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Trailer Rental & Towing in Paradise, CA at Sensible Solutions
Moving to or from Paradise, CA? U-Haul cargo and enclosed trailers are intelligently designed to protect and secure your precious belongings, while our open utility trailers are perfect for hauling building supplies, landscaping materials or bulky items. U-Haul car trailers have EZ load ramps for effortless loading of vehicles while our motorcycle trailers are lightweight and easy to tow. Get FREE trailer rental rate quotes in Paradise CA 95969 today.
Get FREE trailer rental quotes on car trailers, utility trailers, cargo trailers, and motorcycle trailer rentals in Paradise, CA
Cargo trailers
Cargo trailers in Paradise, CA are lightweight, aerodynamic, and engineered for better fuel economy which makes it easy to tow behind any vehicle. Millions of families use our enclosed cargo trailers to move every year. U-Haul has a large selection of enclosed trailers to rent in-town or one way, review our cargo trailer sizes and reserve a trailer rental online at Sensible Solutions!
Utility trailers
Utility trailers are perfect for towing large or oversize cargo in Paradise CA 95969. Many utility trailer rentals come equipped with a loading ramp for easy convenience. The utility trailer selection at Sensible Solutions provides an affordable solution for home improvement projects, furniture delivery and for towing recreational vehicles. Utility trailer rentals are also popular with businesses for deliveries and trade-show events. Utility trailers come in a wide range of sizes and styles so that any car can tow.
Car trailers
Moving cross-country with your vehicle on a car trailer is a smart way to save gas and eliminate miles of wear and tear on your vehicle. Our Tow Dolly is a low-cost option for towing front wheel drive vehicles, while auto transports are ideal for long distance moves. Both car haulers fit most sized vehicles in Paradise, CA and are also an economical alternative to calling a tow truck in the case of a break-down. Whether towing behind a U-Haul moving van or your own personal vehicle, you can rent a car hauler for both in-town and one way moves.
Motorcycle trailers
Motorcycle trailers in are lightweight, easy to tow and have an easy-access loading ramp. Each motorcycle trailer also comes equipped with an integrated chock for the front wheel and with heavy-duty tie-down rings to support even the heaviest of motorcycles. Reserve your motorcycle trailer rental in Paradise, CA online today!
Trailer and Towing Supplies
U-Haul trailer hitches
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Customer Reviews
Joe M. on
When I called to reserve the truck I asked if it had a 2 and 5/16" towing ball to fit the trailer I would be towing. They said it had a 2 and 1/2" ball. Well I have never heard of a 2 and 1/2" ball but it sounded close enough. So I drove over 300 miles to the pick up location and found that it had a 2" ball. It was the only truck they had on site so I took it. I bought a 2 and 5/16" ball, hitch and pin for $50 at a Napa store. I thought I might be reimbursed when I dropped it off but that did not happen. They told me to contact the people in Paradise. I would be glad to sell the new ball, hitch and pin for $50 to you as I will probably not need it again.
Craig G. on
I got a call from U-Haul offering me $100.00 to pick up a truck at Sensible Solutions rather than the original location. The change in location involved only an extra 10 minute drive, so I assumed it would be worth it. After I agreed to the change, I found that Sensible Solutions did not open until 10:00AM while the original location opened at 8:00AM. I had already arranged for someone to help me load the truck and he was scheduled to arrive at 9:00AM. I called Sensible Solutions and asked whether they could arrange to get me the truck a little earlier. They told me they could meet me at 9:00AM. I rearranged the gentleman who was to assist me. I then got an e-mail from Sensible Solutions saying that if I could NOT be there to pick up the truck before 8:30AM then I should contact them. I arrived at 8:15 and no one was there until about 9:10AM. Once the woman arrived it took about a half hour to get checked out and on the road. In the grand scheme of things, it was a minor annoyance; however, Sensible Solutions should not contact folks specifying a change in pickup time and then not follow through.
Mike J. on
Very good. Like night vs. day to my last experience.
Luis F. on
none, they are very nice people.
JOHNNYE E. on
The agent was extremely helpful and accomodating. She helped make my moving experience pleasant.
Luis F. on
very nice lady she made the whole thing very easy.
Eddie B. on
Great as usual!
William B. on
The Team at Sensible Solutions was very accommodating and efficient in their handling of our rental. Cody, the associate at your Mounment Avenue loaction in Concord, CA, was absolutely excellent as well when he took our reservation, along with the young lady who assisted him. Matt at the Monument Avenue location checked in our vehicle very efficiently. I will continue to use U-Haul for my transportation needs!
Jace B. on
David S. on
Helpful to us, as it was a new location for us.... we appreciated their attitude. THANKS
Luis F. on
very friendly people
MOLLY R. on
Really enjoyed the lady who rented the UHaul to me. She was wonderfully professional and human both!
SUSAN H. on
Let customers know they should get gas before they bring truck back. Other then that my experience with this store was great and Id recommend them to family and friends!!
JOHN B. on
The dropoff location was very hard to find. No sign visable from the street. The address was so small/faint that you had to stand within 10 feet to read it. I parked and walked asking store clerks where it was until I stumbled upon it.
JENEFFER P. on
The only bad thing about this place is that I totally missed the key drop slot and so did my brother and sister in law so I got charged for an extra day and a key. Drop slot needs better lighting and a better sign.
SCOTT S. on
Staff very friendly...location a little out of the way, but staff, etc were nice and helpful.
KAREN S. on
They were very friendly and supportive. Very helpful
BARRY ROBERT W. on
Check your vehicles in Oxnard, CA before you rent them out. We paid a lot of money and did not receive the service or compensation that we should have. I feel that U-haul should reimburse us for some of the money. They did not do us a favor for not charging us for an extra day- it was because their truck did not hold up to the agreement - not us. The staff in Paradise, CA were super nice and friendly. You have nice people at your Modesto office and in Paradise.


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(best price)
Buy now from Co-op Electrical Shop
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This immaculate glossy white Beko UR584APW Undercounter Fridge provides a valuable 125 litres of storage capacity and features 4-star flexible freezer storage. Clear visibility Offering three adjustable glass shelves in... show more
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Lawmaker told new procedures to be in place by next election to prevent lost ballots.
ProMedica, developer plan retail, housing.
Toledo interested in purchasing building from state of Ohio.
Akron-based utility trying to keep nuclear power plants afloat.
Kurt Young plans run in November after replacing Gabriel.
Hope is to designate Lake Erie as impaired to boost algae fight.
Tax cuts abandoned in latest proposal.
City would sell millions of gallons to Oregon, developer.
Potential plans to close Great Lakes office unclear.
President says plan will provide the biggest tax cuts in U.S. history.


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Assist me with Bulk Marketing - repost
This project received 7 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $61 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$10 - $30 USD
Total Bids7
Project Description
I am looking for some one with experience in sending bulk emails.
Looking to send emails to 100,000 users. I'll provide you with the email database with much more emails. You will first need to scrub and then send emails to atleast 100,000 users. You need to make sure that emails don't hit spam box. After the project I'll need report for the sent mails and scrubbed emails.
I'll also provide you with the email templates. You'll need to send emails 5 time to each user.
Write " Sender Expert " on the top of your bid.
ps: I'm tight on budget and short in time. Looking for long time relationship.
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- Forbes
- The New York Times
- Time
- Wall Street Journal
- Times Online


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This page is a work-in-progress which will be added to each day, 7 days per week until complete.
Donald J. Trump has been elected as President of the United States. He has made many, many promises – you can keep up-to-date with his transition team and read his policies at GreatAgain.gov.
A President Trump and his entire administration has its work to do while "draining the swamp," real immigration reform, economic reforms, taxes and so much more. To remain a sovereign nation, a beacon of freedom to the world, America will need to take on and remove the enemy within. Not only career employees who outnumber private employed citizens, the Deep State and Shadow Government but elected officials who are bent on destroying America, its Constitution and its entire way of life. If the Trump administration followed by a Pence administration is unsuccessful at "draining the swamp" the America will be gone forever. This is not hyperbole, this is fact as will be shown in the pages/posts that follow.
America's Fifth Column
Communism's Big Secret


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The power of meta-narratives: A personal account of the political
Exploring Feminist Narrative Therapy: Chapter One
Responding to the U.S. election results
Conversations with therapists on working with the ripple effects of hate crime and fear
Handling a Problem in the Room
"Sure," you may say, "y'all are Feminist, Narrative Therapists, but what does that even mean?
Growing intention
This blog is a log, in more ways than one. Imagine meandering though a wood on a damp evening
Prochoices is hiring!
Position: Program Manager
Interviews: April 17, 2017 onward. Position available until filled.
Please click here for details.
Our ProChoices community has been so excited to get involved with The Radical Therapist podcast! A big thanks to Chris for including us! Come listen to Hilda and the team discuss our collective practice, narrative therapy, feminisms, and the social-profit model.


