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This Article
Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Chromosomal Abnormalities in Idiopathic Mental Retardation Patients at a Charity Center in Hamadan, Iran
Background: Chromosomal aberrations are one of the most common causes of mental retardation (MR).
Objectives: In this study, in order to identify the rate of chromosomal abnormalities in idiopathic MR, 50 MR patients at a charity center in Hamadan, Iran, were investigated.
Methods: Fifty mentally retarded male patients without specific chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome) were included in the study. Standard cytogenetic techniques and high resolution GTG banding were performed on all the patients.
Results: All the patients were male, with a mean age of 37.12 years. Skeletal and facial abnormalities were found in 8% and 22% of patients, respectively. All the patients showed a moderate to severe level of mental retardation. None of the patients had numerical chromosome abnormalities. Two out of the 50 patients (4%) demonstrated structural chromosomal abnormalities. One patient had a paracentric inversion in chromosome 1, while the other had a pericentric inversion in chromosome 2.
Conclusions: The presence of structural chromosomal abnormalities (4%) in the studied MR patient population emphasizes the importance of cytogenetic investigation for all idiopathic MR patients.
Keywords: Idiopathic Mental Retardation; Chromosome Abnormality; GTG Banding
1. Background
Mental retardation is one of the most serious public health concerns worldwide due to its prevalence (ca. 2% - 3%), the limited availability of therapeutic options, and the resultant life-long implications for the affected persons, their families, and society as a whole (1-3). The severity of this mental abnormality is typically classified as either mild, intermediate, severe, or deep according to an IQ test. Although this categorization is commonly used, the American Association of Mental Retardation modified the main criteria for mental retardation in 1992 so that they are now based on an individual's disabilities when performing personal tasks such as fundamental problems in learning and skills during their daily work and defects in the skills necessary for daily activities (4-6).
Chromosomal aberrations are one of the most important causes of MR. Numerical and structural abnormalities are responsible for about 4–28% of all mental retardation, and they are found in almost 40% of severe MR and 10% of the mild type (7, 8). Since chromosomal defects are one of the main causes of mental retardation, the screening of all mentally retarded patients with regard to chromosomal abnormalities seems to be necessary (9-11). Although no approved treatment is currently available for repairing genetic defects, the correct diagnosis of the etiological sources of these defects should be considered (12).
Nowadays, the number of diagnostic strategies available for investigating the genetic causes of mental retardation has increased. In recent years, the application of novel techniques using high-resolution chromosome analysis has become more common, and the identification of most genetic defects caused by monogenic disorders has been facilitated (13, 14). However, the diagnosis of the genetic reasons for mental retardation can be finalized in just half of all patients (15).
For many people with MR, it is unclear whether a genetic cause or an unknown exogenous cause is present. This is, however, a question of major importance to the parents of individuals with MR if they wish to have more children, as well as to other members of the family. Thus, the determination of the etiology of MR could be beneficial in reducing the risk of subsequent children being born with mental abnormalities (2).
2. Objectives
Despite the high prevalence of mental retardation in some developing countries, including Iran, and the associated high economic burden on families and society, there is currently only limited information available about the possible causes of MR in Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the chromosomal abnormalities in idiopathic MR patients at a charity center in Hamadan, Iran.
3. Methods
A cytogenetic study was conducted on 50 MR patients with unknown origins who resided at a charity center for mentally and psychiatrically disabled patients in Hamadan, Iran, during 2014 and 2015. The inclusion criterion for the patients was the presence of idiopathic MR (excluding all known genetic syndromes such as Down syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome or any evidence of cerebral palsy). The patients' baseline characteristics, including medical history, presence of retardation in the family, IQ score, and facial and skeletal abnormalities, were investigated. For the cytogenetic analysis, blood samples were first collected from all the patients in sterile heparinized test tubes. The heparinized samples were then sent to the cytogenetic center at Shahid Beheshti hospital in Hamadan. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured in 5 mL of RPMI 1640 (GIBCO®; Invitrogen, Paisley, Scotland, UK), supplemented with 20% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (GIBCO®; Invitrogen) and 10 μL/mL of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (GIBCO®; Invitrogen) at 37°C. After 72 hours of incubation, 40 μL of colcemid (10 μg/mL) (GIBCO®; Invitrogen) was added to the cells. Thereafter, the cells were incubated at 37°C for about 10 minutes. Finally, the karyotype was determined in all the patients using standard techniques (16) and high resolution GTG banding.
4. Results
A total of 50 patients with idiopathic mental retardation were studied. All the patients were male, with a mean age of 37.12 ± 5.59 years (range 16 - 54 years). Additionally, the average height of the patients was 164.88 ± 9.12 cm (range 153 - 172 cm). Skeletal abnormalities were detected in 8% of patients and facial abnormalities in 22%. Whether based on either the presence or absence of a history of taking psychological medications, aggressive behaviors were not reported in any of the cases. Based on the IQ scores, all the patients had a moderate to severe level of mental retardation. The cytogenetic study showed that none of the patients had numerical chromosomal abnormalities. In this regard, two out of the 50 patients exhibited structural chromosomal abnormalities. One (31-years-old) had a paracentric inversion in chromosome 1 with a final diagnosis of 46,XY,inv(1)(pter→p34::p31→p34::p31→pter:46,XY,inv(1)(P31 P34) (Figure 1), while the other patient (35-years-old) had a pericentric inversion in chromosome 2 with a final diagnosis of 46,XY,inv2(P13q21), inv(2) (Pter→P13::q21→P13::q21→qter) (Figure 2).
Figure 1.
Paracentric Inversion in Chromosome 1 With a Final Diagnosis of 46,XY,inv(1)(pter→p34::p31→p34::p31→pter:46,XY,inv(1)(P31 P34) in a Patient With Mental Retardation
Figure 2.
Pericentric Inversion in Chromosome 2 with a Final Diagnosis of 46,XY,inv2(P13q21), inv(2) (Pter→P13::q21→P13::q21→qter) in a Patient With Mental Retardation
5. Discussion
With a prevalence of 2% - 3% in the population, mental retardation is a heterogeneous disorder defined by an intelligence quotient (IQ) of less than 70 (1). In our study, only 4% of mentally retarded patients revealed structural chromosomal anomalies such as paracentric and pericentric inversions in chromosomes 1 and 2, while changes in the number of chromosomes were not detected in any patients. The findings of previous studies with a similar purpose exhibited wide variations, probably due to the criteria for selecting patients and the techniques applied for chromosomal assessment, for example, a cytogenetic study alone or a cytogenetic study with molecular techniques comprising fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). In a study conducted among a Polish mentally retarded population, the overall prevalence of abnormal karyotypes was 10.1%, whereas only 2.2% of patients had specific structural chromosomal anomalies (17). Celep and colleagues (18) showed an overall prevalence of 4.8% in 475 Turkish mentally retarded patients. In a study among Slovakian mentally retarded patients, 32% of subjects demonstrated chromosomal abnormalities (19). A similar study performed by Behjati et al. (13) in Iran showed that only 1.24% of mentally retarded patients from consanguineous marriages showed chromosomal abnormalities comprising translocation and paracentric inversions in chromosome 2, which is consistent with the findings of our study. It seems that the presence of paracentric and pericentric inversions in chromosomes 1 and 2 could be an identified chromosomal abnormality among Iranian mentally retarded patients.
In conclusion, cytogenetic investigation should be considered as the first step in the assessment of mentally retarded individuals with unknown origins. This approach can help to effectively manage the disabilities of such patients. Moreover, identifying the causes of mental retardation and studying numerical and structural chromosomal anomalies such as translocation, inversion, or deletion in these patients can prove effective for the prevention of abnormal neonates in the next generation. Additionally, due to the limited resolution power of cytogenetic assessment, which ranges from 4 to 10 mega bases, the necessity of other molecular methods such as fluorescent in situ hybridization or comparative genomic hybridization will be of importance in future studies.
- 1. Leonard H, Wen X. The epidemiology of mental retardation: challenges and opportunities in the new millennium. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2002;8(3):117-34. [DOI] [PubMed]
- 2. Tzschach A, Ropers HH. Genetics of mental retardation. Dtsch Arztebl. 2007;104(20):1400-5.
- 3. Chiurazzi P, Oostra BA. Genetics of mental retardation. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2000;12(6):529-35. [PubMed]
- 4. Ravnan JB, Tepperberg JH, Papenhausen P, Lamb AN, Hedrick J, Eash D, et al. Subtelomere FISH analysis of 11 688 cases: an evaluation of the frequency and pattern of subtelomere rearrangements in individuals with developmental disabilities. J Med Genet. 2006;43(6):478-89. [DOI] [PubMed]
- 5. Warburton D. De novo balanced chromosome rearrangements and extra marker chromosomes identified at prenatal diagnosis: clinical significance and distribution of breakpoints. Am J Hum Genet. 1991;49(5):995-1013. [PubMed]
- 6. Penrose LS. A Clinical and Genetic Study of 1,280 Cases of Mental Defect Special Report Series Medical Research Council; 1938;
- 7. Ropers HH. X-linked mental retardation: many genes for a complex disorder. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2006;16(3):260-9. [DOI] [PubMed]
- 8. Ropers HH, Hamel BC. X-linked mental retardation. Nat Rev Genet. 2005;6(1):46-57. [DOI] [PubMed]
- 9. Nasiri F, Mahjoubi F, Manouchehry F, Razazian F, Mortezapour F, Rahnama M. Cytogenetic findings in mentally retarded Iranian patients. Balkan J Med Genet. 2012;15(2):29-34. [DOI] [PubMed]
- 10. Mythili K, Kumari VJ. Cytogenetic Analysis of Mentally Retarded Patients in Srikakulam. Int J Hum Genet. 2011;11(3):183-92.
- 11. Dave U, Shetty D. Chromosomal abnormalities in mental retardation: Indian experience. Int J Hum Genet. 2010;10(1-3):21-32.
- 12. Dutta S, Shaw J, Sinha S, Mukhopadhyay K. Chromosomal abnormalities associated with mental retardation in female subjects. Indian J Hum Genet. 2009;15(1):28-31. [DOI] [PubMed]
- 13. Behjati F, Ghasemi Firouzabadi S, Kahrizi K, Kariminejad R, Bagherizadeh I, Ansari J, et al. Chromosome abnormality rate among Iranian patients with idiopathic mental retardation from consanguineous marriages. Arch Med Sci. 2011;7(2):321-5. [DOI] [PubMed]
- 14. Luckasson R, Borthwick-Duffy S, Buntinx WH, Coulter DL, Craig EMP, Reeve A. Mental retardation: Definition, classification, and systems of supports USA: American Association on Mental Retardation; 2002;
- 15. Curry CJ, Stevenson RE, Aughton D, Byrne J, Carey JC, Cassidy S, et al. Evaluation of mental retardation: recommendations of a Consensus Conference: American College of Medical Genetics. Am J Med Genet. 1997;72(4):468-77. [PubMed]
- 16. Rooney DE, Czepulkowski BH. Human cytogenetics: constitutional analysis. USA: Oxford University Press; 1992.
- 17. Bocian E, Mazurczak T, Stanczak H. [Cytogenetic studies in clinical diagnosis --analysis of 1611 examination results]. Przegl Lek. 1995;52(1):5-9. [PubMed]
- 18. Celep F, Sonmez FM, Karaguzel A. Chromosomal abnormalities in 457 Turkish patients with MCA/MR. Turk J Pediatr. 2006;48(2):130-4. [PubMed]
- 19. Srsen S, Misovicova N, Srsnova K, Volna J. [Chromosome aberrations in a group of mentally retarded persons]. Cesk Psychiatr. 1989;85(1):9-16. [PubMed]


