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The sale of alcoholic beverages on election days in McCracken County outside Paducah will continue to be prohibited.
Fiscal Court members heard the second reading of ordinance 2014-2, which would reintroduce the prohibition on election day alcohol sales, and held a public forum Tuesday night. The court then voted 3-1, with Commissioner Zana Renfro opposed, to prohibit the retail sale of alcohol on primary, general, local option or special election days.
"My decision was conflicted between my personal beliefs and my job as a county commissioner," Renfro said. "My heart said one thing and my head said another."
Judge-Executive Van Newberry said following the vote: "We listened and gave consideration to both sides, but in the end it wasn't a lot of time to miss out on and the law has been on the books so long. I thought it was best to continue it."
Commissioners heard the first reading of the proposed measure on March 10 and approved the alcoholic beverage control licensing requirements in February. Each county can permit or prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages when the polls are open, from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., on all election days. Paducah passed the full legislation, which allows election days sales, in December.
During the open forum, five residents who supported the measure to eliminate election day sales, and three members of a collation of business owners in McCracken County who would be impacted, spoke.
Residents for the ban listed the low number of days per year that businesses would be affected, the historical precedent and the dangers of increased road traffic.
"Make a decision with your beliefs, what is the right thing to do and what's best for the county," resident Henry Hillman said.
Susan Engdahl, owner of Show-Me's, presented two petitions - one signed by 17 businesses including restaurants, wineries and liquor stores within the county and another by about 700 county residents and other patrons. She cited the unfair business advantages and loss of revenue caused from allowing businesses in the city to sell alcohol but barring those in the county.
"You are pushing the customers a mile down the road to the city where it is available," she said. "This won't decide if people can purchase liquor but where they can purchase it."
Mike Roof, of Roof Brothers Wine and Spirits and Blake Anderson, of Five Star Food Mart, both said the ordinance would cause confusion among customers with some locations in the city and others in the county.
In other meeting business, McCracken Jailer Bill Adams presented the 2014-2015 preliminary jail budget. Adams said in his nine years in office he has been able to lower the budget each year. Next year's budget features a decrease of $30,000 in prisoner bedding and telephone funds. Along with the cost of living increase mandated by the state, the proposed budget has a 0.79 percent increase.
Chad Chancellor, president and CEO of Paducah Economic Development, was named the county liaison for the Infiniti Building on Commerce Drive following an executive session. The court set a workshop for 6 p.m. April 3 at the courthouse to discuss proposals submitted to provide the county information technology (IT) service. Newberry also issued a proclamation that named April 2014 as Child Abuse Prevention Month in the county.
Contact Kathleen Fox, a Paducah Sun staff writer, at 270-575-8651 or follow @kathleendfox on Twitter.
Check out these recently discussed stories and voice your opinion...


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I'm just going to put out the info for you to decide.
If you are unfamiliar with the late Senator from Ohio Mike Dewine he was the same person defeated in election by Sherrod Brown the progressive in 2006.
There is a reason for this. Mike Dewine has a terrible record. He is a moderate Republican at best - more like a liberal - who sold out legislation for the populous vote. He has no principles and is a true RINO.
Here is a link to the voting issues of Mike Dewine http://www.ontheissues.org/Senate/Mike_Dewine.htm
Mike Dewine has received a grade of "F" from the NRA and he is totally anti-2nd Amendment.
It's your choice but for me I would rather have the current AG Richard Cordray as the new Ohio AG given the present choices.
UPDATE!! Steve Christopher a christian conservative, NRA Life Member, lawyer and judge has thrown his hat into the race for Ohio Attorney General running against RINO Mike Dewine.
Check out a note sent from his wife, Jill, to All Patriots :smt1099 http://www.resistnet.com/group/ohior...msg_group_disc

