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Nobody's business but the Turks
History: On learning from and writing history
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What do you know about the Ottoman Empire? Did your formal education offer anything more than the phrase "the sick man of Europe"? (Mine didn't.)
As I've grown older I've become fascinated with the Osmanlı realm for a few reasons.
* The 14th-century clash between Timur (Tamerlane) and the young Ottoman state is a riveting story, to me. It's remarkable that the Ottomans survived, much less went on to build a vast empire.
* The diversity of the Ottoman Empire was exceptional, possibly unequalled in history. If there's a useable past or lessons to be learned in Ottoman history, it's probably in observing how the empire succeeded in holding its population together and forestalling persecution. The old Western historians' trope of "Oriental despotism" doesn't do the Ottomans justice.
* I don't entirely believe in the Italian Renaissance as a discrete phenomenon, but I do allow that something interesting was going on in Italy in the 14th-16th centuries. I also believe the Italians' proximity to and frequent contact with Turks, whether as partners or enemies, had an unacknowledged role in shaping all that — especially as the Venetians started throwing their weight around.
* Western imaginings about Turks are a topic to fill many volumes. The question of whether to admit the Republic of Turkey into the European Union recycles, to some extent, medieval and early modern Europe's dread of the terrible Turk. Islamophobes (at least, the less imbecilic ones who have actually read books) like to meditate on the fall of Constantinople and the siege of Vienna.
* The linguistic side of Turkish history fascinates me. Turkish was a steppe language with nothing in common with the cultured Arabic, Persian, and Greek spoken by Ottoman subjects. So the language pumped itself up on mostly Persian loanwords, much as barbarous Anglo-Saxon pumped itself up with Norman French. With the launch of the Republic, though, the language was purged of Persianisms and the Latin alphabet replaced the Arabic. It was a highly improbable transformation. It also presents a language barrier to present-day Turks who might like to study the Ottoman past.
* The empire existed for six centuries — a better record than Rome's — but in the U.S., at least, the Armenian genocide of 1915 drowns out every other Ottoman historical event in present-day discourse. It's difficult to approach it as a historian rather than an advocate.
* It's interesting to see the reluctance of all the empire's successor states (whether Arab, Greek, Slavic, or even Turkish) to identify in any way with the Ottoman past, as if history began with nationalism. Each state has its own reasons for slighting the past, and they differ widely.
* Finally, the clumsy dismantling of the Ottoman Empire by Britain and France in the early 20th century left us the problem of Palestine — that intractable whatsit that we call "the Mideast."
It's been several years since I read anything specifically about the Ottoman Empire, but the subject continues to fascinate me. Making the acquaintance of Turks living in the United States has certainly helped.
I suppose no online thread about the Turks would be complete without a link to "Istanbul (Not Constantinople)."
:) I grew up with this story - living next door and with Bulgaria being part of the Empire for almost 5 centuries - not a very happy or peaceful part but still a part of it.
Because of the old history, the history books were presenting the facts (or some of them) one sided. After the changes, in an attempt to draw Turkey closer some of the books were... rewritten and shifted on the other end of the spectrum. The truth is somewhere there. They came, they conquered. The rest is history.
Now... the successor states is a term that got applied to a lot of the countries that were ever part of the empire... and in a wrong way - Bulgaria had existed since 681 and when it emerged out of the empire, it emerged back in its full territory (it's a different story that it lasted only a few months... before the Great Powers decided to split it again). So even if it was part of the empire, it was an independent country (with the same name and territory) longer than it was in the Empire. Which probably proves your point for the widely different reasons for the reactions :) But I still oppose being lumped into a successor state category:)
The language history gets even more interesting when you consider the local languages on the Balkans -- all of them borrowed from Turkish; Turkish borrowed from all of them. And they were a mix enough even before that.
As for the last point (the dismantling)... the Great Powers did it a few times on the Balkans in the late 19th and early 20th century - causing enough troubles for the coming century.
I took a class titled "Eurasian Nomads & History" that covered too much in space and time for us to really learn any details. It went from the Scythians to WWI in time and from Korea to Hungary in territory. I do remember that when I heard that Muammar Gaddafi kept a tent on his palace grounds he was imitating the Ottomans more than honoring his own tribes heritage.
The Ottoman empire was simply the most modern empire built by Eurasian herders. In a very real sense they are responsible for the modern world. They domesticated the horse. Their wars sent ripples of refugee migrants across Europe who eventually formed modern Europe. Chingis Khan and his son Ogodei built the widest ranging empire in history. They ruled from what is now China and Korea down to Indochina, across Eurasia north of the Himalayas and south of the forests, into Pakistan and the modern Mideast, up to Russia. They reestablished the Silk Road and coined the first paper money.
Turkic people had a large empire before Kahn, the Seljuq Empire and many were part of Kahn's empire. However they reestablished their themselves out of Anatolia, an area once controlled by the Seljug Empire but that had managed to evade the Kahn's grasp. Much of what they ruled had been the domain of one of Chingis' sons, I have no idea which one, but they did expand well beyond that territory into Africa and Europe.
The Italian Renaissance did have a lot to do with contact with the Ottoman's and expanded trade in goods as well as ideas. It also had a lot to do with cultural changes forced by the population drop caused by the Black Death, also a product of trade with the east. At least that is my opinion.
Lord Kinross is my primary source for knowledge about the region; A History of the Arab Peoples also touches on the area.
I found it intersting that Atatturk and Turkey were among the few nations to successfully negotiate an arrangement with the U.S.S.R. that was generally honored by both sides. A tribute to the founder of Turkey, but one that often overlooked in Western accounts.
Yeah, Lord Kinross's Ottoman Centuries is still, as best I can tell, the most widely read book of Ottoman history. Haven't touched it myself, but it seems to be a "rattling good yarn."
It seems a shame, though, that the book still touted as the "definitive" Ottoman history was penned by a historian who couldn't read Turkish. No one would tolerate such ignorance in a "definitive" history of, say, the French, Spanish, or Russian empires. Nor is it acceptable in current historical work about the Ottomans, much of it written by Anglophone Turks, such as Halil Inalcık,↬ or people of Turkish descent, such as German scholar Suraiya Faroqhi↬ (who writes beautifully in English), or Anglo-American scholars who not only know the landscape but are fluent in the right languages, like Donald Quataert↬ (pronounced "quoddert").
Kinross, by contrast, seems to have ridden a late surge of orientalism — the phenomenon described by Edward Said that, at its height, sometimes allowed a single Western scholar to pose as an expert on every "Oriental" culture from Morocco to Hawaii.
One re-reader of Kinross has posted this critical review on Amazon. In a nutshell: Kinross is only worth reading for early Ottoman history, which he reconstructs without referring to Ottoman sources. His coverage of the 19th century wrongly portrays a passive, decrepit empire being acted on by the vital Western powers. Even the Tanzimat is described as if it were essentially a British invention.
P.S. The tiny ↬ symbols are links to further information about each author, showing where I got some of my information. It's called a "hat tip" link and is described (along with the "via" link) at curatorscode.org. Web authors may want to try it.
It seems a little harsh; Kinross was generally favorable towards Atatturk, even though Kemal defeated British forces at Gallipoli and later defied British Imperial wishes (successfully) re the partitioning of what became modern Turkey.
>1 Muscogulus: Like you, I learned virtually nothing of the Ottoman Empire in my formal education. What I knew about it I picked up from watching Lawrence of Arabia and Gallipoli, listening to "And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda," and reading Robert Silverberg's Up The Line. When your best source on a particular civilization is a science-fiction novel about sex and time travel -- albeit a very good one -- you've probably got some catching-up to do. :-)
Then I got hired to teach world history survey courses, and read enough to give myself a rudimentary, greatest-hits understanding of Ottoman history that I could work into my lectures. I've deepened that (some) over the years, but never had a chance to fill in the gaps . . . so my grasp of the Ottoman Empire is still spotty at best: Timur and Suleiman, Lepanto and Vienna, the fall of Constantinople, the Young Turks, the Armenian Genocide, the carving-up of the Empire, Kemal . . .
I'd still like to fill in those gaps. Anybody have a recommendation for a good single-volume overview?
(I found David Fromkin's A Peace to End All Peace fascinating on the much narrower subject of the death of the empire at the hands of the Allies in 1919 . . . but he is, like me an anglophone outsider looking in)
Like Annie said, the Ottoman Empire was mostly seen as "the enemy at the gates" for centuries - for many Europeans. On the other hand, in my country (the Netherlands) we are now commemorating 400 years of fairly friendly diplomatic relations with Turkey.
The reason was that both Turkey and the Dutch Republic were then at odds with Habsburg (Catholic) imperialism. A rallying call of the early Dutch revolt had even been "rather Turkish than popish" - a clear provocation (not to be taken literally).
The British Empire has the Commonwealth and the French Empire has the Francophonie, but like the OP said, none of the 'successor states' of the Ottoman Empire wants anything to do with Turkey. I think that says a lot about its legacy.
Some historians blame the Ottomans for the lower level of development in the Balkans today. If you look at a map of Europe, showing GDP per capita, you'll see that ex-communist countries, of course, are poorer. But the countries that were part of the Ottoman Empire are poorer still. The line is quite distinct.
"The diversity of the Ottoman Empire was exceptional, possibly unequalled in history."
I can't agree with that. Every large empire includes a diversity of people. The Ottoman's neighbour, the Habsburg Empire, included Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Romanians, Bosnians, Croats, Slovenians, Jews, Roma, Italians and Poles. The Roman Empire included Gauls, Britons, Illyrians, Greeks, and pretty much all the diverse people of the Mediterranean region.
Then there's the British Empire, which at its height included everyone from Inuit to Australian Aborigines, Chinese (Hong Kong), Malay, Burmese, Indians, Irish, Canadians, Australians, Arabs, Jews, Africans (from hundreds of cultures), Jamaicans, Polynesians, etc., etc. There were probably 2,000 languages, or more, spoken in the British Empire. Now that's diversity!
Slovenia has higher GDP than, say, Greece and Portugal; Czech R. isn't far behind.
Thanks for the references. I have only the mildest lay interest in history (meaning I don't read much straight history), and even I noticed the ignorance and arrogance bedevilling Anglo (possibly Western) historical scholarship whenever it touches on the East. Norman Davies in his introduction to Europe was the first and almost only still-living historian I noticed commenting on those failings.*
I couldn't come up with a better example than that analysed by Irwin Schick in The erotic margin--it concerns one element of Eastern (in fact largely Ottoman) culture, sexuality; but the mechanisms employed to "describe" and "explain" are the same as those used in historical narratives. Besides, descriptions of sexuality and racialist theories set the norm for what I see as the still prevalent view of the East, so they are essential to understanding the approach of the historians who dealt with the Ottomans and their subject nations as radically different and inferior to the West.
> 9 ...like the OP said, none of the 'successor states' of the Ottoman Empire wants anything to do with Turkey. I think that says a lot about its legacy.
The OP would like to clarify: The reasons that successor states discount the Ottoman past are diverse and should not be assumed to arise from resentment or hatred of the Turks.
Turk-hating has been a popular sport in Greece, and nationalist Turks have reciprocated. The Balkan states (especially Serbia) have typically defined themselves in opposition to Turkish rule (with Bosnia being the most complicated exception). In their case, the rejection of the Ottoman past could be compared to the attitudes of other (non-Russian) Slavic peoples to the Habsburgs or Romanovs. But in the Ottoman case, the secular religion of nationalism (every people entitled to their own state) blended to a greater or lesser degree with some form of holy war.
With the Arab states the case is different, and it differs from region to region within the Arab world. We make a serious historical error when we take the views and ambitions of T.E. Lawrence's Hashimi friends as representing "the Arabs" as a whole.
As for the lower level of development within former Ottoman territory, we're just now learning what contributed to it. One key factor, which the Ottomans themselves were aware of and tried to compensate for from the sixteenth century on, was the limited supply of iron ore, coal, and other natural resources that were abundant in parts of Europe. Historians have written about the incentives sultans offered to entice European merchants to defy a papal ban on selling iron to the infidels. As for coal, according to my quick web search, Turkey has only lignite (brown coal) and I believe the Balkans are similar. Even as lignite goes, the stuff in Turkey makes a poor fuel.
Donald Quataert, mentioned earlier, devoted much of his research to Ottoman industrialization efforts. I haven't read the results, so I'm just guessing here — but one political factor in the pace of industrialization may have been the attempt by Muhammad Ali of Egypt to rapidly modernize as a way of getting out from under both the sultans and the Europeans — until an Austro-Turco-British triumvirate combined forces to stop him, with tacit support from France. Muhammad Ali, incidentally, was no Arab nationalist; he was a Turkish-speaking Albanian ruling a mostly Arab populace.
On the diversity of the empire, I accept that the ancient Romans may have matched it, but not the Habsburgs. Most of the peoples you mentioned also lived under Ottoman rule. The later British Empire definitely eclipses all the others, but (hoping this doesn't sound like a cop-out) it belongs in a class by itself.
>2 AnnieMod: BTW Annie's comment made me realize how little I know about Bulgaria, located at that very interesting junction of Europe and Asia. For instance, I had never worked out the disconnect between the modern Bulgarians, who are lumped together with the Slavs, and the ancient Bulgars, who are not. We should start a thread on that.
How much of the neglect of development in subject regions can be explained by the fact that the Ottomans weren't colonisers? (They weren't big on proselytising either; just enough to ensure the local power would be in the hands of Muslims and subservient to the Porte. The--largely poor, i.e. non-land-owning--masses weren't invited to the club.)
Googling a vaguely-remembered factoid about paved roads in Bosnia (shockingly lacking on annexation by Austria, that's the extent of my memory), I came across this book Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe. Going by the name I'd say the author is Bulgarian. Going by the review on Amazon, the focus is the period of Ottoman rule.