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Unique/Rare Site Map/Search 4000 Pages +
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Random Number
The Number 1414: Properties and MeaningsPrime Factors of 1414=2x7x101.
1414 is a 237-gonal Number.
1414 Jérôme is a main belt asteroid.
The Year 1414 ADIn the year 1414 AD Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg became the 28th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.
In the year 1414 AD Jami, Persian poet, was born.
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What did you see when you looked in the mirror this morning? Did you see a sagging face, gray hair, no hair or even hair in the wrong places? Do you still feel, like I do, that you are that 18 year old looking in the mirror and wondering what in the world happened? What changed? When I look in the mirror, as a child of God, I see the robe of Christ's righteousness wrapped around me.
I've always hated changes. At least that is what I've always told myself. What I hate, or dread (a more accurate term) is anticipating change. The actual change isn't usually as bad as I dreaded...and sometimes is actually fun or exhilarating. Then afterward, there's the typical thought, "Well, that wasn't so bad." or "I'm so glad things changed."
My life this past year has been so full of changes. A year ago, I had a (seemingly) healthy back, a sick body, 30 extra pounds of fat, a child who walked way too close to the line (actually stepping over the line would be more accurate), an illusion of freedom from sin...the list goes on and wouldn't make sense to many. Now, one year later, I am mostly recovered from surgery, coping with moderate back concerns, 30 pounds lighter, witnessing a child making some really good choices, and now very aware of my sin nature (though fully clothed as a saint thanks to Christ).
I'm am fully moved into the stage of life where I feel very vulnerable to unexpected changes. So many people I know have failing marriages, failing dreams and failing health. I'm only 47! What will it be like when I'm in my 60's? Yet, despite all that I could worry about, I have so much to be thankful for. For most people, its not death we fear; we fear life. I was reminded this morning that we don't enter the cemetery to stay there. We merely pass through...like a tunnel.
Today's sermon was about thankfulness and sainthood, based on Psalm 30:4. Pastor Ekhoff asked, "Did you see a saint in the mirror this morning?" He reminded us that we are saints through Jesus Christ, along with those saints already in heaven. We saints are one fellowship. That's a comforting thought.
Psalm 30
1 I will exalt you, O LORD,
for you lifted me out of the depths
and did not let my enemies gloat over me.
2 O LORD my God, I called to you for help
and you healed me.
3 O LORD, you brought me up from the grave;
you spared me from going down into the pit.
4 Sing to the LORD, you saints of his;
praise his holy name.
5 For his anger lasts only a moment,
but his favor lasts a lifetime;
weeping may remain for a night,
but rejoicing comes in the morning.
6 When I felt secure, I said,
"I will never be shaken."
7 O LORD, when you favored me,
you made my mountain stand firm;
but when you hid your face,
I was dismayed.
8 To you, O LORD, I called;
to the Lord I cried for mercy:
9 "What gain is there in my destruction,
in my going down into the pit?
Will the dust praise you?
Will it proclaim your faithfulness?
10 Hear, O LORD, and be merciful to me;
O LORD, be my help."
11 You turned my wailing into dancing;
you removed my sackcloth and clothed me with joy,
12 that my heart may sing to you and not be silent.
O LORD my God, I will give you thanks forever.


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Results as of Saturday, Oct. 15
Sophomores aren't supposed to play like Elijah Hood did in last Friday's big game between Charlotte Catholic and Berry Academy. Too bad for Berry Academy that Hood didn't get that memo.
The Cougars running back continued his impressive campaign, rushing for 179 yards and four touchdowns to push his team to a 48-26 win in MEGA 7 play. The effort was enough to overcome 187 all-purpose yard by Berry Academy receiver/kick returner Germone Hopper and position the Cougars for a conference title showdown in the season finale against Olympic.
Meanwhile, Richmond looked like its old self after an up-and-down two weeks. The Raiders knocked off previously undefeated Lumberton, forcing three late turnovers to pull out the 27-22 win.The outcome also revives the intrigue surrounding the season finale between Richmond and No. 4 Scotland on Oct. 28.
Nationally, Mallard Creek and Butler both moved up one spot in this week's POWERADE FAB 50, with the Mavericks taking over the No. 21 slot and the Bulldogs now at 35th.
Here are this week's rankings (last week's rankings are in parentheses):
1. Mallard Creek (Charlotte) 8-0 (1)
Mavericks easily took care of Hopewell by the score of 65-6. Next up: West Charlotte.
2. Butler (Matthews) 7-1 (2)
After trailing 10-7 early, the Bulldogs reeled off 35 straight points in 42-10 win against Providence. Riley Ferguson threw for five touchdowns. Next up: South Mecklenburg.
3. Greensboro Page 8-0 (3)
The Pirates put together their best offensive output of the season, blanking Southern Alamance, 70-0. Next up: Dudley.
Click here for the full POWERADE weekly North Carolina football rankings.


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Weightlifting is an athletic discipline in the modern Olympic programme in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates.
Competition will take place at Boipuso hall
Disclaimer : Note that this schedule may change without notice. The organizers hold the right to change dates if necessary.


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The Final Diary [First Edition]
Rorem, Ned
AbeBooks Seller Since December 5, 2005Quantity Available: 1
Stock Image
AbeBooks Seller Since December 5, 2005Quantity Available: 1
About this Item
Bibliographic Details
Title: The Final Diary [First Edition]
Publisher: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Publication Date: 1974
Binding: Hard Cover
Book Condition:Collectible-Good
Dust Jacket Condition: Good
Edition: First Edition
Store Description
Shipping costs are based on books weighing 2.2 LB, or 1 KG. If your book order is heavy or oversized, we may contact you to let you know extra shipping is required.
Payment Methods
accepted by seller


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H&M T Shirt Blue
Listed by Amanda L.
Size: 12 (L)
Price: $16.00
Returnable for Site
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If your item was misrepresented in any way, you can file a misrepresentation claim. Tradesy will investigate and you'll be eligible for a Full Refund.
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T Shirt Blue
Shipping Included
Pay with Credit Card, PayPal, or Affirm.
This item may have been worn but has no visible signs of wear.
I hesitate to call this a "crop top" because it didn't show any skin when I wore it with high waisted black pants (as you can see in the pic). But it definitely is a bit shorter than most tops, and boxy, so if you're taller than me (I'm 5'8) it might function as a crop on you.
Style Tags:
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Saturday, April 29, 2017
Kontakt oss
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Makeup has the ability alter the look of the faces and make them look younger and beautiful. Modern makeup changed the world to a degree. Girls, particularly these days want in order to very beautiful. They are without doubt conscious about their looks. Lip gloss, lipstick, foundation, false eye lashes, nail-polish, eye shadow, eyebrow pencil and mascara are very commonly used these days by girls to enhance their style.
The action are your eye area. Start by applying a matte taupe shade with your shadow brush from internal navigation corner toward the middle, then apply the deep brown shade by way of outer corners towards the middle, and blend while two colors meet. Utilizing a fluffy shadow brush take a touch of the matte taupe shade and apply it along the interior lid or even more towards the brow navicular bone. The shadow part completed so curl your lashes and apply your false lashes (optional), and a coat of mascara. You receive . step for your eyes might be to apply liquid eyeliner near the lash line and flick it out just slightly at the sting. Oh, don't forget your eye brows. Defined eyebrows really are part in pulling the complete look every.
Before you launch an offer to make these delicious treats, it is advisable to set aside about 6 hours. After you have gathered together all with the ingredients, make up the dough and apply it aside from a greased bowl to double in volume level. This will take a couple of hours. Next, prepare the pans the spot where the sticky buns will be baked by preparing a gentle caramel sauce, pouring it into the base of the pans and adding the chopped nuts on which you decide.
Very few men will feel comfortable braving the stares of the friends when he tries to speak you up, so if you're out along with a group, give any secret admirers enough time to approach you when you're on very. Excuse yourself to check out the bathroom, or go search for round of drinks. Stay language as well as scan area with your eye area. Some women even dance by themselves to allow a man the possibility to approach.
For a night time out, don your black peep-toe heels, have a red clutch and put on some red lipstick. That definately should earn you some head-turning looks and are confident to have the fees. If you want a subtler look, purchase black shoes in a medium height heel, a black purse and a pinkish lipstick with eyelashes a compact heavier eye make-up.
Curl your lashes through having an eyelash curler prior to applying mascara. This will help enliven your eyelashes options . whole appearance looks more energetic. Start at the lash base and squeeze the curler, and then hold genuinely a another. Move it out a little and squeeze the moment again. This gives your lashes a natural curl sharp opinion.
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The Kiss the Moon team Christmas wish list
As well as a good rest and a chance to hang out with the people we love – here are a few of the Kiss the Moon team's favourite things on our wish list. We'd be thrilled to find them waiting for us on Christmas morning. We've been so good this year Santa. Pretty please?
in About Us00
We've got a confession to make – we love the night before Christmas even more than the day itself. Once everyone is in for the night, the fire is on and the home is full of twinkles – it's a special kind of cosy. This year we'll be popping open a bottle of red, lining […]
in We Love00
Last day for free post in time for Christmas
Still got some Christmas gifts to sort? We can help. Buy your Kiss the Moon goodies today and you'll still be able to get standard free post in the UK and have your parcel arrive in time for Christmas. Check out our special Christmas Made Easy deals here or shop the full range at kissthemoon.com […]
in About Us00
Fact or Fiction: "An hour of sleep before midnight is worth two after" ? Sadly it's fiction. When it comes to sleep, it's quantity and quality than matters rather than what time you turn in for the night. Whatever time you fall asleep, its the first cycle of sleep (roughly the first three hours) that […]00
Metro Gift Guide: 4th December 2015
"Beauty can be a minefield for vegans. Makeup brushes made from animal hair (however cruelty-free) won't cut it. Eco lip balms with lanolin won't do either.* To make Christmas shopping easier, we've compiled a round-up of luxe vegan beauty products that would make gorgeous ethical gifts." Read more from the Metro.co.uk article here00
Just 20 sleeps until Christmas and still loads to do. Here are five Christmas Made Easy gift ideas to help make sure you festivities run smooth this year. We've also put a few special deals in place so you can buy everything with just one click. Just visit our Christmas Made Easy section of our […]00
DREAM After Dark Balm Review by Amazing PR
Find out why the team at Amazing PR have fallen for our Kiss the Moon After Dark DREAM Balm… At The Amazing Blog we find it hard to turn off our working minds and get a good night sleep. We always seem to wake groggy and reluctant for the day ahead. We have tried […]00
Thanks to the team at Cover Media for including our LOVE range in their feature on the most festive of the essential oils – frankincense. Here's a snippet that appeared in Entertainment Wise among other places. Click here to read the whole caboodle… "…Frankincense can also aid sleep, which the LOVE collection from Kiss the […]
in About Us00
We're dreaming of a dark & cosy Christmas this December. There's just twenty-three more sleeps to the big day and so much to do. We hope our Christmas 2015 Sleep Beautifully Guide has helped give you some top tips for gorgeous gifts and ways to make the Christmas break as peaceful as possible. If you […]
in About Us00
Gorgeous silk nightwear makes the perfect Christmas gift. We're each hoping to find at least one pair of pjs and some fluffy slippers under our tree here at Kiss the Moon. Here's a round up of our favourites in the stores right now and just waiting for you to take them home… 1. Svea […]
in We Love00