subset: commoncrawl


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2471 Remington Court, Shelbyville MI, 49344
Sold Price:
3 beds , 2 Full baths
1,906 sqft
Status: Closed
Last Updated: 6/26/2017 12:29 PM
Description for 2471 Remington Court Shelbyville, MI 49344
Sable Homes London floor plan offers something for everyone. This home's main floor features a very open floor plan that has an incredibly spacious living room that flows in to the dining space and also your chef kitchen. This large kitchen is designed with you in mind from the granite island, hard wood cabinetry, and a dishwasher! Also, on the main floor is the spacious master bedroom with adjacent door to the full bath. In the lower level there is an additional family room, a laundry room, a full bath and two large bedrooms! Home also is 5+ star energy rated to save you on your monthly heating and cooling bills. Just a short walk to the Gun Lake public access. Home is move-in ready! Numerous Sable models available to see in surrounding Sable neighborhoods.
Sold Price:
Sold Date:07/31/2015
Wayland Twp
2 Full
1,906 (approx)
Listing Information
Wayland Twp
Other, Public Sewer
School Information
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Island, Eat-In Kitchen
Interior Features
Central Air
Gas Heat, Forced Air
Basement, Daylight
Garden Window, Screened
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Attached Garage, 2 Car Garage
130 x 234 x 188 x 146
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S - 131 exit 59 to 124th Ave. 124th Ave East to Patterson. Patterson North to Berreta Dr. Berreta Dr west to Browning Dr. Browning Dr north to Remington Ct.
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Shelbyville is located in Michigan. Shelbyville, Michigan 49344 has a population of 3,959.
The median household income in Shelbyville, Michigan 49344 is $54,684. The median household income for the surrounding county is $52,472 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in Shelbyville 49344 is 47.1 years.
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At the request of Pedro Bessa it gives my huge pleasure to announce that Gracie Barra Black Belt Leopoldo Pires has made the decision to join Pedro Bessa Brazilian Jiujitsu team. Leo has decided to part company with Mario Reis (Gracie Barra), since moving to the UK full time it has meant that he has been unable to train under Mario due to Mario's unavailability in the UK. As such Leo has decided to join his long time training partner and friend Pedro Bessa.
Pedro said: Leo and I have been training together on and off for a while as well as being friends, therefore him and his guys are more than welcome to the Pedro Bessa team! I believe the addition will not only increase the training level for competitions but also widen the family as we now have a place in London to train!
With immediate effect Leo's academy in London is now part of the Pedro Bessa Brazilian Jiujitsu team and we all compete and under one banner "Pedro Bessa Brazilian Jiujitsu".


text: As one of the greenest citites in the nation, New York City is known as being a sustainable urban trail blazer, whether it's through turning aging infrastructure into world class parks or passing groundbreaking green building legislation. So it's no surprise that the Big Apple is filled with sustainable architecture, but you may not realize that many of the city's most recognizable skyscrapers are LEED certified and feature a slew of green technologies. The iconic Empire State Building, the rising One World Trade Center, and the dazzling blue Hearst Building are just a few of NYC's ecotastic towers — hit the jump to see the top six!


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[Date Index]
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forward link : Re: Mandelbrot Set & Mathematica
From: Roger Bagula <tftn at e...>
To: mathgroup at smc.vnet.net
Subject: [mg48103] Programs in Mathematica
Programs in Mathematica
[ Japanese
<http://www.appmath.osaka-wu.ac.jp/%7Etakashiw/mathematica/j-ma.htm> |
English ]
Here is a collection of programs in Mathematica, whose version is 2.03
or 3.0. Most of programs are quoted from books published in Japan.
For beginners, I show how to let Mathematica run. If you double-click
the icon of Mathematica, a blank sheet will pop up. Type your code (some
symbols consisting of numbers or letters) in the blank sheet and push
the "Shift + Return" key. Then the prompt In [1]:= may appear in front
of your input. Mathematica will process the input, and generate a
result. If it prints the result out, it will label it with Out[1]=. To
exit Mathematica, push the "quit" button on the upper right corner.
* Fractals
o Dragon curve
o The Julia set
o The Koch curve
o The Mandelbrot set
Murray Eisenberg wrote:
> Can you supply the URL (so I can give proper attribution should I use this)?
> Roger L. Bagula wrote:
>>I've attached a short Mandelbrot that works
>>which I found at a Japanese site.
>>There is a Mandelbrot 3d that came with 2.2 documentastion and was on
>>the Math Source cd with information of using c programs with Mathematica.


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The Symantec Network Access Control (SNAC) 11.x seminar (combining lecture and demonstrations) is designed for the network, IT security, and systems administration professional tasked with architecting, implementing, and monitoring network access control solutions. This class covers how to design, deploy,install, configure, and monitor Symantec Network AccessControl.
Students also learn how to manage enforcer appliances and endpoint enforcement clients.
Introduction to Symantec Network Access Control (SNAC)
Installing SNAC
Configuring Self Enforcement
Introduction to Enforcers
Configuring Gateway Enforcers
Configuring DHCP Enforcers
Configuring LAN Enforcers
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Managing the Client Experience
Managing LiveUpdate
Monitoring the SNAC Environment
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01-28-2013, 12:39 PM #1On The Practice Squad
- Join Date
- Aug 2012
- Posts
- 76
Chance to win a Ray Lewis Autographed card with COA, Read
As you know, I am a huge fan of the Ravens after my boy Adrian signed with them. I have an autographed Ray Lewis card with Certificate of Authenticity, I am giving away. All you have to do to get in on the action is follow me on twitter @drocksthaparty.
I have four players on the Ravens that I speak with regularly in Gino Gradkowski, Nigel Carr, Adrian Hamilton and Deonte Thompson. The staff did a great job this year at signing the players. I am happy for them.
Thanks and good luck


