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Movement - In diagnostic sleep studies, abdominal movement
is recorded. This is one of the measures of respiratory effort, reflecting
movement of the diaphragm.
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome (ASPS)
- Phases of the daily sleep/wake cycle are advanced with respect to clock
time. This is classified as a circadian rhythm disorder. The sleep phase
occurs well ahead of the conventional bedtime and the tendency is to wake
up too early.
rhythm - EEG oscillations, prominent over the occipital cortex, with
a frequency of 8-13 Hz in adults; indicative
of the awake state; present in most, but not all, normal individuals; most consistent and predominant during relaxed wakefulness.
intrusion - brief occurrence of alpha activity during a stage of sleep.
Monitor - Portable system used to record (continuously) multiple physiological
variables during sleep.
- Literally means "no breath", the cessation of airflow at the nostrils and mouth for at least 10
index (AI) - A measure of the severity of sleep apnea; the number of apnea events per hour.
index (AHI) - the number of apneas and hypopneas per hour. 5-20=mild,
21-50=moderate, above 51 severe
- abrupt change from sleep to wakefulness, or from a "deeper"
stage of non-REM sleep to a "lighter" stage
Disorder - parasomnia disorder presumed to be due to an abnormal arousal
function. Classical arousal disorders:
sleepwalking, sleep terrors and confusional arousals.
Threshold - ease that a sleeping person is awakened.
- irregularity or absence of the heart rhythm caused by disturbances in
transmission of electrical impulses through cardiac tissue.
Auto Adjusting Continuous Positive Airway
Pressure Device (SmartPAP) (Auto-PAP) - A type of CPAP machine monitoring
changes in breathing and compensates automatically by making appropriate
adjustments in pressure.
- automatic action - especially any action performed apparently without intention
or awareness.
Sleep Cycle - progression through orderly succession
of sleep states and stages. For the healthy adult, the first cycle is begins
by going from wakefulness to non-REM sleep. The first REM period follows
the first period of non-REM sleep, and the two sleep states continue to
alternate throughout the night with an average period of about 90 minutes.
A night of normal human sleep usually consists of 4-6 non-REM/REM sleep
Benzodiazepines - developed in the 1950's,
this class of compounds tranquilize and sedates.
Activity - brain waves with a frequency of greater than 13 Hz (Hertz).
Bi-Level - Bi-level pressure device
used to treat sleep apnea. The "bi" refers to two pressures: a lower pressure for exhalation and a higher pressure for inhalation. Bi-Level
machines are more expensive than a standard CPAP, but some patients tolerate
it better because they can exhale comfortably against the constant inhalation
pressure. (Sometimes called Bi-PAP, but that is a trademark name
of one system)
Clock - term for the brain process causing us to have 24-hour fluctuations
in body temperature, hormone secretion, and other bodily activities. The
most important function fosters the daily alternation of sleep and wakefulness.
The biological clock is found in a pair of tiny bilateral brain areas called
the suprachiasmatic nuclei.
Position - four positions are identified which a patient may be sleeping;
back, left side, right side or abdomen. The time spent sleeping in each
position and the number of respiratory events in a particular position are
- heart rhythm with a rate lower than 60 beats per minute in an adult.
Waves - the brain's spontaneous electrical activity studied by electroencephalography
Bruxism - teeth grinding during sleep
Arrest - sudden cessation of the heart beat.
- Pertaining to blood vessels and
the heart
- sudden, dramatic decrement in muscle tone and loss of deep reflexes that
leads to muscle weakness, paralysis, or postural collapse. Usually caused by outburst of emotion: laughter, startle, or sudden physical exercise;
one of the tetrad of symptoms of narcolepsy.
apnea - absence of airflow and inspiratory effort; apnea caused by irregularity in the brain's control of breathing.
Nervous System (CNS) - brain and spinal cord.
respiration - breathing pattern typified by regular "crescendo-decrescendo"
or waxing and waning fluctuations in respiratory rate and tidal volume.
- treatment for circadian rhythm sleep disorder by systemically changing
sleeping and waking times to reset the biological clock.
Circadian rhythm - innate, daily, fluctuation
of behavioral and physiological functions, including sleep waking, generally
tied to the 24 hour day-night cycle but sometimes to a different (e.g.,
23 or 25 hour) periodicity when light/dark and other time cues are removed.
- adhering to or conforming with a regimen of treatment such as CPAP
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure;
the device used to treat sleep apnea by sending positive airway pressure
at a constant, continuous pressure to help keep an open airway, allowing
the patient to breathe normally through his/her nose and airway
Pressure - pressure needed to maintain an open airway in a sleep apnea
patient treated with CPAP, expressed in centimeters of water (cm H20). The
positive pressure can range from 5 - 20 cm H20. Different patients require
different pressures. The value is determined in a CPAP titration study.
Sleep - refers to combined non-REM sleep stages 3 and
4 in sleep studies
sleep phase - A condition occurring when the clock hour at which sleep
normally occurs is moved back in time in a given, 24 hour sleep-wake cycle.
The result is a temporarily displaced (delayed) occurrence of sleep within
the 24 hour cycle.
sleep - stage(s) of sleep in which EEG delta waves are prevalent or
predominant (sleep stages 3 and 4, respectively).
waves - EEG activity with a frequency less than 4 Hz. In human sleep stage scoring, conventionally the minimum criteria
for scoring delta waves is 75 uV (peak-to-trough) amplitude, and 0.5 second
duration (2 Hz).
Sleep Study - monitoring of several physiological activities in a sleeping
individual. Usually performed to determine the absence or presence of a
specific sleep disorder. The sleep study can occur in a sleep disorders
center or in a patient's home with portable recording equipment.
- large, concave muscle attached to the rib cage at bottom of the chest
(top of the abdomen). Inhalation occurs when diaphragm contracts. Exhalation
is passive as the muscle relaxes.
- active and wakeful in the daytime versus active in the nighttime
DME - Durable Medical Equipment. Equipment
such as wheelchairs and walkers which are prescribed for use by or on the
order of a physician, also includes CPAP and BI-Level machines.
Drowsy - quiet wakefulness occurring prior to sleep onset.
- a disorder of sleep or wakefulness; not a parasomnia
(EKG) – a method of measuring the electrical activity of the heart.
- small devices transmitting biological electrical activity from subject
to polygraph
(EEG) - recording through the scalp of electrical potentials from the
brain and the changes in these potentials. The EEG is one of the three basic
variables (along with the EOG & EMG) used to score sleep stages and
waking. Surface electrodes are used to record sleep in humans, recording
potential differences between brain regions and a neutral reference point,
or between brain regions.
(EMG) - recording of electrical activity from the muscular system; in
sleep recording, synonymous with resting muscle activity or potential. The
chin EMG, along with EEG and EOG, is one of the three basic variables used
to score sleep stages and waking. Surface electrodes are used to record
sleep in humans, measuring activity from the submental or masseter muscles.
These reflect the changes in resting muscle activity.
During REM sleep the chin/cheek EMG is tonically inhibited.
(EOG) - recording of voltage changes resulting from shifts in position
of the eyeball-possible because each globe is a positive (anterior) and
negative (posterior) dipole; along with the EEG and the EMG, one of the
three basic variables used to score sleep stages and waking. Human sleep
recordings utilize surface electrodes placed near the eyes to record the
movement of the eyeballs. Rapid eye movements in sleep indicate a certain
stage of sleep ( usually REM sleep).
- Ear, Nose and Throat. A doctor
specializing in diseases of the Ear, Nose and Throat. These specialists often do surgery as well, and may be referred
to as an ENT surgeon.
- Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure. Pressure prescribed for the expiratory
(breathing out) phase of an individual on Bi-level CPAP therapy for OSA
(obstructive sleep apnea).
- Scientific discipline studying the incidence, distribution, and control
of disease in a population. Includes the study of factors affecting the
progress of an illness, and, in the case of many chronic diseases, their
natural history.
- A standard 30 second duration of the sleep recording that is assigned
a sleep stage designation; for special purposes, occasionally longer or
shorter epochs are scored.
Sleepiness Scale - index of sleep propensity during the day as perceived
by patients, and derived from the answers to 8 questions.
Pressure - measurement used to determine respiratory effort and by inference,
airway resistance. Considered an invasive measure, generally used only in
polysomnographic testing, conducted in sleep disorders centers.
daytime sleepiness or somnolence (EDS) - subjective report of difficulty in staying awake, accompanied by
a ready entrance into sleep when the individual is sedentary
Phase - air is expelled during this phase of the breathing cycle
- feeling of tiredness or weariness usually associated with performance
Fiberoptic Nasopharyngoscope - flexible
fiberoptic scope used in the examination of nasal passages, pharynx, hypopharynx
and larynx.
Fibromyalgia - a disease syndrome whose
primary symptoms are muscle pain and fatigue.
Index - number indicating the amount of airflow limitation caused by
partial closure of the upper airway. 0.3 indicates an open airway, 0.15
is mildly obstructed, 0.1 is severely limited airflow, and 0.0 reflects
a totally closed airway. Flattening
Index is used to identify the condition known as Upper Airway Resistance
Syndrome (UARS), and is continuously recorded in both diagnostic sleep studies
and CPAP titrations.
Limitation - the partial closure of the upper airway impeding the flow
of air into the lungs.
Zone - the period of strongest clock-dependent alerting, usually in
the evening. Prevents falling asleep.
Fragmentation (pertaining to Sleep Architecture)
- interruption of a sleep stage as a result of the appearance of a lighter
stage, or to the occurrence of wakefulness, which leads to disrupted non-REM-REM
sleep cycles.
(Gamma-Amniobutyric Acid) - major neurotransmitter in the brain, which
is considered to be involved in muscle relaxation, sleep, diminished emotional
reaction and sedation.
Reflux Disease (GERD) - flow of stomach acid upwards into the esophagus
that can cause arousals and disrupt sleep.
tongue advancement - a possible surgical treatment used for sleep apnea
and/or snoring, improving the airway behind the base of the tongue. The
genioglossus, the main tongue muscle, relaxes during sleep, often allowing
the tongue to fall into the airway. The muscle attaches to the middle of
the lower jaw. A segment of bone containing this muscle is
pulled forward and stabilized, opening the airway space behind the tongue.
Snorers - those who snore nearly every night
Rate or beats per minute (bpm) - pace/speed of the heart measured in
beats per minute. 60-80 is considered normal in adults.
(Hz) - unit of frequency; equal to cycles per second (cps).
(sleep) - graph indicating sleep stages thoughout the night.
- moisture is added to the airflow as an adjunct to CPAP (Continuous Positive
Airway Pressure) therapy in treating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Humidification
can be added to the CPAP by diverting the airflow over or through a cool
or heated water reservoir (humidifier) to prevent the upper airway from
drying out.
Hyoid Suspension - a possible surgical
procedure sometimes used in the treatment of sleep apnea and/or snoring,
designed to improve the airway behind the base of the tongue. The hyoid
bone is located in the neck where some tongue muscles attach. The hyoid
bone is pulled forward in front of the voice box and can open the airway
space behind the tongue.
Hyperactivity - typical behavior in
a child with a sleep disorder which is causing lack of quality sleep
- excessive or elevated carbon dioxide in the blood
- Extreme irritability; seen in sleep deprived subjects.
- excessive, prolonged sleep
- High blood pressure.
imagery (-hallucinations) - Vivid sensory images occurring at sleep
onset but particularly vivid with sleep-onset REM periods; feature of narcoleptic REM naps.
startle - "sleep start" or sudden body jerk, observed normally
just at sleep onset, resulting in at least momentary awakening
- Morbid fear of falling asleep.
- Sleep-inducing drugs.
- lowermost portion of the pharynx leading to the larynx and esophagus.
- shallow breathing in which the air flow in and out of the airway is less
than half of normal--usually associated with oxygen desaturation.
- reduced rate and depth of breathing.
- abnormal lack of oxygen in the blood in the arteries.
- deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues of the body.
- New class of compounds inducing sleepiness. (Zolpidem, trade name Ambien,
is in this class).
Sleep Episodes – unplanned sleep periods often occuring in an unsafe
situation (i.e., while driving). These episodes are always due to sleep
- complaint describing difficulty in sleeping
Phase - part of the breathing cycle in which air is inhaled.
- referring to a medical procedure in which a bodily orifice or the skin
must be penetrated for the purpose of collecting data, or for diagnosing
or treating a disorder
- Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure. Physician prescribed pressure for the inspiratory phase on a Bi-level
CPAP device, used in the treatment of OSA.
Lag - disturbance induced by a major rapid shift in
environmental time during travel to a new time zone
- type of microarousal; K complex
followed by several seconds of alpha rhythm.
complex - sharp, negative, high-voltage EEG wave, followed by a slower,
positive component. K complex, occurring spontaneously during NREM sleep,
beginning in (and defining) stage 2. K
complexes can be elicited during sleep by external (particularly auditory)
stimuli as well.
assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP) - can eliminate or
decrease snoring but has not been shown to be effective in the treatment
of sleep apnea.
Movement - Leg movements are recorded in both diagnostic sleep studies
and titration studies.
of Medical Necessity (LMN) - certification by a physician that the prescribed
item(s) is/are medically indicated, reasonable and necessary with reference
to the standards of medical practice and treatment of a patient's condition
Cycle - periodic pattern of light (artificial or natural) alternating
with darkness
Sleep - term used to describe non-REM sleep stage 1, and sometimes,
stage 2.
Therapy - used in the treatment of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder)
and other conditions. Exposes the eyes to light of appropriate intensity
and duration and at the appropriate time of day to effect the timing, duration
and quality of sleep.
Sleep Disorder - disorder due to child's difficulty in falling asleep
by delaying and refusing to go to bed
Sleepiness Rating Scale - measure of subjective sleepiness. The scale contains a horizontal line, 100 mm
in length - the right extreme is labeled "Very Sleepy" and the
left extreme is labeled "Very Wide Awake."
- large tongue; usually a congenital disorder (present at birth)
- pertaining to the jaws and face.
Maxillary Osteotomy and Advancement (MMOA) - procedure developed for
patients with retrolingual obstruction, patients with retropalatal and retrolingual
obstruction who have not responded to CPAP and uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
- hormone secreted by the brain's pineal gland
- partial awakening from sleep
- period lasting up to a few seconds during which the polysomnogram suddenly
shifts from waking characteristics to sleep.
(sleep) apnea - interruption in breathing during sleep beginning as
a central apnea then becoming an obstructive apnea.
- a single major sleep period and a single major wake period in a 24-hour
Activity in Sleep - any muscular movement during sleep
Atonia - the absence of muscle activity during sleep
arousal - body movement associated with arousal or awakening; a sleep
scoring variable.
time - term used in sleep record scoring to denote when EEG and EOG
tracings are obscured for more than 15 seconds due to movement.
sleep latency test (MSLT) - a series "nap tests" utilized in the assessment
of excessive daytime sleepiness.
Tone - amount of tension in a muscle.
- muscle contractions in the form of "jerks" or twitches.
- short period of planned sleep generally obtained at a time separate from
the major sleep period.
- sleep disorder characterized by excessive sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep
paralysis, hypnogogic hallucinations, and an abnormal tendency to pass directly
from wakefulness into REM sleep
Airflow/Nasal Ventilation - recording of the complete respiratory cycle
by measuring inspiratory and expiratory airflow
Commission on Sleep Disorders Research (NCSDR) - the commission (created
by the U.S. Congress in 1990) conducted a comprehensive study of the social
and economic impact of sleep disorders in America and made recommendations
based on its findings to the Congress in January 1993
- branch of medicine that referring to the nervous system and its diseases
- endogenuous chemical components that are released from axon terminals
of one neuron and transmit the signal to the next neuron by combining with
its receptor molecules. Neurotransmitters
important in the control of sleep and wakefulness include: norepinephrine,
serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine, adrenaline and histamine.
