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In 1952 the Truman administration issued Resources for Freedom, ii an assessment of America's fuel and material needs. Noting that "efforts made to date to harness solar energy [have been] infinitesimal," the report found that an aggressive solar program "could make an immense contribution to the welfare of the free world." Resources for Freedom urged that the United States build 13 million solar-heated homes by the mid-1970s.
In 1980 the Carter administration produced A New Prosperityiii, a collaborative effort by several national laboratories and leading universities. In elaborate detail, this volume described technologies and policies that would dramatically increase America's overall energy efficiency and permit the nation to obtain 28 percent of its total energy needs from renewable sources by 2000.
Over the past half-century, dozens of such reports by disinterested experts have described the potential of solar technologies to meet a large fraction of the nation's, and the world's, energy needs within a relatively short time frame. iv None of their goals—often mistakenly characterized as forecasts or predictions—have been realized.
Fifty years after the issuance of Resources for Freedom, efforts to harness solar energy remain insignificant in terms of global energy markets. Thus a skeptic might reasonably ask: If solar energy is so attractive and sensible, why has it always been ignored? Were all those reports just plain wrong?
Actually, most of the enthusiastic reports and studies were right on the money. v The efficiency and reliability of solar energy technology improved as projected. Prices fell sharply, as expected, as production levels climbed and began to achieve efficiencies of mass production. Hydrogen and fuel cells have emerged as an attractive solution to the problem of storing sunlight for times (night, for example) when the sun isn't shining or for applications (powering an automobile, for example) for which incident sunlight is inappropriate. The resource base is enormous, and at least in comparison with other energy sources, sunlight is rather equitably distributed around the world.
In a nutshell, the problems have been rooted in: (1) bad politics; (2) bad pricing; (3) the Japanese economic downturn; (4) applied technology's "valley of death"; and (5) the failure of solar advocates to capitalize on their strongest asset—nearly universal public support.
Direct from the Sun to Everyone
Our sun is one of a family of stars that astronomers call yellow dwarfs. Powering it are several kinds of fusion reactions that "burn" 11 billion pounds of hydrogen a second. This fusion has been continuing reliably for the past 4 or 5 billion years vi and is expected to continue for another 4 or 5 billion. vii
The earth's surface receives, on average, 160 watts per square meter of energy from the sun. Human energy use equals about one ten-thousandth of the solar influx. No country uses as much energy as is contained in the sunlight that strikes its buildings. The sunlight that fell on roads in the United States last year contained roughly as much energy as in all the fossil fuel consumed last year in the world.
The awesome flow of sunlight to the earth powers the hydrological cycle and creates the wind and the weather. Sunlight provides the foundation of the biosphere; green plants bottle up sunlight in energy-rich bonds, using hydrogen from water and carbon extracted from carbon dioxide. That bottled-up energy is the currency of all life. viii
Photovoltaic cells, commonly called solar cells, are an extremely attractive energy option. ix Inherently modular, they gain no important advantages (other than ease of maintenance) from being clustered in large concentrations. Easily integrated into roofs, walls, and windows, they have no moving parts to break. Solar cells produce no acid rain, no greenhouse gases, no radioactive waste, no bomb-grade materials. They simply lie there and produce electricity when the sun shines, the amount of electricity varying with the duration and intensity of the sunlight. x
Solar electricity can be used on-site, stored in a battery, fed into an electrical grid, or used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. In recent years, solar-hydrogen strategies have attracted increasing attention because hydrogen can easily be stored and transported, and it offers the promise of abundant, convenient power in a world otherwise constrained by threats of climate change. xi Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity at very high conversion efficiencies and emit zero pollution. xii
Whereas many nations have no oil, coal, natural gas, or uranium, all nations have at least some sunshine, and most have quite a bit. Hence, low-cost solar energy could be a powerful force for abating global tensions and reducing balance-of-trade deficits. Moreover, some nations with intense year-round insolation (solar radiation) are sparsely populated. Those areas, including deserts in North Africa, the Middle East, and the American Southwest, could become net solar-hydrogen producers, exporting clean fuel to regions less richly blessed with sunshine.
That, in any event, has long been the idea.xiii However,
Between the idea
And the reality
Between the motion
And the act
Falls the shadow xiv
The shadow, in this case, has been a national political culture that, from Teapot Dome to the Price-Anderson Act, from "depletion allowances" for the world's wealthiest industry to exemptions from air pollution regulations for old coal power plants, has consistently fed the fat cats and stacked the deck against solar energy.
The Politics of Energy
Dwight Eisenhower, elected president in 1952 not long after the issuance of Resources for Freedom, ignored Truman's solar proposal in favor of his own massive "Atoms for Peace" initiative. Throughout the Eisenhower years, only a fraction of 1 percent of federal energy research funding went to renewable energy sources.
Ronald Reagan, elected president in 1980, before A New Prosperity was issued, actually tried to suppress the Carter administration's comprehensive, optimistic report. (Representative Richard Ottinger thwarted this censorship by publishing the entire report in the Congressional Record.) In its first few months, the Reagan administration fired most of the staff of the federal Solar Energy Research Institute, slashed funding for renewable energy R& D, and eliminated all programs to commercialize the fruits of past federal solar research. And, just to rub salt in the wounds, Reagan removed the solar panels from the roof of the White House.
The politics surrounding energy are arguably the highest-stake politics in America, and the players are among the richest and most powerful segments of the economy. In 1997, the world consumed 5.2 billion tons of coal, 26.4 billion barrels of oil, and 81.7 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. Twenty giant companies marketed about half of all this fuel. When their common interests are threatened, these companies can coalesce into an essentially unstoppable, global force. What they have in common is a desire to see the market for fossil fuels grow every year into the indefinite future. xv
Energy transitions are never easy. Those prospering in the status quo will always oppose any change that will cause them to lose an advantage. New technologies generally require either a stealth strategy or a powerful sponsor.
In the late 19th century, the infant oil industry sneaked up on the coal industry by making kerosene—a product that competed not with coal but with a whale oil, a product already in eclipse. xvi By the time the automobile industry provided a market for gasoline, the oil industry had grown strong enough to consolidate and expand.
Natural gas fell under the protective wing of the oil industry (most gas was initially a byproduct of oil production) until gas had developed a gigantic market of its own.
The nuclear industry was developed under contract to the military to propel submarines long distances with little sound. Commercial reactors were basically bigger versions of the naval reactors, and (with strong lobbying by General Electric, Westinghouse, the utility industry, and the U.S. Navy) have been extremely generously subsidized over the past half-century.
By comparison, solar, wind, biomass, geothermal power, and (until very recently) hydrogen fuel cells have always been cottage industries. Lacking powerful sponsors, they have never had the political muscle to advance and defend their long-term interests inside the Beltway. xvii
The price of energy is largely determined by public and private policies, here and abroad. The price of oil, for example, reflects the cost of finding it, pumping it, transporting it, storing it, marketing it—but does not begin to reflect all the costs associated with this fuel. American taxpayers maintain a permanent fleet in the Persian Gulf purely to police the oil lanes, but the cost of this fleet is not reflected in taxpayers' gasoline bills. Ancient coal-fired power plants, grandfathered under the Clean Air Act of 1970, continue to spew out pollutants that cause acid rain, harm human health, and contribute to global climate change. Even power plants equipped with new pollution-control technologies cause external damage that, if internalized, could double the price of power. xviii For older power plants without pollution controls, the costs of environmental damage can be vastly higher. None of these costs are reflected in the price of electricity from coal.
Sunlight (unlike fossil fuels) is a flow, not a stock. The world will have exactly the same amount of sunlight tomorrow, regardless of how much we harness today. But every barrel of oil we burn today is a barrel that will not be available for our children and grandchildren. Economists agree that this future interest should be represented, as a "futures rent," in the price of any depleting resource, but it is not. Indeed, for most of the modern era the U.S. oil industry has been awarded just the opposite, an oil-depletion allowance! xix
Nuclear power has been subsidized by a government that underwrote all its R&D and that has assumed responsibility for safeguarding nuclear waste for eternity. The price does not encompass the enormous costs associated with an effective global institution that would actually stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons. In this era of mounting terrorism, perhaps the most telling nuclear distortion is that provided by the federal Price-Anderson Act, which places a ceiling on the potential liability of nuclear power plant owners for the astronomical damage that accidents or sabotage could cause. If the owners were forced to insure themselves, like those in every other industry, to cover a worst-case accident, the nuclear industry would disappear in a heartbeat.
The Japanese Economic Collapse
The hope of many solar advocates has long been that Japan would begin the mass production of solar cells, driving down the cost and launching an era of accelerating growth. Japan's oil and nuclear industries do not have the iron grip on politics that those industries have in the United States, and Japan's giant, innovative electronics industry has had a long-term interest in photovoltaics. Moreover, Japanese firms have successful marketing and service operations in regions of the Third World with no electrical grids, regions that hold particular promise for decentralized solar development.
Top Global Photovoltaic Producers, 2000
BP Solar
Siemens Solar
Source: Paul Maycock, PV Energy Systems
Much as Japanese innovation in automobile fuel efficiency and pollution control has egged on Detroit to greater progress in these areas, so might a serious push by the Japanese on solar cells inspire a major American response. However, the deep economic recession that has gripped Japan for the past 10 years has caused its companies to dramatically scale back or shelve such plans.
Japan is nevertheless the world's largest producer of solar cells, and its output is increasing faster than any other country's. The 128 megawatts it delivered in 2000 is nearly as much as the United States (75 MW) and the European Union (61 MW) combined. The Japanese solar electric industry grew 63 percent in 1999 and an additional 60 percent in 2000. But total production in Japan still remains too small to achieve the needed efficiencies of scale for a solar revolution—it would be too small even if it were all consolidated into one factory! Most studies agree that getting prices down by another factor of 4 with existing technologies will require a major manufacturing facility capable of producing enough panels each year to generate 250 to 500 megawatts. xx
World Production of Photovoltaic Systems – Peak Megawatts
Source: Paul Maycock, PV Energy Systems
The Valley of Death
R&D is conventionally divided into three categories: basic research, applied research, and product development. Liberals and conservatives are in wide agreement that the federal government (through the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Energy, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, and other agencies) plays an important, legitimate role in basic research in all the scientific disciplines. Similarly, there is wide ideological agreement that private enterprise does a better job of assessing consumer tastes and designing commercial products.
However, the middle step, applied research, is the scene of endless battles between left and right. A 1998 House Science Committee report described the "widening and deepening . . . valley of death" between federally funded long-range basic research and industry-funded near-term product development. xxi Large corporate R&D units—such as Bell Labs, Sarnoff, Xerox PARC, and the IBM Watson Center—are in eclipse as a result of changes in their sponsoring companies and in the nature of the marketplace.