> 9, 13
Good point: The Ottoman Empire was not colonial or extractive. Its initial economic success, like that of ancient and early modern empires, rested mainly on internal trade of commodities and the products of household industry. From a European perspective, the trade in Eastern luxuries, facilitated by Muslim middlemen and enriching Italian merchants and bankers, looks more important than it actually was in Ottoman economic terms.
The absence of colonialism goes along with a greater toleration for polyglot administration. Turkish was the language of the Sublime Porte — though actually, even there one would hear a lot of literary Persian, if I'm not mistaken, to say nothing of religious Arabic. But administration at regional levels was not necessarily in Turkish IIRC. Greeks, Armenians, and others held administrative and military posts in the empire. It was proverbial that the typical Ottoman seaman (levend) was a Christian.
>11 Muscogulus:. I don't think lack of resources had anything to do with lower levels of development in the Ottoman Empire. Remember, their empire stretched from the Balkans to Arabia and North Africa. That vast area had to include some resources. If they didn't have coal, for instance, they certainly had plenty of oil.
Some historians have noted that it was Christians (especially Armenians, Greeks and Lebanese) as well as Jews, who did most of the commerce in the Ottoman Empire. For various reasons, including the Muslim ban on charging interest, the Turks themselves did not engage in much commercial trade. The only advantage the subject people of the Ottoman Empire gained, if any, was that they could trade freely over a large area. But I don't think that made up for what they lost by being isolated from the rest of Europe, and the scientific and technological developments there.
Overall, I'd have to say that the people of southeastern Europe were disadvantaged by being occupied by the Turks, and that disadvantage has continued to the present day. If only the Turks had stayed in Central Asia!
> 16
You do realize that the exploitation of oil — assuming you mean petroleum — only dates from the 1850s, and full-scale commercial exploration started in the 20th century. That was a bit late for the Ottomans (1299-1922). You might as well blame them for not coming up with the semiconductor.
>17 Muscogulus: The Ottoman Empire survived into the early 20th Century, as you said yourself. By then, oil was an important resource. Not that the Ottomans ever ever made use of it.
Anyways, there WAS coal in the Ottoman Empire. Romania (parts of which were Ottoman controlled), Serbia and Turkey itself have extensive deposits of both hard coal and lignite. There are also lignite deposits in Bulgaria and Greece.
The failure of the Ottoman Empire was not in it's lack of resources. It must be looked for elsewhere. The decline of Mediterranean trade had a lot to do with it. So did the lack of technological innovation within the empire. The Scientific and Industrial Revolutions skipped that part of Europe.
Empires rarely benefit anyone other than the Empire's creators. Did the native people of Central and South America benefit from the Spanish Empire? Did the Cherokee, Navajo or Iroquois benefit from the American Empire? Did the Finns, Estonians, Latvians, etc. benefit from the Russian/Soviet Empire? Or the Chinese from the Mongol Empire? Similarly, the only people to indisputably benefit from the Ottoman Empire were the Ottoman Turks themselves.
Kemal Attaturk (who must be considered a bit of an expert on the matter) believed that the problem with the Ottoman Empire was their system of rule, combined with the huge influence religion had on secular matters. Kemal purposely modeled modern Turkey on what he felt were the 'best' parts of Western culture; separation of church and state, elected representatives, etc. Turkey has managed to endure and thrive as a nation, so Kemal must have done something right...
>18 madpoet:
You seem to have assumed that I am carrying a brief for the Ottoman Empire, as if I wanted to revive it or use it as a model. That's not it at all. What I am opposed to is superficial history based on meagre research and/or cultural chauvinism.
That's why I don't care for the judgmental tone of your analysis: Western Europe is a "success"; the Ottoman Empire was a "failure." History-as-propaganda has a long and storied history, and empires thrive on it. The Ottomans certainly penned their share of it. But I find it predictable and rarely enlightening. I'm just not interested in sneering at the Turks for not coming up with the Model T.
It's true that the Ottoman Empire was not a republic with a Lockean rights-of-man ideology. AFAIK it was not especially hospitable to either liberal capitalist or Marxist socialist theory. The same charges can be leveled at its neighbor empires, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Persia. I happen to think the Ottoman is the most interesting of the four, but others may disagree.
I'm inclined to agree with your assessment of empires' effects on their subjects. Certainly empires were not created to benefit the peoples they conquered and ruled. Still, empires changed drastically over time and their effects even on subject peoples could be complex, unpredictable, and often unintended. "Absolute" rulers never really exercised absolute control.
In one way or another, all countries, civilizations, and governments ultimately fall. So, how does one measure 'success'?
Longevity? How well their subtjects fared under their rule? How the successor states view their ancestor? Influence on contemporary history?
I'm not being snarky; I'm genuinely curious.
USSR's constituent states certainly DID benefit from the mutual aid society that came with federation--check out how they are doing since it dissolved. As regards other members of the Warsaw Pact bloc, one could debate whether and how they "benefited" from their communist organisation (in comparison to the capitalist neighbours, I suppose), but given that order, whether and how they benefited from the liaison with the USSR is clear--the USSR was their most important customer and supporter. Cuba comes to mind as the worst example of the post-Soviet catastrophe, besides some of the especially economically disadvantaged ex-USSR backwaters.
Ludicrous as it is to talk of historical "benefits", one could argue the Roman empire "benefited" the provinces and mainland equally. In the Americas, no one "benefited" the natives, but the industries based on their exploitation propelled many global economies. You can't capture these situations by cliches.
>19 BruceCoulson:
Atatürk is certainly a fascinating historical figure and a man of many talents. His personality and his commitment to secularism did a great deal to shape the post-Ottoman republic, which was not supposed to exist at all.
I would add that the reform movement is also a part of Ottoman history, not just the dismantling of the empire. Tanzimât, the "reorganization" pursued from the top down, began in 1839 and contributed to the cultural environment in which Kemal, the Young Turks, and other reformers came to adulthood.
It's interesting that Tanzimât reforms were strenuously opposed, not only by narrow-minded interests within the empire, but by the rival European powers. It's not hard to understand why. A rival state running on warmed-over 14th-century institutions is easier to deal with than a modernizing state.
That's a nice way of mentioning that Turkey was supposed to be partitioned into three states with the assistance of Greece post-WW I. (Britain's failure to impose its design on the area certainly speaks well of Tanzimat and Attaturk...)
Something that the West often forgets, but I suspect Turkey keeps in mind.
>24 BruceCoulson:. Unfortunately, but predictably, Greece's failed attempt to control western Asia Minor lead to the Turks retaliating by expelling Greeks from communities along the Aegean coast, where they had lived for 3,000 years. Later, despite assurances to the contrary, Turkey forced the Greek population of Istanbul to leave likewise.
That was around the same time that the new, 'reformed' Turkish government murdered over a million Armenians. A genocide that the rest of the world did nothing to stop. It convinced Hitler that he could get away with the Holocaust. He famously said, "Who now remembers the Armenians?"
But most people don't know that the Armenian Genocide was only the last, and worst, pogrom against the Armenians. There had been massacres before, by the Ottomans.
I'm sure the Ottomans must have done some good, somehow. No empire is entirely evil. But from the perspective of the Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians, etc., and especially Armenians, all of whom they ruled over, it's hard to see what that good might be, and easy to see a counterfactual history without the Ottoman Empire where they'd all be better off.
Most new states commit similar acts. Turkey is simply more recent, and slightly more remembered for Hitler's reference (although only slightly).
The aggressors never remember their acts; the injured never forget.
>25 madpoet:
I suppose it is necessary for me to begin by explaining that I do not support genocide or the forced expulsion of any ethnic group from anywhere.
As I mentioned in the initial post, "in the U.S., at least, the Armenian genocide of 1915 drowns out every other Ottoman historical event in present-day discourse. It's difficult to approach it as a historian rather than an advocate." What is certain is that one of the last acts of the Ottoman state was to condone the killing of a staggering number of people who presented no credible threat.
There is no question in my mind that this was intentional genocide. The question for me is whether this crime was typical of the Ottoman state or of the embryonic Turkish nation-state. On the one hand, slaughter of ethnic minorities within Ottoman territory had been occurring in the late 1800s, drawing sensational coverage in the Western press. The Ottoman entry into the First World War, and the Armenians' position on the border with hostile Russia, was used as cover for attacking Armenians. (Apologists still call it civil war and a kind of self-defense that got out of hand.) These factors argue for Ottoman culpability.
On the other hand, the ideological motor behind ethnic hatred of the Armenians was Turkish nationalism, the Westernizing creed of the Young Turks. The rise in attacks on minorities coincides with a decline in the power of Ottoman state institutions. This (ca. 1890-1920) is the phase in which "sick man" is first coined and seems like an apt description for the empire. Tanzimât reforms had been shut down. A plurality (maybe a majority) of Ottoman state revenues went to the servicing of debts held by French and British banks. The Balkan provinces were in open nationalist rebellion. The Armenian genocide, then, may be better understood as a sign of the decay of the Ottoman state, not of its essential character.
Genocide and "ethnic cleansing" (to use the term Serb extremists coined for us by 1992) are recurring problems, and they are modern problems. Not since Hulagu Khan in the 13th century have we seen such large-scale slaughters as in the last hundred years. I believe it is a mistake to regard these events as throwbacks, destined to fade away as we modernize the world. It is irresponsible, in my view, to simply condemn the perpetrators, murmur "Never again," and rest on our own presumed moral superiority. We have a duty to try to understand what moves hundreds or thousands of people to take part in slaughter, in order to prevent it. Yet all too often, efforts to understand are conflated with efforts to justify or condone.
Here is what I have learned. An essential component of all these modern crimes has been the exploitation of mass media to induce mass hatred. (I wish I knew of scholarship in English about turn-of-the-century anti-Armenian propaganda in Turkish.) Next, there is the creation of layers of organizational complexity to shield any given individual from a sense of responsibility. In the Armenian case, a "Special Organization" within the armed forces carried out "special measures" authorized by "temporary" wartime legislation. The official objective was tehcir, or removal and resettlement.
Finally there is the mentality of those who do the actual killing. They must persuade themselves of the rightness of their actions, usually by erasing the humanity of their victims. A thought-provoking book on this subject, in all its aspects, is Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century.
Perhaps I was a little too negative about the Ottoman Empire. I was responding to what seemed to me rather gushing enthusiasm for it in the opening posts.
>27 Muscogulus: Majority-minority tensions most often arise not in times of stability, but rather in times of political uncertainty. There had been previous pogroms by the Ottomans against the Armenians, but like you said, the real impetus of the genocide was nationalist Turkish fears that the Armenians would try to create their own state (gee, why would they want to do that when the Turks had always treated them so well...?) combined with a new ideal of "Turkey for the Turks" which excluded Christian Greeks and Armenians, even though both groups had lived in Asia Minor for thousands of years before the Turks came.
We saw something similar recently (though less one-sided, and less apocalyptic) with the break up of the Soviet Union (violence in Chechnya, South Ossetia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Trans-Dniester, etc.) and of course Yugoslavia. Someone-- Croatian or Slovenian, I'm not sure which-- said, "I don't mind living in Yugoslavia, but I don't want to live in Serboslavia." Serb nationalism fueled Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian and Albanian (Kosovar) nationalism, which fed into more Serb nationalism, in an escalating spiral of distrust, fear and opportunism. Once "things fall apart, the center cannot hold" they can get very, very bad, very quickly.
Not that I'm in favour of authoritarianism, but times of change, of revolution, can be very dangerous for minorities. Look at what happened with the fall of Suharto in Indonesia. Anti-Chinese riots and Muslim-Christian violence followed soon after. Now, in the wake of the 'Arab Spring', we are seeing repeated attacks on the Christian minorities in Egypt and Syria, and on immigrant African workers in Libya. Also, it looks like tribal politics may be reviving in Libya, dividing the country and possibly leading to more violence.
This can be seen as a function of authority. No matter who is in charge, the leaders want to maintain a monopoly on violence. So, empires crack down on unauthorized pogroms, etc. not because they are unsympathetic with the mobs, but because allowing unsanctioned violence to succeed sends a dangerous message to the masses. There's also the fact that even minorities pay taxes, and sometimes their support of a regime is greater than that of the majority (the intelligent leaders of the minority are usually aware of what will happen when the empire crumbles).
Empires protect ethnic minorities (to an extent); but it's not out of any sense of morality.
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- Aegis Graham Bell Awards 2014
- Frost & Sullivan 12th Annual 2014 India ICT Awards"
- Global Telecoms Business Innovation Awards 2014
- 2013
- Meffys 2013 Awards
- AfricaCom Awards 2013
- Aegis Graham Bell Award 2013"
- Global Telecoms Business Innovation Awards 2013
- GSMA Global Mobile Awards 2013
- 2012
- Zimbabwe ICT Achievers Awards 2012
- Golden Peacock Award 2012
- Aegis Gram Bell Awards 2012"
- World Communication Awards 2012
- HR Leadership Award 2012
- Asia Communications Awards 2012
- 2011
- Golden Peacock Award for Innovation 2011
- Distinguished Fellow Award 2011
- mBillionth Award South Asia 2011"
- Aegis Gram Bell Awards 2011
- Asia Communication Awards 2011
- 5th CMAI National Telecom Awards 2011
- Total Telecom's World Vendor Awards 2011
- Golden Peacock Innovation Award 2011
- 2010
- AfricaCOM Awards 2010
- Frost & Sullivan Awards 2010
- mBillionth South Asia Awards 2010"
- Mobile Messaging Congress 2010
- INFOCOM CMAI National Telecom Award 2010
- Total Telecom's World Vendor Awards 2010
- GSMA Global Mobile Awards 2010
- Golden Peacock Award for Innovation 2010
- 2009
- Deloitte Technology Asia Fast 500 2009
- AfricaCOM Awards 2009
- Golden Peacock Award for Innovation 2009"
- Golden Peacock Award for Innovation 2009
- GSMA's Mobile Money for the Unbanked Initiative
- GSMA Global Mobile Awards 2009
- 2008
- Golden Peacock Award for Innovation 2008
- GSMA Mobile Asia Congress Awards 2008
- AfricaCOM Awards 2008"
- Deloitte Technology 2008

