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Product Reference: 39053
Premium slim, lightweight genuine leather pouch
The Galaxy S4 Crumena View case is a genuine leather pouch designed specifically for the S4. The genuine leather exterior helps prevent against most external impact whilst the soft inner lining prevents the beautiful screen of the S4 from scratching. Pretty impressive considering how slim and wonderfully crafted the pouch is.
Automatic Sleep/Wake Function
The Crumena View features a responsive sleep/wake function when the device is inserted and retracted from the pouch. This result in easy everyday use so you don't have to worry about locking it before inserting into the pouch. It also means that once your device is in sleep mode and secure in the pouch you can view all the essential information through the viewing portal.
Form-fitted design
Spigen SGP pride themselves on tailoring their cases to fit specific devices. There is no exception with this fine leather pouch that both holds the device securely and makes getting your phone out smooth.

subset: commoncrawl


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Get an overview of this hotel3-star Cape Town guesthouse in City Bowl, near Greenmarket Square
Popular property highlights
Located in City Bowl, this guesthouse is within a 15-minute walk of Africa Centre, Greenmarket Square, and Cape Town International Convention Centre. Castle of Good Hope and Two Oceans Aquarium are also within 1 mi (2 km).
Property Features
This smoke-free guesthouse features a rooftop terrace, self parking, and dry cleaning. WiFi in public areas is free. Other amenities include laundry facilities, a computer station, and a front-desk safe.
Room Amenities
All 9 rooms offer WiFi, minibars, and TVs with satellite channels. Guests will also find coffee makers, hair dryers, and laptop-compatible safes.
Guest Highlights
- Good location
- Breakfast
- Helpful staff
The Charles Guest House
Guest House Amenities
Guest House Amenities
Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast. A computer station is located on site and wireless Internet access is complimentary. For a surcharge, a roundtrip airport shuttle (available 24 hours) is offered to guests. This Cape Town guesthouse also offers a rooftop terrace, laundry facilities, and dry cleaning/laundry services. Onsite parking is available (surcharge).
The Charles Guest House is a smoke-free property.
- Free breakfast
- Free WiFi
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Total number of rooms - 9
- Number of floors - 2
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Computer station
- Laundry facilities
- Rooftop terrace
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free parking nearby
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Smoke-free property
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
Available in all rooms: WiFi (surcharge)
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Self parking (surcharge), Free parking nearby
Room Amenities
- Minibar
- Coffee/tea maker
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Hair dryer
- Bathtub or shower
- Satellite TV service
- Television
- In-room safe (laptop compatible)
- WiFi (surcharge)
Where to Eat
A complimentary breakfast is offered.
Nearby Things to Do
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Kayaking nearby
- Mountain biking nearby
- Scooter/moped rentals nearby
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Ecotours nearby
- Boat tours nearby
Guest House Policies
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-in time ends at 8 PM
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children 8 and younger are not allowed at this property. All guests older than 8 are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are not available.
- Cribs (infant beds) are not available.
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Minimum Spring Break check-in age is 18 years old.
No rollaway/extra beds available
No cribs (infant beds) available
No elevators
- Deposit: ZAR 300 per stay
Optional extras
- Airport shuttle fee: ZAR 395 per room (one way)
- Self parking fee: ZAR 80 per night
- A late check-out fee will be charged
Guest house Name
- Charles Cape Town
- Charles Guest House Cape Town
- Charles Guest House
We should mention
This property offers transfers from the airport (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details 72 hours prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. Children 8 years old and younger are not permitted at this property.


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That was the only thing on my mind when we first started planning our trip to NYC, to make sure I squeezed in a meal at one of the seven restaurants. Never mind the must see tourist spots, the musicals or a trip up the Empire State building, I was adamant that we secure a booking before anything.
However to pick one out of seven was no easy task. We quickly striked out Masa, where there's one menu option for $450 before drinks and tips. We striked out Le Bernadin because I wasn't the biggest fan of seafood. Down to 5. I looked to the New York Times and the world top 50 guide for more tips. Now we were down to two; Eleven Madison Park and Per Se. Both restaurants were in the world's top 10 list but with Per Se menu being a $100 more expensive than Eleven Madison Park, so Eleven Madison Park it was.
"Black truffle and parmesan; savory black and white cookie"
The combination of truffle and cheese is not new but to eat it in the form of a cookie, that was new and it tasted good (although I failed to remember when I ever started a meal with a cookie). Doing a little research, the original black and white cookie is actually a NYC classic snack, a lemon shortbread with a mix of vanilla and dark chocolate fondant.
A brilliant dish that made use of one of my favourite items; sea urchin.
This was a rather refreshing dish but apart from that, rather average according to the table.
The palate cleanser met with disapproval, the tea lending a rather odd flavour to what was a cleansing cucumber granita.
With four dishes down, we were thinking, come on, surely 3 michelin stars actually mean something. Then came this, although only a bite's worth, this got us sitting up because it was that good.
A creamy custard that had pieces of what tasted like smoked sturgeon at the bottom. At this stage, while we loved what we had so far, we were waiting to be wowed, like you would expect in a top restaurant.
No sooner than what we wished for, we were presented a glass cloche, filled with smoke. We were told to wait patiently for 10 minutes before our next dish would reveal itself.
The smoked sturgeon was unlike any of the smoked fish I had (thinking smoked salmon and maybe herring). It was meaty and wasn't overpowering from all the smoke.
Along came pickled cucumbers, a salad with bagel crumbs and caviar on cream cheese. Just in case you were thinking that we got a whole tin, it was half and half, half caviar and half cream cheese.
This dish though clever in trying to evoke the days of how NYC used to eat bagels, smoked fish and caviar, was a little all over the place. We were a little confused as to whether to combine everything together and eat it in one salad or eat everything on its own. In the end, I say eat the smoked sturgeon with the salad and enjoy the caviar on its own. Decadent to say the least.
The first of the dishes that we were allowed to choose. Out of the four, I remembered foie and langoustine. I almost wanted to order the langoustine to get some variety on the table but in the end, the call for foie was too strong.
While it didn't come in the purest of form (i.e. a simple pan fried slice), the torchon was filled with sweet maple syrup and complimented by dried nuts and mushroom. The ladies thought it was too rich but nothing is too rich for me.
While most places would have served bread before meals, it is apparently a trend to be serving bread, post your appetisers. The warm bread was complimented by glorious butter in two forms; cows milk and goats milk. Surprisingly, unlike the pungent goats cheese, the goats butter was mild and silky smooth. Needless to say, alot of the butter was stuffed into the bun.
A surprise to many but reading too much about the restaurant beforehand meant I knew what was coming up next.
A chef comes out holding a steamed carrot with the leaves intact and proceeds to put it through the meat grinder.
I remember vaguely that this was a tribute to how steak plays a big part of NYC but using vegetables as a platform. This was as delicious eating as it was assembling it together.
It may look like baby food but trust me, if baby food was this good, I would eat it on a daily basis.
The second of the four dishes. The ladies picked the obvious lobster, but with all good produce, minimum cooking is required so while it was good, it was shadowed by the playfulness of the previous dish.
I refused to go down the same path and asked for recommendations. The humble potato may I suggest, our waiter said. Well I think I struck jackpot. Only a genius of some sort could make potato taste so complex.
The third course of our choice included an option to have duck for the whole table. We did just that after hearing all about it. Displayed with bright lavender stuffed in its cavity with its glossy skin. As sudden as it appeared, it disappeared back into the kitchen.
The first half was the duck's heart (if I am not mistaken). I would be kidding myself if I told you I wasn't more interested at the meat.
A sliver of the duck breast was served and ohh and aah were heard around the table. Juicy and flavoursome, this was brilliant. Except, we all wondered after the meal, where did the rest of the meat go!?
The Cheese course was next and involved a little DIY. Matter of fact, the waiter hurriedly drop the picnic basket on our table and commented, enjoy (or something to that effect).
It was a nice way to engage the guests, I mean it wasn't much work opening a refreshing bottle of cider to serve between yourselves and toasting to good cheese, pretzel and what a wonderful night this was for all of us. However as a cheese amateur, I can't report anything else about it except we finished it all.
Served table side, we were given a little history about the sparkling water that was used to make the drink. It went something a little like, first formularised almost a hundred years ago by Mr So and So, we still get our supply of sparkling from them.
I wouldn't say this was as a palate cleanser which usually should have an acidic tinge to it but this was a good intermission.
The last of our choices. The Wife is quite nuts when it comes to Pistachios so it was. Going with the green theme, there were about half a dozen of different elements showcasing the humble nut.
I didn't really get the lavender sorbet, a little over powering. Being old fashioned when it comes to desserts, I expect more than chocolate cake crumbles but thats just me.
When it comes to Cheesecake, people think about New York, why else would there be a variety called the New York Cheesecake?
I won't go into detail (it's getting a little hazy in the mind) but it was good.
The result of a magic trick; an espresso flavoured chocolate.
Walk down any street of NYC and you will see vans serving pretzels. This version was good, coated generously with chocolate. As a big eater, I was stuffed.
I think I have praised the place, the meal, the chefs enough. It wasn't just a dinner, it was an experience. An experience I don't think I can forget, unless someone wants to buy me dinner in another restaurant of this calibre.
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text: "I don't know how they get financed." Joan can be cruel, but I am kind of agreeing with her on this one. Jennifer has always struck me as being rather one-note in terms of performances. And so much of her fame comes from being the scorned ex of Brad Pitt. But lately, she's been catching hell. First Joan Collins trashes her looks, and Joan Rivers hates her movies. Note to Jen: Stay away from women named Joan . Discuss.


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ORANGE CITY, Iowa -- Cattle producers and agribusiness staff are invited to workshops featuring the newly updated version of the Feedlot Monitoring Program software. The workshops will be Tuesday, June 10, at the Sioux County Extension and Outreach office in Orange City. ISU Extension and Outreach beef program specialist Beth Doran said the workshops will help both experienced users as well as those who've never used it to learn more about the software.
"The new program allows individual animal monitoring and projections, which are major changes from older FMP software," she said. "Other new features include the tracking of drug inventories and treatment protocols, and the incorporation of environmental records to help an operation meet current reporting requirements."
Instructors are Garland Dahlke, computer specialist for the Iowa Beef Center, and Dan Loy, director of the Iowa Beef Center. The morning session, which runs from 9 a.m. to noon, is for those with limited to no experience with the FMP. The afternoon session, from 1 to 4 p.m., is designed for people who have moderate to extensive experience with a previous version of the FMP.
"All participants will use an Iowa State computer, but may bring their own computer if they wish to purchase and install the new version and transfer their existing data files into the new version," Doran said. "However, participants in either workshop are not required to buy the software in order to attend."
Cost to attend either session is $10 per person. Because there is a limit of 15 operations per session, reservations will be taken in the order received. Those who want to attend should preregister as soon as possible. To register, contact the Sioux County Extension Office at 712-737-4230 or email Doran at email@example.com.