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Dark grey eyes will turn into...?
My baby was born a month ago with dark grey eyes, almost black. I'm anxious to know which color will the turn into. I have green and hazel eyes and my husband has dark chocolate eyes.
Posted: 06/22/2015 by LoriMarcy
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My baby was born in April 2015 he still has grey around his eyes but brown inside I'm hoping for hazelposted 07/20/2015 by mach2k15
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In His Brother's Place
- United States
- Romance
- English
More information"I want the boy."
For three years Angie Montoya hid her son from her late fiance's family until his brother tracked them down. Now Jordan Cooper demands she move to his Santa Fe ranch-- the boy's birthright. But how can Angie live with the man who called her a gold digger the man whose one kiss she's never forgotten?
Racked by guilt since his twin's death, Jordan seeks redemption by raising his nephew. But Angie resurrects a hunger in him that only she can satisfy. Jordan knows he can have her on one condition-- that she never learns the truth about him.


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The Leading Guidelines of Writing a superb Essay According to the All Compulsory Specifications
For any writer knowing their strengths and weakness 's is very important. Your skills can help you stand-out in the crowd, and glow, and being conscious of your weaknessis can increase the quality of one's reportis as well. One method to discover your advantages and weaknessis is simply by publishing typically, as well as in a number of different cases. I believe if you lean on your benefits, and in the same period work to improve your weakness's, you will always be in a position that is good.
In my opinion this one of my advantages as being an author is not being unable to obviously recognize the prompt and reply it correctly, specially together with the evaluation documents. I feel this is just because I take care to think regarding the prompt, for instance, after I was preparing for my rhetorical analysis essay, I see the two "This I Really Believe" essayis that I used to be contrasting soon after I browse the prompt for that essay, merely to make certain I had been genuinely seeking the necessary data. I generally ask myself after a word is written by me, " does this support answer the prompt?" For example, the sentence, "because of these extreme circumstances that she was in, Puhc includes a lot of standing on the subject of forgiveness, which assisted while in the success of her http://excellentessaywriter.com essay," specifically addresses the prompt, and I believe that paragraphs like these tremendously strengthen my essayis. I believe that I usually publish sentences which make sense. Some authors tend to compose using a large amount of awkward sounding sentences, and that I think I will often have sentences that are coherent.
A very important factor I positively have a problem with being a writer is 85 changes and business. I often merely leap from theme to a different and matters that are many are often covered by me in one single section. Within the second sentence of my visual anaylsis composition, I speak about military recruiting tacts generally, and one commercials distinct target market, as well as the various ways to generate men from women. I would have now been better off if I might have just trapped to one of the topics for that passage, and discussed another matters in different lines. I also think I must consider simpler transitions between paragraphs. My typical tactic is merely to finish one paragraph and bounce straight into one other. They constantly transition properly between thoughts, after I read great writers of whichever design, I desire I really could do this.
Another situation in my own writing is I believe I seem tedious and dull. I usually want to create my essays powerful and more interesting to see but I am just not certain how-to do enough time to that many. For example, the sentence, "this commercial drives away from any type of spiritual choice, but it undoubtedly features a strong conventional experience," but it's merely dry. Once I reread my essayis, I read to a lot of paragraphs like this.
This course has been a great knowledge for me personally. Since if has taught me the significance of thinking issues through, from begin to end one of many explanations why this category was a superb experience was. Producing essays is not always simple for me, but I've mastered that critically think of what I'm likely to write, and if I devote some time initially to collect my ideas, factors usually are that good. I understand this approach can be used by me with anything in living. If I have a task at hand that I must execute, itis easier to start off with your mind and thinking about it, in place of only moving into it.


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Call for Papers
Url: http://2015.ruleml.org/rule-learning-track.html
RuleML 2015 Call for Papers (PDF Version, RuleML 2015 Flyer)
The annual International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML) is the leading international event in the field of rules and their applications. RuleML 2015, the ninth event in this series, will be held in conjunction with The Conference on Automated Deduction (CADE) and The Conference on Web Reasoning and Rule Systems (RR) in Berlin, Germany, and will be immediately followed by the Reasoning Web Summer School.
RuleML 2015 will host multiple tracks on Complex Event Processing, Existential Rules and Datalog+/, Industry, Legal Rules and Reasoning and Rule Learning, as well as hosting the 9th International Rule Challenge and the 5th RuleML Doctoral Consortium.
RuleML 2015 will bring together practitioners, interested in the theory and applications of rules in academic research, industry, engineering, business and other diverse application areas. It will provide a forum for stimulating co-operation and cross-fertilization between the many different communities focused on the research and development of rule-based systems.
The symposium's areas of research and development have helped drive rapid progress in technologies for practical rule and event processing in distributed enterprise, intranets, and open distributed environments. Industry practitioners, rule-system providers, users of rules, technical experts and developers, and researchers who are exploring foundational issues, developing systems and applications, or using rule-based systems are invited to share ideas, results, and experiences.
Rule Learning Track TopicsInductive rule learning
RuleML main track and special tracks dates:
|Register Title and Abstract in Easychair
|March 11, 2015
|Paper Submission (extended):
|March 18, 2015
|Author Notification
|May 4, 2015
|New Author Notification Date
|May 8, 2015
|Camera Ready
|May 18, 2015
|New Camera Ready Deadline
|May 21, 2015
|2-5 Aug , 2015
Program committee
Matin Atzmüller, University Kassel
Henrik Boström, Stockholm University
Jacob Feldman, Open Rules, Jacob Feldman
Martin Holeňa, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
Frederik Janssen, TU Darmstadt
Jaroslav Kuchař, Czech Technical University in Prague
Evelina Lamma, Università degli Studi di Ferrara
Florian Lemmerich, Uni Würzburg
Francesca Lisi, University Bari
Christian De Sainte Marie, IBM
Heiko Paulheim, University of Mannheim
Jan Rauch, University of Economics, Prague
Fabrizio Riguzzi, Università degli Studi di Ferrara
Davide Sottara, Arizona State University
Bernard Zenko, IJS Ljubljana
Albrecht Zimmermann, INSA Lyon