text:
Pope spoof upsets Pittsburgh bishop
PITTSBURGH (AP) — The Catholic bishop of Pittsburgh has called on Carnegie Mellon University to take action against a female student who marched naked from the waist down and passed out condoms while dressed as the Pope during a parade organized by the school's arts department.
University spokesman Ken Walters told The Associated Press on Tuesday that officials do not dispute Bishop David Zubik's description of what happened, including that the woman had her pubic hair shaved in the shape of a cross.
Beyond confirming the April 18 incident, Walters reiterated a statement issued Monday: "We are continuing our review of the incident. If our community standards or laws were violated, we will take appropriate action."
Zubik and his spokesman, the Rev. Ronald Lengwin, did not immediately return a request for comment from the AP.
The bishop told KDKA-TV, which first reported his complaint: "When we're growing up we do stupid things, but to cross over the line in this instance shouldn't happen with anybody."
Zubik told the station diocesan officials learned of the student's spoof from pictures they received last week. The student has not been named.
Students contacted by the station didn't see the problem.
"It's all in good fun and it's not meant to harm anyone," student Ivy Kristov said.
"The beauty about living in America is freedom of speech and freedom of expression, and I think that falls under that category," said Kyri Baker, another student.
Zubik disagreed. "If you're going to argue from that perspective, that this is freedom of speech, God help us all," the bishop said, arguing there are larger issues at play. "What I do want to have happen is that this person can learn an important lesson that prejudice, bigotry, there's no place for it."
The university's College of Fine Arts organized the fourth annual Anti-Gravity Downhill Derby, a performance parade. The event is one of several held during the school's Spring Carnival. The carnival features buggy races in which students push handmade vehicles; the parade lampoons the buggy races.