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I have recently finished painting up some armour I got from Daz. Quite happy seen as this is my first go, but will be adding in some misting to try and give it that worn in look. Can anyone give me some advice on making it a bit more shiny? Very matt at the moment, do you guys over your armour in a clear gloss once finished?
Untitled | Flickr - Photo Sharing!
The lid in the picture is a Rubies that I have repainted. Needs a second coat on top but otherwise reasonably happy with how it has turned out and was also thinking of putting something over to finish...
If you want a laugh, check out the other photos of me in the full Rubies before finding this wonderful forum :facepalm


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PPP Solomon Islands sojourn
25/07/2013 , 1:07 PM by Joanne Shoebridge
There's great diving and snorkelling, picture-perfect vistas and a laid back island way about the Solomon Island chain.. all of which make it attractive for stressed out Aussies looking for a different getaway. Ben Alcock says the history is fascinating too.. Spanish influences compete with place names that hark back to the war in the Pacific.. names like Guadalcanal, Florida, San Cristobal, and others that are more prosaic.. Iron Bottom Sound and Bloody Ridge. Easy to get to, and easy to take. Catch Ben Alcock's interview for more.
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NPR Reporter Refuses to Stand For Pledge, National Anthem
National Public Radio's White House correspondent has generated controversy after he wrote a blog explaining why he did not stand for the Pledge of Allegiance or the National Anthem at a recent Mitt Romney campaign event.
Reporter Ari Shapiro wrote about his feelings on the issue on NPR's website in a story titled, "Reporter's Pledge-of-Allegiance Quandry Sparks Twitter Debate on Romney Trail."
"This is always an uncomfortable moment for me," Shapiro wrote, referring to an announcement asking people to stand for the pledge and the Star Spangled Banner. "While I sat at my laptop, most of the reporters around me stood and put their hands over their hearts. This time instead of just sitting and working, I tweeted what I was feeling."
Shapiro tweeted that he was torn about what to do.
"I'm a rally observer, not a participant," he wrote. "Yet most reporters around me stand for the anthem & pledge. I'm one of the few that doesn't. Setting myself up for accusations I guess."
Shapiro said he anticipated a "flood of vitriol" – but instead received support.
"As a qualitative researcher, I aim for respectful non-participation & try to blend into the background," one supporter wrote.
"The whole concept has always struck me as a bit fascist, having to stand when demanded to affirm our allegiance," tweeted another.
Shapiro's decision drew a rebuke from the Media Research Center.
"Shapiro in my view was making an odd point as a journalist – he shouldn't say the pledge or stand for the national anthem at campaign events because it would somehow diminish his objectivity," said the MRC's Noel Sheppard in a statement online.
Sheppard said those particular moments are not political – noting that we are "just Americans instead of Democrats and Republicans."
"That's when we all stand together as one regardless of profession or ideology," he added.
Online readers strongly objected to Shapiro's position.
"I believe if you can not stand for the pledge of allegiance or put you hand over your heart for the national anthem then you indeed are unpatriotic," one reader wrote.
"He should have stood to show respect," another reader added. "He's an American first regardless of his political affiliation."
It's unclear whether Shapiro stands for the pledge or national anthem when he's not working as a journalist. NPR did not return calls seeking the answer to that question.
Todd Starnes is the author of Dispatches From Bitter America – endorsed by Sarah Palin, Mark Levin and Sean Hannity. Click here to get your copy.
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text:
Hey folks,
I rarely if ever post in the Texas forum but I'm from Houston and I'm not sure if this is even allowed on the Texas forum. A buddy of mine has just has a litter of labs. The sire is International field trial champion mediterian blue http://www.k9data.com/pedigree.asp?ID=401772 and the dam is my buddies dog who is also very impressive. I can email you her pedigree if your interested. Both parents have all the health clearences you would expect from a responsible breeding I myself am actually getting one of the puppies. The price in my opinion is very reasonable for such a pup and I would be happy to put you in contact with the owner so you can get more specific details.
Any how good luck enjoy the cold front and finish strong.


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|Focus ST The place to chat about general questions, window tinting, exterior body, interior and lighting upgrades for the MK3 2013-Current Focus ST.
|Topic Review (Newest First)
Nice write up
I personally purchased NavTool Camera interface, easy to install works great,
only thing I don't recommend $20 camera, I had bad experience, ended up with Sony rear camera XA-R800C
NavTool was super easy to install
Back up Camera
Since visibility out the back of my ST3 is a little restricted, I decided to look for a back up camera. Lots of discussion, much of it beyond my ability and too technical. Just wanted a simple to install system...that works. Finally found one and thought I'd pass along the lessons learned during the install.
Bought a camera on e-bay...lots out there in the $20 range.
Bought the back-up "system" from NAV-TV. There is a Youtube clip on their system - about 5 minutes long.
Difficulty: Not for the faint of heart, particularly for the mechanically challenged.
Time: Took about 5-6 hours, most of which was taking the vehicle apart. Could do another in about half that time.
1. Struggled just to get the plastic panel off the bottom of the center stack until I observed in one of the Youtube clips the panel was smaller than the width of the lower edge of the assembly. Took a needle nose pliers with a rag between the grips and grabbed one of the fake "vents" toward the middle gently pulling downward. Came right out. From then on to get to the 54 pin wiring harness was straight forward - except there is very little room and the clips can be difficult to unlatch since each one is different from the other. The one for the flasher/door lock was the most difficult. Did note on the back of the 8" screen it said something along the lines of "discard if dropped." I was careful as I know that thing wouldn't be cheap.
2. The 54 pin connector is not on the radio but at the back of the 8" screen. It is actually two sets of pin pieces together. Once the locking plastic cover is released you'll see what I'm talking about. Once the pins are removed from the locking mechanism, face the pins and look very closely with a light and you will see in the plastic margin next to the upper left pin the number "1." Number 18 is at the upper right, #19 below the #1 and so on. This will ensure you get the right pins connected to the module NAV-TV sends. BTW, two pins are inserted in vacant holes, three more are soldered to existing wires. Difficult at best due to all the additional wires and space. Be sure an disconnect the NAV-TV module from it's wiring harness prior to starting.
2. There is NO metal in the center stack that can be used for a ground. All very tightly spaced and all plastic. I ran the wire down the right side of the stack after removing the kick panel on the right side, drilled a hole in the metal at the bottom and grounded it there. Had to solder an extension piece of wire on the ground in order to make it reach.
3. After all the hook up were made and the nav screen and face plate reinstalled I reprogrammed the system with the programming module NAV-TV included via the OBD port as instructed and gave it a test run. IT WORKED - almost to my surprise since the install seemed complicated and the spaces very tight, leaving lots of room for error. By doing the test run then, if it didn't work I would not be looking in the wrong place, like the rear of the car.
4. NAV-TV recommends the power wire also be routed back to the camera to prevent a delay between when the car is placed in reverse and the image shows on the screen. The video wire I that came with the camera had a power wire (very narrow and small) imbedded so, except for each end, there was only one wire which contained within it, the power wire.
5. I routed the wire down the PAX side of the vehicle and did another test once the video wire made to the rear hatch. Again, all okay.
6. Removal of the trim on the rear hatch is again straight forward. Begin with the center section at the top of the window. Give it a yank and it will come right off. Same for the two side pieces. The main cover requires you remove four 7mm screws under the two closing handles. The cover to each pops right off exposing the screws.
7. There are six 10mm nuts holding the trim piece above the plate. There is double sided tape holding the ends. Work it off carefully. Route the wires, make a hole for the camera you've purchased, hook up and you are in business.
Sorry I didn't take any pictures. My camera drowned in the golf cart the day before and no amount of CPR could revive it. Haven't got a new one yet.
I've only tried to talk to the points that may be of question and those particularly difficult areas. The instructions that are included with the NAV-TV system ($500) are pretty complete and their staff is more than willing to help. I called twice prior to install just to make sure I was doing everything correctly. BTW, there is a blue wire on their wiring module - it is not used. I cut it off. Color hook ups, save for the universal black ground, are not what you might expect so pay attention and re-read the directions many times before starting, making sure you have it down pat before you begin.
Good luck if you decide to do this and ask if you have questions.
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text:
'"At the beginning of the year everybody had us ranked 25th and (worse)," Sabres co-captain Daniel Briere said. "We really believe that we don't belong there, and it's easy for us to say that, but now it's time to go out on the road and prove it on the ice. "'
Sabres take their show on the road
October 13, 2005 Submitted by
Via: Buffalo News


text:
Merlin is recognized globally not only by its customers. It also received numerous industry awards. Thanks to ProjectWizards GmbH's professional experience in all fields of project management, Merlin stands apart as the most professional tool for projects of all kinds on the Mac. Experience the power of Merlin today with our free trial version.
Brainstorm with your colleagues and capture information as a Mindmap. Whether you are using Novamind or MindManager, you can quickly and easily take the results of your brainstorming sessions and open them in Merlin as the basis for creating the initial structure of your project.
Beginning with MS Project 98 and up through MS Project 2011, Merlin understands the file formats offered for this Windows program. Merlin can read MPP, XML or MPX files and write to XML or MPX formats if necessary. This helps pave the way free of obstacles to easily collaborate with those using Microsoft Office Project on Windows.
Elements represent one of the most compelling and unique features in Merlin. Elements allow you to attach key data and information to individual activities, milestones, and projects. Take advantage of the six different types of Elements that Merlin provides to integrate into your project plans. Elements help ensure that all key data, documents, and information is readily available and optimally organized to help you retain control of your projects.
Want to learn more? The Merlin QuickStart Guide provides a simple, step-by-step overview to help you get quickly on your way with Merlin.
Download the Merlin QuickStart Guide (PDF).