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12 Christmas Wishes for My Dog (2011)
Netflix Summary: "Taking the advice of a life coach, a young woman makes 12 wishes to bring about positive change—only to discover there are unintended consequences."
"Unintended consequences," huh? Color me intrigued. And how does the dog fit in? This mystery dog isn't even mentioned in the plot summary. I wonder what he's up to. And how young is this woman? Are we talking early twenties? Late teens? Late twenties-early thirties, but no older than 35? This feels like it might be the perfect Christmas movie.
It's important that you understand I'm not intentionally seeking out garbage movies. Sure, if something floats up like a drowned squirrel in a rain-filled garbage can (true story!) with a title like, say, 12 Christmas Wishes for My Dog, I'm going to watch it, because even if it's terrible, it could be "fun terrible." I do, however, adhere to my own personal Golden Rule, the rule I officially put into place after a viewing of Boardinghouse, without a doubt the worst movie that has ever been and ever will be made, which states simply, "If a movie straight up sucks from the get-go, I bounce, son!" This has served me well in the ensuing years, though it almost screwed me last year when I nearly shut off 1970's And Soon The Darkness because of its ridiculous theme music, but for the most part I've been pleased with my decision. It hasn't kept me from watching some fabulously good-bad movies, and that's never been the point. I love bad movies, but not Boardinghouse bad, not now, not ever.
What does any of this have to do with 12 Christmas Wishes for My Dog? Well, after exactly 6 minutes and 40 seconds, I turned 12 Christmas Wishes for My Dog off, removed it from my Netflix Watch List and burned all memories of the almost 7 minutes I regrettably saw with the help of a turpentine-soaked rag. So, this one is obviously a Lump o' Coal.
Coming Home For Christmas (2013)
Plot: Two estranged sisters organize an old-fashioned family Christmas at the house they grew up in after their parents separate for reasons that are not entirely clear, but may be related to the husband's new rescue dog. The only obstacle standing in the way of recreating the perfect Christmas is the fact that their old house is now owned and lived in by Mike, a hunky war veteran with mad wood-working skills and self-described "fields of game." All of this happens in Canada to Canadians, but don't tell anyone because it's a secret. Shhhhh.
Earlier in this post, I mentioned my affinity for bad movies, specifically ones that capture my attention through their outright awfulness. Coming Home For Christmas is not one of those kinds of movies, however, I did watch the entire thing. It took me two days and I took a break halfway through to re-watch the first V/H/S movie, but for some reason, I just couldn't quit this schmaltzy little turd bag.
And don't get me wrong, this movie is a five-alarm bag of flaming turds, but something about it kept me coming back. I found myself genuinely curious about how Kate, the hero of this sub-ABC Family non-classic, would get her family to agree to reunite for Christmas at the old house. At times I felt myself caring about Kate's budding relationship with Mike, the handsome foster care kid/haunted American soldier with a Canadian accent, who actually utters the following line at one point: "You learn a lot from urban dictionaries these days." (What is he talking about? The Urban Dictionary online? Or is an "urban dictionary," of which Mike seems to think there are many, the 2013 version of a Tijuana Bible?). I wanted to see Kate and Melanie's oddly ageless parents--one of which is played by Amy Jo Johnson of Pink Power Ranger fame--get back together or at least explain to the audience why exactly they broke up in the first place since it appears to be the fault of an overzealous puppy. I wanted these things and I cared about these characters, while, at the same time, hating the movie and wishing it would end already. I blame my inner romantic, a side of me I am not embarrassed by nor desirous to get rid of. It is true we aren't currently speaking, seeing as it made me watch Coming Home For Christmas in it's entirety and all, but I'm sure we'll reconnect by Christmas Eve and it'll be romantic and heartwarming.
Kate and Melanie are played by real-life Canadian sisters, and when they sing together—there is a whole lot of singing going on in Coming Home For Christmas—things aren't so bad. However, one of my least favorite scenes in the movie does revolve around singing. It's the last scene in the movie: Kate and Melanie's parents are back together; Kate and Mike have settled all of their ridiculous non-issues and decided to become an item; Mike's dead buddy's son returns the war medal he stole (another "non-issue" the movie tries to make a thing for five seconds); and Melanie is sitting awkwardly in a corner, abandoned by her cheating husband, poor as dirt and going home to an empty McMansion when the holiday festivities have concluded. Kate, Melanie and their dad begin singing a song titled "I Wanna Be Home For Christmas." It's fine, nothing special, but halfway through, the aforementioned dead buddy's son—whose name I don't remember and whose portrayer doesn't even make Coming Home For Christmas's IMdB page (???)—busts in with a verse, LIKE IT'S A REAL SONG THAT EVERYBODY IN THE WORLD KNOWS! "I Wanna Be Home For Christmas" isn't a Christmas carol that everyone on the planet knows and loves, man! It's not "Jingle Bells" or "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeers" or "I Want a Ninja For Christmas." It's a mediocre country-pop Christmas jingle tacked onto a boring movie about annoying Canadians. Sure, the chorus has been stuck in my brain for weeks now and I've found myself singing it at weird, inopportune times (the shower; staff meetings; during sex), but it's still not a thing.
Christmas Classic, Fine Holiday Fare or Lump o' Coal: It's cheesy and boring and innocuous, but I didn't feel cheated out of precious time nor was it so awful that I found myself filled with homicidal rage, and, hey, I got to watch V/H/S/ again, which was pretty fun, so, I'll give it a Lump o' Coal.
Next time: A Baldwin brings the War on Christmas to a small town in Alaska!


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Spring Benefit News!
This year's benefit will be held on Saturday, May 6 at The Paramount. The theme is "Rocking Around the Decades". Click here for more information.
A note about the current plight of refugees from Sarah Cummings, Save the Children's Director, Individual Philanthropy
With the debate about the plight of refugees never more front and center than right now, Save the Children is asking the world to remember that refugee children have been terrorized–they are not terrorists. And, to remember that we have never been more resolved to alleviate the needs of all children on the move: to protect them from harm, see that their rights are respected, and that they have renewed hope for their future.
Knowing of your support of children whose lives are turned upside down, I'm reaching out to you today to share this summary of our worldwide mission to provide children on the move with vital aid and support, regardless of religion, ethnicity or location. From Africa to Europe, and across the Middle East, we are steadfastly serving girls and boys and their families who are far from home and far from feeling that their world is secure.
We are constantly seeking to scale up our programs and respond when new crises send children into flight, drawing on our limited funding.
We are redoubling our efforts in the field and through our advocacy to make sure that these children have a voice. I know you share Save the Children's deep concerns for them.
Please click here to read a statement from Carolyn Miles, President, Save the Children.
Thank you!
Because of your extreme generosity, Save the Children's Long Island Council was able to disburse approximately $350,000 to programs in 2016!
The Save the Children Long Island Council was founded in 1984 by Susan Lassen and M.L. Galston in response to a devastating famine in Ethiopia. From the small luncheon party they hosted at the very beginning, the Council has gone on to raise approximately 5 million dollars in the following years, which were distributed to Save the Children programs worldwide. The Council is made up of a Working Board of about 25 volunteers and is aided by a group of Council Partners. We focus locally on fund raising, education and building awareness.
If you would like to help, please donate through the
Save the Children Long Island Council.
Please send checks payable to Save the Children Long Island Council to:
PO Box 38
Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
Or use the DONATE link on the side to give through PAYPAL…


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Combined Sewer Overflow Management and Planning
Managing combined sewer overflows (CSOs) can present a serious challenge to utility managers in urban areas. These wet weather discharges can cause or contribute to water quality impairments, beach closures, contamination of drinking water supplies, and other environmental and human health problems. Municipal utility managers are increasingly faced with creating plans and finding technologies to control CSOs' frequency and severity.
LimnoTech has been a leader in developing national guidance for CSO management. This includes working for scores of municipalities coast to coast as well as establishing national performance measures on CSO abatement and conducting research for WERF on wet weather TMDLs, adaptive management, and UAAs. We have assisted EPA in developing technical guidance and evaluating wet weather management programs, including CSO, sanitary sewer overflow (SSO), stormwater, peak flows at wastewater treatment plants, and disinfection effectiveness. LimnoTech is also at the forefront of review and revision of water quality standards and using a holistic, adaptive watershed management approach to control CSOs.
LimnoTech has specific national and municipal experience that benefits our municipal clients and assists them in producing cost-effective, sound CSO Long Term Control Plans (LTCPs). We offer our clients experience in a wide range of technical support areas including:
- Model simulations of collection systems, watersheds, and receiving water quality.
- Development and review of Long-Term Control Plans.
- Setting appropriate water quality targets for CSO LTCPs, TMDLs, and watershed plans.
- Development of an integrated approach to controlling sources of wet weather pollution, including innovative, holistic watershed management.
- Managing urban stormwater, including developing conceptual Best Management Plan (BMP) designs and low-impact, cost-effective green infrastructure solutions.


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Kotakakura and Takakura, the side-by-side mounains where, over the next 12 days, Japan will stage its most important winter sports event since the Sapporo Olympics in 1972, can be beset by foul and disruptive weather as the teams have witnessed on previous visits. In 1991, women sat for a week waiting to race a World Cup event, and in February last year the men managed a super-giant slalom but the planned downhill went by the board.
The mountains here have wasted no time in serving up a reminder of the surprises they can spring on skier and ski technician alike. While, in the Alps, winter itself has been in hibernation - lack of snow put paid to both the Kitzbuhel and Wengen World Cup races - a new 40-centimetre thick blanket descended on the slopes here on Monday night, forcing the third day's training for the women's combined downhill today to be cancelled. The men did manage their first practice session, but given that many use early runs to assess the course it was frustrating that they could sample only a shortened version of the Mt Takakura piste.
The Frenchman Luc Alphand set the fastest time of the day, but of more significance were the crashes, one of which left a member of the American team in hospital with serious injuries. Erik Schlopy had a spectacular fall when wind appeared to catch him during a jump. The 20-year-old from Buffalo suffered a fractured sternum and spine, along with knee and elbow injuries. He was reported in serious but stable condition after the incident. Two other Americans, Paul Puckett and Chad Fleischer, suffered lesser injuries in tumbles.
With snow conditions what they are, ski technicians are becoming the men of the moment. They are charged with preparing skis for individual racers and can make or break anyone's chances on slopes severalskiers fear will not measure up to world-class standards.
Downhillers are particularly worried about the men's course, where the blue-riband event of the championships will be staged on Sunday. 'Bad weather and wind are the big problems,' Franz Heinzer, the downhill world champion, said. 'Everything will depend on the servicemen much more than on us.'
The weather aside, the Japanese downhill courses may be only moderately challenging for the elite racers. Despite being modified by the Swiss designer, Bernhard Russi, the man behind the Olympic 'Face du Bellevarde' run at Val d'Isere, Mt Takakura is more of a gentle roll for the men than a giant drop. 'The wind will tell the story,' the American A J Kitt said. 'And the course is pretty boring.'
Kitt was ninth fastest in practice yesterday, with Britain's Graham Bell 11th and his brother, Martin, 38th. Heinzer was 33rd.
The World Cup holder, Paul Accola, is not expected to attempt the downhill. But then it is a surprise that he is here at all after suffering knee ligament injuries in November that were expected to keep him out of action until the spring. He intends to enter the slalom and the giant slalom, in which Alberto Tomba, Italy's triple Olympic gold medallist, will be aiming to improve on his surprisingly poor World Championship record of just one bronze medal, from the giant slalom in 1987.
For Pernilla Wiberg, the women's Olympic giant slalom champion, there was no such miracle cure. The Swede tore an Achilles tendon in January and faces months of rehabilitation. Also missing from the women's events is the Petra Kronberger, who retired last month citing burn-out and thus surrendered the slalom and combined world titles she won at Saalbach in her native Austria in 1991.
But like the Olympics, the world championships, where 40 nations will be represented, are not simply about the medals at stake in the five men's and five women's events. They also provide the chance for performers from such hotbeds of winter sports as Guatemala, Brazil, Ireland, South Africa, Cyprus and Senegal to measure themselves against the best.
None of those 'exotics', as Franz Klammer liked to call them, will mind the 22-kilometre drive from the teams' accommodation at the tranquil Oshuku hot springs for 8 am inspections of the competition pistes. But for those with eyes for gold, silver and bronze, the journey could perhaps provide too much time to dwell on the events that are about to unfold.
WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP TIMETABLE: Today: women's combination downhill. Tomorrow: women's downhill. 5 Feb: women's combination slalom. 6: men's combination downhill. 7: men's downhill. 8: men's combination slalom. 9: women's giant slalom. 10: men's super-giant slalom. 11: women's super-giant slalom. 12: men's giant slalom. 13: women's slalom. 14: men's slalom.
(Photograph and map omitted)
- More about:
- Alpine Skiing
- FIFA World Cup
- Skiing
- Snow


