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Metabo's SE 12-115 burnisher basically is a slow, variable-speed angle grinder with an extended spindle that fits accessory wheels up to 4-inches wide and 4 1/2-inches in diameter. A key on the spindle fits a groove in the wheels to provide a positive mechanical drive, and spacers of different widths are supplied for fitting wheels shorter than the spindle length. The tool body is held perpendicular to the direction of an angle grinder, and a large guard and handle assembly clamps to the head of the tool. This assembly can rotate for left- or right-handed grip, but the latter results in the burnisher moving toward the operator in an uncomfortable pushing action; it should be configured this way only to get into right-side corners or perhaps to switch the strain on the hands around during prolonged, low-resistance buffing. The motor rates at 10 amps and delivers speeds from 900 to 2,810 rpm. The tool weighs about 9 pounds with the wire brush, as shown.
For a more comprehensive review of this tool's abilities, we tested it in two separate capacities by different users, first with wood and then in a metal shop.
Wood Work
As the owner of a company dedicated to working with reclaimed barn wood, cleaning and texturing our finished products without removing original tool marks, surface patina, and other signs of character is very important. We produce a variety of timber and millwork products, including decorative trusses, post and beam components and assemblies, exterior siding and trim, garage door veneers, flooring, paneling, soffit boards, countertops, and stair components. Our wood comes from old Midwestern hay and dairy barns, dismantled "as is" with 100 or more years of rusty nails, dirt, imbedded grit, bird droppings, etc., and needs significant cleaning to be transformed into home-ready condition. Appearance is everything in our market; the cost of our products is significantly higher than standard construction materials.
Though originally designed for metal work, we found that the power, mobility, and variety of abrasive options of the burnisher worked well on wood surfaces. The Metabo excelled at removing dirt from the hand-hewn texture of timbers without abrading away axe marks and other original surface features. The wire-brush wheel removed dirt quickly and left a slight raised-grain texture. Its aggressiveness let us work faster than usual, saving time and money, and it seemed to wear very well. The grit-coated nylon brush is similar to what we're used to; it also cleaned surfaces well, leaving them smoother than the wire brush. The harder abrasive wheels and flap sanders seem better suited for smooth sanding, not our restorative finishing style.
One of the unique attributes of reclaimed wood is the unevenness of its surface, a result of twisting from drying over the years, dents and dings from a long-ago assembly and generations of use, and the weathering down of softer portions of the grain. The brushes' curved profiles and the unobstructed left ends let us follow contours and irregularities, -including mortise pockets and deep surface checks, -much better than other tools we've tried. Since we need to maneuver the angle of attack continuously and dig the brushes' corners into low spots, the supplied guide roller wasn't necessary or desirable, although it could come in handy when surfacing flatter boards or planks.
The burnisher's high power let us bear down when necessary to remove stubborn dirt or paint without the motor laboring. It is well-balanced, with the front handle mounted directly over and in line with the spindle. The tool weighs a bit more than we are used to, but the weight would be an issue only if it was used where its weight couldn't be partially supported by the work piece, for example, in an overhead application on a jobsite.
The fact that the wheels can be changed quickly without a tool is a real bonus. However, the small accessory wheel-retaining bolt and two loose washers you have to remove during this process are too easy to drop and lose in the sawdust. At least the washers could be captive, so I would only have to excavate one piece.
Metal Work
After sending the burnisher to a wood shop for a few weeks, I then tested its more common, intended use: decorative metal finishing. Metabo is a major player in metal fabricating and finishing tools, and they made the burnisher to do jobs that angle grinders aren't well-suited for. The slower motor speed and larger surface area of this tool's accessories make all the difference for decorative work. A variety of surface looks are attainable depending on the wheels used on the tool, from wire brushes to sanding to polishing. Popular "brushed" stainless steel finishes of different scratch depths are easily done with the rubber spindle with sandpaper sleeves or even with finer flap sander wheels. Smoother still are the results from the combination flap/nylon fiber (like a Scotch Brite pad) or the plain nylon-fiber wheels. For a polished finish, the nylon-fiber finish is followed up with three grades of buffing wheels and their specific polishing compounds. In a short time, stainless steel can go from its typical milky-white surface to a mirror polish in four steps, usually beginning with a 280 grit nylon-fiber wheel followed by all three buffing wheels.
When buffing, it helps to reduce the speed to a medium setting when applying the polishing compound so it doesn't fling off. Once it's applied evenly, I used the highest speed for polishing. When new, the buffing wheels are not exactly equal in diameter, so only about half of them contact the metal surface. To even them out, run them against a sharp metal edge on a scrap piece of material until they are even. Several buffing wheels fit on the spindle at once, and a spacer is needed to keep them on tight enough.
One problem I ran into was that the buffing pads at the outside end of the spindle didn't engage the spindle key and would free-spin when under load. Using the largest spacer and really cranking down on the assembly helped, but the free-spinning would still occur under heavy pressure.
Speaking of heavy pressure, I could really lean on this tool without slowing it down. Its electronic motor control keeps it at a constant rpm regardless of the load applied. Other benefits of this motor control are soft-starting, an overload shutoff with warning light, and accidental restart protection. This control also made the tool sound like it was shutting off every time it was lifted from the work surface, but I quickly got used to this.
The tool comes with a wide roller that can be attached to the guard to provide stability. Attaching the guard in the front position requires the tool to be held at an awkward forward angle, and puts the user in the path of the sanding grit and metal dust. However, with the roller at the rear of the guard, it allows very gentle application of the wheels to the work surface for enhanced control. This makes for both flatter finishing of the surface and more uniform wear of the accessory wheel because it won't let the corners dig in.
The roller generally wasn't helpful on wood or for coarser abrasives as it impeded the use of heavy pressure; it was hard to tell how much you were pushing on the roller versus the work. It also got in the way on small pieces as it often caught on the edges. It probably would be most useful on large surface finishes, such as on stainless steel wall panels or along lengthy railings.
I found two parts of the tool to be annoying. The spindle key was very loose and fell to the ground every time I removed a wheel. (CA glue to the rescue.) A more serious problem is the sharp corners of the guard attachment clamp that gouge the work when the burnisher is tilted or when a wheel wears down to about 3-inches in diameter. Filing its edges round or at least wrapping it with tape might save you from scratching your surface, but for a finishing tool, Metabo should have avoided this hazard by designing the clamp up higher toward the handle.
For a tool of such varied and unique uses, the manual has a noticeable lack of instruction. Detailed information about using specific accessories to achieve certain finishes, the speeds they are best suited for, and how to fit wheels on the tool using the different spacers would really help. For example, most accessories should be used as close as possible to the inside end of the spindle to reduce leverage on it and, therefore, wear on the bearings. So the spacers generally should be used on the outside end of the spindle; but for brushes and buffing wheels, which flare out when used, a spacer toward the inside will keep such accessories from abrading the inside end of the guard. A user's guide would save time and experimentation.
The Verdict
The Metabo SE 12-115 burnisher is a wonderfully versatile tool to use where typical sanders and grinders won't do the job. Whether removing a century of grime from a humble barn beam or bringing out a mirror polish on the stair railing to a penthouse, this one tool will do it all. After testing this tool on the job, I can say that the Metabo burnisher has easily earned a place among my other production tools. You just have to figure out how to use it first.
–Jon Hubert owns Singing Saw Woodworks, in Boulder, Colo.
–Senior editor Michael Springer conducted the metal work review.
Metabo Corp.
Burnisher SE 12-115
Price $379
[in kit with metal finishing accessories: $659]


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Digital Photography Workshop on Wednesday 1/15
Join us on Wednesday, January 15th at 6:30pm in the Community Room for a wonderful workshop being presented by Sidney local Thomas Hunter, of Creative Images by Thomas. Bring your own digital camera and learn more about some of its features. A complete description of this program can be found by visiting the Program page.

subset: commoncrawl


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'"It's something that's been looming over our heads," Sabres defenseman and alternate captain Rhett Warrener said. "It's not something we think about every day, but it's something that's always in the back of your mind. Hopefully it's positive, and if it has been bothering guys, they can stop worrying about it. We can concentrate on hockey now. It's nice to have an owner behind you that's going to put the team's best interests first and foremost."'
Sabres excited to have new owner
November 21, 2002 Submitted by
Via: Buffalo News


