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Great Sand Dunes
National Park and Preserve
Geologic History Great Sand Dunes National Monument is part of a geologic system that includes the San Luis Valley and the surrounding mountains. The structures created during the formation of these features now determine the characteristics of the dune field and the regional hydrology. Most of the data used to identify the structures come from gas exploration well logs and geophysical surveys.
Prior to the formation of the San Luis Valley was the Laramide Orogeny (60 to 70 million years ago), which uplifted Paleozoic (245 to 570 Ma) sedimentary rocks. In some areas, erosion completely removed the sedimentary rocks, exposing the underlying Precambrian (older than 570 Ma) metamorphic rocks, while in other areas over 6,000 feet of sedimentary rocks remained. The most extensive sedimentary formations were the Pennsylvanian-age Minturn Formation (285 to 320 Ma) and the Pennsylvanian/Permian Sangre de Cristo Formation (250 to 300 Ma). Both are mostly shale, sandstone, and conglomerate. The erosional period was followed by deposition of the Vallejo/Blanco Basin Formation during the early Tertiary Period (35 to 66 Ma). It contains massive beds of mudstone interbedded with sand and gravel and is up to 2,000 feet thick (Greis and Brister, 1989). The features of the modern San Luis Valley began to form when crustal extension initiated the Rio Grande rift, a system of down-dropped crustal blocks (grabens) that extends from Leadville, CO, to El Paso, TX. The San Juan Mountains were the first to develop. Initial rifting resulted in a volcanic field that was active from 17 to 35 million years ago (Lipman, 1975). It consists of lava and ash flows interbedded with volcaniclastic rocks. The majority are part of the Conejos Formation. Above the Conejos Formation are various ashflow Tuffs and basalt flows. These flows extended all the way across what is now the valley floor, thinning with distance eastward.
As rifting continued, crustal blocks began to shift. The blocks that rose (horsts) now comprise the Sangre de Cristo Mountains while the blocks that dropped are now the San Luis Valley. This process began 18 million years ago and continues today (Chapin, 1971). The non-uniform decline of the valley graben was more extreme on the east side, least in the center, and intermediate on the west side, defining three distinct areas known as the Baca Graben, Alamosa Horst, and Monte Vista Graben, respectively. Cross sections constructed by the Colorado Water Resources and Power Development Authority show 16,000 feet of vertical displacement between the upper Precambrian contacts of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and the Baca Graben.
The subsidence associated with the graben created a depositional basin within the San Luis Valley that is filled with unconsolidated sediments of the Santa Fe Group (Figure 3). The formations within the group are the Los Pinos, Santa Fe, and Alamosa. The Los Pinos Formation was deposited on the west side of the Valley from 4.4 to 26.8 million years ago (Lipman, 1975) and is composed of volcaniclastic sediments from the San Juan volcanic field. The Santa Fe Formation was deposited on the east side of the Valley from 1.8 to 12 million years ago (Lockman-Balk and Bruning, 1971). It is finer grained than the Los Pinos and is intertongued with it near the center of the Valley. Hanna and Harmon (1989) suggest that the upper Arkansas River Valley is the source of Santa Fe Formation sediments while B. S. Brister (personal commun., 1988) believes there were structural barriers that would have prevented sediment transport from the Arkansas to the San Luis Valley. The Alamosa Formation represents a change in deposition beginning about 5 million years ago when playa lakes developed in the northern half of the Valley (Hanna and Harmon, 1989). The change may have been caused by the Taos Plateau basalt flows which accumulated in the southern half of the Valley, 2.0 to 4.5 million years ago (Lipman and Mehnert, 1979) and blocked drainage from the north. The clay and silt lake sediments are interbedded with sand and gravel and can be up to 1,600 feet thick in the Baca Graben (Greis and Brister, 1989) but are generally less than 1,000 feet thick.
Dune Field Development
The active dune field is definitely a young geologic feature, but an absolute age has yet to be determined. U.S. Geological Survey geologists estimate that the dunes are between a couple of thousand years and 12,000 years old, and will use the optical thermoluminesence method on their dune field and sand sheet samples in an attempt to determine a more precise age. The eolian system could be much older than 12,000 years. Drill cores reveal at least 130 feet of eolian sand beneath the Valley floor.
The composition of the sand indicates that the majority of it originated in the San Juan Mountains. It was then transported to Valley floodplains by the Rio Grande and tributaries and carried by prevailing southwesterly winds to the Sangre de Cristo Mountain front. Details of sand movement into the present dune field are not completely understood, but recent studies indicate that sand sheet vegetation is a barrier to sand movement from sand sheet to dune field. The possibilities are that sand enters the dune field: 1) when the sand sheet isn't so heavily vegetated; 2) as clusters of dunes migrating across the sand sheet; 3) very gradually even when the sand sheet is vegetated; 4) a one-time "catastrophic" eolian event following formation of extensive glacial outwash; or 5) a combination of any of these possibilities.
Activity of the dunes is subject to numerous controlling factors, including aridity, sand supply, wind and its variability, topography of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, and surface flow in streams on the dune field perimeter.
The shape of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains acts as a sand trap and creates a unique setting for the eolian deposits. Prevailing winds traveling across the San Luis Valley are directed to the deposition site because they exit the valley through Medano, Mosca, and Music Passes, and a change in the trend of the mountain front funnels wind into the three passes. The active dune field is the sand deposit located farthest downwind and is situated in a mountain front indentation adjacent to the passes.
Prevailing southwesterly winds are most common in the spring, but during the rest of the year, the wind can blow in any direction. The second most common wind direction comes from the northeast whenever low air pressure systems are east of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. These winds frequently diminish within a 10 mile zone west of the mountain front. Other wind directions are usually fluctuations in the two major directions caused by turbulent flow around the mountains.
Wind patterns change within the dune field and that results in differences in dune types. The majority of the dune field is exposed to winds from multiple directions. Dune types that develop here are reversing and star dunes. Both tend to grow vertically as opposed to migrating horizontally. The east-central edge of the dune field is sheltered from the northeastern wind by the adjacent mountains, forming migrating barchan and transverse dunes (Valdez, 1992).
Two Creeks flow along the perimeter of the dune field and influence the shape of it (Figure 2). Sand Creek flows along the northwest edge and Medano flows along the east and southeast edges. Their role is to erode sand from downwind parts of dune field and transport and deposit it further upwind. This may be responsible for the crescent shape of the dune field. Each stream builds a lobe of the crescent with the Medano lobe being much bigger since its contact with the downwind part of the dune field is greater.
The dune field is relatively complex because of interactions among the controlling factors and variance in those interactions in different parts of the dune field. In response to those interactions, three distinct regions have developed, the Sand Creek star dunes, Medano Creek ridge, and the central dune field (Valdez, 1992). The Sand Creek star dunes are in the northwest part of the dune field, at the base of Mount Herard. Winds that blow over this area are deflected northward or eastward toward either Music Pass or Medano Pass. Wind patterns become very complex and consequently dune ridges developed in many directions. The Medano Creek ridge is found on the southeast part of the dune field and is parallel to Medano Creek. The thickest sand deposits are found here (up to 750 feet) partially because Medano Creek supplies large amounts of sand to this area. It is unique because two sets of dune ridges are superimposed on each other. There are north-south trending dunes with northeast trending dunes in the interdunal troughs. Characteristics of the central dune field are large north-south trending dunes with well-developed troughs. It is the simplest area because winds are bimodal, for the most part, and it lacks an external source of sand.
Mineral Development Mineral-development activities that potentially could affect water quality of the Monument are in three categories:
* current petroleum exploration on the Baca Grant and recent gold exploration there;
* past mining within the Monument in the Cold Creek watershed;
* past mining activity outside the Monument boundary but within watersheds that drain into the Monument.
There are other mines and prospects within and near the Monument that are thought not to represent any potential for water quality degradation. These and other mines and prospects in the Monument and vicinity are detailed further in a separate report supplied to Monument management (Chatman, 1995c).
Mineral Development on the Baca Grant The Baca Grant (Figure 1) is a 100,000-acre contiguous tract of private land that is immediately adjacent to Great Sand Dunes National Monument. The 1,832.65 acres of the Baca Grant that are in the southeasternmost corner of the tract have been incorporated into the Monument as an inholding. Surface and mineral ownership of the Baca Grant (and the inholding) is fee simple absolute. This land and minerals status was verified both through literature (Luis Maria Baca Mining and Development Company, 1935), and through a May 3, 1995 search of U.S. Bureau of Land Management records. The Baca Grant ownership leased the grant's minerals to one mineral exploration company and some surprising and potentially developable mineral discoveries, detailed below, have resulted.
Petroleum.--Lexam Explorations USA, Inc., Wheat Ridge, CO, has been conducting gold exploration of a geophysical target (low-angle, west-dipping detachment fault zone) on the Baca Grant since 1990. In the process of core drilling the gold targets in this cataclastic zone, the company accidentally discovered that the zone also has acted as a trap of live oil in Precambrian-age gneiss immediately underlying the detachment zone. Oil was found in 27 of the 42 gold exploration drill holes. The oil, a biodegraded crude, was examined and found to have originated from Cretaceous sediments, heretofore unrecognized in the eastern San Luis Valley. The potential of this discovery has expanded with followup exploration and the firm now (May 1995) has suspended its gold exploration on the Baca Grant in favor of concentration solely on development of the petroleum potential.
There are four petroleum exploration targets that have been defined by Lexam Explorations, Inc. (Figure 1). It is notable that the southernmost target includes most of the 1,833-acre inholding in the northwesternmost part of the Monument. Two exploratory wells are planned for the Deadman Creek target, which is 4 miles further to the northwest. Both wells will penetrate the Precambrian-age rocks below the confining high-clay cataclastic part of the detachment zone; one well is to be 4,500-feet deep and the other 6,500-feet deep. Both are to be spudded in during the summer of 1995 (James Donaldson, Lexam Explorations, Inc, written commun. to Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, May 18, 1995).
The four targets are defined by not only the presence of live oil, but also the presence of several Mesozoic sedimentary rock formations that are petroleum reservoirs and/or petroleum source rocks in other localities in the West. These rocks were thought to have been removed from the San Luis Valley through erosion many ages ago. They include several wellknown rock formations, including Upper Mancos Shale, possibly the Niobara Formation; Lower Mancos Shale; sandstone of the Dakota Formation; and the Morrison Formation. All unconformably overlie Precambrian-age crystalline rocks that are very common in the Sangre de Cristo Mountain range. These rocks are within a heretofore not widely known structural unit (Figure 14) that lies between the Sangre de Cristo Mountains fault block on the east and the San Luis Valley graben (which is deeply buried by Tertiary and recent sediments of the Santa Fe Formation) on the west. The structural unit's upper margin is defined by the detachment zone. Once the effort to explain the oil shows began, public domain gravity data were utilized to partially define this intermediate structural unit. It's size and location were further refined through a privately contracted aero-magnetic survey. The structural unit has roughly a 16-mile by 4-mile area and is about 3 miles west of the main basin bounding fault of the Sangre de Cristo Mountain front.
The Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, at this point in the exploration program, are used to define target areas for potential petroleum reservoirs, even though they are actually above the detachment zone. They are in connection with the cataclastic layer of the detachment zone through a system of normal faults that also may be important traps. It is thought that many of these Mesozoic formations are deeply buried (about 16,000-feet deep; see Figure 14) petroleum source rocks or reservoir rocks on a western extent of the cataclastic layer. But according to the currently available data the only known reservoir rocks are the Precambrian crystalline rocks immediately below the cataclastic zone (Figure 14).
The petroleum exploration is modeled on geophysical, structural, and lithologic analogs in Nevada. In the Railroad Valley area of Nye County, NV, are the Grant Canyon and the Bacon Flats petroleum fields, from which 19,000,000 barrels of oil have been produced from a very small area (a 300-acre field). In the Pine Valley area of Nevada, in Eureka County, the Blackburn field has produced about 3,000,000 barrels of oil; it also is a field of a very small area. These analogs favor the existence of both petroleum source and reservoir rocks on the hanging wall of the detachment fault zone along the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Exploration is not advanced enough to speculate on economic viability (unless noted otherwise, data from a presentation by Tom Watkins, Lexam Explorations, Inc., to the Colorado Scientific Society, Denver, CO, May 1995).
Gold prospecting.--A gold prospecting program was undertaken on the Baca Grant by Lexam Explorations, Inc. in 1990, using Battle Mountain Gold Company's San Luis Mine, located near the town of San Luis, CO, as a model. The San Luis Mine hosts both oxidized and sulfidic, refractory, disseminated gold of hydrothermal origin in a 24 to 27 million-year-old low-angle, detachment-style fault zone associated with the Rio Grande rift. The same type of clay layer that acts as the petroleum trap on the Baca Grant oil shows also acted as barrier to upward-migrating auriferous hydrothermal fluids at the San Luis Mine. Those hydrothermal fluids therefore tended to pool below the clay zone. Refractoriness of the ore is due to both incorporation of the gold into pyrite mineral grains and silica flooding. Other sulfide minerals, present in minor quantities, include sphalerite and galena. These were prospected for lead and zinc decades ago. Some copper is present, which is suggestive of an original content of chalcopyrite in the deposit. The complete milling and recovery processes, which utilize grinding, sulfide ore roasting, and cyanide leaching, are on-site (Alan Wallace, U.S. Geological Survey, Central Mineral Resources, Denver, CO, personal commun., May 17, 1995). The San Luis Mine was operating as of May, 1995. In order to have a sense of the scale of this operation, it should be noted that the operation in 1994 was profitable, during which time 73,000 oz gold were produced at an average total operating cost of $317/oz. In 1995, production is targeted at 68,000 oz gold; 17,000 oz have been produced during the first quarter of the year (Rocky Mountain Pay Dirt, Feb. 1995). The San Luis Mine deposit contains 12 million short tons at a grade of 0.04 oz Au/st (data from presentation by Tom Watkins of Lexam Explorations, Inc., to Colorado Scientific Society, Denver, CO, May 9, 1995).
