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Here we developed a new method, called multivariate tensor-based surface morphometry (TBM), and applied it to study lateral ventricular surface differences associated with HIV/AIDS. Using concepts from differential geometry and the theory of differential forms, we created mathematical structures known as holomorphic one-forms, to obtain an efficient and accurate conformal parameterization of the lateral ventricular surfaces in the brain. The new meshing approach also provides a natural way to register anatomical surfaces across subjects, and improves on prior methods as it handles surfaces that branch and join at complex 3D junctions. To analyze anatomical differences, we computed new statistics from the Riemannian surface metrics - these retain multivariate information on local surface geometry. We applied this framework to analyze lateral ventricular surface morphometry in 3D MRI data from 11 subjects with HIV/AIDS and 8 healthy controls. Our method detected a 3D profile of surface abnormalities even in this small sample. Multivariate statistics on the local tensors gave better effect sizes for detecting group differences, relative to other TBM-based methods including analysis of the Jacobian determinant, the largest and smallest eigenvalues of the surface metric, and the pair of eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix. The resulting analysis pipeline may improve the power of surface-based morphometry studies of the brain.
Surface-based analysis methods have been extensively used to study structural features of the brain, such as cortical gray matter thickness, complexity, and patterns of brain change over time due to disease or developmental processes (Thompson and Toga, 1996; Dale et al., 1999; Thompson et al., 2003; Chung et al., 2005). Cortical mapping methods have revealed the 3D profile of structural brain abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease, HIV/AIDS, Williams syndrome, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder (Thompson et al., 2003, 2004b, 2005a,b, 2009). Surface models have also proven useful for studying the shape of subcortical structures such as the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and ventricles (Thompson et al., 2004a; Styner et al., 2004, 2005; Yushkevich et al., 2006; Morra et al., 2009).
One fruitful area of research combines surface-based modeling with deformation-based methods that measure systematic differences in structure volumes and shapes. Deformation-based morphometry (DBM) (Ashburner et al., 1998; Chung et al., 2001; Wang et al., 2003; Chung et al., 2003b), for example, uses deformations obtained from the nonlinear registration of brain images to a common anatomical template, to infer 3D patterns of statistical differences in brain volume or shape. Tensor-based morphometry (TBM) (Davatzikos et al., 1996; Thompson et al., 2000a; Chung et al., 2003a; Ashburner, 2007; Leporé et al., 2008; Chung et al., 2008) is a related method, that examines spatial derivatives of the deformation maps that register brains to common template. Morphological tensor maps are used to derive local measures of shape characteristics such as the Jacobian determinant, torsion or vorticity. DBM, by contrast, analyzes 3D displacement vector fields encoding relative positional differences in anatomical structures across subjects, after mapping all brain images to a common stereotaxic space (Thompson et al., 1997; Cao et al., 1997). One advantage of TBM for studying brain structure is that it also derives local derivatives and tensors from the deformation for further analysis. When applied to surface models, TBM can even make use of the Riemannian surface metric to characterize local surface abnormalities. In this paper, we extend tensor-based morphometry to the multivariate analysis of surface tensors. We illustrate the approach by applying it to analyze lateral ventricular surface abnormalities in patients with HIV/AIDS. The overall goal of the work is to find new and informative descriptors of local shape differences that can pick up disease effects with greater statistical power than standard methods.
The lateral ventricles – fluid-filled structures deep in the brain – are often enlarged in disease, and can provide sensitive measures of disease progression. Surface-based analysis approaches have been applied in many studies to examine ventricular surface morphometry (Thompson et al., 2004a; Styner et al., 2005; Thompson et al., 2006; Carmichael et al., 2006; Ferrarini et al., 2006; Carmichael et al., 2007a,b,c; Ferrarini et al., 2008a,b; Chou et al., 2008, 2009a,b). Ventricular changes typically reflect atrophy in surrounding structures, and ventricular measures and surface-based maps often provide sensitive (albeit indirect) assessments of tissue reduction that correlate with cognitive deterioration in illnesses. Ventricular measures have also recently garnered interest as good biomarkers of progressive brain change in dementia. They can usually be extracted from brain MRI scans with greater precision than hippocampal surfaces or other models (Weiner, 2008).
Thompson et al. (2004a, 2006) analyzed ventricular shape with a parametric surface-based anatomical modeling approach originally proposed in (Thompson and Toga, 1996). In one type of analysis, a medial axis is derived passing down the center of each ventricular horn. The local radial size – an intuitive local measure of thickness – can then be defined as the radial distance between each boundary point and its closest point on the associated medial axis (see Thompson et al. (2004a) for details; see work by Styner and Yushkevich for related 'm-rep' approaches). Based on the local radial size, multiple regression, or structural equation models (Chou et al., 2009b), may be used to assess the simultaneous effects of multiple factors or covariates of interest, on surface morphology. Given maps of surface-based statistics, false discovery rate (FDR) methods or permutation methods may be used to assign overall (corrected) p-values for effects seen in surface based statistical maps. In the largest ventricular mapping study to date (N = 339), Carmichael et al. (2006) applied the radial distance method together with an automated single-atlas segmentation method to analyze localized ventricular expansion in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment. This method was also applied in a series of ventricular expansion studies (Carmichael et al., 2007a,b,c). More recently, the same method was also extended to combine multiple segmentations (using an approach called "multi-atlas fluid image alignment") to create more accurate segmentations of the ventricular surface. These methods have been used to study genetic effects in AD (Chou et al., 2008), genetic influences on ventricular structure in normal adult twins (Chou et al., 2009b). These methods found correlations between ventricular expansion and CSF biomarkers of pathology, and with baseline and future clinical decline (Chou et al., 2009a).
Styner et al. (2005) also modeled the lateral ventricles using geometrical surfaces, by transforming each ventricle into a spherical harmonic-based shape description. They applied this method to explore the effects of heritability and genetic risk for schizophrenia on ventricular volume and shape. Extending this work to a diagnostic classification problem, Ferrarini et al. (2007) used an unsupervised clustering algorithm, generating a control average surface and a cloud of corresponding nodes across a dataset, to study ventricular shape variations in healthy elderly and AD subjects (Ferrarini et al., 2006, 2008a,b).
As an illustrative application, we studied ventricular surface abnormalities associated with HIV/AIDS. Our proposed multivariate TBM method detected areas of statistically significant deformation even in a relatively small test dataset – from 11 subjects with HIV/AIDS and 8 matched healthy controls2. For comparison, we also compared our multivariate TBM method with simpler, more standard, Jacobian matrix based statistics. In a comparison of overall effect sizes for different surface-based statistics, our multivariate TBM method detected areas of abnormality that were generally consistent with simpler approaches, but gave greater effect sizes (and therefore greater statistical power) than all other Jacobian matrix based statistics including the Jacobian determinant, largest and least eigenvalue, or the pair of eigenvalues of the local Jacobian matrix. Our method to compute the Jacobian matrix and multivariate TBM is also quite general and can be used with other surface models and triangulated meshes from other analysis programs used in neuroimaging (Fischl et al., 1999; Van Essen et al., 2001; Thompson et al., 2004b).
Figure 1 summarizes our overall sequence of steps used to analyze lateral ventricular surface morphometry. We used lateral ventricular surface models from our previously published study (Thompson et al., 2006). We deliberately chose a small set of surfaces, to see if group differences were detectable in a small sample, and if so, we aimed to find out which surface-based statistics gave greatest effect sizes for detecting these differences. Constrained harmonic map (Joshi et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2007) was used to match ventricular surfaces and multivariate statistics were applied to identify regions with significant differences between the two groups. Based on this, we created statistical maps of group differences.
Differential forms are used here as the basis for surface modeling and parameterization. They belong to a branch of differential geometry known as the exterior calculus. Basic principles of these mathematical constructs are reviewed here, assuming some knowledge of differential geometry. For a more detailed introduction to differential forms, the reader is referred to a differential geometry text such as Bachman (2006).
Suppose S is a surface embedded in 3, with induced Euclidean metric g. In the terminology of differential geometry, S is considered to be covered by an atlas {(Uα, α)}. Suppose (xα, yα) is the local parameter on the chart (Uα, α). We say that a coordinate system (xα, yα) for the surface is isothermal, if the metric has the representation , where λ(xα, yα) is the conformal factor, which is a positive scalar function defined on each point on the surface.
The Laplace-Beltrami operator is defined as
This operator may be used to measure the regularity (smoothness) of signals that are defined on a surface, and it is the extension of the standard Laplacian operator to general manifolds, such as curved surfaces. A function f: S → is harmonic, if Δgf 0.
Suppose ω is a differential one-form with the representation fαdxα+gαdyα in the local parameters (xα, yα), and fβdxβ + gβdyβ in the local parameters (xβ, yβ). Then
ω is a closed one-form, if on each chart (xα, yα), . ω is an exact one-form, if it equals the gradient of some function. An exact one-form is also a closed one-form. The de Rham cohomology group H1(S, ) is the quotient group between closed one-forms and exact one-forms. If a closed one-form ω satisfies , then ω is a harmonic one-form. Hodge theory claims that in each cohomology class, there exists a unique harmonic one-form. The gradient of a harmonic function is an exact harmonic one-form.
The Hodge star operator turns a one-form ω into its conjugate *ω, *ω = −gαdxα + fαdyα. If we rewrite the isothermal coordinates (xα, yα) in the complex format zα = xα + iyα, then the isothermal coordinate charts form a conformal structure on the surface. A topological surface with a conformal structure is called a Riemann surface.
Holomorphic differential forms may be generalized to Riemann surfaces by using the notion of conformal structure. A holomorphic one-form is a complex differential form, such that on each chart, it has the form , where ω is a harmonic one-form, and f(z) is a holomorphic function. All holomorphic one-forms form a linear space, which is isomorphic to the first cohomology group H1(S, ).
For a genus 0 open boundary surface with s boundaries, all holomorphic one-forms form a real s-dimensional linear space. At a zero point p M of a holomorphic one-form ω, any local parametric representation has
In general there are s − 1 zero points for a holomorphic one-form defined on a genus 0 open boundary surface with s boundaries.
A holomorphic one-form induces a special system of curves on a surface, the so-called conformal net. Horizontal trajectories are the curves that are mapped to iso-v lines in the parameter domain. Similarly, vertical trajectories are the curves that are mapped to iso-u lines in the parameter domain. The horizontal and vertical trajectories form a web on the surface. The trajectories that connect zero points, or a zero point with the boundary, are called critical trajectories. The critical horizontal trajectories form a graph, called the critical graph.
Suppose we have an analytic function : z → w, z, w , that maps the complex z-plane to the complex w-plane. We will demonstrate the concepts of the holomorphic one-form, a conformal net, and our proposed algorithms, by using three simple planar cases.
For simplicity, we simply choose as the function that squares a complex number, i.e., w = z2; the mapping caused by this function may be considered to be a deformed grid in the complex plane, which is visualized in Figure 2(a) and (b). The holomorphic one-form is the complex differential dw = 2zdz. The red and blue curves in the w-plane are the horizontal trajectories and vertical trajectories of dw. They are mapped to the red and blue lines in the w-plane. The conformal net is formed by horizontal and vertical trajectories. We examine a horizontal trajectory γ; maps γ to a horizontal line, namely, along γ the imaginary part of the differential form dw is always zero. Similarly, along a vertical trajectory, the real part of dw is always zero.
Therefore, in order to trace horizontal trajectories, we only need to find a direction, along which the value of the differential form is real. Similarly, the vertical trajectories may be traced by following directions in which dw is always imaginary.
The center of the z-plane is a zero point, which is mapped to the origin of the w-plane. In the neighborhood of the zero point, the horizontal trajectories may be represented as the level sets
and the vertical trajectories may be represented, by the implicit function
– both of these are hyperbolic curves.
At the zero point, more than one of the horizontal trajectories intersect with each other, and more than one of the vertical trajectories intersect with each other. The trajectories through the zero point are called critical trajectories. The horizontal critical trajectories partition the z-plane into 4 patches. Each patch is mapped by to a half plane in the w-plane.
Suppose z0 is the zero point on the z-plane, the map may be recovered by integrating the differential form, ω, namely
Now, suppose instead that we have an analytic map from a 2-hole annulus (a simple type of surface) to the complex plane. In Figure 2(c), we visualize the map in the same way as in the previous discussion.
We denote the differential form of the map as ω. The horizontal and vertical trajectories in the z-plane are represented as red and blue curves, which are mapped to the horizontal and vertical lines in w-plane.
It is still true that along horizontal trajectories, the imaginary part ω is zero; along vertical trajectories, the real component of ω is zero. The zero point is the intersection of two horizontal trajectories and also of two vertical trajectories. The horizontal and vertical trajectories form the conformal net. Similarly, we illustrate an analytic map from a 4-hole annulus to the complex plane in Figure 2(d). There are three zero points.
The conformal net has a simple global structure. The critical graph partitions the surface into a set of non-overlapping patches that jointly cover the surface, and each patch is either a topological disk or a topological cylinder (Strebel, 1984). This is important because it allows a general surface to be converted into a set of non-overlapping parametric meshes, even if the surface has holes or branches in it. Each patch Ω M may be mapped to the complex plane by integration of the holomorphic one-form on it (Equation 1). We will use this property to automatically partition the ventricular surface (Section 4.1). After being cut open at three extreme points, the surface becomes topologically equivalent to a genus 0 with 2 open boundary surface (see Figure 2(c)).
The structure of the critical graph and the parameterizations of the patches are determined by the conformal structure of the surface. If two surfaces are topologically homeomorphic to each other and have similar geometrical structures, they can support consistent critical graphs and segmentations (i.e., surface partitions), and their parameterizations are consistent as well. Therefore, by matching their parameter domains, the entire surfaces can be directly matched in 3D (this could be considered an induced mapping, or a push-forward mapping, in the terminology of differential geometry). This generalizes prior work in medical imaging that has matched surfaces by computing a smooth bijection to a single canonical surface, such as a sphere or disk (Fischl et al., 1999; Thompson et al., 2000b).
Suppose that the input mesh has n+1 boundaries, M = γ0–γ1–···–γn. Without loss of generality, we map γ0 to the outer boundary and the others to the inner boundaries in the parameter domain.
The following is the algorithm pipeline to compute the canonical holomorphic one-forms:
The first step of the algorithm is to compute the basis for exact harmonic one-forms. Let γk, k = 1, …, n, be an internal boundary, we compute a harmonic function fk: S → by solving the following Dirichlet problem on the mesh M:
where δkj is the Kronecker function, and Δ is the discrete Laplace-Beltrami operator implemented using the co-tangent formula proposed in (Pinkall and Polthier, 1993).
The exact harmonic one-form ηk can be computed as the gradient of the harmonic function fk, ηk = dfk, and {η1, η2, ···, ηn} form the basis for all the exact harmonic one-forms.
After getting the exact harmonic one-forms, we will compute the closed one-form basis. Let γk (k > 0) be an inner boundary. Compute a path from γk to γ0, denote it by ζk. ζk cuts the mesh open to Mk, while ζk itself is split into two boundary segments and in Mk. Define a function gk: Mk → by solving a Dirichlet problem,
Compute the gradient of gk and let τk = dgk, then map τk back to M, where τk becomes a closed one-form. Then we need to find a function hk: M → , by solving the following linear system: Δ(τk + dhk) 0.
Updating τk to τk + dhk, we now have {τ1, τ2, …, τn} as a basis set for all the closed but non-exact harmonic one-forms.
With both the exact harmonic one-form basis and the closed non-exact harmonic one-form basis computed, we can construct the harmonic one-form basis by taking the union of them: {η1, η2, ···, ηn; τ1, τ2, ···, τn}.