- unpleasant and/or frightening dream occurring in REM sleep (different
from a night terror)
Terrors - also known as sleep terrors, or pavor nocturnus. Night terrors are characterized by an incomplete
arousal from slow wave sleep. If,
the individual is awakened during a night terror, he/she is usually confused
and does not remember details of the event. Night terrors are different from nightmares; if an individual is
awakened during a nightmare, he/she functions well and may have some recall
of the nightmare.
- excessive, often frequent, urination during the night
- "Of the night;" pertaining to events happening during sleep
or the hours of darkness.
Nocturnal Confusion - episodes of delirium
and/or disorientation near or during nighttime sleep; often seen in victims
of Alzheimers Disease and more common in the elderly
Nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder
(NS-RED)- Getting up during the night and eating while sleepwalking.
No recall in the morning.
Enuresis (Bedwetting) - urinating while asleep
- Medical procedure not penetrating the skin or a body cavity.
or non-REM sleep - characterized by slower and larger brain waves and
little or no dream behavior; quiet
sleep, slow-wave sleep; approximately
80% of sleep
Sleep Intrusion - brief period of NREM sleep patterns appearing in REM
sleep; a portion of NREM sleep not
appearing in its usual sleep cycle position
Syndrome - term applied to obese individuals hypoventilating during
apnea - cessation of airflow (at least 10 seconds) in the presence of
continued inspiratory effort, cessation
of breathing during sleep, due to a mechanical obstruction, such as a semi-collapsed
trachea, tongue relaxed to back of the throat, or a large among of tissue
in the uvula area.
Hypopnea - periodic and partial closure of the throat during sleep resulting
in reduced air exchange at the level of the mouth and/or nostril.
Curse - the respiratory center in the brain is unable to stimulate breathing
in response to an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. Ondine's Curse or central alveolar hypoventilation
typically worsens during sleep.
Sleep - average amount of sleep needed every night by an individual.
Desaturation - less than normal amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin
in the blood; values below 90% are
considered abnormal
Saturation - measure of oxygen carried by hemoglobin in the blood. Normal
values 90% - 100%.
(Pulse) - gives estimates of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2)
by utilizing selected wavelengths of light to non invasively determine the
saturation of oxyhemoglobin (SpO2)
(Pulse) - continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation of arterial blood
from a pulse oximeter; the sensor
is usually attached to the finger.
- Chemical symbol for oxygen. Criterion lowest percent O2 saturation: Greater
than 85%=mild, 80% to 85%=moderate, less than 80%=severe
- an event happening during sleep, or induced or exacerbated by sleep, such
as sleepwalking or asthma; not a dyssomnia.
nocturnal dyspnea (PND) - respiratory distress and shortness of breath
due to pulmonary edema, appearing suddenly and often awakening the sleeping
Sleep - abnormal sleep patterns.
Nocturnus (Night Terrors) - See Night Terrors.
Disengagement - change in consciousness at the onset of sleep when environmental
stimuli are no longer perceived, and there is no longer any conscious, meaningful
interaction with the environment.
Breathing - repetitive apneic pauses, common in premature infants.
Limb Movement Disorder - also known as periodic leg movements and nocturnal
myoclonus. Characterized by periodic episodes of repetitive and highly stereotyped
limb movements occuring during sleep. The movements are often associated
with a partial arousal or awakening; however, the patient is usually unaware
of the limb movements or frequent sleep disruption. Between the episodes, the legs are still. There
can be marked night-to-night variability in the number of movements or in
the existence of movements.
Insomnia - continuing insomnia responding poorly to treatment.
- area posterior to the nares and the oral cavity; passageway for air from the nasal cavity and/or the mouth to the
lungs via the larynx and the trachea, for food and liquids from the mouth
to the esophagus
advance - movement to a position earlier in the 24 hour sleep - wake
cycle of a period of sleep or wake; for example, a shift of the sleep phase
from 11 p.m. - 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. - 4 a.m.
delay - Phase delay is exactly the opposite of phase advance, i.e.,
a shift later in time.
(Event/Activity) - brain, muscle, or autonomic related event of a brief
and episodic nature occurring in sleep. Usually
occur during REM sleep, such as eye movements and/or muscle twitches
- duration of light in a light/dark cycle.
Syndrome - obesity accompanied by somnolence, lethargy, chronic hypoventilation,
hypoxia, and secondary polycythemia (a condition marked by an abnormal increase
in the number of circulating red blood cells); usually has severe obstructive sleep apnea
Gland - gland in the brain secreting the hormone melatonin.
Index - number of sleep-related periodic leg movements per hour of sleep
that are associated with an EEG arousal
- multiple sleep periods and wake periods in a 24-hour day.
- partial pressure of oxygen (O2) in the blood. A value above 60 is usually
considered a safe level: lower than
60 indicated hypoxemia and potential danger for the patient.
(PSG) - continuous and simultaneous recording of physiological variables
during sleep, i.e., EEG, EOG, EMG (the three basic stage scoring parameters),
EKG, respiratory air flow, respiratory excursion, lower limb movement, and
other electrophysiological variables.
- biomedical instrument for the measurement of multiple physiological variables
of sleep
Technologist - health care professional trained in performing diagnostic
sleep studies
Drowsiness - sleepiness that occurs after a meal, usually lunch
Stress Disorder - re-experiencing of a traumatic event in the form of
repetitive dreams, recurrent and intrusive daytime recollections, and/or
dissociative flashback episodes.
morning awakening - early termination of the sleep period in a sleep
maintenance DIMS due to inability to return to sleep after the last of several
CPAP Pressure - pressure(s) or settings determined by a CPAP titration
sleep study, which a physician prescribes for a patient's CPAP therapy machine
Oximetry - non-invasive measure of oxygen saturation; that is the amount
of oxygen saturated in the hemoglobin in terms of percentage; not as accurate as the values obtained from
an arterial blood gases (ABG) test and should only be used as a gauge of
oxygenation. Normal ranges are between
Sleep - The term frequently used instead of NREM sleep
to describe the sleep of infants.
(RF) - Electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range 3 kilohertz
(kHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz); considered to include microwaves and radio
waves. Microwaves occupy the spectral region between
300 GHz and 300 MHz, while RF or radio waves include 300 MHz to 3 kHz.
(RF) Procedure (also known as Somnoplasty) - procedure for treating
nasal obstruction, snoring and in some cases, sleep apnea. The procedure
uses radiowave energy to reduce snoring and the size of the soft palate.
- Respiratory Disturbance Index, includes all respiratory events per hour.
sleep, rapid eye movement sleep - sleep characterized by the active
brain waves, flitting motions of the eyes, and weakness of the muscles;
most dreaming occurs in this stage, which accounts for about 20% of sleep
in adults.
Density - A function that expresses the frequency of eye movements per
unit of time during REM sleep.
Disorders - Sleep disturbances that occur in REM sleep.
latency - The period of time in the sleep period from sleep onset to
the first appearance of stage REMS.
Motor Atonia - The active suppression of activity in the antigravity
and voluntary muscles during REM sleep. The muscles are completely flaccid
and limp.
onset - designation for commencement of a REM period; used also as a shorthand term for a sleep-onset REM period
period - REM portion of a NREM-REM cycle; early in the night it may
be as short as a half-minute, whereas in later cycles longer than an hour.
rebound or recovery - lengthening and increase in frequency and density
of REM periods, which results in an increase in REM percent above base line.
REM rebound follows REM deprivation once the inhibitory influence is removed
Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)- disorder in which REM motor atonia is
partially or completely absent and the individual acts out the ongoing dream.
The behavior in REM behavior disorder is often correlates with the ongoing,
hallucinatory REM dream episode.
Sleep Episode - REM sleep portion of a NREM-REM sleep cycle. Early in
the first sleep period, episodes may be only several minutes in duration.
Later REM episodes almost are always longer, 20 to 30 minutes up to an hour.
Sleep Intrusion - brief interval of REM sleep appearing out of its usual
positioning in the NREM-REM sleep cycle.
Sleep Latency - interval from sleep onset to the first appearance of
REM sleep
Sleep Onset - designation for the first epoch of a REM sleep episode
Sleep Percent - proportion of total sleep time occupied by REM sleep
Sleep Rebound - compensatory increase in REM sleep following experimental
reduction. Extension of time in, and an increase in frequency and density
of REM sleep episodes; usually an
increase in REM sleep percent of total sleep time above baseline values
Care Practitioner (RCP) - licensed health care professional specifically
trained in cardiopulmonary assessment, diagnostics, therapy administration,
and patient education, including the identification and treatment of sleep
Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) - sleep
disorder characterized by a deep creeping, or crawling sensation in the
legs that tends to occur when an individual is not moving. There is an almost
irresistible urge to move the legs; the sensations are relieved by movement.
(Referring to Quality of Sleep) - Persistent or recurrent body movements,
arousals, and/or brief awakenings in the course of sleep
- compounds tending to calm, and reduce nervousness or excitement and foster
Situation - not requiring physical activity, e.g. working at a desk,
sitting in a meeting or in a theater, watching television.
- surgery on the nasal septum (dividing the nasal passage)
- neurotransmitter in the brain that modulates mood, appetite, sexual activity,
aggression, body temperature and sleep
- working hours outside of the conventional daytime hours of 9:00 a.m. to
5:00 p.m.
- a state marked by lessened consciousness, lessened movement of the skeletal
muscles, and slowed-down metabolism
Apnea - cessation of breathing for 10 or more seconds during sleep
architecture - NREM/REM stage and cycle infrastructure of sleep understood
from the vantage point of the quantitative relationship of these components
to each other
cycle - synonymous with NREM-REM cycle
Debt - result of recurrent sleep deprivation which occurs over time
when an individual does not experience a sufficient amount of the restorative
daily sleep that is required to maintain a sense of feeling rested and refreshed.
Deprivation - acute or chronic lack of sufficient sleep.
Disorders - broad range of illnesses arising from many causes, including,
dysfunctional sleep mechanisms, abnormalities in physiological functions
during sleep, abnormalities of the biological clock, and sleep disturbances
that are induced by factors extrinsic to the sleep process
efficiency (SE) - proportion of sleep in the period potentially filled
by sleep--ratio of total sleep time to time in bed
Episode - interval of sleep that may be voluntary or involuntary
Extension - extending sleep time by increasing the time in bed
Fragmentation - brief arousals occurring throughout the night, reducing
the total amount of time spent in the deeper levels of sleep.
hygiene - conditions and practices that promote continuous and effective
sleep, including regularity of bedtime and arise time; conforming time spent
in bed to the time necessary for sustained and individually adequate sleep
(i.e., the total sleep time sufficient to avoid sleepiness when awake); restriction of alcohol and caffeine beverages
in the period prior to bedtime; employment
of exercise, nutrition, and environmental factors so that they enhance,
not disturb, restful sleep
Hyperhydrosis - excessive sweating during sleep.
Inertia - feelings of grogginess and/or sleepiness that persist longer
than 10 to 20 minutes after waking up
interruption - breaks in the sleep architecture resulting in arousal
and wakefulness
latency - time period measured from "lights out," or bedtime,
to the beginning of sleep
log (-diary) - daily, written record of an individual's sleep-wake pattern
containing such information as time of retiring and arising, time in bed,
estimated total sleep period, number and duration of sleep interruptions,
quality of sleep, daytime naps, use of medications or caffeine beverages,
nature of waking activities, and other data
DIMS or insomnia - disturbance in maintaining sleep once achieved; persistently interrupted sleep without difficulty
falling asleep
Mentation - thoughts, feelings, images, perceptions, hallucinations,
and active dreams taking place during sleep
onset - transition from wake to sleep, normally into NREM stage 1 (but
in certain conditions, such as infancy and narcolepsy, into stage REMS)
Onset Imagery - images and experiences during the moments following
the transition from wake to sleep
Sleep-onset REM period - atypical beginning
of sleep by entrance directly into stage REM
Sleep paralysis - waking and not being
able to move for a short period of time, usually occurs out of REM (dream)
pattern (24 hour sleep-wake pattern) - individual's clock hour schedule
of bedtimes and rise times as well as nap behavior: may also include time
and duration of sleep interruptions
Pills - compounds that have a sedative effect,
used to produce sleepiness
Related Accidents - accidents caused by individuals who were sleep deprived
and who, as a result, had impaired judgment
Restriction - limitation of the number of hours in bed
spindle - episodically appearing, spindle-shaped aggregate of 12-14
Hz waves with a duration of 0.5-1.5 seconds, one of the identifying EEG
phenomena of NREM stage 2 sleep
Stage Demarcation - significant polysomnographic characteristics that
distinguish the boundaries of the sleep stages.
stage NREM - major sleep state
apart from REMS; comprises sleep stages 1-4
stage 1 - a stage of NREM sleep occurring after wake. Its criteria consist
of a low-voltage EEG with slowing to theta frequencies, alpha activity less
than 50%, EEG vertex spikes, and slow rolling eye movements; no sleep spindles,
K-complexes, or REMS. Stage 1 normally
assumes 4-5% of total sleep.
stage 2 - a stage of NREM sleep characterized by sleep spindles and
K complexes against a relatively low-voltage, mixed-frequency EEG background;
high-voltage delta waves may comprise up to 20% of stage 2 epochs; usually
accounts for 45-55% of total sleep time.
stage 3 - a stage of NREM sleep defined by at least 20 and not more
than 50% of the period (30 second epoch) consisting of EEG waves less than
2 Hz and more than 75 uV (high -amplitude delta waves); a "delta"
sleep stage; with stage 4, it constitutes "deep "NREM sleep; appears usually only in the first third of the sleep period; usually
comprises 4-6% of total sleep time.
stage 4 - all statements concerning
NREM stage 3 apply to stage 4 except that high-voltage, slow EEG waves,
cover 50% or more of the record; NREM
stage 4 usually takes up 12-15% of total sleep time.
Somnambulism, sleep terror, and sleep-related enuresis episodes generally
start in stage 4 or during arousals from this stage
Sleep stage REM - the stage of sleep
found in all mammal studies, including man, in which brain activity is extensive,
brain metabolism is increased, and vivid hallucinatory imagery, or dreaming
occurs (in humans). Also called "paradoxical sleep" because,
in the face of this intense excitation of the CNS and presence of spontaneous
rapid eye movements, resting muscle activity is suppressed. The EEG is
a low-voltage, fast-frequency, non alpha record. Stage REMS is usually
20-25% of total sleep time.
structure - similar to sleep architecture.
Sleep structure, in addition to encompassing sleep stage and cycle
relationships, assesses the within-stage qualities of the EEG and other
physiological attributes.
(somnolence, drowsiness) - difficulty in maintaining the wakeful state so
that the individual falls asleep if not actively kept aroused; not simply a feeling of physical tiredness or
talking - talking in sleep takes place during stage REMS, representing
a motor breakthrough of dream speech, or in the course of transitory arousals
from NREMS and other stages. Full
consciousness is not achieved and no memory of the event remains.
or Sleepwalking - individual subject to somnambulism (one who walks
while sleeping). Sleepwalking typically
occurs in the first third of the night during deep NREM sleep (stages 3
and 4).
Sleep-wake, 24 hour cycle - the clock
hour relationships of the major sleep and wake phases in the 24 hour cycle:
similar to sleep pattern.
shift (-change, -reversal) – sleep wholly or partially moved to a time
of customary waking activity, and the latter is moved to the habitual sleep
period; common in jet lag and shift work.
Transition Disorder - disorder occuring during the transition from wakefulness
to sleep or from one sleep stage to another;
a form of parasomnia
wave sleep (SWS) - sleep stages 3 and 4
(Smart CPAP) - (Smart [Continuous] Positive Airway Pressure) Medical
device used in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea providing preset
levels of continuous airflow, and automatically adjusting to keep the breathing
passages open by sensing changes in airway integrity. The air flows from
the device through a tube that connects to a nose or face mask.
- noise produced primarily with inspiratory respiration during sleep owing