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Slips, trips and falls are an unfortunate yet common occurrence in production facilities across the world. Constant foot and wheeled traffic throughout factories and warehouses means that facility managers must be eternally vigilant
Flowcrete Middle East is delighted to announce the appointment of Alaa Elbeih as Area Manager for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Alaa has years of experience in the flooring industry and will
Flowcrete India is thrilled to announce the opening of its third office, which is based in the major construction hub of Delhi. The new office will provide increased support to the company's Northern
Both productivity and brand awareness have shot through the roof on one desk in a corner of the Flowcrete UK office. Ian Jones, the Flowcrete UK Marketing Manager, has been bestowed with a
Flowcrete UK has added four new colours to its hard-wearing Mondéco range. These have been specially formulated to maintain a vivid and vibrant white appearance across wide spans of flooring despite years of
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Financial Coordinator/Insurance Coordinator/Front Desk/Customer Service
8545 Quarton Drive, Raleigh, NC 27616 Cell: (919) 417-1626 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
CAREER OBJECTIVE: To join a dental/medical practice where I can utilize my leadership skills, customer service and business acumen to further advance the team and patient experience.
QUALIFICATION SUMMARY: Excellent communication, organization and time management skills. Work well both independently and as a contributing member of the team. Proven record of achievement in reducing AR and promoting financial stability. Competent at managing responsibilities in a high-volume atmosphere while providing excellent patient care. Skilled at interacting and communicating with customers of all socioeconomic backgrounds.
Ortho2 Viewpoint, Dimaxis, Televox, NC Tracks
ADA Coding
Microsoft Office: Outlook, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Publisher
Professional Selling Skills & Telesales (PSS, PTS)
CRM: Salesforce.com
EDUCATION: AAS Degree
Major: Business Administration & Information Systems
Campbell Orthodontics – Raleigh & Creedmoor
11/2009 – 9/2014 Financial & Insurance Coordinator
Obtained insurance information to verify orthodontic benefits for new patient consultations and/or current patients, as well as dental benefits for specific procedures as needed
Managed auto receipt drafts for all patients and contacted responsible party when necessary to resolve declined and/or returned payments
Reviewed EOBs received via mail or EFT. Posted all insurance payments to appropriate patient's account and captured EOB to correspondence in ViewPoint (O2)
Reconciled daily financials and processed close out paperwork for two location practice
Verified Medicaid eligibility, filed claims via NC Tracks system, processed Remittance Authorization (RA) as received, followed up and resolved any claim denials, completed debond/termination/transfer paperwork as required and managed Medicaid aging report
Managed Fee for Service (FFS) and insurance aging reports
Posted any necessary charges for daily services rendered and filed claims to insurance
Assisted with Front Desk duties including customer service, answering phone, checking patients in and scheduling follow up appointments as needed
Efficiently handled all business functions for practice generating $1.5 million in production
Trained and mentored new employees
First Citizens Bank – Raleigh, Henderson & Warrenton
01/2008 – 11/2009 Financial Services Representative
Promoted FCB to convert customers and up-sell additional banking services
Managed loan delinquency report
Lenovo – Morrisville
11/2006 – 01/2008 Inside Sales Representative
Assisted outside sales representative by making cold calls to promote Lenovo hardware and accessories to Fortune 500 companies in Chicago area
Main contact person for day-to-day questions and up-sell Lenovo hardware and accessories
Gathered information necessary to quote systems and accessories for potential customers and/or current customers
Conducted webinar seminars of technology demos
Staples (Formerly Corporate Express) – Henderson & Raleigh
01/1999 – 11/2006
Mastered skills of various departments: Data Entry, Customer Service Representative, Furniture Department and Inside Sales Representative
Provided phone & email support to clients
Managed schedules, projects and reports thru CRM software
Developed and maintained $15 million in revenue
References available upon request


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"Sink or swim - need a lifeline?" is the theme of Renishaw's new marketing strategy. Right on cue, Renishaw, one of the world's leading metrology companies headquartered in Wootton under Edge, Gloucestershre, has launched a brand new metrology solution aimed at maximising current resources and improving quality.
The solution is to provide a low cost, low risk CMM retrofit service to manufactures wishing to upgrade their existing CMMs. Why would a manufacturer wish to retrofit his old CMM in tough times? Simply put, a retrofit can transform the performance and capability of the CMM, increasing throughput and adding automation. In the process, non-conformances and rework can be reduced - key elements in increasing a company's productivity - thus reducing costs and improving quality. In addition, the company is now better placed to take advantage of the upturn when it comes.
Why would Renishaw want to enter this fiercely competitive retrofit sector, one that many OEM coordinate measuring machine manufacturers see as an important element in their marketing mix, with after market sales providing up to 30+% of sales revenues? In addition, there are plenty of independent companies competing for business.
Firstly, because they can. Renishaw has already developed and manufactured many of the metrology elements making up a CMM system, starting with the invention of the Renishaw touch trigger probe, and which now includes sensors, encoders, calibration lasers, checking systems and CMM controllers. With the launch of its MODUS product, the company has the metrology software too. It also claims an extensive experience in retrofitting probes and systems - both to machine tools and CMMs and has significant applications expertise. Because it has all the various elements within its control, Renishaw can offer what it calls "a one stop solution" to retrofitting.
Another reason for entering the market is the development of competitor probes by OEMs, such as Hexagon, and the continued development of non Renishaw systems by CMM manufacturers, such as Zeiss IMT. These are narrowing Renishaw's route to market. The UK retrofit market is estimated by Marc Saunders, general manager for Renishaw CMM Products Division, to be in the region of 100 machines a year. With Renishaw aiming to get more than half this market in the medium term, this provides major new revenue opportunities. The programme is being rolled out globally, starting with markets in Germany, Italy, Poland and the USA, which will make this a substantial business opportunity for its products and services
But if nothing else, Renishaw is all about innovation, particularly in sensor technologies, and it is the desire to expand the uptake of its Revo 5-axis measurement technology which is really driving Renishaw's retrofit strategy. Retrofitting will deliver this futuristic technology to all brands of CMMs, including Hexagon and Zeiss machines. High speed 5-axis Revo scanning works well even on older, heavier CMM frames. Retrofitting offers a cost effective and low risk transition to what is a sophisticated and state-of-the-art technology, allowing high speed scanning and measurement of complex components, such as blades, blisks and cylinders.
The award-winning REVO 5-axis measuring system offers unprecedented measurement speeds, reduced calibration time, and flexible access to features unmatched by indexing or fixed probing systems, REVO allows CMM users to measure feature form whilst also increasing measurement throughput and reducing operator intervention. With programmable stylus and sensor changing, REVO users can automate even the most complex measurement task. Furthermore, future REVO sensors, the first of which will enable surface finish measurement on a CMM (available later in 2009), will allow existing quality assurance tasks that are manually intensive to be integrated into a CNC inspection process for the first time.
In addition to REVO, retrofit customers can also select from Renishaw's extensive range of touch-trigger and scanning sensors, mounted to the industry-standard PH10 indexing head. With automation features such as stylus and sensor changing, these provide powerful capabilities suitable for many measurement applications.
With a common controller and software platform, customers who choose these sensors have a cost-effective route to upgrade to 5-axis measurement as their needs change.
Renishaw's UCC2 universal CMM controller is at the heart of the Renishaw CMM retrofit. Combined with a Renishaw servo power amplifier, it enables precision control of up to five axes of simultaneous motion on machines of all sizes. It also provides a single-box interface to all Renishaw sensors and can gather surface data at up to 4,000 points per second. Sophisticated machine error mapping is provided in an open format, allowing users to perform their own recalibration, whilst temperature compensation is also available. Crucially, the UCC2 also complies with the I++ DME standard, giving users the freedom to use any metrology software that features an I++ client.
One such software is Renishaw's new MODUS package. With full support for its entire range of sensors, including the REVO, MODUS provides a powerful platform for 5-axis measurement. Key features include CAD-driven offline programming with full simulation and collision detection of 5-axis moves; native DMIS support; certified mathematical algorithms; powerful text and graphical reporting; and flexible output of results data. Based on the Metris Camio metrology software, MODUS has been developed by a newly-recruited team of engineers and will be enhanced to support all future innovations in Renishaw's controller and sensor technologies
A professional approach
"Renishaw believes that CMM retrofit customers have the right to expect the same level of professionalism and quality from a CMM upgrade as they get when they buy a new CMM," declared Brian Gow, marketing manager for Renishaw's CMM Products Division. He continued, "We have put in place a rigorous machine survey to assess the mechanical and electrical components of each CMM, and we commit to a level of system performance so the customer knows what he is going to get before we start. With hundreds of UCC (Renishaw controller) retrofits behind us, we have built up a comprehensive knowledge base of CMM installations, so we can provide a 'plug and play' installation of our controller. Finally, our UKAS certification gives customers confidence in the accuracy of their upgraded machine. It's all about managing the details to provide the level of service that Renishaw customers have come to expect."
Investments in staff and facilities
To meet the installation and support needs of its CMM retrofit customers, Renishaw has been investing in new staff and facilities. This includes the recent acquisition of Qualis Service GmbH, a CMM service firm with field service engineers located throughout Germany. Sales and applications staff have also been recruited in the USA and throughout Europe.
Renishaw has also established a manufacturing cell in its facility at Woodchester, Gloucestershire, UK, that is dedicated to the assembly and testing of retrofit kits. This approach to retrofitting minimises the amount of time on site as the system is pre-tested and 'plug and play' by the time it reaches the customer. This facility is being replicated in major Renishaw subsidiary facilities around the world.
"The introduction of our new MODUS software and our investments in new staff and facilities around the world shows how seriously we are taking our entry into the CMM retrofit business," commented Ben Taylor, assistant chief executive at Renishaw. He continued, "We can now offer customers of all brands of CMM – including Hexagon and Zeiss – a complete solution that features leading-edge technology in every aspect, backed up by the security of service and support direct from Renishaw. What's more, our retrofit customers will benefit from immediate access to our future innovations in measurement technology."
"Sink or swim - need a lifeline?" is the theme of Renishaw's new marketing strategy. Right on cue, Renishaw, one of the world's leading metrology companies headquartered in Wootton under Edge, Gloucestershre, has launched a brand new metrology solution aimed at maximising current resources and improving quality.
Download the free Quality Manufacturing Today App from the Apple iTunes App Store or from QMT Magazine on Google Play.