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|Topic Review (Newest First)
It was warm with a steady breeze that cloudless evening in mid-June. We'd just crossed the stream on our way to Bermuda. The sun was near the horizon and the evening star was bright in the sky. I'd just come up to take an evening sight. As I sat on the cabin top, I could hear the rush of the water and the wind in the rigging; I could smell dinner cooking in the galley.
Then Joey, in the cockpit began to play Shenandoah on his harmonica.
I just sat there, lost in the moment.
It was almost as if the powers that be had scripted the perfect sailing moment and presented it to us as a gift.
There have been many other moments of joy and terror, but nothing to quite equal the perfection of that June evening.
I bet that was gorgeous! I love squid and octopuses but would never want to be in the water with the big guys!
In the gulf of mexico I saw some unusual glowing objects and still don't know what it was. It was a moonless night and the phosphorescence were so active it seemed like you could see the breaking waves from horizon to horizon. The first URGO ( Unidentified Round Glowing Object for you civilians out there) was about 15-20 ft diameter. We passed so close to it that I thought to myself wow! glad I didnt hit that sleeping whale but it was too round for a whale. In fact, it was almost perfectly round and the surface had imperfections like freckles (some area dimmer than others), it was defiantly solid not just a glob of phosphorescence. It was stationary in the water, very near the surface say five feet. We sailed on and I spotted another one but it was smaller and deeper maybe 20 feet down and only about 10 feet in diameter. Ive racked my brain trying to imagine what it was, Submarine? Submerged oil platform? It seemed organic Giant Squid? Giant jellyfish?
1) Green flash - I was always sceptical until we saw it about 900nm out from San Diego. Never saw it before or since - just the once.
2) A light show about 50m under water - about 2:00am - flashing lights of subtely different colours flashing quite brightly. It was so unusual I went and woke up the others on the boat and we watched it for about an hour. Sometimes the flashes were bright enough to reflect off the side of the boat! We only discovered some time later that the source was a shoal (?) of giant squid that use flashing light in their bodies apparently to disorientate their prey during attacks but we have also heard it said (National Geographic) that they use the flashes to communicate. I think if we had known that we would have been more circumspect about hanging over the side of the boat watching!! About 500nm east of the Kermadec Islands. See it here: BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Large squid lights up for attack
You guys are a hoot.
Shark week on the discovery channel, sleep with a night light
This thread reminds of a reoccurring dream similar to Oceangirl's description, only mine was a shark...looking down on me like some tasty soft morsel in a hard shell, the sharks smile always woke me up! Guess that doesn't count...
I've only had one 'true' offshore experience, a 1200 nm passage from the Bahamas to St. Thomas...seven hundred nm due east to pick up the trades, then into the islands. Two man crew, 4 on 4 off, so there was a couple clear nights with opportunities to watch the masts do their little dance with the Milky Way. A man could easily just lay back in awe and choke on his own spit at this awesome site. Don't ask how I know. Truely privileged viewing.
What was so unsettling for me, was just the opposite of the other's experience. For the entire passage, we never saw one bird, fish or turtle until nearing St. Thomas. Luck of the draw, I suppose. Anyway, we experienced some of the same conditions OG described and with my reoccurring dream in mind, I searched the waves above for my shark. Didn't happen...and I've never had that dream again.
|We're gonna need a bigger boat!
Damn straight lad. I've got a scar I can show ya from when the USS Sheboigan went down in our lake....
Sorry Ocean. I'll leave now.
|Those ripple carps are scary. Sometimes that carp he looks right into ya. Right into your eyes. And, you know, the thing about a ripple carp... he's got lifeless eyes. Black eyes. Like a doll's eyes. When he comes at ya, doesn't seem to be living... until he bites ya, and those black eyes roll over white and then... ah then you hear that terrible high-pitched screamin'.
Gaaaaaaaaa! It's PAINKILLER!
He is aliiiiiiiiiiiiiiive!
(Sorry - that's all I got. I sail in a lake. Maybe a carp in a ripple?)
Originally Posted by oceangirl View Post
I was thinking about how many stories we swap about fun times, hardship, repairs, even scary times and I thought to try to start a thread focusing on a beautiful offshore experience. Ive never started a thread before and I am new to this web forum thingy stuff so I hope this is okay.
Here is one of the many times God has knocked my socks off while sailing offshore.
One day in the Atlantic, I was sailing along with seas off the beam, my boat fell off an especially large wave into a trough. In the trough, we were surrounded by a wall of deep blue water about as high as the spreaders (beautiful!). Anyways, it was a bright sunny day, we fell off this big wave into a trough, and off my beam in the wall of the next wave is a 20 ft pilot whale. The whale was above me looking down into the cockpit, and I was looking up at him into the wave. He was maybe 15 feet away, running parallel to the boat, his head even with the cockpit. I had the pilot whales complete profile from nose to tail and our eyes met! Never in all my imagination would I of thought Id have to look up to see a whale. That is the great thing about the ocean, it defies even my wildest imagination.
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Every Wednesday columnist Craig Wilson takes another slice of American life and serves it up with his one-of-a-kind style.
Sep 11, 2012
Final Word: What a friend travelers have in Jesus
No landmark has ever been quite as impressive as the huge statue of Jesus along Interstate 75 between Cincinnati and Dayton.Read More
Sep 04, 2012
Final Word: Fall down on diet, friends will know
Do you honestly think Craig Wilson would buy a refrigerator device that squeals on those looking for late-night snacks?Read More
Aug 28, 2012
Final Word: If dawdling is an art, I'm an artist
Sorry, Ken Follett, but 'A Guide to Effective Dawdling, Lollygagging and Postponing' is Craig Wilson's kind of book.Read More
Aug 21, 2012
Final Word: Talk is cheap for some speakers
Meandering at the mike, Craig Wilson would like to think audience members, and Mom, got their $20 tickets' worth.Read More
Aug 14, 2012
Final Word: No piercings? That'll teach them
School doors will open across America soon, and with the new school year come some new rules. For teachers.Read More
Aug 07, 2012
If you ask me, even a toddler knows it's hot enough
And if one more person this summer dares to ask, Final Word's Craig Wilson just might have to take drastic measures.Read More
Jul 31, 2012
Vacation photos can be ready-to-post perfect
USA TODAY columnist Craig Wilson observes that everyone wants a great photo now so they can post it on Facebook. At what expense?Read More
Jul 24, 2012
In life marathon, Mom's way ahead of the Games
Final Word columnist Craig Wilson takes a look at the Olympics and the mothers who get their children there, or not.Read More
Jul 17, 2012
Final Word: Clothes make the man taking ballet
Columnist Craig Wilson learned ballet to write about ballet, and he looked pretty good in white T-shirt and black tights.Read More
Jul 10, 2012
Beach Boys get around, without a real Rhonda
Here we are, 50 years later, and the regrouped Beach Boys are singing their way across America again.Read More