The same anomalous geophysical zone on the Baca Grant in which Lexam Explorations, Inc. discovered oil was also the company's initial disseminated gold deposit exploration target. Forty-two exploratory drill holes were completed around Deadman Creek in and near the foothills (data from presentation by Tom Watkins of Lexam Explorations, Inc., to Colorado Scientific Society, Denver, CO, May 9, 1995). Gold exploration completed to date has not been of enough success that a reserve estimate could be substantiated. Gold mineralization encountered has been was weak and spotty (Jim Cappa, Colorado Geological Survey, personal commun., May 1995). No mine plan for gold production from the site was ever filed with the State of Colorado (Jim Stevens, Colorado Division of Minerals and Geology, Denver, CO, personal commun., May 1995). The only data available to characterize the actual grade of gold metallization in the area come from a U.S. Bureau of Mines field investigation in Deadman Creek on the Baca Grant, work done in the process of evaluating mineral resource potential peripheral to the proposed Sangre de Cristo Wilderness. About ½ mile south of the Deadman Creek drainage channel are two, interconnected, near-surface adits with at least four portals and over 400 total feet of underground excavations. It appears that these adits intersect the clay zone of the Lexam Explorations, Inc. detachment fault gold target. Of the eight U.S. Bureau of Mines samples from that zone, five contain gold in the range of 0.01 oz gold per short ton to 0.06 oz gold per short ton. All concentrations were determined through fire assay. Most samples also contain about ½ oz silver per short ton and some have elevated arsenic content (300 to 600 parts per million) (Ellis et al., 1983; U.S. Bureau of Mines field notes, Denver, CO, June 19, 1979).
These are gold concentrations that are sufficiently high to attract exploration interest, but that are also low enough to make profitable mining difficult unless delineated reserve tonnages are high and/or the deposit is highly amenable to beneficiation.
It is important to note that, while the gold exploration has currently been suspended, the price of gold has been somewhat volatile in past years and an a substantial increase in the price of gold will almost certainly bring about a return of the exploration program. The main gold exploration target is the same area as the Deadman Creek oil exploration target (Figure 1), but the structural zone that is thought to be the gold host probably extends from Crestone, CO, all the way to the 1,832-acre AWDI inholding in the Monument. The structural and mineralogic similarities with the gold deposit of the San Luis Mine suggest the possibility, unproven as yet due to lack of exploration, that the structural zone is continuous between San Luis Mine and the Baca Grant. If such is the case, the zone would extend beneath the Great Sand Dunes National Monument.
Lode Mining
In past years and as recently as 1937, there was lode mining for various metals along much of a 70-mi distance of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains' western slope. Archeological remains of Spanish-exploration era mining south of Crestone, CO (Figure 1) have been found. The more recent era of mining was started about 1870, as vuggy, gold-bearing quartz veins were noted in the Baca Grant (Figure 1). Few of the mines were very large or had very high quantities of ore mined from them, although some $7 million to $8 million worth of precious metals were produced during the American-era of mining, which peaked between 1880 and 1904. The Independent (or Independence) Mine was one of the largest operations (Parker, 1952; Gabelman, 1953; Benedict and Coggin, 1973; Ellis et al., 1983). As is the usual case with mining districts, there is a periphery around the main mining areas in which even smaller and less productive mine and prospect excavations are made. Such is the case within and around the Monument.
In addition to small mines and prospects within the boundary of Great Sand Dunes National Monument, there are numerous mine and prospect excavations upstream of and in watershed that drain into the Monument. The potential for water quality in the Monument experiencing any detrimental effects from these areas are assessed below.
Pulps (pulverized, powdered rock of less than 100- mesh size particles, that are ready for laboratory assays) of nearly all the U.S. Bureau of Mines rockchip samples collected from these mineralized zones and prospects have been obtained for the National Park Service. Also obtained are field notes describing these sites and samples, laboratory assay reports, and an index, tying the ordered sample numbers used in a related U.S. Bureau of Mines mineral resource report (Ellis et al., 1983) to the more random numbering scheme found in the field notes. Most of these data are compiled in Chatman (1995c).
Lode mining within the Monument.--Most of the lode mining within the Monument occurred in the Cold Creek watershed on a small, unnamed tributary of Cold Creek. The main (southernmost) working does contain a 2,300 cubic yard dump that is adjacent to the unnamed Cold Creek tributary drainage channel, but reports (U.S. Bureau of Mines field notes, Denver, CO, July 10, 1982) suggest little metallized or sulfidized rock is present in that dump and two rock-chip samples are lacking anomalous levels of hazardous substances (U.S. Bureau of Mines file data, Denver, CO). The mine is not, therefore, likely to be contributing to water quality degradation via such mechanisms as acid mine drainage or heavy metal loading.
Three other groups of prospect excavations in this watershed (Figures 2), all north of the main Cold Creek drainage channel, are thought to be the source of at least some of the iron-oxide cementation of sediment that occurs occasionally in Sand Creek. Iron-oxides alone are not detrimental, but in this geologic environment the mineral group potentially could carry heavy-metal ion concentrations or be indicative of sulfide minerals, which, in turn, can generate acids when exposed to water. The sites should be investigated further. Mitigating the potential for water quality degradation problems are the facts that there is little surface flow in Cold Creek, and rock-chip samples from the sites are generally devoid of concentrations of toxic materials.
Other lode-type mineral excavations in the Monument are thought not to be potentially detrimental to water quality, based on some combination of the following factors:
* small size of workings;
* absence of concentrated metallization or sulfidization;
* distance from stream drainage channels;
* known high water quality.
That group of excavations includes those in Sawmill Canyon; on the Wellington tract; and at Denton Spring. The sites are detailed further in Chatman (1995c).
Lode mining upstream from the Monument.--The patented Myrtle K Mine and mill site, upstream from the Monument on Sand Creek (Figure 2), is on a narrow fault zone that contains sulfide forms of iron and copper minerals and a 2,100 cubic yards dump, a boiler, and a five-stamp mill, all immediately adjacent to the creek. Samples of the fault and a shear zone at the site contain slightly elevated levels of arsenic, boron, copper, manganese, and zinc, based on semi-quantitative analyses (U.S. Bureau of Mines field notes, Denver, CO, June 14, 1979; U.S. Bureau of Mines file data, Denver, CO). The site should be investigated further.
Mine and prospect sites upstream from the Monument in other watersheds are mostly without consequence relative to Monument water quality due to some combination of small workings size, lack of metallization or sulfidization, neutralizing bedrock, or distance from drainage channels. This includes workings in Medano Creek, Buck Creek, Morris Gulch, Evans Gulch, South Arrastre Creek, and a working in the Sand Creek watershed, about ½ mile downstream from the Myrtle K Mine. Some historical information is suggestive of copper loading in Mosca Creek, possibly related to releases of mineral processing reagents, but recent, limited water quality testing provides no indication of degraded water quality in Mosca Creek (sites detailed further in Chatman (1995c)). Should poor water quality be detected in the future, the metallized part of the Mosca Creek watershed, including the old prospect workings, should be investigated more closely.
An upstream site from the Monument that should be examined now is the easternmost working (an adit) in North Arrastre Creek (Figure 2). An abandoned, small mill was reported to the south of the adit. Information is lacking about the milling method employed or the presence of tailings and reagents. Contents of the steel drum reported at the adit opening are unknown (U.S. Bureau of Mines field notes, Denver, CO, May 14, 1982). Condition of the site should be verified with a field examination, and a decision made at that time about the need for water quality testing upstream and downstream from the mine.
Placer Mining Inside the Monument
The 1928 report that gold associated with magnetite grains was detected in dune field sand sparked a financially unsuccessful gold rush. Claims were staked on lands now within the Monument, not only on Medano Creek, but also in the dune field. One claimant had claims occupying 11 mi2 of the dunes. Mining ended by 1938, but some prospecting (collection and assay of dune sand samples for gold content) continued to 1941. The major detriment was the low gold concentration. Another, more recent attempt to retrieve placer gold in the region occurred in 1980 at some unknown site on Medano Creek, most likely inside the Rio Grande National Forest. That work ended due to the lack of access routes (U.S. Bureau of Mines file data, Denver, CO, including interview with Paul Maddrell (undated but post-1963 material); U.S. Bureau of Mines field notes, Denver CO, May 15, 1982, including interview with Bob Schultz, Ranger, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; Alamosa Daily Courier, 1938; Voynick, 1992).
The abandoned placer claim sites appear to represent no water quality issue for the Monument. All equipment and materials have been removed. Water quality testing done since 1990 reveals no anomaly of mercury, the most likely contaminant that a placer gold operation might release into the creek (used to amalgamate small placer gold particles).
Source National Park Service, Water Resources Division
Chapin, C. E. 1971. The Rio Grande Rift, Part I: Modifications and Additions. Guidebook of the San Luis Basin , Colorado . New Mexico Geological Society. 22" d Field Conference. pp. 191.
Chatman, M. L. 1995c. A Preliminary Literature Search, Inventory, and Assessment of Mines and Prospects in and near the National Monument with Emphasis on Potential Water Quality Degradation: Great Sand Dunes National Monument , Colorado . Unpublished report in Great Sand Dunes National Monument files. 17 pp., 1 appendix.
Ellis, C. E., B. J. Hannigan, and J. R. Thompson. 1983. Mineral Investigation of Sangre de Cristo Wilderness Study Area, Alamosa, Custer, Fremont , Huerfano, and Saguache Counties , Colorado . U.S. Bureau of Mines Open File Report MLA 65-83. 190 pp.
Gries, R. R. and B. S. Brister. 1989. New Interpretation of Seismic Lines in the San Luis Valley South-Central Colorado . Water in the Valley. Colorado Ground-Water Association. Eighth Annual Field Trip. pp. 241-254.
Hanna, T. M. and Harmon E. J. 1989. An Overview of the Historical, Stratigraphic, and Structural Setting of the Aquifer System of the San Luis Valley .
Lipman, P. W. 1975. Evolution of the Platoro Caldera Complex and Related Volcanic Rocks, Southeastern San Juan Mountains , Colorado . United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 852. 128 pp.
Lipman, P. W. and H. H. Mehnert. 1979. The Taos Plateau Volcanic Field, Northern Rio Grande Rift , New Mexico . Rio Grande Rift: Tectonics and Magmatism. American Geophysical Union . pp. 289-311.
Lochman-Balk, C. and S. E. Bruning. 1971. Lexicon of Stratigraphic Names used in SouthCentral Colorado and Northern New Mexico . Guidebook of the San Luis Basin , Colorado . New Mexico Geological Society. 22 °d Field Conference. pp. 101-111.
Luis Maria Baca Mining and Development Company. 1935. A Synopsis of the Operation, Development, and Possibilities of the Project of the Luis Maria Baca Mining and Development Company. Unpub. manuscript by Luis Maria Baca Mining and Development Company, Crestone, CO, in file data of U.S. Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 7 pp.
Parker, C. O., III. 1952. A History of Gold Mining in the Sangre de Cristos. The Mines Magazine, , 2 May 1952 . pp. 25-27, 43.
Rocky Mountain Pay Dirt . 1995. BMG's San Luis Operation Improved During 1994. Pay Dirt Magazines, Bisbee, AZ. Feb. 1995, p. 12A.
Valdez , A. D. 1992 (in press). Sand Supply and Wind Regime as Related to Dune Field Development at the Great Sand Dunes National Monument , Colorado . Great Sand Dunes Researchers Symposium. Submitted to National Park Service.
The General park map handed out at the visitor center is available on the park's map webpage.For information about topographic maps, geologic maps, and geologic data sets, please see the geologic maps page.
A geology photo album for this park can be found here.For information on other photo collections featuring National Park geology, please see the Image Sources page.
Currently, we do not have a listing for a park-specific geoscience book. The park's geology may be described in regional or state geology texts.
Please visit the Geology Books and Media webpage for additional sources such as text books, theme books, CD ROMs, and technical reports.
Parks and Plates: The Geology of Our National Parks, Monuments & Seashores.
Lillie, Robert J., 2005.
W.W. Norton and Company.
9" x 10.75", paperback, 550 pages, full color throughout
The spectacular geology in our national parks provides the answers to many questions about the Earth. The answers can be appreciated through plate tectonics, an exciting way to understand the ongoing natural processes that sculpt our landscape. Parks and Plates is a visual and scientific voyage of discovery!
Ordering from your National Park Cooperative Associations' bookstores helps to support programs in the parks. Please visit the bookstore locator for park books and much more.
Information about the park's research program is available on the park's research webpage.
For information about permits that are required for conducting geologic research activities in National Parks, see the Permits Information page.
The NPS maintains a searchable data base of research needs that have been identified by parks.
A bibliography of geologic references is being prepared for each park through the Geologic Resources Evaluation Program (GRE). Please see the GRE website for more information and contacts.
NPS Geology and Soils PartnersAssociation of American State Geologists
Geological Society of America
Natural Resource Conservation Service - Soils
U.S. Geological Survey
Currently, we do not have a listing for any park-specific geology education programs or activities.
General information about the park's education and intrepretive programs is available on the park's education webpage.For resources and information on teaching geology using National Park examples, see the Students & Teachers pages.