to vibration of the soft palate and the pillars of the oropharyngeal inlet. Many snorers have incomplete obstruction of
the upper airway, and may develop obstructive sleep apnea.
Palate - membranous and muscular fold suspended from the posterior margin
of the hard palate and partially separating the oral cavity from the pharynx
Complaints - awareness of pain or problems in the body
- walking while asleep
- inducing sleep; hypnotic, as in a drug
- prolonged drowsiness or sleepiness.
- commercial name for radiofrequency treatment of certain sleep disorders
- causing or tending to cause sleep
REMS - condition in which sleep spindles persist atypically in REMS;
seen in chronic DIMS conditions
Sleepiness Scale (SSS) - 7-point rating scale consisting of seven numbered
statements describing subjective levels of sleepiness/alertness
Sleepiness - feelings of sleepiness
Abuse - excessive use of alcohol or drug;
substances can cause sleep disturbances
syndrome - syndrome defined as a defect in the CNS support system for
waking. The few individuals reported
with subwakefulness syndrome have daytime drowsiness and daytime sleep episodes
that are always composed of NREMS stages 1 or 2. The naps occur repetitively
Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) - sudden
and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant, whose death remains
unexplained after the performance of an adequate postmortem investigation. Death usually occurs during sleep. SIDS is a classification that is used to describe
a deceased infant. It is not a disease, nor can it be a diagnosis for a
living baby.
- chronobiological term used to indicate that two or more rhythms recur
with the same phase relationship. In
an EEG tracing, the term is used to indicate an increased amplitude with
an occasional decreased frequency of the dominant activities.
- scheduling sleep to synchronize with the biological clock
- rapid heart rate, usually defined by a pulse rate of over 100 beats per
minute (bpm).
- small devices placed near the nostrils or mouth to measure air flow by
sensing temperature changes; expired air is warmer than inspired air.
- regulation of body temperature in mammals.
waves - EEG activity with a frequency of 4-8 Hz
Excursion - thoracic (chest) movement, indicating respiratory effort. Usually measured by the placement of a sensor
band, which includes a strain gauge around the chest. The sensor band records chest wall movement
associated with respirations..
Volume - amount of air that
passes in and out of the lungs in an ordinary breath;
usually expressed in liters
- progressive, stepwise increase in CPAP pressure applied during a polysomnogram
to establish the optimal treatment pressure
- in pharmacology, refers to the reduced responsiveness to a drug's action
as the result of previous continued and/or multiple exposure
(Event/Activity) - brain, muscle, or autonomic events, which are continuous.
Usually refers to continuous activity (e.g. muscle atonia) during
REM sleep.
- pair of prominent masses of lymphoid tissue that are located opposite
each other in the throat between the anterior and posterior pillars of the
fauces (the narrow passage from the mouth to the pharynx situated between
the soft palate and the base of the tongue). Composed of lymph follicles
grouped around one or more deep crypts.
- surgical removal of the tonsils
Recording Time - duration of time from sleep onset to final awakening.
I n addition to total sleep time, it is comprised of the time taken up by
wake periods and movement time until wake-up.
sleep period - period of time measured from sleep onset to final awakening.
In addition to total sleep time, it is comprised of the time taken up by
arousals and movement time until wake-up
sleep time (TST) - amount of actual sleep time in a sleep period; equal
to total sleep period less movement and awake time. Total sleep time is the total of all REMS and NREMS in a sleep period.
- surgical procedure to create an opening in the trachea (windpipe) so that
one can breathe
- refers to the opening in the trachea. As a treatment for severe obstructive
sleep apnea, a tube to assist oxygenation and ventilation and/or to overcome
an obstruction in the airway located superiorly.
- device designed to convert energy from one form to another
Arousals - brief awakenings from sleep
Insomnia - difficulty sleeping for only a few nights
Antidepressants - medication for depression.
Most tricyclic antidepressants also reduce REM sleep; also used to control cataplectic attacks, hypnogogic
hallucinations, and sleep paralysis.
(penile) - hardening and expansion of the penis: penile erection. Commonly
referred to as nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) in sleep recordings.
- small, shelf-like, cartilaginous structures covered by mucous membranes,
which protrude into the nasal airway to help warm, humidify, and cleanse
inhaled air on its way to the lungs.
Zone - slang popular term to describe the waking state of individuals
whose MSLT scores are 5 minutes or less. Such individuals are usually sleep
deprived or suffer from a sleep disorder.
(Body Twitch) - very small body movement such as a local foot or finger
jerk which is not usually associated with an arousal.
CPAP Titration Study - sleep study that is usually performed in the
home, after determining that a patient has a sleep related breathing disorder
such as OSA or Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome, and is likely to benefit
from CPAP therapy.
Sleep Episode - sleep episode that is not planned and may happen during
an activity in which such an episode is hazardous, such as when driving
a car or working with machinery
Airway - part of the respiratory anatomy that includes the nose, nostrils,
sinus passages, septum, turbinates; the
tongue, jaws, hard and soft palate, muscles of the tongue and throat, etc.
Airway Resistance Syndrome (UARS) - part of the spectrum of obstructive
sleep-related breathing disorders in which repetitive increases in resistance
to airflow in the upper airway lead to brief arousals and daytime fatigue. Apneas and hypopneas (see RDI) may be totally
absent. Blood oxygen levels can
be in the normal range.
- small soft structure hanging from the bottom of the soft palate in the
midline above the back of the tongue.
(UPPP) - also abbreviated as UPP or UP3 this operation is performed
on the throat to treat snoring and sleep apnea.
UPPP is an accepted means of surgical treatment has a curative rate
of less than 50%. Scientific evidence
suggests that UPPP works best in retropalatal and combination retropalatal
and retrolingual obstruction
time - total
time that is scored awake in a polysomnogram occurring between sleep onset
and final wake-up
Noise - mixture of sound waves extending over a wide frequency range
that may be used to mask unwanted noise that may interfere with sleep
Addition Test - performance test; numbers
added for one hour. Often included in a battery of tests to measure the
impact of acute or chronic sleep loss.
- effects experienced when a patient stops taking sleeping pills
- environmental time cue that entrains biological rhythms to a specific
periodicity. Known Zeitgebers are
light, melatonin and physical activity.
To be effective, these signals must occur when the biological clock
is in a responsive phase.
AB - Automatic Behavior
AD - Alzheimer's Disease
ADA - Americans with Disabilities Act
ADD - Attention Deficit Disorder
ADHD - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
AERMS - ambulatory electrocardiogram-respiration monitoring system
AHI – Apnea/Hypopnea Index
AI – Apnea Index
APAP (Auto-CPAP) - auto-titrating, self-adjusting device
BDZ – Benzodiazepine
Bi-PAP (BPAP) - Trademark name of a Bi-Level cpap machine.
BMI – Body Mass Index
BPM – Beats per minute
C - Cataplexy
CDC - Center for Disease Control
CFIDS - Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
CFS - Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
CHF - Congestive Heart Failure
CNS – Central nervous system
CPAP - Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (a nasal device to relieve obstructed breathing in a sleeping patient)
cps – cycles per second
CSR – Cheyne-Stokes respiration
DIMS – Disorders of Initiating and Maintaining Sleep
DME - Durable Medical Equipment
DOES – Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
DSPS - Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome
Dx - Diagnosis
EDS - Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
EEG – Electroencephalogram
EH - Essential Hypersomnia
EKG - Electrocardiogram
EMG – Electromyogram
ENT – Ear, nose, and throat
EOG – Electro-oculogram
EPAP - Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure
ENT - Ear, Nose, and Throat
GABA - Gamma-Amniobutyric Acid
GERD – Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
GHB - Gammahydroxybutyrate (a substance occurring naturally in the brain. To be sold as Xyrem)
HH - Hypnogogic Hallucinations
HLA - Human Leukocyte Antigen
Hz - Hertz (frequency)
Hx - Medical History
IH - Idiopathic Hypersomnia
IPAP - Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure
IRM - Institute of Respiratory Medicine
ITS - I'm Tired Syndrome
LAUP - Laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty
LMN - Letter of Medical Necessity
LTD - Long Term Disability
LO - Lights Out (beginning of sleep recording)
MAO - Monoamine Oxidase (an enzyme in the brain tissue)
MAOI - Monoamine Oxidase inhibitor (a class of anti-depressant.MHC)
MIRS - mandibular inclined repositioning splint
MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imagry
MHC - Major Histocompatibility Complex
MMOA (MMA) - Mandibular Maxillary Osteotomy and Advancement
MSLT - Multiple Sleep Latency Test
MWT - maintenance of wakefulness test
N – Narcolepsy
NCSDR - National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research
NN - Narcolepsy Network
NMH - Neurally Mediated Hypotension
NPT – Nocturnal Penile Tumescence
NREM – Non-Rapid Eye Movement (sleep)
NS-RED – Nonturnal sleep related eating disorder
OCD - Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
ODI - Oxygen desaturation index
OLP - Online Psych
O2 - Oxygen
OSA - Obstructive sleep apnea
OSAS - Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
PCP - Primary Care Physician
PET - Positron Emission Tomography
PLMD - Periodic Leg Movement Disorder
PLMS - Periodic Leg Movements of Sleep
PND – Paroxsymal Nocturnal Dyspnea
PO2 - partial pressure of oxygen (O2) in the blood.
PSG - Polysomnogram
PTSD - post traumatic stress disorder
PWC - Persons w/CFIDS
PWN - Person (People) with Narcolepsy
PWON - Person (People) without Narcolepsy
POPWN - Parent of a person w/ Narcolepsy
PS – Paradoxical Sleep
QS – Quiet Sleep
RERA – Respiratory effort-related arousal
RBD – Rem Behavior Disorder
RCP – Respiratory Care Practitioner
RDI – Respiratory Disturbance Index
REM - Rapid Eye Movement (sleep)
REML – REM latency
RF - Radiofrequency
RLS - Restless Leg Syndrome
R/O - Rule out
RSD - Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
Rx - Prescription
SA - Sleep apnea
SAD - Seasonal Affective Disorder
SaO2 - % of normal Oxygen level in the blood.
SAS - Sleep Apnea Syndrome
SAHS - Sleep apnea/hypopnoea syndrome
SDB - Sleep disordered breathing
SEGS – Number of REM Segments
SEI – Sleep efficiency index
SEM – Slow Eye Movement
SIDS – Sudden Infant Death Syndrom
SL – Sleep latency
SO – Sleep onset
SOREM - Sleep onset REM
SOPWN - Spouse of a PWN
SP - Sleep Paralysis
SPT – Sleep Period Time
Squib - Use of sensitive, superconductor, Josephson junction detectors to map brain activity
SRBD - Sleep-related breathing disorder
SRRD - Sleep-related respiratory disturbance
SSDB - Social Security Disability Benefits
SSI - Supplemental Security Income
SSRI - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (the family of anti-depressants that include Prozac, Zoloft and Wellbutrin among others).
SSS - Stanford Sleepiness Scale
STD - Short Term Disability *OR* Sexually Transmitted Disease
SWL – Slow wave latency
SWS – Slow wave sleep
SWDS – Sleep-wake schedule disorder
Sz – Schizophrenia
S1-S4 – Sleep Stages 1-4
T&A – Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
TB – Body Temperature
TCA – Tricyclic antidepressant
TIB – Time in Bed
TLC – Total Lung Capacity
TMT – Total Movement Time
Trec – Rectal temperature
TRD - Tongue retaining device
TRT - Total recording time
TREM – Total REM Time
TST – Total Sleep Time
TSW – Total Slow Wave Sleep (Stage 3 and 4)
TT – Total Time
TWT – Total Wake Time
Tx - Treatment
UARS – Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome
UPPP - Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
VPAP - Variable positive airway pressure
WAFA - Wake time after final awakening
WASO - Wake time after sleep onset
XPAP - Any type of positive airway pressure device
AB - Automatic Behavior
AD - Alzheimer's Disease
ADA - Americans with Disabilities Act
ADD - Attention Deficit Disorder
ADHD - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
AERMS - ambulatory electrocardiogram-respiration monitoring system
AHI – Apnea/Hypopnea Index
AI – Apnea Index
APAP (Auto-CPAP) - auto-titrating, self-adjusting device
BDZ – Benzodiazepine
Bi-PAP (BPAP) - Trademark name of a Bi-Level cpap machine.
BMI – Body Mass Index
BPM – Beats per minute
C - Cataplexy
CDC - Center for Disease Control
CFIDS - Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
CFS - Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
CHF - Congestive Heart Failure
CNS – Central nervous system
CPAP - Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (a nasal device to relieve obstructed breathing in a sleeping patient)
cps – cycles per second
CSR – Cheyne-Stokes respiration
DIMS – Disorders of Initiating and Maintaining Sleep
DME - Durable Medical Equipment
DOES – Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
DSPS - Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome
Dx - Diagnosis
EDS - Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
EEG – Electroencephalogram
EH - Essential Hypersomnia
EKG - Electrocardiogram
EMG – Electromyogram
ENT – Ear, nose, and throat
EOG – Electro-oculogram
EPAP - Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure
ENT - Ear, Nose, and Throat
GABA - Gamma-Amniobutyric Acid
GERD – Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
GHB - Gammahydroxybutyrate (a substance occurring naturally in the brain. To be sold as Xyrem)
HH - Hypnogogic Hallucinations
HLA - Human Leukocyte Antigen
Hz - Hertz (frequency)
Hx - Medical History
IH - Idiopathic Hypersomnia
IPAP - Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure
IRM - Institute of Respiratory Medicine
ITS - I'm Tired Syndrome
LAUP - Laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty
LMN - Letter of Medical Necessity
LTD - Long Term Disability
LO - Lights Out (beginning of sleep recording)
MAO - Monoamine Oxidase (an enzyme in the brain tissue)
MAOI - Monoamine Oxidase inhibitor (a class of anti-depressant.MHC)
MIRS - mandibular inclined repositioning splint
MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imagry
MHC - Major Histocompatibility Complex
MMOA (MMA) - Mandibular Maxillary Osteotomy and Advancement
MSLT - Multiple Sleep Latency Test
MWT - maintenance of wakefulness test
N – Narcolepsy
NCSDR - National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research
NN - Narcolepsy Network
NMH - Neurally Mediated Hypotension
NPT – Nocturnal Penile Tumescence
NREM – Non-Rapid Eye Movement (sleep)
NS-RED – Nonturnal sleep related eating disorder
OCD - Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
ODI - Oxygen desaturation index
OLP - Online Psych
O2 - Oxygen
OSA - Obstructive sleep apnea
OSAS - Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
PCP - Primary Care Physician
PET - Positron Emission Tomography
PLMD - Periodic Leg Movement Disorder
PLMS - Periodic Leg Movements of Sleep
PND – Paroxsymal Nocturnal Dyspnea
PO2 - partial pressure of oxygen (O2) in the blood.
PSG - Polysomnogram
PTSD - post traumatic stress disorder
PWC - Persons w/CFIDS
PWN - Person (People) with Narcolepsy
PWON - Person (People) without Narcolepsy
POPWN - Parent of a person w/ Narcolepsy
PS – Paradoxical Sleep
QS – Quiet Sleep
RERA – Respiratory effort-related arousal
RBD – Rem Behavior Disorder
RCP – Respiratory Care Practitioner
RDI – Respiratory Disturbance Index
REM - Rapid Eye Movement (sleep)
REML – REM latency
RF - Radiofrequency
RLS - Restless Leg Syndrome
R/O - Rule out
RSD - Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
Rx - Prescription
SA - Sleep apnea
SAD - Seasonal Affective Disorder
SaO2 - % of normal Oxygen level in the blood.
SAS - Sleep Apnea Syndrome
SAHS - Sleep apnea/hypopnoea syndrome
SDB - Sleep disordered breathing
SEGS – Number of REM Segments
SEI – Sleep efficiency index
SEM – Slow Eye Movement
SIDS – Sudden Infant Death Syndrom
SL – Sleep latency
SO – Sleep onset
SOREM - Sleep onset REM
SOPWN - Spouse of a PWN
SP - Sleep Paralysis
SPT – Sleep Period Time
Squib - Use of sensitive, superconductor, Josephson junction detectors to map brain activity
SRBD - Sleep-related breathing disorder
SRRD - Sleep-related respiratory disturbance
SSDB - Social Security Disability Benefits
SSI - Supplemental Security Income
SSRI - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (the family of anti-depressants that include Prozac, Zoloft and Wellbutrin among others).
SSS - Stanford Sleepiness Scale
STD - Short Term Disability *OR* Sexually Transmitted Disease
SWL – Slow wave latency
SWS – Slow wave sleep
SWDS – Sleep-wake schedule disorder
Sz – Schizophrenia
S1-S4 – Sleep Stages 1-4
T&A – Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
TB – Body Temperature
TCA – Tricyclic antidepressant
TIB – Time in Bed
TLC – Total Lung Capacity
TMT – Total Movement Time
Trec – Rectal temperature
TRD - Tongue retaining device
TRT - Total recording time
TREM – Total REM Time
TST – Total Sleep Time
TSW – Total Slow Wave Sleep (Stage 3 and 4)
TT – Total Time
TWT – Total Wake Time
Tx - Treatment
UARS – Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome
UPPP - Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
VPAP - Variable positive airway pressure
WAFA - Wake time after final awakening
WASO - Wake time after sleep onset
XPAP - Any type of positive airway pressure device
©1995-2012 Needsleep.net,
All rights reserved