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Hotels in St Petersburg - Lodging Guides
Given St Petersburg's billing a 'Russia's cultural capital' it's hardly surprising that the city boasts an impressive range of hotel accommodation. Whether you're looking for a baroque palace that's' fit for a Tsar or want to sample city-life staying in a local's home; there's something to suit all tastes and budgets:
Luxury hotels
St Petersburg knows a thing or two about luxury, and accommodation doesn't get much finer than the landmark Astoria Hotel. Situated opposite St Issac's Cathedral, the Astoria is an exquisite lesson in art nouveau architecture that comes with a fairly hefty price tag. However, if you just want a glimpse of how the other half live, you can take afternoon tea for a much more modest sum. Competition comes from The Grand Hotel Europe (often lauded as 'the best hotel in town') which marries 19th century architectural finesse with modern creature comforts. As far as location is concerned it's difficult to beat the Radisson SAS Royal Hotel on Nevsky Prospect, which opened for business as recently as 2001. Once inside the hotel caters for guests' every conceivable whim and some that even the most pampered individuals haven't yet thought of.
Mid-range hotels
St Petersburg has a good selection of comfortable mid-range hotels; it's just a question of knowing where to look. Standards vary enormously so it's important to have a good look around before making any commitments. The Hotel Turgenev is situated in the heart of the city and is a perennial favourite with guidebook writers. However, as the hotel has just four rooms advanced booking is essential. Most of St Petersburg's best mid-range hotels are located slightly out of the city centre, including The St Petersburg Hotel (which enjoys great views of the River Neva) and the amicable Okhtinskaya Hotel (again on the 'wrong side' of the river).
Budget hotels
Budget beds tend to fill up quickly in St Petersburg, so it's a good idea to book something before leaving the UK. St Petersburg has several agencies who can arrange for you to stay in someone's home for a fraction of the cost of a hotel room. Alternatively there are a number of decent hostels with dormitory beds, the best of which is arguably the 55 bed St Petersburg International Hostel (near Ploshchad Vosstanya Metro). If that's full try the Summer Hostel, which boasts the city's cheapest beds.
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Answers Home
» Breeds
» Breeds G-M
» Great Dane
our great dane male is 16 months and he is 35 at shoulder..is this normal
our great dane male is 16 months and he is 35 at shoulder..does he grow more.
we feed him ..cooked beef with rice in morning
and pedigree meat and rice at nights... any suggesstions in change in diet
Asked by
Member 848731
on Apr 14th 2010
in Great Dane
- Cast your vote for which answer you think is best!
I'm pretty sue the large breed dogs mature slower than the small dogs. Were you able to see the parents? That's usually an indication of how big he may get. He should be on a large breed puppy formula dog food. Once he's full grown, in about another year, then you can switch him to regular food. Try going to the Food & Nutrition forum on this site. There are very knowledgeable people there. They can give you better advice on feeding.
Jax (earned her wings 5/30/12) answered on 4/14/10. Helpful? / 0
I agree with the other poster. Large breed dogs are often not fully grown until their second birthday. I'd check with your vet about feeding. It could be that he needs to continue on large breed puppy formula for awhile longer.
Miss Buddie answered on 4/14/10. Helpful? / 0
At 16 months he's about as tall as he's going to get (mite grow a smidge more). Most of his growth from here on out will be in body bulk. He'll continue to fill out until he is between 2 and 3 years old. 35" is a pretty normal height for a male.
A really good kibble to have him on is Taste of the Wild. It is grain free and is very popular among Dane owners since many of the lines do well on it. Pedigree is a horrible food! At 16 months I wouldn't bother with a puppy food at all. He's at the age that you'd want to be switching him over to adult formulas anyway.
Another really good option is the Raw diet. My girls switched to raw about 2 months ago. They are doing sooooo much better than they did on kibble. It's a little more work and commitment, but it's soooo worth it! We'll never go back!!
Definately go check out the nutrition and raw forums. Lots of info over there!
Isy answered on 4/14/10. Helpful? / 0
Usually male Great Danes reach a height of 32 inches, and some can grow a bit taller. I'd say your Great Dane won't grow any more than what he already has, and he seems to be at the right height for his breed.
Source: Training Pet Dog Website About Great Danes & Other Breeds: www.trainpetdog.com
Member 981572 answered on 4/14/10. Helpful? / 0


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Article from the 2013-01-14
Stefan Diez is responsible for the special show "Flooring Deluxe" in the 12th – 15th January 2013 Domotex fair in Hannover. He invited further artists and designers for the presentation of the so called "Concept Rooms" in order to create crystallization points.
The special show should emphasize the essence of the grand Domotex in two central aspects. This is how the visitor gets an overview, since he often won't be able to see all the fair expositors.
The Meet/Design installation is also worth a visit, since this one brings urban inspiration, modern furniture and interior design into the heart of the largest and most important fair of carpets and grounds. This vivid design installation, showed for the first time on a fair, is a meeting point and place of inspiration for visitors as well as expositors at the same time.
Further information:


text:
James Marsden's Wife Lisa Linde Files for Divorce
Unable to make their love last forever, James Marsden is parting ways with his wife, Lisa Linde.
The "Straw Dogs" actor and the daughter of country songwriting legend Dennis Linde have filed for divorce after having been married since 200.
The split comes as the now ex-couple are parents to two children, a son and a daughter.
Not giving much detail, it was Linde who filed for divorce on September 23rd, citing irreconcilable differences.


text:
The mayor blames a software problem. The real issue, as with everything in New York, is the Yankees.
The combination of drought and political tension may have been the kindling for Syria's uprising.
A Gallup survey finds that literally every other industry is more popular than our friends in oil and gas.
Apparently, the letter we presented yesterday showing a Paul Ryan request for stimulus funds was forged, since he says he never asked for stimulus funds.
The explosion appears to have been from a pressure build-up, as opposed to combustion.
Residents have expressed concern, but spraying in other areas has not caused major problems.
Given all of the news stories about the drought, we figured a handy index was in order. Please print out and carry with you.
The global rating of 60 out of 100 barely scratches the surface on the depth of information contained in this new evaluation tool.
Canada-based Enbridge illegally chopped down about 50 trees to make way for a tar-sands pipeline — a replacement for the pipeline that caused the largest on-shore oil spill in U.S. history two years ago.