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Steak with Orange-Thyme Sauce RecipeRead Reviews Be the first to add a review
"This is an easy, yet fancy dish for company," writes Mitzi Sentiff of Annapolis, Maryland. "You'll get the delicious taste of orange along with a little spiciness. It's great with rice and a side salad."
Recommended: 40 Quick Dinners for Surprise Guests
- 1/2 cup orange marmalade
- 2 teaspoons minced fresh thyme or 1/2 teaspoon dried thyme
- 1-1/2 teaspoons grated orange peel
- 1 teaspoon soy sauce
- 3/4 teaspoon seasoned salt
- 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder
- 1/8 teaspoon cayenne pepper
- 1-1/4 pounds beef top sirloin steak
- In a small bowl, combine the first seven ingredients; set aside 1/3 cup for basting.
- Broil steak 4-6 in. from the heat for 8-10 minutes on each side or until meat reaches desired doneness (for medium-rare, a meat thermometer should read 145°; medium, 160°; well-done, 170°), basting with some of the reserved sauce. Let stand for 5 minutes before slicing. Serve with the remaining sauce. Yield: 4 servings.
Originally published as Steak with Orange-Thyme Sauce in Simple & Delicious July/August 2008, p49
Full-Bodied Red Wine
Enjoy this recipe with a full-bodied red wine such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot or Syrah.
Reviews for Steak with Orange-Thyme Sauce
Please Log In or Join to add a rating and review.
Click stars to rate
Any changes to your rating or review will appear where you originally posted your review