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The second weekend of duck season brought typical Mississippi Delta tropical December days. The temperature ranged from a low of 42 Degrees Fahrenheit at sunrise to 60 Degrees Fahrenheit. When hunters are putting out decoys in short pants, and the mosquitoes are creating more buzz than the teal, it is not a good omen. Despite the unfavorable weather conditions, groups had a good time. One of the new groups discovered Webster's (a local restaurant and watering hole) on Friday night and enjoyed the local hospitality. Steve from the Middle Georgia Quack Smackers shot his first teal while hunting with field staffer, Britt Goodman. He can check that species off his MS Delta Grand Slam list. The Duck Dusters brought along the wife and fiance. According to Garrett, the ladies were as hardcore as the guys. To quote Garrett, "Gotta find me one like that," and he wasn't talking about the Labrador. One of the fun species to hunt this season has been the specks. Garrett's hunt with the Waterfowl Widowmakers on Sunday, developed into a speck hunt. According to the Senior Field Staffer, "We were amazed watching the specks come from so high, cupping all the way to the decoys." If anyone is wondering, specks are great on the table. Comparing previous seasons, the season hunt program hunters have bagged 227 more waterfowl than in 2010-11 and 71 less than in 2011-12 (when there were more hunters in the blinds than this year).
The second week's duck harvest was 226, bringing the total number of ducks harvested this season to 887.