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has done a generally excellent job supporting applied research for the armed forces. Liberals tend to think the government should play a similar bridging role for civilian technologies, whereas conservatives strongly oppose such "tinkering" with the market.
Buttressing the conservatives is the fact that government funding is often politicized and that applied research has sometimes been spent on corporate welfare, pork, and monuments to political vanity. Liberals reply that it makes no sense to push back the frontiers of knowledge with taxpayer dollars only to let breakthroughs gather dust on the shelf while other countries race past us exploiting our scientific discoveries.
When the Clinton administration took office, it promptly tripled the budget of the Advanced Technology Program (ATP
) of the Department of Commerce, with plans to build it into a civilian DARPA. In 1995, when Republicans captured both houses of Congress, they targeted ATP for complete elimination. The ensuing stalemate left the program in limbo for six years. The Bush administration now seeks again to eliminate it.
The federal government has a long history of supporting applied-research projects that later transform society. In 1798, the government contracted with Eli Whitney to produce interchangeable musket parts, thereby establishing the foundation for the machine tool industry. A few decades later, Congress appropriated funds to demonstrate the feasibility of Samuel Morse's telegraph. The government also played a key role in making possible transistors and computers, hybrid seeds, countless drugs, and the jet engine.
The federal government spent 25 years developing Arpanet, precursor to the Internet, for defense research purposes. Such a lengthy gestation of a system with no obvious market could never have taken place under purely private sponsorship, particularly today.
Perhaps the best analogy to the role the government could play for solar cells is the role that it played in commercializing integrated circuits. In 1961, Texas Instruments began producing integrated circuits for small, specialized applications. The earliest versions were very expensive: They cost $100 but replaced just a couple dollars' worth of larger electronics, perhaps two transistors and three resistors. There was essentially no market for such devices in the private sector. Other electronics companies sneered at them.
But the American military recognized the potential importance of small, lightweight, low-power integrated circuits. The Department of Defense began to purchase integrated circuits in large quantities. Following a predictable "learning curve" (see the accompanying article by Robert Williams), the price fell dramatically. As the price fell, numerous private market niches opened up.
Sales of Integrated Circuits
In just six years, the price of integrated circuits plummeted 95 percent and an enormous commercial market developed.
In 1971, Intel introduced the first central processing unit (CPU). The early CPUs were not immediately transformational. They were too simple to power anything beyond a calculator. However, those calculators rapidly got more and more sophisticated. By the mid-1970s, microprocessors were performing computations for devices we can recognize as small computers. The processing power of CPUs has continued to double every eighteen months (as famously predicted by the chairman of Intel, Gordon Moore), a doubling accompanied by falling costs; this led directly to the information revolution.
Integrated circuits are now dirt cheap and CPUs are ubiquitous in our homes, cars, and workplaces. But if the government had not purchased huge quantities of chips before they were cheap enough for commercial applications, the technology might never have become cost-effective. The information revolution would have been delayed, perhaps indefinitely.
To date, no solar "Intel" or "Texas Instruments" has emerged.
Existing energy-savvy enterprises that might be expected to pioneer the next generation of energy technologies—ExxonMobil, Texaco, Shell, BP, General Electric—have gigantic investments tied to the existing energy infrastructure. As competitors on the global economic stage, they want to recover their costs and maximize their profits from their existing commitments. Even the few companies that have expressed a strong interest in solar technologies, notably Shell and BP, anticipate a transition that will require at least 50 years. A "solar Intel" that began eating their lunch would change those attitudes overnight.
To greater and lesser degrees, the energy industry is behaving in the classic pattern of a mainstream business confronting a potentially "disruptive technology." xxii Manufacturers of carbon paper did not make the transition into xerography. Manufacturers of quill pens did not make ballpoint pens; ballpoint pen manufacturers in turn did not make typewriters; typewriter manufacturers failed to switch to personal computers.
Substantial funding will be necessary to carry solar electric and hydrogen technologies through the valley of death. If the source of support is not to be the federal government, society needs to find another one. At various times, transient hopes have been placed in federally funded but regionally controlled solar commercialization offices, in the utility-sponsored Electric Power Research Institute, and in state efforts (the Florida Solar Energy Center and a variety of short-lived California institutions, for example). To date, none has managed to assemble even a small fraction of the necessary resources. It may, in fact, be necessary for several states to pool resources—always a difficult task for states—if they are to achieve critical mass. Nevertheless, state initiatives in places like California, Texas, Florida, Arizona, and Minnesota are beginning to display creativity and vitality that have been missing from Washington, D.C., for more than 20 years.
Public Support
In a much quoted line, Abraham Lincoln once said, "Public sentiment is everything. With public sentiment, nothing can fail; without it, nothing can succeed." But Lincoln lived in a different era. For the last several decades, the American public has proclaimed clearly, consistently, and by overwhelming margins, that it favors solar energy above all other sources. Once again, in a November 2001 Gallup Poll, 90 percent of the respondents supported investments in solar, wind, and fuel cells, and expressed grave misgivings about deepening America's dependence on fossil fuels. In the highly contentious field of energy policy, the steadfast public enthusiasm enjoyed by solar energy—unlike the attitudes toward oil, coal, and nuclear power—is remarkable. Considering that solar energy has remained the neglected stepchild of national energy policy, this widespread, enduring public loyalty is a powerful testament to its attractiveness.
The reason for such popularity is not hard to plumb. Energy analysts tend to view energy sources as interchangeable, with the only important variable being price. However, they are not neutral and interchangeable. Some contribute to global climate change; solar energy is carbon neutral. Some are necessarily centralized; solar electricity and fuel cells lend themselves to distributed applications. Some are exceedingly vulnerable to terrorists or natural disasters; solar-hydrogen options are inherently resilient. Some will exacerbate the gap between the world's rich and poor; solar will narrow it. Some produce large volumes of pollution; solar and hydrogen produce none. Some inherently dangerous sources can be safely permitted to grow unchecked only under very authoritarian regimes; solar energy is not one of them. In the long run, such considerations may well prove far more important than the cent-per-kilowatt-hour differences that currently dominate and limit thinking about energy.
With the world's most prestigious scientific bodies expressing public alarm over climate change; with tensions mounting over America's dependence on Middle Eastern oil; and with concern rising over the nation's imbalance of payments for petroleum imports in this period of economic weakness, it is surprising that no leader has emerged to channel this vast public support into a powerful solar constituency.
For less than the cost of waging the war in Afghanistan for three months, the United States government could launch a solar revolution. However, this has been true for at least 20 years, through Republican and Democratic administrations—and no such revolution has taken place.
Given the distribution of money and power in America today—and in the absence of fundamental campaign finance reform—a bold federal solar initiative may simply not be possible under ordinary conditions. The most promising opportunity might be in the heat of some future energy crisis, when a populist outpouring might be briefly powerful enough to trump any interest group. Until there is such a crisis, we must advance down the field with smaller steps. In football terms, we should grind out yardage however we can, while remaining prepared to toss the long ball when the opportunity presents itself. In the search for cheap, clever, easy innovations that will help solar cells steadily acquire an increasing market share, it is hard to improve upon Robert William's astute observations and smart suggestions in the accompanying article.
- Thirty states have now adopted net metering, allowing solar owners to sell surplus electricity to the utility when the sun is shining—effectively "running their meters backward." All states should pass such laws.
- All renewable portfolio standards should include a special tranche allocated exclusively to photovoltaics. Otherwise, the portfolio standard will award all its benefits to one or two technologies that just happen to be further along their learning curves
- The Global Environment Facility should ensure that solar cells are the technology of choice for many international energy projects, especially in places without existing transmission grids.
- Green-power marketers should offer a specific solar option so that customers who are willing to pay a premium have an opportunity to assure that their utility bills are helping to underwrite new solar electricity-generating capacity.
These and other nurturing public policies can, together, assure a 20 to 30 percent annual growth rate in installed solar electricity capacity.
At some point, as demand grows, a major company will build a solar factory of sufficient scale to produce dramatically lower manufacturing costs. Sometime later, a second, competitive firm will build a similar facility, and then perhaps a third.
Until supply dramatically exceeds demand, prices will likely remain "sticky"—high enough to assure adequate returns to old plants and very large profits to the more recent facilities. But at some point, inventory will accumulate to the point where a manufacturer will decide to drop its prices in order to grow its market share, and the dam will burst. Ultimately, prices will fall to the marginal cost of the most productive facility. New entrants will be spurred to find ways to drive their costs still lower, producing the sort of accelerating innovation that is commonplace in the electronics industry but almost unheard of in the energy field. In the ordinary course of things, this will likely happen sometime in 20 to 40 years.
This is the rational, cost-effective path of solar development. It would keep alive a wide variety of alternative materials and manufacturing processes until the winners emerge. It is the course (coupled with a strong federal procurement role) that I strongly advocated 25 years ago.
Today, however, I fear such incremental business-as-usual may simply not be fast enough to avert calamity.
Since 1975 we have had an additional quarter-century of CO2 emissions accumulating in the earth's atmosphere. The clear, persuasive evidence of climate change has silenced virtually all doubters. For another quarter-century we have been depleting the world's petroleum reserves: burning complex hydrocarbons in low-mileage vehicles instead of preserving them for far higher purposes centuries hence. The remaining oil supply is ever more concentrated in unstable hands.
We have spent the last quarter-century building a global industrial base designed to run on fuels that we soon must stop burning. We have spent that quarter-century constructing buildings and communities that are oriented neither to capture incident sunlight nor to escape the shadows of taller buildings to the south that block solar access. xxiii
In short, the world has spent the last quarter-century heading—at an accelerating rate—in the wrong direction.
We soon need to get serious about solar energy. Serious, in the sense that America got serious after Pearl Harbor—when we converted our industries into the arsenal of democracy, and simply produced as many ships and planes and tanks as it took to win the war. Serious, in the sense that America got serious after Sputnik, and engaged many of the finest scientific minds of a generation in a quest to explore the frontiers of space.
It is impossible to predict what event might so galvanize the body politic that America might get serious about solar energy. A spectacular terrorist act, such as blowing up an urban nuclear power plant or a liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal, or simply sinking a couple of oil tankers to block the Strait of Hormuz, might serve. One can imagine dozens of events that could create a climate in which a popular solar initiative could become unstoppable. But no detailed solar mobilization plan—vetted for technical, legal, and environmental obstacles—currently exists.