text: I have a 9x18 Mac made in Bulgaria. I think that's how you spell it. Up to about 10yds it is fairly accurate. They are not a hand fitted gun nor are they real expensive. I think I gave about $159.00 or sowhere there abouts. It has been a sure shooter as everytime I pull the trigger it fires. I can fine no fault with the perfromance of the pistol. I don't think it would stand up to hard use but it will never see that anyway. Good luck with yours.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Dr. Dallalfar's teaching and scholarship have been focused on examining sociology and feminist theory and pedagogy from a cross-cultural perspective. Additional areas of specialization are exploring through both visual and textual ethnography the politics of immigration, Diaspora and transnationality.
Arlene Dallalfar
Professional Title: Professor of Sociology, International Higher Education and Intercultural Relations
Areas of Academic Focus and Expertise: Sociology; qualitative methodology and ethnography; diaspora and transnationality; gender and globalization; film and advocacy
Area of Work and Concentration at Lesley: Intercultural Relations Program, GSASS; Social Science Division, LC: Sociology, Global Studies and Women and Gender Studies
Representative List of Recent Courses Taught: Sociology of Family
Gender and Globalization
Global Social Change
Film, Media and Advocacy
Dimensions and Methods of Cultural Exploration II
Education: BA, Tufts University; MA, PhD, University of California at Los Angeles
Representative List of Recent Publications / Exhibitions: (2011).Transforming Classroom Culture: Inclusive Pedagogical Practices, Edited by Dallalfar,A.; Kingston-Mann,E., Sieber,T. Palgrave Macmillan Press. Also authored chapter in book titled "Teaching Women's Lives: Feminist Pedagogy and the Sociological Imagination".(2010). "Negotiated Allegiances: Contemporary Iranian Jewish Identities" in Contemporary Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, 30(2) (2009). "Fragments of Home: Identity and Empowerment from the Margin". Crossing Borders, Making Homes: Stories of Resilient Women. Edited by Llera,D., Cathcart,D., Roffman,E. 2009. (2006). "North America: Economics Informal Sector: Gender Differentiation and the Informal Labor Market". Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures. Vol.4; Brill Academic Publishers.
Fun Facts: Enjoy hiking, swimming and travelling. I am currently working on a documentary film titled "The 1.5 generation: Iranians in Diaspora".
I am interested in youth advocacy, transnational feminism and issues of social justice.
Tuition and Fees
Experiential Learning
Study Abroad
Advising Center
Honors Program
Three-Year Degree
Dual Degree Programs
Credit Toward Graduate Education - Lesley Dividend
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
Oxford Street Players Theatre Group
The Child Homelessness Initiative
E-newsletter: News from 29 Mellen
Request more information
Schedule a campus visit
Email: email@example.com
Get your application started today!