subset: commoncrawl


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Isn't Juan Williams violating NPR's code of ethics?
As CF highlighted [1] yesterday, NPR management has finally taken steps to stem the damage that NPR's Juan Williams routinely does with his appearances on Fox News. NPR's ombudsman Alicia Shepard wrote [2]:
[I]n the end, NPR must decide -- as it apparently already has -- whether giving its listeners the benefit of Williams' voice is worth the cost of annoying some listeners for his work on Fox. As a result of this latest flap, NPR's Vice President of News, Ellen Weiss, has asked Williams to ask that Fox remove his NPR identification whenever he is on O'Reilly.
Frankly, that's not enough and here's why. As I noted back [3] in 2007, when Williams again embarrassed NPR via his conduct on Fox News, and specifically, on an appearance he made on The O'Reilly Factor:
Real damage is being done to NPR by having its name, via Williams, associated with Fox News' most opinionated talker. In fact, Williams' recent appearance on The O'Reilly Factor almost certainly violated NPR's employee standards [4], which prohibit staffers from appearing on programs that "encourage punditry and speculation rather than fact-based analysis" and are "harmful to the reputation of NPR."
To add fuller context, the NPR code of ethics clearly states:
9. NPR journalists must get permission from the Vice President for their Division or their designee to appear on TV or other media. It is not necessary to get permission in each instance when the employee is a regular participant on an approved show. Permission for such appearances may be revoked if NPR determines such appearances are harmful to the reputation of NPR or the NPR participant.
10. In appearing on TV or other media including electronic Web-based forums, NPR journalists should not express views they would not air in their role as an NPR journalist. They should not participate in shows electronic forums, or blogs that encourage punditry and speculation rather than rather than fact-based analysis.
Yet here it is in 2009 and NPR finds itself answering angry listener emails because Williams said something stupid [5] on The O'Reilly Factor; something I cannot imagine Williams would ever say on an NPR program. Isn't Williams clearly violating NPR's own standards [6] by appearing on that program; a program that quite obviously encourages "punditry and speculation rather than fact-based analysis" and more importantly is "harmful to the reputation of NPR"? (If the show is not harmful to NPR's reputation than why don't more NPR staffers appear on it?)
Or put another way, how is Williams not violating the code of ethics by appearing on The O'Reilly Factor? And yes, I read the part where Shepard noted Williams is no longer on-staff and that he's paid by NPR to be an independent contractor:
Last spring, NPR's management put him on contract with the title "news analyst" largely to give him more latitude about what he says.
She later added:
[NPR managers] are in a bind because Williams is no longer a staff employee but an independent contractor. As a contract news analyst, NPR doesn't exercise control over what Williams says outside of NPR.
But here's how NPR's code of ethics defines who is covered by its rules:
This code covers all NPR journalists - which for the purposes of this code includes all persons functioning in the News, Programming and Online Divisions as reporters, hosts, newscasters, writers, editors, directors, photographers and producers of news, music or other NPR programming. It also covers all senior News, Programming and Online content managers. It does not cover administrative or technical staff from News, Programming or Online. The code also applies to material provided to NPR by independent producers, member station contributors and/or reporters and freelance reporters, writers, news contributors or photographers.
And what if a non-staff contributor violates the code of ethics? NPR has the option of simply stop using that person in the future:
Because contributors in this category are not NPR employees, the remedy for dealing with a conflict of interest or other violation of the principles of this code is rejection of the offered material.
According to the NPR standards, written to "to protect the credibility of NPR's programming by ensuring high standards of honesty, integrity, impartiality and staff conduct," there are three relevant guidelines that, in this situation, seem to apply to Williams:
1. Don't appear on programs that promote punditry.
2. Don't appear on programs that are harmful to NPR's reputation.
3. Don't say things on non-NPR programs that the journalist would not say on NPR.
It seems that NPR either needs to rewrite its standards, or it needs to take more forceful action regarding Williams' appearances on The O'Reilly Factor.


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Sometimes one lower-calorie meal a day is all you need to get back on track.
Maintaining a healthy weight or trying to lose a few pounds ultimately revolves around the science of counting calories. It's a tedious task to tabulate every morsel you put in your mouth, but there's a simpler and much more flexible strategy: Start a file of skinny recipes. Use this collection of low-calorie dinners as a starting point. As always, taste comes first, so we've pulled together our best recipes that are big on flavor and in step with all the latest food trends. The choices are amazing, and you won't feel like you're depriving yourself.Start Slideshow


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Men's Clothing
Explore our menswear collection for the season. Sculptural knitwear, sweatshirts, artist overalls and oversized cabans feature alongside our signature trench coat in both heritage and seasonal designs. Tailoring, shirts and smart separates meet casual knitwear, jersey and denim.
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Low: 15°c
Cloudy. 30 percent chance of showers early this evening. Rain beginning after midnight.
Why Interior Care Is Important?
Caring for your interior is just as important as your exterior. You spend the most time inside your vehicle and your passengers often take notice of how clean, or not so clean, your interior is. It's important to protect your interior trim and leather from harmful UV rays that can potentially dry out and fade your interior. Keep your interior looking like new so you enjoy getting into your vehicle each and every time.
16km east of Houston 13km west of Topley at the Bye Rd. pulloutTools, car & truck acces. saddles, household, furniture, knickknacks, and LOTS more!Sat. & Sun. June 24th/25th. 9am - 2pm Rain or Shine!


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Learn about a 97-yr-old legally blind artist who creates masterpieces with Microsoft Paint. Continue reading
Tags: Blind Painter, Hal Lasko, Microsoft Paint, ms paint, Pixel Painter Posted in In The News, Uncategorized | 3 Comments »
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|Road Racing & Rally The place to discuss information about road/rally racing stats, tips and events. Track sanctioned events only.
|Topic Review (Newest First)
|Gear Shifter
|i am looking for coil overs for my 5 door svt, is the OEM suspension you got the best in your opinion? i havnt done alot of research just trying to get the best for the money i spend.
|Gear Shifter
|I have a 5 door svt. if you look at the drag times and everything they are the same, 2 door isnt better than the 5 door. And plus you can take more people around in it and it makes a great sleeper!!!
|i dont really see how, i just ordered the OEM suspension for my 5 door svt from tously and they are the same for both cars at least according to ford racing
MLB is right. A zetec or a duratech for that matter would be a much better car to start with for rally.
But if you still wanting to do a SVT swap, find a wrecked SVT on craiglist and swap everything over to your new shell. Thats the only way I've done it and would ever do it.
the 5 door does NOT have a beefier suspension than the 3, they are identical.
as to the swap, i wouldn't say that it is common. it has been done, but not very often. the SVT swap between trans/motor/axles, computer, etc. would likely cost you north of 3k after all parts are said and done. just get a stock SVT. save yourself the money and here is the big thing, THE TIME. get a 3 door SVT. however, beleive it or not, you MAY NOT wanna start w/ the SVT. for 1, the zetecs are cheaper. ALOT cheaper. parts are cheaper, and are MUCH easier to find. you've been in rally, you know as well as i do, stuff breaks ALL the time.
Something else to consider, the MTX 75 has a better gear ratio for rally. dogbox's are cheaper if you decide to go that route. the getrag is german, and you will spend 10k plus on a dogbox where i've seen the mtx for under 6.
also, the zetec is about 200 lbs lighter than the SVT. so thats a good start. finding an svt w/ manual windows/locks, is next to impossible, so you have to swap out zetec stuff.
as for brakes, you generally have to swap out the fronts. most rally wheels are 15's or smaller. guess what, you need 17's. (some 16's) to clear SVT brakes.
when it comes to power, the SVT has 170 crank horse. the zetec has 135 IIRC. you can build up the top end only w/ some radical cams (if you want) and the svt exhaust, FR IM, and a few other goodies and on race fuel, easily touch 180-200 WHEEL horse power.
plus, i like the torque out of the zetec too. both motors are good. but in rally, (at least 2wd), your not gonna be the next hirvonen or McRae. you want reliability. both are reliable, but its gonna come down to cost.
now, if ur turbo'ing, I would see if you can get an SVT shortblock. they have forged rods stock. and can take over 300 whp. where the zetec is only safely at about 250 whp. so if ur turboing, its a diffreent ball game.
but i'm just trying to lay out for you what your options are. the SVT's are NICE. but when it comes down to it. ur gonna pay 5k + for a semi decent SVT. you can get a zetec for a couple grand. then either build the motor or throw a turbo kit and brake kit on for the same cost.
i'm also doing a rally build. I've got a 2007 2.3 L shell. i'm going to be building the shell in a few months, seem welding, etc. then i'm going to build the 2.3 L motor to be a monster. (but i have to be NA, i think your allowed boost IIRC.) if i could go w/ boost, i would just stick w/ the zetec. but NA, the 2.3 flows alot better.
so what i'm getting at is, don't just buy a rally car cause its an SVT. they are nice cars. but for the money, you can build one cheaper, get it to go just as fast, if not faster, and have more parts available to you for alot cheaper and w/ a much easier time locating.
i know dillon van way runs a turbo svt in his euro rally cross SVT. not sure of the lbs, but he is running the mtx, not the getrag. he also downgraded his brakes. so he spent a lot of extra money not necessarily needed. but to get it to a rally ready car, he needed alot more than he thought.
Yup, I've parked right next to one, and its identical. The doors on the ZX3 are longer than the ZX5's, but from bumper to bumper, identical.
|Targa Paul
In my case it might be better to pick up a cheap 3 door local and swap the powertrian.
Such a swap seems like a lot of work when you can likely find an actual SVT for pretty cheap, especially one that doesn't have to be that nice since you intend to race it.
Can anyone else confirm that the five door has a beefier suspension than the three?
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Former Men's Soccer Standout Tosaint Ricketts Inks Pro Deal
GREEN BAY, Wis. (GreenBayPhoenix.com) - Former Green Bay men's soccer star Tosaint Ricketts has a new pro deal with Norwegian Tippeligaen team Sandnes Ulf, the team announced Jan. 10. It will be the fourth professional stop for Ricketts, who was a standout forward for the Phoenix from 2005-08.
He started his professional career with the Finnish club MyPa where he scored nine goals in 38 appearances, and then began playing for Timisoara in Romania, where he scored six goals in 24 games before the team went bankrupt in April 2012. Most recently, he played for Norwegian club Valerenga in Oslo, Norway, where he appeared in three contests and scored in the season finale.
Ricketts professional resume includes 17 goals in 68 pro matches, and 18 appearances for the Canada national team with five goals scored.
Ricketts was a three-time All-Horizon League selection during his time with the Phoenix, earning first-team honors in 2007 and 2008. He also played eight games for Canada's U20 national team and five games for Canada's U23 national team, scoring seven total goals.
For the latest and most up-to-date information on Green Bay Athletics, please visit GreenBayPhoenix.com.
Follow us on Twitter: @GBPhoenix, @GBPhoenixMSOC and @JustinGrones.
Like Green Bay Phoenix Athletics and Green Bay Phoenix Men's Soccer on Facebook.