text:
Share Your Memories: Remembering 'A Chorus Line' Composer Marvin Hamlisch
"A Chorus Line" composer Marvin Hamlisch, who died Monday, was remembered by his fans for his indelible mark on Broadway and in film.
WNYC asked fans near the Great White Way how they would remember the Academy Award- and Tony-winning composer, who died at age 68:
"Some of his compositions are part of the soundtrack of my young adulthood. To know that he's passed is another loss in the music world."
— Nancy Fisher, 64, from Riverbank, Calif.
"The only thing I can tell you is if Barbra (Streisand) said to sing it, and he played it, then I listened, that's me."
— Peter Ann Siehl, 61, Ohio.
"It (his music) was entertaining, like jumping,"
— Carli Li, 50s, from Philadelphia
"It was always just very nice and soothing to me when I heard it, his music."
— Jan Davenport, 67, from Palm Coast, Fla.
"I'm very old school, so I loved 'A Chorus Line.' I do love his music very much. It's sad to hear he passed away. I'm sure it's a huge tragedy, but I think it'll be interesting to see in the next coming days and weeks, bringing back that memory of him, will be interesting to see."
— Jessa Orme, 29, from Salt Lake City


text:
Welcome to part 9 of Let's Make a Framework, the ongoing series about
building a JavaScript framework. This part introduces events.
If you haven't been following along, these articles are tagged with
lmaf. The project we're creating is called Turing and is available on GitHub:
This part will look at how events work, event handler implementations in
various frameworks, and event handler API designs. I'll select an API
design at the end of the article and implement it for next week's
Events and JavaScript are closely related -- can you imagine writing
scripts for web pages that don't respond to user interaction? That means
that as soon as JavaScript appeared, events did. Early event handlers
were written inline, like this:
You've probably seen this type of inline event handler before. This came
from Netscape originally, and due to the popularity of early versions of
Netscape, Microsoft implemented a compatible system.
This can be written in JavaScript like this:
// assume 'element' is the previous link minus the onclick
element.onclick = function() { alert('Hello World!'); };
An event handler can access an event like this:
function handler(event) {
if (!event) var event = window.event;
window.event is a Microsoft property for the last event. I
always felt like this was dangerous and could lead to to a clobbered
value, but as JavaScript is single-threaded it's safe enough that most
frameworks depend on it.
jQuery does it like this:
handle: function( event ) {
var all, handlers, namespaces, namespace_sort = [], namespace_re, events, args = jQuery.makeArray( arguments );
event = args[0] = jQuery.event.fix( event || window.event );
I used to get default actions and bubbling confused, because I thought
stopping an event just meant everything stopped. These two things are
false from an event handler prevents the default
element.onclick = function() { alert('Hello World!'); return false; };
Now the link won't be followed.
Attaching an
onClick to two elements, where one is the
ancestor of the other, makes it difficult to tell which element should
take precedence. Different browsers do it different ways. However,
fortunately it's very unusual to actually care about this -- in most
cases we just need to stop the event.
function handler(event) {
if (!event) var event = window.event;
event.cancelBubble = true;
if (event.stopPropagation) event.stopPropagation();
As far as I know, only IE uses
cancelBubble, but it's safe
to set it in browsers that don't use it.
stopPropagation is
used by most browsers.
jQuery's implementation in
event.js is similar to the above, and most frameworks are broadly similar.
If events were this simple we'd barely need frameworks to help us. One
of the things that makes things less simple is attaching multiple
element.onclick = function() { alert('Hello World!'); return false; };
element.onclick = function() { alert('This was the best example I could think of'; return false; };
This example overwrites the
onClick handler, rather than
appending another one.
The solution isn't as simple as wrapping functions within functions,
because people might want to remove event handlers in the future.
The job of an event framework is to make all of these things easy and
cross-browser. Most do the following:
onClick becomes
Interestingly, jQuery's event
handling approach
is to make the event object behave like the W3C standards. The reason
for this is that Microsoft failed to implement a compatible API.
jQuery wraps methods into its internal DOM list objects, so the API
feels very easy to use:
$('a').click(function(event) {
alert('A link has been clicked');
This adds the
click handler to every link.
event.currentTarget -- also found in the
this object in the function
Prototype's event handling is
closely linked to its core DOM
Element class. Events are
registered like this:
$('id').observe('click', function(event) {
var element = Event.element(event);
Event.element(event) or
eventName, handler);
Glow's event handling is found in
glow.events. Events are registered with
glow.events.addListener('a', 'click', function(event) {
alert('Hello World!');
glow.events.removeListener(handler) where
handler is the returned value from
Glow's jQuery influence is evident here.
Rather than ironing out the problems in browser W3C event handling
supporting, dojo uses a class-method-based system like Prototype, but
with a different approach. Dojo's API is based around connections
between functions. Registering a handler looks like this:
dojo.connect(dojo.byId('a#hello'), 'onclick', function(event) {
alert('Hello World!');
Notice that the event names aren't mapped. Like the other frameworks,
event object is normalised.
event.currentTarget -- this is also
in the function
Out of all these frameworks, jQuery's event handling is the most
fascinating. It makes a familiar W3C event system available to all
browsers, carefully namespaced, and completely takes over event bubbling
to achieve this. This is partially because Microsoft's API has major
problems with bubbling.
Building something in between jQuery and Glow is suitable for Turing --
I don't want to worry about bubbling too much, but we will need a system
that will cope with multiple handlers on the same event and the removal
and firing of handlers.
Next week I'll start building the event handling code, building with the
following goals in mind:
onClick becomes
If you want to read more about events, browser wars, and Microsoft's
frustrating inability to make life easy, Introduction to
Events on QuirksMode
covers the history and basics, and branches out into an entire series.


text:
I wanted him. Oh well...
|Sponsored Links
Good signing for the Tigers...
Am I the only one who thinks 16M a year is kind of a lot for a #3 or so pitcher?
lol, small kid got tripped by a tuba player
6/27/09: We expect [Rondo] to play by the rules and be a leader as a point guard. We need him to be more of a leader, Ainge said. There were just a couple situations where he was late this year, I dont know if he was sitting in his car, but showed up late and the rest of the team was there. We have team rules and you have to be on time. He was fined for being late, he said he was stuck in traffic, and its just unacceptable.
told you all since 2010 he was a toolbag.....
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As long as it wasnt Texas or Anaheim, im good
It's still a game and you'd rather win it than lose it.
There is An Angel in CitiField- LETS GO METS!
Proud to be PSD's "The Kid"
New York Giants-2012 World Champions
SuperMann #10, Superman wears Eli Pajamas
Last edited by rockbottom2010; 12-14-2012 at 01:07 PM.
I really like Sanchez but 5/80? In this market it's fair I guess
The Cult of Gattis
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text:
Battery Drain
View Single Post
Registered User
Location: Boulder
Join Date: Dec 2007
Posts: 1
Mein Auto: 328is
View My Garage
2008 5 series battery drain
New to the site and have read several posts regarding excessive battery drain. Getting a service check on Wednesday and will post root causes. Only had the car for 1 month, so a bit frustrating to not be able to start the car. Moreover, some of the posts are concerning, as this appears to be a persist BMW problem - not to mention that some of the proposed causes seem a bit lame - such as keep the CA key more than 10-50 feet away from the car (kinda hard to do without leaving it at a neighbor's up the street), drains if you don't drive it for a few days - seriously? and this is a response from the BMW dealership, need to drive the car 50 miles per day - again, seriously?. buy a trickle charger - sorry, i thought the 5 series was a $60k automobile, so i don't buy that excuse either. anyone have any luck with solving this problem, besides replacing the battery every few days......
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Find all threads started by giles
Find all posts by giles
View My Garage
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text:
Then on Saturday, Dec. 6, two events compete for attention.
The Mt. Juliet Christmas Parade will start at noon at West Wilson Middle School and proceed to the Train Depot on Division Street. The grand marshal for Mt. Juliet will be retired Titans lineman Brad Hopkins.
The parade will also feature the Horse Patrol from the Metro Nashville Police Department and a SWAT unit from Lebanon. M.J. Lucas from local WANT 98.9 radio will be the emcee for the parade.
Cedar City Christmas on the Square in Lebanon will last all day Saturday starting at 10 a.m. and ending at 4 p.m. It will feature a wide variety of entertainment, with Santa available to hear children's Christmas wishes all day.
Performers from the "Nutcracker" will be on hand to show a sampling of scenes from the ballet. Dancers from Showtyme Xtreme will entertain the crowd with their dancing. The Suzuki violinists from the Cumberland Arts Academy will play for the crowd, and the band Pure Country with Doug Collins will also perform.
More than 25 vendors will have food, games and gifts for sale around the Square, including one booth with a book signing dog. The food booths will sell everything from shaved ice to pies and cakes, corn dogs and funnel cakes.
There will also be inflatables and other attractions. And Garr's Rental and Feeds will be giving away bird seed to help feed Wilson County's winter flying friends.
On Sunday, Dec. 7, Lebanon will have its Christmas Parade kicking off at 2 p.m., with Wilson County Mayor Bob Dedman as grand marshal, and again Santa will be making a special appearance to wind up the parade.
This year's parade, "A Homespun Christmas," is expected to be one of the biggest yet with more than 60 entries. Lebanon, Wilson Central and Watertown High School bands will all march, as will Cumberland University's band. Channel 4's Snow Bird is to attend and so is Gnash from the Nashville Predators hockey team.
The parade will assemble at Lebanon High School and the LHS Band Boosters will be selling food and drinks while people get ready. The parade will start for the Square at 2 p.m. and end at Liberty State Bank where there will be hot chocolate available to warm everyone up.
The "Nutcracker Ballet" will be preformed Dec. 12, 13 and 14 at the Heydel Fine Arts Center at Cumberland University. Tickets for the "Nutcracker" are available at The Dancers Studio or at Wilson Bank and Trust.
Wilson County's most traditional parade, the Possum Town Parade, will be on Sunday, Dec.14, starting at 1 p.m. With 150 entries or more it may be the biggest parade, too.
This parade will form in front of Friendship Christian School on Coles Ferry Pike and will travel through Possum Town down to the river and then back out along Coles Ferry and return to the school.
A special group of antique tractors are coming from Alabama and another group with floats pulled by antique tractors is coming from Portland.
But Jerry McFarland, parade organizer, said the best part this year will be hot air balloons and antique airplanes flying over the parade route.
Staff Writer Connie Esh may be contacted at email@example.com.


