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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 28, 1995
|Filing date
|Jan 13, 1993
|Priority date
|Jan 13, 1993
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Joseph R. Kinard, De-xiang Huang, Donald B. Novotny
|Original Assignee
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Commerce
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (33), Non-Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (87), Classifications (18), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to multilayer, thin-film, multijunction thermal converters (MLF-MJTC) suitable for use as primary and secondary calibration standards and for the measurement of ac and RF voltage and current over a broad frequency range. More particularly, this invention relates to MLF-MJTC's which offer performance over very broad ranges of frequency, current range and output emf, with low ac-dc and RF-dc differences, in a form suitable for low cost mass production for inclusion in a variety of instruments.
Thermal converters are the most accurate instruments known for the measurement of ac voltage and current at frequencies ranging from low audio frequency on up to 1 GHz. Multijunction thermal converter structures are most conducive to a wide range of uses. These are frequently used in very high accuracy ac-dc difference metrology, because they exhibit very small ac-dc differences, provide a good square law response, and high output emfs. In one form or another, such multijunction thermal converters are employed to generate primary standards for the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for ac-dc difference, ac voltage and current, and ac power and energy calibration services.
The basic MLF-MJTC structure includes a heater element, a plurality of cooperating thermocouples connected in series, i.e., one or more thermopiles, and electrical wiring connecting the MLF-MJTC to an external circuit or known types of voltage, current and power measurement devices. In addition to the basic MLF-MJTC structure, one or more resistors connected to heater element to receive input voltage and/or current. Preferably, the thermopiles are electrically insulated from the heater element to ensure high response accuracy, i.e., so that an unknown signal will not flow into the circuit which is used to monitor the thermopiles (or even into the thermopiles themselves) as this would produce an error.
In the past, thermal converter structures have typically included fine wires of different conductive materials to form sets of thermocouples carefully located with respect to each other and the heater element. There are significant problems in physically handling the very fine wires that are combined to make such thermocouples and in soldering or otherwise affixing them to each other and to the rest of the structure. An example of such an early structure is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 839,985 to Bristol, titled "THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR".
More recently, a variety of thermocouples and thermal converter structures have been designed for specific applications through the use of thin film and thick film technologies.
Regardless of which physical form is selected, i.e., whether wires or thin films deposited by any known technique are employed, the principal physical phenomenon being exploited depends on the fact that when different thermal electric materials are joined at their spaced-apart ends, with the junctions located in regions at different temperatures, the difference in the internal electron structures of the two materials causes a voltage difference to exist between the junctions. This voltage difference, which the typical thermocouple is constructed to use, is temperature-dependent and is known in the art as the "Seebeck effect". If the materials used are conductors or semiconductors, a current will flow through the thermocouple and may be extracted by connection to elements of an external circuit, typically through contact pads. When a number of thermocouples are connected in series, to enhance the rather small voltage differences generated in the individual thermocouples under certain circumstances, the plurality of thermocouples is referred to as a "thermopile". Thermopiles may be used for a variety of purposes, e.g., to determine a voltage or current, to generate electricity from sources of heat such as sunlight received by a solar collector system, or to actuate protective or sensing devices.
In light of the variety of uses to which a thermocouple or a thermopile may be employed in a device to convert energy of one form into another, e.g., heat or incident electromagnetic radiation into a current, it is important to clarify the use of the term "converter" as used in the present application. In the following description of the present invention, the term "converter" is used to refer to conversion of each of an ac and then a dc signal to heat, and in each case to generate from the heat corresponding output electrical signals which are monitored. In essence, the devices and the methods described more fully hereinbelow relate to generating electric energy from a very precisely controlled source of heat energy, this being accomplished by the provision of a very precisely formed and operated electrically-powered heater element and selectively disposed sets of thermocouples with their hot junctions heated by the heater.
Very precise standards for determining a voltage or current over a wide range of frequencies for ac-dc and RF-dc applications are necessary for an MLF-MJTC. To meet this need, an MLF-MJTC requires physical ruggedness, ability to withstand stresses associated with thermal cycling and in-use exposure to a wide range of temperatures locally, and an error-free structure, e.g., minimization of capacitances or inductances developed between the heater and thermopiles.
Such devices may be used to measure the power or calibrate the energy of radiated signals from optical sources, e.g., infrared sources or lasers. This operation relies on the physical principle that when radiation is incident on the invention a certain percentage of it is absorbed and the heater region of the invention is heated, thus producing a change in its emf output that is proportional to the incident energy. The measurement of this output can be used to determine the power or energy of the incident radiation.
Also, the measurement of vacuum, pressure or airflow can be accomplished with the present invention. This operation is permitted by the physical principle that the amount of heat lost by convection when operated at a constant power is proportional to the pressure and gas flow. The number of molecules striking the heated surface and leaving it per second is proportional to either the pressure or the flow of the gas over the surface. By measuring the temperature, which is inversely proportional to the thermal loss, which in turn is inversely proportional to either the pressure or gas flow, the pressure or gas flow can be measured. It is noted that these two properties are not measured at the same time. Consequently, pressure is measured when there is no significant gas flow and vice versa.
In order to maximize the accuracy of MLF-MJTC, it is necessary that the Thompson coefficient of the heater material be small, and the thermocouples be disposed uniformly and symmetrically on opposite sides of the elongated heater element. Low Peltier effect is also necessary for enhanced operation as exemplified by the present invention. To achieve this result the contact area between the heater and the contact pads should be on a good heat sink such as a silicon frame.
These and other related objects of this invention are described more fully hereinbelow, as are structural details of the preferred embodiments of this invention and methods of forming the same. Persons of ordinary skill in the art, upon understanding the following disclosure and the accompanying drawing figures may consider implementing obvious modifications and variations of this invention, and the claims appended hereto are intended to comprehend such variations of the explicitly disclosed embodiments.
A principal object of the present invention is to provide highly compact, inexpensive, easy to manufacture, rugged, durable, multilayer thin-film multijunction thermal converters MLF-MJTCs to measure alternating current, and voltages, at frequencies ranging from low audio frequencies to 1 GHz.
Another object of the present invention is to provide MLF-MJTCs for high accuracy ac and dc difference measurements with very low ac-dc differences and good square law responses with high output emfs, with additional thermocouples optionally provided for testing and guard functions.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide low-cost, highly reliable, mechanically stable, low and high current MLF-MJTCs, including either a single or a bifilar heater element on a composite, stress-balanced, thin-film membrane.
A related further object of this invention is to provide a method for forming the above-described type MLF-MJTC structures to provide the desired precise measurement capabilities.
These and other objects of this invention are realized by providing an MLF-MJTC having a substrate with a membrane on it. The membrane consists of a first layer of SiO2, second layer of Si3 N4 and a second SiO2 layer all formed over an aperture or a through hole in the substrate. A layer of electrically resistive material is provided on a mounting surface formed of the three membrane layers. A first set of serially-connected thin-film thermocouples is formed to have their cold junctions over the substrate which serves as a heat sink and their hot junctions arrayed side by side overlying the aperture on one side of the heating element. A second plurality of serially-connected thin-film couples is formed on the opposite side of the heating element with cold junctions over the substrate and hot junctions over the aperture.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the multilayer film multijunction thermal converter (MLF-MJTC) of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of an MLF-MJTC according to a preferred coaxial embodiment of this invention, which includes a single elongate heater element and two symmetrically disposed thermopiles with contact pads provided for electrical connections thereto.