In Step 1, we computed the basis for exact harmonic one-forms {η1, ···, ηn}. Now we compute their conjugate one-forms {*η1, ···, *ηn}, so that we can combine all of them together into a holomorphic one-form basis set.
First of all, for ηk we compute an initial approximation by a brute-force method using the Hodge star. That is, rotating ηk by 90° about the surface normal to obtain (Wang et al., 2007). In practice such an initial approximation is usually not accurate enough because of the digitization errors introduced in the image segmentation and surface reconstruction steps. To improve accuracy, we employ a technique that uses the harmonic one-form basis that we just computed. From the fact that ηk is harmonic, we can conclude that its conjugate *ηk should also be harmonic. Therefore, *ηk may be represented as a linear combination of the base harmonic one-forms:
Using the wedge product ∧ (Heinbockel, 2001), we can construct the following linear system,
We solve this linear system to obtain the coefficients ai and bi (i = 1, 2, ···, n) for the conjugate one-form *ηk. Pairing each base exact harmonic one-form in the basis with its conjugate, we get a basis set for the holomorphic one-form group on M:
Given a Riemann surface M, there are infinitely many holomorphic one-forms, but each of them may be expressed as a linear combination of the basis elements. Figure 3 illustrates four different holomorphic one-forms on a left lateral ventricular surface. Its induced conformal parameterization is visualized by the texture mapping of a checkerboard onto the surface. We define a canonical conformal parametrization as a linear combination of the holomorphic bases , i = 1, …, n. A canonical conformal holomorphic one-form can be computed by
The conformal parametrization induced by Equation 1 from the canonical conformal holomorphic one-form is called the canonical conformal parametrization, as visualized in Figure 3(a). The selected canonical conformal parameterization has a more uniform parameterization on each horn, which is very useful as it can be used to study the surface morphology of each horn. Compared with our prior work (Wang et al., 2007), the current canonical conformal parameterization directly works on open boundary surfaces and does not require us to compute a double covering of the surface and a homology basis. So, it is more computationally efficient. The obtained conformal parameterization is unique, so it provides a consistent parameterization across surfaces. Another benefit of this specific parameterization is that it maximizes the uniformity of the induced grid over the entire domain, in the sense of optimizing a conformal energy.
The canonical conformal parameterization, obtained using this method, is an intrinsic property of the overall surface structure (i.e., depends on its boundary number, and how the components of the surface join in 3D). As a result, the surface partitions that are obtained from modeling different subjects' anatomy are very similar, and the surface of the ventricles is split up into horns in a logical and consistent way. Thus, we can also match entire surfaces through the parameter domain. There are numerous nonrigid surface registration algorithms (Holden, 2008) that can be applied to register each segmented surface via the parameter domain. To register these surfaces to each other, here we apply a constrained harmonic map through the parameter domain. The constrained harmonic map can be computed as follows.
Given two surfaces S1 and S2, whose conformal parameterizations are τ1: S1 → 2 and τ2: S2 → 2, we want to compute a map, : S1 → S2. Instead of directly computing , we can easily find a harmonic map between the parameter domains. We look for a harmonic map, τ: 2 → 2, such that
Then the map can be obtained by . The below diagram illustrates the mapping relationship.
Since τ is a harmonic map, and τ1 and τ2 are conformal maps, the resulting is a harmonic map. When landmark curves needs to be matched, such as the boundaries of each component of the ventricles, we guarantee the matching of both ends of the curves. We also match the rest of the curves in 3D based on unit speed parameterizations of both curves.
Suppose : S1 → S2 is a map from the surface S1 to the surface S2. To simplify the formulation, we use the isothermal coordinates of both surfaces as the arguments. Let (u1, v1); (u2, v2) be the isothermal coordinates of S1 and S2, respectively. The Riemannian metric of Si is represented as , i = 1,2.
In the local parameters, the map can be represented as (u1, v1) = (1(u1, v1), 2(u1, v1)). The derivative map of is the linear map between the tangent spaces, d: TM(p) → TM((p)), induced by the map . In the local parameter domain, the derivative map is the Jacobian of ,
Let the position vector of S1 be r(u1, v1). Denote the tangent vector fields as . Because (u1, v1) are isothermal coordinates, and only differ by a rotation of π/2. Therefore, we can construct an orthonormal frame on the tangent plane on S1 as { }. Similarly, we can construct an orthonormal frame on S2 as { }.
The derivative map under the orthonormal frames is represented as
In practice, smooth surfaces are approximated by triangle meshes. The map is approximated by a simplicial map, which maps vertices to vertices, edges to edges and faces to faces. The derivative map d is approximated by the linear map from one face [v1, v2, v3] to another one [w1, w2, w3]. First, we isometrically embed the triangle [v1, v2, v3],[w1, w2, w3] onto the plane 2; the planar coordinates of the vertices of vi, wj are denoted using the same symbols vi, wj. Then we explicitly compute the linear matrix for the derivative map d,
In our work, we use multivariate statistics on deformation tensors (Leporé et al., 2008) and here we adapt these concepts to be applicable to surface tensors. In related work, Chung et al. (2003a, 2008) have also proposed to use the surface metrics as the basis for morphometry in cortical studies. Let J be the derivative map and define the deformation tensors as S = (JTJ)1/2. Instead of analyzing shape differences based on the eigenvalues of the deformation tensor, e.g. Cai (2001), we use a recently introduced family of metrics, the "Log-Euclidean metrics" (Arsigny et al., 2006). These metrics make computations on tensors easier to perform, as they are chosen such that the transformed values form a vector space, and statistical parameters can then be computed easily using standard formulae for Euclidean spaces (Wang et al., 2008b).
We apply Hotelling's T2 test (Hotelling, 1931) on sets of values in the Log-Euclidean space of the deformation tensors. Given two groups of n-dimensional vectors Si, i = 1, …, p, Tj, j = 1, …, q, we use the Mahalanobis distance M to measure the difference between the mean vectors for two different groups of subjects,
where and are the means of the two groups and Σ is the combined covariance matrix of the two groups. In this formula, the 3 distinct components of the deformation tensor, which is a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix and has two duplicate off-diagonal terms, are converted to a vector of the same dimension.
The concave shape, complex branching topology and extreme narrowness of the inferior and posterior horns of the lateral ventricles have made it difficult for surface parameterization approaches to impose a grid on the entire lateral ventricular structure without introducing significant area distortion. For example, many papers in the engineering literature that claim to have extracted the lateral ventricles tend to show the inferior horn omitted or too short; the occipital horn is often also truncated at the calcar avis, but there is usually an additional small volume of CSF at the occipital tip of the occipital horns, and this is hard for most segmentation algorithms to properly connect with the rest of the ventricles. To correctly model the entire lateral ventricular surface, we automatically locate and introduce three cuts on each ventricle. The cuts are motivated by examining the topology of the lateral ventricles, in which several horns are joined together at the ventricular "atrium" or "trigone". Meanwhile, we keep the cutting curves consistent across surfaces. After the topology is modeled in this way, a lateral ventricular surface, in each hemisphere, becomes an open boundary surface with 3 boundaries(see Figure 4(a)). We computed the exact harmonic one-form (Figure 4(b)), its conjugate one-form (Figure 4(c)), and canonical holomorphic one-form (Figure 4(d). With the conformal net introduced in this way (Figure 4(e)), each lateral ventricular surface may be divided into 3 pieces (Figure 4(f)). Although surface geometry is widely variable across subjects, the zero point locations are intrinsically determined by the surface conformal structures, and the partitioning of the surface into component meshes is highly consistent across subjects. This topological decomposition, to model the structure as a set of connected surfaces, may be considered to be a topology optimization operation. The topological optimization also helps to enable a uniform parametrization on some areas that otherwise are very difficult for usual parametrization methods to capture (e.g., the tips of a pointed structure). Figure 4(f) illustrates the automatic surface segmentation result for the same pair of lateral ventricular surfaces, which is similar to the manual surface segmentations used in prior research (Thompson et al., 2006). Even so, the new automated partitioning method improves on past work as it avoids arbitrarily chopping the surface into 3 parts using a fixed coronal plane. Figure 5 illustrates a pair of segmentation results from two groups. In the Figure, part (a) shows a pair of ventricular surfaces extracted from a 3D MRI image of a healthy control subject and (b) is from a patient with HIV/AIDS. The ventricular surfaces in (b) are dilated due to the disease. The two surfaces are similar overall, so the surface segmentation results are consistent. Each ventricular surface was automatically segmented into 3 pieces. We labeled each piece with a different color. Figure 5 demonstrates that our algorithm can successfully identify matching parts on surfaces that are significantly different.
After the surface segmentation, each lateral ventricular surface is divided up into three surfaces, each topologically equivalent to a cylinder. For each piece, we computed a new set of holomorphic one-forms on it and conformally mapped it to a rectangle. Figure 6 illustrates a left lateral ventricular surface example. After segmentation, each piece of overall surface is topologically equivalent to a surface with one open boundary, i.e., a cylinder. This can then be conformally mapped to a rectangle without any singularities. We compute the new conformal parameterization and visualize the conformal coordinates using the red and blue lines on the parameterization domain. Then we register the two components of the surfaces via the constrained harmonic map as explained in Section 2.4.
In our experiments, we compared ventricular surface models extracted from 3D brain MRI scans of 11 HIV/AIDS individuals and 8 matched control subjects, using data previously examined in (Thompson et al., 2006). After registration of these surfaces to a common space, and across subjects using a harmonic mapping, we computed the surface Jacobian matrix and applied multivariate tensor-based statistics to study differences in ventricular surface morphometry. We ran a permutation test with 5, 000 random assignments of subjects to groups to estimate the statistical significance of the areas with group differences in surface morphometry. We also used a pre-defined statistical threshold of p=0.05 at each surface point to estimate the overall significance of the group difference maps by non-parametric permutation testing (Thompson et al. 2005). In each case, the covariate (group membership) was permuted 5,000 times and a null distribution was developed for the area of the average surface with group-difference statistics above the pre-defined threshold in the significance maps. The overall significance is defined of the map is defined as the probability of finding, by chance alone, a statistical map with at least as large a surface area beating the pre-defined statistical threshold of p=0.05. This omnibus p-value is commonly referred to as the overall significance of the map (or the features in the map), corrected for multiple comparisons. It basically quantifies the level of surprise in seeing a map with this amount of the surface exceeding a pre-defined threshold, under the null hypothesis of no systematic group differences. The experimental results are shown in Figure 10. After fixing the template parametrization, we used Log-Euclidean metrics to establish a metric on the surface deformation tensors at each point. We conducted a permutation test on the suprathreshold area of the resulting Hotelling's T2 statistics (Hotelling, 1931). The statistical maps are shown in Figure 10. The threshold for significance at each surface point was chosen to be p = 0.05. Although sample sizes are small, we still detected large statistically significant areas, consistent with prior findings (Thompson et al., 2006). The permutation-based overall significance of the group difference maps, corrected for multiple comparisons, were p = 0.0066 for the right ventricle and 0.0028 for the left ventricle, respectively.
To explore whether our multivariate statistics provided extra power when running TBM on the surface data, we conducted four additional statistical tests using different tensor-based statistics derived from the Jacobian matrix. The other statistics we studied were: (1) the pair of eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix, treated as a 2-vector; (2) the determinant of Jacobian matrix; (3) the largest eigenvalue of Jacobian matrix; and (4) the smallest eigenvalue of Jacobian matrix. For statistics (1) we used Hotelling's T2 statistics to compute the group mean difference. In cases of (2), (3) and (4), we applied a Student's t test to compute the group mean difference at each surface point. For these four new statistics, their calculated statistical maps are shown in Figure 11(a)–(d), respectively. For each statistic, we also computed the overall p-values (see Table 1). Areas of surface abnormalities detected by different tensor-based surface statistics were relatively consistent. The experiments also strongly suggested that the newly proposed multivariate TBM method has more detection power in terms of effect size (and the area with suprathreshold statistics), probably because it captures more directional and rotational information when measuring geometric differences.
In these maps, the statistics based on the multivariate analysis of the surface metric do in fact give the highest effect sizes for detecting differences between the two groups. The left ventricle has a very broad region that shows very low p-values, and the extent of the group differences is readily apparent. A more common TBM-derived statistic would to look at the Jacobian of the surface metric, which in this context essentially encodes local differences in surface area, across subjects. Figure 11(b) shows that the Jacobian of the surface metric is not in fact a particularly strong descriptor of group differences, in the sense that only very small and localized regions pass the voxel-level significance threshold. As in Leporé et al. (2008), we also examined several other tensor-derived statistics to see which ones were really carrying the majority of the relevant information for picking up group differences. The maps based on the two eigenvalues of the surface metric (Figure 11(a)) are really quite effective in picking up group differences, although they do not quite have the same effect size as the analysis of the full surface metric tensor. This is in line with intuition, as the analysis of the full surface metric tensor conserves a substantial amount of information on local surface geometry, and has 3 independent components (as it is equivalent to a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix). The two eigenvalues of the surface metric (Figure 11(a)) still retain much relevant information, giving intermediate effect sizes, and the least information is retained by analyzing only the single scalar value at each point provided by the determinant of the surface metric tensor (which is the square of the determinant of the Jacobian of the deformation mapping; Figure 11(b)).
As Figures 11(c) and (d) show, the information in the pair of eigenvalues is present to some extent when analyzing each of the eigenvalues separately, but the multivariate test on the pair of eigenvalues considered together gives better (lower) effect sizes. This is again to be expected as the multivariate tests can draw upon information on the observed sample covariance between the scalar components being analyzed, making tests for group differences substantially more powerful.
In Figure 7, the cumulative distribution function of the p-values observed for the contrast of patients versus controls is plotted against the corresponding p-value that would be expected, under the null hypothesis of no group difference, for the different scalar and multivariate statistics. For null distributions, the cumulative distribution of p-values is expected to fall approximately along the line (represented by the dotted line); large deviations from that curve are associated with significant signal, and greater effect sizes represented by larger deviations (the theory of false discovery rates gives formulae for thresholds that control false positives at a known rate). We note that the deviation of the statistics from the null distribution generally increases with the number of parameters included in the multivariate statistics, with statistics on the full tensor typically outperforming scalar summaries of the deformation based on the eigenvalues.
As such, it makes sense to use the multivariate analysis for surface-based TBM studies, so long as other component maps are also created to better interpret the geometrical origin of any detected differences.
The current study has two main findings. First, it is possible to analyze differences in surface morphometry by building a set of parametric surfaces using concepts from exterior calculus, such as differential one-forms and conformal nets. This is a high-level branch of mathematics that has not been extensively used in brain imaging before, but it provides a rigorous framework for representing, splitting, parameterizing, matching, and measuring surfaces. Second, the analysis of parametric meshes in computational studies of brain structure can be made more powerful by analyzing the full multivariate information on surface morphology. In this context, we are using multivariate to mean a multi-component description of surface shape at each and every point, rather than treating the observations at many different points on a surface as a multivariate vector (which can also be done, for example, in statistical shape analysis that use PCA on shapes). Work on tensor-based analysis of surfaces was proposed initially by Chung et al. (2003a), who noted that cortical surface data in children could be analyzed for patterns of growth over time by considering the local contraction or expansion of parametric grids adapted to the cortex (see Thompson et al. (1997, 2000a) for related work). A key barrier to getting these methods to work in general on subcortical surfaces is the complex topology of many subcortical surfaces, which this paper provides a method to understand.