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CEE-focused venture capital firm Enterprise Investors has bought a €5.5m stake in BLStream, a software company specialising in mobile technologies.
The deal, which was financed through the firm's Enterprise Venture Fund I vehicle, will give EVF a 35 per cent stake in the company.
BLStream will use the funding to finance potential acquisitions and develop its proprietary software products, it said.
BLStream develops, produces and maintains software for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets and develops gaming content for mobile devices and gaming consoles.
Customers can use mobile devices for remote work, connecting to systems, services and data on the internet or at the company's own servers.
Founded in 1999, BLStream is based in Finland but almost all of the development work has been done by Polish IT specialists. Its applications and games are currently running in several hundred million portable devices globally.
The company has been a long-term software development partner for global communication, consumer and entertainment brands such as Intel, Nokia, Play, and BBC as well as almost all of the major players in the gaming software market.
As a result of a record increase in mobile business software, BLStream's consolidated revenues reached €10.5m last year, which represents 50 per cent growth over the previous year. The company employs around 250 IT specialists.
"The launch of smartphones, and especially tablets, has resulted in a very dynamic increase in the demand for mobile software," Tomasz Piętka, the vice president of EI who led the investment, said in a statement.
"People want to use mobile devices not only for fun and socialising, but also for work and other purposes. This trend looks set to continue, which I think will help the company triple the scale of its operations over the next four years."
Enterprise Investors is one of the largest private equity and venture capital firms in Poland and Central and Eastern Europe. Active since 1990, the firm manages funds with capital exceeding €1.7bn.
These funds have invested €1.5bn in 126 companies across a range of sectors and exited 94 companies with total proceeds of €1.7bn.
Enterprise Venture Fund I is the most recent fund in the EI group. Raised in 2008 with total capital of €100m, it is the largest fund of its type in Poland and the CEE region.
Investments typically range from €1m to €6m per project, but can exceed that amount if an investment is deemed attractive enough. BLStream is EVF's eleventh investment and the fourth technology company in its portfolio.
Copyright © 2012 AltAssets