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Importance of Fluoride for Your Teeth
Widespread fluoride supplementation in the public water supplies has triggered some controversy. However, studies regarding fluoridation have consistently revealed that the benefits of fluoride far outweigh any potential risks. Dr. Frame, dentist in Santa Clara, explains.
Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral that has been shown to stop bacterial growth by interfering with their reproductive cycles. This means that people who use fluoride may be better able to control oral bacteria and reduce their risk of certain dental diseases. Additionally, fluoride helps harden tooth enamel, which can decrease the incidence of tooth decay. Hundreds of studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of fluoride when used as a part of an overall dental hygiene routine. Some have revealed an incredible 30 percent decrease in cavities in areas with fluoridated water.
No reliable peer-reviewed study has demonstrated any serious negative effects from fluoridation. However, excess fluoride intake can lead to stained or discolored teeth. These discolorations can be cosmetically unappealing, but they do not affect the structure, function or health of your teeth.
If you and your family regularly use bottled water, you may not be getting all the benefits of fluoride. Use fluoride toothpaste when you brush twice a day, and consider adding a fluoridated mouthwash to your regimen. Regular dental checkups are also important to your dental health and give you a great opportunity to learn more about fluoride supplementation. We may recommend topical fluoride treatments to help keep your teeth strong and healthy.
Contact our dental office today to learn more or to schedule your next appointment.
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1989 protests 2008 Beijing Olympics abuse of power acivists activism activists administrative detention Ai Weiwei
U.N. Experts Urge Probe of Lawyer's DisappearanceThree U.N. Special Rapporteurs have added their voices to calls for information on the whereabouts of rights lawyer Jiang Tianyong. Jiang went missing last week after visiting the wife of fellow lawyer Xie Yang in Changsha. Xie was detained during last year's Black Friday, or 709, crackdown and is now reportedly being beaten and ostracized in jail. From the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights: Mr. Jiang Tianyong has represented clients in a number of high-profile
December 7, 2016 9:52 AM


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Diane Von Furstenberg Madonna Lace Dress Shorts
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Size: 6 (S, 28)
Price: $170.00
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This item has original tags and shows no visible signs of wear.
New with tags. Size 6
High waisted lace shorts for an ultra-cool uptown look
Banded waist
Concealed side zip closure with hook-and-eye
Side seam pockets
Notched back
Rise, about 10"
Inseam, about 3.5"
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text: 1/15/13 5/23/12 POPSUGAR Fashion Summer Style Summer Totes Under $100 20 Totes to Take You to the Beach and Beyond (With Everything You Need in Tow) — All Under $100 May 23, 2012 by Laura Marie Meyers 17 Shares Chat with us on Facebook Messenger. Learn what's trending across POPSUGAR. Whether you're at the beach or out doing errands, green and ivory stripes look fresh for Summer. B11032 by Straw Studios Tote ($69) Shop Brands Straw Studios · Topshop · Diane von Furstenberg · Mar y Sol · Michael Stars · LOFT · Gianmarco Venturi · Rugby · J.Crew · Asos · Warehouse · Le Sport Sac · Levi's · Madewell · Kimchi & Blue · Free People · Billabong · Twelfth St. By Cynthia Vincent Mar y Sol Nantucket Ombre $85 from Piperlime Bring the ombré trend to your accessories with this berry and coral-colored straw tote. Mar Y Sol Nantucket Ombre Tote ($85) Buy Now See more Mar y Sol Duffels & Totes Le Sport Sac Striped Clear Beach Tote $98 from shopbop.com We love the colorblocked detailing and cool clear panel — just the thing to liven up your beachwear. LeSportsac Striped Clear Beach Tote ($98) Buy Now See more Le Sport Sac Duffels & Totes Billabong Going Places Bag $48 from PacSun A tribal-inspired print in bold neoprene hues is sure to liven up your look. Billabong Going Places Bag ($49) Buy Now See more Billabong Duffels & Totes Straw Studios B11032 $68 from Lori's Shoes Whether you're at the beach or out doing errands, green and ivory stripes look fresh for Summer. B11032 by Straw Studios Tote ($69) Buy Now See more Straw Studios Duffels & Totes Madewell Caravan Mailbag $78 from shopbop.com An understated — and totally functional — option that'll hold everything you need. Madewell Caravan Mailbag ($78) Buy Now See more Madewell Satchels J.Crew Farmer's market tote $49 from J.Crew Just like the name says — this bag was made for toting your goodies home from the farmers market. J.Crew Farmer's Market Tote ($45) Buy Now See more J.Crew Duffels & Totes Rugby Blue Striped Large Tote $128 from Rugby For a vintage Americana look, try this nautical-inspired tote with yarn-dyed stripes and braided leather straps. Rugby Blue Striped Large Tote ($98) Buy Now See more Rugby Duffels & Totes Gianmarco Venturi Large fabric bag $75 from yoox.com Shiny silver details make this straw shoulder bag an ideal beach-to-bar option. Gianmarco Venturi Large Fabric Bag ($75) Buy Now See more Gianmarco Venturi Duffels & Totes Michael Stars Lace Crochet MS50128 Tote $38 from Amazon.com In a bright, tomato-red shade, this classic crochet tote looks fresh for Summer. Michael Stars Lace Crochet Tote ($98) Buy Now See more Michael Stars Duffels & Totes Levi's Nautical Canvas Tote $58 from Levi's A roomy, go-anywhere play on stripes. Levi's Nautical Canvas Tote ($58) Buy Now See more Levi's Duffels & Totes Warehouse Large Canvas Stripe Shopper $46 from Asos For the classically-inclined, you can't go wrong with this seasonally-perfect nautical-striped tote (whether or not you find yourself on Nantucket). Warehouse Large Canvas Stripe Shopper ($49) Buy Now See more Warehouse Duffels & Totes Asos Floral Print Pocket Shopper Bag $60 from Asos Inject a dose of seasonal floral into your look — wherever you may go. Asos Floral Print Pocket Shopper Bag ($61) Buy Now See more Asos Duffels & Totes The sunniest (literally!) of Summer styles. Zara Die-Cast Mini Shopper ($100) NET-A-PORTER.COM Duffels & Totes Karl Printed canvas shopper $25 from NET-A-PORTER.COM This easy tote was made for the fashion-obsessed. Karl Printed Shopper ($25) Buy Now See more NET-A-PORTER.COM Duffels & Totes LOFT Woven Straw Tote $59 from LOFT Batik-inspired stripes in tropical hues pair well with braided rope straps and sleek leather trim. Loft Woven Straw Tote ($60) Buy Now See more LOFT Duffels & Totes Topshop Large Straw Tote Bag $64 from Topshop We love that this tote boasts a flash of metallic — a style that would look just as chic alongside your work wear as it would for a beachy getaway. Topshop Large Straw Tote Bag ($64) Buy Now See more Topshop Duffels & Totes Diane von Furstenberg Leaf Meadow Large Beach Tote (Stylist Pick!) $98 from CUSP A blue-and-white color palette looks crisp and clean on this large tote. Diane von Furstenberg Leaf Meadow Beach Tote ($98) Buy Now See more Diane von Furstenberg Duffels & Totes Free People Alexa Leopard Tote $48 from Free People A playful bit of seasonal leopard print is an on-trend upgrade on the everyday tote. Free People Alexa Leopard Tote ($48) Buy Now See more Free People Duffels & Totes Twelfth St. By Cynthia Vincent Shopper Tote $85 from shopbop.com Channel your inner bohemian with this tie-dyed shopper. Twelfth St. By Cynthia Vincent Shopper Tote ($85) Buy Now See more Twelfth St. By Cynthia Vincent Shoulder Bags Kimchi & Blue Kimchi Blue Floral Patch Weekender Bag $59 from Urban Outfitters We're smitten with the fresh floral-on-white print. Whether you're grabbing it for a weekend getaway, stashing your stuff for a day at the beach, or heading off to the gym, this style is sure to illicit lots of complements. Kimchi Blue Floral Patch Weekender Bag ($59) Buy Now See more Kimchi & Blue Duffels & Totes Share this post Summer StyleBudget ShoppingTotesBagsShopping