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What Measures Matter for Member Experience?
By Michelle Bloedorn, CEO of Member Loyalty Group This blog was originally published on membersdevelopment.com Almost every day I read about a new, "perfect" measure that will be the "North Star" to use toward understanding our members—to make them happy, loyal, and profitable. You may have heard of some of these: satisfaction, net promoter, member […]read more >
The Top 3 Drivers of Member Loyalty
By Michelle Bloedorn, CEO of Member Loyalty Group People often ask us what really drives member loyalty. After collecting 3 million member feedback surveys on behalf of our participating credit unions, we've learned that there are three key factors that help drive loyalty. As you can see in the chart below, the three key drivers […]read more >
Setting 2017 Goals for Your Member Experience Program
Every year at planning time, we receive numerous phone calls from participants and non-participants with questions about setting goals for their Member Experience Program and Loyalty or Net Promoter Score.read more >
Q1 2016 Credit Union Benchmark Released
As of 1st quarter 2016 data, the Credit Union Industry Average Relationship NPS© improved slightly to 60.85 compared with banks' overall average of 35, according to the 2015 Satmetrix report.read more >


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The Power Gauge fighters is now filled whenever the player strikes the opponent or by performing Special Moves. As well as the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn in Japan only. The Saturn requires the same 1MB RAM cartridge utilized by the previous game. The player can use one stock of the Power Gauge to perform a Super Special Move or enter a MAX mode, in which the players defensive and offensive strength fighters are increased.Instead of charging the Power Gauge, the player can stock up to three Power Gauges.It cHEAP NORTON ANTIVIRUS DOWNLOAD UK was ported to the Neo Geo CD,
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Gasoline direct injection
Achieving highly precise engine control demanded by today's high-end engines is only possible with gasoline direct injection. By and large the biggest challenge is processing more and more data in shorter time intervals, with an increasing proportion of model-based control.
With Infineon you can achieve all this and more. Our microcontrollers feature outstanding computing performance and even set the benchmark in the industry. Also, we offer a virtually complete chipset for all your gasoline direct injection application needs. Take advantage of Infineon's extensive system know-how – from the entire combustion loop and required components to functional safety and security. Our expertise is second to none in the industry.
Gasoline direct injection system diagram
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… The digital travel market has grown rapidly over the last decade. Sales in Western Europe totalled $152 billion in 2015, with the worldwide figure more than $533 billion. Taken from PI Datametric Digital Travel Report, here are some stats on digital travel and SEO, as well a look at the organic search dominance of Skyscanner in this market. What…