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Cruise Itinerary Details
Crystal Symphony
Departing from: Sydney, Australia
Ports of Call:
- Brisbane, Australia
- Hamilton Island, Australia
- Cruise Great Barrier Reef
- Thursday Island, Australia
- Darwin, Australia
- Komodo Island, Indonesia
- Benoa (Denpasar), Bali, Indonesia
Bars, Clubs & Lounges
Lounges & Bars
Intimate Lounge
Avenue Saloon
Scenic Lounge
Palm Court
Piano Bar
Crystal Cove
Pool Bar
Trident Bar
Cigar Bar
Connoisseur Club
Coffee Bar
The Bistro
Music & Dancing
Starlite Club
Luxe Nightclub
Teen Spots
Waves Teen Center
Casino & Gambling
- Crystal Casino
- Blackjack, Craps, Roulette, 3 Card Poker*, Ultimate Texas Hold���em* and Mini-Baccarat (on request), as well as slot and video poker machines.
- Slot tournaments including Wheel of Fortune
- Complimentary gaming lessons
- Currencies Accepted: Cash, Personal Checks, Credit Card, and Shipboard Account
- Crystal Spa & Salon
- Crystal Spa - Feng-Shui inspired spa offers a wide variety of body treatments from traditional to exotic
- Crystal Salon features sweeping ocean views and a wide variety of treatments as well as barber services
- Complimentary dry saunas, steam rooms, whirlpools and relaxation area
- Additional charge for spa and salon services
Sports & Fitness
Fitness Center
- The Fitness Center features LifeFitness��treadmills, cross trainers, recumbent and upright life cycles and steppers, all with heart rate sensors, the LifeFitness Pro Series�� of strength equipment, and a range of free weights and mats.
- A wide variety of classes including mat Pilates, Spinning, Kinesis systems, yoga, Tai Chi, boot camp, and more
- 3-deck outdoor fitness garden featuring high-tech circuit training equipment
- WOW Walk on Water and Nordic Walking Program
- Personal Trainers (additional fee)
- Full Promenade Deck for walking and jogging
- Full-size Paddle Tennis court for individual play and tournaments
- Golf driving range, PGA-Pro-hosted golf clinics, and private instruction (additional fee)
- Seahorse Lap pool
- Table Tennis
- Shuffleboard
- Seahorse Pool and whirlpool
Avenue of the Stars
- Shops include Facets featuring jewelry and collectibles, Apropos upscale boutique, and Crystal Collection offering signature apparel, gifts and sundry items
- Photo Shop and Photo Gallery
- Galaxy Lounge features Broadway style production shows and headline entertainers
- Hollywood Theatre
- Magic Castle at Sea - World-class master magicians perform up-close sleight of hand in intimate settings
- Vocalists and live music
Parties and Theme Nights
- Cruise specific theme nights or parties based on destination or ship or itinerary
- Captain's Welcome party
- Captain's Farewell party
Music & Dance
- Live Bands
- Karaoke
- Dance classes
- Ambassador Hosts
Contest & Tournaments
- Contest and Games: Bridge, Backgammon, etc.
Other Features
- Library
- Internet Cafe
- Dedicated Bridge Lounge for daily ACBL instruction and play
- The Studio - dedicated space for Crystal's Creative Learning Institute classes and workshops
- Technology Concierge
Creative Learning InstituteCrystal Cruises Creative Learning Institute featuring USC School of Cinematic Arts Digital Filmmaking program, plus on selected sailings, instructors from Berlitz and Yahama, wellness professionals from Cleveland Clinic, and classes with Odyssey Art at Sea.
- Tai Chi
- Wellness lectures
- Wine Tasting
- Art Instruction
- Computer University@Sea - high-tech learning venue offering a variety of complimentary classes
- Experiences of Discovery Theme Cruises - select sailings
Kids & Families
Crystal ships feature a fully supervised Junior Activities program for kids between the ages of 3 and 17 on Holiday voyages and most summer sailings, each with dedicated play areas for both young kids and teens. Children are supervised during their activities with the Junior Activities Directors, and children with parents' permission are free to come and go as they please.
- On sailings with a Junior Activities Director, children receive their own daily newsletter ��� Surf Runner or Teen Scene, depending on their age ��� letting them know of the next day���s adventures. The hours of operation vary depending on the itinerary and number of children on board.
- Fantasia welcomes children ages 3-7 and 8-12, with games, crafts, popular Sony PlayStation�� and Xbox 360TM kiosks and large-screen televisions, board games and personal computers with entertainment and education.
- Video Arcade at Waves for teens ages 13-17.
- Typical activities for sailings offering the Junior Activities program may include Scavenger Hunts, Story Times, Stretch-ercise, Bridge/Galley Tours, Cookie Baking/Pizza-making, Fashion Shows, Karaoke/Special Artists' Performances, Mask Parade, Movies/Dancing, Mini Olympics/Relay Races, Pool Games/Paddle Tennis, Water Polo/Swimming, Shuffleboard/Volleyball, Late Night Pool Parties/Teen disco, Trivial Pursuit Teen karaoke, and Twister Popcorn Parties.
- The Library offers a selection of children's books and videos for in-room viewing; children can also see recently released films in The Hollywood Theatre.
From booking to boarding and beyond, a personal concierge's expert knowledge can help guide you in arranging the luxury cruise of your dreams.
Please fill out the form to the right and a concierge will call you shortly.
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Infuse the day with unlimited possibility.
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View the Eucalyptus Collection.
Long lasting
This spray is great-I spray 20-30 minutes before I expect company & everyone comments how nice my place always smells. :)
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The Scent of Nostalgia!
The eucalyptus mist will make your home smell so fresh! Growing up, my mother had eucalyptus plants in the house and anytime I use this spray it takes me back home. The smell is natural and not overpowering. Love it!
Cairn Mom
My Very Favorite when having Guests
When I am having guest over, I make sure I spray Eucalyptus all around. When they walk in, I always hear "it smells so nice in here". What is that ? You never need to spray too much. A little goes a long way. I have used this fragrance for years. First found it in a little Bath Shop in Coco Beach, Florida.
Long Lasting Fresh
I tried this spray in the past and loved how it covered up odors, made them disappear and left a fresh fragrance for a long time. My sister-in-law asked me of an air freshener I knew of that would make odors disappear and the fragrance would last. I told her of Thymes Eucalyptus spray. She loves it.
Favorite fragrance
Use this in the bathroom and it quickly gets rid of offensive odors, leaving a fresh scent. A friend commented about liking it so I bought one for him too.
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FOTH Archives
|Related Items
News Main Page
Friday, January 22, 1999
An Investment Opinion
by Warren Gump
The Bubble's Going to Burst Sometime
There has been a good deal of press coverage lately discussing whether our markets are in a "bubble" phase. I don't know whether that will prove to be the case; we'll have to wait until a pop does or doesn't occur to find out definitively. What I can say is that we are in a market that has seen extraordinary returns over the past 15 years as numerous positive economic influences converged. The current valuations in the market appear to assume that those trends will continue unabated into the future, which is extremely optimistic.
One thing I've learned over the past decade of following various securities markets is that you should always be prepared for the unexpected to happen. Certainly very few folks in 1982 would have projected the kind of bull market that was about to begin. At the start of 1998, many people were skeptical that the major indices would achieve 20%+ returns for the fourth consecutive year because never in history had the market done that. Lo and behold, the S&P 500 created new historical precedence by gaining 28%. Expect the unexpected.
Fortunately, most surprises over the past decade have been extremely positive for investors (such as plunging interest rates, the taming of inflation, and soaring corporate profitability). Many people believe these trends will continue indefinitely, justifying the current stock prices. I have no idea what will happen over the next thirty years, but my guess is that there will be some volatility in these key variables that will not always boost stock prices.
Why do I anticipate these variations will occur? Let's look at the history of some macroeconomic inputs. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, we were faced with outrageous inflation and interest rates. The interest rates on 30-year Treasury bonds soared above 13% as investors feared inflation would continue to run rampant forever. Due to myriad factors, less than 20 years later, newly issued 30-year bonds are providing yields that are more than 60% below that level as investors perceive inflation is permanently under control.
Now, I can add as much insight into specific future interest rate movements as I can about the mating habits of the fruit fly (meaning nothing). It doesn't seem unreasonable, however, to expect that sometime in my lifetime there will be real and perceived threats that interest rates will rise. When that happens, the value of stocks will most likely come down, potentially significantly.
Another example of how quickly (and dramatically) the whims and perceptions of investors change can be found in foreign currency. In the middle of 1995, investors fled the U.S. dollar in favor of the Japanese yen. During this period, a dollar could buy fewer than 80 yen. Five years earlier, the dollar purchased over 150 yen. I can still remember all of "the pros" saying that the dollar was going to continue falling forever. Less than four years later, the dollar has risen over 40% to 114 yen (down from its recent peak over 140 last fall). Macroeconomic variables invariably change over time, impacting stock prices.
I could delve into numerous other examples of dramatic volatility in the financial markets over the years, but you probably get the idea. How do these affect valuation? If inflation stays below 2%, long-term interest rates remain around 5%, and corporate profitability meets forecasts of strong growth, most stock prices probably aren't overvalued. If one of these variables (or the 1,000 others that go into stock prices) do change, we may find that many stocks are overpriced in the short-and intermediate-term. Of course, equities could go much higher for a number of years before these negative surprises show their faces.
With so many fundamental elements of our economy strong, it is understandable that most people aren't too concerned about the future. When things are going so well, it's easy to become complacent. Nonetheless, my imagination doesn't need to be stretched too far to envision a period where inflation rises substantially or profitability growth ebbs for a period of time. Maybe it will be 15 years from now, maybe it will be tomorrow. I certainly can't tell you when. After having unsuccessfully predicted somewhere around eight downturns over the past three years (being right once -- for a month), I no longer play that game.
Instead of focusing on the virtually impossible task of projecting when negative surprises will pop up and impact stock prices, I simply remain mentally and financially prepared for such events to happen. In doing that, I ensure that a "bubble bursting" would not have a cataclysmic effect on my life.
Knowing the historical long-term outperformance of stocks over other investments (even when including such disastrous periods as the Crash and the 1973-74 tumble), I feel very comfortable plowing my long-term investment dollars into stocks. In doing so, I know that this money most likely will be invested in at least one market crash. When the calamity strikes, I plan to keep that money invested in equities and continue putting new dollars into the market as my income allows. This strategy has led to terrific returns for other investors throughout this century.
So, are we in a bubble? I don't know. In my opinion, there are many indications that we are. Does that mean you should stop investing? Absolutely not. Predicting the timing of short-term market moves is extremely tricky and generally unrewarding. Should you be prepared for a bubble to pop? You betcha. It may not be this decade, but it's probably going to happen sometime if you're investing for the next twenty to thirty years.
The Fool is hiring. Answer the call.
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Full name Thomas Godfrey Evans
Born August 18, 1920, Finchley, Middlesex
Died May 3, 1999, Northampton (aged 78 years 258 days)
Major teams England, Kent
Batting style Right-hand bat
Bowling style Legbreak
Fielding position Wicketkeeper
Education Kent College, Canterbury
|Test debut
|England v India at The Oval, Aug 17-20, 1946 scorecard
|Last Test
|England v India at Lord's, Jun 18-20, 1959 scorecard
|Test statistics
|First-class span
|1939 - 1967
Godfrey Evans was arguably the best wicketkeeper the game has ever seen. Debates about wicketkeepers cannot be stilled by statistics but what is beyond question is that Evans was the game's most charismatic keeper: the man who made the game's least obtrusive specialism a spectator sport in itself. His energy and enthusiasm brought the best out of other fielders, whatever the state of the game. But he added to that a technical excellence that has probably never been surpassed.
Evans was born in North London, but moved to Kent when he was a baby and was brought up by his grandfather after the death of his mother. At Kent College, he was an all-round sportsman, and played in the school team mainly as a batsman: the games master thought wicket-keeper was a good place to hide one of the team's less mobile fielders. He made his Kent debut in July 1939 as a batsman, but kept wicket in three of his next four games before the war came. His reputation only flourished when the former England captain, A. E. R. Gilligan, saw him in a Services match in 1942 and ensured that he received invitations for the major wartime matches.
By the end of the first post-war summer, Evans had displaced Paul Gibb as England's wicket-keeper, after an excellent performance for the Players at Lord's when he did not concede a bye. He let through one on his Test debut at The Oval, which irritated him years later: a silly little blighter from Jim Langridge, outside off stump. That kind of perfectionism ensured that there was no serious challenge to his pre-eminence for the next 13 years. At Sydney, in 1946-47, he began standing up to Alec Bedser, at first only for the old ball, then all the time. His menacing presence there made the bowler better and more confident; above all, according to Bedser, it ensured that he bowled a full length. Bedser got the idea from Herbert Strudwick, who had stood up to Maurice Tate; he insists that Evans's fingers were never even marked by the experience. He was so quick, and had such wonderful hands, you see.
Evans was not ashamed to tumble, perhaps making the comparatively easy look difficult. But he also executed stumpings with lightning speed, making the difficult look absurdly easy. He was one of the most theatrical of cricketers but, as with all the great performers, the apparent ease masked a self-discipline that the audience never suspected. His greatest secret was the meticulously observed lunchtime siesta ritual, which enabled him to keep fresh and focused. This gave him the ability to conduct the team like an orchestra, and he could flog life from the tired limbs of his teammates at the end of the hottest day. He had a remarkable physique: strong, sturdy, squat and astonishingly resilient, plus a keen eye, remarkable concentration and sharp reflexes. Evans might have taken up boxing for a career: he flattened several opponents before the Kent authorities intervened and told him to choose between the sports. He chose.
At home, he missed only five Tests in 12 seasons between 1947 and 1958, and in all played 91. After the 1946-47 tour, Bill O'Reilly wrote that wicket-keeping was the only department where England matched Australia. In 1950-51, according to Trevor Bailey, Evans did not miss a chance, and took one at Melbourne that still amazed Bailey years later, when he caught Neil Harvey standing up to Bedser one-handed, horizontal, and airborne down the leg side off a genuine leg-glance. But Evans's value to his side and his popular appeal also hinged on his batting. At Adelaide in 1946-47, he famously batted for 97 minutes without scoring, to help Denis Compton to his second century of the match, and avoid likely defeat. More often, his batting was as flashy as his wicket-keeping: highlights included a century in the Old Trafford Test of 1950 and another against India at Lord's two years later, when he scored 98 before lunch.
He remained on his pedastal until 1959 when he was felt to have lapsed against India, and lost his place to Ron Swetman. The need for "team building" was cited. He promptly retired. There is evidence that he did so too early. In 1967, just short of his 47th birthday, he made a comeback during Canterbury Week while Alan Knott was playing for England and there was no available deputy. Huge crowds saw him keep - according to Wisden - "superbly". The England bowler Mike Selvey, now the Guardian cricket correspondent, played with him nine years later in a fun seven-a-side at The Oval."My experience was an education. Late out-swing just whispered into his gloves. I slipped in a full-length in-swinger on leg stump - the most difficult to take - and there he was, down the leg side as if by telepathy, flicking the bails away as the batsman changed feet." Selvey said he had never seen a better display of wicketkeeping.
Keeping alone could not account for his popularity. He made his highest score, 144, at Taunton in 1952. Afterwards, it was announced that there would be a collection for Somerset's beneficiary, Harold Gimblett. Evans at once volunteered to go round with the box, which he did with his cheery smile and banter, making the takings far larger than they would have been. He was always generous himself for good causes. He was equally famous for his night-time roistering, some of which would - in a sterner age - have got him into terrible trouble with the tabloids. His standard shipboard party piece, as Carmen Miranda leading the team in a fancy dress conga, has never quite been forgotten. Many who knew him well believe that behind the extrovert lay a rather sadder figure: he never quite settled into steady post-cricket employment. "For all that Godfrey was a cricketing Falstaff," said his biographer Christopher Sandford, "there was a touch of Hamlet too. He thought and fretted about life more than he let on."
But any sadness was well hidden, in later years, behind exuberant mutton-chop whiskers. He became best known as resident expert for the bookmakers Ladbrokes, reassessing the odds at each twist and turn of a Test match, usually getting it right, but, at Headingley in 1981 when he offered England at 500 to 1, famously getting it wrong. He also worked in the jewellery trade, and for some seasons was involved in a sponsored wicket-keeping award. He remained - even for cricket-lovers too young to have seen him - a symbol of some of the happiest times for English Test cricket, on the field and off it. His CBE, he blithely proclaimed, stood for Crumpet Before Evensong.
John Thicknesse
Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1951
First wicketkeeper to 200 Test dismissals
First Englishman to 1000 runs and 100 dismissals
First player to 2000 runs and 200 dismissals
We need to hear Kohli's side of the story
Now that we've had Kumble's perspective on why he left, we need to know why the captain felt the coach wasn't right for India
Meet the all-round prodigy with the 'boy-cut' hairdo
India's Deepti Sharma has broken batting records, bowling records, partnership records - all while still being a teenager
What the Kohli-Kumble saga tells us
Captains are best off being advised by senior team-mates on the field, and assisted by managers off it
Virat Kohli has endured a turbulent period, and the relaxing setting of the Caribbean might be just the tonic he needs
'I want to play like a brave man, like a lion'
Fast bowler Hasan Ali on leading the Pakistan attack in the Champions Trophy, and the influence his older brother has had on the way he bowls
We need to hear Kohli's side of the story (115)
Now that we've had Kumble's perspective on why he left, we need to know why the captain felt the coach wasn't right for India
What the Kohli-Kumble saga tells us (87)
Captains are best off being advised by senior team-mates on the field, and assisted by managers off it
What score have you not got? (41)
Sachin Tendulkar was never dismissed or left unbeaten on which number?
Virat Kohli has endured a turbulent period, and the relaxing setting of the Caribbean might be just the tonic he needs
India provide the fireworks for Derby's big day (18)
Jarrod Kimber watches India, and Smriti Mandhana in particular, produce a performance worthy of a World Cup opening fixture