Past opportunities for dramatic change have been squandered. Caught unprepared by energy emergencies, presidents have proposed costly, half-baked initiatives like Project Independence and the Synthetic Fuels Corporation—assembled overnight, and showing it. Proponents of solar energy have never had their act together when these crises hit.
A high-powered task force should be given the charter of mapping out a mobilization plan for what President Carter once called "the moral equivalent of war." This plan could be swiftly executed when the next full-blown energy crisis hits.
The plan would include detailed engineering designs for several types of facilities capable of manufacturing photovoltaic modules at a price of less than $1 per watt. The plan would involve an aggressive manufacturing strategy for hydrogen generators, pipelines, and fuel cells. It would address questions of site selection and permitting, infrastructure, resource availability, job training, and all the other myriad details involved if a multi-billion-dollar commitment is to succeed.
The plan would calculate how much everything would cost, and it would suggest how everything should be financed. It would include a strategy to assimilate these new industries as rapidly as possible into the civilian economy. The plan would have to be updated every year or two, as conditions change and technology advances. It is crucial that the plan be current and actionable.
Sooner or later, as everyone knows, another energy crisis will present us with another opportunity. Let's be ready to make the solar energy investments that can make energy crises a thing of the past.
i. Humankind can, and doubtless will, turn to a variety of attractive energy sources in the near future. These include solar heating and architecture, wind, biomass, geothermal power, natural gas, and perhaps others. This article will focus on solar photovoltaic electricity and solar-hydrogen fuel-cell options, because direct sunlight offers the world's single largest untapped source of high-quality, sustainable, geographically dispersed, environmentally benign energy. Moreover, in the author's view, these quantum solar processes have suffered from the greatest single market failure in the energy sector, and they are most in need of the sort of boost that other energy sources have received during the past century.
ii. President's Materials Commission, Resources for Freedom, Washington, D.C., June 1952.
iii. Solar Energy Research Institute, A New Prosperity, Brick House Publishing, Andover, Mass., 1981.
iv. For example, a superb survey of the field was prepared for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. The 1,100-plus page study concluded that, with proper policies in place, renewable sources could account for three-fifths of the world's electricity and two-fifths of the world's fuels by 2050 at no additional cost. See T. B. Johansson, H. Kelly, A. K. N. Reddy, and R. H. Williams, eds., Renewable Energy: Sources for Fuels and Electricity, Island Press, Washington, D.C., 1993
v. In Winner, Loser, or Innocent Victim: Has Renewable Energy Performed As Expected? (J. McVeigh, D. Burtraw, J. Darmstadter, and K. Palmer. Research Report No. 7, Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C., April 1999) four distinguished energy economists conclude that the costs of renewable energy technologies have fallen about as fast as early proponents predicted. "This is remarkable," they write, "given that renewable technologies have not significantly penetrated the market, nor . . . [achieved] economies of scale in production, as many analysts anticipated when forming their cost projections". The RFF team notes that during the first Bush administration federal spending on research, development, and demonstration for renewables was about one-tenth the spending for carbon fuels. And even those latter funds, of course, pale next to the tax loopholes, below-cost leases, military subsidies, and other government assistance given to keep the oil flowing. If renewable energy sources had enjoyed support comparable to the rich subsidies and other tangible benefits enjoyed by carbon fuels over the past two decades, the solar energy revolution now might be comparable in scope and impact to the information revolution. (Winner, Loser, or Innocent Victim is available on the Web at www.repp.org)
vi. Although the sun is reliable, it has myriad fluctuations, such as solar flares and coronal eruptions. The best studied of these changes is the regular variation in the number of sun spots and associated events, which rises from a minimum to a maximum and falls back again to a minimum about every 11 years. This pattern has been observed since the mid-1800s. Other variations take place over other intervals. Still, evidence from geology and paleontology, wrung through mathematical simulations of climate, suggests that the sun has been remarkably well behaved throughout the past 3 or 4 billion years.
vii. Humans have been carefully studying the sun for only a few centuries, and for only a few decades with the tools of modern astrophysics. Thus it may seem an act of intellectual arrogance to predict developments billions of years in the future. But reasoning from the size of the sun, its hydrogen content and distribution, and the life cycles of other similarly sized stars, scientists are in near agreement about the order of magnitude of these time periods. In 4 to 5 billion years, the outer regions of the sun will expand into a type of star called a red giant, engulfing Mercury and Venus and frying Earth. Later, the sun will contract into a white dwarf about the size of Earth. Finally, when its last fusion reaction has taken place, the sun will cease emanating energy and become a black dwarf. Assuming that Homo sapiens (or, more likely, our evolutionary progeny) have found sufficient wisdom to design social and economic systems that permit them to survive, and even flourish, at that distant time, we will hopefully have long since found another friendly sun with a habitable planet somewhere among the stars. Meanwhile, the sun can likely meet most of our energy needs for billions of years.
viii. The processes by which heterotrophic organisms covert this stored sunlight to work are astonishingly intense. Energy output per unit of mass by respiring bacteria can reach up to 500 million times that of the sun itself. (Of course, only an infinitesimal portion of the sun's mass is fusing at any particular moment. Still, the comparison is arresting.) See V. Smil, Energies: An Illustrated Guide to the Biosphere and Civilization, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1999.
ix. For a clear, non-technical history of this technology, see J. Perlin, From Space to Earth: The Story of Solar Electricity, AATEC Publications, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1999. For the more scientifically inclined nonspecialist, a good review of the current state of the art can be found in M. Green, "Photovoltaic physics and devices," in J. Gordon, ed., for the International Solar Energy Society, Solar Energy: The State of the Art, James & James, London, 2001. For those who are now ready to incorporate this technology into their own homes, the essential book remains S. J. Strong, The Solar Electric House: Energy for the Environmentally-Responsible, Energy-Independent Home, Chelsea Green Publishing, White River Junction, Vt., 1993.
x. When sunlight hits a substance, it is absorbed. The incoming photons transfer their energy to electrons in the atoms of the sunlit material. As long as an electron remains excited by this extra energy, a pair of electrical charges—one negative and one positive—exist. The negative charge is the electron itself, and the positive charge is the place, or "hole," where the electron used to be. In semiconductors, electrons remain excited for about one-millionth of a second. (In metals, the pairs endure for only a trillionth of a second.) If nothing is done with the excited electrons, they return to their ground state and release the energy, simply warming the host material. However, if we separate the positive and negative charges and collect them, we generate electricity. Many different materials can be used to create solar cells. Most commercial cells are still made of silicon, doped with phosphorus and boron to form positive-negative junctions, although much effort also has gone into cells made of gallium arsenide, cadmium telluride, cadmium sulfide–copper sulfide, etc. Much of the research to date has been in efforts to increase the efficiency and durability in such materials while driving down the cost.
xi. The holy grail of the solar-hydrogen economy is a photoelectrochemical process that would efficiently split water directly. Although support for this research has been trivial and erratic, much progress has been made in boosting efficiencies and reducing costs.
xii. The first serious suggestion (that I am aware of) to power a whole nation using fuel cells running on hydrogen from renewable energy sources was made in a 1923 lecture at Cambridge University by the distinguished British scientist J. B. S. Haldane. Perhaps the most striking recent fuel-cell vision, notable in part for its unlikely source, is a January 7, 2002, press release by General Motors for its "AUTOnomy" fuel-cell-powered concept car, which (like a Boeing 777) would be controlled electronically rather than mechanically. "AUTOnomy is not simply a new chapter in automotive history. It is volume two, with the first hundred years of the automobile being volume one. The 20th century was the century of the internal combustion engine. The 21st century will be the century of the fuel cell. . . . With a hydrogen economy, we have a major opportunity for sustainable economic development, which respects the environment and creates the path to non-petroleum and renewable energy sources." GM envisions the vehicle serving as a clean, quiet back-up power source for the driver's home.
xiii. D. Hayes, Rays of Hope: The Transition to the Post-Petroleum World, W. W. Norton, New York, 1977.
xiv. T. S. Eliot, "The Hollow Men," Collected Poems 1909–1935, Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York, 1936.
xv. D. Yergin. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1991.
xvi. Today, the largest market for kerosene is for jet fuel. In a sense, a part of the solar photovoltaic market grew in a kerosene-like stealth mode. The Japanese first produced amorphous silicon photovoltaics for "solar watches" and "solar calculators," where they competed against small batteries—probably the most expensive form of commercial energy.
xvii. For a brief moment in the Carter administration, following the price shocks that accompanied the Iran-Iraq war, a wave of public demand led to a serious federal R&D effort in renewable energy as well as the creation of four regional commercialization centers and several tax benefits for renewable resources. After four years of extraordinary progress, which stimulated corresponding efforts in several other countries, the Reagan administration abruptly dismantled the whole enterprise, claiming that it was inappropriate for government to "tinker" with the energy marketplace.
xviii. A. Rabl and J. V. Spadaro, "The cost of pollution and the benefit of solar energy," in Jeffrey Gordon, ed., for the International Solar Energy Society, Solar Energy: The State of the Art, James & James, London, 2001).
xix.The oil industry won decades of enormous, mysterious tax breaks by focusing legions of lobbyists on the arcane rituals of the House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Finance Committee. (Can anyone who doesn't work on K Street explain the rationale for intangible drilling cost write-offs?).
xx. T.M. Bruton et al., "Multi-Megawatt Upscaling of Silicon and Thin-Film Solar Cell and Module Manufacturing - MUSIC FM," Eur. Conf. Renewable Energy Development, Venice, Italy, 22-25 November 1995. ; KPMG Bureau voor Economische Argumentatie, Solar Energy: From Perennial Promise to Competitive Alternative, Project Number 2562, Hoofddorp, Netherlands, 1999.
xxi. House Committee on Science, Unlocking Our Future: Toward a New National Science Policy, September 24, 1998 www.house.gov/science/science_policy_report.htm
xxii. Disruptive technologies, by definition, bring to the market a different value proposition. Generally, disruptive technologies underperform established products in mainstream markets, but they have other features that a few new customers value. C. M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1997. Christensen argues persuasively that major firms, and even whole industries, are often undermined by disruptive technologies, not because of bad management, or in spite of good management, but because of good management! "Precisely because these firms listened to their customers, invested aggressively in new technologies that would provide their customers more and better products of the sort they wanted, and because they carefully studied market trends and systematically allocated investment capital to innovations that promised the best returns, they lost their positions of leadership."
xxiii. Every state should have been regulating against this for the past 20 years, but none has. See G. B. Hayes, Solar Access Law: Protecting Access to Sunlight for Solar Energy Systems, Environmental Law Institute/Ballinger Publishing, Cambridge, Mass., 1979.