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Hello, I teach a weekly course for 1 1/2 hours in our very small French village. I have 12 students, only one of whom wants to learn to benefit his business - he has a fruit & veg. stall at various markets where he has English speaking customers. For the others it is mainly for holidays. I have given them the Cambridge placement test which I downloaded from the CUP website and they are all elementry with reading and writing grammer, some further on than others. Some can speak very well, but mix up grammer & syntax and have limited vocabulary. So far I've been using Harraps grammer and vocabulary books, but I would like something more structured. I've searched the CUP and OUP websites and they both have lots of good course books, but they all seem to have multi roms which have to be used with them. The only resourses I have are a simple whiteboard and my own CD player, although I'm going to get a docking station for my i pod so if I can download anything from i tunes I can play it to them.
Can you suggest any books or courses I could use?
Thank you.


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I urgently needed a few days off work, but I knew the boss would not allow me to take a leave.
I thought that maybe if I acted "CRAZY" then he would tell me to take a few days off.
So I hung upside down on the ceiling and made funny noises. My co-worker (who's a blonde) asked me what I was doing?
I told her that I was pretending to be a light bulb so that the boss would think I was "CRAZY" and give me a few days off.
A few minutes later the boss came into the office and asked "What are you doing ?" I told him I was a light bulb.
He said "You are clearly stressed out. Go home and recuperate for a couple of days".
I jumped down and walked out of the office.
When my co-worker (the blonde) followed me, the boss asked her "...And where do you think you're going?"
She said, "I'm going home, too. I can't work in the dark!" http://www.ezboard.com/intl/aenglish...cons/laugh.gif
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A highway patrolman pulled alongside a speeding car on
freeway. Glancing at the car, he was astounded to see that the
blonde behind the wheel was knitting! Realizing that she was
oblivious to his flashing lights and siren, the trooper cranked
down his window, turned on his bullhorn and yelled,
"NO!" the blonde yelled back, "IT'S A SCARF!"
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There's this blonde out for a walk. She comes to a river
sees another blonde on the opposite bank. "Yoo-hoo!" she
"How can I get to the other side?"
The second blonde looks up the river then down the river and shouts back, "You ARE on the other side."


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I'm Italian, I have an Italian degree in English (and German) and have lived in the UK (Nottingham) for the last 7 years. I'm planning to move back to Italy in the summer (2011) and would like to teach English there, perhaps in a private school or teaching business English in companies in my area (I'm from Bergamo).
Do you think a CELTA would improve my chances of finding a job out there, and if so, how to go from there? Any experience would be appreciated...
Also, would you recommend taking a CELTA course here in Nottingham or wait and do it in Milano (either at the British Council or at the International House)?
Thank you!


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ACT Prep
Lincoln Memorial University (LMU) has launched an initiative aimed at improving ACT scores of high school students in its immediate service area in the Appalachian region. This initiative is a partnership between LMU's Carter and Moyers School of Education and Knoxville-based QualPro, Inc.
A prep course and workbook will be available to students within a 100-mile radius of the University. Program resources, including vocabulary lists, math review, and test taking strategies, are available.


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Holiday Inn Asheville-Biltmore East
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|Kids Stay Free
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Accessible Hotel Areas
- Registration Area
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Hotel Areas with Accessible Routes from Accessible Public Entrance
- Accessible Self-Parking
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Provided by Hotel


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'"It's exciting, I've been waiting for this day to come for a bit," Ennis said. "I'm pretty excited to play in Edmonton. I grew up watching the Oilers and now it's pretty cool that I'm going to get a chance to play here against the Oilers."'
Homecoming big for Sabres' Ennis
December 29, 2010 Submitted by
Via: Edmonton Sun


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by IBM
Oct 23, 2013
Download Today's complexity in software and systems design is only expected to rise, and more than half of CEOs doubt their ability to manage it. Whether IT or device-based, software-intensive systems continue to grow in size and complexity. Globally distributed and diverse teams, outsourcing and supply chain dependencies lead to increased challenges in the timely launch of competitive products and services. Organizations struggle to balance agility and complexity. It's not enough to manage development, the design process itself must become more streamlined and efficient. Design is a key part of ALM critical to tackling complexity. Customers use design tools today to simplify application and systems complexity, analyze software and systems for defects, impact analysis, and potential reuse and document and communicate to stakeholders. However design tools often focus on the practitioner and lack team integration. Teams cannot easily manage and share designs and get feedback from stakeholders. Linking designs to other lifecycle artifacts is difficult, leading to a lack of traceability and understanding of the impact of changes. It is difficult finding information for reuse and takes too much time to create reports across multiple designs and lifecycle elements for specifications, communication, regulatory compliance, and auditing. Design reviews are challenging because they rely on static documents that get disconnected from the design. Collaborative design management helps you address complexity both at the team level and at the individual developer level. It enables in integration of Architecture, Design and Development disciplines with the rest of the lifecycle and supports the ALM.


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is chest high obx like normal head high and does nags head barrel nice and wide?
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is chest high obx like normal head high and does nags head barrel nice and wide?
all of obx gets world class when the swells are right, its definitely some of the hollowest waves on the east coast. its really exposed so swells are a little bit bigger there but wind is always an issue up there
ok great thanks
Nags Head can barrel, but son, that sand constantly shifts and sways. It's always changing. There once was a day when Loggerhead called out to a chosen group of fellows......There once was day when Police Stations said, Hey bud let's party....ahhhh where'd you get that jacket?"
Look around. If you are heading there soon, over the bridge, grasshopper.......head over the bridge.......if they still have a road down there....... Your compass points north, but you will head south.......
Be wary of the area for only experienced drinkers and drivers need apply. They're watching you. Oh, watch out for gangs down there, and stay away from Teen Night at The Pit. Oh, watch out for Eastern Europeans
Good luck. And hit up "Dune" on here....maybe he could show you around. Just stay away from his sister. And again, avoid Teen Night at The Pit.
As far as barreling, that really depends on the sandbar and the swell direction. If it's a good swell with a strong southerly component, I'd head south of the inlet to at least Pea Island, and preferably S-Turns where you'll get better exposure to those types of swells. At the very least go down south as far as Jenette's Pier or Coquina. The Nags Head fishing pier has some good sandbars as well right now that should light up nice with the right swell direction, height, and period.
There are no waves in the OBX, never have been, never will be. It's all a big intraweb conspiracy theory. Don't believe the hype!
OBX waves blow a fat one. Go to SC instead, wayyyyyyyyyyy better


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by Tracey Paleo, Gia On The Move~
There's no turning back the tide. The Pale Cloud featured styles at the Vogue bambini show held during the 2013 New York Kids Fashion Week (I didn't even know there was a fashion week for kids!) has now proved once and for all that trend is for everyone at every age and child star fashion fantasy fulfillment is not merely subject to baby beauty pageants anymore. I decided to post this because personally, I find it a bit controversial. In this sort of venue we are in the realm of sophisticated adulthood ideals and shopping… and yet none of these little girls "strutting down the runway" could be more than age 10. Not being a parent, I wondered if this was a Mommy and Me moment or has the perfection of style now become part of our independence and awareness of ourselves at the youngest of ages. The Autumn/Winter collection is nevertheless beautifully tailored and elegant, so right for darling little "ladies" (sans heavy cosmetics), and everyone in attendance including the girls seems to love the petite Parade of Children's Daily Couture.