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To detect reinforcing steel corrosion, Gordon H. Reigstad of White Bear Lake, Minn., and Hanley S. Reigstad of Sunburg, Minn., developed an invention for the economical nondestructive testing of prestressing members. Their "Method and Apparatus for Detecting Tendon Failures Within Prestressed Concrete" received U.S. Patent 6,119,526, and is now assigned to Tech Research in St. Paul, Minn.
The detection apparatus includes a cart equipped with a metal detector and a distance meter that is designed to be drawn across a concrete slab along a length of tendon. The metal detector includes a control unit that is electronically coupled to a sensor or probe.
As the cart is moved over the concrete slab, the metal detector takes readings representative of the steel tendon, and the distance meter measures the distance traversed by the cart. The detection apparatus also includes a controller that interfaces with the metal detector and the distance meter. The controller is designed to sample the readings generated by the metal detector at predetermined distance intervals along the tendon to determine the present state of corrosion in prestressing steel within a concrete slab.
The controller can send digital signals to a processing unit such as a computer. The computer processes the digital signals, calculates corresponding distance data, and generates a graph in which the data generated by the detector is plotted vs. the corresponding distance data to produce a profile for the length of tendon.


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I wondered if I could get some advice please! I am planning on moving to Spain for a few months, starting in March, as thats the soonest I can afford to leave the UK. I'll be coming with a friend and by then we will have both completed our 100 hour TEFL dioplomas.
We have read plenty about Madrid and found the reports to indicate that teaching there is often a struggle. We don't want to teach in Barcelona. Sevilla seems like a good option for us as fun loving 30 year olds who want to experience a bit of the Spanish culture while not financially crippling ourselves and gaining some valuable teaching experience to get us started teaching around the world. We were planning on initially coming for 3 months, from March to June, but are not sure how realistic this would be for two beginners with no experience, and only the one of us having a degree.
Basically we would like to know how realistic our expectations are, how financially viable it is to work in Sevilla at the moment - we want to be able to afford to live a little and experience the culture while we're there, but won't be bringing any major savings along! We want to stick together as much as possible, although if we're not likely to find work in the same school its not an issue as long as we're nearby. We need somewhere that has decent nightlife and lots going on, and are open minded about where we head to.
Any advice, bearing in mind these circumstances, would be greatly appreciated!
Thanks a lot.


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Gday all.
New to the forums and already loving the ideas ive seen
I'm going to start making my fett costume soon (got till July next year to finish it so plenty of time) and as I was looking around at materials I could possibly use, I saw my pirate wig with long straight hair. I was wondering if I carefully cut some of the hair, could that be alright as the "wookie braids"?. It's about 3/4 the lenght of an arm.