In terms of validating the method, at least two types of validation are necessary. It is important to first show that the methods do in fact create conformal mappings (as checked by the assessment of angles in the resulting grids) and, second, show by formal proof that the patches form a total cover of the surface and are guaranteed not to overlap. For generating non-overlapping patches that are each proven to be conformal maps, the holomorphic one-form is a well-studied mathematical tool. According to Hodge theory, the holomorphic one-form induces a conformal mapping (i.e., parameterization) between a surface and the complex plane. The conformal parameterization induces a simple global structure, the conformal net. There are formal proofs that the resulting surface partition consists of non-overlapping patches that jointly cover the surface, and each patch is either a topological disk or a topological cylinder (Strebel, 1984; Luo, 2006). Basically, our segmentation algorithm just traces a critical graph so that each of the surface segments obtained is either a topological disk or a topological cylinder, and there is no overlap between patches.
In prior work, we also verified some of the formal properties of these maps, using artificially-generated, synthetic surfaces. In Wang et al. (2005b), we built a two-hole torus surface (essentially like a 3D solid version of a figure 8), and found that the holomorphic one-form method was able to correctly split it into two patches with a rectangular parameterization. Via texture mapping, we also showed that the hippocampus can be represented as an open-boundary genus-one surface (a cylinder), and we built one-form based single-patch parameterizations. These correctly mapped the patch boundaries to the boundaries of the hippocampal surface, without causing the extremely dense gridding that is evident at the poles of a spherical parameterization. In Wang et al. (2005c), we used empirical plots to verify that the resulting maps were very close to conformal, even when internal landmark constraints were added to enforce landmark correspondences inside the conformal maps. Histograms of the angle difference from a conformal (angle-preserving) mapping were tightly clustered around zero even when a large number of landmark constraints were enforced (Wang et al., 2005c; Lui et al., 2006a,b). In Wang et al. (2005a), we also showed texture-mapped data verifying the surface registrations. In that paper, we used an additional term to improve the mutual information between hippocampal surface features (scalar fields defined on the surfaces) in two different subjects. Plots of the conformal factor and mean curvature were shown, before and after surface registration, to verify that the registration improved the alignment of corresponding features in parameter space, and, via the pull-back mapping, on the 3D surfaces. In the current work, we did not use mutual information to align curvature maps within the surface patches. This is because there is no reason to think that curvature is a reliable guide to homology on the ventricular surface instead, it seems reasonable to set up a computed correspondence between the two surfaces, that is smooth and conformal, and matches all the horns at once. If features on the ventricular surfaces were identified that could be used to independently validate the registration mappings, they could be used for verification, or included in the mapping themselves. However, there is no ground truth surface correspondence for ventricles across subjects, except for the logical requirement that each horn maps to its homolog (as is seen in our maps).
Finally, there may be rare pathological cases in which the patches in the critical graph may not correspond anatomically across different subjects, but we did not see any such examples in tests on large numbers of subjects. As the three horns on each side of the lateral ventricles are quite elongated, we found that in practice the patch boundaries always generated a cross on the surface (see Figure 6) in which the temporal and occipital horns met at a point, and the frontal horn wrapped around them in such a way that two points in the frontal horns parameter space met at the same 3D point. So long as the three tips of the ventricular horns can be isolated, such a decomposition is enforced, because the corners of the patches in parameter space contain right angles, so they still do when mapped into 3D via an angle-preserving (conformal) map.
We also assessed the sensitivity of the algorithm to simulated differences, by introducing spatially varying deformations of into the left ventricular surfaces of the control group. For each left ventricular surface, we selected a rectangular area in the parameter space of the frontal horn, as shown in Figure 8(a). We slightly adjusted each surface point's geometry coordinates by the following equation,
where r and k are tunable parameters that allowed us to vary the geometric deformation. Using surface registration, we introduced this geometric deformation to all the surfaces in the control group, to generate a new group of surfaces, matched to the original ones. We applied our multivariate tensor-based morphometry method to assess the geometric differences between these two groups. Using this scheme, abnormalities are deliberately created and mathematically defined, and the nature and context of the deformations can be systematically varied to determine the conditions that affect detection sensitivity.
Figure 8 illustrates the results of the experiments on these synthetic datasets. (a) illustrates the selected rectangle (labeled in yellow) on a specific left ventricular surface. We conducted 3 sets of experiments with different parameters: r = 0.005, k = 1 (Figure 8(b)), r = 0.005, k = 7 (Figure 8(c)) and r = 0.01, k = 7 (Figure 8(d)). Although the imposed deformations were relatively small scale geometric perturbations involving only one coordinate, our algorithm still successfully picked up the areas that were significantly different by construction. For the frontal horn regions that involved the simulated deformation, the overall (corrected) significance of the group difference maps were p = 0.1642, 0.0248 and 0.0004, respectively, for the deformations of increasing severity.
These results illustrate the graded response of the multivariate tensor-based morphometry algorithm, in assessing deformations of spatially varying magnitude across the ventricular surfaces. This also demonstrates the effectiveness of our algorithm for picking up subtle morphometric deformations across surfaces.
In our experiment, an important step is the automatic partitioning of a complex 3D surface, i.e., we cut open a ventricular surface at its three extreme points. This turns the surface into a genus 0 surface with 2 open boundaries that is topologically equivalent to the surface in Figure 2(c). Obviously, the original ventricular surface is a genus 0 surface. Theoretically it is topologically equivalent to a sphere. However, the concave shape, complex branching topology and extreme narrowness of the inferior and posterior horns make it extremely difficult to compute a meaningful regular mapping from a ventricular surface to a sphere (Friedel et al., 2005)3.
Figure 9 compares our conformal parameterization results with spherical parameterization results from a robust genus-zero surface parameterization approach. Both of them are visualized by the texture mapping of a checker board. Our parameterization results are much more regular and uniform than the spherical parameterization results. The use of differential forms and cohomology theory helps to generate stable and accurate surface meshes, and a registration mapping that provides computed correspondences among different lateral ventricular surfaces.
Our differential one-form method for modeling anatomical surfaces differs from the SPHARM (spherical harmonic) method (see, e.g., Styner et al. (2005)) and the Laplace-Beltrami eigenfunction technique for analyzing surface shapes (Shi et al., 2009). First, SPHARM or Laplace-Beltrami eigenfunction-based methods model geometric surfaces using a set of coefficients that weight the spherical harmonic basis functions or the Laplace-Beltrami eigenfunctions. These functions represent the entire shape of an anatomical structure as a sum of basis shapes (as we proposed in Thompson and Toga (1996)). Instead, our method uses differential forms to generate global conformal surface parameterizations via mappings to a canonical parameter space, such as the complex plane here, for further surface registration and shape analysis. For our canonical conformal differential one-forms, all coefficients of the basis differential one-form functions are fixed and have a value of 1 (see Equation 2). The surface is modeled by the one-form functions and not by their coefficients. Secondly, to combine or compare data across subjects, Styner et al. (2005)) used parameter-space rotation based on the first-order term in the spherical harmonic expansion of the shapes, to register two anatomical model surfaces. Instead, we register surfaces by a constrained harmonic map in the canonical space, which is a smooth mapping with mathematically enforced regularity. Thirdly, we perform non-parametric permutation tests on tensors at each surface point, and assess the overall significance of group differences by non-parametric permutation tests on the area of statistics exceeding a pre-defined fixed threshold (Thompson et al., 2005b). Since each tensor is defined based on local surface geometry, our map derives detailed local information on surface geometry, from the surface derivatives. In some cases, it may pick up more subtle differences than SPHARM, especially if the differences are highly localized and alter the local surface metric. In general, eigenfunction methods that generate shape coefficients (like SPHARM) will tend to be sensitive to more diffuse effects on the global shape of a structure, especially ones that can be represented accurately by a projection onto the first few eigenfunctions of the associated surface differential operator, whereas our map-based analysis will also tend to be sensitive to highly localized differences in surface geometry. Eigenfunction methods may miss small, localized effects, unless a large number of basis functions is used. In addition, it may be more intuitive in brain mapping to show statistical differences as a 3D map, rather than as a difference in shape coefficients, which may not have any convenient anatomical interpretation.
In the most related work, Chung et al. (2003a, 2008) have also proposed to use the surface metrics as the basis for morphometry in cortical studies. From the Riemannian metric tensors, they computed the local area element. They further defined the surface area dilatation, which is approximately the trace of the Jacobian determinant of the mapping from the template to the cortical surface. At each point on the surface, they used a Student's t test to assess group differences between patients with autism and matched control subjects. Although we used a different cortical surface registration algorithm, their proposed statistic is in fact very close to the determinant of Jacobian matrix, which we evaluated in our comparison experiments (Figure 11(b)). The new method we propose in this paper detects group difference in the "Log-Euclidean" space, i.e., using Lie group methods to handle the curvature of the tensor manifold of symmetric positive definite matrices. As illustrated in our experimental comparisons, the new method retains full Riemannian metric information and may capture additional useful information on surface morphometry.
The work reported here is related to ongoing research on the conformal mapping of brain surfaces. Brain surface conformal parameterization has been studied intensively (Schwartz et al., 1989; Balasubramanian et al., 2009; Hurdal and Stephenson, 2004, 2009; Angenent et al., 1999; Gu et al., 2004; Ju et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2006, 2007, 2008a). Most brain conformal parameterization methods (Hurdal and Stephenson, 2004, 2009; Angenent et al., 1999; Gu et al., 2004; Ju et al., 2004; Joshi et al., 2004; Ju et al., 2005) can handle the entire cortical surface of the brain, but cannot usually handle surfaces with boundaries or junctions with other surfaces. The canonical holomorphic one-form method (Wang et al., 2007), the Ricci flow method (Wang et al., 2006) and slit map method (Wang et al., 2008a) are ideal for these situations, as they can handle surfaces with complicated topologies.
The multivariate TBM method proposed here for analyzing surfaces is quite general. In most engineering studies, surfaces are usually represented by triangulated meshes. Once the surface mapping is established, the Jacobian matrix can always be computed from Equation 3, and multivariate TBM can then be directly applied. The only difference between this and conventional TBM is that logarithmic transforms are applied to convert the tensors into vectors that are more tractable for use with Euclidean operations, and Hotelling's T2 test is applied because the resulting data is multivariate at each point. Besides the proposed constrained harmonic map, other popular surface registration methods such as CARET (Van Essen et al., 2001), BrainVoyager QX (http://www.BrainVoyager.com), FreeSurfer (Fischl et al., 1999), and the cortical pattern matching method (Thompson et al., 2004b) can also generate parametric surfaces as inputs for our multivariate TBM method.
When tensor-based morphometry (TBM) is applied to 3D images, the interpretation of the determinant of the Jacobian is obvious: it represents an estimate of the volume difference between two images, such as a patient image and a template, or between two successive images of the same subject. In our analysis, we also derived other metrics from the Jacobian (or, strictly speaking, from the surface metric tensor). In particular, the eigenvalues of the surface metric tensor reflect a tensors dilation effects in two orthogonal directions. They carry partial information about the tensor, and may pick up on changes that occur along one direction in the surface grid. For instance, in Leporé et al. (2008) and Brun et al. (2009a), we argued that, in general, if a structure is stretched preferentially in one direction, but contracted in another, a tensor-based analysis is likely to pick up this effect, but a volumetric analysis may miss it. A more plausible case is that a disease that causes atrophy in all directions, but slightly greater atrophy in one direction, In Alzheimer's disease, for example, the cross-sectional area of the hippocampus may shrink more rapidly than the anterior-posterior length of the hippocampus. In the current analysis, if the dilation of the ventricles were more pronounced in a radial than an anterior-posterior direction, or, if the normal variations in the ventricles were greater in a radial than an anterior-posterior direction, then the eigenvalues of the surface tensor could be used to pick up these differential effects with high sensitivity. For instance, the biological meaning of a statistical difference in a tensor eigenvalue would be that the structure was abnormally dilated (on contracted) along the grid lines on the surface mesh, which may reflect a radial expansion, or an anterior-posterior stretching, or both. We admit that in general, a difference in the tensors may initially be more difficult to interpret than a difference in a structures volume or surface area. Even so, multivariate TBM detecting a group difference could be followed up with an analysis of the individual eigenvalues or rotations in the tensor to hone in on a more specific biological interpretation of the salient differences.
As we noted in Leporé et al. (2008), there are two main caveats when applying this multivariate version of TBM. First, just because a method detects group differences with greater effect sizes, it does not mean that they are true, as we do not have ground truth information on the true extent of ventricular expansion in HIV. Even so, it is logical from observing the maps in Figure 11 that any such group differences in surface tensors arise from true systematic differences in brain structure that lead to distortions in surface morphology. Second, it is not always the case that the multivariate version of TBM must give higher effect sizes than the standard univariate version of TBM (i.e., analysis of group differences in regional volumes encoded in the Jacobian determinant). We have found in the past that when sample sizes are relatively small, the covariance terms that incorporate empirical information on brain variation have a large number of free parameters, needing relatively large numbers of subjects estimate them accurately (Brun et al., 2009b).
Even so, we were able to show the power advantage of the multivariate version of TBM even in this very small sample of subjects with ventricular surface data. This is partly because the differences in mean ventricular volume are extremely large in HIV patients versus controls (Thompson et al., 2006), but it shows the potential of the approach for use in small samples.
In future, we will apply our multivariate TBM framework to additional 3D MRI datasets to study brain surface morphometry. We plan to apply other holomorphic differentials, such as holomorphic quadratic differentials, and meromorphic differential forms to study related surface regularization, parameterization and registration problems.
Here we aimed to study if the proposed algorithm could detect morphometric differences with statistical significance in a relatively small dataset. We randomly selected a subgroup of data from the dataset used in a previous study (Thompson et al., 2006). It consists of lateral ventricular surfaces from 11 HIV/AIDS patients and 8 matched control subjects. The algorithm detected a strong group difference. We also performed the same experiments on the full original dataset including surfaces from 31 HIV/AIDS patients and 20 matched control subjects. The color-coded p-values are illustrated in Figure 12. The permutation-based estimates of the overall significance of the group difference maps, corrected for multiple comparisons, are reported in Table 2. They show stronger effects, but the group differences are consistent with our results on the smaller dataset (Figure 10 and and1111 and Table 1).
2A study results on the full data set used in the previous study (Thompson et al., 2006) is reported in Appendix.
3One public domain implementation is available in a software package, ShapeAtlasMaker, developed by the UCLA Center for Computational Biology – http://www.loni.ucla.edu/twiki/bin/view/CCB/TaoSphericalMap.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