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Last-ditch talks between the company and government lawyers in Washington ended in abrupt failure last night.
The breakdown virtually guarantees that the US Justice Department and a coalition of attorneys general from about 20 US states will announce sweeping lawsuits against the software giant for alleged abuse of its dominant position in the personal computer industry.
The suits are likely to seek to bar Microsoft from beginning the shipment of its latest system, Windows 98, until it meets new conditions. The company had already delayed shipments from last Friday until tomorrow.
Over the longer term, government lawyers are expected to seek a series of restraints on the power of Microsoft, which provides the operating software for 90 per cent of new PCs. At its most extreme, the action could even demand the breakup of the company into two or more parts.
The US government has only twice succeeded in sledge-hammering an existing monopoly, first when it forcibly splintered John D Rockefeller's Standard Oil in 1911 and again in 1984 when the old AT&T telephone monopoly was dismantled.
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This work depicts a view from the slipway of The Roundhouse gallery at Sennen cove. I have incised into the hardboard with a craft knife with this work to enable the various forms to stand out slightly. The painting comes with a white painted pine wood frame and is ready to hang.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 23, 1989
|Filing date
|Oct 9, 1987
|Priority date
|Oct 9, 1987
|Fee status
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|Publication number
|Nicolai A. Favstritsky, Dennis M. Borden
|Original Assignee
|Great Lakes Chemical Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (29), Classifications (34), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the production of flame retardant agents and more particularly to a novel process for producing certain polybrominated higher alkyl benzenes useful in flame retarding various thermoplastic resin systems.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Traditionally, most flame retardants, although efficient in their function of retarding the rate of combustion in a resin system, have a tendency to affect adversely one or more key properties of the resin. For example, many flame retardant additives tend to reduce impact strength of the resin; to migrate from the resin composition, resulting in a phenomena known as "bloomp"; to volatilize from the resin composition; to plasticize the resin composition adversely, thus lowering the heat deflection temperature, etc.
It is therefore essential that flame retardant agents be specifically tailored to the resin system so that, in addition to its role as a flame retardant, the agent will additionally enhance the desirable characteristics of the resin composition. Those skilled in the art well known that the selection of such an application-specific flame retardant is unpredictable at best. Thus, even though a given agent may exhibit utility in a particular resin system, that is no guarantee that this agent will have any uses at all with other resins.
It has been discovered, and is the subject of certain other copending patent applications filed herewith, namely, Ser. Nos. 107,228; 107,236; 107,627; and 107,700, all filed Oct. 9, 1987, that, quite unexpectedly, certain brominated higher alkylbenzenes are capable of functioning in a highly satisfactory manner in a number of unrelated resin systems. It has been generally observed that a high loading of many additive-type flame retardants produces a detrimental effect on the physical properties of the resin. Therefore, the accepted procedure has been to use an additive with high bromine content, thus minimizing its weight content in the resin and consequently reducing is deliterious impact on the resin. Brominated compounds with less than 65% bromine are generally considered of marginal or of no interest because, in order to impart flame retardancy to the resin (say 10 weight percent bromine), at least 16 percent by weight of the additive must be added. In many resins, such high loading of the additive significantly deteriorates the physical properties of the resins. However, in the resin systems to which the present invention has application, the alkyl substituent in the benzene ring imparts desirable properties which compensate for its high loading, especially in ABS. However, the art has not taught a satisfactory process by which such brominated higher alkyl benzenes can be produced.
More particularly, no satisfactory bromination technique exists for the prparation of polybrominated higher alkylbenzenes (alkyl≧C6), especially mixtures of alkylbenzenes containing high concentrations of secondary alkyl groups. Hennion and Anderson (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 68, 424 [1946]) studied the bromination of a wide variety of alkylbenzenes in liquid bromine medium and a small amount of aluminum catalyst. The authors found that in all cases secondary and tertiary alkyl groups were replaced by bromine. However, methyl and ethyl groups were left intact. Replacing aluminum catalyst with a less vigorous iron powder catalyst led substantially to the same results. Thus, bromination of n-propylbenzene led to pentabromo-n-propylbenzene, while isopropylbenzene yielded hexabromobenzene. Additionally, bromination of sec-amylbenzene; sec-octylbenzene, p-diisopropylbenzene all led to hexabromobenzene as product. The authors concluded that only primary alkyl groups survived the bromination.
Mills and Schneider (Ind. Eng. Chem., Prod. Res. Dev 12 (3), 160 [1973]) described the reaction of bromine chloride with aromatic compounds. They showed that benzene could be successfully brominated by BrCl in chlorinated solvents using ferric chloride and aluminum chloride catalysts. Likewise ethylbenzene was brominated by BrCl to 4-bromoethylbenzene. The authors did not show any examples of polybrominated alkylbenzenes, however. In another article, Lamneck Jr., (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 1106 [1954]) described the preparation of monobromo derivatives of propyl- , isopropyl- , butyl- , isobutyl- and sec-butylbenzenes. The bromination was carried out in acetic acid with no catalyst. However, the described bromination produced only monobrominated alkylbenzenes at relatively poor yield.
Barda, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,352,909 disclosed that polystyrene can be brominated to the tribromo level by BrCl in a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent in the presence of a catalytic amount of a Lewis acid, specifically antimony trichloride. While the patentees teach that tribrominated polystyrene may be obtained under the conditions described, higher levels of nuclear bromination do not appear attainable using the Barda, et al. process.
Underwood, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,850,882 discloses a three component flame retardant additive system for polyolefins, especially polypropylene, consisting of
(a) among other halogenated materials, a halogenated alkyl benzene of the formula: ##STR1## where X may be Cl or Br; and Y is a hydrocarbon of 1-20 carbon atoms; a is an integer from 0 to 3; and n is an integer from 3 to 6.
(b) Stannic oxide;
(c) a bis-phenylalkylene hydrocarbon.
The patent does not disclose the synthesis of brominated alkylbenzenes, especially mixtures thereof. Nor does the patent specify whether the included bromoalkylbenzenes are primary, secondary, or tertiary.
Rueter, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,129,551 disclosed nonflammable polyester compositions incorporating a phosphorus-containing, multiple component flame retardant additive consisting of:
(a) a triarylphosphine oxide or an aryl or alkyl ester of an arylphosphinic acid;
(b) a nuclear brominated alkylbenzene; and
(c) customary auxiliary agents and additives.
Polyester compositions based on such agents contain 0.5-10% by weight of bromine and 0.1-2% by weight of phosphorus. Among the nuclear brominated alkylbenzenes described were compounds of the following formula: ##STR2## where x =2 to 5; y and z each are zero or an integer from 1 to 17; and the sum of y+z is an integer between 7 and 17. Mixtures of such compounds are also disclosed. No disclosure is made of the synthesis of brominated alkylbenzenes although the authors suggest that nuclear brominated compounds may be made by known methods as described in the above-described Hennion, et al. and Mills, et al. papers. However, as noted, products produced by these methods yield only brominated primary alkyl benzenes.
Thus, none of the prior art describes a technique for successfully polybrominating higher secondary or tertiary alkylbenzenes or mixtures thereof.
A primary objective of this invention is to provide methods of synthesis of highly brominated higher alkylbenzenes from readily commercially available raw materials.
A related object is to provide methods of the character described that are especially useful in producing polybrominated higher alkylbenzenes.
A further object is to provide methods of the character described useful in producing polybrominated mixtures of secondary and/or tertiary alkylbenzenes.
A still further object is to provide methods for producing mixed liquid polybrominated secondary alkylbenzenes.
Yet a further object is to provide a method for brominating higher alkylbenzenes from the corresponding hydrocarbon materials in excess bromine as a reaction medium utilizing bromine chlroide as the brominating agent and an antimony halide as catalyst.
The foregoing and other objects, advantages and features of the subject invention may be achieved by reacting a higher C6-18 mono- or di-alkylbenzene with bromine chloride in excess bromine as a reaction medium and in the presence of an antimony halide catalyst and thereafter recovering the product thereby produced.
The objectives of this invention may be met in a process for nuclear bromination of higher (i.e., secondary, tertiary and mixtures thereof) mono- and di-alkylbenzenes utilizing bromine chloride as the bromination agent, excess bromine as the reaction medium, and an antimony halide catalyst.
Polybrominated higher alkyl benzenes flame retardant additives produced in accordance with the process of this invention are nuclear halogenated aromatic compounds of the generalized structures (I) and (II): ##STR3## wherein x is 4 or 5; y is zero or 1; z is zero or 1; w is 2 to 4; R1 and R4 are hydrogen or methyl; R2, R3, R5, R6 are alkyl ranging independently from 1 to 16 carbon atoms; and wherein the total number of carbon atoms in each of (R1, R2 and R3) and (R4, R5 and R6) ranges from 5 to 17. Mixtures of such compounds are especially preferred.
Compounds of structure (I) are tetra- and penta-halo secondary and tertiary akylbenzenes, wherein the alkyl group is of 6 to 18 carbon atoms. Compounds of structure (II) are tri- and tetra-halo secondary and tertiary dialkylbenzenes wherein the alkyl group has 6 to 18 carbon atoms.
Preferred compounds produced in accordance with this invention are secondary and tertiary decyl, undecyl, dodecyl tridecyl, tetradecyl benzenes containing 4 to 5 bromines on the benzene nucleus. In place of individual compounds, it is especially preferred to employ mixtures of such compounds. In general, pure brominated primary alkylbenzenes are solids. However, mixtures of brominated secondary and tertiary alkylbenzenes are liquids having a a broader range of uses due to their liquid state. The polybrominated higher alkylbenzenes produced in accordance with this invention generally have a bromine content between 30% and 70% and a chlorine content between 0% and 10%, by weight.
The polybrominated alkylbenzenes produced in accordance with this invention have been found to have utility in a number of distinct resin systems. Favstritsky, et al. United States Patent Application entitled "Flame Retardant ABS Resin Compositions," Favstritsky, et al. United States Patent Application entitled "Flame Retardant PVC" Resin Compositions, Favstritsky, et al. United States Patent Application entitled "Flame Retardant MPPE Resin Composisions," and Favstritsky, et al. United States Patent Application entitled "Flame Retardant Polyurethane Resin Compositions," all filed herewith, disclose and claim respectively flame retardent ABS, PVC and MPPE, and polyurethane compositions incorporating the polybrominated higher alkylbenzene flame retardant agents produced in accordance with the process of this invention.