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Peasant's can be good at particular anythingm from tanking to attacking, a very versitle class. Later on when you change class Peasants can cast powerful spells or heal like a literus. As you progress through the game you will find the Peasant's full potential.
Practically all builds for all characters will require CON, since it is the best stat (adds HP, +weight limit, +DP, ect).
Attack Build: 1STR:2CON
Defense Build: All CON
Wisdom Build: 1WIS:2CON
Attack Build: Use this build to do high damage, you'll get recive high damge most likely but with enough attack you'll probally kill monsters before they can lay a hit on you.
Defense Build: My build, alot of defense=can take alot of hits theres no need for attack since its easily made up with equiment and Swordsmanship.
Wisdom: For me this is a soso build. Its not that good in the beggining of the game because theres about 1 or two offensive spells and they delay badly. Once you change to your 2nd class this build will be very usefull, no matter which of the two classes you choose you will be using skills ALOT, so this build is perfect later on.Wisdom builds might wanna go full Wisdom untill 40 then raise only CON till 50. This enables the wisdom peasant to 2 hit kill enemies or even one hit.
Skills(All MAP based)
-Swordsmanship: A passive skill. VERY usefull everytime you level it up it adds about +10AP max this skill!!
-Dizzying: An active skill. MP cost: x Spins the foe to lower thier DP. I recommend you level this skill to 5 so you can learn the next skill. It has a long range which I really like and an ok delay.
-Blossomic: An active skill. MP cost x? Damage is based on MAP. For me its a bit slow, or it may be lag lol. A really short range which I hate, but has good potential. Level this skill to 5, if your planning to use it alot and have a wis build feel free to max it. Has the quickest recharge delay time.
-Silence: Active Skill. MP cost is around 18 at level 1. Just level it to 3 and forget about it for awhile. It does a little bit of damage but makes it so the target cannot use skills. I haven't seen that many monsters with skill early in the game just 2 so far, so I would just put this skill on hold until you need to use it. But this could really own in PvP against a taoist or literus (I doubt they would PvP, but hey)
-Meditation: Passive Skill. Must have for everyone that uses skills. It decreases the amount of time to recover your mana based on its level. I highly recommend you max this skill if you use skills frequently. Every level it can add +10mp
-Blinding: Active Skill. MP cost ??. Like Dizzying because it lowers HR as well, but this skill damages at the same time. A long casting delay but your almost always Blind the enemy.
-Stunner: Active Skill. MP cost ?? Not a good skill it stuns the enemy but has a loooong delay and rare chance of succesion. I dont think its worth while to level the skill over 5.
-Profusion: Active Skill. MP cost ?? Well not much to say except that it has okay delay and can do up to 1.5k damage. I recommend you max this skill.Profusion can do more than 1.5k it just so happens that its special skill chance of hitting 1/3 of the enemies health is capped at 1.5k however at higher levels of wisdom this attack can easily do +1.5k damage.
-Blossom Air Attack: Active Skill. MP cost ?? Short casting time and more damage than Blossomic, which makes it a good skill to use. I believe its better than Profusion since it can do a little bit less damage than it. You should max this skill.Blossomic Air Attack though has the quickest cast, no target needed, and almost as much damage as profusion it has THE LONGEST DELAY twice that of profusion.
I would think its wise to stash a few Skill pt for your second class skills. Regardless theres 9 skills, all skills max at level 10 advancing requires you to be level 100 which give you an extra 10 skill points.
2nd Classes
Righterious Man
Righterious Man are big hitters, they use offensive spells to pummel foes. All spells are MAP based and deal damage in some way by using elemental powers. In my opinion it would be wise to choose the second alternative class becuase you can learn healing spells which would be a great help unless your an active teamer.
Righterious Man's Skills
- Swordsmanship gone WIS style!! Adds +1x wis every level time you level it. A passive skill.
- Infuses fire into your weapon. Casting cost is 1xx MP and has a very long range. Can lower foes defense. An acitve skill.
All Spells Below Need a Spell Cultivation of 80 or more
- An active skill. MP cost: 1x+skill lv %, passes MP to a target, passes MP based on skill lvl. lvl 1 = 10% MP etc.
- Active skill, infuses water into your weapon and could freeze foe, long range. 1xx MP cost.
- Active skill which infuses wind into your weapon. MP cost 1xx. Long range and could confuse target foe.
All Spells Below Need a Spell Cultivation of 120 or more
- Active skill, MP cost of 1xx. Deals damage to the foe with the power of earth. Long range and may petrify foe.
3rd Classes
all credit goes to Radience from water margin online forums here is link http://forum-en.108.com.my/viewtopic...=asc&start=0:D


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Tenzer Advances to Round of 16 at ITA Midwest Regional
By: Ryan Hartwig (@RyanHartwig)
EAST LANSING, Mich. (GreenBayPhoenix.com) - The Green Bay men's tennis team wrapped up its participation at the 2012 ITA Midwest Regional Championships over the weekend with singles and doubles action at the Michigan State University Indoor Tennis Facility.
Sophomore Michael Tenzer (Neuried, Germany) advanced to the round of 16 in the Main Draw of singles, picking up a pair of wins over tough opponents. Tenzer earned a victory in his opening match on Friday, defeating Notre Dame's Ryan Bandy (6-4, 6-4) to advance to the round of 32. Tenzer then defeated Wisconsin's Billy Bertha 6-3, 6-2 on Saturday to move to the round of 16, where he battled hard with Illinois' Jared Hiltzik, but dropped a 7-5, 1-6, 6-2 result. Hiltzik is still alive in the Main Draw and is one win away from the championship match on Monday.
After winning his first two matches on Thursday in the qualifying rounds, senior Craig Cox (Surrey, England) defeated IPFW's Daniel Kang (6-4, 6-2) on Friday to advance to the Main Draw with teammates Erik Finkenbrink (Duelmen, Germany) and Tenzer. Cox battled with Ohio State's Hunter Callahan in his first-round matchup, but fell in straight sets 7-5, 6-1.
Finkenbrink had a tough draw in his first-round matchup, facing 16th-seeded Vlad Stefan of Michigan. The Phoenix senior dropped a 6-1, 6-2 decision. Stefan is also one win away from qualifying for Monday's championship match.
Sophomore Gary Notkin (Plymouth, Minn.) and freshman Joey Leto (Downers Grove, Ill.) teamed up for a win in their doubles contest on Friday, defeating DePaul's Adam Reinhart and Kyle Johnson 9-8 (7-5). The Phoenix tandem then fell to Ohio State's Connor Smith and Callahan 8-2 on Saturday afternoon.
The 2012 ITA Midwest Regional Championships conclude on Monday. Visit the Michigan State athletics site for more information.
the latest and most up-to-date information on Green Bay Athletics and Green Bay
Men's Tennis, please visit GreenBayPhoenix.com.
Follow us on Twitter: @GBPhoenix @GBPhoenixMTEN and @RyanHartwig
Like Green Bay Phoenix Athletics and Green Bay Phoenix Men's Tennis on Facebook.


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Baby Sensory
Babies learn more in the first year of life than at any other time. Never again will there be such an extraordinary pace of development. They are totally attentive and absolutely fascinated by everything that they can see, hear, touch, taste and smell.
Baby Sensory provides hundreds of sensory development activities that are great fun for parents and babies to share in the vital first year. The Baby Sensory programme consists of over 40 themed lesson plans, so every week you will share new sensory experiences with your baby including fibre optic light shows, bubbles, bells, musical fun, baby signing, puppet shows, amazing light balls and so much more.
Our award winning Baby Sensory programme has been designed specifically for babies from birth based on current research into babies' development. Each activity is supported by the provision of developmental information, so that parents can discover how to lead their baby's learning forwards, both within the class and at home.
Each class includes a variety of different baby development activities plus a discovery playtime, during which your baby can enjoy our exploratory play area whilst you have the opportunity to meet other parents.
You can see a short video of a sample session on our website or better still come along to one of our sessions and experience the classes for yourself.
On our website you can also find a range of developmental information and resources like our free Baby Sensory Academy which allows you to record your baby's developmental milestones and access a range of information and activities to help promote your baby's development.
Baby Sensory classes are running in NSW, QLD, WA, VIC and SA. To find your local class and please visit our website at www.babysensory.com.au and click on the 'Find a Class' page.
**Baby Sensory is proud to have been voted the 'Best National Baby and Toddler
Activity (0-2 years) 2014' in the What's On 4 Junior Australia Awards.**
Contact: 0423 919 416
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Baby Sensory Sutherland ShireBy Aimee on 5/11/2014 10:48:25 AM
My daughter and I love Baby Sensory with Nerida! Every week is a new themed week and my daughter loves all the signing and signing. She went nuts for the light show week! I love how relaxed it is and I love getting ideas for developmentally appropriate activities to do at home. We're definitely signing up for next term!
Baby Sensory Sutherland ShireBy melissa.wells.969 on 4/11/2014 9:59:34 AM
I'm so glad I found baby sensory, it has been amazing!!! Not only are the classes engaging and fun, but Cooper and I both learn new things every week. The class variety is fantastic and Nerida is not only well organised and professional, but down to earth, fun and extremely engaging especially with the bubs. I would recommend to anyone looking for an activity you can do wi (...) Read more
North Lake Baby SensoryBy sarah.marsh.9083 on 24/06/2012 5:06:33 PM
My son Callan and I are enrolled in the baby sensory classes at North Lake after doing the Secret Harbour classes with my first son two years ago. Myself and both of my boys have thoroughly enjoyed the classes. The classes have really helped me with different play ideas and with how to make different homemade toys as well as the instructors giving me lots of useful tips ab (...) Read more
Baby Sensory is the highlight of my week!!By cheree.bradshaw on 30/05/2012 1:35:04 PM
I went along to my first baby sensory class, and fell in love with it! Every week, not only does my baby learn something new, but I do too! I get so many play ideas that I bring home and share with my partner. It has given me confidence in my parenting skills, and has given my baby so much pleasure! I recommend Baby sensory to all new parents. Its amazing.
We love Baby Sensory!By Claire on 29/05/2012 11:45:35 AM
Baby Sensory was recommended to me by a girlfriend and I'm so glad she told me about it! I started taking my daughter when she was 6 months old and we both look forward to our class every week. We love the social aspect - we've met lots of new friends! The music and activities are lots of fun and a great opportunity for learning tips and tricks about activities we can do (...) Read more
SECRET HARBOUR BABY SENSORYBy melissa.lillywhite on 25/05/2012 4:52:08 PM
I can highly recommend Baby Sensory at Secret Harbour. We have now advanced to the Toddler Sensory class but in this time I can see the development in my little one. She loves the classes and I do too. It is great to get out of the house and do a class that I know she will enjoy and get something out of. It is also a great way for Mum's to network and meet new people. My f (...) Read more
Baby SensoryBy Sarah on 22/05/2012 2:33:03 PM
Daniel (my son) and I enjoyed 3 terms of Baby Sensory - unitl I had to return to work. It was a great way to have some fun, and learn about developmental stages, and also make some Mum friends, who I am still intouch with. It was a great place to get ideas and share expereinces and remembering nursery rhymes I thought I had forgotten! Would recommended it - Sarah, Secre (...) Read more
Baby SensoryBy narelle.martin.31 on 19/05/2012 2:21:36 PM
I started my little girl, Aaliyah in Baby Sensory at 7 weeks old. I found it to be a lovely bonding experince with her. It is one on one with her without the distractions you get at home. Being a first time Mum it also gave me some great ideas to play with her at home and help with her development. We looked forward to the class every week! Narelle - from Secret Harbou (...) Read more