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I really think I'm a cleanser junkie. Because I have two new ones added to my Face Cleanser Roll Call. But in my defense, I've finished the Pai one(FINALLY) and also the Vichy Pureté Thermal 3-in-1 One Step Cleanser, which I might repurchase… if it weren't for the fact that I've kind of fallen in love with another creamy milk cleanser. This blogging business makes you really feel like a mutinous pirate when it comes to products…one day you're swearing allegiance to the Vichy, the next you're screaming and sword-fighting your traitorous soul because you've fallen in love with something else by Bioderma, because it has a lovely, big, feathery HAT…I'm a filthy beauty scallywag, what can I say 😛 Like it or leave it ya' bunch of beauty seadogs.
First up, the Bioderma Sensibio Crealine Cleansing Milk($18.95) is probably one of the best creamy cleansing milk cleansers I've tried, and I think it works just as well as the much famed Pai Cleanser that everyone raves about. It's fragrance-free, contains anti-irritants to reduce redness, and it does not contain any kind of detergent cleansing agents that irritate sensitive dry skin like mine.
The emollients in this one of course are quite different from the Pai one, and the ingredient list shows that difference. The main emollients in the Bioderma Sensibio Crealine Cleansing Milk are glycerin and mineral oil while the Pai is all plant oils. Now for me, mineral oil doesn't do anything except keep moisture in my skin. My skin actually really likes it and doesn't break out from it like it does from a lot of plant oils, which happen to be in the Pai one. Mineral oil gets such a bad rap for some reason, but it's quite an effective humectant. This cleanser leaves my skin feeling soft and moisturized just like the more expensive Pai one, plus it doesn't stink like that one hahaha(I know, I know, a lot of you really LIKE that sitnk-I don't sorry(not sorry really LOL) ). Oh, and this cleanser is the BOMB at taking off makeup! It's even better than the micellar water I say. It even works on my eye makeup and doesn't sting, or irritate at all. For me, this is a clear winner and has gained a permanent spot in my cleanser roll call.
The GlamGlow Powercleanse Daily Dual Cleanser($43) I first picked up on one of my California trips. I forgot to bring an oil cleanser with me, and I always use an oil cleanser to remove my sunscreen, and then cleanse with another gentle cleanser to remove any oil residue. You know, the whole double cleanse technique that you
have to should use to remove sunscreen, unless you're some kind of magical unicorn that doesn't break out from sunscreens. 😛
Now, I'm not a huge fan of GlamGlow at all, and in fact tend to ignore most of their products, but this sounded like something that I could really USE at the time! I mean, hello-it combines the power of mud and oil, PLUS it foams! It's like double cleansing in ONE step! The mud and oil are in separate chambers which is pretty cool, and when combined in the hand transform into an effective dual cleanse foaming lather in one easy step.
You can pump as much mud and as much oil as like-you control the ratio to your liking-I like 4 pumps mud to 3 pumps oil but hey, it's up to you-then just rub them together in your hand to combine and apply to your face. Then, when you add water it foams up and cleanses SO, SO WELL. The cleansing oil dissolves my makeup and sunscreen, while the cleansing mud gently detoxifies leaving my face CLEAN in one, freakin' easy step! No more two cleansers needed EVER. I'm on my second bottle now, and have another back-up because for the longest time this wasn't in Canada and I can't be without it now. But YAY, it's here now and trust me-GET ONE if sunscreen breaks you out. I don't worry about breaking out anymore now that this cleanser is in my shower.
I just picked up these Nip + Fab Dragon's Blood Fix Pads($14.95) because of my dear friend and fellow #YEG Blogger Rae@TheNotice-we've actually HUGGED and I can pretty much cover Rae in my bear hug-I'm 5″10″ and she's about 5'2″ I think(correct me Rae if my guess is wrong) but she's ADORABLE and if you've ever had the pleasure to meet her, then you'll know her skin is FLAWLESS. So, when she raves about something in skincare, I tend to listen. I've literally been using these Nip + Fab Dragon's Blood Fix Pads for four days and have fallen in LOVE. Each of the 60 pads are enriched with salicylic and hyaluronic acid to cleanse pores without stripping moisture from the skin. There's also witch hazel in them to help reduce the appearance of imperfections and leave your complexion looking smoother and refreshed. And the Dragon's Blood (hello DRAGON, right?) is from the the bright red resin of the Sangre de Grado (Croton lechleri) tree, which is full of antioxidants and forms a kind of protective barrier on the skin. Rae even uses these to remove her eye makeup, but I haven't done that as my eyes are SO sensitive and dry that I'm a bit leery(my MS meds are a bitch I tell ya). But for the face these are AWESOME. I'm kind of a lazy AM cleanser-type, especially if I'm going to the gym. These are fantasticly easy to swipe all over my face when I wake up, and they make me feel clean and accomplished in one step. I like them! I feel like my skin is getting cleansed, treated, and protected all at once…a lazy cleansing gal's dream! WIN, WIN, WIN!
Yves Rocher Lemon Basil Exfoliating Shower Gel($9) I picked up on a recent order for Marky-she loves their skincare. I saw this and thought: I NEED IT. And boy I was right! With 100% natural fruit seeds to gently exfoliate the skin, you don't have to worry about those nasty plastic beads clogging up our lakes. Honestly, HOW the beauty industry EVER thought that was a good idea is beyond me??! Anyways, exfoliating aspect aside, it's the scent that makes this such a winner! Subtle citrus with basil herby goodness-it's just refreshing as heck and I need more now since I only bought one. WHO doesn't love basil, I mean seriously! There's also just a plain shower gel version which I plan on getting too!
Glow Juicery is a local juicery-is that even a word LOL-that sells fresh and healthy pressed juices to get you healthy and feeling good! They even offer cleansing packages, which I plan on trying soon. This was the SKY GLOW juice made with Pear, Cucumber, Lemon and Mint and it was delicious! I think I need a good body juice cleanse to clean out my insides, so this is on my to-do list this summer. Have you ever done a juice cleanse? What did you think? Any advice-worth it or not?
And, last but not least-the FUNNY CLEANSE. I had to get this, because LOOK AT IT. And that's what you'll be using to cleanse your hands if you come visit my house! Keeping and refilling the container for like EVER. And you're welcome to come visit, and cleanse ANYTIME my friends! 🙂
Is there anything better than that feeling of a good cleanse? I can't think of anything right now! The whole refreshing smell, that WOW clean feeling-I can't get enough of it in the summer. What are some of your favourite refreshing summer cleansers?


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Industrial server design breakthrough? Yes!
One of the biggest industrial server design challenges is the inability to pair server-class performance with a long-life system. High performance industrial servers from Corvalent solve this design limitation, embracing Intel® Xeon® technology in an...read more
New Skylake Products and Upcoming Kaby Lake Improvements
Due to the interest generated by our Skylake line release... We have decided to add even more products, like the Q170 ATX board with 4 PCI slots (for those diehard PCI lovers out there). We are also offering this version of the board with the C236 chipset, adding ECC...read more
Corvalent Announces CorServer 2600: Xeon® Server-Class Systems
Corvalent Pioneers Extended Life, Xeon®-Based Server-Class Systems for Industrial Embedded Developers Customizable, Application-Ready Systems Fill Market Void by Ensuring System Longevity of Five Years or More Corvalent, a leading manufacturer of long-life industrial...read more
Windows 10 is now available!
I'm happy to say we are ready for Windows 10 (after many requests)! Microsoft also released some new licensing options after the recent Windows 10 Anniversary Update. Before, the 32bit or 64bit versions of Windows 10 Pro had fixed part numbers - now there are three....read more


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Guess Plum Top
Listed by Erin Vinciguerra
Size: 6 (S)
Price: $28.97
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Long-sleeved, crew neck shirt. Plum and shimmery gold, beautiful when it hits the light! Worn once.
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Sun 4/30/17 - Wed 5/3/17 (5-8 days)
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Go to:
Just Slow Cooking Recipes Home Page
Click/Tap 'Back' to go to the recipe list you were browsing.
Pork Chops and Mustard Sauced Potatoes
6 pork loin chops -- 3/4 inch thick
1 tablespoon cooking oil
1 can {10 3/4 oz. } condensed cream of mushroom soup
1/4 cup dry white wine or chicken broth
1/4 cup Dijon-style mustard
1 teaspoon dried thyme -- crushed
1 clove garlic -- minced
1/4 teaspoon pepper
6 medium potatoes -- cut into 1/4" slices
1 medium onion -- sliced
In a large skillet, brown half the pork chops at a time, on both sides, in hot oil. Drain fat.
In a large mixing bowl, combine soup, wine or chicken broth, mustard, thyme, garlic, and pepper. Add potatoes and onion, stirring to coat. Transfer to a 3 1/2 or 4-quart slow cooker. Place browned chops atop potatoes.
Cover and cook on LOW setting for 7 to 8 hours, or on HIGH setting for 3 1/2 hours.
Some general comments about this recipe:
Can't find database. Query terminated.


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Simple Android Oracle client
Sayan Malakshinov
- January 10, 2015
( 10)
Simple Android Oracle client is a simple app that allows you to execute selects, dml and ddl commands.
Works like charm Very useful, even executes anonymous blocks. Unable to set DBMS output though. Will give it a try again.
awesome It's awesome dude keep up, when choosing Fullscreen Result table, it showing error, but remain is functioning will.
Please share the information which need to enter like db, Port, server
What's New
Several UI bug fixes


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|A personal favorite form our local winery, Arrington Vineyards.
Anyway, one of my favorite things to do is go WINE TASTING! It's such a fun way to explore an area and enjoy a beverage at the same time :)
We are traveling to Italy in a few weeks and I can hardly contain myself thinking about all of the new, delicious, local wine I'm going to consume -- especially in Tuscany!
Can't get to Tuscany? No problem. These are so many amazing wine destinations in the good ol' USA. Here are four:
Ithaca/Finger Lakes, NY
|The view from Ventosa Vineyards back patio where you can have lunch. I suggest the 2010 Pinot Noir.
Napa Valley, CA
|enjoying the lawn outside of V. Sattui Winery
Lake Chelan, WA
|view from Benson Winery
Traverse City, MI
I've been told by several friends that I need to visit Michigan. Confession: I've never been in the state, with the exception of the Detroit airport. I'd really like to remedy that by visiting the Leelanau Peninsula Wine Trail. It looks amazing! While I can't personally vouch for this area, I am confident it won't disappoint. After all, people from Michigan are obsessed with it, so I'm sure I'll love it, too! More on the LP Wine Trail here.
There are also many stand alone wineries across the USA that are really awesome, like Arrington Vineyards in the Nashville area :)
Have you ever been to these areas? Do you like wine tasting? Is there another wino location I need to know about?! Share below!