text:
Special Report: Idyllwild fire department response to Mountain Fire was delayed
IDYLLWILD, Calif. - It's been eight months since the Mountain Fire ripped through the San Jacinto mountains destroying everything in its path. The town of Idyllwild is still trying to recover. Though the fire did not touch the mountain city, it came close, even forcing an evacuation. Even though the Idyllwild fire department was the closest station to where the fire broke out, records show it was not the first one dispatched.
On July 15, 2013, a massive dispatch of Cal Fire resources was called out. Engines, air craft and firefighters from all over the area were called to the intersection of HIghway 243 and HIghway 74 in Mountain Center. A brush fire had broken out in the San Bernardino mountain, a fire that would later be called the Mountain Fire. Fueled by extremely dry and windy conditions, the fire scorched more than 27,000 acres, destroying 23 buildings, including 7 homes. "My daughter's house, did you see that one down there? There is no house left down there," said one victim of the fire.
Flames climbed the rocky terrain of the San Jacinto mountains. On the other side, dark smoke columns filled the sky over Idyllwild. As the threat grew and the fire crept towards the ridge, Cal Fire ordered people in the small town to evacuate. "If the wind changes and the ash gets worse, it may be time to go," said one Idyllwild resident. "I'm ready to go at a moment's notice."
The Forest Service estimates it cost $25.8 million to contain the 15-day fire. More than 3,500 firefighters stood on the front lines at the fire's peak. But, one department believes it should have been there sooner. "We weren't brought into the situation as rapidly as we should've been," said Idyllwild fire chief Patrick Reitz. "And it could've been a greater threat to our community."
In the aftermath of the fire journalist Guy McCarthy received a tip about the delayed dispatch of the Idyllwild fire department. "Clearly a concern to some individuals, and I feel like if this is true, then the public deserves to know about it," said McCarthy.
McCarthy made a public records request for a report of the first day at the Mountain incident. It shows the first Cal Fire engine getting called at 1:46 PM. Idyllwild was called at 2:03PM, 17 minutes later. "I won't say it was a mistake, I think our dispatchers were following their protocols at that time," said Cal Fire Riverside Chief John Hawkins.
Chief Reitz says his firefighters could only wait and watch as engines from neighboring cities drove through Idyllwild en route to the scene. "If we weren't going to be requested we were going to automatically dispatch which is not something that we, or any agency wants to do,' said Reitz.
Despite being the closest engine to the fire, Chief Hawkins says Reitz' primary focus should be protecting his community. "But who's going to back fill the city? Who's going to backfill, who's going to respond to the town, who's going to pick up the call."
Firefighters say the origin of the Mountain Fire was just 4.3 miles away. The next closest station is 7 miles away. "To abate it using other resources that aren't the closest to me is very disconcerting," said Chief Reitz.
But perhaps on paper it makes sense. On May 23, 2000, Cal Fire and the Idyllwild Fire entered into an automatic aid agreement. It spells out how the county might call on Idyllwild fire and vice versa. "Basically, this agreement's been in service since 2000 but it hasn't been operational for many years, and it should be operational," said Chief Hawkins.
"Those documents don't exist, they've not been in place. Why that is, I can't explain," said Chief Reitz.
Both chiefs say the outdated agreement lacks a plan and a map which caused the breakdown during the Mountain fire. The origin of the fire did not fall within Idyllwild's jurisdiction. McCarthy brought light to the issue in his article. "As uncomfortable as it might be to point this out, that's part of my duties as a journalist," said McCarthy. "it's about accountability."
With the delay and its reason out in the open, the next question is: if Idyllwild got dispatched sooner, would it have made a difference? Would it have stopped the flames from spreading as quickly? Would it have stopped an evacuation turning the mountain town into a ghost town? ""That's a difficult question to answer. I would go the other way and say it wouldn't have hurt," said Chief Reitz.
While it's impossible to speculate the impact if Idyllwild fire got the call earlier, Chief Hawkins know how things will change in the future. "We would do it differently, we'll dispatch them directly and we'll follow the operating plan, we think that's what we need to do," said Hawkins.
A plan chief Hawkins already sent to chief Reitz for approval so this doesn't happen again. "Trying to keep focus, not on what happened, but how do move forward from this and how do make it better," said Reitz.
While moving forward, what happened in the first crucial minutes of the Mountain fire remains unresolved. "I really look forward to hearing those bad feelings," said Hawkins. "Because i'm still waiting for the operating plan to come back and I look forward to him actually coming to me."
Chief Hawkins told us he sent the first draft of the new operating plan and map to Chief Reitz for review. Reitz has not returned it yet. Meanwhile, businesses in Idyllwild continue to recover from the scare of the Mountain fire. Some still wondering, what if?
Related Information: Read McCarthy's full report


text:
Echo blower not starting.
Well my Echo blower has stopped running. I did a carb rebuild, no fix, replaced the carb., no fix, replaced the fuel lines and in tank filter no fix, replaced the spark plug no fix and replaced the air filter. It seems as its not firing when pulling the string. I got a good gas oil mix I use the same in a Echo weedeater. Not sure what else to try not going to take it to the shop (4 weeks till they get to it). its a Echo PB200. Any help is apprecieated.
Do you have an electrical tester to make sure you are getting a spark through the wire to the plug and that it is not damaged and has not come loose somewhere? Flywheel starter is generating a spark?
You checked the gap on the plug when you replaced it? Sometimes they come shipped with the gap incorrect so even putting a new one in may not help if it is off.
Otherwise not sure if you rebuilt the carb and replaced the fuel lines.
It does feel like there is engine compression against your starter pulls?
If you have no spark, could be CD ignition module. Happened to my backpack Echo blower. Was 17 years old so can't complain. If I recall corrrectly, was around $75 for the part.
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text:
Ordering pizza is a Friday-night tradition, along with telling stories about pizza and balling up slices of pizza and playing pizzaball. Dial up some fun with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
$14 for a pizza meal for two (a $31.13 value)
- One medium three-topping pizza (a $13.69 value)
- One small salad (a $5.95 value)
- One order of hot garlic cheese bread (a $3.99 value)
- Two beers (up to a $3.75 value each)

$19 for a pizza meal for four (a $38.03 value)
- One large three-topping pizza (a $17.34 value)
- One large salad (a $6.95 value)
- One order of hot garlic cheese bread (a $3.99 value)
- One pitcher of beer (up to a $9.75 value)

Biggies Pizza & Wings
The name Biggies Pizza & Wings isn't an exaggeration. The cooks hand-toss fresh dough for pizzas as large as 26 inches across and then top the circular foundations with robustly flavored toppings such as chicken, bacon, and mushrooms. Specialty pies include the BLT and the Hawaiian Holiday, which piles canadian bacon and pineapple onto a style of crust that's more commonly used to make hula dancers' skirts. In addition to crafting pizzas, cooks toss regular and boneless chicken wings in sauces ranging from sweet chili to hot. To round out meals, patrons may opt to fill up their plates at the salad bar with single trips or unlimited pilgrimages.
Customer Reviews
638 Cottonwood St.
Woodland, CA 95695
+15304021626Get Directions


text:
Pirate Wifi Network On The New York Subway
Mobile users on the L Train can access a special Intranet site during rush hour to communicate with each other.
New York commuters on the L Train this week will be able to connect and chat with each other thanks to a pirate Wi-Fi network set up by the creative collective WeMakeCoolSh.it. The 'L Train Notwork' is a collaborative project that can only be accessed between 8 a.m. and 10 a.m. for five days only from 14-19 November.
In addition to the interactive message board, the local network will also host a variety of new curated writing pieces and images every morning. Matthew McGregor-Mento and Mark Krawczuk from WeMakeCoolSh.it commented that:
We like to encourage strangers to talk to each other and this seemed like a great way to do it. When people ride the train during rush hour they are forced to be so close to each other but they rarely interact with each other. We wanted to give people something to talk about.
Details on how to access Notwork from your mobile phone will be handed out at train stations and also shown on the website.