FIG. 3 is a transverse cross-sectional view, at Section III--III in the embodiment of the MJTC per FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a plan view of a second coaxial embodiment which includes more numerous thermocouples disposed coaxially, i.e., symmetrically on opposite sides of the single elongate heater element with their respective hot junctions relatively close to the heater element, with guard thermocouples provided at both ends of the sets of thermocouples, with the guard thermocouples being provided with their own contact pads for selective electrical engagement therewith.
FIG. 5 is a plan view of an MLF-MJTC having a structure generally similar to that of the MLF-MJTC per FIG. 4 except for a bifilar heater element axially of two sets of symmetrically disposed thermocouples and guard couples.
FIG. 6. is a transverse cross-sectional view at Section VI--VI in the embodiment of the MLF-MJTC per FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is yet another embodiment according to this invention, wherein only a small number of thermocouples are incorporated within an MLF-MJTC which comprises a single elongate heater element in which the hot junctions of individual thermocouples are disposed immediately above the single heater element.
FIG. 8 is a transverse cross-sectional view at Section VIII--VIII in the embodiment of the MLF-MJTC per FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 is a plan view showing a trifilar heater arrangement.
An essential requirement of a high performance MJTC is that it should have a heater element with a small heater resistance. The heater should therefore be thin and small, and should also have a very low distributed inductance and capacitance to ensure that the ac-dc difference at high frequencies is small. The thermocouples in such an MLF-MJTC also must be formed of thin layers and must be geometrically precisely made and disposed with respect to the heater element to ensure that there is a uniform temperature distribution within the heater to ensure a small ac-dc difference. Ideally, the heater structure should be one in which the temperature of the entire heater element is uniform. Such a heater would have very low errors due to Thompson effect.
Experience in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices has led to the development of photolithographic techniques which enable the formation of extremely precise and regular geometries of thin-film elements such as the heater elements, thermocouples, resistor elements and contact pads. Such techniques, spanning both thin-film and thick-film technologies, together with a planar structure for the devices, are found to satisfy the above-stated objects of this invention.
A preferred composition of the alloy used to form the heater element, available commercially as "Evanohm", is as follows:
nickel 75%
chromium 20%
aluminum 2.5%
copper 2.5%
Suitable materials for forming thermocouples are: "Constantan" (40% Cu and 60% Ni) and "Chromel" (10% Cr and 90% Ni ), and many others.
The contact pads are preferably made of a highly conductive metal, e.g., aluminum, copper, or even gold if cost and other considerations are not limiting.
The materials employed to form the thermocouples, pads, etc., are preferably applied by sputtering. Other alternatives include evaporation of the selected materials or printing with ink containing the same. Any affordable and reliable known apparatus or technique for forming uniform thin films may be utilized. The preferred structure eventually includes an integrated plurality of films, including dielectric layers formed of materials such as SiO2 and Si3 N4, preferably applied by a known technique such as chemical vapor deposition, organic reduction, evaporation, plasma enhanced deposition, or sputtering.
One of the keys to forming the high-efficiency MLF-MJTCs according to the present invention is to produce low-stress, multilayer films. One of the other keys is the formation of thin-film thermocouples. To do this, initially, a heat sink (not shown) is attached to the back of a silicon wafer 102 to keep it at close to room temperature. Selected materials for the heater element 106, the thermocouples 108,110, assorted insulation layers and the small contact pads (not shown) with low capacitance are then applied and patterned with the use of masks and photolithographic techniques.
In order to reduce the capacitance current, flowing in parallel with the heater current from the contact pads, and thereby improve the performance for accurate ac current and multirange ac voltage measurements, small pad areas (50�50 μm2 to 400�400 μm2) are used. This is necessary for bifilar heater arrangements, coaxial heater arrangements and high frequency MLF-MJTC devices. However, pad size is not critical for high current type heaters have lengths from 20 μm to 8000 μm, widths of 10 μm to 6000 μm and length to width ratios of 0.1 to 10. (It is noted that non-high current MLF-MJTC devices normally have lengths of 20 μm to 8000 μm, widths of 1 μm to 1200 μm and length to width ratios of 4 to 800).
If sputtering is used, the sputtering rate is kept low and is adjusted as needed to ensure that the resulting structure will have low residual stresses. Other adjustable parameters in the process of applying the selected layers is the distance between the target, i.e., source of the material to be deposited, the substrate surface on which the material is to be deposited and the pressure of the ambient argon used for sputtering in this case is 1-2 mTorr. The through opening 126 is initially formed by etching the silicon substrate 102 in the area formed by this patterned Si3 N4 film at the backside from its rear surface part way through the thickness thereof, with the residual thickness of silicon removed by etching only after the key elements, i.e., the heater element 106, the thermocouples 108,110, etc., are formed. This leaves a relatively stress-free, stable, strong multi-film structure stretched over the through opening.
To minimize problems that would otherwise be generated during use of the finished device at the interface between the heated material of the heater element and the silicon surface contacted thereby and regions immediately surrounding the heater, the present invention thus employs a low-stress, multifilm, composite membrane which has both a high thermal efficiency, low dielectric loss and high mechanical stability. The preferred combination of steps to form the desired structural layers will now be described. Details of the various elements which cooperate to form various embodiments of the MLF-MJTCs follow.
As generally indicated in FIG. 1, the heater element 106 is thermally isolated by its location on a thin dielectric membrane 124 which stretches across and over an opening 126 formed in silicon substrate 102. The hot junctions of each thermopile 108,110 are disposed symmetrically in close thermal proximity to heater element 106. The cold junctions of each of the thermocouples comprised within thermopiles 108,110 are, correspondingly, symmetrically disposed to be on a portion of the thin dielectric film which is an extension of the thin dielectric membrane 124 and which stretches over the silicon substrate 102 to provide good thermal contact therewith. Dielectric membrane 124 is actually a multifilm composite formed in successive steps over an initially continuous silicon substrate 102, i.e., the dielectric membrane 124 is formed or partially formed before opening 126 is created.
First, a silicon substrate 102 of suitable size and thickness is anisotropically etched from the lower or rear surface by any conventional technique so that its thickness is reduced in the region in which opening 126 is to be formed, the etching leaving a thickness of silicon in the range 10 to 100 μm. This reduced thickness portion is to provide initial support for the dielectric membrane 124 which is to be formed thereover in the course of fabricating the thermal converter structure. Then, after the thermal converter structure is completely fabricated, the remaining thickness of the silicon substrate in the region of opening 126 is entirely etched away, leaving the thermal converter as an integral part of the dielectric membrane and supported by it. This requires precise alignment of any masks used in the etching of silicon substrate 102 and/or any masks used in defining and forming the heater element, thermocouples, junctions, contact pads and the like. To facilitate proper alignment, the fabrication employs a two-sided, front-to-back alignment process, wherein suitably sized windows are patterned onto the Si3 N4 film on the back side of a relatively large silicon wafer in alignment with alignment marks provided on the front side of the wafer.