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Malcolm Subban will be vying for Canada's starting role between the pipes at the team's world junior selection camp this week.
Mike Condon has signed a three-year, $7.2 million contract with the Ottawa Senators.
Patrik Berglund underwent successful surgery Tuesday to repair a dislocated left shoulder.
Connor McDavid's next contract could be around $13.25 million per season over eight years, according to reports.
Spencer Foo has chosen to join the Calgary Flames.
Pittsburgh is in the process of negotiating a long-term contract with defenseman Justin Schultz.
Vegas has traded Marc Methot to the Dallas Stars in exchange for the rights to prospect Dylan Ferguson and a second-round pick in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft.
Joe Thornton's representatives have reportedly heard from 12 teams so far as free agency approaches.
Anton Forsberg has signed a two-year deal with the Chicago Blackhawks.
Teemu Selanne has indeed been elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame.
Zack Kassian has signed a three-year extension with Edmonton worth $5.85 million.
Antti Niemi will be bought out by the Dallas Stars.

subset: commoncrawl


text: got a friend of a friend who got a russian AK that he wants to get rid of. All he knows is its russian but tacticalled out. collapsable stock, quad rail, scope etc. He doesnt know what make, model, stamped or milled. Basically his dad gave it to him, he doesnt want it, its still at his dads. Assuming its a real russian AK, whats a realistic (non gunbroker) price for one? I told him the extra stuff really doesnt add any value to me, I perfer a regular hand guard and wood stock myself. He knows its worth more than a wasr10 but not sure how much more. Last russian AK I saw offered locally turned out to be a wasr10, but I figured I would ask. Im suppose to get more info in the next week. My luck its going to turn out to be a sks. jim


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Parking spaces in front of the Pacific Way Cafe & Bakery in Gearhart's town center sit vacant. But the restaurant brims with hungry diners, some of them waiting outside for a table. These friendly patrons have worked up quite an appetite, walking rather than driving from their homes. "That's the Gearhart way," says resident Cindy Hawkins, pointing to passersby. "This is a walking town. Even in summer, when the vacationers come, there isn't much traffic to speak of because everyone would rather go anywhere by foot than by car."
Established in 1890, this Oregon city has long enjoyed a symbiotic relationship with visitors, whose seasonal presence triples the population. Locals, who number 1,100 year-round, rarely hesitate to give thanks for some 2,000 additional summer people, who pump money into their economy. Most of the temporary folks flock here from busy Seattle or Portland to be near this stretch of spectacular sea. Still, Gearhart hasn't grown like Cannon Beach (10 miles south), where signs of tourism are far more obvious. Nor have small businesses been vanquished by commercialization.
The junction at Pacific Way and Cottage Avenue features specialty shops, small businesses, a corner grocery, and the café. All of these structures bear the town's signature ornament: a Fitzgerald's hanging basket, fat with flowers. The neighborhood gardening and interior decor shop provides these oversize floral arrangements that sway in the ever-present breeze. Fitzgerald's owner, Don Burdulis, says people come back each summer to see the flowers around town. He was one of those admirers before he acquired the store that started this colorful tradition.
"My wife and I came here every year from Bellevue, Washington, and we always stopped by Fitzgerald's to see the flowers and the garden art," Don says. "Then one day we heard the owner of Fitzgerald's was selling, and I think we were both surprised at how sad we were. So we played with the idea of keeping it alive. And here we are. And here we're going to stay."
Fitzgerald's wears the same weathered shingles as many of the town's houses. "We're right by the Pacific Ocean and we look like we belong in Cape Cod," says Jill Graham, owner of Gearhart Grocery. "But the weather is as Pacific Northwest as it comes: fog and drizzle and magnificent storm watching."
Six months of the year―mainly late fall, winter, and early spring―clouds hover overhead, the rains fall with regularity, and locals retreat to the comfort of their homes. "Winter is our hibernation time, our book-reading days," says Cindy, "because when summer comes, we do three times as much work, making up for whatever we lacked in the slower season. And we get to know the vacationers. The advantage is that even if we don't go anywhere, we feel like we've been on a vacation to the beach because they make us see the beauty we have here with fresh eyes."
The beach pulled Nina Kristiansen to Gearhart from San Pedro, California. "I grew up near the water, so I knew I couldn't ever live without it. I was drawn to Oregon, so I drove from Astoria down to Newport, checking out houses and rentals along the way. And then I stumbled upon Gearhart. I didn't think towns like this existed anymore. Many folks from Oregon haven't even heard of us yet. And that's part of why I love it. Our anonymity allows for this incredible spirit, where everyone does know each other, where your kids can still play outside without your worrying, where neighbors help you out if you need anything. And isn't that what a community is, after all?"
(published 2003)


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a place for zinesters - writers and readers
It's been a while since we've been on here, but we're excited to be back! And we wanted to spread the word that we're looking for poster art for the 2014 Portland Zine Symposium. The deadline is a week away, so send us your ideas soon!
The Portland Zine Symposium is looking for art submissions for the 2014 poster. Please read the whole post as our Art Call has changed a bit this…Continue
Added by Portland Zine Symposium on November 8, 2013 at 5:20pm — No Comments


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Welcome To Edisto Island, SC
Edisto Island is truly one of South Carolina's best kept secrets, one your family should explore on your next vacation. EdistoIsland.com provides information on Edisto Island vacation rentals, Edisto Island real estate, Edisto Island Restaurants and other useful information. Enjoy Edisto Island and we look forward to seeing you here on your next beach and ocean vacation!