text:
The Dutch Garden in the Seventeenth Century
John Dixon Hunt
Dumbarton Oaks Colloquia on the History of Landscape Architecture
Landscape Architecture History, Garden and Landscape Studies
ISBN: 978-0-88402-187-2, Hardcover, 1990, Buy here
This wide-ranging collection of essays charts the history, scope, and spread of Dutch garden art during the seventeenth century. A group of scholars, mostly Dutch, surveys what has been called the 'golden age' of Dutch garden design.
Document Actions


text:
- Description
Quick Overview
This soap is designed for cracked, chapped, dry, peeling or generally unhappy feet. If you've been walking long distances or simply have tired, battered feet from a long day's work, get some comfort by soaking your feet in hot water & then thoroughly wash them with this soap or use as usual in a shower. Hot water opens the pores so that this soap can get to work immediately!
This quick pick-me-up for your feet is also said to promote healthy sleep, owing to its relaxing action on the foot nerves. Give your feet the beauty treatment by using this soap.
Tea tree essential oil
It is very easily absorbed into the skin. Tea tree fights against bacteria, fungi & viruses. It reduces swelling, redness & scarring that commonly occur with acne or pimples. It also stops the growth of body odour causing bacteria.
It promotes healthy & clear skin. The menthol in peppermint oil cools tired skin, brightens dull skin & helps to control excess oil production. By controlling and eliminating excess oil on the skin, peppermint oil can help prevent acne & clogged pores.
Lemon juice
It is acidic in nature with exfoliating properties helping to peel away the skin???s top layer, thereby removing existing pigmentation or dark spots.
How to use product
Soulflower soap comes in large bar sizes; you should cut how much you need and store the unused soap in a cool dry place. This way you can make your , soap last for a long time. Keep the soap in a soap dish, so that water drains away & the soap is dry when not in use. Does not contain artificial hardeners & preservatives. Store in a cool dry place for longer shelf life.
Explore more from our Herbal Hand/Foot Cream collection here
Expiry Date : Click Here December 2018
All our products are far from expiry, and procured directly from the brand/authorized resellers of the brand.
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Have a question on this product? Write a question and earn 100 reward points.
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text:
Here's the schedule for Sunday, the final day of the 2014 Sundance Film Festival:
Eccles Theatre, Park City:
10 a.m.: "To Kill a Man" (World Cinema Dramatic Grand Jury Prize winner).
1 p.m.: "Rich Hill" (U.S. Documentary Grand Jury Prize Winner).
3:30 p.m.: "Whiplash" (U.S. Dramatic Grand Jury Prize Winner).
6 p.m.: "Whiplash" (U.S. Dramatic Audience Award Winner).
Egyptian Theatre, Park City:
1:30 p.m.: "Nick Offerman, American Ham" (Premieres)
4:30 p.m.: "Lilting" (World Cinema Dramatic, Cinematography Award)
Library Center Theatre, Park City:
10:30 a.m.: "Fishing Without Nets" (U.S. Dramatic, Directing Award)


text:
Totally recommend this hotel. The staff were the nicest and friendliest I have come across anywhere. Maybe its the São Luis way but they are awesome. Nice room, good air con, good prices in the minibar, honestly nothing here to complain about. Go, stay, enjoy :)
On the doorstep of some of the coolest bars in Sao Luis. Very clean hotel and well priced.
The staff made a sincere attempt to be helpful. The hotel is located between the center of town and the beach so it is somewhat convenient even though its actual location is not very interesting. Breakfast was pretty good. A good value as Holiday Inn next door cost twice as much. As is the case in much of Brazil, very few of the staff spoke any English. Rooms were sparse with no carpet. My room was very noisy both from air conditioner and from shaft to outside.
The staff was helpful,but spoke very little english.Our 1st room faced the street extremely noisy.Ask for a room in the back.Staff moved us quickly into a bigger room.


text:
Investigators start work at scene of factory fire
Fire investigators are just getting started as they trying to determine how and exactly where and how a four-alarm fire started Sunday night.
The fire at a warehouse near State and Van Buren burned into Monday morning and lit up the sky on the city's southeast side. The eerie glow could be seen for miles.
The investigation will be difficult and dangerous. Arson detectives aren't going inside the destroyed factory until air test results and city structural engineers give them the okay. The roof is caved in, walls have separated and daylight shines through some of the brick walls.
On Tuesday, assessment of the building at 1545 E Van Buren St. continued as the Department of Code Enforcement(DCE) moved forward with the evaluation of the structural integrity of the building. Engineers have determined that several of the walls will need to be secured or torn down before anyone can go inside.
IFD/IMPD fire investigators are on scene doing preliminary investigative work outside the structure. Certified Fire Investigators (CFI) from the Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) Regional Office are in town and working with local investigators on the initial examination of the fire scene from the outside.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is conducting sampling testing of debris that fell out of the building during the fire. They will also review any EPA information available prior to the fire with regard to air quality inside the building.
Indianapolis Fire Department Capt. Rita Burris looked it over on Monday.
"There's a definite possibility of possibility of collapse. It's better safe than sorry," she said.
The century-old building, nearly a block long, erupted in flames Sunday night. Neighbors were startled by how fast a little smoke turned into such a huge fire.
A woman standing on her front steps pointed and waved her arms.
"We started seeing the flames. It was crazy," she said, her voice full of excitement. "It went like, 'click click, click click'."
It took four alarms and more than six hours for firefighters to get the flames under control. Nearby residents were asked to leave for their own safety. One fireman, overcome by heat, was taken to the hospital, treated and released.
The Holcomb and Hoke Manufacturing Company flourished on the city's southeast side for more than 100 years. The company closed several years ago, during the recession. A company story online says the once sprawling site produced a variety of products, including popcorn popping machines, refrigeration equipment, military hardware, folding room dividers and more.
City records show years of overdue taxes totaling more than $160,000. For six years, inspectors have issued citations for weeds, trash, and unsecured buildings. Fire inspectors were here twice this year.
Suggested Links
"Once in March and once in July," said Burris. "They made an attempt both times to inspect the building, but were unable to gain access to the building."
Last year, a tax sale didn't attract a single buyer. Unfortunately, the fire occurred just as city officials were ready to strike a deal with developers promising new life and a new use for the old, unused property. The plan was to turn the old factory into 70 units for senior citizens to live.
City officials planned to finalize the deal Thursday. Now, they don't know whether the developer will want to go ahead as planned or if they will have to find yet another new use for the old industrial site.


text:
Nomination Form & Guidelines
The Coach demonstrates an effective leadership style through an athletic program that promotes:
Development (80%), Fun (12%), Winning (8%)
Athletes first, winning second
• Opportunities to succeed scholastically, physically and socially
• Opportunities to show respect, discipline, citizenship for self and others
• Opportunities to utilize skills and knowledge for life-long fitness
• Opportunities to learn game skills and strategies
The coach:
• must be aware that he or she has tremendous influence, either good or bad, in the education of the student athlete and, thus shall never place the value of winning above the value of instilling the highest desirable ideals of character.
• must constantly uphold the honor and dignity of the profession. In all personal contact with the student athletes, officials, athletic directors, school administrators, the state and high school athletic association, the media, and the public, the coach shall strive to set an example of the highest ethical and moral conduct.
• shall take and active role in the prevention of drug, alcohol and tobacco abuse and under no circumstances should authorize their use.
• shall not try to seek an advantage by circumvention of the spirit or letters of the rules.
• shall actively use their influences to enhance sportsmanship by their spectators, working closely with cheerleaders, pep clubs sponsors, booster clubs and administrators.
• shall show respect and support for game officials—not indulge in conduct which will incite players or spectators against the officials. Public criticism of officials or players is unethical.