The polybrominated alkyl benzenes of this invention are produced by the direct bromination of the corresponding unbrominated material using an excess of liquid bromine as the reaction medium, bromine chloride as the brominating agent, and an antimony halide catalyst. It is especially important that the combination of reaction medium, brominating agent and catalyst be selected so as to be sufficiently vigorous that the desired degree of poly-bromination can be achieved without causing the dealkylation of the secondary or tertiary alkyl groups.
In general, the bromine chloride brominating agent is provided in sufficient quantity to yield the desired bromination level in the product. A slight stoichiometric excess in the range of about 0-15 per cent, preferably about 5-12 per cent, is normally provided. The maximum amount of chlorine added should not exceed about 2.55 moles of chlorine per mole of alkyl benzene. The bromine chloride may be added as such to the alkylbenzene starting material, or it may be generated in situ by the addition of chlorine gas to the bromine reaction medium. For reasons of operational convenience, it is preferred to generate the bromine chloride brominating agent in situ in the reaction medium by the subsurface addition of chlorine gas into the agitated reaction mixture. The use of bromine chloride as the brominating agent occasionally results in the incorporation of a small amount of chlorine (e.g., from less than one percent to as much as ten percent depending on the substrate and precise reaction conditions used). It has been found to be useful to minimize the chlorine content, and consistently produce products with less than two percent and typically less than one percent chlorine content.
Liquid bromine is utilized as the reaction medium. Because the mixtures of higher alkylbenzenes are liquids, as are the polybrominated products produced by the process of the present invention, the bromine reaction medium is believed to function primarily to minimize the moderating effect of the unbrominated alkylbenzene and the brominated intermediates and product on the reaction. In general, a large excess of bromine, at least about 100 percent excess and preferably at least about 200 percent excess of that required to generate bromine chloride in situ, is employed.
Antimony halide catalysts are utilized in the process of this invention. More particularly, antimony trichloride, antimony pentachloride, antimony tribromide or antimony metal (in-situ generated antimony halide) may be used with antimony trichloride being preferred. The catalyst is employed in a catalytically effective amount. Preferably, antimony halides are utilized in amounts of at least one mole percent of the alkylbenzene substrate and preferably three to five mole percent of the alkylbenzene substrate. Larger amounts are effective but wasteful.
The temperature and other conditions of reaction are not critical. The reaction may conveniently be conducted at temperatures lying in the range of about -5�-30� C., preferably about 0�-15� C. It is especially preferred to conduct the reaction at low temperature (e.g., at or below about 10�-15� C.) and to supply cooling to the reaction during the period the brominating agent is added. The reaction is normally conducted at slightly elevated pressures.
The reaction normally proceeds by first adding the catalyst to the excess bromine reaction medium, followed by simultaneous addition of unbrominated higher alkylbenzene substrate and chloride gas (or bromine chloride) to the agitated reaction mixture while the reaction proceeds. Where chlorine gas is added, it is preferably added below the surface of the reaction medium. Other sequences of addition of reactants, reaction medium and catalyst may also be employed, however. For example, the unbrominated, alkylbenzene may be added stepwise over time before chlorine gas is added, the catalyst may be supplied in increments, and the amount of excess bromine reaction medium may be supplemented from time to time during the period of the reaction.
The substrate reacts quickly with the bromine chloride as it is introduced or generated. Thus, as the chlorine addition is stopped in the case of in situ generation, the rate of hydrogen chloride evolution drops to low levels within 15 to 30 minutes.
Upon completion of the reaction, water is added to the reaction mixture to dissolve the catalyst and the bromine is separated by convenient means such as distillation. In the case of hot water assisted distillation as described in the examples, after distilling the excess bromine, separation of the aqueous phase yields the desired secondary alkylbenzene product.
The desired polybrominated higher alkylbenzenes may be produced from the corresponding hydrocarbon materials. Thus, there may be employed as alkylbenzene starting materials compounds of the following structures (III) and (IV): ##STR4## wherein R1 and R4 are hydrogen or methyl; R2, R3, R5, R6 are alkyl ranging independently from 1 to 16 carbon atoms; and the total number of carbon atoms in each of (R1, R2 and R3) and (R4, R5 and R6) ranges from 5 to 17. Mixtures of such starting materials may be produced and are especially preferred.
As noted above, it is preferred to produce mixtures of individual polybrominated benzenes in accordance with this invention, and these mixtures may be produced by using mixtures of the corresponding alkyl benzenes. The mixtures of individual polybrominated alkyl benzenes that are most preferred are so-preferred for the additional reason that the corresponding hydrocarbon mixtures are readily available intermediates in the detergent industry.
Especially preferred alkylbenzene staring materials include secondary, straight chain alkylbenzenes of the structure (V): ##STR5## where R7 and R8 are independently linear alkyl groups containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms and where, when numerically combined, R7 and R8 contain between 9 and 13 carbon atoms, primarily 9 and 11 carbon atoms and where R7 is about 25 to 35% methyl. A secondary, straight chain alkylbenzene of this type is commercially available from Monsanto Co. under the trademark "Dodane S," which is a mixture of secondary monoalkylbenzenes, wherein the alkyl is primarily undecyl and dodecyl.
Another preferred alkylbenzene starting material in accordance with this invention is a secondary, straight chain alkylbenzene of formula (V), wherein the numerical combination of R7 and R8 is between 9 and 11 carbon atoms and where R7 is about 10 to 15% methyl. Such a preferred alkylbenzene is commercially available from Monsanto Co. under the trademark "Alkylate 215," which is a mixture of secondary monoalkylbenzenes similar to "DODANE S."
Still another preferred starting material is a tertiary, branched chain alkylbenzene of the formula (VI): ##STR6## where R9 and R10 are independently alkyl groups containing 1 to 9 carbon atoms and where the numerical combination of R9 and R10 is primarily 8 to 11 carbon atoms. Such a tertiary alkyl benzene, in which R9 and R10 are typically nonlinear alkyl groups, is commercially available from Monsanto Co. under the trademark "Dodane H," which is a mixture of tertiary branched chain, monoalkylbenzenes, wherein the alkyl is primarily dodecyl.
Yet another preferred starting material is a secondary, straight chain dialkylbenzene of the formula (VII): ##STR7## where R11, R12, R13, and R14 are independently linear alkyl groups containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms and where, when numerically combined, R11 and R12 or R13 and R14 contain primarily 11 carbon atoms. Such a material, in which para substitution predominates and which contains up to 10% monoalkylbenzenes, is commercially available from Pilot Chemical Co. under the trademark "Aristol E," which is a mixture of secondary dialkyl benzenes where in alkyl is primarily dodecyl. There are numerous other suppliers of alkylbenzene products which function in this invention. The above are included only as examples of available products.
As noted mixtures of alkylbenzenes are preferred for their availability. However, the bromination of such mixtures requires specialized reaction conditions. The reaction conditions and catalyst of the process of this invention must be strong enough to promote the desired high levels of nuclear bromination and yet mild enough to avoid dealkylation of the benzene nucleus.
More particularly, the principal principles embodied in the present process are the use of:
(1) excess bromine as a solvent. (The substrate itself acts as a solvent and must be counteracted with a large excess of bromine. Solvents other than bromine dilute the brominating strength of the reaction mixture.);
(2) antimony halides as catalysts. (Iron and aluminum catalysts promote the reaction but not without undesirable dealkylation and chlorination);
(3) bromine chloride as the brominating agent. (The bromine/antimony halide combination is not strong enough to brominate the aromatic ring fully whereas the bromine chloride/antimony halide combination in the absence of solvent permits this objective to be achieved).
The process of this invention is illustrated by the following examples, which should not be interpreted to limit the scope of the invention.
Bromine (1550 grams, 9.7 moles) and antimony trichloride (10 grams, 0.044 moles) were added to a one-liter reactor protected from external moisture. This mixture was cooled to less than 10� C. DODANE S (350 grams, 1.45 moles) was added slowly and continuously over a period of four to five hours. During this same period, 255 grams (3.6 moles) of gaseous chlorine was added slowly and continuously below the surface of the bromine while keeping the temperature of the bromine at or below 10� C. When the addition was complete, water (50 milliliters) was added to dissolve the antimony trichloride. The brominated alkylbenzene, dissolved in bromine, was then added slowly to a three-liter agitated reactor containing two liters of water heated to >90� C. As the mixture was added to the hot water, the bromine was distilled from the reactor and was condensed into a separate vessel for recovery. When the bromine was removed, the water phase was separated to give approximately 880 grams of material containing approximately 60% by weight bromine. The chlorine content is typically less than one percent by weight.
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that "Alkylate 215" was employed in place of "Dodane S." The product weight was approximately 870 grams and contained approximately 61% by weight bromine and 1% by weight chlorine.
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that "Dodane H" is used in place of "Dodane Sp". The product weight was approximately 860 grams. This material contained approximately 52 percent by weight bromine and approximately 7.5 % by weight chlorine.
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that the amount of bromine was reduced to 680 grams (4.25 moles). The product weight was approximately 800 grams. This material contained approximately 54% by weight bromine and approximately 3% by weight chlorine.
Bromine (760 grams, 4.75 moles) and antimony trichloride (10 grams, 0.044 moles) were added to a one-litPLE 5
Bromine (760 grams, 4.75 moles) and antimony trichloride (10 grams, 0.044 moles) were added to a one-liter reactor and cooled to less than 10� C. Dodane S (350 grams, 1.45 moles) was added slowly and continuously over a period of two hours while maintaining the temperature less than 10� C. After a one hour hold period, 105 grams of chlorine gas was added slowly and continuously below the surface of the bromine while keeping the temperature below 10� C. The chlorine was added over a period of approximately 1.5 hours. At the end of the chlorine addition, 50 milliliters of water was added to dissolve the antimony trichloride. The product was isolated as described in Example 1. The product weight was approximately 705 grams. The material contained approximately 47% by weight bromine, and the chlorine content was less than 1% by weight.
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except the bromine was increased to 2,200 grams (13.75 moles) and no chlorine was used. Thus, bromine, rather than bromine chloride was used as the bromination agent. The product weighed approximately 570 grams and contained approximately 42% by weight bromine.