text:
Laurence Robertson, who was forced by William Hague to apologise for his outburst in May, has been put in charge of backbench discipline as a whip. He is joined in the whips office by John Hayes, a member of the rightwing Monday Club which supports voluntary repatriation of ethnic minorities.
Tory central office last night defended the appointment of Mr Robertson, who was forced to apologise when he endorsed remarks on race by the former MP John Townend. A spokesman said: "A lot of people find themselves in the news - that should not disqualify you. Laurence made a full apology."
The promotion alarmed moderate Tories who were shocked when arch-Eurosceptic Bill Cash became shadow attorney general. "The lunatics have taken over the asylum," one Tory said. "If there wasn't a war going on the Tory party would be in civil war by now."
A central office spokesman said: "Bill Cash has been given a chance to show he is not a one club golfer. He will be bound by collective responsibility." The spokesman said that the strongly Eurosceptic nature of the shadow cabinet reflected the views of the party at Westminster and nationally.
Mr Duncan Smith strongly defended the appointments yesterday and said the party would now be concentrating on public services, rather than Europe. "We have a position [on Europe] that allows tolerance for a minority, but goes with the majority position. Now I say to everybody: Move on. This is a time to come together now, for the Conservative party to demonstrate that we are not monomaniac, we have more than one issue."
However, 12 members of the new shadow cabinet, including Mr Duncan Smith, are supporters of Conservatives Against a Federal Europe which has come close to calling for British withdrawal from the EU. A further 14 junior spokespeople also support the group.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
3337 Shoshone Drive, Grandville 49418
See more homes for sale in Grandville, MI
This property has been Sold!
04/21/2016 at $187,000
Wonderful Grandville Schools well maintained home features 4 bedrooms 2 1/2 baths and a private beautiful backyard with above gournd pool and tiered landscaping on the back with two waterfalls. Main floor features Living room w/fireplace, eating area with sliders to a wonderful 3 season room, kitchen and half bath. Up you have 3 bedrooms and full bathroom with skylights. In the lower level you have a 4 th bedroom, family room, full bath w/ laundry. In the basement theres a rec room, another room that could be for storage, hobby or an office. Rounded out with a mechanical room and there is quite a bit of storage. Two stall garage. This home is conveniently located near all of what Grandville has to offer and a very short distance to South Elementary and the Mall. Reserved:Storage shed in BY
Property Information
- Status
- Sold
- Address
- 3337 Shoshone Drive
- City
- Grandville
- Zip
- 49418
- County
- Kent
- Township
- Grandville City
- Possession
- 30 dac
- Zoning
- res
- Total Finished SqFt
- 2,112
- Above Grade SqFt
- 1,168
- Garage Desc.
- 2, Attached
- Water
- Public
- Sewer
- Public
- Year Built
- 1980
School Information
- School District
- Grandville
- Elementary School
- South Elementary
- Middle School
- Grandville
- High School
- Grandville
- Taxes
- $2,552
Rooms and Land
- MasterBedroom
- 2nd Floor
- Bedroom2
- 2nd Floor
- Bedroom3
- 2nd Floor
- Bedroom4
- Lower Floor
- Bath
- 2nd Floor
- Den
- Lower Floor
- Dining
- 1st Floor
- Family
- Lower Floor
- Kitchen
- 1st Floor
- Laundry
- Lower Floor
- Living
- 1st Floor
- Rec
- Lower Floor
- Basement
- Daylight, Full Basement
- Heating
- Forced Air, Natural Gas
- Acreage
- 0.26
- Lot Dimensions
- 89 x 129
- Appliances
- Dishwasher, Garbage Disposal, Range, Refrigerator
- Fireplace Desc.
- Gas Log, Living
- Features
- Ceiling Fans, Laminate Floor
- Exterior Materials
- Aluminum
- Exterior Features
- 3 Season Room, Deck(s), Fenced Back
Listing Video for 3337 Shoshone Drive, Grandville MI 49418
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text:
It was the first such anti-army demonstration in Montenegro since the start of the Kosovo crisis and coincided with growing tension between the civilian and military authorities over who should control the borders.
Men, women and children, some waving the red and white flags traditionally carried into battle, gathered outside Cetinje's city hall to hear emotional calls for the soldiers to leave the surrounding mountains. "If the government does not find a way of protecting us, then for sure the people of Cetinje will find a way," said a local resident, Milo Dapcevic, to loud cheers from the crowd.
Montenegro is Serbia's junior partner in the Yugoslav federation, but it has refused to recognise Belgrade's declaration of a state of war and has denounced Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic as a war-mongerer.
The Montenegrin President, Milo Djukanovic, accused federal army forces on Thursday of trying to usurp the powers of his administration and warned those responsible they would be held to account once the Kosovo crisis was resolved. (Reuters)Reuse content