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Discussion in 'Members Zone' started by Sarge, Aug 14, 2009.
Morning all...enjoy the coffee
Morning Pops and Zoners
Another day another penny
Good morning, Cbz and good morning to all the rest of you Zoners. I'm heading over to the other zones over the McNabb trade. Be good to yourselves.
Morning Pops. Morning Sarge, Yeags, Juke, Phil, Bob, Zax and Leon.
Morning Zoners. This is going to be a great day all. Not sure why yet but I just have that feeling. Something great is going to happen.
Have a great week everybody.
Morning, Cbz. Morning Everyone. It's the beginning of another week just chocked full of opportunity to do great things.
Morning Cbz ---Morning everyone ---one day behind you ,only 4 more to go..We are having a pleasant 50 mph hour breeze today to keep us comfortable
Morning Santiago...Zoniacs....early morning hooligans...
This is going to be an awful day. Not sure why yet, I just have that feeling. A real pain in the butt is going to happen.
On this date in history...
46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) in the battle of Thapsus. It's a shame Cbz isn't here...he could have told us about his experiences with Caesar. (big smile for ya Cbz )
1973 - Yankee Ron Blomberg becomes 1st designated hitter, he walks
1975 - Fastest hat trick by a Wash Cap 3 mins 26 secs (Stan Gilbertson)
1987 - Sugar Ray Leonard upsets Marvelous Marvin Hagler (oh baby, how I loved this)
Totally enjoyed the Sugar Ray fight --not sure about Caeser's victory --I am younger then Pops and Juke ,so I don't remember
Morning Pops and others
I stayed up way to late last night watching the game. :mummy:
Good morning, Cbz and good morning Sarge, Yeags, Juke, ABQ, Bob, Zax and Leon. I remember the Hagler/Leonard fight. A true classic. Take care and have a great day, guys.
Morning Pops. Morning Juke, Sarge, Yeags, Bob, Leon and Zax. Morning Phil, how are you today?
Morning Zoners. It's windy and cold in Albuquerque today. Gotta go to a funeral today. Not looking forward to this but it's better to have it done.
Everybody, have a great day.
Morning Pops!
Morning Baby Sis!
Morning Zone!
Morning, Cbz. Morning everyone.
Sugar Ray Leonard is my all time favorite.
I wish to share this bit of good news with you all... I am off the oxygen tank atleast as far as needing to be on there 24/7 now I only need it if I am exerting myself this is the first bit of good news I have had about this Lung problem...I am by no means out of the woods yet but my Lungs seem to be reacting to the medicine though the medicine is causing other body parts to weaken and fail now it seems to be a race between the two though in 3 weeks I get to try a reduction in dosage...I am so freaking happy I could dang near cry.
Great news ----go ahead and cry -no one is looking
Hope the good news continues my friend
That's wonderful, Zaxor. Good luck to you, my friend.
Very good news indeed Zax. Slow and steady Buddy, slow and steady.
Just saw the news Zax. Great stuff. You deserve a break. Here's hoping that the good news continues. You know we're all pulling for you.
thanks all... it is so cool to be able to move around with out having R2D2 attached to me...I am enjoying my new found freedom...I got sick somewhere in Dec 08 and been on oxygen now for over a year...Pops wished me well but never said a word about having lung problems also.
Beautiful day here and the sun is out also
Morning Cbz --Morning Zax and everyone..We will pray for your continue improvement my friend. Be glad you aren't back home. Wind and dirt has been blowing 30 plus mph.Makes it hard for everyone to breathe.Did't realize it had been that long since you got sick.
Everyone have a great day


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UFC welterweight champion Tyron Woodley unveiled his next title defense on UFC Tonight on Wednesday.
Jared Vanderaa (5-0) makes his LFA debut against Richard
Bruno Pucci embraces the unpredictability of the sport ahead
Cris "Cyborg" Justino will still fight for the UFC
What does it take to get a 10-8 round? Diaz completely dominated that first round yet everyone gave him 10-9. That second round was the closest one in the fight and it was scored the same way 10-9.There no way in that the first two rounds should be scored the same way. This scoring just doesnt make any sense. Do you have to knock someone down 5 times to get 10-8 and kill them to get a 10-7?
Actually, I believe you have to kill someone to get a 10-8. If you want a 10-7, you then have to perform CPR. Revive them, and them kill them again.
I hope I was of help. 😉
Did you not see the Phan/Hettis fight? Did you not look at the Phan/Hettis score cards? Not only does it illustrate a 10/8 round, it's a rare example of a 30/25 fight.
In addition did you not see the first round of Edgar/Maynard II and III. Again, an illustration of a 10/8 round.
As for a 10/7? In my opinion if you can dominate a guy so overwhelmingly that one would argue for a 10/7 round, I argue how the aggressor failed to finish it. Giving credit to the defensive capabilities of the dominated, it should still be scored 10/8.
A 10/7 would have to end in a submission,tko,ko, or tap out. In which case there is no score, just a 'W'.
For your info I watched them all and many others….watching it doesnt make it right. Diaz completely dominated that first round…that was a 10-8 round and i dont care how many mistakes in the judging of previous fights were done. Someone who completely dominates a round and has the other hurt several times deserves a 10-8.
I agree DrkDisciple, that Diaz dominated that round. But in defense of Cerrone, he did fight back, it wasn't completely one sided.
And not to defend the judges because they fail to be consistent. Cerrone, if I recall correctly, didn't get knocked off of his feet in the first round. Diaz, for all his punches, didn't knock Cerrone down. Diaz didn't display, striking AND grappling superiority. He displayed striking supiority, but failed to shut down Cerrone completely. And mayhap that is why it wasn't scored a 10/8. I'm just saying, it may not be as blatant of an example of a 10/8 round as you deem it to be.
I think Diaz should have gotten the second round. I didn't see a reason for Cerrone to get it. As I stated in a different thread, the leg sweeps must have been visually impressive more than they were actually effective. I feel Diaz still got the better of Cerrone in the second round. It should have been a unanimous decision of 30/27 for Diaz.
DrkDisciple, get off Nate's balls
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My name is Tanya Barham I work for the Green House Network, a non-profit organization dedicated to public education about the science, economics and politics of global warming. (www.greenhousenet.org).
We facilitate a national network of close to 100 climate education speakers, who collectively, have given over 350 global warming talks on college and university campuses over the last two years. Our speakers network includes scientists, artists, clergy, academics and other concerned citizens residing all across the nation.
Our speakers are available to deliver public lectures or presentations on climate change free of charge. This would be an excellent opportunity to build awareness around climate change for Earth Day or any day. You can read speaker bios on our Web page at the following URL http://www.greenhousenet.org/
If you would be interested in hosting our speakers at presentations, rallies or public lectures, please let me know by replying to firstname.lastname@example.com or calling me at the Green House Network (503-236-3612). If you are not interested, then I would appreciate it if you could pass the word to interested Earth Day organizers, environmental studies faculty, student leaders or interest groups.
This last year, 2001, was the second hottest in recorded history, surpassed only by 1998. Global warming is the dominant environmental issue of our time, and the Green House Network is committed to fostering serious public dialogue surrouding the issue.