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Discussion in 'November 2010' started by roscoe36, Oct 19, 2010.
Awesome! I got tossed by the ref for scoring a goal in a hockey game as a kid.
I was tossed from a Red Wings game back when they played at the Olympia. We were playing the Flyers and their goon player was called for a penalty. His name was Dupont. Back then the box had no walls and was open to the public. people booed him but I threw my program at him when he flipped us off. (a behind-the-back-sneaky move by him). He even took the time to take his glove off to do it. He turned around to come after me, but 2 ushers grabbed me first.
LOL. It was the Pepsi Center. I think I moved there the year it opened. I lived a bunch of places in Cap Hill around Washington and 11th area - Park Tavern! - before I moved down by Fiddlers Green. Where do you live? I had to get tossed for Sheed. Why were you fighting? I was gassed up at the first Nugs game I went to against the Hawks. There could not have been 2000 people there. Chauncey Billups gave me one of the most disgusted looks I've ever received as I stood and yelled at the players coming out to the court. John Lucas looked like he wanted to sponsor me. Maybe these games aren't so bad after all? I only get disgusted looks from my wife and kids at home.
Got Mule tickets for Dec at the Warner Theater in DC.
You're going to have to elaborate.
Here is a test for pf members: Read the last 20 posts in this thread and then try to guess the title of the thread.....
Thanks for saving me the time to read further.
Five for Fighting
The plan comes together. I was waiting for the question so I could tell the proudest moment of my life. It was some over-the-weekend hockey tournament in a city a couple of hours from my hometomn, and my club had sent two teams. I was about 13 and played in the team for 13-14 olds, our other team who played in another tourney against younger kids was 11-12. The second day our younger team lacked players so their coach asked if anyone in our team wanted to play in one of their games and I accepted. I normally played forward or center but the coach put me in as a defender which was pretty easy to handle since the difference between 11-12 yo and 13 yo players is huge in hockey because your learning curve is so steep in the beginning when you learn the basic stuff like skating shooting etc. Our depleted team got beaten pretty badly during the first two periods and we were down 1-5 when coach moved me up as a center. The success was instant when I got to play on my natural position against younger guys who maybe only had played the game half as long as me and hardly knew how to skate. 3-4 minutes later the score was 4-5 and I had scored a hattrick. Here comes good part: The ref had recognised me from the other games with my ordinary team, So when I scored my third goal he had had enough. He told me that if I scored again I would get tossed. THE REF! Telling me not to score!!! It was the proudest moment of my life so far (altough I didn't get that at the time, it occured to me when I kept telling the story in the locker room over and over before every practice and game or on hoops forums nearly 20 years later. "i hope the ref don't limit my scoring today" was the most common combination of words to leave my mouth) But at the time when the ref said it I didn't get the grandeur, I was more annoyed about it since like all the other kids I wanted to win. I took it easy and didn't try to score myself for a while but then in some situation I got caught up in the game completely and it ended up with me scoring and the ref tossing me. If we won the game or not? I don't really remember, I just remember the important part - I was scoring so much the ref had to toss me! And no, there is nothing wrong with having being tossed from a kids hockey game for cheating as the proudest time of your life.
Thats the beauty of this forum. It happens all the time...lol
Urh. . . uhm, hahahahahahaha. . . .
Yep. Spontaneous order.
I really do like that you somehow manage to refer to Hayek in a basketball-related forum :D
Exactly, I love it. I just thought it was funny that the topic migrated from Lakers vs. Pistons recaps to forum members getting kicked out of hockey games...
It was this post # 30 by the frustrated KGREG that shifted the direction of the thread to some of our personal fan experiences at venues across the USA....or it was the one right before that where Ernie mentioned something about getting a frozen banana at the sight of Arne Kander's daughter..
It's usually all Ernie's fault, but I think this time we should blame Kgreg.
I really do like that you recognize references to Hayek.
It's cheating. The guy is from Austria!
believe me, Hayek and his work is about as well-known in Austria as Will Blalock
What? Every swede knows Myrdal. (That was a lie.)
Separate names with a comma.


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Corrado Billet Upper "Rad Neck"
www.GruvenParts.com has designed a TIG welded billet version of the Corrado upper radiator neck to replace the weak plastic factory radiator neck prone to cracking and dropping chunks which clog your radiator. We closed the book on this part, and it will never need to be replaced again. "Wife-beater" t-shirt not included.
This part replaces OEM P/N 535-121-647 (535121647) found on all Corrado.


text:
To find a provider, you can enter their last name, or select a specialty or facility
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a letter below.
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Since this is to be my first time attending one of these in costume, can I get some advice?? Just a little concerned about logistics -- especially given the cumbersome nature of this outfit. Do you put everything on and drive there? Put half of it on and carry the rest? Put it on when you get there?
Right now I lack the skill to get all of this on by myself. Mostly because of the challenge in getting the harness on correctly through vest and backplate. Then there's the matter of the jet pack....
So, assuming I want to be in full Fett regalia going in on Saturday, how would you do that? My hotel is the Dallas Renaissance Richardson -- about five miles away. Pointers?


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Non iDrive Manual
Does anyone have a digitial copy of an X1 manual for non iDrive cars? It appears BMW online only has the iDrive version but I'm reading that people might be able to download their specific cars manual through their online account.
1 Attachment(s)
courtesy of a fellow bmw owner
That was quick! :) But it appears this pdf is the same as the one on bmw's site that only covers the iDrive method of accessing vehicle status/information and not how to access the vechicle information via the left stalk and dash lcd display though.
It's identical to that of the 1er and 3er which use the same software architecture.
With the vehicle but stationary, toggle the switch on the indicator stalk until you reach the desired menu item. Press the BC button to select, and toggle with the switch into further submenus if needed. Is there something you're specifically trying to do?
I've seen videos online with info in iDrive and I wonder if all that same info is available without iDrive using the indicator stalk. I was wanting to check what features were avaiable via the indicator stalk and see what was missing by not having iDrive.
My main concerns are: vehicle information (oil temp, oil level, brake fluid levels, tire info, next services (for fluids, oil, serivices, etc that the iDrive shows as these are often at different mileage points and iDrive shows the various mileages) plus vehicle status, errors, codes, etc and other information that might be useful to get without hooking up a laptop). Such as knowing which tire is low vs a basic "tire problem" indecator on the instrument cluster.
I'm also curious if you can change settings like like the triple turn signal, what options occur on unlock and lock (looks like you can select different lengths and so on in iDrive). Basically what features you can't customize without iDrive or if you can set all these options via the indicator stalk.
I also am wondering if it's possible and what the procedure is for playing back music on a USB stick in the glove box. I'm not sure if you can leave say a 32GB usb stick in there all the time to play music from or if you have to download the contents from a thumb drive or if either of these two options are only available via iDrive. Also I'm interested in how you might navigate your music collection without iDrive using the 2 line radio display, radio buttons, and wheel buttons.
Pretty much most of the functionality is the same in terms of service and user adjustable items. On the X1, there is no indication of engine coolant or oil temperature or brake fluid level.
The engine oil level is roughly the same. Both the picture in iDrive and the electronic dipstick display show minimum, 1/4, 1/4, 3/4, or full once the engine is fully up to operational temperature, which can take anywhere from 10-20km of driving. To access the Board Computer display, toggle the indicator stalk until it reaches the engine oil symbol, then press BC.
For service intervals, the vehicle must be stationary. Toggle until you see the vehicle and "Service" displayed, hit BC to enter the menu. Toggle the switch up/down to display the remaining mileage and/or time, in the order of urgency. The symbols are self-explanatory.
The user preferences are found either under the key memory menu (symbol is a key, duh). These are also accessed when the vehicle is stationary. The 3x turn signal, DRL, pathway lighting timer, lock/unlock settings are all found here. There's also a menu for units so you can switch the Board Computer to the proper units (°C, l/100km, etc...)
Thanks, good to know that most are there. Are there any options missing that are worth noting, other than the obvious nav? Can you play music from a USB stick that's always kept in the glove box and search by artist and album via the radio controls?
So I went to my dealership to test this yesterday. There was a non iDrive on the lot. I turned on the radio and plugged in my android via USB. I clicked on audio then selected the USB input. The small screen in the radio said "loading". After a few minutes there was no change so I unplugged. Not sure if it would have worked had I kept it plugged in but I don't think so.
Any X1 non iDrive owners who can comment?
Connected to my andriod phone and was just keep on loading. But work when connect to mp3 player. It also works with ipad and i suspect with ipod or iphone as well. Also bluetooth doesn't work well with my andriod phone as well. It disconnect as soon as the phone turn to sleep. It did work with my other non smart phone. I guess the smart phone is not so smart after all:o
Sent from my LG-P925g using Bimmer App
That's too bad. I planned on using my phone to access my music, navigation and make calls. Hyundai Sonatas that I've rented allow me do this. Assumed it would work on a BMW. Potential solution is to connect via AUX. Or load my music to USB stick.
I have the non-idrive base radio.
My iphone 4 wont play music through the USB, but the battery will charge with a regular apple usb cable, gives a 'not compatible cable' message when plugged in. Works OK with the supplied BMW USB/3.5mm Y cable for playing music.
Memory stick works fine.
Bluetooth works fine with the iphone 4 except it wont voice dial from the address book in the phone, have to manually store names/numbers in the car or search numbers manually with the radio/steering wheel buttons.
High tech it isnt :)
I tried saving songs on a usb stick but it didn't work, just "loading" like my adriod phone.
Sent from my LG-P925g using Bimmer App
KP49: What size (dimensions) of USB stick are you using and does the glove box close with it always left in?
Can you still store stuff in the glove box without items knocking the USB stick around and possibly it or damaging the car plug?
Does the radio have to scan/index the files on the USB drive every time you turn on the car (I'm reading it can take 10 minutes for 8GB of mp3's but they don't say if it's only when you change sticks or every car start)
For the Iphone, Apple keeps their music in cryptic folders and paths so the only way you can play from the iPhone is connect the USB plug (The car uses this to send "next song, previous song, fast forward, rewind, or play song XYZ" and to send cover art but the iPhone will not send audio over USB, it has to go through the headphone jack (Y) connector.
For Android, you might be able to have it play music from the phone (No coverart, just ID3 tag info) by selecting on your Android to turn it into "USB Mass Storage Device" once the device is connected via USB. This mode makes an android phone look like a USB stick.
Some other notes, the Car radio says it won't play DRM for other copy protected format MP3's.
Some other models of BMW let you select to play music audio via Bluetooth. I don't know if the X1 can do this, it appears BMW X1 can send phone calls over Bluetooth but it's a separate feature to do regular audio that I saw an F chasis M[35]? iDrive video where they go in and turn on not just phone audio but also music audio in iDrive.
IMO playing from a phone just appears cumbersome, which is why I'm interested in just buying a $30 32GB usb stick and leaving it plugged in the glovebox all the time, except for when I take it in to change songs or playlists.
Oh, one last note, you can use M3U playlists according to manuals I've read. You just have to put the m3u in the root path listing for where the actual mp3 files are located.
I'd be interested in seeing videos of how ?easy? it is to use the radio to play mp3's on a usb stick, browse for artists, albums, or individual songs and how well m3u playlists work. There isn't a video of this anywhere I can find showing interaction with a usb stick on the bmw professional model radio.
The usb stick is in the picture above the lighter plug, its a sandisc and ts not much larger than the plug itself, its tiny. They are great for glove compartment USB plugs since it only sticks out maybe 1/16 of an inch. I dont have any other USB plug except on the dash, at least I dont think I do. The car remembers the USB stick info, not sure what the limit is, it will even play the same track where it was left off when it was removed and put back in a day later with no delay.
My Vette, sync equipped Mustang and Dodge truck (and PC of course) play the iphone/ipod fine with just the usual apple ipod cable. Once plugged in everything is controlled by the radio, same with the X1 with the BMW cable but not the regular apple cable.
Picking tracks is a PITA with the non iDrive, all you see is two lines of text so all you see is two tracks, same with folders and sub folders. Same with phone numbers in the phone book on your BT phone.
The IPhone/pod Y cord sent with the X1's is the WRONG CORD! You must go back to your dealer and ask for the right one. My dealer put in a complaint with BMW for sending out the wrong ones. Unless we are doing something wrong... my husband's android phone only works through the aux input. It isn't compatible like the ipod.
And there is a usb stick on the glove box? interesting. I'll have to check that out, I've just been using the one in the center console and removing it to plug the iphone in has been a bit of a pain.
As for ease of use. If you load the USB stick with everything organized by artisit than albums, its super easy to use. The key is making sure everything is labeled correctly. ;) I don't find it hard at all and I'm someone who gets frustrated by technology easily. Just use the directory button to get back to main folder (in my case the artist) and then select the artist then album you want. From there you can use the steering wheel controls to control it.
Its not hard to do anything with the tracks, if you dont mind two lines of text by the shifter :) Myself I just hit random and let it go, if I dont like a song I just use the steering wheel controls to skip it. My wife, who drives it the most, just listens to FM and sat radio so she doesnt care.
I looked around the glovebox last night and didnt see a USB port.
I should have quoted... I was mainly referring to the person who said they are getting the "not compatible cable" warning flash.
When did you get your car? We ordered ours in Aug. and got it in early Oct. Hopefully they have already started sending the right cable. :)
The glove box USB is kind of a pain to find - luckily when they prepped my car, they left the tag attached so I could find it. It is in the upper left corner of the box, inside the lip. You are kind of going in blind. Once you find it, I suppose it would be best to just leave the USB plugged in so that you don't have to do the hunt and peck.
I found it easier to upload my playlists via the cable (I didn't get a cable with the car; maybe because I have iDrive???) but my standard Apple USB cable worked fine. Once uploaded I could control through iDrive system. Could also play through Bluetooth, but not specific playlists. If I didn't like a particular choice, I could use the steering wheel controls to switch songs.
The build date on ours was 9/2012, bought it last weekend and according to the dealer it was off the truck for less than a week.
My '11 E92 had iDrive and I could just use the regular cable if I remember right.
I'll look around the glovebox again, I thought I may have felt something in the upper LH corner but I didnt try to look from underneath, I was just feeling around from the drivers seat.
I tried two different USB sticks and they both worked - music appeared right away. I even loaded playlists and they worked as well. I cannot get my Galaxy S2 to connect music however... says 'loading" forever
A couple of months after we bought our car a free USB stick in the shape of a BMW key fob arrived in the mail.. only 2GB but looks good plugged in!
I just looked in the glovebox and there is no other USB socket anywhere, must be on the iDrive or HK models only.
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Does anyone know where I can get some files cut? Laser Cutting/Etching based on .eps files or .bmp files or even .dxf files?
I have the files drawn up, I just need a laser cutter or router to cut for me. Any idea on costs. Basically, I am building up on a .5" thick Sintra spine, then adding .25" inch thick greeblies and details. Low cost would be good.
PM me or send me an e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com.
p.s. - I will try the other forums too.