For present purposes, the basic silicon wafer may be of approximately 100-600 μm nominal thickness, polished on both sides. A silicon dioxide film is then grown on both sides thereof to a thickness in the range 100 to 700 nm nominal thickness. The term "grown" is used herein to describe a process of oxidizing the silicon wafer surface to produce a strongly adherent silicon dioxide film thereon. As the oxidation process continues, the thickness of the oxide film thus increases or "grows". Both sides of the silicon wafer are then coated with photoresist and photolithographically patterned so that the patterns on the two sides are aligned with respect to each other. The mask to be applied to the front side of the wafer provides alignment marks and the mask for the back side of the wafer provides definition for etching the openings 126 for a plurality of devices to be formed from-a single silicon wafer. The alignment of the two masks is done in a conventional fixture which brings the imaged sides of both the masks together, i.e., permits visual observation of both simultaneously, and also permits controlled lateral movement of the masks relative to one another until the images are observed to be in desired alignment. The masks are then held in this chosen alignment while separated apart from each other, and a wafer provided with photo-resist coatings on both sides is inserted therebetween. The masks are then brought together and each side of the photoresist-coated silicon wafer is exposed, thereby transferring each masked image onto the wafer surface. Other methods for alignment of both sides can also be used. The images thus formed are then etched into the silicon dioxide surface, preferably with buffered hydrofluoric acid. The photoresist is then stripped in conventional manner and a nominal 100 nm to 400 nm thick silicon nitride film is deposited onto the silicon dioxide surface, preferably by a known chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process.
The nitride film used in the invention is a low stress type, chemically deposited by using a ratio of dichlorosilane-to-ammonia different from that which is normally used for film formation. An excess of about 4:1 of DCS:NH3 and at a temperature of 700�-900� C. is used.
Both sides of the wafer are coated again with another layer of a photoresist, and the original back side mask is aligned to its original image which is now formed in the silicon dioxide film on the back side of the coated wafer, and the photoresist with the mask in place is again exposed. The pattern thus formed on the back side of the silicon wafer is plasma etched through the silicon nitride coating, preferably with "Freon 114" gas to form openings (i.e., windows) penetrating through both the silicon nitride and silicon oxide layers down to bare silicon. Note that the front side of the wafer is not thus etched because it is protected by the hitherto unpatterned photoresist layer. The patterned silicon nitride film at the rear surface of the wafer now serves as an etching mask to form the openings 126, which are etched through the thickness of the silicon wafer to within 10 to 100 μm of the front surface of the wafer, preferably with a 10 to 70% weight aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide held in a temperature range of 40� to 120� C.
A low temperature silicon dioxide (LTO), in a thickness of 10 to 400 nm, is then chemically vapor deposited on the front surface of the silicon wafer. The SiO2 --Si3 N4 --SiO2 sequence provides lower dielectric loss than Si3 N4 --SiO2 --Si3 N4, and therefore better electrical performance of the heater, and reduces the risk of surface cracks due to defects.
On the LTO thin film, a thin film in the range of 30 to 400 nm thickness of low stress "Chromel" is then sputter-deposited. The surface of the thin "Chromel" film is coated with photoresist and the first legs of the thermocouples which are to provide the thermopiles are aligned to the alignment marks patterned onto the front surface of the silicon wafer and are patterned into the resist. The-photo-resist is then cured and the "Chromel" layer is etched in a perchloric acid based etchant. The photoresist is thus stripped and the surface cleaned by plasma ashing in oxygen for several minutes. The wafer is then dipped for a few seconds in diluted perchloric acid based etchant to remove any oxide film on the "Chromel" formed during the oxygen plasma cleaning, washed in deionized water, and dried. A low stress, nominally 30 to 400 nm thick constantan film is sputter deposited on the front surface over the patterned "Chromel". The "Constantan" is then etched in an aluminum etchant, the photoresist stripped and the wafer then plasma ashed for several minutes in oxygen.
A nominal 30 to 500 nm thick CVD LTO film is deposited on the front side of the silicon wafer. On this silicon oxide LTO layer, a 30 to 400 nm thick Evanohm film of low stress is sputter deposited. This Evanohm film is coated with a photoresist and the heater structure is patterned in alignment with the thermocouple hot junctions formed earlier. The Evanohm is then etched in perchloric acid based etchant. The photo-resist is then stripped, the wafer is plasma ashed for several minutes in oxygen, and another layer of 20 to 300 nm thick CVD LTO film is then deposited thereover.
The surface of the LTO film is then coated with photoresist and windows corresponding to electrical contact pads are patterned thereon and etched through the LTO layer to enable electrical contacts to be made to the thermocouples and heater elements. The photoresist is then stripped, the wafer is plasma ashed in oxygen, and a nominally 100 to 1000 nm thick layer of pure aluminum is sputter deposited thereon. The aluminum layer is then coated with another layer of photoresist, and contact pads are patterned thereon and etched with an aluminum etchant. This completes the formation of the low stress, multifilm structure of the typical MJTC. Actually, depending on the selected patterns, a multitude of the devices are thus formed on the relatively large silicon wafer.
Kerfs are cut approximately half way through the wafer thickness in the streets between individually patterned devices which are to be diced from the silicon wafer. The silicon wafer surface is then protected with hard black wax, and the remaining 10 to 100 μm thickness of the silicon substrate corresponding to the through openings in each of the devices is etched away in hot KOH. The black wax is then removed with xylene and the individual devices are separated from each other by breaking the relatively larger silicon wafer at the various kerfs.
The above-described process of making MJTCs according to this invention provides devices that have certain very valuable attributes. Thus, for example, with the generally available, high-precision masking and etching equipment now commercially available, the entire planar structure of the device can be formed with extremely regular geometry. This is important for the manufacture of primary standards, which is a principal objective of this invention. It is also very important that the temperature gradient along the heater element be very small, i.e., one would ideally like to have a heater structure with an entirely uniform temperature to reduce errors that may otherwise arise from thermoelectric effects like Thompson heating, and the like. Furthermore, the thermopiles formed in precise relationship to the heater element all present essentially a uniform thickness of the chosen metals to the elongate edges of the heater, so that there is a very uniform thermal conduction path along the entire length of the heater and between the heater and the thermopiles symmetrically disposed in correspondence therewith. This ensures a very uniform temperature distribution along the heater length and is important for forming precise standards.
The time constant for the typical MLF-MJTC according to this invention is in the range 5 to 300 msecs. This is quite fast compared to what is available in the known art. A very rapid time constant may not be desirable because, if one reduces the frequency of the ac received by the heater element, the heater temperature begins to track the variations of the ac waveform and then one no longer has an ac to dc thermal converter. It should be remembered that the heat output of a heater receiving ac has a thermal output with twice the frequency of the input ac because the polarity of the current is irrelevant in generating thermal energy. It should also be remembered that the electrical output of the thermopiles is proportional to the thermal power generated by the heater element. A thin layer of glass may be added to increase the time constant of the device to avoid tracking of the heater power peak frequency by the thermopile output, especially at low ac frequencies.
It is believed that if a high quality dielectric, e.g., glass, is used instead of silicon to provide additional thermal mass for the MLF-MJTC structures, it should be possible to increase the thermal time constant even for use of thermal converters down to low audio frequency or even a little below. If the thermal time constant can be kept short enough, e.g., in the order of 100 to 200 msec it should be possible to have high speed measurements from a device which works at low audio frequencies. No known device exists for such measurements.
Another aspect of the present invention that is particularly helpful for precise operation is the provision of guard couples at the ends of the heater element, whether the heater elements are coaxial or bifilar. Such guard couples are merely thermocouples provided at the very ends of the thermopiles to permit a user to monitor nonuniformities associated with the end portions of the heater element structures. These guard thermocouples are provided with their own contact pads to enable selective use or disuse as desired. In other words, the emf corresponding to each guard couple can be monitored separately and may selectively be added to the emf of the thermopiles. Although guard thermocouples are known in other contexts, it is believed that they have never previously been included in thin-film devices. Their optional inclusion into the MLF-MJTCs according to this invention facilitates more precise compensations to be applied to the thermopile outputs in regions where there may be relatively large thermal gradients, i.e., effects associated with the ends of the heater elements. In this manner, selective manipulation of the output from the thermopiles can be used to compensate for or make corrections for what are essentially structural limitations. When one is considering the provision of primary standards, i.e., when high accuracy is the goal, this provides a relatively secure and reliable solution to providing high quality corrections to the device output. One can either arrange for an outside circuit to utilize the outputs from the guard thermocouples or, in the alternative, one may digitize the respective data from the guard thermocouples and the principal thermopiles and then apply the necessary correction to the latter.