text:
Fat Boy Jim is a character in Grand Theft Auto 2 who is a member in the Rednecks. Billy Bob Bean, leader of the Rednecks, has Claude Speed blow up a Pickup near his trailer, while Jim was bowling.
- His name is probably a parody of real-life DJ Fatboy Slim.


text:
Transfer Process
Transfer Requirements
Application Dates
After Admission
Confirm Your Enrollment
Who is my Academic Advisor?
St. Louis Community College
St. Charles Community College
Southwestern Illinois College
Jefferson College Transfer Guides
Mineral Area College
East Central College
Lewis and Clark Community College
John Wood Community College
Transcript Evaluations
Dual Admissions Program
Community College Advisors
Transfer Tools
Transfer Students Rights and Responsibilties
Transfer Day
Locate a Transfer Specialist
Financial Aid
Articulation Agreements
Reverse Transfer
Reverse Transfer Documents
Frequently Asked Questions
Contact Us
The Office of Transfer Services & Off-Campus Sites
The Office of Transfer Services & Off-Campus Sites, part of the Office of Undergraduate Admissions, is here to assist you with transferring to the University of Missouri-St. Louis.
Pre-Advisement: Our Transfer Specialists can help you select courses at your current school that will transfer and apply to your UMSL bachelor's degree. Contact us to make an appointment or find a Transfer Specialists at your local college.
Transcript Pre-Evaluations: Not sure about whether UMSL is the best transfer option for you? Our Transfer Specialists can pre-evaluate your unofficial transcripts for the transferability of your credit to give you an idea of how your credit would apply to your UMSL bachelor's degree and to help you in your transfer decision.
General Assistance: Always feel free to contact our office by phone or email for any questions about transferring to UMSL. Our contact information is listed below.
Transferring Guides: We produce guides for students attending the local area community colleges and intend on transfer to UMSL. These Transfer Guides can help you select the best courses for your Community College Associates degree.
Off-Campus Degree Completion: You can earn a high-quality, fully-accredited, low-cost college degree that is close to home from UMSL through the Off-Campus Degree Completion Programs. In cooperation with local community colleges, UMSL offers degree credit courses that create a smooth transition for transfer students interested in completing a bachelor's degree. Graduate degrees are also available for those who have completed a Bachelor's degree.
If you're already an admitted student, simply contact an academic advisor in your area of study.
For questions regarding transferring to the university feel free to email us: firstname.lastname@example.com. For questions regarding our Off-Campus sites offerings, click here for contact information.
To set up an appointment with a Transfer Specialist, or for questions, please call us at 314-516-5162.
To contact a staff member directly:
Krystal Lang, M.A. - Director of Community College Relations: firstname.lastname@example.com, 314-516-6940
Articulation Officer
Located in the Admissions Office, 351 Millennium Student Center.
Douglas Hettich - In-House Transfer Specialist & Missouri Reverse Transfer Coordinator: email@example.com
Any student transferring to UMSL: To make an appointment on the UMSL campus, simply contact Doug: 314-516-5161, located in the Admissions Office, 351 Millennium Student Center.
Christy Hummel, M.Ed-Transfer Specialist & Special Events Coordinator: firstname.lastname@example.com, 314-516-6943
STLCC Meramec Students: Mondays & Thursdays; call 314-984-7575 for an appointment; 9:00AM-6:00PM in the advising center in Clark Hall.
Lindsay Pickering, M.A.-Transfer Specialist & Dual Admission Program Coordinator: email@example.com, 314-516-4139
St. Charles Community College: For a summer appt, Call 636-936-8675 for an appointment with Sue Bateman or Teri Furlow.
STLCC Florissant Valley: Wednesdays, 8:00AM-5:00 PM; Sign up for an appointment in the appointment book in the Florissant Valley Advising lobby.Now scheduling Skype appointments! Email Lindsay at firstname.lastname@example.com to make an appointment.