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Hey guys. The Helmet has been a great resource in putting together my Fett so I submit the pic below for a quick question about the pants. I've seen Jango with pants leg showing over the boot top and pics of the shin armor touching the top of the boot plate.
Which way should it be? Also, are my holsters too low?


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Latest content added for Digital Library Partner: UNT College of Visual Arts + Designhttps://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/partners/UNTCVA/browse/?fq=str_location_country:Italy&fq=dc_type:physical-object2015-12-21T10:25:28-06:00UNT LibrariesThis is a custom feed for browsing Digital Library Partner: UNT College of Visual Arts + DesignCoat2015-12-21T10:25:28-06:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc795258/

Coat of deep purple dyed fox fur pieced and sewn in a chevron pattern. Two buttons of black plastic with brown leather loop closure. Coat folds over at back neckline creating a slight lapel at front. Long sleeves were custom tailored by folding under to create a shorter length. Below hip-length. Lined in black silk with four words, "FENDI, ALTA, MODA, PRONTA", in brown print forming a diamond shape. Lining embroidered at right side: "Linda T. Anderson". Retailer's label at center back neckline: "Neiman-Marcus" Fiber content tag at left side seam.
Belt2015-09-02T11:52:34-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc701456/

Belt of gold-colored metal. Heavy double-link chain with 7 "GG" openwork plaques and a single "G" spring clasp. Marks:"Gucci / Italy"
Suit - Jacket and Skirt2015-09-02T11:34:03-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc701415/

Suit (jacket and skirt) of heavy woven polyester(?) in a harlequin pattern of diamonds of off-white, brown, beige, and tan. Suit consists of: A) Jacket. Short, waist length jacket with long sleeves edged in narrow band of same fabric. Double breasted, with two hidden snaps and with 6 large circular plastic buttons at front in 3 pairs, each button of medium brown with light tan ring around rim. Princess darts for fit. Fully lined in tan acetate. Designer's label at inside neckline: "Irene Galitzine / Roma" B) Skirt. Matching skirt, knee-length or slightly shorter, slightly A-line from front, with flat front and with heavy, large box pleats at back. Narrow waistband with two hook-and eye fasteners at right side above side zipper. Lining matches jacket's lining. Designer's label at center back inside waistline: "Irene Galitzine / Roma"
Dress2015-09-02T11:34:03-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc701532/

Dress of silk knit in pink, coral, beige, and white abstract "Pucci style" swirl pattern. Knee-length, with stand up collar and short sleeves. Matching 1-3/4" band at collar, cuffs and inset waistband. Darts in front, and center back zipper closure with hook & eye. Fully lined in pink silk jacquard with the designer's name. Designer's label at right of zipper: "Bessi / Firenze Italia" Fabric has "Bessi" signature in fabric design. Retailer's label at left of zipper: "Expressly / for / Lou Lattimore / Made in / Italy" Fabric/Care label below designer's label: "To be dry cleaned / 100% pure silk / Made in Italy" Size tag below fabric/care label: "12".
Evening Dress2015-09-02T11:34:03-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc701522/

Evening dress of silk printed with Pucci-style abstract design in pink, purple, blue, yellow, grey, and off-white abstract design. Full length, with slightly flared, 3/4 length sleeves. Dropped waist. Diagonal seams from mid-waist to V-neck front. Center back zipper closure with hook & eye. Fully lined in yellow silk with jacquard maker's logo throughout. Designer's label inside back near neckline: "Bessi / Firenze Italia" Fabric has "Bessi" signature in fabric design. Care tag 1 inch below maker's tag: "To be dry cleaned only / Lavare a Secco" "Made in Italy Pure Silk" sewn in just below care tag.
Ensemble - Dress and Vest2015-09-02T11:34:03-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc701542/

Ensemble of acetate/silk blend printed with black, grey, and white with purple flowers. Consists of: A) Dress. Below knee length. Round neckline. Short sleeves with shoulder pads. Center back zipper. Diagonal darts at waist. Vents at either side seam hem. Unlined. Designer's label at inside center back neckline: "Giorgio Armani / Le Collezioni / Made in Italy" Size label next to designer's label: "44 / 10" B) Vest. Past hip length. Four iridescent gray buttons at front with barred buttonholes. Buttons hidden from view when fasted by front placket. Sleeveless. V-shaped neckline. Unlined. Care and content label at inside left seam with attached extra button. C) Belt. Front same fabric as garment. Back stiff facing. Rectangular buckle is covered in same fabric.
Evening Dress2015-09-02T11:34:03-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc701520/

Evening dress of gray, aqua and pink Pucci-style printed silk surah in abstract swirl and circle design. Fabric has "Bessi" signature in fabric design. Flared, full-length princess-line seaming with high rounded neckline. Bracelet length, set-in sleeves with a box pleated shaping tuck between the elbow and wrist. Center back zipper closure with hook & eye at the neckline. Fully lined in ivory silk jacquard with the designer's name. Designer's label at right of zipper: "Bessi / Firenze Italia". Retailer's label at left of zipper: "Expressly / for / Lou Lattimore / Made in / Italy". Fabric/Care label below retailer's label: "To be dry cleaned / 100% pure silk / Made in Italy". Size tag below fabric/care label: "16".
Pumps2015-09-02T11:34:03-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc701442/

Pumps of leather in a print of metallic brass, copper and brown snake skin. The shoes are designed with rounded, open toes, and with a narrow band of self across top of toe-box. The sling-back pumps have one long strap that runs from sides of toebox to behind heel, and secure at sides at ankles. Each with small rectangular gilt-metal buckle at outer ankle. 2 7/8" high continental heel is covered with same leather in a larger version of the print. Inside of shoe lined in tan leather. Stamped on both shoes: Salvatore / Ferragamo / Florence / Made in Italy" Stamped inside on strap: "D G 6383 71 10 AAAA" Stamped on sole of both shoes: "Leather Sole / Made in Italy / Leather Upper"
Suit - Jacket and Skirt2015-09-02T11:34:03-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc701538/

Two-piece suit of emerald green suede consisting of: Jacket/blazer of emerald green suede. Single breasted, with closure of three circular, gold tone, suede filled, initial 'G' buttons and bound buttonholes. Long sleeves with two matching buttons and bound buttonholes; patch pockets at sides. Padded shoulders. Lined in light taupe colored synthetic silk in Gucci bridle pattern. Designer's label at center back neckline: "Gucci / Made in Italy" Cleaning instructions, content and size "42" tags attached to base of designer label. Skirt of emerald green suede. Below knee length, in A-line style with center front panel over open vent. Left side zipper with snap on 1-3/4" waistband. Built in belt on waistband over center front panel with gold-tone buckle and 'G' initial. Lined in dark mallard green synthetic jacquard with 'Gucci' signature. Designer's label at center back waistband: "Gucci / Made in Italy"
Suit - Jacket and Skirt2015-09-02T11:34:03-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc701472/

Woman's magenta suede two-piece suit with multicolor print, consisting of: Jacket with multicolor geometric American Indian inspired print in colors of gold, pinks, purple, and silver on yoke, back and at outer sleeves. Striped piping at all edges. Styled with round neckline and center front opening with neckline corners turned down. One round covered button closure at lower end. Long fitted sleeves with mock slit closure at wrist with two buttons. Straight cut bodice with diagonal welt pocket each hip. Straight hemline. Padded shoulders. Unlined. Faced at front opening with striped suede. Length: 23" (58.4cm). Designer label at center back neckline: "Roberto Cavalli / Firenze / Made in Italy" Content/care tags and size "XS" attached to base of designer label. Skirt pf matching magenta suede. Medium length. Flared skirt with six panels, two pieces giving yoke effect. Fitted waistband. Faced circular hemline. Center back plastic zipper closure with one covered button at waistband. Unlined. Total length: 26" (66.0cm). Designer label at center back: "Roberto Cavalli / Firenze / Made in Italy" Content/care tags and size "S" attached to base of designer label.