Basically, one uses thermal converters by applying an unknown ac and observing the output emf in the thermopiles, and then applying a known dc and bringing the output to the same level. If the ac/dc difference of the thermal converter is zero, so that its performance with ac is the same as its performance with dc, then one has succeeded in comparing the rms value of the ac to the corresponding known and precisely measured value of the dc. In other words, the thermal converter is used to precisely monitor any difference between ac and dc in the primary standard environment or in the primary calibration laboratory environment.
When used with instrumentation, thermal converters may be used to receive an input signal, e.g., an ac input, for comparison thereof with some internal reference such as a known dc reference voltage. The structures formed according to this invention enable such comparisons, with very small errors across a much broader band width than existing primary standards. Because of the thin-film structures and precise definition of the various elements in the thin films, the thermal converters according to this invention should provide very high thermal efficiency and, consequently, the need for very low power inputs. Furthermore, with a large number of thermocouples provided in each of the thermopiles, even with very low inputs it should be possible to generate signals of the order of 100 mV and, if the devices are mounted in a vacuum, the sensitivity and then output EMF will be two to ten times higher.
The mechanical strength and stability of the MLF-MJTCs is thus ensured by forming them integrated with a membrane which is a composite of silicon oxide lamella (in compressive stress), a silicon nitride lamella (in tensile stress), and another silicon oxide lamella (in compressive stress), on which the heater and thermocouple structures are fabricated. The different stresses of these lamellas are "balanced" such that the composite membrane is in a net low stress (i.e., near zero net stress) during use. The compressive stress produced by the silicon oxide lamellas on each side of the nitrate lamella are approximately equal and produce very little or no tendency to curl the membrane. Thus, if the membrane is broken somehow, it has only a slight curl-up or curl-down tendency at most.
FIGS. 2 and 3 respectively show plan and cross-sectional views of a first preferred embodiment of an MJTC according to this invention. In the illustrated MJTC 200, formed on an upper surface 204 of a silicon substrate 202, there is a through opening 226 over which is disposed an elongate linear flat heater element 206 connected at its ends to contact pads 216 and 218 by very short, flat, highly conductive layers 230 and 232, respectively. Symmetrically disposed on opposite sides of heater element 206 are hot junctions 234 and 236 of thermopiles 208 and 210, respectively. Note that hot junctions 234,236 are close to but physically separate and electrically insulated from heater element 206, and are located above through opening 226. Cold junctions 238 and 240, of thermopiles 208 and 210 respectively, are located over the silicon substrate 202 to be in good thermally conductive relationship therewith. Contact pads 242,244 are provided at the very ends of thermopile 208, and contact pads 246,248 are similarly provided for electrical communication with the ends of thermopile 210.
The heater element is connected in a coaxial arrangement including a connection to a signal source and a return path to that source (not shown). The return path can be located in any number of locations both on and off the semiconductor substrate. For example, a metallic casing enclosing the MLF-MJTC can be used as a return path. Return paths can also be located on other mounting structures holding the substrate, as well as on the substrate.
In FIG. 3 there is a silicon oxide layer 260 applied to the upper surface 204 of dielectric substrate 202. Substrate 202 is preferably formed of silicon but for some applications glass may be more suitable. On the silicon oxide layer 260 there is provided a silicon nitride layer 262 over which is provided a second silicon oxide layer 264. As previously noted, heater element 206 is preferably formed of a selected electrical resistance material such as "Evanohm". Each of the thermopiles 208 and 210 comprise a plurality of serially-connected and geometrically similar thermocouples formed as described earlier. The contact pads such as 216, 218 and 242-248 are all preferably formed of a highly conductive metal, e.g., aluminum or gold. Each of the thermocouples in thermopiles 208 and 210, as described earlier, comprises two dissimilar metals joined at a hot junction to be heated by heat generated in the adjacently disposed heater element 206. Adjacent thermocouples are serially connected at cold junctions 238 and 240 which are in good thermal contact through layers 260-264 with dielectric substrate 202. Additional protective silicon dioxide layers 266 and 268 may be provided (as best seen in FIG. 3).
The immediately preceding paragraphs describe an exemplary MLF-MJTC structure suitable for broadband, high-frequency, primary standards service. This device has a relatively basic and simple structure. Other, more sophisticated and somewhat more elaborate MLF-MJTCs are also encompassed by the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a plan view of an MLF-MJTC with a linear elongate flat heater element, two symmetrically disposed thermopiles 408 and 410, heater contact pads 416 and 418 respectively connected to heater element 406 by short flat conductors 430 and 432, and thermopile contact pads 442-448. In addition, and in a manner distinctive over the structure of the previously described embodiment per FIGS. 2 and 3, the MLF-MJTC per FIG. 4 is provided with guard thermocouples 480 and 482 for thermopile 408 as well as guard thermocouples 484 and 486 for thermopile 410. These guard thermocouples each have respective contact pads 488-495, as illustrated in FIG. 4. For simplicity, other details generally similar to those of the previously described embodiment are not illustrated. The manner in which the guard thermocouples may be utilized to enhance the precision and utility of the MLF-MJTC per FIG. 4 was described earlier.
Consideration must be given to the so-called "skin effect" which occurs when high-frequency ac flows through a conductor. It is well known that alternating current tends to flow along the outer surfaces of the conductor instead of the inner bulk thereof. This skin effect is frequency dependent, so that the effective electrical resistance is different with ac than it is with dc. Therefore, if one employs thicker heater element resistances on the MLF-MJTCs, the skin effect becomes significant. The thin-film heater structures described herein are designed to have small errors due to skin effect. This is particularly true in the low voltage ranges.
FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate, in plan and cross-sectional views respectively, a modified MLF-MJTC 500 which has a bifilar, flat, elongate heater element 506. Note that by this form a much longer electrical resistance element is provided between heater contact pads 516 and 518 to heat the hot junctions of thermopiles 508 and 510. In other respects, the structure of MLF-MJTC 500 is generally similar to that of MLF-MJTC 400 illustrated in FIG. 4. In FIG. 6, the various layers and elements are numbered in a scheme generally comparable to that employed in FIG. 3. Persons of ordinary skill in the art should be able to interpret FIGS. 5 and 6 together in the same manner as FIGS. 2 and 3 in accordance with the corresponding description provided above.
FIGS. 7 and 8 respectively show plan and cross-sectional views of a third embodiment of an MLF-MJTC 700 according to this invention. In this embodiment, as in the previously described embodiments, the linear elongate heater element 706 and the hot junctions of the thermocouples are all located over a through opening 726 in a dielectric substrate 702. However, MLF-MJTC 700 differs from the previously described embodiments in that there are fewer thermocouples in the thermopiles 708 and 710, and the contact pads 742, 744, 746 and 748 therefor are all disposed on the same side of heater element 706. Furthermore, the hot junctions of the thermocouples are in an overlying relationship over heater element 706, as best seen in FIG. 8. The hot thermocouples can also be arranged under heater element 706. As also seen in FIG. 8, a silicon nitride layer 770 may be provided on the back surface of dielectric substrate 702.