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Waites, Boyd to Decorate Japan Show House
February 23, 2009,
U.S. designers Raymond Waites and Eileen Kathryn Boyd will participate in the inaugural designer house show being put on next week by the new International Home Furnishings and Design association chapter in Japan.
Waites will transform the master bedroom and sun porch. Boyd will design the den and bath. Both are conferring with designer workrooms in Japan, which will handle the installations.
"This event promises to be a very good introduction to the show house concept in Japan and something we intend to build on in the years to come," said Yasue Ishikawa, president of IFDA Japan.
The show house can be viewed at yokohamadsh.web.fc2.com.
Home & Textiles Today Staff | News & Commentary
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Events of interest
Conferences, speakers and other events of interest to the Sustainable Communities Transdisciplinary Area of Excellence
Spring 2017 Colloquium Series
Featuring a light lunch and Binghamton University faculty researchers.
Noon-1 p.m. every other Thursday in AD-148, as follows:
Feb. 2: Qiusheng Wu
GIS and Remote Sensing Applications for Wetland Mapping and Monitoring
Feb. 16: Jessica Hua
Poisons, Predators, and Parasites: Ecotoxicology in the Face of Environmental Change
March 9: Kirsten Prior
Invasive Species: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions
March 23: Lisa Blitz
From Vulnerability to Resilience: Developing an Evidence-based Partnership Model for Transforming Rural Schools
April 6: Siobhan Hart and George Homsy
Neighborhodd Heritage and Sustainability Project
April 20: Robyn Cope
We are Your Neighbors: Representation, "Humanization," and New Narratives for Haiti
May 4: Ritam Chaurey
Creditor Rights and Corporate Labor Policy: Evidence from a Policy Experiment
Past events
April 21, 2016
9:45 a.m.-4 p.m.
Center of Excellence, Room 2011
Healthography: How where you live affects your health and well-being
Dedicated to Florence Margai, professor of geography and associate dean of Harpur College who died in January 2015, this conference will include a keynote address by Professor of Geography Tim Frazier, titled "Overcoming Gaps in Public Health's Ability to Respond to Natural Disasters and Impacts from Climate Change," and sessions titled:
- Race, sexuality, and AIDS activism in Black same gender practicings men's communities in post-apartheid South Africa
- Modeling reservoir, vector, spatial and human behavioral risk of Lyme disease in fragmented ecospaces within built environments
- Health Consequences of Cultural Change in Vanuatu
- Preschool asthma: does place matter
- Determinants of Maternal Mortality in Rural Kenya. Is it still too far?
The conference is free and includes lunch, but an RSVP to Mary Stoner at email@example.com is required.
March 23, 2016
Anthropology for the City: Digital Storytelling and Collaborative Mapping in Detroit
Krysta Ryzewski and Andrew Newman, assistant professors of anthropology at Wayne State University, will discuss participatory research and transdisciplinary collaboration in Detroit, Michigan, from 1:40-3 p.m. Wednesday, March 23, in the Alumni Center (Old O'Connor), Room 162.
Anthropology for the City aims to use Detroit's rich history of grassroots democracy and community action to change the way scholars conduct research. They are working to create a "city's anthropology" involving residents directly, making Detroiters partners and collaborators in urban research. Ryzewski is an historical archaeologist with interests in the consequences of disruptive social and environmental pressures on communities. She co-directs several excavation and interpretive projects in Detroit, using digital storytelling to engage communities. Newman is a sociocultural anthropologist who combines urban ethnography and anthropological approaches to environmentalism. He is currently working on the community-led mapping project, People's Atlas of Detroit, and a collaborative project on sustainable food in the city. This talk is sponsored by Binghamton University's Sustainable Communities Transdisciplinary Area of Excellence and Binghamton University's Neighborhood Heritage and Sustainability Project (www.sustainableneighborhood.org). The lecture is free and open to the public.
Feb. 19, 2016
Building Sustainable Places through Transdisciplinary Engagement lecture and reception
The Sustainable Communities TAE will host a lecture and networking reception, open to all, by Kenneth Reardon, professor and director of the Graduate Program in Urban Planning and Community Development at the University of Massachusetts Boston. Reardon will discuss participatory urban planning and transdisciplinary collaboration in South Memphis, Tenn., in a talk titled "Overcoming the Memphis Blues through Participatory Planning, Design, and Development." Over his career, Reardon has also worked on community building in East St. Louis and New Orleans after Katrina. The lecture and reception will be from 3-5 p.m. Friday, Feb. 19, in room 162 of the Alumni Center (Old O'Connor). The event is co-sponsored by the Neighborhood Heritage and Sustainability Project led by Siobhan Hart, assistant professor of anthropology, and George Homsy, assistant professor of public administration.
Oct. 12, 2015 - A Conversations in the Disciplines Conference on Sustainability, Peace and Diversity
The MPA Program hosted a one-day conference on "21st Century Governance Challenges: International Perspectives on the Issues of Sustainability, Peace, and Diversity."
Scholars from Mexico, Venezuela, Armenia, Brazil, Belize, Kenya, Armenia, Colombia, Turkey and the U.S. will discuss research on social media, human rights, and sustainability. For the full conference schedule: http://www.binghamton.edu/public-administration/CID%20conference%20schedule.pdf
The conference was funded by a Conversations in the Disciplines grant, the College of Community and Public Affairs' Latin American Partnership Fund, the Department of Public Administration and the Sustainable Communities Transdisciplinary Area of Excellence.
Oct. 31, 2014 - A presentation on aging issues titled Productive Aging and Families across the Globe will be held from 11:30 a.m.-1 p.m. Friday, Oct. 31, in UDC-220. The session is co-sponsored by the Transdisciplinary Area of Excellence (TAE) in Sustainable Communities, the Institute for Intergenerational Studies and the Department of Social Work in the College of Community and Public Affairs. Lunch will be provided.
Presenters and the presentation titles
• Healthy Aging and Productive Engagement in Later Life in the U.S. and China, presented by Ada Mui, professor, Columbia University School of Social Work
• Older adults as Primary and Co-Caregivers of Grandchilden in India, presented by Denise Burnette, professor, Columbia University School of Social Work
• Grandparents Raising Grandchildren in US: Intergenerational Trauma and Resiliency, presented by Youjung Lee, assistant professor, Department of Social Work, Binghamton University, and recipient of a TAE seed grant in July 2013
April 10-11, 2014 - Implications of Hydraulic Fracturing for Creating Sustainable Communities - a SUNY Conversations in the Disciplines Conference
April 10, 2014 - Health Equity Conference focused on vulnerable populations
The keynote address – Health Equity: Protecting vulnerable populations – will be given by Dr. Cheryl Easley and Dr. Carol Easley Allen. Additional topics include:
• The Affordable Care Act and vulnerable populations
• Power for the People: Examining energy insecurity as a hidden dimension of risk among vulnerable populations
• Confronting inequities associated with teen pregnancy and parenting: The Federal Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program
• Using GIS to address nutritional health inequities
Nov. 2, 2013 - Fall 2013 Conference Program (pdf, 1.5mb)