text: Rumour has it that the college doctor has been beseiged by fat sickies trying to bluff there way out of tomorrows BPFA. As a liberal sort of girl, i have no problem with this. Sure they wear the same rank as able bodied people, get paid the same and always push to the front of the scoff queue, but hey, why not? Guys, relax, as long as they are happy and can be used as justification for the RLC to procure a new heavy load vehicle then everyone's a winner! Remember, everyone is equal!


text:
Jamai Raja: Gangu tai confesses her crime of killing Dhruv (Prashant Chawla) to save son Satya (Ravi Dubey)
The upcoming episode of Jamai Raja will show that Dhruv was Payal's puppet against Satya and Mahi.
Dhruv this attempts to molest Mahi to instigate Satya and to trap him in fake case but Gangu tai kills Dhruv.
Gangu tai kills Dhruv for attempting to molest her daughter-in-law Mahi, Satya takes murder blame on himself.
Kajal that is Satya's sister who loves Dhruv and wants to get married to him gets shattered with Dhruv's death.
Kajal against brother Satya for Dhruv
Kajal now goes against Satya for killing her love of life Dhruv, while real culprit is Gangu tai.
Gangu tai can't see her son getting punished for what he hadn't done and thus confesses her crime before police.
Satya and Mahi are now in trouble as they have no way out to save mother from police and murder case.
Stay tuned for more exciting updates of the upcoming episodes.


