text:
The effect of meteorological factors on airborne Betula pollen concentrations in Lublin (Poland)
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DOI: 10.1007/s10453-012-9249-z
- Cite this article as:
- Piotrowska, K. & Kubik-Komar, A. Aerobiologia (2012) 28: 467. doi:10.1007/s10453-012-9249-z
The present study investigated the pattern of the birch atmospheric pollen seasons in Lublin in the period 2001–2010. Pollen monitoring was conducted using a Lanzoni VPPS 2000 sampler. The atmospheric pollen seasons were determined with the 98% method. Regression analysis was used to determine correlations between meteorological conditions and the pattern of the birch pollen season. On average, the birch pollen season started on 12 April, ended on 13 May, and lasted 32 days. The peak value and the Seasonal Pollen Index showed the greatest variation in particular years. All the seasons were right-skewed. During the study years, a trend was found towards earlier occurrence of the seasonal peak. Regression equations were developed for the following parameters of the atmospheric pollen season: start, duration, peak value and average pollen concentration during the season. The obtained model fit was at a level of 64–81%. Statistical analysis shows that minimum temperature of February and March and total rainfall in June in the year preceding pollen release have the greatest effect on the birch atmospheric pollen season in Lublin. Low temperatures in February promote the occurrence of high pollen concentrations.
KeywordsBetula Atmospheric pollen season Meteorological parameters Regression analysis
1 Introduction
Recent research shows that in Poland over 45% of its population (that is, more than 15 million residents) suffer from various allergies. These diseases are primarily prevalent among children and young people (Samoliński et al. 2007). In spring, birch pollen grains are the main cause of pollen allergy in northern and central Europe. It is estimated that 10–20% of the population in this region are allergic to birch pollen (Spieksma 1990). Allergy to birch pollen is usually accompanied by allergy to alder and hazel pollen grains. Besides, cross-reactions are observed between birch pollen allergens and some fruits. Hypersensitivity to apples, pears and peaches has been found in approximately 30% of patients allergic to birch pollen (Rapiejko 2005). Allergy symptoms appear suddenly in people allergic to birch pollen, without initial symptoms gradually developing as it is in the case of allergies to other allergens (Rapiejko 2005). This is associated with very high concentrations of birch pollen grains at the beginning of the season. Pollen shed from anthers lasts on average 10 days for Betula pendula and 15 days for Betula pubescens. However, most pollen, that is, 70–80%, is shed within 2–3 days (Suszka 1979).
Birch produces huge amounts of pollen grains. It has been calculated that one male flower of Betula pendula produces ca. 22,000 pollen grains, while one inflorescence bearing 450 flowers produces more than 10 million grains (Piotrowska 2008). In Poland, birch belongs to the tree plant taxa that reach the highest annual totals and daily pollen concentrations in the air (Weryszko-Chmielewska 2006). The period of time during which pollen is present in the atmosphere is named atmospheric pollen season (Jato et al. 2006). Given the increase in the number of people allergic to plant pollen, special attention is paid to predicting the start dates and severity of atmospheric pollen seasons of allergenic plants. It is very important to predict when and how abundantly trees will release pollen.
Likewise, in the case of other plants blooming in early spring, the onset of pollen shed in birch is closely related to weather conditions and primarily depends on air temperature (Emberlin et al. 1997; Norris-Hill 1998; Stach et al. 2008a). The number of pollen grains in a particular pollen season is also determined by the conditions prevailing in the previous year, during the formation of flower buds (Latałowa et al. 2002).
The timing and intensity of birch pollen seasons vary significantly in particular years. The start date of the pollen season is most frequently predicted based on regression analysis (Adams-Groom et al. 2002; Rodriguez-Rajo et al. 2003). We are convinced that it is also important to predict season duration and severity. The aim of the present study was to analyse the variation in birch atmospheric pollen seasons in particular years and to determine which meteorological factors had the greatest effect on the features of the Betula pollen season in Lublin. On this basis, an attempt was made to develop models that would show the correlations between the parameters of the atmospheric pollen season and meteorological factors. These models are the first step towards predicting the timing and abundance of the birch pollen season in Lublin. The possibility of predicting beforehand the season start date and severity would be a valuable help for both allergists and allergic people. In the first part of paper, weather conditions during the atmospheric pollen seasons using PCA were analysed. Next, pollen seasons were compared based on pollen data from 10-year monitoring (cluster analysis). At last, the relations between pollen seasons parameters and meteorological data by means of regression analysis were searched.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Aerobiological analysis
Pollen monitoring was performed in Lublin (eastern Poland) in the period 2001–2010. The climate of the Lublin region is characterized by the influence of continental air masses. The general growing season lasts 215 days there (Woś 1999). Mean annual air temperature in Lublin (1951–2007) is 8.2°C, and January is the coldest month of the year (mean temperature −2.8°C). In February, average temperature reaches −1.9°C, whereas in March and April it is 2.0 and 8.5°C, respectively. Mean annual total precipitation in Lublin is 546 mm (Kaszewski 2008; Piotrowska and Kaszewski 2009). The genus Betula is represented in the region of Lublin by the following species: B. pendula, B. pubescens and B. humilis (Zając and Zając 2001). The taxon chosen for study is very common in Lublin and its vicinity. We have observed that birch tree is most abundant in all districts of the city.
The sampling site was located close to the city centre (λ = 22°32′25″E and φ = 51°14′37″N; 197 m a.s.l.). A Hirst-type sampler (Lanzoni VPPS 2000) was used for pollen trapping. It was placed on the flat roof of a building of the Lublin University of Sciences at a height of 18 m. Pollen grains were identified in 4 horizontal traverses of the slide. The results were expressed as the number of pollen grains per 1 m3 of air in 24 h (P/m3; Mandrioli et al. 1998).
The following atmospheric pollen season (APS) parameters were analysed: start, end, duration, maximum pollen concentration (peak value), date of maximum concentration and Seasonal Pollen Index (SPI) (the summation of the daily mean concentration during the pollen season Mandrioli 1998). Two methods 98% (Emberlin et al. 1993) and 95% (Andersen 1991) were considered to define the atmospheric pollen season. The 98% method was used to determine the atmospheric pollen season (Emberlin et al. 1993; Emberlin et al. 2002). The start of the season was defined as the date when 1% of the seasonal cumulative pollen count was trapped and the end of the season when the cumulative pollen count reached 99%. The use of 95% method would have removed too much data from the analysis.
2.2 Meteorological data
The meteorological data came from the Meteorological Observatory of the Meteorology and Climatology Department, the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin; the Observatory is located at a distance of about 1.5 km from the pollen sampling site. The following meteorological data were used for the analysis: air temperature (mean, minimum and maximum), relative air humidity, rainfall, cloud cover and wind speed. In the PCA, daily weather conditions during pollen seasons were taken into account. Monthly meteorological data starting from May in the year preceding pollen release until May in the year of pollen emission, average meteorological data from the pollen seasons (Latałowa et al. 2002; Smith et al. 2009), average daily meteorological conditions for the periods of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days before the atmospheric pollen season start date as well as start and cumulative air temperature (>0 and >5°C) were variables, influence of which on pollen features was investigated. Not all above-mentioned data were included into regression analysis—the dataset was limited on the basis of Spearman's correlation results.
2.3 Statistical analysis
Classical statistical parameters, such as arithmetic mean, minimum and maximum values, standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (V), were used to characterize the features of the birch atmospheric pollen seasons. In order to determine the direction and strength of skewness, the coefficient of skewness was calculated; it has a zero value when the distribution of the variable is symmetric. A positive value of this coefficient indicates a right skew, while a negative value means a left skew (Wołek 2006).
In addition to descriptive statistics, some uni- and multivariate statistical methods were applied to determine the effect of meteorological conditions on the pattern of the birch atmospheric pollen season. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to compare weather conditions during the pollen seasons (Lighthart et al. 2009). Daily values of mean temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall, humidity, cloud cover and wind speed during Betula pollen season were the studied variables. Maximum temperature was excluded from the analysis because of the very high correlation with mean temperature (0.97). The results are presented in the form of a table of factor loadings showing correlations between weather parameters and the obtained factors (PC1, PC2 and PC3) as well as in the form of factor score scatterplots with the PC1-PC2, PC1-PC3 and PC2-PC3 coordinate systems (González Parrado et al. 2009). Factor loadings were obtained after VARIMAX rotation maximizing the sum of the variances of the squared loadings (Ferguson and Takane 1989).
