach is 28km. But if you drive the along the coast road there are some lovely beaches and the views are great.
We are 10 minutes drive away from two main towns both with shops, restaurants, banks and weekly markets.
15 mins drive to the Beautiful Mont St. Michel and 15 mins drive to the American Cemetery.
You can choose a very quiet and peaceful holiday just relaxing in the grounds or fishing in the well stocked lake.
Or you can explore Normandy and Brittany, with lots of tourist attractions only a short drive away. Or just stay home enjoy a game of pool!
The breathtaking tourist attractions of Mont St. Michel, the quiet sandy beaches of Carolles plage and the beautiful fishing town of Cancale (seafood lovers paradise), are well worth a visit.
Walk through the lovely old cobbled streets of Dinan down to the river, where you can hire a boat.
For a full day excursion why not try the Normandy D-Day beaches or the Bayeaux Tapestry.
Lots of Theme parks and Zoos
Prices and Availability
Rental rates
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Event Price
Jan to June 2017
23 Jan 2017 - 30 Jun 2017
3 night minimum stay
for 3 nights
July/August 2016
1 Jul 2017 - 1 Sep 2017
3 night minimum stay
for 3 nights
Sept 17 - June 2018
2 Sep 2017 - 29 Jun 2018
3 night minimum stay
for 3 nights
Additional pricing information
|No additional mandatory fees
|Refundable Damage Deposit
Owner's Cancellation Policy
- 12
- Available
- 12
- Unavailable
From the Owner
"This is a very quiet place. Lovely countryside views."
Property Type
- cottage
- Away From It All
- Family
- Romantic
- Tourist Attractions
- Hair Dryer
- Heating ...
- Internet ...
- Iron & Board
- Linens Provided
- Living Room ...
- Parking ...
- Towels Provided ...
- Washing Machine ...
- Coffee Maker ...
- Dishes & Utensils
- Dishwasher
- Freezer ...
- Kitchen ...
- Microwave
- Oven
- Refrigerator
- Hob
- Toaster
- Child's Highchair
- Dining ...
- Dining Room
- Books ...
- DVD Player ...
- Games ...
- Music Library ...
- Pool Table ...
- Satellite / Cable ...
- Stereo ...
- Television
- Video Library
- Long-term Renters Welcome
- wheelchair inaccessible
Location Type
- lake
- village
- churches
- library
- playground
- restaurants
Leisure Activities
- walking
Local Services & Businesses
- ATM/bank
- Babysitter
- fitness centre
- groceries
- massage therapist
- medical services
Sports & Adventure Activities
- cycling
- fishing
- tennis
- Bathroom 1 - Toilet, Bath with Shower
- Bathroom 2 - Toilet, Bath with Shower
- En-suite bathroom to bedroom 1 with bath/shower, sink and wc. Separate family bathroom with bath/shower, sink and wc.
- 3 Bedrooms, Sleeps 6
- Bedroom 1 - 1 Double Bed, Cot available
- Bedroom 2 - 1 Double Bed, Cot if required
- Bedroom 3 - 2 Single Bed, In the attic
- Description of sleeping capacity: Sleeps 6 (3 Bedrooms) Notes on bedrooms: Bedroom 1: double bed Bedroom 2: double bed (Attic) Bedroom 3: two single beds. A cot is available.
- Terrace
- Golf ...
- Kayak / Canoe ...
- Garden ...
- Barbecue
- Tennis ...
- Self-catering
House Rules
- Max. occupancy: 6
- non smoking only ...
- pets not allowed
- children welcome ...
Learn more about this holiday rental at the owner's website
- Notes on accommodation: Property suitable for children. Stair gate. Cot and highchair available. Sorry no pets. Outside: There is a patio area with garden furniture and a barbecue. All standing in grounds of 2½ acres including a 1000sq.m lake stocked with carp and tench. Utility Room: Use of washing machine. Cleaning / Towels / Linen / Maid service: Cottage is cleaned before arrival. Linen, towels, tea towels, dish cloths, cleaning liquids, washing powder and dishwasher tablets are included. Please bring your own beach towels.


text:
Ever since Martin Garrix shook the Dance Music world, it went haywire. It's still shaking now that we're at the point that 3 y/o and 10 y/o are DJing and it's not even that big of a deal because in another month or two, a younger version is bound to come along!
A 3 y/o took the crown at South Africa's got talent in 2015. Now we've a 7 y/o girl from Thailand making waves with her Brazilian bass masterful skills. Ever since making her mark with the art of DJ-ing she has accumulated her own fans and ravers. Brazilian ace Bhaskar stays in touch with her and sends her fresh new beats. Bali based label Bali Praia has signed her on for a single while her first major gig was at Thailand's Wonderfruit Festival.