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|Topic Review (Newest First)
Re: Living Aboard!
You know everyone has there own story to tell and advice to give and much can be learned, but you need to digest it all and go your own way. That being said I can tell you my experiences after more than 20 years of living aboard. I bought my first sailboat when in my early 30's having never sailed before. I did not have the intent to live aboard, but rather to explore the Cheaspeake. Prior to moving to the bay area I always loved the water and owned a large row boat with a 25 hp outboard to explore inland lakes where I lived. Sailing seemed to me like a better way to explore. ...and it was in all ways. Not only did I like exploration I enjoyed backpacking and it became a luxury to "camp out" in the boat at remote anchorages. As time went on the liveaboard bug bite me and I sold that boat and bought a larger sailboat which my wife at the time and I could live aboard. A few comments about living aboard. Choose a good marina where transients from all over the world stay. That in itself is priceless. Have your boat setup where you can go out for a day sail without having to put much stuff away. I lived for a number of years without refrigeration, however the ice box that I had was well insulated and a 20 lb of block ice would last over a week even in the heat of the Cheaspeake summer. Plus it was convient getting that ice. I also had a seperate shower aboard and never did have problems with condensation with the exception of very cold days when the temperature dipped into the teens. Thankfully those days were few and far between.
I've learned that it's not so much about the destination but rather the journey that's important. Good luck in your journey.
Re: Living Aboard!
Hank -
Here's one:
The Boonedocks Marina
small, low key, near Oriental, allows liveaboards
Re: Living Aboard!
Where are you located and how much money do you have? I know some great boats out there for less than 10k. Living aboard takes a certain kind of person but if you are that kind of person you will love it. Get out there and search for boats there are a few that the owners will finance because they need to get rid of them. Do it while you can because you won't when you can't. Don't buy the largest you can afford, instead buy the smallest you can live with.
best of luck in you search.
Re: Living Aboard!
Guys ... First post here, hope all is well... After reading a couple
Of posts especially this one, i now know 100% that i donot regret my decision of buying my first boat, an 1973 cal 27 t2..... Been fixin it up to go on my first sail and have learned a ton from the experience... I am 27 years old and beginning, with some experience but never as an owner.... U guys. Thanks you for the assurance and the good posts
Hope to continue contributing... So ill say as
Others have said. Do it now before it is too late... You will gain te experience little by little...
Re: Living Aboard!
I need some recommendations please for marinas which allow liveaboards in North Carolina. At the end of this month 3 of us will be sailing a 35' Chris Craft from Massachusettes to North Carolina where I hope/plan to live aboard this yacht having just bought it. Looking for a low key marina, reasonably priced, nothing fancy or snooty. Thanks in advance. Hank
Re: Living Aboard!
I've heard it said that "I wish we would have started cruising forty years ago!" We sailed away in our twenties forty years ago and, yes,- it was a good choice!
Re: Living Aboard!
Well said, Joethecobler. I have dreamed about it got the job, the wife, the mortage......regretted it. Finally said "What the hell, the time will never be right, so I took the plunge about 8 months ago....i really really wish I would]ve went when I was 20 not 55. Well Said!!
Re: Living Aboard!
Just do it. There is an old Italian proverb that roughly translates "the cousin of tomorrow is never". Don't wait till tomorrow when you are anchored down with students loans and minor children. Download "Sailing the Farm" and read it. Search or it here, it's in PDF format.
Re: Living Aboard!
I totally agree...you are young...just DO IT....my husband's dream started when he was younger than you...he kept putting it on the back burner...now he is 53 and he says he wishes he would have just done it...we just moved into our boat...it is 26 feet...our son lives with us...he is 22 We have our dog and our pet squirrel...it has been 8 weeks now...I cannot say the adjustment for me was simple but I can say that I did it and that I am no JUST FINE The ocean is beautiful...the sea creatures are awesome...the sunset is vibrant...life is sooooooooooo nice....you will love it.
Re: Living Aboard!
Just make it happen. My wife and I are in our late twenties and we wish we had done this earlier. We both quit our jobs in Atlanta two months ago, moved to St. Pete Florida, bought a boat (26 foot pearson) and moved on with our dog and cat. If the two of us can live on a 26 foot boat with a dog and cat, your 20 year old self could do it no problem.
We had ZERO sailing experience when we purchased the boat. ZERO! We take it out every chance we get and are loving the experience. If you go for it, good or bad, you will have memories that you never forget and you wont regret it. If you let the opportunity pass it will just be another "I remember when I almost.."
If I have any advice to give its buy the boat and live on it for a while at a marina with easy access to sailing opportunities. It will give you a chance to understand the boat before throwing yourself out to the mercy of mother nature. We chose downtown St. Pete and we are having an incredible time. Had we chose to live in some po dunk marina in a $hithole town the wife and I would have not be enjoying it as much.
Create a blog for family and friends to keep track and for your memories when you get old and forget. We have a blog for family and friends to follow and they really enjoy keeping up, If you are interested in reading about our journey its at thewildjasmine.com.
Good Luck to you!
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Jump to:Page Content
Home > News & Events > Events Calendar > Learning What Works--Education Programs in Developing Countries
This seminar will be moderated by M-RCBG Senior Fellow Lisa Robinson with guest Conner Brannen of the Jameel Poverty Action Lab at MIT.
Description: The Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) has significant experience in conducting cost-effectiveness analyses, having completed analyses that compare 11 programs which aim to improve student attendance, nine programs to improve service provider attendance, and five programs to reduce diarrhea. This seminar will address its most recent and largest analysis focusing on student learning, recently featured in a special edition of Science in an article co-authored with Michael Kremer and Rachel Glennerster. The analysis covers 35+ primary school programs in low- and middle-income countries. The seminar will cover the motivation for the analysis and its underlying framework and methodology, and focus on the primary lessons that emerge. It will also address the contexts within which cost-effectiveness analysis is useful and how J-PAL integrates the results into discussions with policymakers and development practitioners.
Presenter: Conner Brannen is a Policy Associate and the Governance Initiative Manager at J-PAL. She is also the coordinator of J-PAL's student learning cost-effectiveness analyses. Prior to joining J-PAL, Ms. Brannen worked for Innovations for Poverty Action ? J-PAL's partner organization ? as an evaluation coordinator in Western Kenya, where she managed the implementation of three randomized evaluations. Ms. Brannen also spent a year in Tanzania as a Boren Scholar working for the World Wildlife Fund and collecting original data for her undergraduate dissertation on the impact of Village Savings and Loan Associations.
There are no assignments or required readings. Please email Lisa Robinson at firstname.lastname@example.com if you are interested in attending.


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Degree or Program Details
Environmental Conservation Minor
For department information or additional degree requirements, click here
For course description, click on the course.
|Total Credits Required for Minor
|Geography Electives
|Choose from the following:
|GC 202 Soils (4 cr.)
|GC 401 Biogeography (4 cr.)
|GC 465 Hydrology (4 cr.)
|GC 470 Environmental Ethics (4 cr.)


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Easy access to devices and services.
BlackBerry ID
What is a BlackBerry ID?
Your BlackBerry® ID username and password gives you access to BlackBerry websites, apps, and services. It helps sync your information with your computer1, and transfer that information when you change devices. One BlackBerry ID can be used for all your BlackBerry devices.
Why do I need a BlackBerry ID?
Access to apps and services
BlackBerry ID also gives you access to the following:
Documents To Go™ app1
View and edit Microsoft® Word, Excel® and PowerPoint® files on your smartphone.
Easy syncing with your computer1
If you have a BlackBerry 10 device, you can sync media and documents between devices and with your computer on the same Wi-Fi® network or over a USB connection. When you sign into BlackBerry Link with your BlackBerry ID, it automatically recognizes your BlackBerry 10 devices with the same BlackBerry ID so that you can manage and sync your content.
Easy device switches
If you lose or change your BlackBerry® smartphone or tablet, your BlackBerry ID will remember your information and apps to make the switch easy.
Manage your BlackBerry ID
Create a BlackBerry ID
Already have a BlackBerry ID?
Sign in to view or change your account settings.
Check for a BlackBerry ID
Not sure if you have a BlackBerry ID?
BlackBerry ID support
View the How To Demo for setting up a BlackBerry ID on your smartphone.
BlackBerry ID requires BlackBerry OS version 4.6 or higher. You must register for a BlackBerry ID prior to using your BlackBerry PlayBook tablet.
- 1 Requires BlackBerry® 10 OS on select smartphones
On-page Styles


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by Dell
Apr 29, 2013
This paper details the business impact, customer experience and user experience responses in a User Experience Management (UEM) survey conducted by ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATES. Discover why the top "driving" role for UEM is IT executive management.
Learn about the need for advanced real-time predictive analytics to capture information and advanced trending and historical analytics to capture hidden trends. Plus see recommendations for better dialogue between IT and business, and understanding end-user-customer behavior perspectives.


text: Ok, so most people who were in the military know what a seabag is. It is made of that green material. I was wondering if using a seabag for the cape would be a good idea for the ROTJ cape. I know that Fett is a very expensive build and I am looking at trying to save wherever I can. Please let me know what you guys think? I will post pics of the seabag if needed from some reference. Money is tight especially after CV and really need to get my Fett done and I want it top of the line quality. Thanks in advance for all the input.