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Results 1 to 5 of 217
September 3rd, 2009 03:33 PM #1Senior Member
- Join Date
- Sep 2009
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- 711
Minorly Offensive Names You Love (but can't use)
Have you ever found a beautiful name but were unable to admit that it was your favourite to other people because you'd seem like a racist/sadist/bigot/insert-unpleasant-name? Here you can share your love of tainted names with other people who appreciate that names should always be given a second chance.
I personally love Columbine. It's floral without being prissy, French without being frilly, a little Catherine and a little Lillian. And the upside is, no one else would have it!Vote on my name lists: http://www.behindthename.com/pnl/163815/108102 (boys) and http://www.behindthename.com/pnl/163815 (girls).
Girls' Top Ten: Painter, Caoimhe, Coppelia, Glasgow, Undine, Severine, Niamh, Lumina, Poem, Iphigenia
Boys' Top Ten: River, Lysander, Wilder, Gill, Phoenix, Melchior, Harry, Lee, Pryor, Lennox
September 3rd, 2009 04:53 PM #3Senior Member
- Join Date
- Aug 2009
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- 191
Re: Minorly Offensive Names You Love (but can't use)Just a teenage girl who's been obsessed with names since the age of 5...
Current favourite girl names: Willow, Lily, India, Ava & Jamie
Current favourite boy names: Caden, Lucas, James, Cole & Nathan
September 4th, 2009 04:51 PM #5Senior Member
- Join Date
- Jul 2009
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- 353
Re: Minorly Offensive Names You Love (but can't use)
well it is a bit drastic but you could emigrate to the UK and then Columbine would be fine! What about Celandine instead?
September 5th, 2009 04:11 AM #7Senior Member
- Join Date
- Oct 2008
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- 4,286
Re: Minorly Offensive Names You Love (but can't use)
I thought of the name Mary Columbine many years ago. It's good that I didn't name my daughter that. Place names can be a problem if a tragedy happens in that place.
I love the name Jemima, but would never use it because of the syrup.
Love the name Benedict, but there's Benedict Arnold who is an unpleasant memory.
Barbie is a cute name that has been overdone by the doll.
September 5th, 2009 05:03 AM #9Member
- Join Date
- May 2009
- Posts
- 97
Re: Minorly Offensive Names You Love (but can't use)
It's not one I wanted to use, but my BIL and SIL were considering Myra at one point, but here in the UK it's a HUGE no-no because of a child killer called Myra Hindley. The crimes she committed (in the late 50s/early 60s), alongside a man called Ian Brady, are some of the most horrific and notorious in UK history.
The fact a woman could be involved in such horrific crimes against children, it shocked a nation to its core, and although I and many others weren't around at the time, we all know about the Moors Murderers, and in particular 'evil Myra Hindley'.
I would say Myra is on a par with Adolf here in the UK.
NB: Eventually my BIL and SIL accepted the name is unusable and scrubbed it off their list.


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In my opinion this is the cat and mouse game full of smoke and mirrors. It kills me how talented these guys are at breaking these devises down to scrap and can come with an exploit during beta within a day but not on the final product. Come on! Who's the wait for a jailbreak really benefiting us or Apple?
I apologize for my statement earlier about pod2g not releasing the ios 5.1.1 JB when he was there when it was out, however there is still the fact that every time a new ios comes out he's the first one that says that a jailbreak wont be coming out, then a week later you see a video of his iphone with a jailbroken ios. I know it takes time, i know it's hard, but the reality is that he is working on a jailbreak, along with others, and i'm tired that he is always saying there won't be a jailbreak, he can just say that they are working on it and it will take more time than normal, and considering they now have 3 different iphone models, and 2 ipads i know it's hell to do, but at least they can be honest with us about it.
Who cares how long it takes to come out. It's all free anyways. These guys can say what they want to us it doesn't make a difference. I used to work on Android rooting solutions a while back and trust me It took some long nights of work. At the end it's all for free and if you wanna donate to those guys who are working hard to get it done than do so.
So thanks dev team for all your hard work
SAN FRANCISCO, JailbreakCon 2012 Jailbreak hacker extraordinaire Cyril, or pod2g, just took the stage to talk about jailbreak techniques and the future of iOS 6 jailbreaking. After giving a technical run-through of his past exploits in iOS 4 and 5, Cyril explained that there is no working untethered jailbreak for iOS 6.
Considering that this is the worlds only jailbreak convention, many speculated that Cyril and the Chronic Dev Team would announce an iOS 6 jailbreak today, but that is not the case.
Cyril opened the iOS 6 section of his talk with, Will I release the iOS 6 jailbreak today? No! Of course not!
The iPhone 5 running Cydia we all saw several days ago is in fact a failbreak, as Cyril describes it. Its for developers only, and theres no way it could even be released to the public in its current state. To put it simply, there is no working iOS 6 jailbreak for regular users.
That doesnt mean that there wont be an iOS 6 jailbreak eventually, but dont expect one to be released for months. Theres still a lot of work that needs to be done, but the good news is that the hackers here at JailbreakCon seem more motivated than ever.
Somebody will find an exploit, its just a matter of time.