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text:
Find. Book. Pitchup.
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Single-sex groups welcome: Lodge holidays and log cabins in BelperView results on a map
5 bookable sites within 40 miles of Belper
Riddings Wood Caravan And Camping Park
Alfreton, Derbyshire, England Show on mapLast booked
|Lodge (pet friendly)
|4 x
|From £50/€58.68/A$85.16/US$64.18/CA$87.18/CHF63.78/kr563.70/kr438.60/kr549.45/kr6,849/$998/$41,667/PEN208.77/NZ$92.46/R838.93/zł248.26/R$202.18/Kč1,577.29/RSD7,246 per night
Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England Show on mapLast booked
|Camping pod (2 adults and 2 children)
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|From £70/€82.15/A$119.23/US$89.86/CA$122.06/CHF89.30/kr789.18/kr614.04/kr769.23/kr9,589/$1,397.21/$58,333/PEN292.28/NZ$129.44/R1,174.50/zł347.57/R$283.06/Kč2,208.20/RSD10,145 per night
Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England Show on mapLast booked
|Camping pod
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Retford, Nottinghamshire, England Show on map
|1 bedroom hotel or motel (family)
|4 x
|From £55/€64.55/A$93.68/US$70.60/CA$95.90/CHF70.16/kr620.07/kr482.46/kr604.40/kr7,534/$1,097.80/$45,833/PEN229.65/NZ$101.70/R922.82/zł273.09/R$222.40/Kč1,735.02/RSD7,971 per night
Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England Show on mapLast booked
|Camping pod
|4 x
|From £45/€52.81/A$76.65/US$57.77/CA$78.47/CHF57.41/kr507.33/kr394.74/kr494.51/kr6,164/$898.20/$37,500/PEN187.89/NZ$83.21/R755.03/zł223.44/R$181.97/Kč1,419.56/RSD6,522 per night
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Study designs need to support the final claims including marketing claims. Risk management is a key aspect of formulating a robust clinical development program and may include proof of concept studies such as dose ranging or multiple dose studies and pilot studies, prior to engaging in pivotal clinical studies to determine evidence of effect and variability around changes resulting from supplementation with the investigational product.
Clinical studies are typically discussed in terms of clinical trial phases, irrespective of product type. Depending on the Sponsor's goals, some clinical study phases may or may not be applicable to the program goals, especially for dietary supplement companies.
This classic structure of clinical development is known as the fixed stage approach and includes four stages of research: Phase I, Phase II, Phase III and Phase IV studies. An overview of each clinical research phase is depicted below:
Phase I Studies
Phase I studies include single- or multiple-dose safety and tolerability studies in the target population or in healthy individuals. Most common to the nutraceutical industry is the single-dose bioavailability study, which may be used to understand the characteristics of a single dose of product and its appearance in the blood, or to provide substantiation on a marketing claim in comparison with a competing marketed product.
However, it is critical for the nutraceutical sponsors to understand dosing of their product. A clinical trial may fail to show an effect, not because the effect wasn't there, but only because dosing (the amount per dose and total dose per day) was wrong.
Phase II Studies
Sponsors may begin development with a Phase II study, bypassing Phase I studies as evidence may be publicly available that pertain to the finished product's safety through toxicological studies and/or published human studies on the ingredients contained in the finished product. Less often does Phase II research include dose range studies.
Dose ranging and dose response studies are not commonly conducted in the nutraceutical industry but are a key study in the development of pharmaceuticals. Valid dose response data allows for the determination of appropriate dosing and maximum recommended dose, while dose response studies can elucidate appropriate timing of dose (morning versus evening) and frequency of dosing. A professional product development plan will identify the need for a dose range finding study or the ability to determine dose from existing data.
Phase II studies are often positioned as proof of concept (pilot) studies with the primary purpose to explore if the product has clinical efficacy. Too often emphasis is placed on these studies to be pivotal studies providing statistical significance in a small number of subjects without understanding the characteristics of the study population, optimal dose, placebo response, and/or effect size of the product.
Phase III Studies
Phase III studies are larger and often multi-center trials that confirm effects demonstrated in Phase II clinical trials. The need for Phase III trial designs is dependent on the findings of earlier stage trials as well as the necessity, dependent on the regulatory requirements, for the claims on the product. For example, in Canada, at least one Phase III study is required to support a disease prevention claim for supplements.
Phase IV Studies
By definition, Phase IV studies are post-marketing studies conducted to learn more information about the product after it is placed on the market. These include post-marketing surveillance studies and studies intended to support publications, not changes to the label or registration changes.
It's important to understand each of the four clinical study phases because, depending on your objectives, some phases may not be applicable to your project. This is especially true for dietary supplement companies.
To learn more about product development for nutraceuticals and other products, download our free whitepaper, Is Your Dietary Supplement Commercialization Plan on Target?
Explore our clinical research and regulatory services, or click here to get a quote.
Josh Baisley, B.Sc., Associate Director of Clinical Development, Nutrasource
Jennifer Ellis, B.Sc., Director of Clinical and Regulatory Operations
Rodney Butt, M.Sc., MBA, Vice President, Regulated Products