text:
CHAPEL HILL, N.C. - Two University of North Carolina women's golfers were selected to the 2013 All-Atlantic Coast Conference Women's Golf team. Junior Casey Grice is a two-time honoree having been named to the team last year while junior Jackie Chang was chosen to the prestigious squad for the first time in her career.
"I am very pleased that Casey and Jackie were named to the All-ACC team," says Tar Heel head coach Jan Mann. "The ACC currently has some of the top players in the country so it was a tremendous honor for Casey, Jackie and our UNC women's golf program for the two of them to be included on the 12-person all-conference squad."
Grice, from College Station, Texas, has carded seven top-20 finishes in nine events this year. Grice was the runner-up at the Liz Murphey Fall Preview as she led Carolina to the team title. She tied for fifth at the UCF Challenge and the Darius Rucker Intercollegiate and tied for seventh at the Ruth's Chris Tar Heel Invitational in her other top-10 finishes. Grice tied for 12th at the ACC Championships, tied for 13th at the Mason Rudolph Championship and tied for 14th at the Cougar Classic. She tied for 28th at the Bryan National Collegiate and tied for 38th at the SunTrust Gator Invitational. Grice, also an All-ACC performer last year, leads the team with a 73.33 stroke average. She has scored five under-par rounds, two in the 60s, and five even par rounds. She scored her low round of the year in the second round of the UCF Challenge where she fired a 4-under-par 68.
Jackie Chang, from Scottsdale, Ariz., has carded seven top-30 finishes in nine events this year. Her top performance came at the UCF Challenge where she tied for eighth place and helped lead Carolina to the team title. She tied for ninth at the Ruth's Chris Tar Heel Invitational and tied for 14th at both the Liz Murphey Fall Preview and the Cougar Classic. Chang's other top-30 finishes came at the SunTrust Gator Invitational where she tied for 20th, the Mason Rudolph Championship where she tied for 23rd and the ACC Championships where she tied for 28th. She tied for 32nd place at both the Darius Rucker Intercollegiate and the Bryan National Collegiate. Chang is second on the team with a 74.22 stroke average. She has carded four even par rounds and three under-par rounds, including one in the 60s. Her low round was a 3-under-par 69 fired in the final round of the Cougar Classic.The two Tar Heels, Grice and Chang, were joined on the 12-person squad by Lindy Duncan, Laetitia Beck, Celine Boutier and Alejandra Cangrejo of Duke; Augusta James and Brittany Marchand of NC State, Brittany Altomare and Briana Mao of Virginia; Jessica Negron of Florida State and Leticia Ras-Anderica of Miami. Virginia's Brittany Altomare was voted the ACC Player of the Year while Duke's Boutier grabbed ACC Freshman of the Year honors. Duke's Dan Brooks was selected the ACC Coach of the Year for the 13th time in his career. The No. 11 ranked Tar Heels will play in the NCAA East Regional this Thursday through Saturday.


text:
Question: What is Australian citizenship?
Answer: The notion of citizenship can be difficult to define, partly because the word itself is widely understood to have at least two meanings. It sometimes refers to a political category; at other times it describes membership of a community. It can also be used to define a generally-accepted mode of social behaviour.
While citizenship is not mentioned in the Australian constitution, the category of citizen does exist and confers a number of privileges and obligations. Australian citizenship can be conferred by birth, adoption, descent or grant of citizenship. Citizenship is described in a number of Acts by the Australian government, most notably the Australian Citizenship Acts of 1948 and 2007.
When Australian residents become citizens they are granted the right to vote in state and federal elections, and to represent their fellow Australians by standing for election. They are also able to serve on a jury and to travel freely in and out of Australia.
Residents of Australia who are not Australian citizens are generally ineligible to vote in elections and stand for parliament. However, they are able to join the Australian defence forces, and under certain conditions can be conscripted to do so. This was the case during the Vietnam War.
Citizenship is seen as a privilege conferred on an individual by the State. New applicants to become Australian citizens by grant of citizenship must complete an application process that includes a test. The aims of this citizenship test are to ensure that applicants have an adequate understanding of Australian citizenship and a working knowledge of English.
The history of Australian citizenship reflects the nation's history of political change. Non-indigenous women could become citizens from 1902 onwards, but it was only in 1963 that Aboriginal Australians of both sexes were granted the same right.
Hi Robert,
All immigration records after 1923 are held by the National Archives of Australia (NAA). Unfortunately, only about 30% of records have been put up online, so if you cannot find your record, you will need to contact the NAA directly.
We love receiving comments, but can't always respond.
My Family arrived in Australia in December 1951 aboard the Cameronia, I was 12 years old, I Can remember having a Great time, playing with other Children on Boa...
To read the latest tweets from @immigration_mv
Follow Immigration Museum on
Hi Erica, Check out Trevor McClaughlin's book Barefoot and Pregnant?, plus his interesting blog here. You might also enjoy Perilous Voyages to the New Land...


text:
|Topic Review (Newest First)
Where I live, it's really hard to find body parts that do not have rot.
I've scoured the area for a fender (mine is dented but has no rust), inner fender and hood, and all the ones I've found have rot. All the parts on the right-front of these trucks seems to have rot from battery acid leaks/venting. Also, the coolant overflow tank on mine has a big crack in it that I did not notice until I went to clean it out. acid + water/coolant + steel = rot :-{
I think I'll leave the hood for now and focus on welding the inner fender and straightening the fender. The metal is amazingly hard to bend (lots of compound curves). I've had a terrible time trying to hammer this out, even drilling holes though the inner-layer and using a drift with a socket on the end of it on one dime-sized spot at a time!
I'm going to try heating it with a propane torch to soften it up a bit, and pour cold water on it to re-harden it when done.
|If you have access to a replacement hood go ahead and try and fix the old one. You are going to ruin the paint no matter what you do and you may not succeed using the equipment you have but you have gained experience. I would check the yards and see if you can find an original and if you do put the reinforcement piece on. Who knows the hood you find may already have had the problem fixed. Just one old mans opinion Jan
Thanks for the info. I'll check into the reinforcement part.
No MIG welder, only ARC and Oxy-Acetelene. I considered getting a cheapy at Harbor Freight, but thought better of it. Hoping I can get away with using an ARC welder to fix the crack on the side...
GM knows this is a very weak spot which is why they sold a reinforcement back in the seventies for it. They also changed the hinge design and made it come out longer to support the hood better.
Check out the dealer to see if they still have the reinforcement for sale.
As far as repairing the hood, those are a beeetch. You will need to really weld it, no propane torch for this one.
Do you have access to a MIG?
How to fix crease in hood?
The hood on my '76 Chevy truck has a slighty crease at the end of the hood hinge, causing it to stick up about a quarter of an inch above the fender.
There is a break in the metal on the side edge of the hood, and the metal on the inside that the hinge attaches to is bent inward.
The hood on this vehicle is very heavy, yet amazingly NOT rigid. There is damn little room between the outer and inner sheet metal.
I think I can figure out how to weld the break once it is straight. I am a bodyworking novice. I have a propane torch and a basic set of body hammers and the usual shop tools.
I'd appreciate your suggestions on how to straighten it and add reinforcement to prevent it bending again. Would prefer to use scrap or off-the-shelf material, since I don't have any metal fabrication tools.
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Human Resources and Security Specialists should use this tool to determine the correct investigation level for any covered position within the U.S. Federal Government.
Visit this federal site to search for our regulatory notices, proposed and final rules.
See the latest tweets on our Twitter feed, like our Facebook pages, watch our YouTube videos, and page through our Flickr photos.
On April 27th 2012 OPM helped organize the USA Science and Engineering Event at the Washington Convention Center.
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text:
In ANH when the Falcon is being pulled in the docking by of the Death Star the are two,what appear to be,troopers standing near canons.Right after the line "We're openign the magnetic feild".
Their outfits seem to different from a regular stromtrooper outfits.I can not see to clearly,maybe it is because they are filmed at such a small scale.I have tried pausing to get a clear look but can not tell.
Are these two wearing a different style of trooper armor?They seem to have different helmets and backpacks on but in "trooper white" color.I have always thought they were a crew working outside of the docking bay in enviromental suits for space walking.
Just curious


text:
|Up a level
Tamamura, R. and Nagatsuka, H. and Siar, C. H. and Katase, N. and Naito, I. and Sado, Y. and Nagai, N. (2006) Differential expression of basement membrane collagen-IV alpha l to alpha 6 chains during oral carcinogenes. Virchows Archiv, 449 (3). pp. 358-366. ISSN 0945-6317
Nakano, K. and Siar, C. H. and Nagai, N. and Naito, I. and Sado, Y. and Nagatsuka, H. and Hoh, C. and Kurada, K. and Tsujigiwa, H. and Gunduz, M. (2002) Distribution of basement membrane type IV collagen alpha chains in ameloblastoma: an immunofluorescence study. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 31 (8). pp. 494-499. ISSN 0904-2512
Nagai, N. and Nakano, K. and Sado, Y. and Naito, I. and Gunduz, M. and Tsujigiwa, H. and Nagatsuka, H. and Ninomiya, Y. and Siar, C. H. (2001) Localization of type IV membrane during collagen alpha 1 to alpha 6 chains in basement mouse molar germ development. International Journal of Developmental Biology, 45 (7). pp. 827-831. ISSN 0214-6282


text:
The problem with the Republican's right now is that they lost their identity in the Bush Era. The issues that used to help get them elected don't work anymore.
These were mostly libertarian candidates who ran as Republican's.
I think the tea Party folks are remaining relatively quiet until election day.
as for 28 above,what military experience did Bill Clinton have. I think he was a draft dodger.I question other "facts 'in that excerpt.
Gee, have any beeks been paying attention to the stock market under President Obama?...
The Fed past a third round of money printing today. I think they call it QE3. They are going to dump 40 billion a month of printed money into the stock market and the wall street people are going to be happy....
they have made the change from activist marching group, to practical working group. marching in parks has limited effect in the long run. supporting candidates, both with time and with fundraising, gets people elected.
The Federal Reserve has already been audited
If he looses it will completely change the game in 2016. After the SCOTUS ruling in favor of "Corporate Individualism" we have seen unprecedented Corporate spending on this election.
you assume that this money goes to romney? not so. this president has engaged in corporate cronyism on an unprecedented scale. there is a reason that so many wall street people donate to him. there is a reason that company presidents like Costcos, sing his praises.that said, why should corporations not participate? what the government does with regulations and tax, has impact on business. if the government is going to impact business, then business should be able to impact government. get the two out of the same rack and you can make a case for not having business pump money into elections.
I sourced his site because it was an easily available report from a ligit source
I say take all the money out of Elections... Cap them at the public funding limit.
On the Fed Audit: Afterwards; then what? I think anybody who cares already knows that our entire monetary system is fictional. We run a National Debt when we have an agency which can ,and does, create and distribute as much money as it wants, when it wants. The Debt isn't real... It is maintained because "Interest Payments" is a phrase that goes over better with the public than "Foreign Aid". The only part of the economy the Fed fails to manage well is Consumer Confidence... And I am sure one day they will get that ironed out as well.