text:
how do I print it out
John S. asked on Nov 24, 2012
I'm sorry for the delay in answering your question! You can find and print your Groupons by logging into your account at www.groupon.com. Once you are signed in, place your cursor over your name at the top right of the screen and click "My Groupons" in the drop-down menu that appears. After you've reached that page, click "View Voucher" to download the PDF file of the Groupon to your computer. Once that file opens, you can print it like you would any document.
Sammy T. from Groupon replied on Nov 27, 2012


text:
I want to find good student hostel details. And is Eurorail the best way to get around? How do you recommend planning this trip out?
Answer on I'm in London and I want to travel to Spain, France, and Italy in 9 days. What's the cheapest way to do that?
Probably just a guess, the easiest and cheapest is by train or even the Eurostar train. You can travel from London to Paris for only ?69. I'll paste the site, I hope it helps!


text:
16 September 2011
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Crimea, Yalta, private villa known as Vіllа Dzhаlіta.
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text: Seller: adpineantiques (244) 100%, Location: ADDINGTON, Kent, Ships to: Free Local Pickup, Item: 152319538301 Pitch pine church pew Sturdy pew Varnished finish Condition- please view all the photographs, viewing welcome and questions answered. Dimensions; Length 290cm Depth 41cm Height 92cm Cash on collection preferred please Viewing welcome at Adpine Antiques The Old Bakery London Road Addington Kent ME19 5PL. Material: Pine


text:
BIOL: Molecular Cell & Dev Biology
BIOL: Enrollment Update
BIOL: Class Schedule
BIOL: Course Catalog & Prerequisites
BIOL: Course Offerings 2016-17
Spring 2017 ENROLLMENT UPDATE: 2/17/17:
If the MCD course you are seeking enrollment in is full, please do the following:
1. Waitlist the course during your second pass enrollment (see below for more information).
Spring Second-Pass Enrollment and Wait List Begins: Tuesday March 7, 2017
Please waitlist the course you are seeking a seat in during your second pass enrollment appointment. You can see your wait list appointment by clicking on "details" under "Enrollment Dates" in MyUCSC.
2. Attend the first day of class and sign in.
All students enrolled, waitlisted or seeking a seat in MCD-BIOL courses MUST attend the first class meeting and students seeking a seat must sign-In with the instructor.
Unless noted below, all courses that fill will have a wait list during 2nd-Pass Enrollment.
All students enrolled, waitlisted or seeking a seat in courses MUST attend the first class meeting.
BIOL 20L Experimental Biology Laboratory: Priority enrollment is restricted to declared Human Biology majors. Students from other majors must attend first class meeting to request enrollment in the course. Priority given to seniors. Enrollment will open 9am on February 28th and will be available only to seniors on 1st-pass, then opened to other class-levels for 2nd-pass.
BIOL 105L Eukaryotic Genetics Laboratory: Priority given to graduating seniors.
BIOL 109L Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory: Priority given to graduating seniors.
BIOL 112 Virology: Application link for enrollment.
BIOL 115L Eurakyotic Molecular Biology Laboratory: Priority given to graduating seniors.
BIOL 121L Environmental Phage Biology Laboratory: Enrollment by permission of instructor.
BIOL 126 Advanced Molecular Neuroscience: Course restricted to Neuroscience majors; other MCD majors will be accommodated on a space available basis. Students not declared Neuroscience should complete an enrollment request and MUST ATTEND the 1st class meeting to be eligible to enroll.
BIOL 186L Undergraduate Research in MCD Biology: Students must obtain a faculty sponsor, complete an application, and bring completed application to the first class meeting.
BIOL 189/W Health Sciences Internship: The Health Sciences Internship Program is only available to declared Human Biology majors. Students wishing to participate in the internship program should bring a completed application to the internship information meeting, which is offered early each quarter, or contact the Health Sciences Internship Coordinator.
Fall 2017 BIOL 110 Prerequisites Changing:
Beginning Fall 2017 the prerequisites for BIOL 110 will be the following:
BIOL 100 (Fall & Winter) and BIOL 101 (Winter & Spring) OR BIOC 100A (Fall)
BIOL 105 (Fall, Winter & Spring) and
BIOL 101L (Winter & Spring) or 20L (Fall, Winter & Spring)
If you will have completed the current prerequisites for BIOL 110 Cell Biology: BIOL 100 + BIOL 105 + Biol 101L, before Fall 2017 please complete the enrollment request form
The department will review each students individual situation who completes this form. Students will be notified of options before Fall enrollment begins.
QUESTIONS??? See our Enrollment Basics for more information and help trouble-shooting your enrollment, or email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Scientists now Believe Red Sea Could have parted for Moses
February 24th, 2017
Moses and the Red Sea is one of the most popular incidents from the Bible. This incident is largely [...]
The Bible is a spectacular record of history. However, there hasn't been archeological evidence found for some of the stories in the Bible. The events and incidents in the bible are 2000 years old and most of the places are either destroyed, buried or lost in time. This documentry tries to find evidence for two of the most famous kings of the Bible — David and Solomon. Did they really exist? Skeptics say there's no proof. NGC explores groundbreaking new evidence that clears up the controversy.
February 24th, 2017
August 24th, 2016
June 26th, 2016
June 4th, 2016
August 15th, 2015


text:
Annual Drawing for Amazing Items!
This year's wonderful drawing items are:
Grand Prize: Trip for Two to Kona, Hawaii with airfare and 5-night stay at the Hawaiian Oasis Estate and Bed & Breakfast (compliments of Peter Knoblich and Darla Mabery)
1st Prize: $1000 Apple Store gift card or $1000 Cash (compliments of Steve & Elaine Pappas at RE/MAX Gold)
2nd Prize: 2 Tickets to a San Francisco 49er game & $100 gift card to Sutter Street Steakhouse (compliments of Jimmy & Denise Loudaros & Sutter Street Steakhouse)
3rd Prize: Cell Phone/Tablet Photography Class for 4 with Thumb Print Images, $300 value (compliments of Cynthia Sheffer, Thumb Print Images)
4th Prize: Overnight stay at the River Valley Lodge Hotel w/Dinner for 2 at the Wintun Dinner House & $100 in Free Play at the Colusa Casino (compliments of Colusa Casino)
5th Prize: Dinner for 2 at the Wintun Dinner House & $100 in Free Play at the Colusa Casino (compliments of Colusa Casino)
6th Prize: $200 Total Wine gift card
Drawing tickets are $10 each, 6 for $50, or 14 for $100. Must be 18 years or older to purchase.
Tickets will be sold on Sundays after service starting April 25th, through Festival Drawing volunteers, and during the event at the Drawing Tent. Parishioners will receive tickets in the mail to also assist in sales to their family & friends.