The differences among atmospheric pollen seasons were compared by applying cluster analysis. The daily pollen concentration during 2001–2010 years was treated as dataset for this analysis. These results were presented as a hierarchical tree plot where the distance of linkage is a measure of similarity of pollen seasons. The joining algorithm was based on the Euclidean distance and the centroid method of linkage (Romesburg 2004). An example of cluster analysis application in other studies involving comparison of pollen seasons can be found in the paper of Latorre and Belmonte (2004). In most articles on cluster analysis, however, the method is used to identify clusters of sites with similar pollen concentration profiles (Orlandi et al. 2005; Rieux et al. 2008; Smith et al. 2009). The above-described methods of multivariate statistical analyses were applied to characterize each of the pollen seasons compared with other seasons (according to weather conditions or pollen concentration).
Regression analysis was applied to describe the relationships between weather and pollen season parameters. The univariate and multivariate versions of this method (Ferguson and Takane 1989) were used, where the season start date, season duration, peak and mean pollen concentration were dependent variables and monthly mean values of weather parameters, selected on the basis of Spearman correlation values, were independent ones (Stach et al. 2008b; Frei and Gassner 2008; Smith et al. 2009).
All statistical calculations were performed using STATISTICA and SPSS software.
3 Results
3.1 Meteorological data during the atmospheric pollen seasons: principal component analysis (PCA)
Factor loadings after VARIMAX rotation
Weather parameters
Mean temperature
Minimum temperature
Wind speed
As the last step of this analysis, the Spearman's correlations between obtained PCA factors and pollen concentration were calculated. The values of correlation were very low (−0.164, 0.049 and 0.021) what means that Betula pollen concentration was influenced by meteorological data during the atmospheric pollen seasons to a small extent. This is why other metrological factors were taken into consideration for regression analyses.
3.2 Aerobiological data
3.2.1 Start and end of atmospheric pollen season
Statistics of the parameters of the birch pollen season in Lublin in 2001–2010
Pollen season
Duration (days)
3.04 (2002)
3.05 (2010)
19 (2003)
521 (2009)
13.04 (2010)
3,219 (2009)
22.04 (2006)
21.05 (2005)
42 (2002)
12,832 (2003)
26.04 (2001)
33,788 (2003)
3.2.2 Duration of atmospheric pollen season
On average, the birch atmospheric pollen season lasted 1 month; it was the shortest in 2003 (19 days) and longest in 2002 (42 days). During the pollen season, the most favourable thermal conditions were recorded in 2003 when mean air temperature was higher than the average for the 10-year study period by 2.7°C. The lowest precipitation total was then recorded (lower by 26.9 mm than the long-term average for 2001–2010). During 2002, all the meteorological factors were close to the means for the 10-year study period.
3.2.3 Peak and SPI
The list of significant Spearman's correlations between the parameters of the birch pollen season in Lublin (2001–2010)
Parameters of pollen season
Spearman coefficient
Duration & peak value
Duration & SPI
Peak value & SPI
Days number of pre-peak & season start
Days number of post-peak & season end
Days number of post-peak & duration
Among the parameters of the APS, the highest variation was noted for the peak value (V = 98.6%). But the date of the seasonal maximum was the most stable parameter of the APS that was characterized by the lowest variation (Table 2).
3.2.4 The pattern of atmospheric pollen seasons
A negative correlation was found between the number of days in the pre-peak period and the pollen season start date; the later the season started, the earlier the peak occurred. The number of days from the peak date until the end of the season was higher when the latter lasted longer and ended later (Table 3).
The pattern of the atmospheric pollen seasons in Lublin was right-skewed. A rapid increase in pollen concentration was noted, and subsequently a much slower decrease. In all the study years, the coefficient of skewness had a positive value. The highest skewness value was recorded in the years 2005 (3.51) and 2003 (3.18), whereas the lowest one in 2004 (0.96). In the other years, the values of the skewness coefficient were in the range of 1.52–2.43. The average number of days in the pre-peak period was much lower than in the post-peak period. The highest pollen concentration was recorded during the first days of the APS, on average after 7 days from the season start date. The number of days from the peak date until the end of the season was 24 days, on average.
3.2.5 The cluster analysis
3.3 Regression analysis
Due to short data series, all the study years were included to obtain a better fit to the regression model. When creating the regression model, the number of independent variables was reduced on the basis of Spearman's correlation coefficients test, and only the statistically significant ones were used. The selection of the best-fitted model was based on the Adj R2 value. A relatively good fit was obtained for the start date and duration of the atmospheric pollen season as well as for the value of maximum and average concentrations during the atmospheric pollen season.
4 Discussion
Regression analysis is used by many authors to predict and determine the effect of weather on pollen seasons (among others, Emberlin et al. 1993; Dahl and Strandhede 1996; Adams-Groom et al. 2002; Latałowa et al. 2002; Rodriguez-Rajo et al. 2003). Meteorological conditions are the main factors that modify pollen seasons, but they are not the only ones; this explains the fact why it is so difficult to find a very good fit of a predictive model. The time of pollen shed in birch is dependent, inter alia, on the soil on which birch trees grow. Birch trees growing in peat and wetland shed pollen later and longer than trees growing on compact soils (Suszka 1979). Endogenous resources are also of great importance; in the biology of tree growth, the development of a large leaf assimilation area and, subsequently, development of a large number of inflorescences occur alternately in successive years (Dahl and Strandhede 1996). The production of a large number of pollen grains in 1 year leads to abundant fruiting, which entails a high energy expense and results in inhibition of the growth of inflorescences in the next year (Suszka 1979; Hicks et al. 1994). Weather conditions during flowering can promote increased tree pollen concentrations in particular years (Spieksma et al. 2003). The occurrence of abundant pollen shed is also dependent on weather conditions in the summer of the previous year, since it is then that flower primordia are formed. Birch inflorescences start to develop in June of the previous year (Suszka 1979). There is a correlation between abundant pollen shed and the number of seeds produced in a given year. An abundant production of seeds occurs once every 2–3 years (Suszka 1979). Therefore, abundant birch pollen seasons can be expected every 2–3 years. In many sampling sites, the pollen monitoring programmes have found a biennial pattern of alternating high and low airborne birch pollen concentrations (Nilsson and Persson 1981; Ramfjord 1991; Spieksma et al. 1995; Latałowa et al. 2002), while in Iceland, a triennial cycle for annual pollen counts was observed (Hallsdóttir 1999). No clear biennial or triennial cycle of alternating high and low birch pollen concentrations was found in Lublin.
The climatic factor plays a major role in the production and release of pollen from anthers. Trends occurring in annual birch pollen counts are similar on a wider regional scale. Agreement in the trends in recorded pollen counts was found between sampling sites distant 120 km from each other and significantly differing in their surrounding vegetation (Pidek et al. 2006). There is high consistency in the rate of pollen release on the national scale, which is shown in a comparison of the features of the birch atmospheric pollen seasons in several Poland's cities in the period 2001–2005. The same trends in annual pollen totals were observed in all the cities; the year 2001 was quite abundant, 2002 poor, 2003 very abundant, 2004 average, 2005 poor. The year 2003 clearly stood out from the other years in all the sampling sites (Weryszko-Chmielewska 2006). There was also a similar trend in annual pollen counts in Lublin and Riga in the period 2003–2008. High and low pollen concentrations were recorded in the same years. In 2003, an exceptionally high pollen concentration was observed in both cities (Pidek et al. 2009).
In spite of the fact that these trends of abundant and poor production of birch pollen are similar in various sampling sites, the values of annual pollen counts and the pattern of the atmospheric pollen seasons differ significantly (Weryszko-Chmielewska et al. 2001; Weryszko-Chmielewska 2006; Pidek et al. 2009). This is attributable to many factors that interact (among others, the plant cover of the immediate vicinity, topographic features of the area and anthropogenic factors). Among them, the most important are meteorological factors that are responsible for seasonal variability in the same sampling site in particular years.
In countries with temperate climate, air temperature recorded at the end of winter and in early spring has the greatest effect on the onset of the atmospheric pollen season. Birch pollen shed in eastern Poland starts on different days of April. A comparison of the start dates of the birch pollen season in 8 research centres in Poland shows that the season start dates vary much between years and between sites, and no region can be distinguished in which the pollen season would occur earlier each year than anywhere else (Weryszko-Chmielewska 2006).