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In November 1993, the Freedom From Religion Foundation Denver chapter, with the national organization, successfully went to court to enjoin the Denver mayor's office from cosponsoring a National Day of Prayer against Violation on Dec. 5, 1993. The Court enjoined the mayor from "any further endorsement, promotion, sponsorship or support of the Day of Prayer."
Ruling (pdf) by Judge John N. McMullen, District Court, in FFRF, Colorado Chapter of FFRF, Robert H. Fenn and Lee Whitfield v. City and County of Denver, Colo., Wellington Web,b, Mayor of Denver. Case No. 93 CV 6056


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Canadian Man Awarded Daughter's Full Guardianship Jakob Letkemann faced the biggest challenge of his–or maybe anyone's–life: the battle for custody of his three-year old daughter, Darian. He struggled through exhausting and heartrending court battles, during which time the 40-year old resident of Salt Spring Island, located off the west coast of British Columbia, found...
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- Edward Stephens, MD/Psychiatry
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A Note To PR People From The Bloggers
An article by Eric Karjaluto on his blog IdeasOnIdeas resounded very well with us in the office. In his post he provides some suggestions on how PR people can share information with bloggers without pissing them off. He says right now PR people seem to see email in the same way people used to use fax – blast it to as many writers as possible in the hope that someone might pick it up and write about it.
Every week I receive a handful of emails from PR firms, wanting me to write about something they're helping promote. I rarely do so for them, but it's not that I wouldn't. It's just that their tactics suck. They sell their clients on the notion of "blogger relations" but in fact, they're treating email like a fax machine. They send the same generic message out to a ton of bloggers, piss everyone off in the process, and then bill their client for doing so. (Nice.)
I've connected with a lot of bloggers over the past few years and as such, I'm continually baffled by how tough a time PR firms have doing the same. As you know, I've called a few of them out for their bad practices in the past, but today, I thought I'd share some tips on how you can build links with people who blog.
His tips include 'Remember that bloggers are people'; 'Ask for permission', 'Double, triple, quadruple check'; and 'Thank people'. As you can see from the image above, we think this advice is very timely.
ideasonideas – Eric Karjaluoto discusses design, brands and experience » Blog Archive » How to keep bloggers from hating you


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Descendants of JMW Turner are on the warpath. They are threatening to sue for the return of £7bn-worth of Turner pictures which were left to the nation, but which, they feel, have not been properly cherished.
The Independent Turner Society has joined the fray, organising a petition to Parliament calling for a public inquiry into the bequest, the failure to honour the terms of which has been the subject of complaint ever since it was received. Signatories to the petition range from artists such as Ronald Searle and Quentin Blake, writers and critics including John Mortimer, members and former staff of the Royal Academy and others including Lord Coleridge, Viscountess Bridgeman and, er, Cliff Michelmore.
The society's Selby Whittingham accuses the Tate, which shares the bequest with the National Gallery (in itself a difficulty, as Turner wanted his paintings to be displayed together), of not keeping its promises over the positioning of Turner's works.
He and the Turner family, many of whom live in America (all the legitimate heirs are currently being traced) are also unhappy about the painter's name being associated with the Turner Prize, regularly awarded to artists whose work tends to be, shall we say, rather 'modern'.
A top silk, Leolin Price QC, has been advising Whittingham and the family, who are close to securing the financial backing necessary to pursue such a potentially expensive case.
Mr Price acted on behalf of members of the Mond family who were unhappy with the National Gallery's treatment of the bequest left by ICI founder Ludwig Mond. 'It is outrageous that the nation should benefit from the paintings without compliance with the conditions,' Price tells me.
Give that man an ear trumpet
A new book, Hot Jazz, Warm Feet, by trumpeter and biographer John Chilton sheds new light on the comic genius of the great George Melly, whose long-time support band was led by Chilton. In the 1980s, Melly's hearing grew steadily worse, lending a surreal quality to the repartee he enjoyed with the audience. 'Aren't you embarrassed?' called a heckler at one gig. 'I am plainly here and not in Paris,' replied Melly.
Perhaps the most bizarre exchange occurred at a show outside London, when the singer inquired of a middle-aged fan whether she lived locally. 'Yes,' she said, 'but I spent several years in Uxbridge.' 'You poor soul,' sympathised Melly. 'My heart goes out to you. To have undergone such terror and tragedy and still to be able to smile is remarkable.'
The woman was startled, but managed to say: 'It wasn't quite as bad as that.' 'Such bravery,' whispered Melly, his voice almost choked with emotion. It eventually turned out he thought the woman had said Auschwitz.
Seen my loofah?
Gordon Brown's friendship with Alan Greenspan, the former chairman of the Federal Reserve, has long puzzled many observers. Now, as Greenspan drops hints over what is in The Age of Turbulence, his forthcoming memoir about his 18 years as one of the most powerful men in America, a clue. Most of the book, admits Greenspan, was written longhand while sitting in his bath. The Chancellor shares this offhand approach to ablutions: in his bachelor days, visitors to his flat famously found his bath filled to the brim with dreary economics books.
Since when has a fish finger been art?
Later this month, one of the stranger ensembles of contemporary artists, the Neo-Naturists, is reuniting for a show at the England & Co gallery in London's Notting Hill. The group, whose members included Grayson Perry, Christine and Jennifer Binnie and Wilma Johnson, were known for practising a rather esoteric form of performance art in the early Eighties.
When film-maker Derek Jarman held a book launch in Regent's Park, the Neo-Naturists brought along an inflatable swimming pool. After it was set up (and they had stripped off), they cooked some fish fingers, peed in the pool and then threw copies of Jarman's book into the water. Apparently, the author was delighted.
Elaine Paige can drive you to drink
Guests arriving at the Novello Theatre for the opening of Elaine Paige's musical, The Drowsy Chaperone, were confronted with trays of free gin and tonics. Strong g and ts at that. Was it a tactic to make sure the audience was in a jolly mood and therefore more likely to laugh? One national critic, who thought the show 'lamentably unfunny', tells me he thought it as likely to send the audience to sleep. It's a hazard of which theatre directors need to be well aware. Pendennis well remembers going to the New End Theatre in Hampstead for the premiere of a new Arnold Wesker play, during which the pauses were punctuated by a strange rumbling sound. When the lights went up for the interval, the eruptions could be traced to the contentedly snoozing figure of the late Sheridan Morley.
Francis, do a wheelie for us
It's important to set a good example, Pendennis has always thought, even if doing so involves personal sacrifice, a sentiment with which Francis Maude would no doubt agree. Traditionally, the Tory party chairman is provided with a chauffeur-driven car, a perk no other shadow minister enjoys. And Maude is quite the motor-enthusiast, buying himself a flashy Jaguar XJS a few years ago in what he jokingly referred to as 'a midlife crisis'. But it seems that Maude has been 'encouraged' to adopt a more eco-friendly form of transport. Following in the tyre-tracks of David Cameron and George Osborne, Maude has recently been seen parking a beaten-up mountain bike in the House of Commons racks. Unlike the Tory leader and shadow chancellor, who speed along clad in streamlined sportsgear, Maude does not appear to take naturally to two wheels. 'He was in a suit and on a bike too small for him,' says an observer. 'He looked ridiculous.' A passing Tory MP called out to Maude by the bike racks: 'So it's true, then?' Replied a glum Maude: 'Yes, it's true.'
Boney of contention
Fascinating to learn at Conrad Black's trial in Chicago how the ex-Telegraph proprietor managed to spend $4.5m furnishing his Park Avenue apartment to 'appropriate habitable condition': $17,000 on a music system and $12,000 on a commode were only the start of it. As expected, Napoleonic memorabilia featured, as the French emperor is one of Black's great heroes. No word yet, though, on Napoleon's preserved membrum virile, which scurrilous rumours have long suggested is the piece de resistance, as it were, of Black's collection.
Vietnam's loss is London's gain
Westminster Cathedral hosts the world premiere of Missa Mirabilis by Stephen Hough this morning. It's some consolation for Hough, one of the UK's most distinguished pianists and composers, after his invitation to perform at the prestigious Hennessey concert series in Hanoi next year was withdrawn because he had written an article for the Tablet magazine about being both homosexual and Catholic.
Chillingly, the organisers told Hough that they 'couldn't guarantee his safety'. When Rowan Atkinson began a Not the Nine O'Clock News skit with the words: 'Are you a gay Christian?', it was supposed to be a joke. Evidently not in today's Vietnam.


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Jackson-area residents will have an opportunity to hear Dr. Shirley Raines, president of the University of Memphis, discuss the University when she speaks at a lunch meeting Tuesday, Jan. 24, in Jackson.
The meeting will be held at Premier Place, 2644 North Highland Avenue from 11:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. The cost to attend is $15 per person, which includes the meal.
The public is invited. The meeting is sponsored by the U of M Alumni Association.
Reservations are necessary and must be made no later than Wednesday, Jan. 18 by calling the U of M Alumni Office at 901-678-3119 or 800-678-TRAX (8729).
News & Events


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We work on the fundamentals of designing novel multi-enzyme reaction networks for the production of high-value-added chemicals in vivo and in vitro.
Design of novel bioprocess schemes for the manufacturing of novel fine chemical and pharmaceutical products.
Conception and development of technologies for the removal of bottlenecks encountered in biotechnology in the course of process development and bioproduct discovery.
Increasing versatility in genetic variant construction requires smart design and analysis of DNA libraries. With our software approaches we address this close to applications in our lab.
Biotechnology thrives on the interface of engineering and molecular life sciences. This is its characteristic feature and its raison d'être. The biological systems we are dealing with are complex and designing them and designing the processes in which they play a key role are some of the crucial tasks of the chemistry, health, and energy industries in this century. The Bioprocess Lab wants to do contribute decisive research to this quest.


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CableTV.com Recommends DIRECTV for your TV service
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Many major TV networks are available with just about any package, regardless of your location. However, the lesser-known channels and local programming offered with TV packages in Westville will differ from those offered by similar packages in nearby cities. That's why it's so important to look at more than just price when choosing the best cable company in Westville, SC for your home. If you want to ensure that you never miss the shows you love and the Carolina Panthers and coverage you crave, a premier package is the way to go. CableTV.com makes it easy to sort through the highest rated providers available in Westville. You can conveniently compare providers and packages based on programming, extra features, and other offers—all in one place!
CableTV.com has the information you need to find the perfect TV provider. CableTV.com offers complete ratings of area TV providers, which we use to recommend a top-rated cable company in Westville, SC based on important factors like dependability and superior customer service. Following these recommendation means you're more likely to find a reliable cable service that also offers great customer support.