text:
'Do Da Ratchet' music video Lava House feat. Lil Boosie
'Do Da Ratchet' music video produced by Adetiba/Texas Best Productions for Lava House Records. Shreveport Louisiana aka 'Ratchet City'
Duration : 0:4:51
Categories: Louisiana Music Tags: Boosie, Da, Do, Ent, entertainment, HOUSE, Lava, lil', Louisiana, Mandigo, Mayne, Mr., Nigeria, Ratchet, Shrevepor, Tha, Trill, Untame


text:
What To Do If You See a Child Alone in a Hot Car
It's sadly predictable. Once the heat of summer takes hold, news stories about children dying in hot cars begin flashing across our television and computer screens.
How involved should you become if you see a child left unattended in a hot car? The safest bet is don't be afraid to act. While it's not in many people's nature to jump into a possibly confrontational situation involving someone else's child, not taking any action could turn out a lot worse.
If you see a young child locked in a parked car for more than a few minutes, safercar.org has a guideline on actions you should take:
- Make sure the child is okay and responsive. If not, call 911 immediately.
- If the child appears okay, attempt to locate the parents or have the facility's security or management personnel, page the car owner over the PA system.
- If there is someone with you, one person should actively search for the parent or caregiver while the other stays with the child.
- If the child is not responsive or appears in great distress, attempt to get in the car to assist the child – even if it means breaking a window.
- If the child is in distress due to heat, get the child out of the car as quickly as possible. Cool the child rapidly by spraying him or her with cool water – but not an ice bath.
Some individuals may be concerned that they can be sued or face legal troubles if they break into a locked car, but many states have "Good Samaritan" laws that protect people from getting involved while helping another person in an emergency. Doing nothing may result in a child dying or suffering brain injury from heatstroke.
The risks and consequences of leaving a child unattended in a car are many. Even in this day of information overload, some people simply aren't aware of how an environment or circumstance can change very quickly.
- In 10 minutes, a car can heat up 20 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Cracking a window does little to keep the car cool.
- With temperatures in the 60s, your car can heat up to well above 110 degrees.
- A child's body temperature can rise up to five times faster than an adult's.
- Heatstroke can happen when the temperature is as low as 57 degrees outside!
- A child dies when his/her temperature reaches 107.
- The heat-related death of a child
- Misdemeanor with fines as high as $500 — and even imprisonment — in some states
- Felony, depending on the state, if bodily harm results from leaving kids alone in a hot car
Lots of people are distracted and in a hurry these days – often multi-tasking while driving. Sometimes babies fall asleep while riding in a car or a child may lay down in the back seat to nap. They may not give you a visual or auditory signal that they are present.
If you are responsible for taking a child to daycare or don't normally have a child in your car when running errands or going to work – place something in the front seat next to your belongings to remind you that there is a child in the car with you. A teddy bear or toy next to your briefcase or purse works well.
If you have an infant or toddler in the car, the best place to put something you'll need when you exit the car is in the back seat – so you are forced to look there before you leave.
If you have multiple children with you – always account for everyone before you leave the car for good. Never assume another parent or friend has the child with them.
Something else occurs to me while listing these options on what to do if you witness a child trapped in a hot car. Older adults left alone in a hot car can have the same results. If you see an older adult sitting alone in a hot car, check on them and make sure that they are okay as well.
Source: http://www.safercar.gov/parents/heatstroke.htm
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As some of you guys know. I am on wireless internet. At this time i have no way to get a hard line connection. No way for it in my room.
I was wondering if on a hard line connection you get more frames :fps: in mmorpgs then you do on wireless? not sure how this stuff works. just wondering
thank you


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Dementia diagnosis does not increase depression or anxiety
Receiving a diagnosis of dementia does not prompt a strong negative reaction in most people and may even provide relief because it explains symptoms and makes patients feel less helpless, concludes a recent study.
To gauge psychological reactions to a dementia diagnosis, researchers from Washington University in St. Louis conducted telephone interviews with patients a few days after they received a dementia diagnosis. Two tests were used: the Geriatric Depression Scale and the "State" version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Both patients and their companions took the tests. Baseline scores were obtained through comprehensive physical and neurological examinations. Of 90 study participants, 41 were diagnosed with very mild dementia, 21 with mild dementia, and 28 with no dementia.
The researchers found no significant increase in depression in individuals or their companions, regardless of diagnostic outcome or dementia severity. The level of anxiety also did not increase—and decreased significantly in some cases.
Carpenter, B.D., et al. Reaction to a dementia diagnosis in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008. 56:405-12.
More information for health care professionals about communicating with older patients is provided in the NIA publication Talking With Your Older Patient: A Clinician's Handbook.


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- $3.99
- Published By: eXtasy Books
- Author: Viola Grace
- Page: 84
- Word Count: 20000
- Publication Date: August 5, 2010
- Series: Halfblood Club #3
- Heat Level:
- Available Formats: Adobe Acrobat, Epub, Hiebook, Microsoft Reader, Mobipocket, Mobipocket (.mobi), Palm DOC/iSolo, Rocket, Sony PDF
- Categories: Erotic Romance, Fantasy, Paranormal, Romance
Qty + -
Graylin Treel is on a deadline. With only a few hours to go, she needs to put herself in the path of the dragon that she has chosen as a mate. The problem is, he thinks she is a pathetic human. When the glamour drops and their senses are aroused, can any structure of man take the heat of two dragons in the throes of passion?
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Explore the principles of terminal design, manage capacity, and support your terminal operations through infrastructure design.
Available as: Classroom & In-Company course
Duration: 5 days (40 hours)
Recommended level: Professional and Management
Prerequisites: Participants should have prior knowledge of airport business and operations
Upon completing this course you will be able to:
Download outline (pdf)
This course is recommended for:
An IATA Certificate of Completion is awarded to participants obtaining a grade of 70% or higher on all exercises and exams. A special distinction is awarded to participants obtaining a grade of 90% or higher.
This course is a step toward earning an IATA Diploma in:
About IATA Classroom Training
We train more than 10,000 aviation professionals annually through our global network of IATA Training Centers, Regional Training Partners, and in private in-company sessions. Our 200+ classroom courses are developed using IATA's unique industry insight and delivered by IATA Instructors, experts in their fields. More
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Harvard ManageMentor (HMM) distance learning program at a special graduate price.
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Select a session from the below list to get started. Register early and save up to 20%! The discount will be made automatically at time of payment.
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Get excited about dinner and rediscover the pasta dishes you love that are ideal for a gluten-free lifestyle.
Sweet Potato FettuccineThis clever technique for transforming sweet potatoes into "fettuccine" was inspired by a prize-winning recipe from the North Carolina Sweet Potato Commission. Top with Parmesan cheese, if desired.
Teriyaki Pork and Vegetables with NoodlesOnce you buy the gluten-free spaghetti noodles, finish off this tasty pasta dish by checking for gluten-free teriyaki sauce and chili garlic sauce.
Roasted Vegetable PastaCraving veggies and pasta tonight? Let gluten-free penne pasta, roasted vegetables, and fresh Parmesan cheese delight your taste buds.
Spinach and Mushroom LasagnaBreak from tradition and try this pasta dish with gluten-free lasagna noodles. The flavor is phenomenal!
Pasta Carbonara FlorentineAre you an avid bacon-lover in need of a nutritious dinner idea? Enjoy the benefits of gluten-free spaghetti noodles, along with baby spinach leaves and a creamy Parmesan cheese sauce accompanied with bacon bits in this perfect pasta dish.
Three-Cheese Baked PenneSprinkle freshly grated Parmesan cheese and panko-style breadcrumbs atop the gluten-free brown rice penne and sink your teeth into this savory pasta dish.
Spicy Asian Noodles with ChickenThe sauces are the secret. Include gluten-free soy sauce and hoisin sauce to complete this nutritious noodle dish. Your favorite takeout dinner is now healthier and ready in no time.
Fresh Tomato, Sausage, and Pecorino PastaTo complete this dish, check for gluten-free Italian sausage to include with your gluten-free multigrain penne pasta for a deliciously healthy dinner.
Spaghetti and MeatballsThis classic comfort food of spaghetti and meatballs just got even better with gluten-free spaghetti noodles and Italian herb pasta sauce. This recipe is satisfying and filling with meatballs that hold together well. Remember to check for gluten-free sweet turkey Italian sausage along with gluten-free chicken broth.
Pasta with Roasted Red Pepper and Cream SauceThe secret is in the gluten-free seashell pasta. Serve to your family for a tasty weeknight meal and watch them clean their plates.
Baked Vegetable LasagnaLeave out the gluten in this classic, creamy and cheesy comfort food by simply using gluten-free lasagna noodles.
Zucchini-Mushroom "Linguine"Cutting zucchini into thin strips is easy and makes a fresh, naturally gluten-free substitute for pasta. Add thinly sliced ribbons of salami for a meatier meal.
Vietnamese Beef-Noodle Soup with Asian GreensCheck the beef broth and the soy sauce to make sure they are gluten-free and enjoy this quick and easy Vietnamese cuisine.
Linguine with Peppery ShrimpThe uncooked quinoa linguine in this recipe is gluten-free. Full of protein and flavor, this shrimp pasta will be welcomed at any family dinner.
Tomato-Basil Pasta with AsiagoBelieve it or not, this pasta just got healthier. Grape tomatoes, fresh basil, and grated Asiago cheese join with gluten-free rice penne to create a nutritious alternative.
- Oxmoor House
Gluten-Free Cookbook CoverStill want less gluten and more taste? Check out this gluten-free cookbook and enjoy over 150 delicious recipes.
Click here to order The Cooking Light Gluten-Free Cookbook