It is necessary to have a completely nonmagnetic mounting structure because, in the presence of magnetic materials, the skin effect errors can become noticeable in an ac frequency range from a little above 100 kHz up to 10 MHz. With respect to thermal considerations, it should be noted that the thermal efficiency of the type of multijunctions illustrated in the various figures described herein is very high, so that one can operate the MLF-MJTCs at quite low currents and low voltages compared to those possible with known types of devices. Known thermal converters cannot be operated very successfully below about 1.0 mA. If lower currents are used, one obtains a very low output emf. By contrast, with the type of multijunctions possible according to the present invention, the operation can be successfully carried out at currents much lower, and with output emfs much larger, particularly if the device is vacuum mounted. It is believed that high accuracy measurements can thus be made down to the tens of mV level because the thermal efficiency is high.
FIG. 9 illustrates a "trifilar" heater arrangement. This is a structure in which an ac or dc flow through a central heater and back to the source is carried out through to on either side of the heater symmetry disposed return paths 901 and 902. The return paths can be entirely contained within the periphery of the through aperture, entirely outside the periphery or some combination of both.
With the thin-film multijunctions of the present invention one can choose heater current ratings and heater voltage ratings which are tailored to various applications more readily than is possible with the conventional devices. With conventional devices of this type, one method employed to obtain an improved isothermal region is to surround the device with a relatively large block of a highly thermally conductive material such as copper. By contrast, with the use of a nonmagnetic, thermally conductive ceramic mounting substrate to hold the MLF-MJTC substrate, the device according to the present invention is less bulky, as well as more efficient and rugged. Further improvement in thermal characteristics is provided by the use of a ceramic lid fitted to the mounting substrate enclosing the entire MLF-MJTC.
In this disclosure, there are shown and described only the preferred embodiments of the invention, but, as aforementioned, it is to be understood that the invention is capable of use in various other combinations and environments and is capable of changes or modifications within the scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein.
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|U.S. Classification
|136/225, 136/230, 136/211, 136/212, 136/224, 136/204, 136/205, 136/203, 136/200, 136/239, 73/204.26
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 21, 1994
Owner name: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE, AS REPRESENTED BY T
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KINARD, JOSEPH R.;NOVOTNY, DONALD B.;REEL/FRAME:007179/0579
Effective date: 19931124
|Aug 10, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 17, 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Feb 28, 2003
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 29, 2003
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20030228


text:
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text:
- Fours
- Sixes
- Wickets
- ML Hayden 12
- SM Katich 83
- RT Ponting 0
- MEK Hussey 0
- MJ Clarke 62
- A Symonds 57
- BJ Haddin 46
- B Lee 29
- JJ Krejza 30*
- MG Johnson 18
- PM Siddle 23
- M Ntini 4/72
- DW Steyn 2/81
- JH Kallis 0/65
- M Morkel 2/80
- PL Harris 2/70
- Overs 1-50
- Overs 51-100
Ntini to Hayden, no run, whoa that's a wayward start, Ntini pitched it well outside leg stump and Hayden let it go, not as spectacular as Harmison's wide but it was still pretty off line
Ntini to Hayden, no run, that's spot on from Ntini, he pitches in on middle and off and angles it across the left-hander, Hayden strides forward and shoulders arms
Ntini to Hayden, no run, fuller length on middle stump, Hayden clips the ball off his pads towards the fielder at square leg
Ntini to Hayden, FOUR, Hayden's away! Ntini gave him a full toss, a low full toss, Hayden moved forward and thumped the ball straight past the bowler, a powerful straight drive
Ntini to Hayden, FOUR, and again! It isn't a full toss this time but it's over-pitched, Hayden leans forward and drives firmly past mid-on, lovely timing
Ntini to Hayden, no run, Ntini shortens his length and pitches outside leg stump, Hayden stays in his crease and tries to whip the ball off his pads but misses
Steyn to Hayden, no run, 142 kmh, Steyn pitches wide outside off stump and slants it across the left-hander, it's too wide for Hayden
Steyn to Hayden, no run, better line, it's much straighter from Steyn, Hayden gets behind the ball and defends with a straight bat
Steyn to Hayden, no run, Steyn once again hits the pitch outside off stump and seams it away from Hayden who comes forward and lets it go
Steyn to Hayden, no run, this time he pitches outside leg stump and strays down leg side, Hayden can't connect with the glance off the pads
Ntini to Hayden, no run, good length and line around middle stump, Hayden moves back and defends on the leg side
Ntini to Hayden, FOUR, splendid shot! Terrific straight drive from Hayden. The length was too full outside off once again and Hayden came forward and drilled it past the fielder at mid-off, no seam movement for Ntini so far
Ntini to Hayden, OUT, he's got him! Fantastic comeback! Ntini hits the WACA pitch short of a length and gets the ball to rise and seam away from the left hander, Hayden pokes at it from his crease and gets an edge to Smith at first slip, easy catch for the South African captain, the change of line works immediately for Ntini, South Africa are stoked
ML Hayden c Smith b Ntini 12 (13m 13b 3x4 0x6) SR: 92.30
- Overs 1-50
- Overs 51-100


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CoffeeCup HTML Editor is a long-time trusted HTML editor. There's a free version that's great to just grab and use when you need to edit HTML and don't have the time or money to fuss around with more expensive products like Adobe Dreamweaver. Both are pretty much the same: you can edit HTML, CSS, PHP, code is colored to make it easy to read, tabs to sort pages, local organization, remote connection, cross-platform options, preview your work in a browser, have components that update everywhere, drop down code selections and more. There's a built-in HTML validation tool to make sure that the HTML is written correctly, which is important, as one wrong character can make a big difference on a website. It also has code-completion, meaning when you open an HTML tag, then go to close it with the less than sign
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I have been a long-time CorelDRAW user in the past, using versions 6 till 9 intensively. I've used newer releases (12 and X7) less frequently, since I moved to OSX, alas (there once was a Mac version, but that was quickly abandoned). I've seriously considered it and my wife is still using it to create illustrations for her Math classes. CorelDRAW especially is very efficient for technical drawing and illustration, although it is not a real CAD drafting system (it lacks some of the essential snapping tools and works less efficient for this type of drafting - besides, they provide CorelCAD for that, although that is a completely different software). The good control over grids, snapping and shape/curve editing make it a professional environment.It used to come with some other applications (CorelDREAM for 3D, R.A.V.E. for Flash), but the only constant companion software seems to be PhotoPAINT, which is a very usable alternative to Photoshop. A little less convincing, but still very usable and complete. I remember being spoiled with a huge clipart collection and a PRINTED catalog, back in the days.To me, CorelDRAW really shines when it comes to refined, precise technical drawings, combining curves, text, filled shapes, gradients and even integrating images. It is a good DTP system although less popular than Illustrator, which is its closest rival. For longer, multi-page documents, it becomes less handy, but for brochures, leaflets, manuals, calendars and all other documents with one or a few pages, it works really well. I also like the layer system, which allows you to define layers which don't print, layers which are repeated and all pages alongside the regular layer options such as show/hide and lock. The text system takes some getting used to, but you have full control over fonts, kerning, sizes, spacing and even linking boxes to flow the text.