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Regaining Compassion for Humanity and Nature by L. Charles Birch
Charles Birch is a biologist specializing in genetics, and resides in Australia. He is joint winner of the 1990 International Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion.. His teaching career includes Oxford, Columbia and the Universities of Chicago and Minnesota, as well as visiting professor of genetics at the University of California at Berkeley and professor of biology at the University of Sydney. Professor Birch has blazed new paths into the relationships between science and faith. Published originally by New South Wales University Press, New South Wales University press, 1993. This material was prepared for Religion Online by Ted and Winnie Brock.
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Porter's Creek Trail| Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Here are a few more images from another great trail in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Porter's Creek might be my favorite trail for wildflowers and that's because of one small little flower and that's the White Fringed Phacelia, or should I say millions of them !!
Walking this trail starts out with a nice gentle trail that has many of the different flowers that grace the park, but after traveling up the trail for a mile you cross over a very entertaining log bridge and then walk into a different world. All across the floor of the gorge and up the side of the mountain are millions upon millions of these little flowers, it actually looks like you had just experienced a snow fall.
It seems like it is right out of the Lord of the Rings or some other fantasy movie, it is one of the most beautiful sights I have ever seen. The actual bloom is about the size of a nickel which isn't the largest broom out there, but when you have several million growing together it makes for an incredible sight to witness.
If you ever get a chance to travel to the park in the spring this another one of those great hikes you will be glad you took. So here are a few shots from the hike, I included a macro version of one the plants and then some of the actual trail itself, thanks for stopping by and taking a look !!
Wildflowers of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
I thought it might be time to move on from the wildflowers we have here in Madison Indiana and venture on to my favorite spot to photograph and that's the The Great Smoky Mountains National Park in East Tennessee. If I could only have one place to photograph at for the rest of my life it would be here, the diversity of flora and fauna and not to mention the incredible landscape opportunities make the GSMNP a photographers dream.
This past April we made a trip down to hike and work all the great spots for wildflower images. Even though wildflowers cover nearly the entire park there are spots where if you make the trip you have to visit and these include Cove Hardwood Nature Trail, White-oak Sinks, Chimney's Top, Porters Creek and Cucumber Gap. These are all fantastic trails to view and photograph wildflowers and they are also relatively easy hikes as well !!
I won't share many images from each trail but I thought I might just share a few today and post more later. First we have some shots from Cove Hardwood Nature trail. I hope you enjoy the images and if you ever travel to the Park in the spring these trails are a must see on your visit !!
Yellow Trillium
Large Flowering Trillium
Sweet White Trillium
Wild Columbine | Clifty Falls State Park…Madison Indiana
More wildflowers, today's post is about a another hard one to photograph and that is the Wild Columbine. The Columbine is a beautiful example of a hanging wildflower that tends to grow out of large boulders and cliffs that are found in Clifty falls State Park.
The color and structure of this specimen are amazing, red and yellow colors and the hanging bell shape bloom make for a wonderful composition. The tend to bloom in late April and I find most my shoot-able subjects amongst the rocks and boulders in the canyons and gorges of Southern Indiana.
They are a wonderful subject to photograph but they tend to also be a very hard one to photograph as well. Once again a slight breeze will cause the stem to sway making for blurred images even with a tripod, so a fast shutter speed is is a must to get sharp images. Even though they can be a bear to shoot sometimes they are definitely worth the trouble and always make for a great composition.
So here are couple images of the Wild Columbine, I hope you enjoy the pics and if you get a chance to find some next spring they are definitely worth the effort to photograph them.
Bishop's Cap | Clifty falls Wildflowers
One of the coolest little wildflowers that I photograph is the Bishop's Cap (Mitrewort) this is without a doubt the smallest wildflower I have ever captured. The bloom itself is about the size of a pea and it grows on about 6 inch tall slender stems any slight air motion will cause them to sway, which makes photographing these species one of the hardest I have attempted. They bloom in early to mid April and love the deep forested canyons of Clifty falls State Park, you can also find them in the heavily forested areas that cover many parts of our county. The bloom itself is very beautiful and has a very cool structure to it.
Photographing this wildflower definitely requires a tripod and somewhat fast shutter speeds, a macro lens as well will give you the best results. And probably the most important aspect of getting the best shot is patience and lots of it. As I said before not just wind sends this subject into a shake but any air flow at all will keep this wildflower moving for long periods of time even in what you may think are calm conditions.
Here is what I think is probably my best shot to date of this little gem, I am posting the first one as the actual plant size and the second image is a cropped version and as you can tell it is a bit soft from air movement.
I hope you enjoy the images and description and thanks for stopping by !!
Larkspur | Clifty Falls State Park Madison Indiana
Here are a couple more images of one of the many wildflowers that inhabit Clifty falls State Park near Madison Indiana. Clifty Falls is one of the best parks in the state of Indiana not only for wildflowers but for the outstanding hiking, wildlife viewing and views of the many waterfalls that line the canyons and gorges of this wonderful tract of land.
Today's wildflower is the Larkspur and according to the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center…
The Larkspur is a slender, upright perennial, with unbranched stems from 1-2 ft. tall. White to pale blue, spurred flowers in a narrow cluster on a finely downy stalk. Pale blue to white, spurred flowers appear in a narrow, terminal spike. Leaves are divided and lobed into narrow segments. Basal leaves often form a winter rosette which withers before the flowers open. The Spanish name is Espuela del caballero from its resemblance to a horsemans spur.
When in flower, this midwestern species can carpet acres of prairie before the grasses take over. Plains Larkspur was once considered to be a separate species, D. virescens, but studies of variation in larkspurs have now classified it as a subspecies of the widespread Carolina Larkspur, D. carolinianum ssp. virescens. The species, with three subspecies, ranges from the eastern edge of the West to the southeastern United States. Some phases may be blue. Larkspurs intergrade among species, and flower color varies from white to pale or dark blue in some species, making them difficult to classify and identify. Most blue-flowered species have white-flowered variants, and a few are consistently white or very pale blue. The geographic range of the white-flowered Wooton's Larkspur (D. wootonii) overlaps with that of Plains Larkspur on the plains of eastern Colorado and southwestern Nebraska, but most of its range is to the south and west, to southeastern Arizona and western Texas. Wooton's Larkspur usually has leaves mostly at the base and reflexed sepals, whereas Plains Larkspur has leafy stems and spreading sepals. Also white-flowered are Alkali Larkspur (D. gypsophilum), found in the San Joaquin Valley and the southern Coast Ranges of California; Peacock Larkspur, a hybrid between D. menziesii subsp. pallidum and Cow Poison (D. trolliifolium), with brightly glandular-hairy petals, found in western Oregon; and Pale Larkspur (D. nuttallii ssp. ochroleucum), without glandular petals, found in the vicinity of Portland, Oregon.
And now for a couple images of the Larkspur, thanks for stopping by and taking a look !!