text:
Network unlock by code for Motorola phones
The service allows you to unlock Motorola phones by code. Supported are all models and all networks. It is the safest way to unlock your phone without any interference in the phone.
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text: 214 Items 5 Collections The hottest looks of Le Vian jewelry are worn today by celebrities on the Red Carpets of Hollywood, New York, Paris, and London. Pieces include many of the trend setting designs set in Le Vian's Strawberry gold as well as other nature inspired designs in Chocolate Diamonds. Le Vian Chocolate Diamond Jewelry has been worn by celebrities at the Oscars, Golden Globes, SAG Awards, and Grammys. Le Vian jewelry is suited for the person who wishes to symbolize their individuality. Featured Items View All Items Le Vian Ring $2,999 Le Vian Ring $2,499 Le Vian Pendant $1,899 Le Vian Ring $999 Le Vian Ring $3,099 Le Vian Ring $1,899 Le Vian Ring $3,499 Le Vian Pendant $999 Le Vian Ring $1,299 Le Vian Ring $1,499 Le Vian Ring $3,499 Le Vian Ring $2,399 Bracelets 3 View All Bracelets Le Vian Bracelet $7,499 Le Vian Bracelet $7,899 Le Vian Bracelet $5,999 Earrings 26 View All Earrings Le Vian Earrings $1,699 Le Vian Earrings Le Vian Earrings $3,399 Le Vian Earrings $3,999 Necklaces 4 View All Necklaces Le Vian Necklace $3,099 Le Vian Necklace $1,899 Le Vian Necklace $2,199 Le Vian Necklace $899 Pendants 60 View All Pendants Le Vian Pendant $999 Le Vian Pendant $699 Le Vian Pendant $1,099 Le Vian Pendant $1,899 Rings 121 View All Rings Le Vian Ring $2,999 Le Vian Ring $2,499 Le Vian Ring $999 Le Vian Ring $2,399 Collections 5 Chocolate By Petite Le Vian Le Vian Le Vian Chocolatier Le Vian Exotics Petite Chocolate By Le Vian


text: Home > Entertainment > Bollywood IN PICS: Riteish Deshmukh's brother's wedding IndiaTimes February 29, 2012 IN PICS: Riteish Deshmukh's brother's wedding 1 / 11 X UP NEXT Sachin Tendulkar Watches Riteish Deshmukh's Lai Bhaari Cancel http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/more-bollywood/sachin-tendulkar-watches-riteish-deshmukhs-lai-bhaari-166285.html Prev Next 29879 Prev Next Honey Bhagnani and Dhiraj Deshmukh Honey Bhagnani, Dhiraj Deshmukh and Honey's actor brother Jackky Bhagnani Honey Bhagnani Riteish Deshmukh and Genelia D'Souza Genelia D'Souza Riteish Deshmukh and Salman Khan Riteish Deshmukh, Genelia D'Souza and Riteish's elder brother, Amit Deshmukh Raj Kundra and Shamita Shetty Diya Mirza and her beau, Sahil Sangha Alvira and Atul Agnihotri Gayatri Joshi with husband Vikas Oberoi < 1 2 3 4 5 > Image 1 / 11 IndiaTimes February 29, 2012 Honey Bhagnani and Dhiraj Deshmukh trending now Tendulkar Watches Riteish's Lai Bhaari 969 SHARES The Young & Restless At Ek Villain Bash! RD-Genelia Catch Bobby Jasoos Salman Snapped At Sid's Ek Villain Bash! 439 SHARES Villains Sid, Riteish Sandwich Dadi! 543 SHARES Team Humshakals At Film's Success Bash 262 SHARES Team Humshakals Get Goofy In Delhi! Saif Goes On Joyride In A McLaren! 295 SHARES When Shraddha Got Scared! 254 SHARES


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Doggy Day Care in Pleyto, CA
Drop off your dog at your sitter's home in the morning, and pick them up in the evening.
Need a Hearst Castle Sitter?
Cambria , CA, 93428
Dog Boarding, House Sitting, Drop-In Visits, Doggy Day Care, Dog Walking
"Robert watched my 2 shy basset hounds while I went to Hearst Castle for the day. He was really great with them, giving them time to get used to him and get o... (more)"
Warm loving home for your pet
Paso Robles, CA, 93446
Dog Boarding, House Sitting, Doggy Day Care
"Jack had a great time with Lisa and doggie friends. We booked with short notice and she was very accommodating. We would definitely recommend Lisa again. (more)"
Safe, Secure, and Loved
King City, CA, 93930
Dog Boarding, House Sitting, Drop-In Visits, Doggy Day Care, Dog Walking
"Look no further! You've found the best dog sitter right here. Jamahl will make sure your furry friends don't even know you're gone. He's grown up with dogs h... (more)"
Need a Hearst Castle Sitter?
Cambria , CA, 93428
Dog Boarding, House Sitting, Drop-In Visits, Doggy Day Care, Dog Walking
"I've seen Robert provide care for several dogs in the time that I've known him, and he always shows the utmost attention and compassion for the furry loved o... (more)"
Experience exceptional service and a personalized match
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Rover also offers doggy day care in:
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Don't let your 9-to-5 stop you from being a great pet parent. When you're heading to work, drop off your beloved pet with a loving dog sitter near you. Your dog will get the love and care they're used to at home, and you'll get photo updates and the peace of mind that comes from finding great care for your pet. We're proud to offer a wide range of pet care, including puppy day care and pet day care for all kinds of pets. We know you love your pets, but you can't always be there, which is where our loving sitters come in. Forget kennels, find a loving neighbor who will give your dog the one-on-one attention they deserve. That way, when you head to work, you know your dog's in good hands.


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Mic Stands
K&M 210/9 (21090) - Telescopic Boom Stand with T-Bar Clamp - BlackThe K&M 21090 Telescopic Boom Stand with T-Bar Clamp is a more compact version of the classic 210/2. The combination of the long-legged 201A/2 mic stand and the 211/1 telescopic boom arm. Like the 210/2, the 21090 sets the standard for professional microphone boom stands. Learn More£38.40 £32.00 (ex. vat)
K&M 23550 Stereo Microphone BarThe K&M 23550 is an adjustable stereo microphone bar that connects to the top of a microphone stand. This unit will accommodate up to 2 microphones or booms. It features 5/8" locking screws, which allow you to adjust the position of the microphones on the bar. Learn More£8.04 £6.70 (ex. vat)
K&M 21231 Heavy Duty Tele Boom Arm - Black (For 20811 & 21411 Stand)The K&M 21231 Boom Arm For Overhead Mic Stand. Telescopic boom arm with 3/8 inch thread and adjustable counterweight, ideal for use with the K&M model 20811 and 21411 overhead microphone stand. It is a tough, heavy-duty telescopic boom arm and an essential optional accessory for the K&M model 20811 Learn More£64.80 £54.00 (ex. vat)
K&M 20811 Cathedral Microphone StandThe K&M 20811 is a black overhead microphone stand in a two-piece folding design that extends to over 4 m and as such is very suitable for organ and choir recordings. Learn More£142.80 £119.00 (ex. vat)
K&M 21080 - Tele Boom Stand - Black (Same as Beyer GST500)The K&M 21080 is a sturdy microhpone stand with an extendable boom arm. Same as the industry standard Beyer GST 500 Microphone Stand. Learn More£36.00 £30.00 (ex. vat)
K&M 23200 Table Stand Cast-Iron Base - BlackThe K&M 23200B table-top microphone stand features a round cast iron base which weighs 3 lbs (1.4 kg) and measures 7" in height. Is ideal for Kick drum microphones and table top mic applications and anywhere that a solid base is required Learn More£18.36 £15.30 (ex. vat)
K&M 21021 - Overhead Tele Boom Stand - BlackThe K&M 21021 is an extra high overhead microphone stand with a long boom and wide feet. Learn More£62.40 £52.00 (ex. vat)
Neumann LH 65 - Table stand with horizontal / vertical / height adjustmentThe Neumann LH65 is a table stand for the KH120 active monitors. The LH65 features horizontal and vertical angling, and height adjustment. Learn More£119.00 £99.17 (ex. vat)
K&M 25910 Extra Low level boom standThe K&M 259/1 (Black) short tripod microphone stand and boom is designed for placement at drums, bass & guitar cabinets, percussion or stage capturing. The stand features a fixed boom length of 20.7" and fixed height of 11". Learn More£34.20 £28.50 (ex. vat)
K&M 21060-300-55 Boom Microphone Stand - BlackThe K&M 21060-300-55 (10/6) Boom Microphone Stand has a tubular assembly, boom arm, zinc die-cast base with folding legs. The square swivel joint is tightened with a large wing nut. The whole stand is coated in a soft-touch powder coating. Learn More£31.80 £26.50 (ex. vat)