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Hi all,
I'm new and I am interested in joining the 501st as a Boba Fett. I just getting started and I'm looking to buy armor. Bobamaker won't have any time until December and Fett's Pride isn't emailing me back. So I'm looking for other options. Any help would really be appreciated. Thanks.


text:
- Homepage
- Latvia SIG
- • What's New?
- • Introduction
- • Membership
- • Discussion Group
- • Bibliography
- • Newsletter Index
- • Donations
- Research
- • Starting Research
- • Latvian State Historical Archives
- • JewishGen Latvia Database
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- • Maps
- Estonia
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- Book Reviews
- Helpful Links
Latvia SIG
Most of these titles are fairly specialized, and may not
be available in the average public library system (New York being the
exception). Many are out of print.
These entries were obtained from a number of different sources, and most have been verified in various online library catalogs. The published version includes call number information for an arbitrary list of libraries (Brandeis University, the Library of Congress, New York Public Library, the University of California libraries, the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Library, and Yale University). The information on library holdings is not intended to be complete, but will hopefully be useful to some researchers. The published version, in Volume 2, Number1 of Latvia SIG, is available for purchase. Updates will be made to the online version as new resources become available.
If you live in an area that does not have a large
university or Judaica library, you should be able to request materials through
your public library on Interlibrary Loan. The entries in the bibliography follow
standard library cataloging format, in case the interlibrary loan librarian has
any questions. There may be a nominal fee for ILL service.
Avtsinsky, Levi
Toldot yeshivot ha-Yehudim be-Kurland mi-shenat 321 [1561] `ad 668 [1908].Vilna : [s.n.], 672, 1912 (series: Hebrew books from the Harvard College
Library ; HI 0041-0042)
Beare, Arlene
Jewish Ancestors: A Guide to Jewish Genealogy in Latvia and Estonia [2006]Read the book review
Beare, Arlene
A Guide to Jewish Genealogy in Latvia and Estonia. [2001]No 3 in series-a Guide to Jewish Genealogy published by the Jewish Genealogical society of Great Britain. Series Editor Rosemary Wenzerul.
An introduction to research in Latvia for Beginners and more advanced Researchers.
Berman, Shevach
Lo halakh ba-telem. Tel-Aviv : Y. Golan, [1995].Survivor's story of a Riga Jew
Bobe, Mendel
Perakim be-toldot Yahadut Latviyah (1651-1918),'arikhah, Y. Har-Even. Tel Aviv : Reshafim, c1965.
Bobe, Mendel
Yidin in Letland.Tel Aviv : Reshafim, 1972.
A comprehensive history of Latvian Jewry, covering the regions of Latvia (Kurland, Livonia and Latgale), history from the time of Catherine II through the Holocaust and the postwar Soviet period, and cultural and political life. Includes a large section on famous people and a bibliography. This book is a continuation ofworks on the history of Latvian Jewry that began in 1953 under the auspices of the Association of Latvian and Esthonian Jews in Israel.
Buchholtz, Anton
Geschichte der Juden in Riga bis zur begrundung der rigischen Hebraergemeinde im j. 1842.Riga: N. Kymmel, 1899.
Dribins, Leo
Ebreji Latvija.Riga, 1996
Good book in Latvian (117 pages), about historical and
contemporary Latvian Jewry, written by a professional historian. Includes
biographies of the 24 most
well-known Latvian Jews, with a summary in English. [A.F.]* Available for purchase from Aleksandrs Feigmanis.
Dvinsker bundisher brentsh 75, Arbeter Ring: 35-yoriker yubiley zshurnal: 1904-1939New York, Arbeter Ring, 1939?.
(subject: Workmen's Circle Dvinsker brentsh 75--Anniversaries, etc.)
Eliav, B. [et al.]
Yahadut Latvia, sefer zikaron. Tel-Aviv: Igud yoz'e Latvia ve-Estonia be-Yisrael, 1953.
A Yizkor book about Latvia, including chapters on the cities of Riga, Dvinsk, Libau, Bauske, Shimberg (Schönberg) , Lutsin and Windau. Includes biographies of rabbis and a list of names.
Evrei v Daugavpilse istoricheskie ocherki[redkollegiia L.M. Tsilevich (redaktor), B.Z. Volkovich, A.TS. Fishil']. Daugavpils : Daugavpilsskaia evreiskaia obshchina, 1993.
(Translation: Jews in Daugavpils: Historical Essays.)
The best book about Jews in Daugavpils (Dunaburg/Dvinsk). Included are articles by Zalman Jacub on the history of the Jewish community in this city from the end of the eighteenth century throught World War II, and on Jewish merchants, craftsmen, workers and capitalists, including the worker's movement. B. Volkovich wrote an article about the Zionist movement from 1900 to 1940; A. I. Stiman wrote about Jewish communal life between 1920 and 1940. Another article of Zalman Jacub is dedicated to the history of the Daugavpils ghetto during the Nazi occupation. The book includes a long list of factory owners and manufacturers, as well as many illustrations. [A.F.]
Ezergailis, Andrew
The Holocaust in Latvia, 1941-1944 : the missing centerWashington, DC: Historical Institute of Latvia, 1996. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC.
This is the first comprehensive work in English about the Holocaust in Latvia. It draws on a vast range of both documentary sources and survivors' depositions and testimonials. The author also benefitted from archival materials available only since the demise of the Soviet Union. The first part of the book describes the complexities of Latvian politics, especially during the post-World War I era, and attitudes toward the Jews in Latvian society. It then provides a detailed chronicle of the course of the Holocaust in Latvia, analyzing the Latvian and German bureaucracies responsible for the implementation of the extermination of the Latvian Jews, and describing the events that took place in both the cities and the provincial towns. The final chapter describes the Riga ghetto and the Latvian labor camps. Appendix material includes demographic statistics on Latvian Jewry. There is an extensive bibliography.
Feldmann, Hans
Verzeichnis lettlandischer OrtsnamenUnter besonderer Mitwirkung von H. Meyer und G.V. Pantzer Hrsg. von Hans Feldmann. Hamburg, Hofmann, 1963.
A dictionary of Latvian place names and their German
equivalents. It has both German-Latvian and Latvian-German sections. The German
names are in Fraktur
(old Gothic script), probably because this is a reprint of a 1938 edition.
Foner, Sarah Feige (Meinkin)
Mi-zikhronot yeme yalduti : o, Mar'eh ha-`ir DvinskWarsaw : Bi-defus ha-Tsefirah, 663, 1903.
The author's recollections of Dvinsk (Daugavpils) between 1862 and 1871, written in very old-fashioned Hebrew. Mentions prominent families in Dvinsk.
Flior, Yudel
Dvinsk; the rise and decline of a townTranslated from the Yiddish by Bernard Sachs. Johannesburg, Dial Press [1965].
This book, written by a 43-year resident of Dvinsk who immigrated to South Africa in 1928, is a memoir rather than a scholarly work. It does an excellent job of conveying the flavor of Jewish life in Dvinsk from the turn of the century through World War I. It gives a portrait of the daily life of the Jews, against the background of the larger social changes occurring in Russia.
Gordon, Frank, 1928-
Latvians and Jews between Germany and Russia[translated by Vaiva Pukite and Janis Straubergs]. Stockholm: Memento, c1990.
Guide to Latviaed. by Inara Astrida Punga and William J H Hough. Old Saybrook, CT: The Globe Pequot Press, c1995. Also published in the UK (Chalfont
St. Peter, Bucks, England: Bradt Publications, 1995). Series title: Bradt Guides.
One of the few tourbooks devoted entirely to Latvia.
Huttenbach, Henry R
Introduction and guide to the Riga Ghetto Archive catalogueNew York : Society of Survivors from the Riga Ghetto, Inc. and The Isaac Ziering Foundation,
Inc., 1984.
(Not readily available--OCLC lists this book in two
libraries: COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS (MA) and
SARAH LAWRENCE COLLEGE (NY), the latter is listed as ILL supplier.)
Professional catalog of documents and testimonies
collected by an organization of survivors of the Riga ghetto, mostly German Jews
transported to Latvia during
World War II. The catalog includes a list of interviewees, which includes Latvian Jews as well. [A.F.]
Iwens, Sidney
How dark the heavens : 1400 days in the grip of Nazi terrorNew York : Shengold Publishers, c1990.
This book is an account of the author's Holocaust
experiences, about half of which took place in the Dvinsk Ghetto. Following the
German invasion of Russia, the
author left his home in Lithuania, intent on enlisting in the Russian Army, but ended up fleeing to Daugavpils (Dvinsk). The book describes his arrival in Dvinsk, the
rounding up and imprisonment of the Jews, the realization that the Jews were being shot in mass graves that had been dug by forced labor, the reality of ghetto life
and labor battalions. After plans were made for the final liquidation of the Jews remaining in Daugavpils, and the author and a friend stayed in hiding until they were
able to escape to the Siauliai ghetto in Lithuania. The remainder of the book does not take place in Latvia.
The Jews in Latvia,[Editorial board: M. Bobe and others. Tel Aviv] Association of Latvian and Esthonian Jews in Israel [1971].
A good introductory book on the Jews of Latvia. Discusses
the history and characteristics of the three regions of Latvia--Livonia, Kurland
and Latgale--and the
differences in the Jewish experiences in each region. Describes the political and social situation of the Jews throughout Latvian history, as well as Latvian Jewish
cultural institutions. Profiles the major Jewish communities of Latvia, especially in the larger cities. There is also a chapter on famous Latvian Jews, which gives
mini-biographies of men famous for their accomplishments and leadership. Book includes photographs and an index (including names).
Jussmann, Max
Les bottes du Tzar[Paris] : Editions municipales, [1993]
A genealogy of the Jussmann family of Riga.
Kacel, Boris
From Hell to RedemptionBoulder : University Press of Colorado, 1998.
Survivor's tale of a Riga resident and his Holocaust experiences in seven different concentration/labor camps in Latvia and elsewhere.
Katz, Josef
One who came back : the diary of a Jewish survivortranslated from the German by Hilda Reach. New York : Herzl Press ; Bergen-Belsen Memorial Press,c1973.
The story of a Jew from Lübeck who was sent to Salsapils in 1941, and spent time on labor details in Latvia (based, at various times, in Salsapils, Riga ghetto, Kaiserwald, and Liepaja), ultimately being sent to Stutthof in 1944 along with others from Latvian camps, ending up on a death march before being liberated in 1945.
Kaufmann, Max
Die Vernichtung der Juden Lettlands : Churbn LettlandMuenchen : The Author, 1947.
In a very personal memoir dedicated to the memory of Latvian Jewry, written just after the war, the author has attempted to document the events of the Holocaust throughout Latvia. Includes a forward and afterword in English and a list of names (which are not indexed).
Levin, Dov
Baltic Jews under the Soviets, 1940-1946Jerusalem : Centre for Research and Documentation of East European Jewry, Avraham Harman Institute of
Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1994.
A collection of twenty essays previously published by the author in various journals. They discuss the situation of the Baltic Jews from the time of the Soviet occupation in 1940, through the aftermath of World War II. Two of the essays are specifically about Latvia, one about the 1940-41 period, and the other about the arrests and deportations of the Jews that occurred just prior to the German invasion. Other articles, while not specifically about Latvia, discuss issues that pertain to Latvia, including a discussion of the conflicting versions of the reponsibility for the Holocaust in the Baltics.