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By Chris Harris
The Premier League is NOT just a two-horse race, according to Arsène Wenger.
Manchester United and Manchester City have set the pace going into the second half of the campaign with Sir Alex Ferguson's men currently seven points clear of the champions.
Chelsea were tipped to challenge but came unstuck at Stamford Bridge on Wednesday when Queen's Park Rangers snatched a shock 1-0 victory.
That leaves a six-point gap from City to the chasing pack of Tottenham, Chelsea, Everton and Arsenal but Wenger doesn't think the Manchester clubs will have it all their own way.
"I don't know [how many teams are in the title race] - more than two certainly," said Wenger.
"[Chelsea's defeat] just confirms that it's difficult for everybody to win the game, that there is no difference between the teams now.
"The teams are well organised, they are physically very strong and if you're not at your best, you don't win the game. It's the same for everybody.
"Manchester [United are] top of the league, but they've already lost three games so I believe that the Premier League is very competitive."
- Join the conversation on Twitter: #SCFCvAFC


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The name Azekah (עזקה) derives from the Hebrew root עז"ק, means "to dig round" (in agricultural sense)
Want to learn archaeology and gain 9 cerdits?
Click here!
Geophysical prospection at Tel Azekah by means of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (2D/3D)
We'll be starting to dig on July 13th!
Azekah is the place above the valley that is remembered in cultural memory as the arena of the battle between David and Goliath!
Azekah is the place that the last defenders of Lachish wrote just before they were capture by the Babylonians in 586 BCE that "We cannot see any more the fire-signals of Azekah"
Azekah is the Judahite stronghold that the mighty Assyrian King described as "an eagle's nest…with towers that project to the sky like swords"
We'll be starting to dig on July 13th!
Azekah and Lachish were the last two towns to fall to the Babylonians before the overthrow of Jerusalem!
Please go here for more information and registration.
Our Apologies!
The site currently is under maintenance.
Please go to azekah.org for more information.


text: I bought this BOV and used it on my WRX for about 2000 miles. Unfortunately, my signifcant other has become very impartial to the noise of it. It is in near perfect shape, and there are no scratches, scuffs or marks on it. The cheapest I can find this for is $300, and I am looking to get $225 shipped OBO. If you are interested, please send an email to (has an _ between the names)


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Your New Favorite Mug, Tervis, Lifetime Warranty
Product Information
This Tervis 16-ounce Tumbler might truly be the last mug/cup you ever need. It is perfect for a hot cup of coffee in the morning or an ice cold beverage after work.
- Fits under any Keurig K-Cup Brewer*
- Great for both hot & cold
- Made in America
- Microwave-Freeze-Dishwasher Safe
- Reduces condensation
About the Tervis 16oz Tumbler
The 16 oz. Tervis Tumbler is the company's most most popular size. It can go to the game, in your car, on your desk and all over town. It is truly the most useful mug you'll ever own.
Size: 6" h | 3 3/8" w (top) | 2 5/8" w (bottom)
* May require removal of drip tray on some Keurig Home Brewer models.


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This is what happens when you misbehave and mis-use your paintball gear.
The police department of Cedar Rapids Iowa is going to be asking the City Council to ban the carrying of paintball, bb and other similar projectile shooting devices in public due to a rash of vandalism.
Because these devices are legal to own and because the projectiles are essentially untraceable, even when police catch someone with a shooter in the vicinity of vandalism, they generally cant prove anything.
The local police chief notes that several surrounding towns already have similar ordinances and that requiring owners to carry their guns unloaded in a sealed contain will both aid them in catching vandals AND will help police avoid SHOOTING citizens who are armed with look-a-likes.
Similar local laws have either already been on the books or have been enacted over the past 25 years as a direct response to the advent of and misuse of paintball guns. (Same with BB guns, but BB guns are someone elses look-out.)
This time, the request for the law follows a weekend in which over 150 reports of vandalism with BB guns were reported.
The Cedar Rapids police department receives an average of 1170 reports of vandalism using BB, paintball and air guns EACH YEAR.
The city has a population of roughly 125,000. Thats one case of vandalism per 100 inhabitants and that is just WAY too visible.
Just one city in one relatively under-populated state. If we stretch the numbers to cover the entire country, we could be looking at 2.7 million vandalism incidents per year. That number bears absolutely no scientific scrutiny whatsoever, but it certainly gives an idea of the potential scope of the problem.
More importantly, the Cedar Rapids Police Departments action demonstrates exactly what happens when you dont address your own problems - others step in to take care of them for you - usually in ways that are unacceptable to you but seem perfectly reasonable to them.
You can read the entire article HERE - including the estimated quarter of a million dollars of property damage caused each year.
Go ahead and Discuss this on going problem.


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Vice Chancellor for Rural Community and Native Education - Evon Peter
Phone: 907.474.1865 Fax: 907.474.5824
Rural, Community and Native Education, CRCD
University of Alaska Fairbanks
404 Brooks Building
P.O. Box 756500
Fairbanks, AK 99775-6500
Evon Peter was appointed Vice Chancellor for Rural, Community and Native Education at the University of Alaska Fairbanks by Chancellor Brian Rogers in July 2014. A UAF alumnus, Peter is Neetsaii Gwich'in and Koyukon from Arctic Village, where he served three years as the tribal Chief. As a community leader and advocate, he served in numerous board positions including Vice Chair to the Council of Athabascan Tribal Governments, on Tanana Chiefs Conference board of directors, and as Co-Chair to the Gwich'in Council International. His international work includes participation in the Arctic Council and United Nations forum and locally has focused on implementing behavioral health, leadership and workforce development projects.
Evon co-founded Native Movement with his wife Enei Begaye Peter (Navajo) in 2004, a national non-profit Indigenous youth leadership development and sustainability organization. Since 2009, he served as CEO of Gwanzhii, LLC, a firm providing strategic planning, program development and other services to private and public institutions throughout Alaska. He holds a Baccalaureate degree in Alaska Native Studies and is completing the final requirements for a Masters degree in Rural Development. He resides in Fairbanks with his wife and four children.


text: Many people would assume that a figure skater who wins a bronze medal at the Olympics is one of the best skaters in the world, a skater who has achieved mastery in the sport. Would it be right to assume this about Joannie Rochette? Are there aspects of her skating, whether certain jumps or spins or perhaps footwork or stroking, that are particularly outstanding and deserve to be noticed and praised by skaters, coaches, and figure skating fans? If it would be wrong to assume that Joannie's skating is spectacular, then would it be better to simply evaluate her as an average skater who happened to win an Olympic bronze medal for arbitrary reasons?


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Course Description
MA 231 Topics in Geometry
4 cr.
Offered: Every winter beginning W2014.
Prerequisite: MA 104, MA 111, or MA 151.
An introduction to a broad range of ideas in geometry taught through an informal (as opposed to axiomatic) study of the concepts. This approach focuses on understanding the mathematics underlying rules, algorithms, and relationships of geometry rather than formal proofs.


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Never easy. She is at peace now and memories of her will last as long as you keep them.
I had to put my 11 year old beagle down the other day.
I think there were A LOT of bunnies celebrating on the day she retired from the field.
Sad day for me indeed however she was an awesome dog and no longer suffering.
Never easy. She is at peace now and memories of her will last as long as you keep them.
Sorry for your loss. A man and his dog can truly be a special relationship.
Thanks guys! It is a tough decision to make...pain meds and surgery that will last another year at most or put her down. I had to go the second route. She was too good to me.
Sorry for your loss. It was the hardest thing I ever had to do.
She will always be in your heart and memorries.
May God bless her and keep her. I know how hard it is to loose a pet, or when to let them go. I've had more them my fair share over the past couple of years. They all get buried in the back forty. I've dug holes in the winter, in the middle of the night, etc..... They deserve that. My prayers are with you.
Sorry about your loss. I had to put my dog down a few years ago and know how terrible it feels.
I am so sorry for your loss. Hardest thing I ever had to do was what you had to do. Cried like a baby. Waited 8 months and got another collie.
I am so sorry for the loss of your old friend. It's never easy to have to put an animal down. They become like family. I'm glad you have found solace in the fact that she is not suffering anymore.
Our condolences, it's never easy laying a family member to rest.


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CICP Road Diary: An Introduction
I'm a writer and government affairs liaison here with NACM-FCIB in the national office, and have been since 2006. Near the end of last year, after some discussion with colleagues and friends, I decided to enroll in FCIB's online CICP course, also known as International Credit and Risk Management. At the end of the course, in April, provided I complete it successfully, I'll be able to sit for the CICP (Certified International Credit Professional) exam and, if I pass, attach those letters to my name, business card, email signature, and anywhere else I see fit to attach them.
You could do the same, if you take the course that is, and to give you an idea of what that's like from a practical standpoint, I'll be posting my own ruminations on the class, its material and its demands here in the form of a diary. I won't be starting the entries with "Dear Diary" or anything, but the idea's the same. I'm calling it my CICP Road Diary, and I'm hoping to provide updates on a weekly basis from here on in.
Think of this as a travel guide, written by someone who has only researched and heard about the journey in question, but never really made the trek himself. This is to say that, sure, I've had plenty of experience delving into the process of commercial credit management, both on an international and domestic basis. I've read countless case studies of relevant bankruptcy proceedings and spoken to untold dozens of credit and risk management practitioners about the issues they face in the global economy, in their companies, in their departments and in their quests to better themselves for the sake of their careers.
But as I said at the beginning, I'm not a credit manager, and while I won't get a "credit manager" badge when I'm done, what I will get is weeks of experience talking with other credit managers from around the world. I'll get a deeper understanding of the skills necessary to succeed in an increasingly globalized economy, and a thorough knowledge of the strategies, challenges and conflicts that can crop up in any international business venture. I'll also hopefully get some new friends and contacts, to whom I can turn whenever a question comes up that I can't answer.
What you'll get from the course, if you decide to take it, really depends on how you treat it, I suppose. But what you'll get from me, here, is at least a peek into the process of going through the modules, taking the tests and engaging my classmates in the discussions. Ideally, this road diary helps me organize my thoughts as much as it helps you understand the challenges and the rewards that go along with the CICP course, and hopefully it all entertains you along the way too.
The course began about a month ago, while I was on vacation, so, in the interest of full disclosure I'll admit that I'm still playing catch-up. The hardest part so far has been re-learning how to be a student again. I've only been out of college for five years now, but all of my old studying strategies don't seem to work as well as they did in college, when all I was expected to do was schoolwork, and maybe write an article or two for the school newspaper. Now I have a job, and a class to take care of, so I've had to find new, more efficient ways of learning and studying that better suit the situation.
I think I've gotten the hang of it, but, overall, it's been an interesting, enlightening month, and I'm eager to see what's next. So, with that said...
Till next time,
3 comments:
- JezebelJune 1, 2012 at 12:29 PM
Hi Jake,ReplyDelete
I read about your diary and I'm eager to try this course. I'm working as Accounts Receivable Specialist and I beleive this course suit my needs. Can you tell me how does it work with your time? I'm a Mom with two kids and I don't know if I have time to do this. Any input is appreciated. Thank you
- Matsiko JuliusOctober 19, 2012 at 11:24 AM
Hello, am called Matsiko Julius,a certified public accountant of Uganda &i work as credit administrator with one of the commercial banks in Uganda.Please en light me more about this course including the costs of the trainingReplyDelete
- victor mandaAugust 14, 2013 at 6:14 AM
am victor working as a credit analyst for SME's in one of the Banks in Zambia. I hold a Bsc. Banking and Finance. I want to build on my credit analytical skills, how will this course help and what are the costs involved?