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Welcome to the Colorado Mental Health Institute at Pueblo.
BEHR: Behavior Electronic Health Record
Information Management, OBH Administrative Services
The Colorado Mental Health Institute at Pueblo (CMHIP) is one of Colorado's two state-operated inpatient psychiatric hospitals. The hospital is under the direction of the Colorado Department of Human Services (CDHS), Office of Behavioral Health. The Office of Behavioral Health is responsible for policy development, service provision and coordination, program monitoring and evaluation, and administrative oversight for the State's behavioral health system.CMHIP serves clients in the civil mental health system. Civil adult clients are referred for admission by the state's Community Mental Health Centers, and CMHIP also serves the Adolescent and Geriatric population. In addition, CMHIP serves adults who are found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity or Incompetent to Proceed (defendants unable to assist in their own defense). CMHIP also provides evaluations of competency to stand trial for individuals referred for evaluation by the state's courts. CMHIP provides quality mental health services utilizing Trauma Informed Care and Recovery principles, and has been focused on sustaining hope and promoting recovery for Colorado residents since 1879.
CMHIP works with the Community Mental Health Centers and mental health professionals, patients, families, and mental health advocacy groups toward the goal of preparing our patients to return to their homes and communities. CMHIP is licensed by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment; certified for Medicaid and Medicare participation by the federal Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services; and accredited by the Joint Commission. Joint Commission accreditation is recognized nationwide as a symbol of quality that reflects an organization's commitment to meeting performance standards. Information about accredited organizations may be provided directly to the Joint Commission at 1-800-994-6610. Information pertaining to accreditation and the accreditation performance of individual organizations may be obtained through the Joint Commission's website at www.JointCommission.org.
CMHIP is located in southern Colorado on 300 sprawling, park-like acres. As one of Pueblo's largest employers, we offer career opportunities in many multi-disciplinary professions, including nursing, psychology, social work and medicine.
Thank you for taking the time to visit our site. If you have any questions please contact us at (719) 546-4000
Home > Mental Health Institutes >


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Laws, Regulations & Annotations
Business Taxes Law Guide – Revision 2011
Integrated Waste Management Fee Law
Public Resources Code
Part 1. Integrated Waste Management
Chapter 2. Definitions
Section 40180
40180. "Recycle" or "recycling." "Recycle" or "recycling" means the process of collecting, sorting, cleansing, treating, and reconstituting materials that would otherwise become solid waste, and returning them to the economic mainstream in the form of raw material for new, reused, or reconstituted products which meet the quality standards necessary to be used in the marketplace. "Recycling" does not include transformation, as defined in Section 40201.


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MichaelI am sure you must be a Masters already, just not certified.Annette
NJ does not have a masters neek program yet! They are on verge of hiring new professor to start a program from scartch. They are down to three finalists. People applied from all over world are said to be amazingly qualified. Nothing beats experience, but you can certainly accelerate your learning curve w/ books and classes. I wish I could take a masters program or any course on beekeeping. I also wish I could follow the MB's and Bri' Brays of the world through their apiaries a few times too. That also would accelerate the learning curve.


text: This is a perfect example of Confirmation Bias. As I have before, I said multiple times in that post that Kyle Singler is a limited player with strengths and weaknesses: 1) "He has obvious flaws. He's not a game changer. He's not a SF that's going to give you 20 points and 8 boards a game while shooting 3/6 from downtown. He's not going to hold other teams' scorers to zero points." 2) "Nobody here is saying Singler is an all-star. Nobody is calling him an amazing player. He makes mistakes. He isn't perfect." But then you saw me say "he actually is a pretty decent player," and in your mind, it's enough to justify you questioning everything I said in the rest of the post. One little piece of information that kind of fit what you were looking for, and it completely overruled the rest of what I said. That is a perfect example of the level of biased analysis you're doing with Singler. I'm not some sort of stringent Singler defender; my sentiment toward him is not strong at all. He is what he is; a role player that does a few things well, that two coaches now have decided merited playing starters' minutes, if not a starter's role. The data does not back up the claim that he is a bad defender, despite what you (and a handful of others) have concluded. In fact, this post was not so much about Singler at all, but about the general tendency to harbor our own biases and - if we're not careful - to let those biases affect our judgment. I used Singler as an example because it's clearly your most recent crusade - it was an opportunity to demonstrate to others (if you aren't willing to see yourself) that our own biases can affect our ability to analyze things. In fact, I gave an example of my own bias with regard to KCP; he's been playing better in some ways, but I wanted to believe it. We all do it, and so do you, but it feels to me that you take it farther than most others. And then you gave me that nice little ironic example of another bias, and, well, I just had to respond.


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Front Range (CO) > Green Mountain > Climber's Log
Green Mountain Climber's Log
[ Sign the Climber's Log ]
|Green Mountain
Date Climbed: Dec 11, 2016
|Started at Gregory Canyon Trailhead. Some ice, up to 6 inches snow, well-packed. Traction was useful in a few places but not necessary.
|Posted Dec 11, 2016 9:30 pm
|3rd of traverse
Date Climbed: Oct 17, 2015
|3rd of our traverse with SBP and Bear Mt..
|Posted Oct 23, 2015 8:13 pm
|via Gregory Canyon
Date Climbed: Oct 18, 2014
|Straightforward hike to the summit. No views due to clouds.
|Posted Jul 21, 2015 10:01 pm
|Fair Introduction to Boulder Hiking
Date Climbed: Mar 7, 2015
|Green Mountain wasn't MY introduction to hiking in Boulder (that was Bear Peak), but it definitely would be. It isn't as difficult of a climb as neighboring Bear or South Boulder Peaks, but still has fairly decent views, including the plaque displaying the names and locations of most Front Range alpine summits.
With all it's merits, the trail to Green Mountain isn't nearly as pretty as the Shadow Canyon or Bear Canyon trails, and the views from the top aren't nearly as panoramic due to the tree cover. But it's still an enjoyable outing nonetheless.
|Posted May 5, 2015 12:49 am
|Boulder intro
Date Climbed: May 2, 2015
|Nice quick hike and introduction to Boulder. Great views of the snow capped Front Range, including my first Colorado peak, Longs Peak.
|Posted May 3, 2015 8:26 pm
|Climbing Jack
|Great workout
Date Climbed: May 2, 2014
|Quick day in Boulder.
|Posted Jul 21, 2014 10:11 pm
|Green Mtn
Date Climbed: Oct 10, 2005
|Great day out of Boulder
|Posted Jul 19, 2014 9:12 pm
Date Climbed: Jan 25, 2014
|Deep snow
|Posted May 4, 2014 6:56 pm
|Sarah Simon
|West Ridge
Date Climbed: Jan 1, 2014
|The west ridge made for a quick final summit of the day. Chilled out on the summit for a while watching winter clouds swirl.
|Posted Jan 1, 2014 5:26 pm
|Good hike.
|Continued over to the Sacred Cliffs.
|Posted Oct 28, 2013 2:32 pm
|first peak
Date Climbed: Jun 7, 1997
|When I was growing up in Boulder we used to climb this peak every summer along with Bear peak. I loved it and it was my first intro to mountain climbing.
|Posted Oct 15, 2013 3:55 pm
|a few times
|One of my first Colorado hikes. Have enjoyed this hike a couple of times.
|Posted Jul 7, 2013 5:10 pm
|Gregory Canyon to Ranger Trail to EM Greenman & Back
Date Climbed: Jun 3, 2013
|Climbed on a hot day starting from Chautauqua. Walked to the Gregory Canyon trail, then to the Ranger Trail, and then to the EM Greenman trail and summited. I was planning to go down the Saddle Rock Trail, but dogs were not allowed on this trail. I had my GSP with me, so I went back the way I came. Nice views, even on a hazy day.
|Posted Jun 6, 2013 12:11 am
|Family Hike
Date Climbed: May 27, 2013
|Summited with wife and two boys on Memorial Day. Very nice area.
|Posted May 28, 2013 12:14 am
|Wife and Daughter
Date Climbed: Apr 28, 2013
|From Baseline Rd... gorgeous...
|Posted Apr 28, 2013 10:29 pm
|Green Mnt and Bear Peak
Date Climbed: Mar 17, 2013
|A nice solo 10.5 mile loop that got me both Green Mountain and Bear Peak. Super windy on the summit of Bear.
|Posted Mar 18, 2013 10:18 am
|Nice hike
Date Climbed: Oct 8, 2009
|Nice hike
|Posted Feb 3, 2013 10:35 pm
Date Climbed: May 9, 2011
|The most recent via the west ridge with C. Blake...
|Posted Oct 22, 2012 11:30 am
|Belly danced on top
Date Climbed: May 21, 2012
|Hiked in from the west ridge w/kids in tow. Very beautiful day with warm skies. Belly danced at the top with my wings of isis. The beginning of training for this year's 14er...
|Posted Jul 6, 2012 7:53 pm
|Loop from Chautauqua
Date Climbed: May 11, 2012
|A work outing. We hiked in rain and snow, but it was a fun day - the worst day outside is often better than the best day inside.
|Posted May 23, 2012 12:44 pm