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One should never forget, wants to be informed that the Company maintain rather than.
— Adolph Freiherr Knigge


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Overall rating
8.0 Good
based on 22 reviews
Hotel type
Solo Hotel
recommend this hotel for solo travelers.
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When visiting Incheon, Rose Motel is a great choice to consider. Free perks include WiFi and self parking. All rooms feature flat-screen TVs and refrigerators.


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Years later, a little secret about a big blockbuster is out. Rani Mukerji's short dress in the song Koi Mil Gaya in the 1998 film Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, created by designer Manish Malhotra, was originally knee-length.
But, director Karan Johar wanted it to be altered as he wanted a hot look for her in the movie. Karan and Manish were shocked when they saw her perform with comfort even though the hemline was made real short.


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Kraft Heinz Company
As a global food and beverage powerhouse, Kraft Heinz represents over $29 billion in revenue and is the 3rd largest food and beverage company in North America and 5th largest in the world. At Kraft Heinz, to be the BEST food company, growing a BETTER world is more than a dream - it is our GLOBAL VISION. To be the best, we want the best - best brands, best practices and, most importantly, the best people.
Like our passion for developing great foods, we are also dedicated to the development of great leaders.The Kraft Heinz European Trainee Program (ETP) is a highly competitive development Program for candidates seeking an exciting leadership career with Kraft Heinz.
Remember to mention TARGETjobs when contacting employers!


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On average, listings lease in the $0's per square foot per year. The Sonoran Desert Village submarket is experiencing a decline in rates. In the last 3 months, the median rate decreased $21 per sqft per year. That's a 100% decline in rent.
In the last 90 days, 10 listings have come on the market, which means new availabilities might be going fast. You'll want to be prepared to make an offer immediately. There aren't many listings below 2,000 square feet available, so finding a space for a small business might be tough.
The standard measurement for office space in this area is around sqft. Most buildings in this region are approximately 1 stories. Most buildings in this area were built in 2006 and are Class B.
This market is fairly equally mixed residential and commercial. Arts, entertainment, and restaurants are the dominant industries in this area. Commute by car is the most popular way to get to work amongst Sonoran Desert Village occupants. Commuting close to an hour a day is the norm for those who opt to reside in this part of town.
Trends and status of the commercial real estate market in Sonoran Desert Village.
Market Report
Real time and historical data on commercial real estate listings in Sonoran Desert Village.