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Neymar is young but he is a very good player, nowadays Messi is the best of the world in my opinion. But I belive that in the future Neymar can be the best player of the world. And you guys, what do you think?


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1Christmas carols were sung at the Greenspace December winter walk along the Helm Trail. Judy Lay, left, is seen with singers, Sandra Kuerzi, Pam Kelley, Edna Gombos and Ann Bennett.
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Enter your address to locate the nearest Kirsch Dealer.
The Kirsch Superfine® Traverse Rod is a high quality basic rod that will meet all of your foundational needs. Our Superfine rod features the following characteristics:
• 30% Thicker Steel Than our Nearest Competitor for Durability
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CHAPEL HILL, N.C. -- No. 1 North Carolina (28-2, 11-2 ACC) battled back from an early deficit to claim a 5-3 series-clinching win over Maryland (16-14, 4-10 ACC) Saturday night at Boshamer Stadium.
The Terrapins jumped out to a 2-0 lead in the top half of the first inning as they scored a pair of runs against Tar Heel starter Benton Moss.
The Carolina offense chipped away at the lead with single runs in the second and third innings before using a three-run fourth inning to claim a 5-3 lead.
The Tar Heels picked up three straight singles from Cody Stubbs, Michael Russell and Mike Zolk to open the fourth inning before Parks Jordan stepped in and delivered a RBI single to right field to tie the game at 3-3.
Matt Roberts followed by lifting a fly ball to left field that looked deep enough for a sacrifice fly but the ball was dropped allowing everyone to move up a base and give the Tar Heels a 4-3 lead. A Brian Holberton ground out would plate another run before the Carolina bullpen took over.
Junior Shane Taylor threw a scoreless fifth inning before sophomore Chris McCue struck out three over the next three scoreless innings.
McCue retired eight of nine hitters he faced during one stretch of his outing as he kept the Terrapins in check and the Tar Heels in front.
Maryland threatened in the top half of the ninth inning with a leadoff double from LaMonte Wade before Carolina went to the bullpen once again for freshman right-hander Trent Thornton.
Thornton came on and forced a ground out to second for the first out of the inning as Wade advanced to third base.
Wade would be stranded at third as Thornton buckled down and struck out the next two batters to claim his first career save and give Carolina the 5-3 win.
Eight of Carolina's nine starters recorded a hit Saturday night as the Tar Heels claimed their seventh series victory of the year.
Parks Jordan paced the offense with a pair of RBIs, while Holberton and Roberts each added one apiece.
Tate Parrish earned the win, the second of his career, as he recorded the final out of the fourth inning.
Carolina will look for the series sweep on Sunday with first pitch set for 1 p.m.


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'"I didn't want to believe it was happening," Delmore said after practice Thursday. "I thought about it for a couple days and beat myself up thinking about it. Now I just want to try to get my game going and help the Rochester Americans, help them keep their streak going."'
Delmore gets his shot with Amerks
January 9, 2004 Submitted by
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text: Out-of-service days include days for which no revenues are recognized other than operational downtime and cold-stacked days. The Company may be compensated for certain out-of-service days, such as for shipyard stays or for transit periods preceding a contract. However, recognition of any such compensation received is deferred and recognized over the period of drilling operations. Operational downtime is when a rig is under contract and unable to conduct planned operations due to equipment breakdowns or procedural failures. No operational downtime is included in projected out-of-service days, but the company estimates operational downtime to account for approximately 2.5% of in-service days in current and future quarters.This summary is provided as a courtesy and is not intended to replace a detailed review of the Monthly Fleet Status Report. While the Company has attempted to include items it believes are significant, we encourage you to review the Monthly Fleet Status Report in detail. Rowan Companies plc is a major provider of international and domestic contract drilling services with a leading position in high-specification jack-up rigs. The Company's fleet of 30 jack-up rigs is located worldwide, including the Middle East, the North Sea, Trinidad, Egypt, Southeast Asia and the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, Rowan has four ultra-deepwater drillships under construction with three of the four drillships under three-year contracts. The Company's Class A Ordinary Shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "RDC". For more information on the Company, please visit www.rowancompanies.com. Statements herein that are not historical facts are forward looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including, without limitation, statements as to the expectations, beliefs and future expected business, financial performance and prospects of the Company. These forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and are subject to certain risks, assumptions, trends and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements. Among the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially include oil and natural gas prices, the level of offshore expenditures by energy companies, variations in energy demand, changes in day rates, cancellation by our customers of drilling contracts, letter agreements or letters of intent or the exercise of early termination provisions, risks associated with fixed cost drilling operations, cost overruns or delays on shipyard repair, construction or transportation of drilling units, maintenance and repair costs, costs or delays for conversion or upgrade projects, operating hazards and equipment failure, risks of collision and damage, casualty losses and limitations on insurance coverage, customer credit and risk of customer bankruptcy, conditions in the general economy and energy industry, weather conditions and severe weather in the Company's operating areas, increasing complexity and costs of compliance with environmental and other laws and regulations, changes in tax laws and interpretations by taxing authorities, civil unrest and instability, terrorism and hostilities in our areas of operations that may result in loss or seizure of assets, the outcome of disputes and legal proceedings, effects of the change in our corporate structure, and other risks disclosed in the Company's filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date hereof, and the Company expressly disclaims any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, except as required by law.


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Home > News & Events > Events Calendar > CANCELLED: Localizing Development: Does Participation Work?
THIS EVENT IS CANCELLED Vijayendra Rao is a lead economist in the Development Research Group of the World Bank. He integrates his training in economics with theories and methods from anthropology, sociology, and political science to study the social, cultural, and political context of extreme poverty in developing countries. Dr. Rao has published in leading journals in economics and development studies on subjects that include the rise in dowries in India, the social and economic context of domestic violence, village democracy, and how to integrate economic and social theory to develop more effective public policy. He has co-edited Culture and Public Action; History, Historians and Development Policy; and co-authored the 2006 World Development Report on equity and development. Most recently, with Ghazala Mansuri, he co-authored the World Bank's Policy Research Report Localizing Development: Does Participation Work?


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Vincent and Stanley meet with Waclaw Szybalski and John Kirby at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on the occasion of its designation as a Milestones in Microbiology site. They reminisce about how the well known laboratory has advanced the science and teaching of microbiology, and discuss John's work on the soil dwelling, predatory myxobacteria.
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Steamed Cranberry Pudding with Vanilla Sauce RecipeRead Reviews Be the first to add a review
- 1/2 cup light molasses
- 1/2 cup hot water
- 2 teaspoons baking soda
- 1-1/2 cups all-purpose flour
- 2 cups fresh or frozen cranberries
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1 cup sugar
- 1 teaspoon cornstarch
- Dash salt
- 1 cup heavy whipping cream
- 1/2 cup butter, cubed
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- In a bowl, combine all pudding ingredients in order given. Pour into a well-greased 4-cup pudding mold. Place in a deep kettle on a rack. Fill kettle with boiling water to 1-in. depth; cover kettle and boil gently. Replace water as needed. Steam about 1 hour or until pudding tests done. Let stand 5 minutes before unmolding.
- Meanwhile, for sauce, combine sugar, cornstarch and salt in a saucepan. Add cream and butter. Cook and stir over medium heat until mixture begins to boil. Boil for about 1 minute. Remove from heat and stir in vanilla. Serve pudding and sauce warm. Yield: 6-8 servings.
Originally published as Steamed Cranberry Pudding in Grandma's Great Desserts Cookbook 1992, p71
Sweet White Wine
Enjoy this recipe with a sweet white wine such as Moscato or a sweet Riesling.
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Home > News & Events > Events Calendar > Shaping Tax Policy - The Global Landscape
International leaders in tax policy and administration will address this landmark conference which will be a "must attend" event for tax advisers, tax policymakers, officials from Treasury and Revenue authorities, academics, fiscal economists, and corporate heads of tax/policy. Coinciding with the 50th anniversary of President John F. Kennedy's visit to Ireland, this conference will provide attendees with expert perspectives on the challenges to be addressed across the world by tax polic makers and administrators. Speakers and delegates at the conference – entitled "Shaping Tax Policy – The Global Landscape" – will explore how tax policy can deliver on economic and social change; what drivers determine tax policy around the world and the challenges currently facing senior tax policy makers and administrators. For further information on this conference please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.