The PCA analysis shows that the most favourable meteorological conditions (high temperature and low rainfall) during the pollen season were in the year 2003. This was the year in which exceptionally high pollen concentrations were recorded. The pollen season in 2006 was also warm, but more rainfall was recorded during that year than in 2003 (Fig. 2). The pollen seasons during which air temperature was at an average level belonged to the long seasons. Besides, low rainfall levels and the lowest pollen concentrations were observed during the longest seasons (2002 and 2009). Undoubtedly, meteorological conditions during the pollen season affect its pattern. However, further analysis showed that the birch pollen season characteristics depend mainly on the weather before the season.
Before flowering, trees need to accumulate a definite dose of thermal energy (so-called cumulative temperature; Suszka 1979; Frenguelli et al. 1992; Minero et al. 1999; Clot 2001). According to some authors, the thermal conditions during a period of 40 days before pollen shed have a decisive influence on the beginning of the pollen season; the higher cumulative temperature is above 5°C, the earlier the season starts (Spieksma et al. 1995; Latałowa et al. 2002; Myszkowska et al. 2007). In Lublin, this correlation was not statistically significant. Based on regression analysis, the thermal conditions in February were found to have the greatest effect on the birch atmospheric pollen season in Lublin. With lower temperature in February, the season was shorter and less intense. This relationship could also be seen in the earlier years of research carried out in Lublin (Piotrowska 2006). However, in the London area, the start of the birch pollen season depended on mean temperature of February and March. In regression analysis, an explanation at the level of 61.8% was obtained for these variables (Emberlin et al. 1993).
The duration of the birch atmospheric pollen season in Lublin shows large variability in particular years. Great variations in season duration have also been found in the studies carried out across Poland and Europe (Emberlin et al. 1993; Spieksma et al. 2003; Weryszko-Chmielewska and Piotrowska 2004; Weryszko-Chmielewska 2006). Our analysis shows that season duration is dependent primarily on minimum temperature of February and March, whereas according to Emberlin et al. (1993), it depends on rainfall and temperature at the end of the pollen season.
In the present study conducted in Lublin in the period 2001–2010, a relationship was shown between average birch pollen concentration during the season and minimum temperature of February. Pidek et al. (2009) also observed that the lower temperature in February was, the more abundant pollen shed was.
The long-term pollen monitoring data from many research centres show that there has been an increase in birch pollen concentrations over the recent years. Earlier bloom dates have also been observed. The global warming is considered to be the cause of this phenomenon (Emberlin et al. 1997; Frei 1998; Corden et al. 2000; Emberlin et al. 2002). Puc (2006) also found an increasing trend in annual birch pollen counts and pollen counts recorded in April. The longer pollen seasons and the higher pollen production, among others, are responsible for the increased incidence of pollinosis. Based on long-term research (42 years), it was found that the earlier start of the birch pollen season in many cities across Europe was associated with increased temperatures in the months from January to March (Spieksma et al. 2003). In the recent years, an increase in mean air temperature has also been observed in Lublin. In 2001–2010, the thermal conditions in the first months of the year (I-IV) were higher on average by 1°C than during the period 1951–2007; mean temperature in the successive months was follows: −2.2, −0.9, 3.1 and 9.7. In spite of this, no clear trend was found that would indicate the earlier onset of the birch atmospheric pollen season.
5 Conclusions
The analysis of the meteorological data from the birch atmospheric pollen season demonstrates that pollen seasons were the warmest in 2003 and 2006, while in 2007 was the coldest one. Cloud cover, rainfall and high humidity were observed least frequently during APS in 2007 and 2009, whereas they were most frequent in the years 2005, 2008 and 2010. The most windless seasons were in 2001 and 2008.
In comparing the birch atmospheric pollen seasons in Lublin, the seasons in 2002, 2004, 2005 and 2009 were found to be similar, whereas the year 2003 differed the most. A distinct trend towards earlier occurrence of the date of the maximum birch pollen concentration was observed in the period 2001–2010.
The birch atmospheric pollen season is affected by weather both in the year before pollen release and in the same year in which flowering occurs. Statistical analysis of the correlations between meteorological factors and the start date of the birch pollen season in Lublin in the period 2001–2010 shows that minimum temperature of February had the greatest effect. Minimum temperature of February also influenced average pollen concentration during the season. Season duration was most correlated with minimum temperature of February and March, whereas the peak value was primarily dependent on rainfall in June in the year preceding pollen release. The obtained regression models account for 73–81% of the variations in the start date, season duration and the peak value. A poorer fit was obtained for average concentration of birch pollen during the season (64%). Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that low temperatures in February promote the occurrence of high pollen concentrations. However, the obtained results need to be confirmed by long-term research.
The authors thank Prof. B. M. Kaszewski, Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, for providing meteorological data. This study was partially financed by research funds as a research project N305 3219/36.
Open Access
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SAN FRANCISCO -- The San Francisco Giants finally got some relief from the middle of its injury-shattered lineup.
Aubrey Huff had three hits and two RBI, Nate Schierholtz delivered the go-ahead sacrifice fly and the Giants rallied from two runs down for a 4-2 victory over the Cincinnati Reds on Sunday night.
"That's something we have been needing -- those guys in the heart of the order doing some damage," Giants manager Bruce Bochy said. "We've been struggling to score runs."
Giants starter Jonathan Sanchez was wildly effective, walking five and striking out five in six innings. He constantly pitched out of jams and forced three inning-ending double plays, giving San Francisco a chance to earn a four-game series split by matching Reds starter Edinson Volquez after six innings.
Ramon Ramirez (2-0) earned the win and Brian Wilson pitched a scoreless ninth for his 18th save in 20 opportunities.
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"It feels good to contribute. It's just been such a grind out there this season," Huff said.
The Giants don't play them any other way.
Sanchez struggled with his control again but kept the game close. And San Francisco, even banged up with injuries to sluggers Freddy Sanchez and Buster Posey among others, just doesn't lose many close games at home.
Chris Stewart started the seventh with a walk. Then Andres Torres hit a double off Jose Arredondo (0-2), who intentionally walked Miguel Tejada to load the bases with one out.
Arredondo was lifted for left-hander Bill Bray, who didn't fare much better. Schierholtz hit the go-ahead sacrifice fly to center, and Huff followed with a run-scoring single to give the Giants a 4-2 lead.
"Those leadoff walks come back to haunt you, which it did us at least," Reds manager Dusty Baker said. "We really have to tighten up that part of our game."
The lead was more than enough cushion to back San Francisco's bullpen.
Ramirez, Javier Lopez and Sergio Romo held the Reds scoreless for two innings before Wilson entered in the ninth. That's the formula San Francisco used to win the World Series last season, even if it looked like Sanchez might throw the game away early.
Of course, that both starters struggled with their control was no surprise. Sanchez and Volquez entered the game as the top two in the National League in walks and the trend continued to hurt both.
Sanchez hit Joey Votto and walked Jay Bruce to lead off the fourth. Then Scott Rolen hit an RBI double before Edgar Renteria lofted a sacrifice fly to left field to give the Reds a 2-0 lead.
"We pitch 6-7 innings, we're fine with our bullpen," Sanchez said. "Just wanted to keep the game close."
The Giants started their rally in the fourth when Huff doubled down the left-field line to score Schierholtz from first and trim Cincinnati's lead to 2-1. Volquez walked Cody Ross to put runners on first and second with one out, then struck out Brandon Crawford and got Manny Burriss to line out to third.
Schierholtz drew a walk off Volquez to open the sixth. He moved to third on a hit-and-run single by Huff, and scored on Ross' groundout to short to even the score.
Volquez departed with the game tied after six innings, striking out five but walking three. The Reds only other scoring chance came when Votto flied out to left and Ross threw to second to double off Volquez.
The Giants optioned Conor Gillaspie to Triple-A Fresno to make room for Pablo Sandoval, who is rejoining the team in Arizona on Tuesday. ... Giants LHP Barry Zito (sprained right foot) will make his next rehab start at Triple-A Fresno on Thursday. Zito said he feels great and is working on putting "more finish" on his pitches to improve velocity and build late movement. ... Stewart started in place of struggling catcher Eli Whiteside for San Francisco and will start again Tuesday at Arizona. Giants manager Bruce Bochy said he wanted to give Whiteside some rest after becoming the everyday starter for the injured Buster Posey. ... The announced crowd of 42,084 was San Francisco's 31st straight sellout to start the season.