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I think Adobe Dreamweaver is the best software you can find for writing codes. You can customize your website and choose the best for it, watching it during your modifications to the code. In fact, as you can see, it has got two sides: the first one is used for writing your codes, the other one is used for the preview. As a graphic designer, it happened to me to use it for some projects of mine, to create the website for some clients, and I have to say it's very easy and complete. I'm not a developer, so at first, I was worried I couldn't learn how to use it, but thanks to some basic tutorial, it's been very helpful to learn Dreamweaver and some of its shortcuts, so I totally recommend it if you are a beginner.Now I use Adobe Dreamweaver every time I have to create websites, all in short timelines.
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Cons :
No unfavorable user review available yet for CoffeeCup The HTML Editor.
No unfavorable user review available yet for CorelDRAW Graphics Suite.
Dreamweaver was the way to go 10 years ago, but today with the plethora of Free and Open Source alternatives, this software is struggling to keep up with the competition. The interface has never been updated, an FTP configuration is hidden behind too many click, and all the pre-made built-in code snippets, that should be useful, are just heavy libraries of legacy code confusing if you're a beginner.The only positive thing that this software does is the Live Preview, but also that section looks buggy.Overall this software is behind even compared to Adobe Brackets, the Open Source IDE from the same developers.
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Wednesday 31 December 1969
For intermediate to advanced developers, CoffeeCup HTML Editor is a robust editor with several non-standard features included. Some of these features make development faster, such as a comprehensive tag reference for HTML, PHP and CSS. Other features make development easier, such as the code snippets tool, character support and the ability to add 10 different browsers for in-program use and cross-browser compatibility issues. All in all, we found CoffeeCup HTML Editor to be the strongest HTML editor available, and a great deal for the price.More about CoffeeCup The HTML Editor
Monday 12 May 2014
Corel VideoStudio Pro X7 is a stand-alone video editing tool that provides a straightforward editing interface for newcomers, a quite accessible interface for additional customization options, 64-bit performance, and some additional bonus features, all at a price well under $100.More about CorelDRAW Graphics Suite
Tuesday 22 May 2012
It's pretty clear that when it comes to abilities, Dreamweaver is probably the best web design software that you can find. But if you're not a professional or don't have serious intentions of creating a website with high expectations, then it's better to just look for a simpler and easier to use alternative instead.More about Dreamweaver CC
Tuesday 14 February 2012
Lifeyo is ideal for anyone who wants to build simple website quickly, without any design experience. The application is very easy to use. The two subscription options are very affordable, starting at free. Individuals and freelancers would get the most use out of Lifeyo because the site limits the maximum number of sites for each account. Users can easily choose professional templates, customize them and add content without worrying about any coding.More about Lifeyo
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Thursday 10 July 2014
It's been somewhat difficult to write paragraph after paragraph about where LifeYo has missed the mark, but there really isn't much that they provide at all compared to the multitude of platforms available today. From their friendly and welcoming vibe, it seems like their development team honestly wanted to make a great product. Unfortunately, someone forgot to do their research first on what's made some of the competition before them successful. For a paid-only service, it's just not even close to some free builders out there, making LifeYo tough to recommend.More about Lifeyo
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Would this be a good sunny day activity?
Would this be a good hot day activity?
Is this attraction popular with tourists?
Does this attraction provide visitors with a taste of the local culture?
Is this attraction good for couples?
Is this attraction suitable for all ages?
Would this be a good cold day activity?
Is this activity accessible without advanced planning or reservations?
Would this be a good rainy day activity?
Is this attraction accessible using public transportation?
Thanks for helping!
I was looking forward to see the various buildings and forts influenced by the Dutch, but this museum although interesting enough was not well maintained and didn't have a very...
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I was looking forward to see the various buildings and forts influenced by the Dutch, but this museum although interesting enough was not well maintained and didn't have a very big collection. At only 10 LKR though, it is one of the cheapest entertainments you'll find, so worth a look if you have the time and are in the area.
Please help to take care if this wonderful historical place, Embassy of Netherlands should get involved in this. It could very well be another tourist attraction if not at all ran down.
Hard to find but obviously an important building with some interesting features and pieces from the 18th century period when Dutch were here - worth a visit
While we were looking for something else found this unexpected museum. A very small dutch museum which is not well maintained. It was only 10 LKR and just had a quick visit like 30 minutes. Good for people who are interested on history. Not recommend for others as an attraction.Bit hard to find as well.
It is an important and old building. It does have quite a few original pieces. It was not crowded when we visited. However, there is nothing dazzling or must-see. The labels and posted explanations are either long-winded and academic or brief and confusing. It's good to know that the Portuguese and Dutch both had a hand in shaping Sri Lanka...
This is a very intact 18th Century Dutch house and the best example in Colombo. It has many original features and houses a collection of furniture and artifacts. It also has a nice garden and out buildings. The problem is that this special house is not well maintained and the collection of items is being ruined. I thought this when...
Same story as the national museum: another beautiful old building left to rot with poorly presented artefacts. Guide books (I'm looking at you, Lonely Planet) can be way off the mark sometimes. With some proper attention, this could be really interesting. At the moment, it's not.
It may be more interesting for a non dutch person. For me it was just copies of old documents, some coins, weapons and furniture. Nothing really special.
Also the district it's in is massively crowded.
Tucked away in a tiny lane in the Petah market, this museum looks very much out of place. It's colossal white columns sudden jump out on you. The building itself posses a air of the Dutch era but has been left to rot. The staff is very friendly and helpful. Antique paintings are covered in dust, writings are failing and...
Possible the worst museum anywhere on the planet. An antique wardrobe and a dagger does not make this a tourist attraction. It's basically an expensive fee to use a dirty bathroom. Avoid this place like the plague
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The second stage of the project -Water: mathematical problems
Exercise 1. RECYKLING means leading used up materials to the state which enable their later reuse. How many letter in the word recykling is/are middle symmercial? Answer: C In this word are two letters middle symmercial.
Exercise 2. One tonne wastepaper let save 17 trees which cutting down would be crucial for making new paprer. How many kilograms of wastepaper save one tree? Answer: C To save one tree we need about 59kg of wastepaper.
Exercise 3. The oldest in Poland - Chrobry oak has the height of 130 cm and its circumference is 9, 92 m. What is the diameter of oak trunk on that height? Answer: D On that height diameter of oak is about 3,16 m.
Exercise 4. What is the height of 'Bartek oak', one of the oldest natural monuments in Poland? Give the result with 1 m precision. A=34,7mx= (a√3)/2 α=60 degressx=(34,7√3)/2 x =?x=30m Answer: 'Bartek oak' has 30m height. x
Exercise 5. At the same time from a harbour sailed away a passenger steamer and cutter. Both ships were sailing in the same direction, the first one with speed of 24 km per hour, the second one with speed 15 km per hour. After 3 hours steamer grounded. After some time streamer continued travelling and 7 hours later caught cutter. How many hours the steamer was grounded ? x – number of hours steamer grounded 15*(10+x) km – way traveled by couter 24*10 km – way traveled by steamer Way traveled by steamer and couter is this same, so: 15*(10+x)=24*10 150+15x=240 15x=240-159 15x=90/:15 x=6 Answer: Steamer was grounded 6 hours.
Exercise 6. Two barrels contain together 240 litres of water. If we pour from the first barrel amount of water to double the content of the second, and next from the second barrel pour amount of water to double the content of the first, then in both barrels will be the same amount of water. How many litres of water were in barrels at the beginning? X - starting number litres of water in first barrel Y - starting number litres of water in second barrel If we pour some water from the first barrel to second barrel to double the content of the second barrel, then te number litres of water in the first barrel will be x-y, and 2y in second barrel. This shows that: {x+y=240 {x=240-y {2y-(x-y)=2(x-y) {-720+3y+5y=0 {x+y=240 {x=240-y {2y-z+y=2x-2y {8y=720/:8 {x+y=240 {x=240-y {-3x+5y=0 {y=90 {x=240-y {x=150 {-3(240-y)+5y=0 {y=90 Answer: In first barrel was 150l. of water and 90l in the second.