Bromine (1600 grams, 10 moles) and iron powder (2.8 grams, 0.05 moles) were added to a one liter reactor protected from external moisture. This mixture was cooled to less than 10� C. "Dodane S" 350 grams, 1.45 moles) was added slowly and continuously to this mixture over two hours. Beginning at the same time as the "Dodane S" addition, 278 grams (3.9 moles) of chlorine gas is added subsurface continuously over 2.5 hours while maintaining the reaction at or below 15� C. The product dissolved in bromine was then added slowly to a two liter reactor containing 800 milliliters of water maintained at ≧90� C. After separating the bromine by distillation, 30 grams of 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide were used to precipitate the catalyst. The precipitate is removed by filtration before the water phase was removed to recover the product. The product weight was approximately 790 grams and contained 54% by weight bromine and 3.4% by weight chlorine.
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that the chlorine was increased from 255 grams to 285 grams (4.0 moles). The product weight was approximately 915 grams. Upon cooling, a solid material precipitated from the product. Approximately 30 grams of this solid was isolated by filtration and was identified as hexabromobenzene. The filtered product contained approximately 60% by weight bromine and approximately 1% by weight chlorine.
"Aristol E" (350 grams, 0.85 moles) was added to a one-liter reactor and cooled to less than 10� C. Five grams (0.022 moles) of antimony trichloride was then added. A solution of bromine chloride was prepared in advance by adding elemental bromine to ethylene dichloride in a separate reaction flask, cooling to less than 5� C., and then adding gaseous chlorine. The bromine chloride solution was composed of 440 grams of ethylene dichloride, 250 grams of bromine, and 110 grams of chlorine. The cold solution of bromine chloride was then added slowly and continuously over a period of three hours to the cold dialkylbenzene solution. When the addition was complete, the reaction was allowed to continue for two additional hours at temperatures below 10� C. The antimony trichloride was then dissolved with 50 milliliters of water. The product phase was then cautiously neutralized of any residual bromine chloride with 5% aqueous sodium bisulfite. The ethylene dichloride was then distilled, leaving a product of 545 grams. The product contained approximately 32% by weight bromine and approximately 4% by weight chlorine.
Bromine (2400 grams, 15 moles) and iron powder (3.8 grams, 0.068 moles) were added to an agitated two-liter reactor protected from moisture. 1-Phenyloctane (190 grams, 1.0 mole) (available from Aldrich Chemical Co.) was then added to the mixture continuously over eight hours while maintaining a reaction temperature of 15� C. The reaction was then allowed to stand at 25� C. for 18 hours. The excess bromine was then distilled under vacuum at 25� C. The product was then dissolved in methanol to remove catalyst and residual bromine. The crude product weighed 642 grams. After recrystallization from acetone, a white product was recovered which contained about 69% by weight bromine. The product showed a single peak in the gas chromatograph.
The procedure of Example 10 was repeated except that "Dodane S" (246 grams, 1.0 moles) was substituted for the 1-phenyloctane. The bromine was removed from the product using the procedure described in Example 7. The product in this case was an unmanageable tar.
A summary of brominations given by Examples 1 to 11 is shown in Table I.
TABLE I______________________________________ Halogen Contained in ProductEx- Moles MolesampleMaterial Procedure Bromine Chlorine Total______________________________________1 Dodane S Standard 4.5 -- 4.52 Alkylate Standard 4.5 0.2 4.72153 Dodane H Standard 3.95 1.30 5.254 Dodane S Less bromine 3.75 0.5 4.255 Dodane S Sequential 2.65 -- 2.65 addition6 Dodane S No chlorine 2.0 -- 2.07 Dodane S Iron catalyst 3.65 0.5 4.158 Dodane S Excess chlorine 4.6 0.2 4.89 Aristol E BrCl prepared 2.7 0.7 3.4 separately10 1-phenyl- Harsh 5.0 -- 5.0octane bromination conditions11 Dodane S Harsh -- -- -- bromination conditions______________________________________
As shown in Table I, Examples 1 and 2 represent optimized or nearly optimized conditions for producing polybrominated secondary alkylbenzenes in accordance with this invention. The subsequent examples demonstrate the effect of changes in substrate, stoichiometry, and reaction conditions, showing that the process defined by this invention is unique.
Example 3 illustrates the effect of employing a tertiary alkylbenzene. The additional steric hinderance of the tertiary alkyl group reduces the number of bromines which can be substituted into the ring. When the bromination reached its maximal level, additional chlorine resulted in ring chlorination. The molecule is also more susceptible to dealkylation and side chain halogenation when the optimal chlorine usage is exceeded. Thus, for tertiary alkylbenzenes, the optimal amount of chlorine needs to be lower than the amount used for secondary alkylbenzenes. These same problems arise with secondary alkylbenzenes when the optimal chlorine or bromine chloride usage is exceeded. Example 4 illustrates that when the excess bromine is reduced, the reaction does not proceed as far. If the excess of bromine were completely eliminated, this effect would be even more pronounced, thereby showing that the use of a substantial bromine excess as a reaction medium is an essential part of the present invention.
Example 5 shows how the substrate itself can be used to moderate the extent of reaction by acting as a solvent and thereby reducing the degree of bromine substitution to an undesirable extent.
Example 6 shows the importance of bromine chloride in reaching high levels of bromination and that bromine itself is not a satisfactory bromination agent in accordance with the present invention.
Example 7 shows that a non-antimony halide catalyst reduces the bromination level and increases the extent of ring chlorination.
Example 8 shows that dealkylation and major yield losses are caused by trying to push the reaction beyond the conditions of Examples 1 and 2 by increasing the chlorine used.
Example 9 shows that attempted bromination of a dialkylbenzene using bromine chloride in ethylene dichloride solvent does not produce the desired results in that an insufficient level of ring bromination and increased ring chlorination are observed.
Example 10 shows that a primary alkylbenzene can survive well under harsh bromination conditions known in the art. Example 11 shows that secondary alkylbenzenes of the type to which this invention is directed are destroyed by these harsh bromination conditions.
The foregoing data demonstrate that secondary and tertiary alkyl benzenes can be brominated under the conditions, catalysts, reaction medium, and brominating agent of this invention. In order to achieve the desired high levels of bromination, substantially free of chlorine, in high yield, and without excessive dealkylation, one must use a large excess of bromine as a solvent, bromine chloride as a brominating agent and antimony halides as catalysts.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 16, 1973
|Nov 26, 1974
|Phillips Petroleum Co
|Flame retarded compositions and additive systems therefor
|Oct 8, 1976
|Dec 12, 1978
|Chemische Werke Huels Aktiengesellschaft
|Flame retardant polyesters
|Oct 25, 1977
|Mar 6, 1979
|Basf Aktiengesellschaft
|Manufacture of brominated polymerization products of styrene
|Jan 2, 1979
|Apr 29, 1980
|Chemische Werke Huls A.G.
|Process for the manufacture of heat-stable, nuclear-brominated polystyrenes
|Aug 20, 1980
|Oct 5, 1982
|Ferro Corporation
|Process for the bromination of polystyrenes
|Jan 26, 1981
|Nov 23, 1982
|Basf Aktiengesellschaft
|Preparation of mixtures of brominated polystyrenes and brominated aromatic compounds
|Aug 18, 1986
|Mar 1, 1988
|Ethyl Corporation
|Brominated fire retardant composition
|Hennion and Anderson. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 68, 424 [1946]).
|Hennion and Anderson. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 68, 424 1946 ).
|Lamneck, Jr., (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 1106 [1954]).
|Lamneck, Jr., (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 1106 1954 ).
|Mills and Schneider (Ind Eng. Chem., Prod. Res. Dev. 12(3),160 [1973]).
|Mills and Schneider (Ind Eng. Chem., Prod. Res. Dev. 12(3),160 1973 ).
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 14, 1990
|Feb 4, 1992
|Toray Industries, Inc.
|Flame-retardant liquid crystal polyester composition, process for preparation thereof and injection-molded article composed thereof
|Dec 10, 1990
|Aug 10, 1993
|Ethyl Corporation
|Preparation, storage, and usage of bromine chloride
|Sep 4, 1992
|May 28, 1996
|Illinois Tool Works Inc.
|Flame retardant composition
|Sep 26, 1996
|Oct 14, 1997
|Albemarle Corporation
|Process for brominating polystyrenic resins
|Sep 26, 1996
|Nov 11, 1997
|Albemarle Corporation
|Process for brominating polystyrenic resins
|Apr 25, 1997
|Jun 16, 1998
|Albemarle Corporation
|Process for brominated styrenic polymers
|May 19, 1997
|Oct 20, 1998
|Albemarle Corporation
|Brominated tetrabromophthalate ester flame retardants flame retardant polymer compositions
|Jun 11, 1997
|Dec 22, 1998
|Albemarle Corporation
|Process for brominating polystyrenic resins
|Jun 11, 1997
|Dec 22, 1998
|Albemarle Corporation
|Process for brominating polystyrenic resins
|Mar 13, 1998
|Jun 29, 1999
|Albemarle Corporation
|Process for brominated styrenic polymers
|Apr 24, 1998
|Oct 17, 2000
|Albelmarle Corporation
|Brominated polystyrenic flame retardants
|Apr 13, 1999
|Mar 27, 2001
|Albemarle Corporation
|Process for brominated styrenic polymers
|Sep 10, 1998
|May 15, 2001
|Albemarle Corporation
|Polymers flame retarded with brominated polystyrenic resins
|Sep 10, 1998
|May 15, 2001
|Albemarle Corporation
|Brominated polstyrenic resins
|Sep 10, 1998
|May 22, 2001
|Albemarle Corporation
|Polymer compositions containing brominated polystyrenic resins
|Oct 13, 1998
|May 22, 2001
|Albemarle Corporation
|Brominated polystyrenic resins
|Sep 15, 1998
|Dec 4, 2001
|Albemarle Corporation
|Process for brominating polystyrenic resins
|Oct 4, 2001
|Feb 11, 2003
|Albemarle Corporation
|Brominated polystyrene having improved thermal stability and color and process for the preparation thereof
|Mar 12, 2001
|Feb 18, 2003
|Albemarle Corporation
|Brominated polystyrenic resins
|Aug 5, 2002
|Jun 1, 2004
|Albemarle Corporation
|Poly(bromoaryl)alkane additives and methods for their preparation and use
|Apr 20, 2004
|Oct 31, 2006
|Albemarle Corporation
|Poly(bromoaryl)alkane additives and methods for their preparation and use
|Oct 23, 2006
|May 27, 2008
|Albemarle Corporation
|Poly(bromoaryl)alkane additives and methods for their preparation and use
|Mar 24, 2006
|Oct 7, 2008
|Albermarle Corporation
|Polymer halogenation process with catalyst recovery
|Dec 19, 2006
|Nov 4, 2008
|Albemarle Corporation
|Preparation of brominated styrenic polymers or resins
|Mar 24, 2006
|Oct 5, 2006
|Thanikavelu Manimaran
|Polymer halogenation process with catalyst recovery
|Oct 23, 2006
|Apr 26, 2007
|Albemarle Corporation
|Poly(bromoaryl)alkane additives and methods for their preparation and use
|Dec 19, 2006
|Jun 28, 2007
|Albemarle Corporation
|Preparation of brominated styrenic polymers or resins
|Jul 19, 1999
|Nov 5, 2002
|Albemarle Corporation
|Brominated polystyrene having improved thermal stability and color and process for the preparation thereof
|Dec 19, 2006
|Mar 30, 2011
|Brominated anionic styrenic polymers and their preparation
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 7, 1987
Owner name: GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORPORATION, WEST LAFEYETTE,
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Unilever Has Rejected a $143 Billion Merger Bid From Kraft Heinz | Fortune.com
February 17, 2017
Kraft Heinz Co (khc, +0.66%) has proposed a $143 billion offer with Unilever in what would be one of the biggest deals ever, but the Anglo-Dutch consumer goods company has declined.
A deal with Unilever, which had a market value of $125 billion before its shares spiked, would add Hellmann's mayonnaise, Ben & Jerry's ice cream and Knorr soups to a portfolio that includes Heinz ketchup and Kraft Macaroni and Cheese.
"Kraft confirms that it has made a comprehensive proposal to Unilever about combining the two groups to create a leading consumer goods company with a mission of long-term growth and sustainable living," Kraft said in a statement.
Unilever said the offer of $50 a share, made up of $30.23 in cash and the rest in stock, "fundamentally undervalues" it.
via fortune.com