Levin, Dov
'Im ha-gav el ha-kir : lehimat Yehude Latviyah be-Natsim, 1941-1945Yerushalayim, Ha-Makhon le-Yahadut zemanenu, ha-Universitah ha-Ivrit,
Yerushalayim 1978.
Series title: Sidrat mehkarim be-toldot ha-hitnagdut ha-mezuyenet shel ha-Yehudim be-'et ha-sho'ah.
A study of Latvian Jewry and its participation in armed resistance against the Nazis. This includes the role of Latvian Jews in Latvian divisions of the Red Army, resistance activities in Latvia while under Nazi occupation (including ghetto resistance groups in the Riga and Dvinsk ghettoes), as well as partisan activity in Latvia. Includes a bibliography and lists of both names and places
Levinson, Isaac
The Untold storyJohannesburg : Kayor Publishing House, 1958.
Le-zekher kehilat Dvinsk, [hukhanah 'a. y. kitot 8/1-8/2 be-hadrakhat ha-morah Tamar Amarant]. Hefah : Hativat Benayim "Kiah", [1974].
A short (63 page) yizkor book for Dvinsk (Daugavpils). A collection of essays, recollections and poems about Dvinsk, past and present (1970's), covering the history and cultural institutions and Dvinsk during the Holocaust, including the Dvinsk ghetto. Contains a few photos, but no index.
Levinstein, Meir
'Al kav ha-kets[Tel Aviv] : Moreshet Bet 'edut 'al shem Mordekhai Anilevits' : Sifriyat po'alim, 735, 1975.
Raised in Kuldiga as a young child, and living in Riga in 1941, Meir Levenstein describes his experiences in the Riga ghetto, Riga work camp, Kaiserwald, deportation to Stutthoff and other camps, and his ultimate return to Riga after the war. There is also a chapter describing events in Kuldiga, and a final chapter written by Avraham Ati, about the history of the Jews in Latvia prior to the Shoah.
Mark, Mendel
Di Yidish-veltlekhe shul in LetlandNyu-York : Tsiko, [1973]
A history of Yiddish secular schools in Latvia between
the two World Wars. Covers the establishment of Yiddish schools, the Latvian
educational laws of 1919
establishing instruction in ethnic languages, school administration and organizations, Yiddish book publication and libraries, curriculum and teacher training, and
types of schools in the Yiddish secular school system. Includes a section on statistics.
Mikhel'son, Frida
I survived Rumbulitranslated from the Russian and edited by Wolf Goodman. New York : Holocaust Publications : Distributed by Schocken Books, c1979.
Muted voices : Jewish survivors of Latvia remembercollected and edited by Gertrude Schneider. New York : Philosophical Library, 1987.
The second volume of Gertrude Schneider's trilogy of
survivor stories of both Latvian Jews and Jews from other parts of Europe sent
to Latvian labor camps after
the German invasion of Latvia. Includes photos and and index of names.
Ovcinskis, L.
[Toldot ha-Yehudim be-Kurland. Yiddish.]
Di geshikhte fun di Idn in Letland[1928].
Pinkas ha-kehilot(edited by Professor Dov Levin)
Latviyah ve-Estonyah : entsiklopedyah shel ha-yishuvim ha-Yehudiyim le-min hivasdam ve-'ad le-ahar Sho'at Milhemet ha-'olam ha-sheniyah'orekh, Dov Levin, be-hishtatfut Mordekhai Naishtat,.Yerushalayim: Yad va-shem, rashut ha-zikaron la-Sho'ah vela-gevurah, 1988.
A comprehensive overview of the Jewish communities of
Latvia and Estonia. Provides an overview of the history of Jews in both
countries, as well as detailed descriptions of each
community. Includes name and place indexes for Latvia and Estonia, respectively.
The alphabetical section on comunities is arranged by modern names, but includes all alternative names in other
languages (e.g., Yiddish, Russian and/or German). Provides population
statistics, history and communal
descriptions for all locations.
Press, Bernhard
Judenmord in Lettland : 1941-19452., verand. Aufl. 1995. Berlin: Metropol-Verlag, 1995, c1992.
Series title: Reihe Dokumente, Texte, Materialien ; Bd. 4.
This appears to be a reissue of the author's Judenmord in Riga, but without the survivors' stories.
Press, Bernhard
Judenmord in Riga, 1941-1945Berlin: B. Press, 1988.
Narrative of the Jews of Riga following the German invasion. Includes a section on survivors' stories.
Regesten und Urkunden zur Geschichte der Juden in Riga und Kurland[microform], herausgegeben von der Rigaer Abteilung des Vereins zur Verbreitung
von Bildung unter den Juden in Russland ...fg. 1-3. Riga: Die Abteilung, 1911-1912.
Rigasches AdreßbuchSalt Lake City : Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1963.
This is a microfilm of the 1914 city directory for Riga.
Written in German Fraktur script, it is divided both by street name, and by
surname. (LDS Microfilm
Schneider, Gertrude
Journey into terror : story of the Riga ghettoNew York: Ark House, c1979.
Schneider, Gertrude
The Riga ghetto, 1941-1943New York, 1973.
The author's doctoral dissertation from the City
University of New York. Available through interlibrary loan, or directly from
University Microfilms. Contact
University Microfilms at UMI, 300 North Zeeb Road, PO Box 1346, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346; telephone (800) 521-0600 or (313) 761-4700. May also be
ordered through their web site at http://www.umi.com. Order number is 7322744; cost is approximately $25.00.
Sherman-Zander, Hilde
Zwischen Tag und Dunkel : Madchenjahre im GhettoFrankfurt am Main: Ullstein, 1984.
Series: Ullstein Buch ; Nr. 20386.
Story of a German girl deported from the Rhineland in
1941. She lived in the Riga ghetto until October 1944, spent part of 1944-45 in
Libau, and ended up in
Sweden in April 1945, at the age of 22.
These names accuse: Nominal list of Latvians deported to Soviet Russia in 1940-41Stockholm: 1951.
another edition, with an additional list of names:
These names accuse : nominal list of Latvians deported to Soviet Russia in 1940-41 : with supplementary list2nd ed. Stockholm: Latvian National
Foundation in cooperation with the World Federation och [sic] Free Latvians, 1982.
On June 13-14, 1941, the Soviets deported about 14,000 Latvians, mostly to Siberian labor camps, to purge the country of 'counterrevolutionary elements'. Most of these people were never heard from again. Approximately 5,000 of those deported were Jews. The first list in this book was compiled in 1942 from an inquiry conducted from relatives and friends of those deported [although it is questionable how many Jews were left in Latvia at that point to report their relatives missing]. This list, published by a Latvian emigre organization, contains 30,000 names of those who were deported, murdered or reported missing due to Soviet activity during the entire period of the Soviet occupation during World War II (1940-41). A supplemental list collected by the World Federation of Free Latvians is included in the second edition. The second list includes postwar deportations as well as earlier ones not reported in the first list. Many of the surnames are Jewish--note that the Latvian spellings are used, e.g., Feldmanis, Bergmanis.
A yizkor book for Libau (Liepaja), a copy of which is
available in the library of the JGS of Greater Washington, located in Rockville,
MD. An online translation is available.
Tseitlin, Shmuel
A richly illustrated book on the history of the Riga
Jewish community from the sixteenth century to the present, written by Zionist
activist Bubi Tseitlin. The book includes a list of
Jewish families comprising the Riga Jewish community in 1840. [A.F.]
The final volume of Gertrude Schneider's trilogy.
Survivor's stories of Latvian Jews (mostly from Riga), and Jews from other parts
of Europe who spent time in Latvian ghettos and labor
camps, including Kaiserwald, Dundaga and Salaspils. Includes photos and an index
of names.
Vesterman, Marger
Russian edition of The Jews in Riga: Fragments of the
Jewish History of Riga.
Vesterman, Marger
Mr Vesterman is one of the most knowledgeable historians
on the subject of Jewish history, and is also a very active member of LOEK
(Latvian Jewish Cultural Society). He has collected
much information on the history of Holocaust in Latvia. [F.R.]
Volkovich, B
A 16-page book devoted to the subject of rabbis and synagogues in Dvinsk since
World War I. Written by a professional historian, with many references, thebook
contains history, a complete list of synagogues and minyanim, and detailed information
on rabbis. The list of synagogues includes the name of the head of thesynagogue,
the address, year it was built, and number of members. The rabbinical information
includes name, year and place of birth, number of children, Zil'berman, David
Collection of stories of Riga ghetto survivors. Dedicated to the memory of
Zanis Lipke, a Latvian worker who saved 53 Jews during World War II. [A.F.]
Zvonov, M. A book on the Nazi terror in Latvia and the Latvian holocaust. The author singles
out the activities of Latvian Nazi collaborators in the killing of the Jews
of Riga and the provincial cities, particularly Liepaja and Aizpute. [A.F.]
Latvia SIG Home Page
JewishGen Home Page
(no publisher name, total of 36 pages, 25 in English, 2 in German, 9 in Hebrew, with a name index).
Dokumental'naia istoriia evreev Rigi Izrail': [s.n.],
(Translation: Documentary History of Riga Jews)
The Unfinished road : Jewish
survivors of Latvia look back
Collected and edited by Gertrude Schneider. New York : Praeger, 1991.
Evrei v Rige : fragmenty evreiskoi istorii na karte Rigi : kratkii
putevoditel Riga: Izd. Muzeia i dokumentatsionnogo tsentra Latviiskogo ob-va
kultury, 1992.
The Jews in Riga: Fragments of the Jewish history of Riga: a brief
guide-book with a map for a walking tour Riga: Museum and Documentation
Centre of the Latvian Society of Jewish Culture,
Ravviny v Daugavpilse (1920-1940) Daugavpils, 1996.
educational background, time of service in Dvinsk, and address of the rabbi's synagogue.[A.F.]* Available for purchase from Aleksandrs Feigmanis.
I ty eto videlNew York: Slovo-Word, 1989.
(Translation: And you saw it)
"Po evreiam - ogon'!" [Riga : s.n.], 1993.
(Translation: "To the Jews - Aim - Shoot!")
Editor: Marion Werle, Webmaster: Bruce Dumes
A yizkor book for Libau (Liepaja), a copy of which is available in the library of the JGS of Greater Washington, located in Rockville, MD. An online translation is available.
Tseitlin, Shmuel
A richly illustrated book on the history of the Riga Jewish community from the sixteenth century to the present, written by Zionist activist Bubi Tseitlin. The book includes a list of Jewish families comprising the Riga Jewish community in 1840. [A.F.]
The final volume of Gertrude Schneider's trilogy. Survivor's stories of Latvian Jews (mostly from Riga), and Jews from other parts of Europe who spent time in Latvian ghettos and labor camps, including Kaiserwald, Dundaga and Salaspils. Includes photos and an index of names.
Vesterman, Marger
Russian edition of The Jews in Riga: Fragments of the Jewish History of Riga.
Vesterman, Marger
Mr Vesterman is one of the most knowledgeable historians on the subject of Jewish history, and is also a very active member of LOEK (Latvian Jewish Cultural Society). He has collected much information on the history of Holocaust in Latvia. [F.R.]
Volkovich, B
A 16-page book devoted to the subject of rabbis and synagogues in Dvinsk since
World War I. Written by a professional historian, with many references, thebook
contains history, a complete list of synagogues and minyanim, and detailed information
on rabbis. The list of synagogues includes the name of the head of thesynagogue,
the address, year it was built, and number of members. The rabbinical information
includes name, year and place of birth, number of children,
Zil'berman, David
Collection of stories of Riga ghetto survivors. Dedicated to the memory of Zanis Lipke, a Latvian worker who saved 53 Jews during World War II. [A.F.]
Zvonov, M.
A book on the Nazi terror in Latvia and the Latvian holocaust. The author singles out the activities of Latvian Nazi collaborators in the killing of the Jews of Riga and the provincial cities, particularly Liepaja and Aizpute. [A.F.]
Latvia SIG Home Page
JewishGen Home Page