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atmospheric air is 300-400 ppm CO2, Why inject CO2, instead of air?
I think I got most of my question out in the subject. If I just put an airstone on a big enough pump, why wont the CO2 stay in the water column with the 02? or will it?
Also, it seems like all surface agitation assists in the loss of injected CO2 to the atmosphere, so why do people use any other method of filtration other than canister filters since sponge and HOB filters let all the CO2 out? Does the loss of CO2 via diffusion just slow enough? Of course, that depends on the type of filter and the contact that that filter puts atmospheric gas against the tank water.
Now that I think about it, if I just took a working drop checker (which I don't have) out of a tank with, say 30pppm CO2, then the it should indicate that the concentration of CO2 increases. . and would increase with just a big air stone as I mentioned earlier.
The atmospheric ppm of CO2 is just throwing me off. .. Just google "atmospheric co2 ppm".
Now I realize it probably has everything to do with pH and kH..
thanks for your thoughts.
There are 2 issues.
#1. I think it's about the density of water that makes it harder for plants to absorb CO2 like that would in air so we in fact inject many folds more CO2 by volume into the water than there is in the air.
#2. CO2 concentrations are measure differently in air vs in water. In air it is ppm(v) by volume. In water it is ppm(w) by weight. So 300ppmv is only 1.3ppmw of CO2 in water.
ps. If you set up a low tech tank, CO2 is generated by the bacteria in your soil/substrate. They'll produce something like 20ppmw of CO2 which is way more than what's available from the air. You can search for my research in a DIY CO2 sensor to see the fun.
Co2 concnetrations are higher in air. Much higher. And the lethal limit for a human at sea level is about 20,000 ppm for one hour
The problem is water resists the uptake of co2 becuase of surface tension. And whats knwon to the science and hobby community as partial pressure.
An airstone would indeed inject tons of co2 and oxygen, but its also riding the 70% nitrogen gas bubble right back out before any of it really dissolves.
Also breaking the surface of water doesnt release as much co2 as an airstone becuase the gas bubbles break the suspension of the co2 molecule easily and absorb co2 and transport it to the surface. Very wastefull
There isn't a Ton of co2 in the air as you mentioned. There is only 300-400 ppmv of co2 in fresh air. It'll jump to 1500-2000 ppmv with people in the room. We all know that it takes 30 ppmw -60 ppmw of co2 in the water for good plant growth in a high light environment. That's 10,000 - 20,000 ppmv of co2 if it was in the air. Yeah, that could kill us. Good thing fishes are used to it in the water.
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Does anyone know how to get emailed when someone responds to your post?
I thought I had done it, but I've never gotten an email.
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I got interviewed a couple of weeks ago. (If you're reading this on Planet Lisp, you probably already know this). I had a quick update to one of the points I made, but failed to write it down anywhere and have since forgotten. So, instead, a somewhat delayed and probably more dull update. (What, more dull than the delayed response of someone to their own interview? Well, be ready to be amazed. But I can't help but feel that the additional information was that I had forgotten some whole class of Lisp programming that I actually do, which is a bit embarrassing in an interview in a series titled "Lisp Hackers"...).
Maybe the first thing was to dip my toes back into SBCL maintenance: some nice if minor fixes from me this cycle: one was a simultaneous bug fix and optimization to modular arithmetic, motivated by pfdietz's resurfacing and running of his random form tester, which inevitably revealed that we have been slack in the last five years or so (where does the time go?); the other was a fix to the powerpc implementation of ldb, which broke the build after the previous fix. All sorted out now, phew. (And there's lots of other stuff that's gone in this month, unlike the previous "month" which sort of rolled on for the best part of three months, so it's probably worth testing).
But onward, to my desire to learn a bit more about Emacs Lisp. I've used emacs for many a year – indeed, the interview reminded me that I learnt Lisp by being given a difficult problem to work on, instructions on how to start XEmacs, and time to read USENET – but have never considered myself a real Emacs User; my ~/.emacs is so tiny, I daren't show it to the world for fear that I will lose all my remaining Lisp Hacker credibility. Acting with the view that the best way to learn is to do, shortly after starting to use EMMS as a media player, I've implemented support for DISCNUMBER metadata (this matters if, like me, you have a large number of multiple-disc sets). I've also revived (again) SWANKR, putting it up on github also, since I have started getting patches; I look forward to exploring this "social coding" idea. And I have also written a hacky but just-about-usable interface to the BBC iPlayer (using the excellent but fairly user-hostile get_iplayer utility) – particularly pleasing to my family now that digital switchover has reached London and I no longer possess equipment capable of receiving the UK television signal.
I now return to the Teclo vortex. But I am going to Zadar for the European Lisp Symposium; I hope to see some old and new faces there!


text: I'm not creating this thread to bring up the argument of who really deserved 3rd in the ice dancing event in 1998, but I had a question based on a video I just watched. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=U18yDHDTMZc This video has Balkov saying to Senft that he wants Bourne/Kraatz 3rd in the free dance, followed by Lobacheva/Averbukh and then Anissina/Peizerat. Now my question, was Balkov saying that is what the supposed 'bloc' should all do? If it was, then that means at the end of the day, Bourne/Kraatz would have indeed ended up on the podium. (CD1 5th, CD2 4th, OD 4th, FD 3rd = 7.2 compared to Anissina/Peizerat CD1 3rd, CD2 3rd, OD 3rd, FD 5th = 8.0) All I ever hear is how the Canadians were pre-determined to end up in 4th place and a lot of it (if not all of it) had to do with the Balkov recording, and then FROM that came the 'unfair judging' as a whole. But what he says in the piece that they aired sounds like the exact opposite. So did he have other plans for the earlier segments of the competition?


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Codes & Standards
Most of us have never heard of standards, and yet we come into contact with standards every day without realizing it; in fact, it's hard to imagine a world without them. Standards contribute to safer homes, workplaces and public spaces. They address issues related to sustainability and the environment. And they encourage the adoption of new technologies and best practices that enhance trade and help make industry more competitive in the global marketplace. Standards help advance today, while anticipating tomorrow.
Standards development is the foundation of CSA Group. From our initial charter in 1919, we have grown to become the largest standards development organization (SDO) in Canada, with the widest subject area recognition. We also work with other SDOs around the world as a key contributor to international and harmonized standards activities. Our library of more than 3,000 standards and codes address subjects that affect the interests of industry, consumers, regulators and the public at large.
Learn about CSA Group's accreditations, our recognized balanced matrix process, and how many of our codes and standards are used by industries and regulators to help make the world a better, safer, more sustainable place.
Standards Development
We are accredited in the U.S. and Canada to develop standards in a wide range of subject areas that speak to product safety and performance, process improvement, best practices and safer work environments.
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Our codes are often referenced in government regulations in the U.S., Canada and around the world. Find out more about these important documents and how they pertain to your business.
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text: With due respect, there just isn't any way to know what Monroe's ceiling is. Cousins developed his strength a lot earlier than Monroe has, but there's really no reason to believe that Monroe won't develop his consistently over the next 4 or 5 years. I love Cousins raw ability, but Monroe is still the most unique and best passing big man to come into the league since guys like Webber, Bill Walton and Sabonis. If he develops the way we hope, then we've got something special. We'll see.


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Application Deadline: July 26, 2016
Award Activation: Jan. 1, 2017
The application must be submitted by 5:00 p.m. Central Time in Grants@Heart on the deadline date. The application will be submitted to the designated grant officer, who will submit it to the American Heart Association (AHA).
Program Description, Eligibility and Peer Review Criteria
Success Rates
To support mid-career investigators with unusual promise and an established record of accomplishments; candidates have a demonstrated commitment to cardiovascular or cerebrovascular science as indicated by prior publication history and scientific accomplishments. A candidate's career is expected to be in a rapid growth phase.
Science Focus
Research broadly related to cardiovascular function and disease and stroke, or to related clinical, basic science, bioengineering or biotechnology, and public health problems, including multidisciplinary efforts.
Proposals are encouraged from all basic, behavioral, epidemiological, and community and clinical investigations that bear on cardiovascular and stroke problems.
Target Audience
At the time of application must:
- Have M.D., Ph.D., D.O. or equivalent doctoral degree
- Be a faculty/staff member
- Have current national-level funding as a principal investigator (or co-PI) on an R01 grant or its equivalent (e.g., VA Merit Award, NSF Grant, or PI of a project on a Program Project Grant from NIH). NIH "K" series awards are not considered equivalent to R01.
To encourage submissions from clinical investigators, epidemiologists, and translational scientists, individuals with significant funding from national-level peer reviewed clinical and multicenter trials and/or other clinically-oriented grants will be considered (e.g., U01, UL1, and equivalent awards).
At the time of award activation must:
- be at least four (4) years but no more than nine (9) years (i.e., eight years and 12 months) since the first faculty/staff appointment at the assistant professor level or equivalent (including, but not limited to, research assistant professor, research scientist, staff scientist, etc.). Instructor positions (or equivalent positions) do not count toward the four or nine years of eligibility.
At the time of application, must have one of the following designations:
- U.S. citizen
- Permanent resident
- Pending permanent resident. Applicants must have applied for permanent residency and have filed form I-485 with the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services and have received authorization to legally remain in the United States (having filed an Application for Employment Form I-765).
- H-1B Visa - temporary worker in a specialty occupation
- J-1 Visa - Note: You must have an H-1B or equivalent by the award activation date. If the H-1B or equivalent is not received by the award activation date, the award must be relinquished.
- O-1 Visa - temporary worker with extraordinary abilities in the sciences
- TN Visa - NAFTA professional
- E3 - specialty occupation worker
- G-4 Visa - family member of employee of international organizations and NATO
Awardee must meet American Heart Association citizenship criteria throughout the duration of the award.
Abbreviated Proposal
The Established Investigator Award's abbreviated proposal format is not the same as those used for traditional grants-in-aid or individual NIH research grants (R01). The 10 pages of the proposal in the EIA describe past research accomplishments, the potential of the EIA to provide new directions and innovations, and broadly discuss projected research studies; the application should not contain detailed protocols or focus heavily on the design or interpretation of individual experiments. The applicant should clarify how this proposal differs from other funded projects, or how these funds will be used to expand upon other projects.
Location of Work
American Heart Association research awards are limited to non-profit institutions, including medical, osteopathic and dental schools, veterinary schools, schools of public health, pharmacy schools, nursing schools, universities and colleges, public and voluntary hospitals and other non-profit institutions that can demonstrate the ability to conduct the proposed research. Applications will not be accepted for work with funding to be administered through any federal institution or work to be performed by a federal employee, except for Veterans Administration employees.
Funding is prohibited for awards at non-U.S. institutions.
Exception: An investigator may be allowed to request approval to conduct work outside the United States temporarily.
Budget - Association-wide Established Investigator Award
Annual Award Maximum Amounts
Salary/Fringe: Unrestricted in accordance with institutional and AHA policies
Indirect: Not to exceed $7,273 (10 percent, included within the total annual amount of $80,000)
Project Support: Salaries of technical personnel essential to the conduct of the project, supplies, equipment, travel, volunteer subject costs, and publication costs. No minimum effort requirement. Special consultative services from individuals may be requested, provided the circumstances are fully described in the application. Unrestricted in accordance with institutional and AHA policies
Total Annual Award Amount: $80,000 (including up to 10 percent indirect costs)
Award Duration: Five years; non-renewable
Peer Review Criteria
To judge the merit of the application, reviewers will comment on the following criteria. Please be sure that you fully address these in your proposal.
Generally the candidate and the innovativeness of the science are being evaluated. The first two of the following criteria must be met to be competitive. The remaining factors enter into the deliberations, but the relative weight given to each may differ from case to case.
- Demonstrated commitment to cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases: Has the research program of the candidate focused on basic or applied science related to cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease? Does the applicant indicate a clear commitment to cardiovascular/cerebrovascular research in the proposed studies? Do the proposed studies illustrate this commitment?
- Investigator Independence: Independence is assessed by publications and research funding as a principal investigator. Is the candidate established as an independent investigator?
- Investigator potential: The investigator's potential for scientific and career growth should be assessed by several factors. These include the applicant's number, quality and independence of publications in peer-reviewed journals, previous research accomplishments, and relevant experience. Do the reference letters and department head letter support the conclusion that the candidate's career is in a rapid growth phase? Is it likely that the investigator will have an impact on the field?
- Prior or current independent national-level awards; does the candidate's track record regarding funding provide evidence for independence, excellence and potential for future success? Has the candidate held independent national awards, such as an NIH R01and/or equivalent? (e.g., VA Merit Award, NSF Grant, or PI of a project on a Program Project Grant from NIH). NIH "K" series awards are not considered equivalent to R01. Note: To encourage submissions from clinical investigators, epidemiologists, and translational scientists, individuals with significant funding from national-level peer reviewed clinical and multicenter trials and/or other clinically-oriented grants will be considered (e.g., U01, UL1, and equivalent awards).
- Innovative, novel research direction: Described in the abbreviated application. Is the research direction described by the candidate likely to lead to significant contributions? Does the candidate pose an innovative research direction that challenges existing paradigms or critical barriers to progress in the field? Does the candidate propose to develop or employ novel concepts, approaches or technologies? Does this research direction address an important problem related to cardiovascular disease or stroke?
- Award impact on career development: Impact should be assessed based on the letters from the department head and references. Is it clear that the award will propel the career development of the candidate?
- Environment: Does the scientific environment in which the work will be done contribute to the probability of success? Do the proposed studies benefit from unique features of the scientific environment, or subject populations, or employ useful collaborative arrangements? Is there evidence of institutional support?
- Impact: How does this project relate to and support the mission of the American Heart Association to building healthier lives, free of cardiovascular diseases and stroke?
- An investigator may not hold more than one AHA award concurrently. Exception(s): an investigator may hold two association grants (affiliate and association-wide) concurrently if all three apply:
1) There will be no more than six months remaining on the initial award.
2) The projects have no overlap in specific aims.
3) There is no budgetary overlap between the two projects
An investigator may hold the Established Investigator Award and the Innovative Research Grant.
- Applications from current or past recipients of association advanced investigatorships (such as the Established Investigatorship or Established Investigator Grant) are not eligible. An awardee may hold the Established Investigator only once. This award is non-renewable.
- An applicant may submit an Established Investigator application and Innovative Research Grant application in the same application cycle, if desired.
- If eligible, an applicant may simultaneously submit an application to an affiliate and to the association-wide award program. The proposed research plan may need to be adjusted based upon different length of award and dollars available. The deadline dates may be different for each submission. If both are funded, the applicant must choose one award.
- An applicant who is unsuccessful in a competition may resubmit the same or similar application three times (the original plus two resubmissions). The same or similar application submitted for the fourth time will be administratively withdrawn.