subset: commoncrawl


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Nov. 10, 2012
Recap | Final Stats | Quotes | Photo Gallery 1 | Photo Gallery 2 | Photo Gallery 3
LEGENDS OF THE GAME Today's Vol For Life Legend of the Game is Condredge Holloway, who was a quarterback for the Vols from 1972-74.
The first black quarterback at Tennessee and in the Southeastern Conference, Holloway also was the first black baseball player in UT history.
Holloway was also selected to Tennessee's All-Century Baseball Team, making him the only UT student-athlete named to all-century squads in both baseball and football.
After playing 13 years in the CFL, Holloway returned to UT and earned his degree. He has spent the past 14 years on the Tennessee staff and is currently UT's Assistant Athletics Director for Student-Athlete Relations and Letterman.
TENNESSEE TIDBITS Tennessee is 6-4 in coin tosses this season after winning today's flip. The Vols elected to receive for the third time this year (Florida, Alabama).
Tennessee's all-time record is now 798-353-53.
The Vols are now 441-115-17 at Neyland Stadium.
The Vols are 40-12 in November since 2000.
This marked the first meeting between Tennessee and Missouri.
UT is now 12-5 under Derek Dooley when scoring 25 or more points and 25-7 when scoring 20 or more.
UT is 11-4 under Derek Dooley when passing for 300 yards.
Today's attendance was 89,272.
VOLS IN OVERTIME This was the first overtime match-up between SEC teams in the 2012 season, and the first SEC overtime game for Mizzou.
Heading into the game, Tennessee and Missouri were tied for the most overtime wins in NCAA history with 10. Missouri now owns the most OT wins in NCAA history with an 11-4. Tennessee is now 10-4.
With the loss, Tennessee drops to 6-2 when a scoring play ends the game. It marked the first quadruple overtime game since Nov. 24, 2007 when UT beat Kentucky 52-50 in four overtimes. The Vols are 6-1 at home all-time in overtime and 4-3 on the road.
The Vols are 2-2 in overtime in the Derek Dooley era, winning over UAB in 2010 and Vanderbilt last year, while losing to North Carolina in the 2010 Franklin American Music City Bowl and today.
Tyler Drummer ran for a 5-yard touchdown in the second overtime after a fake field goal by Michael Palardy. The last time Tennessee attempted a fake field goal was at Arkansas on Nov. 12, 2011.
SETTING RECORDS The Vols were just off the record for total yards through the first 10 games with 4,951 yards. The school record set in 1997 is 4,953.
Tennessee racked up the third-most points through 10 games with 379. The record set in 1993 is 409.
This marked the fifth 500+ yard game in total offense, the most since 1997 when the Vols tallied six games of 500 or more yards in total offense.
BACK-TO-BACK 100-YARD RECEIVING DUOS For the second week in a row, Tennessee had two 100-yard receivers in the same game.
Last week, Justin Hunter and Cordarrelle Patterson combined for 400 receiving yards (Hunter -181, Patterson-219).
This week, Hunter and Mychal Rivera hauled in 270 yards as Hunter tallied 141 receiving yards while Rivera had a career best 129.
POINTS AND PLENTY OF THEM Today's overtime game was It is the fifth most combined overtime points between two SEC teams in SEC history.
The game also marked the third occasion this season that the Vols have notched 95 or more points.
Tennessee has scored at least 40 points five times in 2012, the most in a season for UT since the 1998 squad scored at least 40 four times that season. The last UT squad with five 40-plus games was in 1996.
1. 134 Arkansas (71) vs. Kentucky (63) [7 OT] 2003
2. 114 Arkansas (58) vs. Ole Miss (56) [7OT] 2001
3. 105 Georgia (56) vs. Auburn (49) [4OT] 1996
4. 102 Tennessee (52) vs. Kentucky (50) [4OT] 2007
5. 99 Tennessee (48) vs. Missouri (51) [4 OT] 2012
99 Georgia Tech (51) vs. Georgia (48) [OT] 1999
7. 98 Arkansas (50) vs. LSU (48) [3OT] 2007
8. 97 Ole Miss (48) vs. Jacksonville State (49) [2 OT] 2010
9. 94 Tennessee (51) vs. Alabama (43) [5 OT] 2003
FORCING TURNOVERS Daniel McCullers forced his first career fumble, while LaDarrell McNeil picked up his first career fumble recovery for a 33-yard return. It was the first fumble recovery return for Tennessee this year.
Combined with a Prentiss Waggner interception on the first play of the season quarter, the Vols recorded their first game with more than one forced turnover since Georgia State earlier this year.
WHEN PIG FLIES Freshman wide receiver Alton "Pig" Howard recorded his first career receiving touchdown with a 16-yard catch in the third quarter.
It was not his first involvement in a touchdown this season thought, as Howard threw a 13-yard touchdown pass to Mychal Rivera at South Carolina.
RIVERA HIGHS Senior Mychal Rivera wrapped up the game with a team-high 10 catches for 129 yards and a touchdown. It is a career high for the redshirt senior in both catches and yards.
His previous career high was six catches against Cinncinati in 2011 and 85 yards against Georgia in 2011. On his eighth catch of the first half, Rivera reeled in a 21-yard touchdown for his fourth touchdown this year. It was the fifth of his career. The 21 yards put him over the 100-yard mark, for his first career 100-receiving yard game.
Rivera has recorded at least one catch for 16 games in a row.
ON THE HUNT(ER) Junior wide receiver Justin Hunter recorded his eighth 100-yard receiving game, moving to a tie for third on UT's career list, finishing the game with 141 yards receiving. The 141 receiving yards is the fifth-most in his career.
Hunter now has 979 receiving yards this season, currently the ninth most in a single-season in UT history.
UT's Top-10 Single-Season Receiving Yards
6. Kelley Washington 1010 2001
7. Lucas Taylor 1000 2007
8. Denarius Moore 981 2010
9. Justin Hunter 979 2012
10. Tim McGee 947 1985
With his nine catches in the game, Hunter now has 65 through the first 10 games, putting him in a tie for first with Marcus Nash (1997) for the most by a Vol in the first 10 games of the season.
UT's Most Catches First 10 Games
1. Marcus Nash 65 1997
Justin Hunter 65 2012
3. Joey Kent 62 1996
Hunter's 65 catches are the seventh-most in a single season by a Vol in Tennessee history.
UT's Top-10 Single-Season Receptions
1. Marcus Nash 76 1997
2. Lucas Taylor 73 2007
3. Robert Meachem 71 2006
4. Joey Kent 69 1995
5. Joey Kent 68 1996
6. Da'Rick Rogers 67 2011
7. Justin Hunter 65 2012
BRAY-WATCH On the opening drive, Tyler Bray was 4-for-4 which put him into a tie with Jeff Francis for fifth all-time with Jeff Francis with 476 completions.
Bray ended the first half 21-26, giving him 493 career completions, surpassing Jeff Francis in the UT record book. He is currently 21 completions away from Andy Kelly for fourth all-time (514). With 404 passing yards on the day, Bray recorded his fourth career 400-yard game, and third of the season.
Bray's 404 yards are sixth all-time on the Tennessee single-game passing yards list.
UT's Top-7 Single-Game Passing Yards
1. Tyler Bray 530 2012 (Troy)
2. Peyton Manning 523 1997 (Kentucky)
3. Peyton Manning 492 1996 (Florida)
4. Peyton Manning 408 1996 (Northwestern)
5. Tyler Bray 405 2011 (Cincinnati)
6. Tyler Bray 404 2012 (Missouri)
7. Tyler Bray 401 2012 (Akron)
The junior slinger leads all active SEC quarterbacks with 12 career 300-yard passing games. Bray has eclipsed 300 yards passing in 12 of his 22 career starts.
Bray currently has 3,216 passing yards on the season. He is only the fourth Vol to achieve the feat of 3,000 passing yards in a season.
UT's Top-4 Single-Season Passing Yards
1. Peyton Manning 3,819 1997
2. Erik Ainge 3,522 2007
3. Peyton Manning 3,287 1996
4. Tyler Bray 3,216 2012
With 54 pass attempts today, Bray now has 388 attempts on the season, fourth-most for a Vol quarterback in a single season.
UT's Top-4 Single-Season Passing Attempts
1. Erik Ainge 519 2007
2. Peyton Manning 477 1997
3. Casey Clausen 412 2003
4. Tyler Bray 388 2012
With 37 pass completions today, Bray now has 237 completions this year, fifth-most for a Vol quarterback in a single season.
UT's Top-5 Single-Season Completions
1. Erik Ainge 325 2007
2. Peyton Manning 287 1997
3. Peyton Manning 244 1995
4. Peyton Manning 243 1996
5. Tyler Bray 237 2012
WHO NEEDS RUNNING BACKS? The Vols scored three rushing touchdowns none of which came by a running back. Wide receiver Cordarrelle Patterson had a 5-yard rush, linebacker A.J. Johnson had a 3-yard rush Tyler Drummer raced in for a 5 yard TD on a fake field goal.
THE BEAST PACKAGE RETURNS Sophomore A.J. Johnson fought his way to his fifth rushing touchdown of the season in the Beast Package to give UT a 14-7 lead with 9:56 left in the first half. On his 11th rush attempt of the season, Johnson recorded his longest TD of the year with a 3-yard run.
TACKLING THE COMPETITION Jaron Toney and A.J. Johnson led the Vols with 11 tackles apiece. Toney led with seven solo tackles.
Toney, who walked onto the Vols as a running back set a career highwith his 11 tackles.
It was Johnson's eighth-straight game of recording 11 tackles or more, and 11th overall.
Nine different Vols had at least five tackles in the game.
BACKFIELD HITS The Vols finished with 7.0 TFL for a loss of 22 yards, their most against SEC competition this season. (6.0-32 TFL at South Carolina, 6-27 at Miss. St., 6-25 at Georgia)
Eric Gordon came up with a big hit in the backfield in the first, for a loss of five on the play and now has 3.5 TFLs on the year.
Jordan Williams notched his second sack of his career, as he dropped Missouri quarterback James Franklin for a loss of six yards.
WAGGNER ON THE DEFENSE Senior Prentiss Waggner intercepted his second pass of the season on UT 27 line on Missouri's first and 10. It was the ninth interception of his career.
He moved up to 10th on Tennessee's career passes defended list with 24.
SPECIAL TEAMS Missouri's Jimmie Hunt ran for an 87-yard kickoff return touchdown. The last time an opponent has scored off a kickoff return was Oct. 10, 2009, when Georgia's Brandon Boykin returned a kickoff 100 yards for a touchdown.
SPREAD OFFENSE Junior Tyler Bray connected with nine different receivers in the game, as Justin Hunter, Mychal Rivera, Marlin Lane, Cordarrelle Patterson, Zach Rogers, Ben Bartholomew, Brendan Downs, Alton "Pig" Howard, and Ben Bartholomew all recorded catches.
UNDER REVIEW (TWO IN ONE DRIVE) Officials reviewed a Tennessee fourth down stop in the fourth quarter, but after further review, reversed the call in Missouri's favor. The play resulted in the game-tying touchdown.
With 2:17 left in the game, a 15-yard pass to Bud Sasser was ruled a catch. After review, the receiver was down out of bounds and it was incomplete.
In reviews of 14 plays this season, UT has had eight calls go in its favor and six against.
AT THE HALF At the 11:00 mark in the second quarter, Tennessee had tallied 13 first downs, while running 12 offensive plays.
UT garnered 20 first downs throughout the first 30 minutes of action.
Those 20 first downs equaled 383 total offensive yards compared to Missouri's 64.
Of Missouri's 64 yards of total offense in the first half, 35 came on the final drive of the half. The Tigers finished the half with four first downs, two on the final drive.
TENNESSEE CAPTAINS #8 Tyler Bray, #84 Cordarrelle Patterson, #3 Byron Moore and #97 Daniel Hood.
FOR STARTERS Vols open in dime defense for the second week in a row with Jaron Toney and Eric Gordon on the field.
It is Toney's second-straight career start. Herman Lathers and Daniel McCullers did not start.