Exercise 7. In maths competition took part 100 scientists. 90 of them were speaking English, 75 of them Polish, 70 of them Italian and 66 of them Spanish. Was among them a scientist who was speaking all four languages? Each participant in the Congress we give cards with the letters A, P, W, or H, indicating which language speaks. We distributed a total of 90 +70 +75 +66 = 301 pages. If each of mathematicians ruled no more than three languages, then all pages would be no more than 100 * 3 = 300, which is inconsistent with the fact that cards are 301. Thus, at least one of the participants speaks four languages.
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Five Best Non-Rap Songs to Twerk To
Let's face it, you don't know how to properly twerk. It's an art form perfected by few and envied by many.
But, you never know, maybe your booty's just waiting on the the right tune to provoke some real twerkage. That being said, here are five non rap songs we think are very twerkable.
Play them loud as you watch that YouTube twerk tutorial in front of the mirror. We know you will.
5. Luke Bryan - "County Girl (Shake It for Me)"
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TicketsSat., May. 27, 8:00pm
This song is just begging for a twerking. From the scatily clad gals in the video to the lyrics asking those country girls to shake it for Luke, this is a perfect non-trad twerking tune.
No, Luke, we won't shake it for you. But we will twerk it for you.
4. Disturbed - "Down with the Sickness"
Bet you never thought you would see a Disturbed song on here, huh? Well, in case you weren't aware, this tune definitely has twerking potential. With its fast beat and crazy guitar riffs, you'll be rocking that booty King of Diamonds-style in no time.Next Page
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Profile: Agilent Technologies Inc (A)
28 Apr 2017
$-0.38 (-0.69%)
Agilent Technologies, Inc., incorporated on May 4, 1999, provides application focused solutions that include instruments, software, services and consumables for the entire laboratory workflow. The Company serves the life sciences, diagnostics and applied chemical markets. The Company has three business segments: life sciences and applied markets business, diagnostics and genomics business, and Agilent CrossLab business. The life sciences and applied markets business segment brings together the Company's analytical laboratory instrumentation and informatics. The Company's diagnostics and genomics business segment includes the reagent partnership, pathology, companion diagnostics, genomics and the nucleic acid solutions businesses. The Company's Agilent CrossLab business segment spans the entire lab with its consumables and services portfolio.
Life Sciences and Applied Markets Business segment
The Company's life sciences and applied markets business segment provides application-focused solutions that include instruments and software that enable customers to identify, quantify and analyze the physical and biological properties of substances and products, as well as enable customers in the clinical and life sciences research areas to interrogate samples at the molecular level. Its product categories include liquid chromatography (LC) systems and components; liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) systems; gas chromatography (GC) systems and components; gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) systems; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instruments; atomic absorption (AA) instruments; microwave plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES) instruments; inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) instruments; laboratory software and informatics systems; laboratory automation and robotic systems; dissolution testing, and vacuum pumps and measurement technologies.
Diagnostics and Genomics Business segment
The Company's diagnostics and genomics business segment consists of approximately three areas of activity providing solutions that include reagents, instruments, software and consumables, which enable customers in the clinical and life sciences research areas to interrogate samples at the cellular and molecular level. Its pathology solutions business is focused on product offerings to cancer diagnostics and anatomic pathology workflows. The portfolio of offerings includes immunohistochemistry (IHC), In Situ Hybridization (ISH), Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), staining and special staining. Its genomics business includes arrays for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mutation detection, genotyping, gene copy number determination, identification of gene rearrangements, DNA methylation profiling, gene expression profiling, as well as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) target enrichment. Its nucleic acid solutions business provides equipment and capability focused on production of synthesized oligonucleotides under pharmaceutical Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) conditions for use as active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in a class of drugs that utilize nucleic acid molecules for disease therapy.
Agilent CrossLab Business segment
The Agilent CrossLab business segment's majority of the portfolio is vendor neutral, which means the Company can serve and supply customers regardless of their instrument purchase choices. Its solutions range from chemistries and supplies to services and software helping to connect the entire lab. Its product categories in consumables include GC and LC columns, sample preparation products, custom chemistries and a selection of laboratory instrument supplies. Its services include startup, operational, training and compliance support, as well as asset management and consultative services that rise customer productivity.
Company Address
Agilent Technologies Inc
5301 Stevens Creek Blvd
Company Web Links
James Cullen
Michael McMullen
Didier Hirsch
Michael Tang
Dominique Grau
- BRIEF-Agilent Technologies introduces a new target enrichment solution for next-generation DNA sequencing
- BRIEF-Agilent Technologies announces board changes
- BRIEF-Agilent Technologies reports Q1 GAAP EPS $0.52
- BRIEF-Agilent Technologies' CEO Michael Mcmullen 2016 total compensation was $8.9 mln vs. $7.2 mln in 2015 - SEC Filing
- BRIEF-Agilent Technologies increases cash dividend to 13.2 cents per share


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Summerall in Mesquite
Yeah, it's like saying, "Sinatra in Midlothian." But, shr'nuff, one of our best peeps will spend this Friday in one of our, fine, so-so places when legendary sportscaster Pat Summerall serves as keynote speaker for the annual Mesquite Chamber of Commerce Awards Banquet. Summerall, who recently rekindled his legendary career by calling the Cotton Bowl for Fox, has called The Masters, countless Super Bowls and now he plays the grand cathedral known as the Mesquite Convention Center on Rodeo Drive, adjacent to the Mesquite Championship Rodeo at IH-635 and Military Parkway.
Actually, it's quite a coup for the MCC, and the beauty of Summerall is that despite his Hall of Fame cred, he never got too big for his sports britches.
"We're fortunate to get Pat as our speaker," says chamber board chairman Mark Miller, producing the early clubhouse leader for 2007's Understatement of the Year. "He brings his unique insight in the world of professional sports, particularly the NFL." For ticket reservations, try the Mesquite Chamber of Commerce at 972-285-0211 or visit what has to be the planet's worst Chamber of Commerce Web site. --Richie Whitt
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Lyrics Depot is your source of lyrics to Crying Time by Eddy Arnold. Please check back for more Eddy Arnold lyrics.
Crying Time Lyrics
Artist: Eddy Arnold
Album: Greatest Songs
Oh it's crying time again you're gonna leave me
I can see that faraway look in your eyes
I can tell by the way you held me darling
That it won't be long before it's crying time
Oh they say that absence makes the heart grow fonder
And that tears are only rain to make love grow
Well my love for you could never grow no stronger
If I live to be a hundred years old
Oh it's crying time again you're gonna leave me...
Oh they say that you found someone that you love better
That's the way it's happened every time before
And as sure as sun comes up tomorrow
Crying time will start when you walk out the door
Oh it's crying time again you're gonna leave me...