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Colin Maiden Park
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Colin Maiden Park is a sports ground in Auckland, New Zealand, located alongside the University of Auckland Tamaki Campus. The ground is the home of University RFC and Auckland University CC, and is currently one of the home grounds for the Auckland Aces representative cricket team. The main cricket ground has a capacity of 4,000. In 2014 the Auckland council will take over the park as part of a condition of sale between the University and the Council and intends to retain the 20ha park for recreational purposes and any existing uses and activities on that land will be provided for on Colin Maiden Park.[1]
External links[edit]
- Cricinfo Profile
- Colin Maiden Park Auckland Cricket Association
- Zoomin Profile
- Eventfinder Profile
- voxy.co.nz
Coordinates: 36°52′51″S 174°50′53″E / 36.8809°S 174.8481°E
|This article about a sports venue in New Zealand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
How to Solve Diarrhea Problems Naturally
Such occurrences of diarrhea are usually self-limiting and will take care of themselves. Chronic diarrhea, however, can indicate a serious ailment (such as colitis) and should be checked by a doctor.
Diarrhea in babiesThis can be very serious because infants are so easily dehydrated. In treating infectious diarrhea in infants, doctors often tell mothers to omit milk from the diet and replace it with 'clear fluids', including carbonated beverages, juices and soups such as chicken and beef broth. However, many such fluids contain so much sugar or salt that they actually may worsen and prolong the baby's illness, according to studies at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto (Canadian Medical Association Journal, 8 September 1979).
The high sugar content of many carbonated beverages, juices, and other liquids may cause sugar-induced diarrhea. It has been recommended that beverages containing a lot of sugar be diluted to at least half strength to avoid problems.
High concentrations of salt, common in some prepared soups, pose another potential hazard. Too much salt in dehydrated children can make them vulnerable to complications such as seizures and irreversible brain damage. Because of the extraordinarily high salt content of many commercial kinds of soup, the researchers suggested that homemade soups with no added salt might be more acceptable.
Dangerously high amounts of salt or sugar also can arise when liquids are prepared from crystals or concentrate, the researchers noted. Adding extra amounts from a package or incorrect measuring can make the salt or sugar levels higher than they should be.
The (US) Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia recommend the following as one type of homemade fluid therapy to combat dehydration: combine 8 Fl. oz of fruit juice (orange, apple or other), half a teaspoon of honey and a pinch of salt in a glass. In a second glass combine 8 Fl. oz of boiled or carbonated water and a quarter teaspoon of baking soda. Have the baby drink alternately each mixture. Additional carbonated beverages or water should be drunk and solid foods and milk should be avoided until recovery.
Breastfed babies are far less likely to develop dangerous intestinal infections than bottle-fed babies, say two California pediatricians. Over a period of two years, Spencer A. Larsen, Jr. and Daryl R. Homer studied all the infants under one-year-old who were admitted with severe vomiting and diarrhea to the Kaiser — Permanente Medical Group hospital in Hayward California. Of the 107 babies, they found that only one was breastfed at the time of admission — far fewer than in the general population served by the medical group.
Breast milk protects against diarrhea
About one-third of the hospitalized bottle-fed infants was breastfed at birth, the doctors said, but all had gone on the bottle at least a month before they became sick. These findings suggest that 'breastfeeding plays a major role in protection against intestinal infections,' the researchers concluded, and they pointed out that similar studies in Britain and in underdeveloped countries have shown the same thing.
Natural remedies for diarrheaSome common food substances have proved remarkably useful against diarrhea.
Carob powder In a Canadian study of 230 infants with diarrhea only three was not cured by the addition of carob powder to their formula. The treatment apparently worked because carob contains high levels of fiber which, as recent research has shown, can clear up digestive problems including diarrhea.
Yogurt This seems to be beneficial in maintaining or restoring the health of the intestinal tract. 'In many countries along the Mediterranean Sea and in the Balkans, yogurt has been used for years as a remedy for infantile diarrhea by both laymen and physicians,' wrote Drs Molly Nov, Walter Levy and Nathan M. Greenstein in Clinical Pediatrics.
The three doctors fed yogurt to half of a group of children hospitalized with severe diarrhea. Those in the yogurt group ate a little less than 4 Fl. oz three times daily while the rest of the children received an anti-diarrhoeal drug. More children in the yogurt group than in the drug group recovered within three days.
Brian The normal functioning of the intestinal tract depends on upon the press- once of adequate fiber — the kind that absorbs water and forms soft bulk. Fibre like brand. Bran relieves both constipation and diarrhea. It is not a laxative; it is a normalizer of bowel functions. Transit times — the amount of time it takes for food to pass through the body — are lengthened in individuals with chronic diarrhea who eat bran, but they are shortened in those with constipation. Bran thickens the loose, watery stools of diarrhea and softens the hard, dry stools of constipation. A few tablespoons (less for a child) followed by a glass of water should do the trick in a few days. If diarrhea persists, see your doctor.
Pectin This is a fiber found in fruit, particularly apple cherries, bananas and citrus fruit. 'Pectin allows water to be absorbed from the colon,' says Dr. David Jenkins of the University of Toronto, 'and has been given to individuals with chronic diarrhea.
One group of people who might benefit from pectin are those who have 'dumping syndrome'. Not long after eating, they may suffer from dizziness, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea, caused by the too-rapid movement of food and fluid through their digestive tracts. British doctors successfully used pectin to treat dumping syndrome in 11 patients recovering from abdominal surgery (Lancet, 16 May 1981). After drinking a glucose solution, all of these patients soon suffered characteristic gastrointestinal distress accompanied by hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). However, when 1/3 oz of pectin was added to the solution, their symptoms were either abolished or reduced, and blood glucose levels were kept under better control.
Pectin added to the glucose meal slowed gastric emptying, ' the researchers noted, 'and since dumping is related to rapid emptying, the abolition or reduction of symptoms in our patients was almost certainly due to the slower transfer of glucose from the stomach to the small gut [intestine].Traditional remedies These include eating Gruyere cheese, brown rice, barley or bananas, or drinking a tea made from mallow root or wild thyme.
'Chewing-gum' diarrheaA 66-year-old woman who was a patient of two doctors in Miami Beach, had a three-month history of severe chronic diarrhea, having to go to the toilet between 12 and 50 times a day. Yet, there was no mucus, blood, cramp, fever nutritional deficiency or other signs of real illness. X-rays and probes of various kinds revealed nothing of interest. Making it all the more frustrating, every kind of anti-diarrhoea medicine in the book was tried without success.
Chewing gum, her doctors say. 'When dietary history was re-examined at length,' they wrote in the American Journal of Digestive Diseases, 'it was revealed that the patient habitually chewed 50 to 100 sticks of sugarless chewing gum daily, to aid her in weight reduction. Upon abrupt withdrawal of chewing gum, all diarrhea ceased and gastrointestinal complaints abated. '
What was the problem?
The explanation for this chewing-gum effect is that most sugarless gums — as well as many foods for diabetics — contain sorbitol, and this, it turns out tends to have a laxative effect in large doses. Usually, in an adult, that effect would not be noticed unless the person was consuming 10 or more pieces of gum a day. At the rate of 50 or even 100 a day, the effect can be disastrous. Drs Lee D. Goldberg and Norman T. Ditchek dubbed the syndrome 'chewing-gum diarrhea'.
(See also TRAVELER'S DIARRHEA.)
How to Solve Diarrhea Problems Naturally Reviewed by Healthy Kite on 5/21/2016 Rating:


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