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DHCP server override on 4402 WLC
- Bronze, 100 points or more
I have successfully implemented wireless guest access using 4402 WLC as the Anchor and 5508 as Foreign. The Anchor controller also provides dhcp services to guest clients. The 5508 is LAGged and there is no issue with the guests traffic separated from corporate. At a remote site, there is a 4402 WLC using LAG and also acting as a Foreign controller. But when a client connects to the guest WLAN, it obtains a corporate dhcp address instead of the dhcp address assigned from the Anchor controller. The guest WLAN setting is the same as with the 5508 controller i.e. DHCP server override is ticked and the management IP address of the Anchor controller is specfied. Also DHCP Addr required is ticked. Could anyone explain why the 4400 controller is not forwarding dhcp requests to the anchor controller and instead sending to the corporate dhcp server.
it doesn't seem that the client is getting anchored. there is a mobile announce, which will happen when a client joins, and the WLC checks it's peers to see if there is already an entry.
What I do see on the Foreign is: DHCP successfully bridged packet to DS.
I don't see any of the other messages that would indicate the WLC is trying to anchor the client at all.
Can you post the output of:
show wlan < wlan ID > - from both the Anchor and the Foreign that are not working?
show mobility summary - from both the Anchor and the Foreign that are not working?


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We've seen various fansites about Fiesta, Project Powder and other games that are published by Outspark, not?.
Different websites, but they are all pretty much the same (in a way).
Most of them did a great job and look fantastic, but OutsparkClub.com is something new!
Ever wanted a "MySpace" or even "YouTube" for the gamers at Outspark only? There is!
At OutsparkClub you can create your own Outspark Gamer Profile, create groups for your guilds/crew, upload and share your music and videos, create blogs and so much more!
Stay in touch with your friends even when you're NOT in the game! How many of you have seen players lose contact with their gaming friends once they log out?
A summary of the key features
- Create and customize your own personal Outspark profile
- Stay in touch with your friends by adding them
- Comment other people's profiles, gain new friends!
- Write blogs (people can comment them as well)
- Create your own Album by uploading your favorite pictures or screenshots
- Create polls on the homepage where people can vote
- Upload your favorite music for your profile (coming begin September)
- Upload your game videos, let people rate and comment them (coming mid/late-September)
- Create and participate in user-generated quizzes and events
All you have to do is Sign up NOW at www.outsparkclub.com
We will be adding more and more features, depending on what the community requests on our forums.
Don't be a fool, be cool and join!


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Laws, Regulations & Annotations
Business Taxes Law Guide – Revision 2011
Hazardous Waste Fee Health and Safety Code
Article 9.4. Banned, Unregistered, or Outdated Agricultural Wastes
Section 25207.2
25207.2. County collection program. (a) A county may develop and establish a collection program for the collection of banned, unregistered, or outdated agricultural waste, which shall be implemented and operated pursuant to this article. In implementing this collection program, the county may consult with the department, the Department of Pesticide Regulation, the Department of the California Highway Patrol, licensed agricultural pest control operators, agricultural pest control advisers, and the University of California.
(b) A county may implement a collection program with the assistance of the county agricultural commissioner.
(c) If a county implements a collection program pursuant to this article, the program shall include the education of eligible participants on the procedures for the disposal of banned, unregistered, or outdated agricultural wastes, and on problems concerning liability with regard to that disposal.


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Phoenix Nordic Skiers Compete at Tour de Twin Cities Races
By: Ryan Hartwig (@RyanHartwig)
MINNEAPOLIS (GreenBayPhoenix.com) - The Green Bay men's and women's Nordic skiing teams participated at the Tour de Twin Cities SuperTour races in Minneapolis over the weekend, with the men competing in the 10K freestyle and 20K classic events and the women racing the 5K freestyle and 15K classic events.
Sophomore Kailey Mucha (Soldotna, Alaska) paced the Phoenix with a strong finish in Sunday's 15K classic, racing to a 15th-place finish overall with a time of 49:18.9. It was the sixth-fastest time among collegiate racers. Also turning in a solid finish in the 15K classic was sophomore Hanne Guthrie (Chanhassen, Minn.), who placed 24th in the college class with a time of 52:57.9.
Mucha and Guthrie also led the Green Bay women in Saturday's 5K freestyle, as Mucha was 30th overall and 13th among college racers with a time of 13:26.6, while Guthrie was close behind in 13:43.6 (42nd overall, 21st college).
Sophomore Matt Nichols (Wausau, Wis.) was the top finisher for the Green Bay men in Saturday's 10K freestyle, placing 11th among college racers (41st overall) with a time of 22:58.3. Behind him in 24th (62nd overall) was junior Eddie Gurney (Brookfield, Wis.), who finished in 23:54.8.
It was Nichols and Gurney again leading the Phoenix in Sunday's 20K classic, with Gurney taking the team's top honors with a 21st-place finish (59th overall) in 52:52.3 and Nichols cruising to a 34th-place finish (74th overall) with a time of 54:27.4.
The Green Bay men and women return to action next weekend (Jan. 26-27) in Biwabik, Minn., at the St. Scholastica Invitational.
For the latest and most up-to-date information on Green Bay Athletics and Green Bay Nordic Skiing, please visit GreenBayPhoenix.com.
Follow us on Twitter: @GBPhoenix, @GBPhoenixSki and @RyanHartwigLike Green Bay Phoenix Athletics and Green Bay Nordic Skiing on Facebook.


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Visiting Instructor of Social Work
School of Social Work
Office Location: Alumni Hall 111
Telephone: 630-844-5426
Fax: 630-844-4923
Email Address: firstname.lastname@example.com
I received my MSW from Aurora University in 2001 and joined the School of Social Work faculty in 2009. I currently teach in the AODA (alcohol and other drug abuse) program as well as the generalist practice sequence. I have extensive clinical experience working with adults and adolescents in forensic, mental health and substance abuse treatment settings. I am currently engaged in private practice with Advanced Behavioral Health Services in Naperville IL. In addition to teaching, I have served the School of Social Work as a field instructor providing clinical supervision to MSW and addictions treatment students since 2007.
M.S.W. – Aurora University
B.S.W. – Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville
Areas of Specialization
Adolescent and Adult mental health, substance abuse and dual diagnosis treatment; Social Work field instruction; Social Work with involuntary and criminal justice clients
Courses Taught
Psychopharmacology, Generalist Social Work Practice III: Individuals and Families, Integrative Seminar in Social Work, Survey of Substance Abuse
Highlights of Campus Involvement
CEU presentations for Field Instructors, Early Academic Warning Program mentor, Substance Abuse Training Program curriculum committee
Other Interests
I am an avid golfer and bicyclist and I enjoy all outdoor recreational activities.


text: Hematite Beaded Skinny Belt Style: 570064462 Out of Stock Love it? Everyone else did too. This item sold out! Use our search tool, chat online or call 1.877.948.2525 to find something equally desirable. Never too rich or too thin, the skinny belt with black and hematite-hued beads. Man-made leather/leather lining; plastic beads. Imported. Wear at the waist. Oval hematite-finish metal buckle and keeper. 0.75" wide. Read More… Share on Facebook Tweet Pin


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I finally realized my mistake. Instead of asking for assistance, I should have said I had all the definitive knowledge on firearms finishes. Period.
All I had to do was throw brand "X" instant gun blue out and everyone would have sounded off about the best finishes on the planet, bar none.
I am slowly figuring out this site.