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Take a look at some of the past Museum Members events held at Melbourne Museum, Scienceworks and the Immigration Museum.
Think Ahead robotsImage: Ed AlcockSource: Aldebaran Robotics
MV Members were invited to avoid the crowds during the summer school holidays and see Scienceworks' newest permanent exhibition, Think Ahead.
This exhibition blends innovative technology with hands-on experiences to inspire you to research, think creatively and share your ideas.
Includes a 20-minute live performance, Robot-o-rama.
Date: Tuesday 14 January 2014
Designing 007 - Fifty Years of Bond Style at Melbourne MuseumSource: "James Bond" and "007 Gun Logo" ™ Danjaq
MV Members and a guest were invited to attend an exclusive member-only preview event of this remarkable exhibition.
Celebrating the craft behind the world's most iconic movie brand, this exhibition takes visitors on a multi-sensory journey, from 1962's Dr No to 2012's Skyfall, featuring over 400 unforgettable objects.
Each member and guest attending the event received a free Bond passport/souvenir guide to complement their exhibition experience, PLUS a Moneypenny Martini on arrival for the adults or a juice for the children.
Date: Wednesday 30 October 2013
First PeoplesSource: Museum Victoria
First Peoples presents a new shared approach to the telling of Aboriginal history and culture.
MV Members and up to two of their guests were invited to an exclusive member-only curator talk about the development, stories and highlights of Melbourne Museum's newest major exhibition, First Peoples.
Genevieve Grieves, Lead Curator, shared her experience and knowledge in developing this groundbreaking exhibition.
Date: Saturday 14 September 2013
Carnival of Science
Since opening in March 1992, Scienceworks has charmed and enlightened almost 8 million visitors and members, presented more than 80 exhibitions and delivered countless presentations.
MV Members were invited to help celebrate this milestone at a FREE member-only event.
This sell out event included roaming circus performers, a live show - Science is a Party, make and take activities, a goody bag for all children attending to take home, a viewing of Scienceworks' latest exhibition Carnival of Science as well as access to Sportsworks, Nitty Gritty Super City, and House Secrets.
Boot buckle decorated with an image of a carriage drawn by dragonsImage: National Geographic SocietySource: National Museum, Kabul
MV Members were invited to spend the morning with Dr Hiebert, curator of the Afghanistan: Hidden Treasures exhibition and hear about his many expeditions including how he helped rediscover the lost Bactrian gold in Afghanistan.
Event included morning tea, presentation by Dr Fredrik Hiebert followed by entry into Afghanistan: Hidden Treasures.
Date: Saturday 23 March 2013
The Last Reef 3D
The Last Reef 3D showcases the magnificence of coral reefs around the world, whilst highlighting the firsthand effects of agriculture and industry on our life-sustaining ocean. The viewer flies across iridescent tropical reefs, brushes through a cloud of a million jellyfish and visits an alien world where the closer you look, the more you see.
The movie was preceded by a short presentation from special guest speaker, Richard Wylie, marine biologist and Director of the Euakafa Island Research Centre, and recent National Geographic prizewinner for his underwater photography.
Date: Tuesday 22 January 2013
'Leaving Dublin #57: Jade O'Callaghan, 10:30 pm, 21-10-2011, Arbour Hill, Stoneybatter'Image: David Monahan
MV Members were offered an opportunity to spend a morning with David Monahan, photographer of the Leaving Dublin exhibition.
David had felt first-hand the sadness of watching friends and family emigrate from Ireland, over some 30 years since the 1980s. His experience inspired the Leaving Dublin photography project, documenting what he saw as 'the story of the rise and fall of one of the country's most privileged generations, many of whom are now seeking visas for Australia and elsewhere, in numbers not seen since the dark days of Irish migration in the 1800s.'
Date: Sunday 28 October 2012
Museum members viewing the exhibition, The Wonders of Ancient MesopotamiaImage: Jon AugierSource: Museum Victoria
MV Members were invited to attend a preview event or a members-only viewing of The Wonders of Ancient Mesopotamia exhibition.
Museum members had the opportunity to be some of the first people to see this remarkable exhibition which showcases a stunning array of 170 objects from three great centres of Mesopotamian civilisation: Sumer, Assyria and Babylon.
These members-only events also included a Welcome to Mesopotamia, a lighthearted and theatrical presentation introducing you to the world of Ancient Mesopotamia.
This exhibition is a collaboration with the British Museum.
Guest viewing the Wallace and Gromit exhibitionImage: Jon AugierSource: Museum Victoria
On Friday 18 May 2012, MV Members were invited to visit Wallace & Gromit's World of Invention for a special Housewarming Preview Day and to tinker, play and explore Wallace and Gromit's home at Scienceworks – it's filled with the duo's famous contraptions, inventions, sets from their movies and more!
Wallace & Gromit's World of Invention exhibition opened 19 May and ran until 11 November 2012.
One of the many children who attended A Date with DinosaursImage: Taryn EllisSource: Museum Victoria
This sold out event gave members the opportunity for an exclusive after-hours viewing of the Explore-a-saurus exhibition.
The event included dinosaur crafty activities, special appearance by Minmi and Deinonychus (the Museum's dinosaur puppets) and a special dinosaur gift bag for our younger members to take home.
Children interacting with Explore-a-saurus displays.Image: Taryn EllisSource: Museum Victoria
Patrick Greene welcomes Museum Victoria members to the preview of the King Tutankhamun exhibition at Melbourne Museum before the official opening.Image: Jon AugierSource: Museum Victoria
Members had the opportunity to avoid the crowds and see the exhibition after-hours with three exclusive member-only events.
They were among the first to view the Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs exhibition before it opened to the general public and also had the opportunity to meet Museum Victoria CEO Dr Patrick Greene, and hear about his recent travels to Egypt.
MV Members Exclusive event: Titanic: The Artefact Exhibition.Source: Museum Victoria
Members avoided the crowds by attending one of two after-hour member-only viewings of Titanic: The Artefact Exhibition, and special screenings of the IMAX film Titanic 3D: Ghost of the Abyss.
Members were able to construct their very own Titanic model to take home, play a game of "Icebergs" and be entertained with beautiful music from the 1912 era by the Titanic Trio.
Australia's Muslim Cameleers Members event.Source: Museum Victoria
Sharing MV with your friends.
Members brought their special guests to an afternoon at the Immigration Museum to discover the remarkable story of Australia's Muslim Cameleers: Pioneers of the Inland 1860s-1930s.
Members enjoyed a wonderful day of activities including the opportunity to meet camels Jake and Tinkerbell in the Museum's courtyard.
Performers Ghani Qasimi and Rameen Nawa entertained the crowd with contemporary Afghani music, and the children showed their artistic talents painting different designs in the Muslim prayer rug activity.
Star Wars MV Members event.Source: Museum Victoria
Members came to see Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination, dropped in on a Planetarium show and watched out for real live animals that looked like they were from a galaxy far far away!
Some Members came dressed as their favourite Star Wars character, and won a spot prize.
David Pickering, Collections Manager, Vertebrate Palaeontology at Museum Victoria with Ethan, Katerina and Jasmine Grundy.Image: Jon Augier, MV StudiosSource: Museum Victoria
"Have Your Say" MV Members event.Source: Museum Victoria
In September a small group of MV Member families were invited to "Have their Say" and contribute their ideas to the new proposed Children's Gallery Learning Environment.
The afternoon was full of many creative ideas from members as young as 4 years old to our older but 'young at heart' adult members. It proved to be a successful and productive brainstorming session, with many ideas and suggestions becoming part of the proposed design brief for the new Children's Gallery Learning Environment.
Members were also treated with a visit from our Live Exhibits team who brought along some creepy crawly friends. Thank you to all those members who participated in the event, a fun and creative afternoon was had by all.
A Day in Pompeii MV Members viewing.Source: Museum Victoria
MV Members were among the first in Australia to see A Day in Pompeii. This exclusive viewing allowed them to enjoy this fascinating exhibition without having to queue or battle the crowds.
Activities for children included gladiator helmet making, dress ups, archaeological digs and more. Adults enjoyed a special introduction to the exhibition from a guest museum speaker.
Thanks Caitlin for your keen eyes - we are on to it, hopefully the updated information will be published on the next scheduled page refresh
To read the latest tweets from @museumsvictoria
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Solstices astrologically traditionally observed on the 21st June/December.
Yet the weather announcers pronouncements state that here in the Southern Hemispher...