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Rolls Royce debuts their highly anticipated luxury sports coupe "The Wraith" in the window London's most famous department store, Harrods. The 2014 Wraith, which retails at an easy $300K was the talk of the Geneva Motor Show back in March. Although very similar to the current Rolls Royce Ghost, the Wraith boasts a V12 engine that can go from 0-60 in less then 4.5 seconds.
The Rolls Royce Wraith x Harrods collaboration was one of perfect synergy based on the fact that both are "renowned globally as purveyors of the world's finest goods."


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'Cause i can never find the original definition for this great concept, here's the complete quote:
Kipple is useless objects, like junk mail or match folders after you use the last match or gum wrappers or yesterday's homeopape. When nobody's around, kipple reproduces itself. For instance, if you to go bed leaving any kipple around your apartment, when you wake up there is twice as much of it. It always gets more and more.
There's the First Law of Kipple. 'Kipple drives out nonkipple.' Like Gresham's law about bad money.
No one can win against kipple, except temporarily and maybe in one spot, like in my appartment I've sort of created a stasis between the pressure of kipple and nonkipple, for the time being. But eventually I'll die or go away, and then the kipple will again take over. It's a universal principle operating throughout the universe; the entire universe is moving toward a final state of total, absolute kippleization.
-- J.R. Isadore (in 'Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep' by Philip K. Dick; adapted into 'Blade Runner')


text: The topic of discrimination in employment, or in applying for employment, has arisen on another thread. It deserves a bigger audience. TA soldiers are weakly protected against discrimination Members of the Reserve Forces are protected by the Reserve Forces Act against certain forms of discrimination by their employer. However, that protection has many holes in it. Furthermore, it is left to the soldier to enforce the protection, except in very rare cases where employers have been prosecuted for the criminal offence of not keeping a soldier's job open while mobilised. The MoD does not perceive a need to improve the protection The Ministry of Defence does not acknowledge any need to enhance the level of protection or ensure its enforcement. The reason for its stance is that it claims only to be aware of rare instances of employment discrimination. But the reason it is not aware is that it has never actually conducted a proper survey of those who have been affected, or potentially affected by discrimination because they were in the TA or were considering joining. A survey So, let's conduct the survey here. Obviously, you don't have to answer all the questions (or any of them) if you don't want to. 1. For a reason directly related to membership of the TA (as opposed to performance at work), have you, or has someone you know, ever : (a) been dismissed? (b) been turned down for promotion? (c) been denied training or secondment opportunity? If the employer gave another reason but you believe the real reason was membership of the TA, please explain. 2. Have you ever been told by a career adviser or recruitment consultant not to mention your TA membership in your CV? If so, why? 3. Have you ever applied for a job and not got it because, you believe, of your membership of the TA? 4. If you are an employer (or work in a position where you have the capacity to do any of the following), have you ever a reason directly related to their membership of the TA: (a) dismissed someone? (b) turned them down for promotion? (c) denied them a training or secondment opportunity? (d) rejected a job application. If so, please give your reasons. My reasons for doing this We deserve better protection. We perform a function which society should value, just as it does the role of women in producing babies. But unless it can be shown that members of the TA are facing discrimination on a widespread basis, no improvement will come. Also, it's been at least four weeks since I have stirred some sh1t.


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Partner Referral Program is designed for:
- Businesses or individuals looking to generate additional income from advising business owners on purchasing decisions.
- Want to focus on their core business, but still realize profits by leveraging a network by introducing them to the benefits Vonage Business.
- Don't want to invest the time or resources in sales cycles.
Our Partner Referral Program provides you with all of the tools necessary to thrive in the expanding VoIP marketplace. You will find the Vonage Partner Referral Program is easy to follow and enables you to earn income for promoting Vonage's hosted PBX services to your existing customers.
Reap the benefits of collaboration with access to Vonage Business marketing collateral, suggested sales guides, sales and support personnel.
How it works:
Simply introduce a potential customer to Vonage Business through the Partner Referral page and we'll take it from there to describe how hosted PBX services can benefit their business, and manage the balance of the sales cycle all the way to customer sign-up. You then earn an up-front payment for the sale.
To find out more about Vonage Partnerships call 1-877-862-2562 Ext. 5, or completing the partner form below.