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University of Delaware Women Rowers Win Four Races at Bucknell Quad Meet
Related Links
Delaware rowers won the Novice Eights, Varsity Fours, and two Third Varsity Eights races and finished second in two Varsity Fours and two Varsity Eights races to highlight a successful day on the water.
The Blue Hens Novice Eights crew of coxswain Tatiana Gomez, Laura Peterson, Olivia Brady, Kristina Harmon, Kristen Reisor, Meghan Gerber, Savanah Wolfson, Lian Cancryn, and Marisa Gilliatt won Delaware's first race of the day as it posted a time of 7:54.3 to defeat Delaware's Third Varsity Eights boat of coxswain Molly Gardner, Danielle Lawler, Shannon Bell, Bethany Porter, Juli Kyritsis, Sara Afshar, Curtira Williams, Kim Lee, and Jeannie Kontos (8:11.3), and Connecticut's Novice Eights crew.
The UD Third Varsity Eights came back later to win two dual races, defeating Boston University by three seconds in one race and downing host Bucknell by 26 seconds in the other.
Delaware's Varsity Fours contingent of coxswain Hayley Diverio, Megan Kirby, Kathleen Garrity, Jenn Boone, and Danielle Weader won its dual over Connecticut by less than one second with a time of 8:19.5 while also placing second in a race to Boston University later in the day.
In Varsity Eights action, Delaware's crew of coxswain Jamie Noce, Denise Cirelli, Kat Francis, Hannah Scholes, Catherine Manner, Jenny Kohler, Calla Cissel, Annie Waskover, Lily Guttentag placed second by 12 seconds to Connecticut in its first race of the day and later was runner-up to Boston University by 19 seconds.
Delaware's fifth competitive boat - the Second Varsity Eights unit of coxswain Sarah Tenenbaum, Shannon Taylor, Corey Holloway, Kate Flood, Kristen Van Iderstine, Carly Alexander, Angela Quinn, Meredith Murphy, and Sam Noel - posted two second place finishes on the day, falling to Connecticut by four seconds and to Boston University by 22 seconds.
The Blue Hens will return to action on May 9-10 when Delaware competes at the prestigious Dad Vail Regatta on the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia.
Race 2: 1. Delaware Novice Eight – 7:54.3; 2. Delaware Third Varsity Eight – 8:11.3; 3. Connecticut Novice Eight – 8:32.0
Race 5: 1. Delaware Varsity Four – 8:19.5; 2. Connecticut Varsity Four – 8:20.0
Race 7: 1. Connecticut Second Varsity Eight – 7:47.2; 2. Delaware Second Varsity Eight – 7:51.6
Race 9: 1. Connecticut Varsity Eight – 7:07.9; 2. Delaware Varsity Eight – 7:19.6
Race 11: 1. Delaware Third Varsity Eight – 7:39.5; 2. Boston U. Third Varsity Lightweight Eight – 7:42.4
Race 13: 1. Delaware Third Varsity Eight – 7:50.0; 2. Bucknell Second Freshman Eight – 8:16.9
Race 14: 1. Boston U. Varsity Four – 8:45.6; 2. Delaware Varsity Four – 9:55.5
Race 16: 1. Boston U. Second Varsity Eight – 7:24.0; 2. Delaware Second Varsity Eight – 7:46.7
Race 18: 1. Boston U. Varsity Eight – 7:01.1; 2. Delaware Varsity Eight – 7:20.7