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Welp, it's finally time. We've worked hard this year to spread the good word to all the good folks of Houston and now if I bend my ear, it seems I can hear, through the newly crisp fall air, the sound of zines being folded and staplers busily stapling away!
This is going to be a great week for Houston zines, not only because Zine Fest Houston is coming at your FACE on Saturday! Here's a little preview of what's going down:
TODAY at East Side Social Center, the POC Zine Project's Race Riot! Tour is going to be presenting 'Zines made by and/or for POC for sale and/or trade, guest zine readers & speakers and many more.' This is a great project, so make sure you head over to ESSC today at 4pm to check it out!
Following hot on its heels is the All Hallow'Zine open mic & zine reading event at Kaboom Books! We are very excited to be presenting in collaboration with the folks at Kaboom, who are lovely lovely people. Come join us for refreshments and sweet sweet entertainment from the self publishing community!
And, of course, Zine Fest Houston will be taking place on October 12th at the Museum of Printing History between 3-8pm. Here's what you can look forward to at the fest!
4-5pm: Presentation by zine archivist and punk rock historian David Ensminger.
David Ensminger is a Humanities, Folklore, and English Instructor at Lee College in Baytown, TX. As a writer covering music, art, and contemporary issues, he has authored three books: Visual Vitriol: The Street Art and Subcultures of the Punk and Hardcore Generations (Univ. Press of Mississippi), co-authored Mojo Hand (Univ. of Texas Press), a biography of bluesman Lightnin' Hopkins, and contributed to Popmatters, Maximum Rock'n'Roll, Houston Press, Postmodern Culture, Art in Print, M/C Journal, Journal of Popular Music Studies, Artcore, Liminalities, and others. As a digital archivist and blogger, he maintains 25 blogs documenting vernacular culture. Throughout his career, his zines, articles, and blogs have focused on the often overlooked but fecund, ongoing, and nuanced contributions of women, African Americans, Hispanics, queers and lesbians, and Deaf/Hard of Hearing communities upon the legacy, history, and modern dynamics of punk. In 2012, he released The Punk and Indie Compendium, an App published by BiblioBoard (featured on iTunes), featuring 250 entries, including music, photography, interviews, and ephemera from his zines ranging from 1988-2012. His photographs have been featured in his books, blogs, and articles as well. Lastly, as a drummer, singer, and curator of traveling Visual Vitriol poster exhibitions, he has toured American and Western Europe since 2002.
5-5:30pm: Raffle!
5:30-6:30pm: Panel with Space City Nerd as moderators featuring Jamie Kinosian and more panelists TBA!
6:30-6:45pm: Another raffle!
6:45-7:45pm: Presentation by artist Michael Bise
Michael Bise is an artist and author of the ongoing comic, 'Life on the List,' a chronicle of the artist's struggle with what can often be a debilitating heart condition. A pick for the 2013 Texas Biennial, Michael Bise has a show entitled Love in the Kingdom of the Sick up at Moody Gallery that is definitely worth checking out before you hear him speak at the fest!
7:45-8pm: A big raffle!!!
Throughout the fest there will also be kid/teen workshops generously provided by Harris County Public Librarian Maggie Block, zinester extraordinaire! Thank you Maggie, you're the best!
Maggie Block was formerly a North East transplant in the Midwest, but is now some sort of North East/Midwest hybrid transplant in the Lone Star State ("Yankee" has been suggested, but just seems over simplistic). She is a youth worker, evolving from babysitter & camp counselor to teaching artist & nanny to what she is currently: a youth librarian. Maggie first got involved with Zine Fest Houston when she asked if the organizers would do a presentation on zines for her teens at HCPL's Aldine branch. She's thrilled to be double tasking as a tabler and youth workshop leader for this year's fest!
We'll also be joined by the Broke Ass Pizza Cooperative, who will be slinging pizza outside the museum for vegans and non-vegans alike! Yummy!
And finally, after a long week of zine reading and making and fun fun fun, come unwind with us at The Doctor's Office (1302 Nance St.) for the ZFH 2013 After Show! Featuring an Improv Ham Jam (bring your best ham), WOMB BOMB (with former ZFH organizer Lindsey Simard!), CAFFEINATED (Evan McCarley and Scott Gregory bring you the pop-punk anarchy feels), Amazing Technology, and more TBA! Also featuring a keg sponsored by Karbach! Thanks guys!
Hearing about zinefest but bummed you didn't register in time? It's cool! There will be overflow tables available at the doc's office for you to set up and trade, sell, throw around, or distro your stuff in what ever way you see fit! :}
omggg it's gonna be amaaaaazine!


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June 23, 2014
The Wimbledon fortnight started today, and 2011 SEC Athlete of the Year John-Patrick Smith will be representing the Vols on the grass courts of the All England Club.
Find yourself a big bowl of strawberries and cream and quiet, please: it's time for some Tennessee notes ...
SMITH RETURNS TO GRAND SLAM STAGEJohn-Patrick Smith was playing the Asia hard courts and missed the French Open, but he's back on the Grand Slam scene this week at Wimbledon.
Smith, ranked No. 81 in the ATP world doubles ranking, enjoyed his best slam result at last year's Wimbledon. He and fellow Aussie Paul Hanley reached the second round and pushed the third-seeded team of Alexander Peya and Bruna Soares to the brink before losing a five setter 4-6, 6-1, 6-7 (6), 7-5, 10-8.
This year, Smith is playing with a new teammate who knows how to play his way to the winner's circle: Great Britain's Jonathan Marray.
Marray, a 33-year old veteran of the tour, won the 2012 Wimbledon title with Frederik Nielsen in a upset championship run. Tennessee fans might recognize Nielsen as a frequent participant in the annual Knoxville Challenger at Goodfriend Tennis Center.
Smith has won one doubles title so far this year, getting his third consecutive Burnie Challenger title in Australia early in the year. He made several final appearances in doubles during his swing through Asia with former Texas A&M star Austin Krajicek.
So far in 2014, Smith's most notable success has come in singles. He qualified for the BNP Paribas in Indian Wells, Calif., to make his ATP Masters debut earlier this year. He also made the finals of the Taipei Challenger in May. His success has pushed him into the top 200 of the ATP singles rankings for the first time.
A LOOK BACK AT QUALIESSmith and Rhyne Williams both played in singles qualifying at Wimbledon and came up short.
Smith lost to 30th-seeded Farrukh Dustov of Uzbekistan 7-6, 3-6, 6-3 in the first round. Williams won his first match against Great Britain's Joshua Milton in three sets but lost a three setter the next day to former Wimbledon junior champion Luke Saville of Australia.
Tennys Sandgren has been out of action for most of this year recovering from hip surgery. He has missed both the French Open and Wimbledon as he prepares to return to the tour.
REA'S RISING STARFormer Vol Simon Rea (2002-04) will be on the grounds this week in his usual role as coach.
Rea is one of many Vols to coach on the circuit or at a club after his playing days, earning a position working with high performance juniors and pros at Tennis Australia. Rea is currently working with one of Australia's fast rising young stars: Nick Kyrgios.
Kyrgios, 19, is making his fourth consecutive appearance in a Grand Slam main draw. He is ranked a career-high No. 144 and earned a Wimbledon wild card by winning the Nottingham Challenger. In his first round at Wimbledon, he faces Stephane Robert of France.
Rea's work has garnered notice. At the 2013 Australian Tennis Awards, he was the winner of Coaching Excellence - High Performance.
As a Vol, Rea was an All-American and three-time All-SEC recipient. The new Zealand lefty won 87 singles matches during his career, which ranks 14th on the UT career wins list. As a senior, he ended the season ranked 37th in singles and 10th in doubles with Damien Spizzo.


text: Ruched Waist Black Jersey Knit Dress Style: 570068887 Out of Stock Love it? Everyone else did too. This item sold out! Use our search tool, chat online or call 1.877.948.2525 to find something equally desirable. Little black dress in a velvety-smooth matte jersey is ruched at the waist with silvertone buttons on the side. Office appropriate, and ready for an impromptu night on the town. Shell: 95% Polyester, 5% Spandex. Lining: 100% Polyester. Machine wash, cold; tumble dry low. Or dry clean. Imported. Pullover style; close-to-the-body fit. Square neckline. 3/4 sleeve. Silky knit lining. Length: 38". Read More… Share on Facebook Tweet Pin


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Disney's Aladdin Jr.
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Parker School presents the first-ever Middle School Play Production Class in Disney's Aladdin Jr. featuring Conner Brown as Aladdin; Meira Bonnici as Jasmine, Luke Harper as the Genie, Gavin Cairns as the Sultan, and Kaikea Mead as Jafar. The talented cast of 6th-8th grade students who perform in this funny musical comedy also assisted in choreography, costume, set and prop design and serve as lighting and sound technicians.
When: 6:00 p.m. Thursday February 20 & Friday February 21, 2014
Where: Parker School Theatre, Waimea
Tickets at the door, $5 general admission; Children 5 & under are free
For info: Dr. Angela Alforque, Director/Performing Arts Faculty, email@example.com


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CompTIA IT Certifications Help You Move Up The Ranks
...and advance in your government career and beyond.
Whether you're pursuing promotion points or want to prepare yourself for a rewarding career in the service and beyond, a CompTIA IT certification is the first step.
Get reimbursed for taking a CompTIA exam
CompTIA certifications are worth the investment—but as a service member, you may be eligible for reimbursement under the following programs. With the government making the investment on your behalf, it's an opportunity too good to pass up!
U.S. Military Reimbursement Programs
- GI Bill – Active duty, reserve components, and veterans qualify for reimbursement under the GI Bill. Visit www.GIBill.VA.gov for more details.
- DANTES – Eligible Army Reserve, Army National Guard and Air Force Reserve personnel can apply for reimbursement through the DANTES program. Visit www.DANTES.DoDed.mil for more information.
Applications for Education Benefits
An Education Benefits Application for Veteran or on Active Duty Service members (VA 22-1990) can be found at www.vba.va.gov/pubs/forms/VBA-22-1990-ARE.pdf
An Education Benefits Application for your eligible child or spouse can be found at www.vba.va.gov/pubs/forms/VBA-22-5490-ARE.pdf
Click here for further tuition reimbursement information.
Meet DoD 8570.01 Mandated Requirements
In addition to a good career move, CompTIA certifications are a must for certain IT positions. The DoD Directive 8570.1M mandates all government personnel, civilians and contractors working on networks to receive industry IT credentials. CompTIA A+, CompTIA Network+ and CompTIA Security+ exams meet Directive 8570.1M requirements and can be taken at any DANTES Pearson VUE test site.
Pearson VUE delivers exams for all CompTIA certifications—including those that are mandated for military personnel and government contractors under DoD Directive 8570.1M.
Follow the link for your branch of service to receive your exam voucher:
Note: An online voucher tracking system, developed by DANTES and DIAP, is available at https://PCSS.DoD.mil.