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 10, 1986
|Filing date
|Dec 22, 1983
|Priority date
|Dec 22, 1983
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Thomas J. Perry, Muhammad I. Khera
|Original Assignee
|Gte Automatic Electric Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (6), Classifications (4), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is related to the following co-pending U.S. patent applications all having the same inventive entity and being assigned to the same assignee:
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 564,134, titled, "A Remote Data Link Controller;"
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 564,138, titled, "A Remote Data Link Controller Having Multiple Data Link Handling Capabilities;"
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 564,135, titled, "A Remote Data Link Receive Data Reformatter;"
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 564,136, titled, "A Remote Data Link Address Sequencer and a Memory Arrangement for Accessing and Storing Digital Data;"
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 564,137, titled, "A Data Format Arrangement for Communication Between the Peripheral Processors of a Telecommunications Switching Network."
The present invention relates in general to data transmission between the switching systems of a telecommunications network and more particularly to an arrangement for formatting control data.
In modern digital telecommunication switching systems a concept of network modularity has been designed allowing the interconnection of small switching systems remote to a larger host system. These remote switching systems have capacities to handle between a few hundred and a few thousand telephone subscribers. The remote switching systems are normally used in areas where the installation of a large switching system would be uneconomical.
A high speed digital data link typically interfaces the host switching system to the remote system through which large amounts of voice and control data are exchanged. The voice data normally comprises subscriber calls switched through either the host or the remote system. The control data may be status exchanges between the host and the remote, i.e. centralized administration, billing and maintenance, or the direct control of the operation of the remote by the host.
The control data exchanges are originated in the sending system peripheral processor transmitted over the high speed digital data link to the receiving system peripheral processor where the data is interpreted. In order to relieve each peripheral processor from the burden of controlling the data link a remote data link controller is implemented in each system which performs all tasks involved in the formatting, transmission and reception of the control data.
The remote data link controllers are connected to each other via digital spans. These digital spans may be T1, T2 or T1C, T3 carriers using DS1, DS2 or DS1C, DS3 data formats, respectively. These digital spans transmit data at high speeds serially at a rate of approximately 1.5-45 megabits per second.
Typically the transmitting peripheral processor outputs data words to the link controller where the data words are assembled or formatted into a data message or packet. The packet is then transmitted to the receiving link controller where the data message is reformatted back into data words readable by the receiving peripheral processor.
Accordingly, it becomes the object of the present invention to provide an efficient transmit data formatter for the assembly of data words into a transmitted data message.
In accomplishing the object of the present invention there is provided a transmit data reformatter for a telecommunications switching system used to assemble a plurality of 8-bit data bytes into a data message. The data message normally contains a plurality of message bytes, each message byte having seven data bits and a parity bit. The transmit data formatter of the present invention is used in a telecommunications switching system which includes a peripheral processor, an output buffer arranged to receive and store the data bytes from the peripheral processor and a temporary memory.
The transmit data formatter of the present invention comprises a receive buffer connected to the output buffer and arranged to receive and store in parallel form a data byte from the output buffer when the transmit buffer is empty. The receiver buffer is connected to a parallel to serial converter which receives the data byte from the receive buffer and outputs the data byte serially. The serial to parallel converter is connected to a parallel to serial converter which receives the serial data and assembles the serial data into a partial message byte after seven data bits have been input. Simultaneously, the serial data output by the parallel to serial converter is applied to the input of a horizontal parity generator. The horizontal parity generator inputs the serial data and outputs a parity bit after seven data bits have been input. The parity bit is then appended to the partial message byte forming a message byte.
The message byte is then transferred to the temporary memory. The temporary memory stores the completed message byte until a transfer period where it is output over a digital link.
Normally, after a message byte has been assembled there may remain a number of data bits in the parallel to serial converter. These data bits are output to the temporary memory after one message byte has been assembled. When a second message byte is to be assembled these remaining bits are brought out of temporary memory and inserted into the parallel to serial converter where they are output serially to the serial to parallel converter. A second data byte input from the receive buffer to the parallel to serial converter is output and added to the remaining data bits in the serial to parallel converter thereby, assembling a second data byte.
Any remaining bits in the parallel to serial converter are transferred to the temporary memory and this process repeated until 64 bits of data have been assembled into a data message.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a telecommunications switching system embodying the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a bit map of a remote data link channel and frame of a T1 data span.
FIG. 3 is a bit map representation of a formatted data message used in the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a detailed block diagram of the remote data link controller including the transmit formatter of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a detailed time utilization diagram of the remote data link channel as shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 6 is a remote data link controller transfer timing diagram.
FIG. 7 is a first detailed schematic of the remote data link transmit formatter of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a second detailed schematic of the remote data link transmit formatter of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a timing diagram showing the control signals used by the transmit formatter.
Referring to FIG. 1, a time-space-time digital switching system along with the corresponding common control is shown. Telephone subscribers, such as subscribers 1 and 2, are shown connected to analog line unit 13. Analog line unit 13 is connected to both copies of the analog control unit 14 and 14'. Originating time switches 20 and 20' are connected to a duplex pair of space switch units 30 and 30' which are in turn connected to a duplex pair of terminating time switches 21 and 21'. Terminating time switches 21 and 21' are connected to analog control units 14 and 14' and ultimately to the telephone subscribers 1 and 2 via analog line circuit 13. Digital control units 15, 15' and 16, 16' connect the digital spans to the switching system. Digital span equipment may be implemented using a model 9004 T1 digital span, manufactured by GTE Lenkurt, Inc. Similarly, analog trunk unit 18 connects trunk circuits to the digital switching system via analog control units 17 and 17'.
A peripheral processor CPU 70 controls the digital switching system and digital and analog control units. Analog line unit 13 and duplex pair of analog control units 14 and 14' interface to telephone subscribers directly. A duplicate pair of digital control units 15, 15' and 16, 16' control the incoming PCM data from the digital spans. Similarly, the analog trunk unit 18 and a duplex pair of analog control units 17 and 17' interface to trunk circuits. The analog and digital control units are each duplicated for reliability purposes.
The network of FIG. 1 also includes a REMOTE DATA LINK CONTROLLER (RDLC) 100 which provides formatting and control of data transmitted and received between the peripheral processors of two or more switching systems. The RDLC can provide up to 16, 64 kilobits per second data links arranged for full duplex operation and is configured so that it can provide one full duplex data link for each of the 16 T1 spans. RDLC 100 can operate together with one or two digital control units (DCU), with each DCU capable of providing up to eight T1 carrier facilities.
RDLC 100 includes a duplicated data link processor and control 80 and 80' and a duplicated peripheral processor (PP) I/O buffer 60 and 60'.
Prior to examining the detailed operation of the RDLC 100, it is helpful to understand the format and protocol of the messages which are transmitted and received by the RDLC. Each message consists of eight, 8-bit bytes of data for a total of 64 bits. The peripheral processor I/O buffer provides four transmit message buffers and four receive message buffers for each of the 16 possible data links.
Normally, peripheral processor software writes a message into a transmit message buffer of PP I/O buffer 60 and 60' associated with a data link and then issues a transmit command to data link processor and control 80 and 80'. The data link processor and control 80 and 80' responds by taking the message out of the transmit message buffer, formatting the data so that it can be transmitted over a T1 carrier and then transmits the message to the distant end of the data link through the appropriate DCU and digital span.
When a message is received, the data link processor and control 80 and 80' reformats the received data and places the mesage into an appropriate receive message buffer in the PP I/O buffer 60 and 60'. Data link processor and control 80 and 80' then causes an interrupt, alerting peripheral processor 70 and 70' to the fact that a message has been received. The RDLC will queue up to three received messages for each data link. It should be noted that under normal conditions the RDLC functions in a duplex configuration, that is, it matches all outgoing signals performed in the DCUs. With this arrangement there is one RDLC circuit for each of the two copies of the DCUs.
The nature of a T1 data and its format is shown in FIG. 2. Normally, each T1 span transmits and receives voice samples organized together into a frame. Each frame includes 24 voice samples with each voice sample associated with one channel of voice (or data). The channels are numbered 0-23. Normally, the RDLC will insert its data bytes in channel 0. The S bit carries a periodic pattern which, when detected, is used to identify the beginning of each frame of data.
Turning to FIG. 3, the complete data format for one message is shown. The data format is byte oriented with one 8-bit byte being tranmitted during each T1 data frame for each data link. When the link is idle and not transmitting the transmitter sends idle patterns consisting of all ones. The beginning of a message is indicated by sending a control byte containing one or more zeros which may contain information conveying the sequence number of messages transmitted or received and/or acknowledgments between the RDLCs. As can be seen in FIG. 3 only six control bits are used (XC, XB, XA, RC, RB, RA) in the control byte. The first data bit to be transmitted is inserted in the bit 1 position of the control byte. The control byte further includes an odd parity bit in bit position 0. The next nine bytes contain the remaining 63 bits of data, each byte containing seven bits of data plus an odd parity bit. The final message byte contains seven vertical parity bits plus an odd parity bit for the vertical parity byte. Each vertical parity bit provides even parity for ten of the preceding bits, i.e. P1 for bit 1 in each of the preceding ten bytes, P2 for bit 2, P3 for bit 3, etc. The next byte will contain idle pattern.
It should be noted that the idle pattern is unique in that it has even parity. This makes it easy for the receiver to synchronize with the incoming data stream and greatly reduces the chance that a receiver would accept an incorrect message because of improper synchronization.
Turning now to FIG. 4, a block diagram of the Data Link Processor and control 80, 80' of RDLC 100 is shown. The link processor complex 81 includes an Intel 8085A microprocessor together with associated read only memory (ROM), address and data latches and timing and control circuitry. The processor under control of the program in ROM simply controls the operation of the RDLC. Main memory 82 is a 256�8 bipolar random access memory (RAM) arranged for shared access by the link processor complex 81, the peripheral processor (PP) and the address sequencer 84. The link processor complex 81 uses main memory 82 as its primary read/write memory. The PP uses it for a status and control function.
Both the PP and the address sequencer 84 do a prefetch of a 2-bit page address from the main memory 82 prior to accessing the I/O buffers 60. This page address is used to identify which of the four buffers associated with a single data link will actually be accessed during the I/O buffer access.
Buffer access multiplexers 61 are a set of multiplexers and tri-state drivers which allow the RDLC hardware to share access to the I/O buffers 60 with software access from the PP. The I/O buffers 60 are a 1K random access memory (RAM) containing the four transmit and the four receive message buffers for each of the 16 data links.