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What 'Die Hard' Could Have Looked Like With a Little Interference [Video]
I don't think anyone will argue with you if you said the original Die Hard was, and is, one of the greatest action movies ever. Agreed? Good…moving on. In the movie, much of the dialogue between characters is done over 2-way radios. But what would the movie look like if other people (not involved in the heist at the Nakatomi building) were using similar radios at the time?
This masterfully done video shows you how that might have turned out. Honestly, I haven't even seen the whole thing yet. I got about a minute into it and said "this is great, I have to get this on our site right now". So let's watch the entire video now…together.
Subscribe to WGBF-FM on


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Announcing the Winners of the "Happy Place" Ikea Contest!
Thanks everybody for participating!! It was fun to watch the votes come in. We had a clear winner, but our voting tallying formula produced a 2nd place tie. This is good since the 2nd and 3rd place prize is the same.
1. $200 Ikea gift certificate goes to My retro happy place
2. $100 Ikea gift certificate goes to My happy livingroom
2. $100 Ikea gift certificate goes to Our Happy Room
Winners, please contact me so we can get you your gift certificates. ben At curbly Dot com
Here are the winners one more time:
1st place:
2nd place:
2nd place:


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All Access - Friday
All Access Pass
Friday, November 9, 2012 at 8:00 PM - Saturday, November 10, 2012 at 4:00 AM (PST)
VIP ALL ACCESS WRISTBAND Includes:
VIP Express Admission to
Moon Nightclub, & Ghostbar.
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


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Since we are on the subject of linking to and from your blogs, and ostensibly this whole series was started with the discussion on links on our minds, (due to the discussion about Technorati rankings), it is not far-fetched to now devote an article or two on the effects of linking and bona fide strategies to get more links without being penalized or worse by the Search Engines.
It is necessary to understand that there are certain "linking strategies" which are no longer looked upon kindly by the Search Engines (and even many surfers). On the by-and-by I will mention these "bad" strategies in my articles. However, right now we will just mention the most blatant ones. And we will begin with the negative.
It is often the case that when we are starting out and looking for links, that we consider "link banks" or "link farms". The ones that particularly a waste of times and money are those that will "for a small fee" charge you money to use them. Here is how they work.
You go into a link-farm and they maintain a database full of customers just like yourself. If they are halfway tech-savvy they will also categorize their links so that you can link to other web-sites that are within your "sphere". You go to the categories that interest you, and you click on those web-sites that seem to be related in content to yours. The system then sends out an automated email to the webmasters of those sites telling them of your link-exchange request. The webmaster can either approve or decline. This is fairly simple. What is supposed to happen then, is that you and the Webmaster of the chosen site put up "reciprocal links". You link to them – they link to you. You give them a "hot-link/back-link" to their site they give one to you. Sounds simple doesn't it? Well… First and foremost you have just bled out another link. Okay not so bad, unless you constantly do this. A site with too many "bleeding links" and almost no content is marked as a spam site. One which simply puts links up to other sites, adds the keywords, some junk content and tries to move up in the Search Engine ranking. BTW..this works. It works and works well. For a couple of weeks until the Search Engines get around to actually botting, caching and running their algorithms on your site. Then you are penalized or simply thrown to the back of the line.
But there is a very cagey thing these link-farms do as well. What they offer you is either free link exchange or for a few bucks more you get the PRO edition. The Pro edition allows you to put all your reciprocal links into a database and whenever someone accesses your site these links are fed out in pages. Lots and lots of people, newbies usually, go for the PRO option. After all for $30 every couple of months, they don't have to add to their HTML every time a new link is agreed upon. They just add it to the program database which takes care of the rest. The thing is then they are not bleeding links as the information is held on a central server (not on their own servers) and I challenge anyone here who knows of these farms to Google search your link on their site. You just won't find it. So while you being conservative, and you don't pay that extra "small" charge, add a link to your HTML every time your request is approved, most of these people are just adding a link ostensibly coming from their site, into a centralized database. They get your link, you get almost NADA. And since there is no overhead for them, they willingly and happily will add thousands of links. Go find YOUR site among those thousands of links in one web site. Who do you know, is going to flip through a few hundred link pages reading every one?
That is just one of the negative aspects. So the rule here is:
"Stay away from commercial link-farms and link-exchanges – they are a NO-NO!"
Okay so how do you get "good" and "valid" links into your Blog?
Lots of Hard work
Technorati as we have already discussed is one way. (No need to repeat – read articles 2 and 3 in this series)
Links between friends – this works there is a give and take here, and it spreads. You would be surprised how good this option works. My AW friends do this routinely, and we are all writers. I gladly link to fellow AW sites even if they don't give me a "reciprocal" link. Cause that is what friends are for and that is the community.
Targeted Email – This we will discuss in one of our next articles and I think you will be surprised as to how well this works. For now let me say these few things about Email – Targeted Email.
A) I own quite a few web sites and deal with blogs. I can tell you that based upon real-time statistics if a targeted email to a targeted audience goes out, the hits on the site I am targeting, jump in the hundreds of percents within the next 24 hour period. People who WANT email will read it.
B) How do you get a targeted email list? First off you must spread the word. Forums, article submission sites (a very good option), friends, family, the stunning woman next door who you were always to shy to talk to, (hey don't laugh I am SHY!), Internet buddies. Remember you are starting from scratch here. You are new to this whole world, its lingo, its etiquette and its rules. Take anything you can get and keep it and treasure it as if it were gold.
E) Targeted Email lists take time and effort but they are your best option. Your BEST option for new sites.
Implementing RSS feeds – we will discuss these later (but if you are impatient you can read my series of RSS articles here at EzineArticles, just click on here or on my Name to see my articles on RSS.)
Word of Mouth – if it spreads it works… PERIOD (No email no nothing. Just BUZZ. Create the buzz. You must market your own site, cause if you don't no one is going to come to it!) This is a lot like writing and having your first book published. Once it is published, the real work begins. You have to market the book. Sell it. Autograph it. Talk about it. Until you are nauseated from it and wish you never learned how to write. But you have to do it!
Offer something that is WORTHWHILE for your audience – and make sure you update it constantly and consistently. Take my blog for example. I made it generic. BUT I wanted to get out some thoughts on writing and living etc. And I do that and continue to do that. However, my background gives me some fairly good expertise in a few other areas as well. This is also great practice in writing. So I combine that expertise with my writing.. and voila. Don't only write about some events in your life. As much as that is important to you, very few people will want to read it. Give people knowledge, something they want something that ONLY you can give them. And be damn good at what you do. On one hand the famed phrase goes from P. T. Barnum: "A sucker is born every minute" on the other hand "Never underestimate the intelligence of your audience". Most people are a hell of a lot smarter and more intuitive than we give them credit for.
Work hard on Good Search Engine listing and ranking
Use the options, tools and ideas you read here and elsewhere. Pick and choose what is good and works for you. Don't discount anything, until you tried it. Works, that is great. Don't work – dump it like a rotten tomato.
Advertise with Google Ad Sense and Yahoo (Overture)
One of the few times I will actually suggest spending money. But be careful and wary. Keep close track on what works and what does not work. Follow your budget closely. Change your adverts to meet demand and what works and what does not work. Use catch phrases – be savvy. People come to the site – deliver on your advert. You have less than 5 seconds to get their attention. Use those 5 seconds to the maximum!
Offering Freebies – Sometimes this works sometimes it is just garbage. Depends on your site and what you are selling or offering. E-Books are almost passe, I would not go that route. I know an incredible amount of people, and I have yet to meet one person, who has told me they actually read those free e-books which are basically personal blogs in PDF format. Most of them are simply snares and pitches, full of the worst writing and junk imaginable. They tell you how to get rich in 10 minutes or how to make a million bucks on the net – if only you send them another $100 bucks for their secret! Like I said before "a sucker is born every minute!" However e-books on health, herbal remedies etc. are all the rage. They offer INFORMATION or KNOWLEDGE. You may want to consider those if they fit into your site's content and genre.
An Incredible Amount of Patience – Be patient. You dont gain 1000 links to your site in a week!
More Hard work – need I say more?
I am sure I left out a few things (or maybe more than a few), which I will get to in the future.
Copyright © 2006 Ted W. Gross. All rights reserved. (You may publish this article in its entirety with the following author's information with live links only.)
Ted W. Gross's very popular blog, Cobwebs Of The Mind contains daily updated posts and articles on technology and writing. He also owns Amor Enterprises which maintains Virgin Earth Article Submissions which is designed to accept articles about any country or place in the world. Ted Gross is also a published author and maintains a web site for his works.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Ted_Gross