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38 results total, viewing 1 - 10
For many, the timberdoodle is a mythical creature known only through stories or accidental encounters under the cover of darkness. Hearing its bizarre sounds from newly thawed pasture or clearing, should be on everyone's "bucket list." Fortunate, … more
By Thom Smith, Special to The Eagle | 3/31/17
The period Mark Twain dubbed "the Gilded Age" was one of extreme wealth and ostentation, of robber barons amassing great fortunes, of glaring chasms between rich and poor. more
By Katherine Roth, The Associated Press | 2/24/17
Just as Passover has eight days, and Christmas has twelve, Earth Day has 365 with an extra day added every four years. Impetus for Earth Day's birth on April 22, 1970, began with Rachel Carson's New York Times bestseller "Silent Spring" in 1962. … more
By Thom Smith, Special to The Eagle | 4/21/17
Over the decades, taste has drained out of supermarket tomatoes. Harry J. Klee, a professor of horticultural sciences at the University of Florida, thinks he can put it back in within a couple of years.In this week's issue of the journal Science, … more
By Kenneth Chang, 2017 The New York Times | 2/3/17
I don't have an iPod, but I have had pPods er, pea pods, and plan to have plenty more this year. Peas, whether garden peas, snow peas or sugar snap peas, are one of my favorite vegetables. As such, I am champing at the bit to plant peas. Since they … more
By Ron Kujawski, Special to The Eagle | 3/31/17
It was little over four centuries ago that the great Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei first aimed his telescope skyward. It's amazing how many people believe that it was he who invented the telescope, but this was most likely an invention from … more
By Dennis Mammana | 4/21/17
Q: We watch the birds at our feeders with much pleasure. Our question is, how and where do birds sleep in this cold weather? We feel sorry for them.— Beverly, EgremontA: There really is no reason to feel sorry for them; winter songbirds are … more
By Thom Smith, Special to The Eagle | 2/3/17
It is always exciting to see something new, and if it moves with the alacrity of a gray squirrel, and looks like a gray squirrel except for its color, then is it a gray squirrel even if it is black? more
Washington's birthday is a good time to think about cherry trees. But rather than questioning whether George really chopped down the tree and then admitted to it, I find myself wondering what kind of a cherry it could have been.(The story, … more
By Lee Reich, The Associated Press | 2/17/17
If you're looking for a celestial challenge this week, you're in luck. On the night of Friday, Feb. 10, you might want to pay close attention to the full moon as it rises in the east shortly after sunset. If you do, you will be treated to a … more
By Dennis Mammana | 2/3/17
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broadcasting to both valleys at once
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10th May 2011
A real variety hour in store as we hear from Carol Atkin about what goes on at Holme Valley Memorial Hospital. We also chat to Les Clarke about his 'Proper Punch & Judy' and Alan Williams from Camira Fabrics pops in to show us the kinds of things they can make from nettles.
Thankyou for your support for the May day family fun day to raise money for Macmillians and encouraging children into sport. It was a successful day and hope we see you again next year. Thankyou Jason
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Suma Organic Crunchy Peanut Butter (Unsalted) 700g
Suma Wholefoods »Product code: 42668
Our price£5.79
Case Price£33.00 £5.50 per jar, you save 5%
Purchase Options
Earn 29 reward points on this item and 165 when buying a case In Stock : Available for despatch next working dayGift wrap available
Product Description
A deliciously crunchy unsalted organic peanut butter from Suma. 700g
Suitable for a gluten free diet.
Verified product owner
We couldn't live without it - three generations thriving on it. Try with marmite on toast or with cucumber.
Verified product owner
Super delicious peanut butter, it can be used spread on a slice of bread, to be added to cookie baking to replace the standard butter or it can be added to home made smoothies for added proteins.
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There are currently no questions to display about Suma Organic Crunchy Peanut Butter (Unsalted) 700g.
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The Suma Organic Crunchy Peanut Butter (Unsalted) 700g product ethics are indicated below. To learn more about these product ethics and to see related products, follow the links below.
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The Marion County Children's Alliance Family Violence Prevention Workgroup will host Unity Day on Monday, Oct. 1, from 6:30 to 8 p.m. at Marion Technical Institute, 1614 S.E. Fort King St.
The free event includes domestic violence survivor testimonies, vendor booths with information and resources about domestic violence, tribute to victims and light refreshments. For information, call Monica Bryant at 438-5993.
OCALA Tickets for Diana dresses exhibit on sale now The Appleton Museum of Art is hosting the exhibition, which will run Oct. 14-Dec. 30. It features 30 designer dresses and evening gowns that the late Princess Diana once wore. Also included in the exhibit is an extensive historical collection of royal mementos and memorabilia that dates from King George VI to Prince Charles and Diana.
Admission is $12 for adults, $10 for seniors older than 55, $8 for museum members and groups of 20 or more. Student prices are $7 and $5 for children 12 and younger. Tickets can be purchased at the museum or by calling 291-4455.
MARION COUNTY St. Johns board votes to buy land for conservation The St. Johns River Water Management District announced that its board voted to join Alachua County in buying 1,354 acres of forested lands and wetlands linking Orange, Newmans and Lochloosa lakes and Paynes Prairie.
The River Styx tract, which includes 555 acres of wetlands and 799 acres of uplands, is north of Orange Lake on County Road 346, east of U.S. 441 and west of U.S. 301.
St. Johns and Alachua County are each spending $2.3 million. The county approved participation in the acquisition on Sept. 11, with a final vote expected at a later date. Once the closing occurs, each entity will share equal ownership, although St. Johns will manage the property as part of the Longleaf Flatwoods Reserve.
OCALA Theology student to host presentation Maruzella Abboud, a Lebanese majoring in theology at the Near East School of Theology, will present and discuss "A Christian in Lebanon" at 2:30 p.m. Tuesday at Countryside Presbyterian Church, 7768 S.W. State Road 200, Ocala. For more information, call the church at 237-4633.
OCALA CFCC to honor former tennis coach on Tuesday Central Florida Community College will honor former tennis coach Mel Carpenter at noon Tuesday with the dedication of a plaza near the tennis complex.
Carpenter will be honored for his 32 years of service to the athletic program. He led students to numerous state and national championships, including a 1963 National Junior College Athletic Association title in the program's first year.
For information about the dedication, contact Executive Director for College and Community Relations Joan Stearns at 854-2322, ext. 1388. For information about other college events, visit www.GoCFCC.com.
OCALA CF Institute offering phlebotomy course The CF Institute at Central Florida Community College has added another phlebotomy course to its fall schedule for workers in doctors' offices, hospitals, clinics, laboratories and blood banks.
The class will meet from 9 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Mondays through Wednesdays, Oct. 1 through Nov. 21 at the Hampton Center, 1501 W. Silver Springs Blvd.
Students who successfully complete the course will receive a certificate. For additional information or to register for the course, visit www.CFCCtraining.com or contact Debra Mackey at 352-854-2322, ext. 1204.
OCALA Safe boating program offered in October The U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary Flotilla 15-3 will offer a safe boating program for all boaters and meets the mandatory requirement for the state of Florida. It begins with registration at 6:30 p.m. at the Marion County Substation, 3260 S.E. 80th St., Ocala. The program consists of five two-hour sessions held Oct. 2, 4, 9, 11 and 16. The cost is $30 per participant and includes all materials needed. Contact Dolores Spain at 854-1041 to pre-register and for information.
OCALA Men's fellowship group to meet for breakfast The Men's Fellowship Group of Countryside Presbyterian Church, 7768 S.W. S.R. 200, will meet for breakfast at 8 a.m. Wednesday, Oct. 3 in Founder's Hall. Marion County Commissioner Jim Payton will address Marion County's current problems. The meeting is open to the public. A catered breakfast will cost $7 per person. For more information and reservations, call 237-4633.
OCALA Seniors Golf Tournament is weekend of Oct. 20-21 The 32nd Doug Oswald Seniors Golf Tournament will be held Saturday and Sunday, Oct. 20-21, at the Ocala Municipal Golf Course, 3130 E. Silver Springs Blvd., Ocala. Entry fee is $125, includes cart rental. Entries must be received by Oct. 6. Minimum age limit is 50 as of Oct. 20. For additional information, call Joanne Yancey at 622-6917 or Clark Creamer at 401-6917.
Fort King Festival. The Fort King Festival, presented by the Marion County Museum of History, will begin at 10 a.m. at 307 S.E. 26th Terrace, at the McPherson Complex, across from Veterans Park. There will be a chicken dinner at 11 a.m. for $7.
For more information, call 629-2773 or 694-2529.
African Violet Club. The African Violet Club of Ocala will meet from 10:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Saturday at the Freedom Library, 5870 S.W. 95th St., just off Southwest 60th Street from State Road 200.
The annual Florida African Violet Convention and Show will be held on Oct. 6 and 7 at the Holiday Inn in Lakeland. Contact Carolee Carter at 237-3308 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.


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First things first, here is a link to the page:
Her name is Ann Voskamp and she has done a tremendous job of setting up a way for you to easily count 1000 blessings in a year. Even as much as a procrastinator as I am there is no way for me to skip it...
Monday's gifts 3 Gifts understated (or 3 gifts often taken for granted.)
The gift of breath and breathing. It's an automatic response of the body to breathe, we don't have to think about it for the most part. But there are days when it becomes your best friend BECAUSE there is a reason to take notice of the act of breathing...
That moment when you look at the spouse you've been with for 27 years and for no real reason in particular he takes your breath away.
The sigh of a child when they sleep and a smile curls their lips.
The gasp between the moment you see your little one stumble and the moment they pick themselves back up without so much as a whimper.
When an unexpected blast of cold touches your face on a cold winter day and you breath in the sting of it into your lungs, and you feel refreshed.
The gift of quiet. In today's world it's rare. Loved by some, Hated by others. I crave quiet, with 7 people in the house almost all the time I don't get much of it, but in the early morning or late at night I sit in the quiet of the day and listen only to the sound of the first gift listed, my breathing.
The gift of noise. The noise that drives me nuts is also the noise that quantifies my blessings, the noise of children working, playing, squabbling, laughing, talking, singing, banging, and all sorts of other noises possible by little ones. The gift of the noise that tells me my life is full, complete, and will be for a very long time to come.


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How to use a object during a match for WWE SmackDown! Vs. Raw 2008Home / Nintendo DS /
This page contains WWE SmackDown! Vs. Raw 2008 Hints for Nintendo DS called "How to use a object during a match" and has been posted or updated on Jun 22, 2009 by VegetaDragon.
- Developer: Amaze Entertainment
- Publisher: Thq
- Genre: Action Fighting
- Release: Nov 13, 2007
- ESRB: Teen
How to use a object during a match
When your fighting and you got your enemy pinned or locked sometimes there will be a a circle icon that will have a picture of a chair in it. Tap that with your stylus and your guy will go off the arena and get the object that you chose before the match and you can hit the oppenent with the object once you get back in the arena.
Please Submit a Problem for any incomplete, non-working or fake cheat listed above.
If you know other secrets, hints, glitches or level guides, then please Submit your Cheats and share your insights with other players.
From: Wrestling101
From: bioy
Stuck in this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let other gamers answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an expert then please try to help others with their questions.
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