Intermediate data is stored in scratch pad memory 83 with which is addressed by counters in address sequencer 84. Address sequencer 84 also provides control hardware sequencing to the rest of the RDLC. Bit and byte control counters 85 determine which bit of which byte is actually being processed at any given instant by the transmit formatter and receive reformatter.
The transmit formatter comprises elements 91 through 95 and is the circuitry that takes the 8-bit bytes from the I/O buffer 60 transmit buffers and converts them to the 7-bit plus parity format that is transmitted. The receive reformatter elements 101 through 105 is the circuitry that takes the incoming data and converts it back into the 8-bit bytes placed into the receive buffers of I/O buffer 60.
The timing circuit 86 is a read only memory driven, finite state machine arranged to generate periodic signals used for timing and synchronization within the RDLC.
Turning now to FIG. 5, the overall timing that repeats for every frame is shown. As can be seen the frame is divided into three intervals. Interval A, interval B and interval C. During interval A, the RDLC devotes all resources to the task of transferring data to and from the DCUs. Data for all 16 data links is exchanged during this 5.184 microsecond interval. No processing of data occurs during this time, however the peripheral processor may access the I/O buffer 60 or the main memory 82 for status information. During interval B, the RDLC devotes its time to processing data; handling link 0, then link 1 and so on for all 16 links. Within each frame, each link handles one transmit and one receive data byte. The RDLC takes 6.48 microseconds to process both transmit and receive data for one link, requiring about 104 microseconds for all 16 links. During interval C, the RDLC reformatters do nothing except wait for the beginning of the next frame. This waiting period lasts approximately 16 microseconds. Therefore, the entire RDLC channel within each frame lasts approximately 125 microseconds.
Turning to FIG. 6 and FIG. 4, a closer look at the timing during interval A is shown. During interval D, data is valid from the even DCU and is transferred to the even DCU input buffer (DCUIB) 202. Simultaneously, a read access to the scratch pad memory 83 extracts the next output byte which is transferred to the even DCU output buffer (DCUOB) 200. During interval E, a received input byte from the even DCU input buffer DCUIB 202 is transferred to the scratch pad memory 83 for the appropriate data link. Simultaneously, the odd DCU will extract data from a DCU output buffer DCUOB 200 in preparation for transmitting it. During interval F, a transmitter output byte is transferred from the scratch pad memory 83 to the odd DCU output buffer DCUOB 200. Simultaneously, data is transfered from the odd DCU into the associated odd DCU input buffer DCUIB 203. During interval G, the even DCU takes data from its associated DCU output buffer DCUOB 200 in preparation for transmitting it. Simultaneously, a receive input byte from the odd DCU input buffer DCUIB 203 is transferred into the scratch pad memory 83.
Much of the activity on the RDLC takes place during the reformatting interval (Interval B). This interval is divided into 16 reformatting cycles. During each reformatting cycle, one byte of transmit data and one byte of received data is reformatted for one data link. During the 16 cycles data for each of the 16 data links is processed one data link per cycle. Therefore, the RDLC processes one transmit and one receive message byte per reformatting cycle for one data link. It stores any intermediate results in the scratch pad memory 83 and then proceeds to serve the next data link. Fetching intermediate results from the scratch pad memory, processing the data, and storing the next intermediate results and so on until the RDLC has served all 16 data links. The scratch pad memory 83 therefore provides storage for the transient state information (intermediate results) that is necessary to keep track of what each of the individual data links is doing. This information is updated once every frame or 125 microseconds.
With renewed reference to FIG. 4, a general operating explanation will be given for the transmit formatter. Transmit data from the PP is processed in the following manner. A message byte from the PP is loaded into the I/O buffer 60 and transferred into the transmit read buffer (XRB) 91 over I/O buffer bus 62 where it is available for further processing. The XRB provides an asynchronous interface between I/O buffer 60 and the transmit parallel to serial converter (XP2SC) 92. The XRB 91 ensures that data is always immediately available to the XP2SC 92 without any contention with PP accesses. The XRB 91 may be thought of as providing a look ahead or data prefetch for the XP2SC 92. Data left over from a previous reformatting cycle is loaded into XP2SC 92 from the scratch pad memory 83.
A byte of data is transferred into XP2SC 92 from XRB 91 when XP2SC 92 is empty. Simultaneously, the transmit bit counter in the bit and byte control counters 85 is reset to 0. Each time a bit is shifted out of the XP2SC 92, the transmit bit counter is incremented. When the transmit bit counter counts up to eight, it indicates that XP2SC 92 is empty and the above explained process repeats itself.
Data shifted out of XP2SC 92 is transferred to the transmit serial to parallel converter (XS2PC) 93 and horizontal and vertical parity is generated for them by HPG 94 and VPG 95 respectively. When seven data bits have been accumulated in the XS2PC 93 the contents of the HPG 94 is appended to the seven data bits to form an 8-bit byte which is transferred to the scratch pad memory 83 over scratch pad bus 87. During channel 0 of the appropriate frame the data byte in the scratch pad memory 83 is written into the appropriate DCUOB 200, 201 and passed to the DCU and subsequently transmitted over the T1 carrier.
Turning now to FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 a detailed schematic of the transmit formatter of the present invention is shown. The transmit formatter transmit receiver buffer (XRB) 91 is implemented by an octal three state data latch and a data transceiver (TX/RX) 94 implemented by an octal three state transceiver. XRB 91 has its inputs connected to the I/O buffer 60 via the I/O data buffer bus 62 (FIG. 4) and bus lines IODB0 through IODB7. It should be noted that the bus lines to XRB 91 from the I/O data buffer 60 are unidirectional signals to XRB 91. Data transceiver 94 has its inputs connected to the scratch pad memory 83 via a scratch pad bus 87 (FIG. 4) comprised of bidirectional scratch pad bus lines SPB0 through SPB7.
The outputs of XRB 91 and TX/RX 94 are applied to the inputs of a transmit parallel to serial converter (XP2SC) 92 which receives the data byte to be transmitted via its D0-D7 inputs and outputs the data through its Q0 output to the transmit serial to parallel converter (XS2PC) 93 and the vertical parity generator (VPG) 95. The XS2PC 93 and VPG 95 are each implemented by an 8-bit universal shift register.
The serial output of XP2SC 92 is further applied through gate 194 and driver 195 to a horizontal parity generator (HPG) 96 which is implemented by a D-type flip-flop. The outputs D0-D6 of XS2PC 93, D0-D7 of VPG 95, and Q of HPG 96 are reapplied back to the scratch pad bus 87 via bidirectional transmit scratch pad bus lines XSPB0 through XSPB7.
With reference to FIGS. 7 and 8 and also to FIG. 9 a detailed explanation of the operation of the transmit formatter of the present invention will be given. At the beginning of each formatting cycle one message byte is read from the I/O buffer 60 and transferred over the I/O data bus lines IODB0-IODB7 to XRB 91. Control signals XRB GATE and XMT/RCV are applied to XRB 91 from the RDLC timing circuitry. XRB 91 is enabled by a logic low XMT/RCV signal with the data clocked into XRB 91 by the XRB GATE input. It should be noted that the XRB GATE signal has a string of three pulses. It is the third pulse which latches the actual data. The data in XRB 91 remains stable until the next sequence of XRB GATE pulses.
Data is then read from the scratch pad memory 83 via scratch pad bus leads SPB0 through SPB7 to XP2SC 92 via TX/RX 94. Control leads HWT/RD and -XP2SCOE0 control transceiver 94 and are developed within other portions of the RDLC circuitry. Input HWT/RD provides directional control for data to or from the scratch pad memory 83. A logic low applied by this lead allows data to be read out of the scratch pad memory and a logic high allows data to be written into the scratch pad memory. A logic high -XP2SCOE0 enables transceiver 94. Data is transferred from the scratch pad memory 83 through transceiver 94 to inputs D0-D7 of XP2SC 92 when HWT/RD and -XP2SCOE0 are low and high respectively.
Data read into XP2SC 92 normally consists of one or more bits of data left over from a previous formatting cycle. A partial vertical parity check sum is also read from the scratch pad memory 83 and transferred into the D0-D7 inputs of VPG 95 via bus lines SPB0-SPB7 and XSPB0-XSPB7.
Prior to beginning the formatting cycle, HPG 96 is cleared via a -CLRXHPG signal. Data presented on the D0-D7 inputs of the XP2SC 92 is loaded into XP2SC 92 when control signals XP2SCW0 and XP2SCS1 are "0" and "1" respectively. It should be noted that the XP2SCSW0 signal provides three loads in a row. It is the third load which actually loads the data which is used during the reformatting operation. Data from the preceding loads is simply overwritten.
When control signals XP2SCSW0 and XP2SCS1 are both logic 1 XP2SC 92 will shift its data contents on each clock pulse of POSTCLK 7. Seven bits of data are then clocked out of the Q0 output of XP2SC 92. This data is applied to the SRSI input of XS2PC 93 via driver 192, the SRSI input of VPG 95 via OR gate 93 and the D input of HPG 96 via gates 194, 195 and 97. When control signal -XWT/RCV is a logic high the data presented to the SRSI input is loaded into XS2PC 93. Serial data presented to the SRSI input of VPG 95 is loaded when control signals XVPGS0 and XVPGS1 are logic "1" and "0" respectively. As each data bit is applied to gate 93 it is exclusive-ORed with the corresponding bit position in the vertical parity check sum in VPG 95. Each data bit applied to OR gate 97 is also exclusive-ORed with the horizontal parity being calculated in HPG 96.
In most cases XP2SC 92 does not contain a full set of seven valid data bits. In these cases, after the valid data bits have been shifted out of XP2SC 92 the contents of the XRB 91 will be transferred to XP2SC 92 and shifting will continue until a total of seven data bits have been transferred to XS2PC 93. When seven data bits have been shifted into XS2PC 93, the contents of XS2PC 93, VPG 95 and HPG 96 are transferred to scratch pad memory 83 via bus lines XSPB0-XSPB7 and SPB0-SPB7. It should be noted that the horizontal parity bit is appended to the least significant bit position of the XS2PC data byte via gate 196 and bus line XSPB0. Data is transferred out of the XS2PC 93 via lines D0-D6 when input signals -XS2PCOE0 and a -HWT/RD are low and high respectively. Data out of the VPG 95 is transferred out via lines D0-D7 when control signals -XVPGOE0 and -HWT/RD are low and high respectively.
Data bits left over in XP2SC 92 are transferred to the scratch pad memory 83 through transceiver 94 and the scratch pad bus lines SPB0-SPB7. The XP2SC 92 transfers its data when control inputs -XP2SCOE0 and -HWT/RD are low and high respectively.
In this manner one byte of data is prepared for transmission. This process repeats 16 times, once for each data link, until 16 bytes of data ready for transmission are stored in scratch pad memory 83. This process requires just under 104 microseconds. Every 125 microseconds the bytes of data ready for transmission are read out of the scratch pad memory 83 and transferred to the associated digital control unit output buffer DCUOB 200, 201.
Although the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated, and that form described in detail, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention or from the scope of the appended claims.
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|Communications link for computers
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|Gen Electric
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|Ncr Corporation
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 29, 1985
|Apr 21, 1987
|Zenith Electronics Corporation
|Error protection method for packeted data
|Nov 18, 1985
|Oct 13, 1987
|Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc.
|Synchronous/asynchronous modem
|Dec 19, 1994
|Feb 11, 1997
|Nec Corporation
|Start-stop synchronous communicating method capable of correcting improper synchronization and system using the same
|Jun 6, 2006
|Dec 27, 2011
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Robustness improvement for bandwidth limited communication system
|Sep 23, 2011
|Oct 7, 2014
|Intellectual Ventures Fund 83 Llc
|Robustness improvement for bandwidth communication system
|Jun 6, 2006
|Sep 21, 2006
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|Robustness improvement for bandwidth limited communication system
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 22, 1984
Owner name: GTE AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC INCORPORATED, NORTHLAKE, IL
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:PERRY, THOMAS J.;KHERA, MUHAMMAD I.;REEL/FRAME:004211/0945
Effective date: 19831212
|Feb 28, 1989
Owner name: AG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CORPORATION, 2500 W. UTOP
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:GTE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:005060/0501
Effective date: 19881228
|Oct 10, 1989
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 7, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Feb 14, 1998
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 7, 1998
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Aug 18, 1998
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19980610