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by Fabien Reyal, Roman Rouzier, Berenice Depont-Hazelzet, Marc A. Bollet, Jean-Yves Pierga, Severine Alran, Remy J. Salmon, Virginie Fourchotte, Anne Vincent-Salomon, Xavier Sastre-Garau, Martine Antoine, Serge Uzan, Brigitte Sigal-Zafrani, Yann De Rycke
Several authors have underscored a strong relation between the molecular subtypes and the axillary status of breast cancer patients. The aim of our work was to decipher the interaction between this classification and the probability of a positive sentinel node biopsy.
Our dataset consisted of a total number of 2654 early-stage breast cancer patients. Patients treated at first by conservative breast surgery plus sentinel node biopsies were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model was trained and validated. Interaction covariate between ER and HER2 markers was a forced input of this model. The performance of the multivariate model in the training and the two validation sets was analyzed in terms of discrimination and calibration. Probability of axillary metastasis was detailed for each molecular subtype.
The interaction covariate between ER and HER2 status was a stronger predictor (p?=?0.0031) of positive sentinel node biopsy than the ER status by itself (p?=?0.016). A multivariate model to determine the probability of sentinel node positivity was defined with the following variables; tumour size, lympho-vascular invasion, molecular subtypes and age at diagnosis. This model showed similar results in terms of discrimination (AUC?=?0.72/0.73/0.72) and calibration (HL p?=?0.28/0.05/0.11) in the training and validation sets. The interaction between molecular subtypes, tumour size and sentinel nodes status was approximated.
We showed that biologically-driven analyses are able to build new models with higher performance in terms of breast cancer axillary status prediction. The molecular subtype classification strongly interacts with the axillary and distant metastasis process.


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STREAMING: Liturgy's "High Gold"/
Thrill Jockey. A label known for its wide musical scope. Tortoise. Gaunt. Trans Am. David Byrne. Mouse On Mars. Fred Anderson & Hamid Drake. So, where does black metal fit into the aforementioned? It doesn't. Which is precisely the point, I think. Satan's square peg in New Music's round hole. Brooklynites Liturgy have taken black metal's primal scream literally and applied it to an experimental framework. Actually, from the sounds of Aesthethica lead-off track "High Gold", it's the other way 'round. Apart from the opening and ending sonic bookends, "High Gold" is a furious, repetitious, and dissonant salvo carved out the same mindset that has carried fellow New Yorkers Krallice to acclaimed heights. Ultimately, Liturgy's "High Gold" rules.
Behold "High Gold": [audio:http://www.decibelmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/01-High-Gold1.mp3]
** Liturgy's Aesthethica is out May 10th, 2011 on Thrill Jockey Records.


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Amoxicillin is an antibiotic in the penicillin family. If you or your child is agitated by penicillin antibiotics it can result in a rash on the skin. It is important to note that an allergic reaction to amoxicillin will not cause a rash to appear. An allergic reaction will cause hives or difficulty breathing. The rash may be a sign that you are suffering from a viral infection in addition to the bacterial infection the medication was used to treat. Rashes will not usually need treatment, but home remedies can be used to speed healing time if necessary. Rashes that are accompanied by other symptoms or those that are slow to heal will need to be addressed by your doctor to ensure that your symptoms are not serious.
Symptoms of Amoxicillin Rash
Pink or red spots - A typical amoxicillin rash will appear as pink or red spots along the skin. They will remain on the trunk of the body, but they may spread to the face in more serious cases. These spots should be small and flat and should not itch or cause discomfort. If you develop hives which are sore or the rash begins to itch, you may be suffering from an allergic reaction to the medication which will require different attention than a basic amoxicillin rash.
Rash - Up to 10 percent of children who are given amoxicillin will experience a rash. Up to five percent of children who have previously experienced an amoxicillin rash are likely to develop another the next time they take this medication. This rash will typically appear around the 5th day of using the medication, but it can appear as late as the 16th day after being exposed to amoxicillin. Symptoms will typically last around three days, but can range from 1-6 days depending on the severity of the reaction.
Additional symptoms - Sometimes additional symptoms will accompany an amoxicillin rash. These include chills, fever, headaches, dizziness, heartburn, flu-like symptoms, body aches, nausea, vomiting and watery or bloody stools. These side effects may also be the result of the infection that you are experiencing, but they can also be a sign of an allergic reaction to the medication. Any additional symptoms that accompany your rash should be reported to your doctor.
Infections - Some patients will develop a yeast infection or infections in the mouth when they experience an amoxicillin rash. This may include the development of swelling and hives in the mouth if the infection is serious. Yeast infections can appear as a "hairy tongue" or white patches throughout the mouth. Vaginal yeast infections may also become more common if you are developing a negative reaction to amoxicillin.
Treatments for Amoxicillin Rash
In most cases it is not necessary to treat an amoxicillin rash. If the rash is not causing any discomfort it will simply disappear once you or your child finishes their prescription. If at any point, the rash becomes worse you should see a doctor. This includes developing hives or the rash becoming itchy. You should also contact a doctor if the rash lasts longer than six days without any sign of improving.
Home remedies. If the rash is causing some discomfort or you are concerned about its presence, some home remedies can be used to treat your condition.
- Flushing the toxins out of the body can help to alleviate the rash throughout the body. Drink plenty of fluids, especially water to help your body clear toxins from the blood stream more effectively. This will also help rid your body of the bacteria causing your infection.
- Taking an oatmeal bath can sooth the symptoms associated with an amoxicillin rash. Mixes for an oatmeal bath can often be found at the grocery store or pharmacy. If you cannot find a premixed oatmeal bath, add a cup of oatmeal to a warm bath. Soak in the bathtub for 15-30 minutes as needed to ease your discomfort. Take care when draining the bathtub afterward as the oatmeal can clog your drain if it clumps in the piping.
Medications. Taking antihistamine medication such as Benadryl can help take down the rash if it is uncomfortable or has lasted for several days. If it becomes necessary to take medication to rid yourself of the effects of the rash then it may be best to avoid amoxicillin medication in the future. Talk with your doctor about changing your prescription and whether or not you should finish the medication you have left. If you develop watery or bloody diarrhea in addition to your rash, tell your doctor right away. This is especially important if you have stopped taking your mediation and then restarted. It may be a sign that you have developed a more severe bacterial infection that the medication cannot treat.