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#63 Model Name in URL (revised)
Dec 16, 2012 | 9 minutes | Active Record, Routing
A model's ID in the URL is not very helpful to the user. Consider adding the name which can also improve SEO. Learn how to override to_param, add a slug attribute, and make a catch all route for deep nesting.


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Outer layer is designed to resist abrasions
H-R valves offer rapid inflation/deflation
V-hull provides directional control and speed
Lightweight, integrated I-beam floor
Sturdy quality construction combines with user friendly features to make the Solstice Inflatable Boat a perfect choice for on-water adventurers. Tough 3-ply material has 500-denier fabric laminated between two specially formulated layers of PVC. The outer anti-abrasive surface is specifically designed to resist cuts and scratches. Heavy-duty electronically welded rub strake has a deep ridged design that protects the boat and deflects water. H-R valves offer rapid inflation and deflation. Integrated I-beam floor with keel makes the boat lighter with greater flotation capacity. True V hull provides directional control, speed, and tracking. Also offers molded rope eyes with grab line, stainless steel D-ring for mooring and towing, molded oarlocks , and motor mount for electric or gas 2.5hp engine. Each Solstice Boat comes with carry bag, oars, seat, repair kit, and bellows foot pump. Motor not included. NMMA certified. Six-person capacity. 1,000-lb. maximum weight capacity. Weighs 53 lbs. 11'4"L.


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North Georgia Corn Maze
Cleveland, GA 30528
Located about 4 miles south of Helen, the North Georgia Corn Maze grows on seven acres of beautiful pasture.
Although it's almost impossible to walk on every path in one trip, you are sure to have a lot of fun "Getting Lost" at The North Georgia Corn Maze. Our maze is made up of almost three miles of trails. The maze is surrounded by pastures full of grazing cattle that you can see on the hay ride as well you may see some wild deer, turkey and other critters that make the land their natural habitat. As fall arrives, the mountains overlooking the maze transform into shades of yellow, orange and red.
We love to welcome new friends as well as old from across Georgia, the Southeast - often even from other countries - to our beautiful part of North Georgia. We want to help you make memories with your family, friends and ours, too!
Info & Amenities
Hours of Operation
Sunday: 5:00PM - 8:00PM
Friday: 6:00PM - 11:30PM
Saturday: 6:00PM - 11:30PM
Admission & Fees
Adult $10
Children $9
Seniors $9
Facility Amenities
Bus / Motorcoach Parking on Site, Free Parking, Parking on Site
General Information
Suitable for Ages
All Ages


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The US trails every developed country with universal health care in real measures of quality: life expectancy, prenatal care, access to primary care. What scares people is that some people in those other countries have to wait for elective surgeries or expensive high-end treatments like the Gamma knife for treating cancer or the MRI for a hurt knee
Andrew Rosindell: To ask the Secretary of State for Health how much the NHS cost the public purse in 2005-06; and how much this equated to per tax paying citizen. [115569]Andy Burnham: National health service expenditure is not usually presented in the format per tax paying citizen.Total NHS expenditure for 2005-06 was £76.4 billion. (Estimated outturn)The total number of individual income tax payers in 2005-06 was 29,700,000. (Figure taken from HMT, HMRC/stats/tax receipts/tablel-4).
... A couple of weeks of funds for the Iraq war would pay for all of you to be covered.cheerspeter
f you believe you have a right to be given things just because you exist, how long will it be before you are required to justify your existence?
I think I am getting off the original subject of health care
we may be comparing apples and oranges here. canada has a small population that has decided to spend on entitlement programs. the us has a huge population and is considering expanding entitlement programs when we can't pay for the ones we have. we don't do a good job with the free stuff we have. education would be a good example. we can't support the social security program we have. medicare is out of control. in addition, if we do government health care and do not put a stopper in the border, we'll be taking care of central america for free. they don't pay our taxes. find me a country that has done a good job of providing government health care to 300 million + people and i'll take a look at the program. maybe i'll change my mind.


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Five Tips for Thanksgiving Travel
January 11th, 2016
1. Tires: Ensure tire pressure is properly serviced and maintained for both lengthy travels and everyday driving. Underinflation of tires can cause unnecessary wear and hardship to tire tread, causing tire failure or malfunctions. If not properly inflated, fuel economy can be severely decreased, causing drivers to lose about .6 miles per gallon due to improper tire conditions. Whether over or under inflated, tires can easily lose traction that could lead to an accident if not addressed. Service tires before Thanksgiving travel this holiday season to avoid unnecessary accidents, injury or inconvenience.
2. Headlights: Maintaining proper safety and visibility is imperative for winter driving conditions as travelers often drive in less t ...[more]
Tags: car maintenance, preventative maintenance, driving tips, tire maintenance, oil change, tire inflation, holiday travel
Posted in: Auto Repair 101
Get Ready for Summer Road Trips with New Tires
January 11th, 2016
Summer's going to be here before you know it, and that means time for family road trips!
We know there's a lot to think about when you're planning a vacation...money, accommodations, scheduling, keeping the kids occupied in the car...but one thing you definitely should not neglect in those plans is your tires.
Summer road trips are hard on tires. You have to figure you're in a car that's likely loaded to the gills, driving for hours and hours to get to your destination in 90-plus-degree weather. That's a good way to end up with overheated tires, and heat is the enemy of even the best tires. Here are a few things to consider before you load up the car and get going:
Tags: car maintenance, tire repair, auto service, driving tips, driver safety, safe tires, safe driving tips, tire inflation, holiday travel
Posted in: Tire 101
preventative maintenance driver safety vehicle lights headlights brake lights car maintenance driving tips tire maintenance oil change tire inflation holiday travel wheel alignment tire repair tires tire pressure tire rotation tire alignment tune up auto repair safe driving tips auto service safe tires engine maintenance auto repair services auto services car repair tire balancing car alignment break service Car Energy Savers ac repair ac service air conditioning car service truck tires car tires all season tires oil change service buy tires spare tires new tires tire replacement auto repair service automotive repair back20school automotive repair services truck repair preventative flush service winter driving winter winter tire tips spare tire car spare tire truck spare tire winter tires snow tires snow and winter tires winter tire decisions winter tire help winter tire guide heating repair preventative maintenance service vehicle energy saver mpg gas mileage mileage buy snow tires buy winter tires winter tire benefits winter driving tips safe vehicle mechanic truck tire repair car tire repair mechanics auto mechanics auto mechanic auto repair mechanics tire technology high mileage engine fuel economy tire recycling oil changes high mileage car flat tires flat tire repair replacing tires air conditioning service coolant fluids tire store tips tripletred tires passenger tires tire center auto facts car care kit tire facts check engine light


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International Food Fest and Story Telling
When Tuesday November 12, 2013 @ 6:00 PM (1324 days ago)
Where Campus Center, Greeting Hall
Duration 1 hour 15 minutes
International Food Booths, henna art, and more. Come taste a sampler of foods from many cultures, then vote for your favorites! Students receive 5 food tickets free with ID. 5/$5 without ID. Extra tickets $1/each. FIRST COME, FIRST SERVED. Then, follow the trail of African Kanga stories beginning at 7:15. Come learn the rich history and stories behind these colorful cloth designs, courtesy of Phyllis Ressler and student storytellers. A display of kangas will be up all week in Common Grounds.
-International Education Week Planning Team: Litza Laboriel, Susannah G. Lepley, Cynthia Nassif, Trina Nussbaum, Laura Polk, Melody Tobin, Linda Martin Burkholder
Intended Audience General Public
Contact Information
Name International Student Services
Phone # 540.432.4459


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The final countdown to the pinnacle of the domestic women's football calendar begins when Arsenal Ladies play Birmingham City Ladies in the 2012 FA WSL Continental Cup Final on Wednesday 10th October (7pm KO) at the Underhill Stadium, Barnet FC.
The match promises to be a spectacular finish to a massive year for the women's game and football fans of all ages are urged to come out in force, to see the two best professional women's teams in the country, compete for a chance of silverware.
With a family ticket costing only £15, the Continental Cup Final offers a perfect evening of top class football at an affordable price. In a 'first' for football, fans will be able to experience a special in-match show with Radio 1 and 5Live's Comedy Dave. Fans will receive an earpiece as part of their ticket price (or can pay £2 on the day) to hear Comedy Dave talking with a host of England and FA WSL special guests throughout the match.
In addition, The FA Girls' Football Festival will be coming to Barnet FC from 3.30pm, with the aim of providing girls of all ages and ability the opportunity to experience football. The FREE event allows girls to sample football through interactive games, FA coaching, the ContiWarmUp programme, as well as the chance to meet the stars of the FA WSL.
Following the success of the 2012 Olympics which saw record breaking crowds, huge TV audiences and positive media coverage, both Arsenal Ladies and Birmingham City Ladies are hoping to continue the momentum and excite football fans in front of a roaring crowd, in the crowning match of the FA WSL season.
More information on tickets can be found here: https://www.venuetoolbox.com/barnetfc/ASP/bookTickets.aspCopyright 2017 The Arsenal Football Club plc. Permission to use quotations from this article is granted subject to appropriate credit being given to www.arsenal.com as the source


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Buddhist retreat and film series in Edwards July 27-29
July 19, 2012
Bodhimarga and the Edwards Buddhist Sangha presents a Buddhist film series, which will screen "A Zen Life," a documentary film about D.T. Suzuki, the man who is credited with introducing Zen Buddhism to the west. The film will be shown on July 27 at 6:30 p.m. at the Eagle County Ambulance District Building's Community Classroom, 1055 Edwards Village Blvd. (behind the Edwards post office). Venerable Tenzin Priyadarshi will lead a question-and-answer session after the 77-minute film. Movie and refreshments are free to the public, but donations are always appreciated.A Buddhist retreat with Priyadarshi, "Cultivating a Kind Heart," will take place on July 28 from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. and July 29 from 10 a.m. to noon at the Riverwalk Inn Conference Hall in Edwards. The retreat will focus on "The Eight Verses of Thought Transformation" and the "Medicine Buddha Prayers for Healing." Participants will learn about profound practices that allow inner reflection to deepen their wisdom and transform unhappiness and daily frustrations into a path of fundamental freedom and unconditional love.This retreat is for beginners and advanced students alike and will be a combination of teaching, meditation, mantra recitation and time for Q&A. A donation of $150/single or $250/couple is suggested.Venerable Tenzin Priyadarshi is the founder and director of the Dalai Lama Center for Ethics and Transformative Values at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a non-partisan collaborative think tank focused on interdisciplinary research and programs related to the development of human and global ethics. He also serves as the Buddhist Chaplain to the Institute. Locally, Tenzin is the director of Bodhimarga, a Buddhist study and meditation group.Call Ben Gaylord for more information at 970-390-9299. RSVP for the retreat online at http://www.bodhimarga.org.


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