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Women Without Men, directed by Shirin Neshat, looks at the visually evocative and at times interspersing lives of four women in Iran in the early 1950s. It is a time of political unrest, as Prime Minister Mossadegh faced increasing opposition from US and British-backed movements. The film explores the women's relationships with men and their understanding of sexuality, friendship, faith, and political involvement. It is based on Shahrnush Parsipur's Women Without Men: A Novel of Modern Iran, f … [Read more...]
Within a Dream World: A Look at "Women Without Men"
November 29, 2010 by


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Hotels in Bridgend
Bridgend Hotels
M4 J36 Motorway, Bridgend, Glamorgan Bridgend - Bridgend, United Kingdom
44 Coity Road, Bridgend, CF31 1LR Bridgend - CF31 1LR, Bridgend, United Kingdom
The Trip, Ewenny Vale of Glamorgan, Bridgend, CF35 5BZ Bridgend - CF35 5BZ, Bridgend, United Kingdom
Tondu Road, Bridgend, CF31 4LJ Bridgend - CF31 4LJ, Bridgend, United Kingdom
The Trip, Ewenny Vale of Glamorgan Bridgend - CF35 5BZ, Bridgend, United Kingdom
St. Brides Road Ewenny Bridgend - CF35 5AX, Bridgend, United Kingdom
Bryngarw House and Country Park Brynmenyn Bridgend - CF32 8UU, Bridgend, United Kingdom
Located in the heart of South Wales, the county borough of Bridgend covers an area of 285 square kilometers and has a total population of around 130,000. The main towns in the county are Bridgend, Maesteg, and the seaside town of Porthcawl. The town of Bridgend, situated midway between Cardiff and Swansea, lies on the River Ogmore, and the River Ewenny also passes to the south of the town. Aside from its wide range of shops, hotels and restaurants, visitors can see the old stone bridge after which the town is named, built around 1425, the old police station and magistrates court, built in 1880, and the Wyndham Arms which dates back to the 15th century, when it was an important coaching inn in the area. Maesteg, which is dominated by its spectacular Town Hall, is an ancient market town whose origins can be traced back to the establishment of iron making in the late 1820's.


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Jay Baruchel says the pilot he's developing for ABC is based on a "thinly veiled" version of himself, with at least one crucial difference.
"He's a bit more famous than I am," the down-to-earth Montreal native said with a laugh Wednesday in an interview during the Toronto International Film Festival.
Well, that and the fact that a U.S. network likely wouldn't bite on a show based in Baruchel's beloved Montreal, so he opted for Burlington, Vt.
"The American town geographically closest to Montreal," Baruchel explains, cracking a wry smile. "We would have [set it in Montreal] if we could."
Otherwise, many details are rooted in the experiences of the 31-year-old star of This Is the End and Goon .
The show revolves around an actor who falls "ass-backwards into a rom-com career in L.A., " but who never wanted to be famous.
"All he wants to do is write this 12-volume history of Burlington," Baruchel explains. "So finally once he's made all his money, he says goodbye to fame and fortune or whatever, Hollywood, moves back home to Burlington, buys a house down the street from his mother, moves his two best friends from high school in with him and – ideally – hilarity ensues."
While Baruchel concedes he would have loved to set it in Montreal – where he does live near his mother and friends – he says Burlington offered opportunities of its own.
"[It's] really one of the world's weirdest places and Burlington is a very strange town, supercolourful, superinteresting," he said.
The actor is in town to promote director Jonathan Sobol's The Art of the Steal. The film stars Kurt Russell as a fading motorcycle daredevil trying to forget a previous life as a master thief that landed him extended prison time. However, he's soon lured into a cross-border heist plot that would seem to hinge upon his capacity to trust his duplicitous brother Nicky (Matt Dillon).
Baruchel plays Russell's inept, motor-mouthed confidant, and relished working with a starry cast that also included Terence Stamp and Jason Jones of The Daily Show.
The heist caper is much more lighthearted than much of the comparatively heavy prestige fare that populates the film festival, and Baruchel suspects that could allow the movie to stand out.
"It does help us infinitely because … there's a lot of incredibly taxing, heavy content in this festival and then you see ours and it's a good time, man," he said. "There's a place for both types of movies."
Added Sobol: "Hats off to TIFF for beginning to do that, which is realizing that there's many different types of filmic behaviour."
The Toronto International Film Festival runs through Sunday.Report Typo/Error


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And Now, A Few Costly Words From Our Sponsor
Hey, aren't the TV networks supposed to be in the doldrums these days, their audiences siphoned off by cable and the Net? That's not what Aaron Cohen found. Cohen, executive vice-president of New York-based Horizon Media Inc., will end up buying $390 million worth of ads this year for such clients as Boston Chicken, Geico Insurance, and Sony's Columbia-Tri Star studio. Even as early as last month, as he was looking to buy a string of spots for a client, Cohen found prices only climbing. "We ended up spending a goodly few millions," says Cohen. "It sure didn't turn out to be cheap."
Today, there are few cheap buys as ad executives scurry to buy time in the so-called scatter market, the estimated 25% of available commercial time that wasn't sold before the season traditionally starts in September. And this year, fueled by a rush of high-tech companies marketing everything from computers to E-commerce sites, those commercial time slots are more in demand than ever. Half-minute spots during hot shows like Fox Television Network's Ally McBeal and CBS Corp.'s Everybody Loves Raymond are fetching twice what they went for in September (table). It doesn't seem to matter that overall ratings are down this year by 5% for the five largest networks. When it comes to getting the biggest bang for the ad buck, the networks are still seen in almost every U.S. home, averaging 7 million homes a show, vs. 4.8 million for cable's top-ranked shows, featuring wrestling.
CASH TO BURN. Advertising and network marketing executives say it's the convergence of several trends. A still-strong economy has brought consumer- product companies, auto makers, and Hollywood studios into the market for additional ad buys. They are bumping up against high-tech companies using cash from a white-hot stock market to buy network ads for quick national exposure for their products--and their stocks. Among the most active, say industry executives, are Amazon.com, eBay, Cisco Systems, and Yahoo! "It's the best of all worlds for us," says Jon Nesvig, executive vice-president of marketing for Fox.
Not all networks are sharing in the action, however. Because networks traditionally sell some of their scatter spots at discounts to compensate ad buyers when their ratings don't hit projections, some networks have fewer to sell than others. ABC and NBC, for instance, held back some spots for so-called make-goods, say insiders. That has put even more pressure on prices for available spots on the hot teen network WB, whose ratings are up 6% this year, and on Fox. Also enjoying a fat scatter market is CBS. Its ratings are off 8%, but its performance beat the rating guarantees it had given to advertisers before the season started, what with the return of National Football League football and the success of shows like Raymond.
Although their audience is more splintered, cable networks are also riding the ad gravy train. They continue to see strong overall growth, picking up 12% more prime-time viewers, according to the Cable Advertising Bureau. Ted Turner's TBS and TNT networks are seeing ad sales growth of 20% to 30% over spots they sold before September, says Joe Uva, president of Turner Entertainment Co.'s sales and marketing unit.
LITTLE SLACK. Advertisers now worry that the market will stay hot through the summer, when networks begin selling spots for the September season. Last year, the four major networks sold $6 billion in up-front ads, about $100 million less than in 1997, although networks negotiated a small increase for each additional thousand viewers they could attract. This year, the networks will likely push for double-digit increases in the cost-per-thousand (CPM) rate. "These guys are never easy to deal with. So now, when you're negotiating, they're not going to give you much," says Bill Croasdale, president of Western Initiative Media, a Los Angeles-based media buyer.
The annual mating dance between network executives and the ad community usually starts by late May. That's when the networks unveil their new shows for September. But Jed Petrick, WB's executive vice-president for media sales, says that "we're already getting calls from folks who want to make deals for September." Slow season? Not this year.


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Do you personally like or hate the DH? I hate it, because in team sports, I think either all players should be required to play both offense and defense (i.e., basketball and real baseball played in the NL) or no players should be required to play both (i.e., football). I don't think it's right to have some players (in this case the pitcher and DH) exempt from playing both ways while requiring it from all the other position players.
What do you guys think of the DH? I'd imagine most Reds fans are against it since they are in the NL. Why do you like or not like it?


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Laws, Regulations & Annotations
Property Taxes Law Guide – Revision 2017
Revenue and Taxation Code
Property Taxation
Part 2. Assessment
Chapter 3. Assessment Generally
Article 6. Assessment Roll
Section 607
607. Land and improvements. Land and improvements thereon shall be separately assessed.
Leasehold improvements.—Where lessee savings and loan association made improvements on leased buildings, such improvements were subject to assessment and tax. Citizens' Federal Savings & Loan Ass'n v. City and County of San Francisco, 202 Cal.App.2d 358.
A tenant, under a lease which does not provide for tax payment and which authorizes the tenant to construct improvements upon the property which the tenant may remove during the term of the lease, is liable for the increased taxes caused by the improvements. Lawrence v. F. W. Woolworth Co., 63 Cal.2d 119.
Delayed assessment.—Where a county assessor made a delayed assessment on improvements that he believed had escaped assessment, the delayed assessment was valid in that the improvements were to be assessed separately from the land itself. Jensen v. Byram, 229 Cal.App.2d 651.
Note.—See Constitution, Article XIII, Section 13.