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Compare Ferrari Garages and Specialists in Saltash with Who Can Fix My Car.
Enter your registration to check prices and reviews, and get your Ferrari booked in today!
Compare Ferrari Garages and Specialists in Saltash with Who Can Fix My Car.
more than friendly service,have used in the past and will do again well done jim
Fantastic service, highly recommended.
Work carried out promptly and efficiently at a very competitive price. Very friendly service I will definitely use them again. I certainly recommend them.
I had realised that my MOT was due in February, and made a mental note to contact this garage to arrange it as I have used Marshall Motors previously for MOT's & servicing. I find them very friendly & professional. They do a good job at a fair price, and I can highly recommend them.
Didn't bother to contact me to arrange and I messaged them through the site and separately and still no response so went elsewhere in the end. Not impressed.
Came out with short notice at a time that suited me. done a good job on the hottest day of the year can't ask for more than that!i Would recommend J T autos to any one. Cheers .
Really pleased with the work Jamie did on my Discovery, excellent job and will use again in the future for certain! i have also recommend Jamie to friends and colleagues.
Fantastic service. A constant smile in the wind & rain all the time working replacing my clutch. Jamie never stopped working. Always ready to explain what he was doing and pointing out things that might cause problems in the future. All at a very price at least 65% cheaper than local garages. I would very highly recommend Jamie to anyone. Thanks Jamie
Very happy with service provided.picked up car as stated serviced then took for mot. Returned as per time arranged. Would recommend
Since giving me a quote on replacing both front pads and discs on my car and winning the Job Jamie has has excellent contact. His quote was £100 cheaper than two other quotes and 60 pound cheaper on average. He contacted me and worked round my schedule allowing me to get the work done at my place of work. Upon meeting Jamie he was very professional and a great individual to work with. He carried out the work in the winter wind and rain with out a single complaint. Without doubt if i need work doing to my car again i will be contacting Jamie a unbeatable price and great work. Do not hesitate to use him. Many thanks Jamie
The boys and manager at protyre were very proffesional and helpful in sorting out my car problem and gave me some very good advice.
Great service, fast and ontime
Done within the day even the extra few fixes. Would use again.
They were very helpful, very courteous and answered all questions that were asked, I would highly recommend and would use them again.
Established in 1981, and has been providing an exceptional level of service ever since! Chico's Garage has acquired a reputation with the local community for providing an outstanding quality of service, often described by our customers as second to none - with many of them returning again and again.
We offer a wide variety of services to suit the needs of every motorist, be it an MOT test, vehicle diagnostics or an air con service. Our highly trained staff can fix up your car no matter what the make or model.
Our staff are highly skilled and all have specific areas in which they specialise. We will always do our utmost to give you an accurate quote prior to commencing work and we do not carry out any additional work without your authority.
We are very particular about the quality of parts and spares that we use to repair your car. With this in mind we have built up strong relationships with the best local suppliers and main dealers. Our most important concern is your safety. If you require advice or a quote on any work, please do not hesitate to call us.
Chicos Garage are members of the Good Garage Scheme.


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Judge blocks part of 2012 PIP law
The Personal Injury Protection reform bill targeted chiropractors, massage therapists and acupuncturists, restricting their ability to provide covered treatment for people injured in auto accidents.
They sued and Leon County Judge Terry Lewis ruled this week hat they had a good chance at succeeding and deserved a temporary injunction on certain provisions of HB 119.
Lewis found that the bill violates the part of the Florida Constitution that provides for access to courts.
The judge ruled that that portion of HB 119 should be temporarily banned as the lawsuit runs its course.
The judge also ruled that a provision in PIP reform that limits covered medical care to $2,500 if the injured person does not have "an emergency medical condition." The typical policy limits under
HB 119 was a top priority of Gov. Rick Scott in 2012, and is another example of a law the governor pushed, only to see a judge rule it unconstitutional months later.
Scott weighed in with a statement, saying he would continue to fight in support of the law.
"Our personal injury protection legislation was designed to stop the high costs passed on to Florida families by car insurance companies because of excessive lawsuits, waste and fraud," he said. "Since our legislation, more than 70 percent of the insurance rates approved by the Office of Insurance Regulation have either decreased or held steady, compared to a majority of rate increases before our reforms. Our reforms are working to lower insurance costs for Florida families and we will continue to fight special interest groups to keep them in place."
The chiropractors had a better outcome in state court than they did in federal court, where a judge denied the plea for an injunction in December.


text: What to Look for on OTC Drug LabelsMedicine errors — taking the wrong medicine or the right medicine too often, or in the wrong amount — can be dangerous.According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), knowing how to make use of over-the-counter (OTC) drug labels can help you protect yourself and your family from harm.Read carefullyAlways read the label. Even though the print may be very small, all OTC medicine labels have detailed usage and warning information to help you choose and use the products.Look for the following information:Active ingredient. The medicine that is in the product and the amount of active ingredient per dosePurpose. Product action or category like antihistamine, antacid, or cough suppressantUses. Symptoms or diseases the product can treat or preventWarnings. This is when not to use the product and includes conditions that may need advice from a healthcare provider before taking the product; possible side effects; interactions with other medicines that can occur; when to stop taking the product; and when to contact a healthcare providerDirections. Specific age categories, how much or how many to take, how to take, and how often and how long to take. Note that there may be different instructions, depending on the age of the person who will use the medicine.Other information. How to store the product properly and information about certain ingredients, like the amount of calcium, potassium, or sodium the product containsInactive ingredients. Substances like colors, flavors, or fillers that do not contribute to the action of the medication. Some products may contain sugars like glucose, fructose, or corn syrup that some people need to avoid. Some products contain alcohol. This may cause problems if taken in large enough doses.Other detailsThe label also tells you:Expiration date. This may be in a different location on the product, like on the bottom of the bottle, on the box, or on the crimped end of a tube of ointment.Lot or batch code. Manufacturer information to help identify the product.Net quantity of contents. This is the total amount of medicine, number of ounces or grams, or number of tablets.What to do if an overdose happensIf you read a medicine label and still have questions, ask your healthcare provider, nurse, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional for advice. Health Encyclopedia A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Search Health Library


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I recently drew a set of 6 bookmarks featuring Newbie versions of The Avengers for The Wizard Philly con and the Pop Art Con. I came up with the Newbies on the Marvel Masterpieces 1 sketch card set in 2007.
I got really good feedback on them, so I drew a few more in later sets, but it stopped there.
Until now!
(cue wrestler music)
(Hulk is mashing potatoes that his mom is peeling for him. Explaining cause it has caused confusion.)
E-mail me or use the contact form to order. email@example.com


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Bands to watch in 2014: 15 up-and-coming local acts
Local venues such as the Echo and Hotel Café weigh in on 15 LA-based bands to watch who are about to hit it big.
See 'em while you can, because these fifteen LA bands are about to blow up, pack houses and take off on tour. We asked five venues who'd know best—the Satellite, the Echo, Bootleg Theater, Echo Country Outpost and Hotel Café—for their opinions on the most promising home-grown performers you'll be proud to say you knew back when. Click through the slideshow above for our list of the best local musicians to keep an eye on in 2014.
Bootleg Theater says: Moses Sumney is a true artist and singer-songwriter who transcends genres. If we were to try and describe his sound, we would say he's a mix of D'Angelo, Elliott Smith, and Active Child, but even that would fall flat. Every time he performs he stuns a captive audience silent: just with his voice, a guitar, and loop pedal.
Moses Sumney plays with Saint Rich and Dr. Dog at the Wiltern on Thursday, Feb 27.
The Satellite says: Body Parts recently concluded their November Monday night residency with us, and it was a month-long, super-sweaty dance party of R&B-inspired synth-pop with killer onstage moves. They're touring with Australia's Cloud Control in January 2014 and their new album Fire Dream is out now. Watch out for these kids.
Body Parts play with Cloud Control at the Satellite on Wednesday, Jan 22.
Echo Country Outpost says: We used to worry that RT was being undermined by his own talent. His voice—so old and deep and weathered and wise—sings songs so thoughtful, traditional, sad and funny that you might guess he's doing old country/western standards. Some revivalist thing. But he's not. He just happens to have one of the most sincere and beautiful voices we've ever heard. And they're his songs too, not standards. Together with his best bud Swimmy and the rest of the band, he's the hardest working music man in LA. It's the time he dedicates to RT n' the 44s—along with running his own farm and family homestead, making his own instruments, recording his own records, busking corners, owning loyal followings all over the Southland, and remaining steadfastly dedicated to playing live music as often as possible—for which we should all be very thankful.
Download Most Wanted [Explicit] on Amazon
Bootleg Theater says: Lawrence Rothman is a Los Angeles artist whose musical project reflects his love of postmodern poetry, R&B, film scores and house music. His eclectic taste is best showcased in his avant-garde music videos, our favorite being "Montauk Fling," in which Lawrence is dressed as Elizabeth Taylor at the Chateau Marmont.
Lawrence Rothman plays the Bootleg on Saturday, Feb 22.
Download Montauk Fling EP on Amazon
Hotel Café says: We recently had Run River North for a five-week residency, and each week attendance grew to the point where we legally couldn't fit another person in the building. This particular group of musicians is so skilled that their instrumentation and harmonies sound perfect, even when performing live. And their personalities add that magnetic energy that is so crucial. Much like when we had the Lumineers' residency, Run River North just have something special, and people are beginning to take notice.
Download Fight to Keep on Amazon
The Echo says: Reminiscent of catchy, synth-y '80s pop bands, Smallpools have been together for barely a year and have already had a quick ascent. The single "Dreaming" garnered them lots of attention this year and their major label release for 2014 is only going to help grow the hype.
Download Smallpools EP on Amazon
Echo Country Outpost says: Seeing this band brings about the same neurochemical behaviors as almost dying, we assume. It's really complicated, and very beautiful. There is darkness, but the light at the end of the Tommy Santee Claws tunnel is a supernova-style, galaxy-forming event, in three-part harmony with the intensity of a tornado filled with cuddly white poodles. They inspire reverence in their crowd that rivals church on Sunday, but for them, everyone's a convert.
Bootleg Theater says: This is one spunky lady whose debut EP is filled with fun, disco dance-hits. Before going solo, Gavin Turek was the featured vocalist on TOKiMONSTA's Clean Slate EP and has collaborated with Com Truise, Tropic and Paper Diamond. She blew away audiences during her April residency here with dance moves like none other and a collection of multi-colored fringe dresses that would make Tina Turner jealous.
RECOMMENDED: Time Out with pop disco songstress Gavin Turek
Download The Break-up Tape on Amazon
Echo Country Outpost says: Geordie McElroy, the frontman and creative drive behind Blackwater Jukebox, is the Indiana Jones of ethnomusicology. Live, he introduces each song with an anecdote describing its provenance, or roots in human history, told from the perspective of his own Smithsonian Field Researcher persona (is it him? or an act?). Once the audience is done chuckling to themselves, they're hit with the snappiest boot-stompin' voodoo swamp banjo dance songs they've ever heard, crafted by a big band of master musicians all going nuts in unison.
Download Sleaze of the Reaper on Amazon
The Satellite says: This foursome churns out dreamy and undeniably catchy pop. After supporting bands such as Capital Cities, Gold Fields and Sky Ferreira, they're ready to make their own waves, and we're thrilled to kick off 2014 with DWNTWN as our Monday residents for January.
DWNTWN play every Monday in January at the Satellite.
Download The Red Room EP on Amazon
Bootleg Theater says: Matthew Hemerlein—the man behind Lo-Fang—is a classically trained cellist, bassist, guitarist and pianist whose debut album showcases his musicianship and casts a fine mix of R&B and folk through a pop prism.
Echo Country Outpost says: Donald Ian Black (the man behind Ghiant) is a jester of all trades. He's an actor, a funnyman, plays a cartful of instruments and writes incredibly sweet, clever and often experimental little pop songs. He inspires all his talented friends to join him in various orchestral ways, crafting each live show into a totally unique and individualized event that can range from circus-like mayhem to tender confessional, much to the delight of his audiences.
Download "Winning Smile" on Amazon
Hotel Café says: Among Savages have been secretly taking over the Los Angeles music scene. They perform often and each time is surprisingly unique, yet equally transfixing. Not only is frontman Peter Barbee a skilled and compelling songwriter, but he's one of the best guitarists in the scene. We're expecting great things for and from this band.
Download Wanderings Of An Illustrative Mind on Amazon
Echo Country Outpost says: This is a rock band in the purest sense: guitar, bass, drums. With a powerful hodgepodge of surf, psych, folk and blues, Rachel Goodrich & the Grrrls invokes nostalgia, but is a little off-kilter, with hilarious lyrics, wailing instrumentation, soulful voices and goofy stage dynamics. They own a crowd from the moment they pick up their instruments.
RECOMMENDED: LA bands that hit it big in 2013
Follow Kate Wertheimer on Twitter: @kate_em_up