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"I ordered these for my daughter to give to her friends. They are adorable and the perfect size. I like that they don't have a "to:" line, so she can pass them out without having to fill in specific names first. One will make a cute keepsake for me too."
"I ordered these cards for my son for Valentine's Day to hand out with some sweet treats. The quality is outstanding! The Card is just adorable!! I let him choose the picture and design, we had a blast putting it together. The size is small, so it can't be mailed, but otherwise, perfect for its purpose!"
"I got these cards for my 2-year old son to pass out to his pre-school class and teachers and family members. They are beautifully printed on soft thick paper. I love the size, they are pretty small, but come with their own tiny envelopes! Very happy with my purchase."
"This is an adorable and different valentine card for little girls..not your run-of-the-mill card..My daughter Loves it!!"
"This is a cute card that isn't overly cute. The train is perfect for that 2-4yo train-obsessed preschooler in your home. My 3yo son took these to daycare and they were a hit, both with his picture to personalize it and the train design kids respond to--without it being yet another commercial character."
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Focus on Economic Data: U.S. Real GDP Growth, February 28, 2013
This lesson focuses on the second estimate of U.S. real gross domestic product for the fourth quarter (Q4) of 2012, as reported by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) on February 28, 2013. The current data and historical GDP data are explained. The meaning of GDP and potential impacts of changes of GDP are explored. This lesson will also raise questions about the impact of the current level of growth on the U.S. economy and individuals.
Business Cycles, Economic Growth, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Macroeconomic Indicators, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- Determine the current and historical growth of U.S. real gross domestic product.
- Identify the components of the measurement of the nation's gross domestic product.
- Assess the relationship of real GDP data, the indexes of economic indicators, and business cycles.
- Speculate about the nature and impact of current economic conditions and implications for the future.
Current Key Economic Indicatorsas of November 30, -0001
Each month, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce, releases an estimate of the level and growth of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP), the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States. GDP is measured quarterly and each quarter's data is reported over the following three months.
This lesson focuses on the BEA's second estimate of real GDP growth for the fourth quarter (Q4) of 2012 (October-December.) Understanding the level and rate of growth of the economy's output (GDP) helps to better understand growth, employment trends, the health of the business sector, and consumer well-being.
[Note to teachers: During the second semester of the 2012-2013 school year (January-May), EconEdLink will publish four Focus on Economic Data lessons on "U.S. Real GDP Growth." Real GDP data is announced three times for each fiscal quarter. For Q4 2012, the first estimate was made in January. The second estimate was made in February (THIS LESSON). The third estimate for Q4 will be made in March, 2013.
[NOTE: GDP data reports lag the reporting period - the fiscal quarter. The current estimate is the second estimate for Q4 2012. Each of the three estimates for a quarter will include more comprehensive data and may modify the growth rate reported earlier].
[NOTE: The BEA previously used the terms "advance, preliminary and final" to identify the three quarterly real GDP estimates. The terms "first, second and third" have replaced the previous announcement language.]
Each Real GDP lesson will provide the most up-to-date data and focus on some specific topics or issues related to GDP:
- January 30, 2013 (first estimate for Q4 2011): How to read the data, real vs. nominal, and how the data is collected
- February 28, 2013 (second estimate for Q4 2011): Factors influencing the change in GDP, revisions, and seasonal adjustment
- March 28, 2013 (third estimate for Q4 2011): Business cycles and indicators of future growth or decline.
- April 26, 2013 (first estimate for Q1 2012): More details of GDP U.S. regional growth and international comparison. Year-end summary - 2011.
Gross Domestic Product Second Quarter 2012: BEA third estimate of real GDP growth for Q2 2012.
Gross Domestic Product 4th Quarter 2012: BEA second estimate of real GDP growth for Q4 2012.http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/2012/pdf/gdp2q12_3rd.pdf
Measuring the Economy: A Primer on GDP and the National Income and Product Accounts: This BEA article introduces new users to the basics of U.S. national income and product accounts.
Taking the Pulse of the Economy: Measuring GDP: This article discusses the importance of measuring GDP.
Overview of the U.S. Economy: Perspective from the BEA Accounts: This page provides an overview of current economic data.
Global Business Cycle Indicators: This site produced by The Conference Board, provides business cycle indicators for 11 countries around the world.
NBER determination of the December 2007 Peak in Economic Activity: This is the NBER recession announcement made on December 1, 2008.
NBER Report September 2010: NBER determination of the trough and the end of the most recent recession in June, 2009.
"Parsing Gross Domestic Product": A Kahn Academy video.
"Components of GDP": A Kahn Academy video.
"Real GDP and Nominal GDP": A Kahn Academy video.
"Gross Domestic Product (GDP)": Council for Economic Education "Virtual Economics" video.
Key Economic Indicatorsas of February 28, 2013
On a seasonally adjusted basis, the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers was unchanged in January, as it was in December. The index for all items less food and energy rose 0.3 percent in January after rising 0.1 percent in December.
Employment and Unemployment
Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 157,000 in January, and the unemployment rate was essentially unchanged at 7.9 percent. Retail trade, construction, health care, and wholesale trade added jobs over the month.
Real GDP
Real gross domestic product -- the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States -- increased at an annual rate of 0.1 percent in the fourth quarter of 2012 (that is, from the third quarter to the fourth quarter), according to the "second" estimate released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. In the third quarter, real GDP increased 3.1 percent.
Federal Reserve
The FOMC decided to keep the target range for the federal funds rate at 0 to 1/4 percent and currently anticipates that this exceptionally low range for the federal funds rate will be appropriate at least as long as the unemployment rate remains above 6-1/2 percent, inflation between one and two years ahead is projected to be no more than a half percentage point above the Committee's 2 percent longer-run goal, and longer-term inflation expectations continue to be well anchored.
Good News! Bad News!
The good news: The second estimate of U.S. real GDP growth in the fourth quarter of 2012 was a complete reversal of the negative first estimate.
The bad news: The first estimate was a 0.1 percent decrease on real GDP and the second estimate was just a 0.1 percent increase. A reversal yes, but not much!
On February 28, 2013, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis announced the second estimate of U.S. real gross domestic product growth for the fourth quarter (October-December) of 2012.
National Income and Product Accounts
Gross Domestic Product, 4th quarter 2012 and annual 2012 (second estimate)
Released: February 28, 2013
"Real gross domestic product -- the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States -- increased at an annual rate of 0.1 percent in the fourth quarter of 2012 (that is, from the third quarter to the fourth quarter), according to the "second" estimate released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. In the third quarter, real GDP increased 3.1 percent."
[Note to Teachers and Students: Unless otherwise cited, the quoted sections of this lesson are from the BEA's February 28, 2013, "Gross Domestic Product, 4th quarter 2012 and annual 2012" announcement. www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm[
The BEA explained the change from the first to the second estimate.
"The GDP estimate released today is based on more complete source data than were available for the "advance" estimate issued last month. In the advance estimate, real GDP declined 0.1 percent. The upward revision to the percent change in real GDP is smaller than the average revision from the advance to second estimate of 0.5 percentage point. While today's release has revised the direction of change in real GDP, the general picture of the economy for the fourth quarter remains largely the same as what was presented last month."
In other words, the estimate of GDP, whether it is negative 0.1 percent or positive 0.1 percent is still not very good, and the growth of the U.S. economy seems to be weakening. The Q3 2013 final estimate of real GDP growth was 3.1 percent growth.
[Teacher Note: Ask your students: What could be the consequences of such slow GDP growth? (Possible answers: Fewer jobs and income. Less investment if producers do not anticipate profits. Fewer tax revenues for governments]
Read the entire text of the February 28, 2013, BEA announcement to learn more details about recent U.S. real GDP growth. Remember, the BEA releases the estimate for each quarter three times. This was the second estimate for Q4 2012. The first estimate for Q4 2012 was a growth rate of - 0.1 percent. This was an upward revision of the initial Q4 2013 real GDP growth rate. URL: www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/2013/gdp4q12_2nd.htm Real GDP Growth
Was the First GDP Estimate for Q4 2013 "Wrong"?
[Note to Teachers: The second estimate for Q4 2013 was slightly higher than the previous estimate made in January. Ask your students if this seems to be good news. Remind students that quarterly estimates often vary over the three reporting months. You can access past GDP announcements at ' ]
[Note to Teachers: One benchmark used to assess the "health" of the economy is the annual rate of GDP growth. The CEE lesson "Economic Misery and Presidential Elections" uses a 3.0 percent growth rate as a determinant of an adequate growth rate that influences voters to feel good or bad about the economy and the current administration. This is used along with the "misery Index," consisting of the unemployment and inflation rates. See the lesson in Focus: Understanding Economics in Civics and Government , Council for Economic Education, 2009 (Order # 0662, ISBN: 978-1-56183-662-8) Lesson 8, page 99.]
Where was the GDP growth in Q4 2012?
"The increase (change in size) in real GDP in the fourth quarter primarily reflected positive contributions from personal consumption expenditures (PCE), nonresidential fixed investment, and residential fixed investment that were partly offset by negative contributions from private inventory investment, federal government spending, exports, and state and local government spending. Imports, which are a subtraction in the calculation of GDP, decreased."
"The deceleration (slowing of the growth rate) in real GDP in the fourth quarter primarily reflected downturns in private inventory investment, in federal government spending, in exports, and in state and local government spending that were partly offset by an upturn in nonresidential fixed investment, a larger decrease in imports, and an acceleration in PCE."
Figure 1, below, shows graphically the U.S. quarterly real GDP growth rates from 1999 through Q4 2012. Note the real GDP negative growth in late 2008 and early 2009. This is the period that looks like the traditional definition of a recession. According to the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), the recession began in December, 2007, and ended in June, 2009 (www.nber.org/cycles.html
Remember, the formula to determine GDP (Y) is to add personal consumption expenditures (C), net private investment (I), government spending (G) and Net exports (X).
Read the full February 28, 2012, BEA announcement of U.S. real GDP growth at: Real GDP Growth www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm . The BEA breaks down the quarterly growth or decline by sector - personal consumption expenditures (PCE), private investment, government spending, and net exports. Recently, the BEA has highlighted the levels of inventories as factors in determining real GDP growth.
[Note to Teachers: Ask you students what sectors declined in Q4 2012. What sectors grew in Q2 2012? Any surprises?]
The BEA also breaks down the GDP data by sectors. Go to www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/2012/pdf/gdp4q11_2nd.pdf . Scroll down the announcement to the "Tables" to see recent sector and industry group GDP data.
Q4 2012 Real GDP Growth Highlights
- U.S. Real gross domestic product increased 0.1 percent in Q4.
- Real personal consumption expenditures increased 2.1 percent in Q4.
- Real non-residential private fixed investment increased 9.7 percent in Q4.
- Real residential fixed investment increased 17.5 percent.
- Real imports of goods and services decreased 4.5 percent
- Real exports of goods and services decreased 3.9 percent
- Real federal government consumption expenditures and gross investment decreased 14.8 percent.
- Real state and local government consumption expenditures and gross investment decreased 1.3 percent.
- The change in real private inventories subtracted 1.55 percentage points from the fourth-quarter change in real GDP.
[Note to Teachers: Students can also look at the detailed GDP Data by Industries to identify how well the key industries in their city or region are doing.]
What was the current-dollar GDP in Q4 2012?
"Current-dollar GDP -- the market value of the nation's output of goods and services -- increased 1.0 percent, or $40.2 billion, in the fourth quarter to a level of $15,851.2 billion. In the third quarter, current-dollar GDP increased 5.9 percent, or $225.4 billion."
[Teacher Note: You may want to explain that $15,851.2 billion is the same as $15.8512 trillion.]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the U.S. resident population at the end of 2012 was 315,090,923. (www.census.gov/popest/data/national/totals/2012/index.html ). Given those estimates, the U.S. current dollar per capita real GDP was approximately $50,307. Per capita GDP is the total GDP divided by the population.
Current dollar GDP in Q4 2013 was $15,851,200,000, and real GDP (adjusted for inflation) was $13,656,800,000. This tells us that almost $2.2 trillion of the nominal growth since 1983-85 has resulted from an increase in the price level (inflation). The rest was real or constant dollar growth.
[Note to teachers: Make sure your students are clear about the difference between the nominal (current dollar) GDP and the real (chained dollar) GDP measurements.]
[Note to Teachers: To compare the U.S. per capita GDP with the per capita GDPs of other nations, see the CIA World Factbook, www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html . Remember, a high per capita GDP doesn't necessarily mean that all people in a country have high incomes or a high standard of living. In many instances, GDP figures for a nation do not accurately reflect the well-being of all individuals in that nation. If purchasing power varies among nations, the term "purchasing power parity" (PPP) is used to reflect economic data that has been adjusted by varying national price levels.]
Annual GDP Estimate Revisions
According to the BEA annual revisions to GDP estimates are made each year in order to:
- Incorporate most complete and reliable source data.
- Provide a more detailed picture of the economy.
- Make improvements to methods used for preparing the estimates.
Figure 2, below, shows the U.S. current dollar and real GDP for the years 2000 through 2012. Note the years when the GDP adjustment was significant and when the adjustment was small (compare the difference between the growth of the nominal and real GDP numbers.
Quarterly GDP data is seasonally adjusted to remove variations that normally occur at about the same time and in about the same magnitude each year—for example, weather, holidays, and tax payment dates. After seasonal adjustment, cyclical and other short-term changes in the economy stand out more clearly. Annual data is not seasonally adjusted.
What is the BEA?
The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce, "prepares national, regional, industry, and international accounts that present essential information on such key issues as economic growth, regional economic development, inter-industry relationships, and the Nation's position in the world economy." Source: BEA Mission Statement
[Note to teachers: NIPAs (national income and product accounts) are the BEA's economic measurements that "display the value and composition of national output and the distribution of incomes generated in its production." Source: BEA Glossary ]
2012 Annual GDP Data
"Real GDP increased 2.2 percent in 2012 (that is, from the 2011 annual level to the 2012 annual level), compared with an increase of 1.8 percent in 2011."
Note; The annual GDP figure differs slightly from the figure for Q4. The annual figure is the amount of the change over the past 12 months. The quarterly (three month period) amounts or changes during that 12 month period may have differed greatly. Thus, the annual change may differ from the change reported for the end of the fourth quarter.
"The increase (dollar value) in real GDP in 2012 primarily reflected positive contributions from personal consumption expenditures (PCE), nonresidential fixed investment, exports, residential fixed investment, and private inventory investment that were partly offset by negative contributions from federal government spending and from state and local government spending. Imports, which are a subtraction in the calculation of GDP, increased."
"The acceleration (rate of change) in real GDP in 2012 primarily reflected a deceleration in imports, upturns in residential fixed investment and in private inventory investment and smaller decreases in state and local government spending and in federal government spending that were partly offset by decelerations in PCE, exports, and nonresidential fixed investment."
Be careful not to look at one quarterly increase or decrease and idnetify it as a trend. Although private investment increased just slightly in Q4, any of the four sectors may have been affected by one-time ot transient events.
"Current-dollar GDP increased 4.0 percent, or $605.8 billion, in 2012 to a level of $15,681.5 billion, compared with an increase of 4.0 percent, or $576.8 billion, in 2011."
[Note to Teachers: Ask your students how they feel about the health of the U.S economy. Is it getting better? Worse? Is such low GDP growth enough when 12 million Americans are still unemployed and many more are underemployed?]
The U.S. real GDP growth rate dropped to just 0.1 percent in Q4 2012, according to the Bureua of Economic Analysis second estimate. This was a significant slow-down from the Q3 growth rate of 3.1 pecent.
In Q3, the U.S. economy was growing at a modest – almost an average - pace. Unfortunately, this growth had not resulted in the creation of enough new jobs to reduce the unemployment rate to anywhere near a normal level. The U.S. unemployment rate remains at over 8 percent). With a slower growqth rate in Q4, the prospects for significant job creation seem negative.
It is generally clear that if unemployment is high, the economy will not be producing at its full or normal output. Since people who are not working, their labor resources are not being used effectively. What is the relationship between unemployment and output?
Okun's Law
In 1962, economist Arthur Okun theorized that there is a predictable relationship between unemployment and national output (GDP). Okun's Law correlates changes in real GDP and changes in the unemployment rate. He said that real GDP grows at about 3% per year when unemployment is normal.
For every point above 3.0 percent unemployment, the nation's GDP decreases by 2%. And, it also works in reverse – each percentage point under 3.0 results in an additional 2 percent in GDP growth. For example, if the U.S. unemployment rate is 9.0 percent, 6.0 percent over the 3.0 average, GDP is reduced by 12 percent.
Many suggest that this historic relationship between unemployment and the "GDP gap" no longer exists – at least to the degree that Professor Okun suggested. The economy grew at a greater rate in late 2009, despite an even higher unemployment rate. The new concept is the "jobless recovery," made possible by technology and greatly improved productivity.
Are we in a "new economy," one where the relationship between employment and output has changed?
Keep an eye on the employment and GDP data in the coming months.
The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) "World Factbook" ranks the nations of the by various economic measures, including gross domestic product. The largest fifteen nations by GDP are listed below (rankings as of 2012).
Note: A nation's GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates is the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States in the year noted. All figures are equated to U.S. dollars for comparison purposes.
In terms of total size of GDP, the U.S. ranks second, just behind the European Union nations' total. (Estimates are for year 2011). See the CIA "Guide to Country Comparisons " webpage.
Take a look at the economic data for the world's nations available from the CIA World Factbook. What does the data tell you about the various nations?
[Teacher Note: Have your students choose one nation. Summarize what they perceive is that nation's "standard of living," according to its per capita GDP and other measures of social welfare.]