text: I am looking for a reasonably reliable, safe, attractive, fun, and efficient car to use a train station beater. I have come across several Mazda Protege sedans of the 2000 vintage. They seem to fit my requirements, and the price is right (4000 to 3500 bucks for 140,000 miles). I have not driven them yet, so let me know what to expect.


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713-942-3461 firstname.lastname@example.com
As music majors at the University of St. Thomas, students receive personal instruction from professors like Dr. Brady Knapp, assistant professor of music and head of choral and vocal studies. In addition to teaching private lessons, he also leads the Opera Workshop, University Singers and Pop Singers.
Listen in on a private lesson with Dr. Brady Knapp and view student performances in Cullen Hall.
"What I value about UST is its concentration on the liberal arts, small class-size and the professor-to-student ratio," Knapp said. "Compared to my teaching experience in two large state schools, at UST, professors and students are allowed more face-to-face time."
To complement the classroom experience, Knapp started the Opera Workshop five years ago. Through an evening performance of scenes from musical theater, opera and operetta, students are given more stage time as performers.
"Adding the opera workshop was a boost to our overall music curriculum and has allowed for us to recruit and grow significantly," he said. "The level of talent in this University is astounding, even though we are a small school. It is imperative that our students continue to have serious performance opportunities."
Knapp said practicum stage performance makes a UST music degree more valuable. "It gives our students a better grounding when they go out into the world of professional music," he said. "A degree in music must be centered on making music, as well as thinking about music."
Knapp's former students are in graduate schools, opera apprenticeships and summer programs, singing professionally, and/or leading church music programs all over the country. Some larger schools are training only performers, but Knapp said at UST, the professors have honest conversations about what it takes to be a professional musician, performer or music educator, and they encourage an interdisciplinary study of music.
"I want students to have the quality performance experience, as one may find in a larger music conservatory, but within the rich and diverse backdrop of a liberal arts curriculum," he said.
Along with his full-time duties at UST, Knapp has served as co-director of music at Palmer Memorial Episcopal Church in Houston since 1998.
"Through my professional endeavors, I hope I am able to model comprehensive musicianship," he said. "I think it's our obligation to train students for the world of professional music, both sacred and secular."
With recent additions to the music curriculum, including courses on diction for singers, vocal pedagogy and art song literature, the University now offers a Master in Liberal Arts degree with a concentration in music, in addition to the undergraduate program.
"The recent additions to our vocal curriculum have helped us recruit and grow tremendously," Knapp said. "I hope our future includes a broader national and international reputation."
To learn more about a degree in music at UST, email Dr. Knapp at email@example.com or call 713-525-3560.
Educating Leaders of Faith and Character
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Thursday, October 4
By Isaac Hayden
We play Olympiacos tonight at Underhill, and I really can't wait. The NextGen Series has been a great experience for us all, but this evening we also have the opportunity to put things right after our 2-0 defeat in Greece last time out.
We were disappointed in the way we played at Olympiacos, our passing wasn't great and we didn't keep the ball as well as we would have liked to. We also didn't get into any punishing areas where we were likely to score. Defensively we did quite well - the first goal that we conceded was unlucky because the striker was offside, and the second was a deflected free kick and Reice [Charles-Cook] couldn't do much about that. But we were lacking creativity in the final third and that probably cost us the game.
The fact that we lost while Marseille beat Athletic Bilbao means that all four teams are level on three points each after two games. That obviously makes things very interesting and it shows that all the sides in our group are strong. But hopefully we can get the win tonight and take another step towards the knockout stages.
The good thing about playing Olympiacos straight away is that we have a chance to make amends. The last game is fresh in our minds and we have been working on the things we didn't get right in Greece. We have some quality players in our squad, so if we gel tonight and play as we know we can, then we feel confident we will get the three points.
Hopefully Arsène Wenger will be at Underhill again to see the match. We were all really pleased that he called up Hector Bellerin, Martin Angha and Serge Gnabry for the Capital One Cup game against Coventry last week. They all deserved it and have played very well all season.
They told us it was a great experience and having tasted it once, they obviously want more. It is good for the rest of us to hear about it too, and it has made everyone else think that maybe we have a chance. It is all a matter of making sure that we perform as consistently as possible - and that starts tonight against Olympiacos.
NextGen Series blog archive:


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Ice age constraints on climate sensitivity
Other studies have also expanded the scope of the sensitivity definition to include even more factors, a definition different enough to have its own name: the Earth System Sensitivity. Notably, both the Pliocene warm climate (Lunt et al., 2010), and the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (Pagani et al., 2006), tend to support Earth System sensitivities higher than the Charney sensitivity.
Is sensitivity symmetric?
The first thing that must be recognized regarding all studies of this type is that it is unclear to what extent behavior in the LGM is a reliable guide to how much it will warm when CO2 is increased from its pre-industrial value. The LGM was a very different world than the present, involving considerable expansions of sea ice, massive Northern Hemisphere land ice sheets, geographically inhomogeneous dust radiative forcing, and a different ocean circulation. The relative contributions of the various feedbacks that make up climate sensitivity need not be the same going back to the LGM as in a world warming relative to the pre-industrial climate. The analysis in Crucifix (2006) indicates that there is not a good correlation between sensitivity on the LGM side and sensitivity to 2XCO2 in the selection of models he looked at.
There has been some other work to suggest that overall sensitivity to a cooling is a little less (80-90%) than sensitivity to a warming, for instance Hargreaves and Annan (2007), so the numbers of Schmittner et al. are less different from the "3ºC" number than they might at first appear. The factors that determine this asymmetry are various, involving ice albedo feedbacks, cloud feedbacks and other atmospheric processes, e.g., water vapor content increases approximately exponentially with temperature (Clausius-Clapeyron equation) so that the water vapor feedback gets stronger the warmer it is. In reality, the strength of feedbacks changes with temperature. Thus the complexity of the model being used needs to be assessed to see whether it is capable of addressing this.
Does the model used adequately represent key climate feedbacks?
Typically, LGM constraints on climate sensitivity are obtained by producing a large ensemble of climate model versions where uncertain parameters are systematically varied, and then comparing the LGM simulations of all these models with "observed" LGM data, i.e. proxy data, by applying statistical approach of one sort or another. It is noteworthy that very different models have been used for this: Annan et al. (2005) used an atmospheric GCM with a simple slab ocean, Schneider et al. (2006) the intermediate-complexity model CLIMBER-2 (with both ocean and atmosphere of intermediate complexity), while the new Schmittner et al. study uses an oceanic GCM coupled to a simple energy-balance atmosphere (UVic).
These models all suggest potentially serious limitations for this kind of study: UVic does not simulate the atmospheric feedbacks that determine climate sensitivity in more realistic models, but rather fixes the atmospheric part of the climate sensitivity as a prescribed model parameter (surface albedo, however, is internally computed). Hence, the dominant part of climate sensitivity remains the same, whether looking at 3ºC cooling or 3ºC warming. Slab oceans on the other hand, do not allow for variations in ocean circulation, which was certainly important for the LGM, and other intermediate models have all made key assumptions that may impact these feedbacks. However, in view of the fact that cloud feedbacks are the dominant contribution to uncertainty in climate sensitivity, the fact that the energy balance model used by Schmittner et al cannot compute cloud radiative forcing is particularly serious.
Uncertainties in LGM proxy data
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- D.J. Lunt, A.M. Haywood, G.A. Schmidt, U. Salzmann, P.J. Valdes, and H.J. Dowsett, "Earth system sensitivity inferred from Pliocene modelling and data", Nature Geoscience, vol. 3, pp. 60-64, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NGEO706
- M. Pagani, K. Caldeira, D. Archer, and J.C. Zachos, "ATMOSPHERE: An Ancient Carbon Mystery", Science, vol. 314, pp. 1556-1557, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1136110
- M. Crucifix, "Does the Last Glacial Maximum constrain climate sensitivity?", Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 33, pp. n/a-n/a, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027137
- J.C. Hargreaves, A. Abe-Ouchi, and J.D. Annan, "Linking glacial and future climates through an ensemble of GCM simulations", Climate of the Past, vol. 3, pp. 77-87, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-77-2007
- J.D. Annan, J.C. Hargreaves, R. Ohgaito, A. Abe-Ouchi, and S. Emori, "Efficiently Constraining Climate Sensitivity with Ensembles of Paleoclimate Simulations", SOLA, vol. 1, pp. 181-184, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/sola.2005-047