No it won't be long before it's crying time
Eddy Arnold Lyrics
Eddy Arnold Greatest Songs Lyrics
More Eddy Arnold Music Lyrics:
Eddy Arnold - Echo Of Your Footsteps Lyrics
Eddy Arnold - Glory Of Love Lyrics
Eddy Arnold - It Only Hurts For A Little While Lyrics
Eddy Arnold - Partners Lyrics
Eddy Arnold - She Thinks I Still Care Lyrics
Eddy Arnold - Sweet Bunch Of Daisies Lyrics
Eddy Arnold - Will You Always Lyrics
Eddy Arnold - You Always Hurt The One You Love Lyrics


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An unforgettable adventure into the wilderness, pulled by your own team of beautiful huskies. Nothing compares to the exhilaration of being drawn through Arctic snowscapes by eager dogs. A Bucket List moment not to be missed!
Husky dogs have long helped the locals traverse the snowy tundra of the Arctic; man and beast working in total harmony. As such, we offer a number of Arctic expeditions where you can experience the thrill of being pulled through the magnificent snowscapes by your very own teams of dogs, hissing through the snow and ice as you go.
Learn about 'mushing', meet the teams, and head off into the unknown - it's an experience you won't forget in a hurry! And, alongside our snowmobiling trips, we even offer dedicated husky packages, for those who truly can't get enough of our four-legged friends.
A short break for those who can't get enough of mushing their own team of eager husky dogs
3 or 4 nights from £879 per adult
A four-night break featuring a husky ride, a reindeer sleigh ride, and snowmobile safari
4 nights from £969 per adult
Visit Santa in his secret log cabin in the forest on this three-night Lapland holiday
3 nights from £969 per adult
Combine nature's most extraordinary Northern Lights show with the jollity of the festive period
2, 3 or 4 nights from £739 per adult
After a Christmas at home, enjoy a family winter getaway before the New Year
3 nights from £1049 per adult
Search for Santa in his magical homeland on our two-night Lapland holidays
2 nights from £1049 per adult
Welcome in the New Year in style in Lapland – and thank Santa for the presents he brought you!
3 nights from £1109 per adult
On the big day itself, wake up to a white Christmas like you've never seen before!
4 nights from £1379 per adult
Search for the fabled Aurora Borealis on this week-long break deep inside the Arctic Circle
7 nights from £1049 per adult
Search for the spectacular Northern Lights in Lapland and enjoy a host of winter activities
3 or 4 nights from £799 per adult
A short break for those who can't get enough of snowmobiling through Lapland
3 or 4 nights from £879 per adult


text: Very, very obvious that - despite the fact that Labour has now sent us into two full-on wars - there was no commitment to extra defence spending in Gordon's speech. Notwithstanding the enormous budget deficit that he has run up, he was able to recklessly promise increases in domestic public expenditure calculated to buy up the doley vote. I suppose the assumption is that anyone with a real commitment to the long-term future of this country would never vote Labour anyway, so we can all just fcuk ourselves. Thanks for nothing Gordy.


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How Currency Future in Economic World of FX Market Operates?
- April 2014
- Posted By Ninoslav
- 0 Comments
A small part which is derived from Forex market is the Currency Future, also known as foreign exchange future or FX future where the volume of trading is 1% related to overall FX market. The commodities and index trade of Forex future operates the same as other FX market works. These are typically future contracts where at specific date a currency is exchanged in future exchange price rate which was fixed on purchase date.
If you are beginner in trade market, Forex future is not suggested as it needs to know and understand whole of FX market, as foreign exchange future is derivative of FX market which includes risk too. This Currency Future is also used to speculate as well as for hedging.
Speculation: A trader can speculate the trade and also can take risk by attempting to gain profit from exchange rate rise and fall.
Hedging: An investors can enter transactions on behalf to prevent complete loss such that to enclose or separate by a hedge against FX risk.
The basic difference between FX market and FX future is that, Forex market are traded under currency brokers whereas, futures based currencies are traded where only exchanges of currency exist which are more easier to controlled such as CME (Chicago Mercantile Exchange). Typically, foreign exchange future is based on two currency exchange rate, which is settled in money cash.
FX future are technically future market, where underlying currency such as EUR foreign exchange future exchange rate based on Euro to US dollar exchange rate. Similarly, British ponds to US dollar exchange rate, where British pond is the underlying currency.
Currency Future is highly recommended as it does not go through difficulties as like currency market goes through, such as those currency brokers who trade against and not on basis of centralized pricing done with their clients.


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My 1989 honda accord just stopped running while driving. Could it be the coil?
My car has 92k and has had all new fuel pump,sparks every filter possible it sat for ten
years so when I bought it a year n a half ago we have replaced everything but the timing
belt and coil. Can I check the coil any way before getting one? The car runs great,I was
going 20 miles an hour and it just stopped. No sounds just came to a stop.
4 Answers
you mite want to have someone look at the igniter in the distributor as it mite be that.
as i had that happen to me in a 84 Subaru I owned awhile ago and finally we ended up buying a used distributor as it was cheaper to do that than to get the igniter.
90k is the base for the timing belt replacement. Does the car turn over very fast, and not try to start at all, or does it try to start but won't?
all honda's ignition switch have been recalled and all accord and civic's neutral safety switch have been recalled due to failure if you have a no crank, the ignition switch will cause your car to not crank or will kill your car while driving.
Your Answer
Looking for a Used Accord in your area?
CarGurus has 86,691 nationwide Accord listings starting at $1,250.
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Meetings / Live CME
Collaborate with your peers and master the latest knowledge in your cardiovascular specialty.
May 4–6 | Minneapolis, Minn.
July 10–13 | Portland, Ore.
|Council on Hypertension
September 14–17 | San Francisco, Calif.
|Scientific Sessions
November 11–15 | Anaheim, Calif.
|International Stroke Conference
Precon & Nursing: Jan. 23 | Sessions: January 24–26, 2018| Los Angeles, Calif.
March 20–23, 2018 | New Orleans, La.
Conference Science NewsView All
Science News highlights from QCOR 2017
Patient-Centered Care Workshop
Mikhail Kosiborod, MD, QCOR 2017 conference chair, interviews Nancy Albert, PhD, RN about the Patient-Centered Care workshop.
QCOR 2017 Young Investigator Award Finalists
WINNER Electronic Health Record-Based Overestimation of Failure to Prescribe Statins in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease in a Large, Academic, Multispecialty Clinic Practice
Eric Y Shin, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- RESULTS: Evaluation of EHR data compared with manual chart review for CAD patients' receipt of statin prescriptions showed EHR overestimated the gap in care.
- Abstract (opens in new window)
Patient Provider Communication and Patient-centered Outcomes Among Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in United States: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2010-2013
Victor Okunrintemi, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL
- RESULTS: Patient-physician communication and patient-centered outcomes were strongly related in this study of patients with ASCVD.
- Abstract (opens in new window)
- AHA Press Release: Good communication helps improve outcomes for heart patients (opens in new window)
- AHA News Article: Patients who have good chats with their doctors also take their statins and aspirin, a study shows. (opens in new window)
Personalizing the Intensity of Blood Pressure Control: Modeling the Heterogeneity of Risks and Benefits From the SPRINT Trial
Krishna K Patel | Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
- RESULTS: A risk-model for BP treatment benefit vs. harm for hypertensive, high-risk, non-diabetic patients.
- Abstract (opens in new window)
A Comparison of Methods for Identifying Hospital Performance Outliers in Cardiac Surgery
Xiaoting Wu | University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- RESULTS: Comparison study suggests that indirect standardization methods may be best for hospital performance quality improvement measurement.
- Abstract (opens in new window)
See more selected science from #QCOR17
March 7–10, 2017
Portland, Oregon
April 2–3, 2017
Arlington, Virginia
May 4–6, 2017
Minneapolis, Minn.