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Roasted Bell Peppers
Slideshow:Quick Side Dishes
- Active:
- Total Time:
- Servings: 6 to 8
- 6 red, green and/or yellow bell peppers
How to make this recipe
Preheat the broiler. Arrange the peppers on a rimmed baking sheet and broil 2 inches from the heat for about 18 minutes, turning the peppers occasionally, until blistered and blackened all over. Let the peppers stand until cool enough to handle, about 20 minutes. Peel the peppers and discard the skins. Core and seed the peppers and cut them into 1/2-inch strips.
Make Ahead
The roasted peppers can be refrigerated for up to 4 days.
Contributed By Melissa Rubel Jacobson Published December 2012


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- Course Number:
- Course Title:
- History of Western Civilization: Modern Europe - Honors
- Credit Hours:
- 4
- Lecture Hours:
- 40
- Lecture/Lab Hours:
- 0
- Lab Hours:
- 0
- Special Fee:
Course DescriptionHonors version of HST 103. Studies history of nineteenth and twentieth-century Europe, including the Industrial Revolution, nationalism, imperialism, socialism, the Russian Revolution, Nazism, world wars and their aftermath. GPA 3.25 minimum. Prerequisites: WR 115, RD 115 and MTH 20 or equivalent placement test scores.
Intended Outcomes for the course
Upon successful completion students should be able to:
? Articulate an understanding of key events in the nineteenth and twentieth?century history of Europe and use critical thinking in order to evaluate historical changes and their impact on western civilization.
? Recognize the different groups that interacted in and with Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in order to evaluate and appreciate their historical contributions to modern western civilization.
? Identify the influence of culturally?based practices, values, and beliefs to assess how historically?defined meanings of difference affect human behavior.
? Communicate effectively using historical analysis.
? Connect the past with present?day events to enhance contemporary understanding and encourage civic activities.
Honors outcomes
? Evaluate and critique historical scholarship
? Assess the historiography of a selected subject by evaluating the relevant historical context and by utilizing primary and secondary sources
Outcome Assessment Strategies
Assess by using any combination of the following:
? Exams
? Essays
? Oral presentations
? Research projects
? Service-Learning projects
? Class participation and discussion
? Other creative assignments
Course Content (Themes, Concepts, Issues and Skills)
Competencies and Skills:
? Analyze and evaluate primary and secondary sources
? Identify an historians thesis and supporting evidence
? Develop your own thesis and historical interpretation using evidence to support it
? Think critically about the relationships between past and present events and issues
? Compare and contrast the experience of diverse groups in the ancient world and early medieval Europe
? Demonstrate college?level communications skills
Themes, Concepts, Issues:
This course will cover aspects of:
? Industrial Revolution
? Congress of Vienna
? Revolutions of 1848
? Italian and German Unification
? Nineteenth and Twentieth social and political movements such as:
o Romanticism
o Conservatism
o Liberalism
o Socialism
o Marxism
o Nationalism
? Evolving role of Science
? Imperialism
? World War I
o Interwar Period
o Italian Fascism, Stalinism, Nazism
o Weibmar Republic
o Economic Depression
? War II: European and Pacific Theaters
? Decolonization
? Cold War
? Collapse of Communism
? Reunification of Germany
? European Union
Considering such factors as:
? Geography
? Social hierarchy
? Political, legal, and economic structures
? Cultural contributions
? Philosophies and religions


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Hilton Garden Inn, Hilton's upscale global brand of hotels, has recognized Connie Pride Hotel of the Year Award winners, Hilton Garden Inn Raleigh/Crabtree Valley, NC (North America winner) and Hilton Garden Inn Kirov, Russia (International winner) for their outstanding achievements in 2016. Each year, the brand awards the Connie Pride Hotel of the Year Award to two outstanding properties worldwide. The prestigious Connie Award, named after Hilton founder Conrad Hilton, is award based on three key components.
Hilton Garden Inn, Hilton Worldwide's (NYSE: HLT) upscale global brand of hotels, is pleased to announce North American winner, Hilton Garden Inn Durham/University Medical Center, NC, and international winner Hilton Garden Inn Kirov, Russia, who took top honors with the Connie Pride Hotel of the Year Awards. This impressive distinction is only presented to two outstanding properties each year out of 665 hotels worldwide for their remarkable achievements. The brand also recognized nearly 60 additional hotels and individuals for their contributions and successes as best in class performers.
Hilton Garden Inn, Hilton Worldwide's award-winning brand of upscale yet affordable hotels, recently recognized its highest achieving properties. Nearly 50 individual and hotel awards were presented to recipients chosen from the brand's growing portfolio of more than 600 hotels worldwide. The 2014 Hotel of the Year and Connie Award winners were presented to North American winner, Hilton Garden Inn Mobile East Bay/Daphne, AL, who received this honor for the second consecutive year, and international winner Hilton Garden Inn Krasnodar, Russia.
Hilton Worldwide (NYSE: HLT) today was named the winner of 33 Travel Weekly Magellan Awards across its portfolio of brands. Nine brands within the Hilton Worldwide Portfolio took home awards honoring the best in travel from design to marketing services to advertising. Fifteen of the Hilton Worldwide award winners received Gold Magellan Awards, the highest award given.
Hilton Worldwide today announced that two of its brands, Hilton Garden Inn and Homewood Suites by Hilton, received the highest ranking in the 18th annual J.D. Power 2014 North America Hotel Guest Satisfaction Index StudySM in the upscale and upper extended stay segments, respectively. This marks the 11th award for Homewood Suites and the 10th for Hilton Garden Inn since J.D. Power began its hotels study.
Hilton Garden Inn St. Charles has been selected as a Bronze level GreenLeader for the TripAdvisor® GreenLeaders™ program, which helps travelers plan greener trips by identifying environmentally-friendly accommodations across the United States.
Hilton Worldwide today announced honors for its top annual development awards in the Americas. Awards are presented in five categories across the company's portfolio of hotels, including: Developer of the Year, Best Conversion, Deal of the Year, Outstanding Achievement and Lifetime Achievement. Recipients are awarded based on criteria ranging from total number and quality of hotels developed to impact on community and fastest construction time.
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