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Josh Kaufman Is "The Voice" Season 6 Champion!
Things were tense as Christina Grimmie, Josh Kaufman and Jake Worthington did their best to pull off a win in the Season 6 finale of "The Voice" last night (May 20).
And after all the viewers' votes were tallied, Team Usher scored a huge win with champion Josh Kaufman coming out on top.
Though he's a 38-year-old father-of-three these days, Josh (who won $100K and a record deal) has dreamt of pop music stardom since he competed on "Star Search" at age 16.
He explained, "I have seen it on YouTube. I don't know if that's a good thing, but it's there. I happened to have a guy hear me singing a song that I sang at my junior prom. A guy in the band helped with the talent searching for Star Search."
"It was a good experience. I think the biggest difference between then and now is I have new perspective on it. I think I felt at 16, I was like, 'Oh, I'm 16, other opportunities will come along.' I didn't really grasp ahold of it the way I probably should have. I didn't understand how big it was. Now, I do."
Photo Credit: NBC


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World Cup Betting Odds: Croatia vs. Iceland Match Preview
This second leg in Zagreb is for all the marbles, as these two teams played to a scoreless draw in Reykjavík.
The Croats have not scored a goal in their last two qualifying matches and only two in their last four. They did play good defense in the first leg, but they do not want to see this tie go to a penalty shootout.
Croatia is the huge home favorite according to the soccer betting odds at Bovada this week, posted at -275 with Iceland at +1110 and a draw line of +375.
Iceland are the big underdogs in this second tie and while their offense mustered only four shots on goal and they were somewhat dominated in time of possession they have to come away with the match with some confidence.
Iceland not only held Croatia scoreless, but they did so with only 10 men with Olafur Ingi Skulason leaving in the 52nd minute with a red card.
[ See the Croatia vs Iceland matchup report with updated odds and trends ]
Iceland played had a great defensive scheme on Croat playmaker Luka Modric not giving him any space on the field. They must do that again in this second leg.
Neither team had a great scoring chance in the first 30 or so minutes, but look for that to change in Zagreb. The Croats will be on the attack much more and Iceland's defense must play well.
Iceland G Hannes Thór Halldórsson made a few solid saves and his play will be key in this game, as Croatia will be attacking the from the opening whistle.
Iceland will have to deal with the crowd in Zagreb, which is one of the hostile places for visiting teams to come away with a win.


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Firsts are important. First tooth, first pet, first kiss, first job, first car, first million.
Today we have a first in benchmarking, the first and long-awaited TPC-E result. TPC-E is the new OLTP workload based on a brokerage firm's business model. The database, data, transactions, and implementation rules have been designed to be broadly representative of modern OLTP systems.
This first result was published by Unisys. We could analyze the details, but does it really matter when no comparisons can be made ?
First is great, but it's not #1. (Or actually it can be, at least for a little while.)
The postings on this site solely reflect the personal views of the author and do not necessarily represent the views, positions, strategies or opinions of IBM or IBM management.
TPC Benchmarks are registered trademarks of the Transaction Processing Performance Council.
technorati tags: IBM, systems, performance, TPC-E, benchmark,Unisys,first,benchmarking
Benchmarking and systems performance - hosted by Elisabeth Stahl
Blog Authors: ELISABETH STAHL 0600029JQ8 is Chief Technical Strategist and Executive IT Specialist, IBM Systems and Technology Group, and has been working in systems performance for over 25 years.


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How comfortable are these? They look cumbersome to me. If you use one, how long during the day are you wearing it? Is it your preferred method of carry where you live?
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How comfortable are these? They look cumbersome to me. If you use one, how long during the day are you wearing it? Is it your preferred method of carry where you live?
Leather shoulder rigs like the Galco Miami Classic are quite comfortable IMO. I have one for my XD45 and I can carry it all day with just a button up shirt, and not worry about printing. I would avoid the nylon style, especially the Blackhawk CQC Serpa shoulder harness (I've had spare mags drop out of the magazine holders). They are especially good when you are behind the wheel of your vehicle for long periods of time. Your mileage may vary though! :smile:
Ken Null makes a great deep concealment shoulder holster. I recently purchased one of his SMZ models for my Kahr PM9, and have been wearing it under my dress shirts at work. The SMZ was designed for professional use, and it shows in the quality of the design and materials. One other plus is that it can be used for different weapons interchangably - I've worn it with the PM9, with a Makarov, and with my H&K P7PSP.
Take a look at Ken's website for more information and options. Good luck!
I have a vertical shoulder rig from Fist. I have only used it on my Harley, but since I have been comfortable with my SOB carry, the shoulder rig has stayed on the shelf.
The shoulder rig is comfortable enough, but I really prefer the IWB feeling rather that my sidearm 'hanging' from my shoulder...I'm just sayin'...:blink:
I use a Miami Classic for everyday carry. My preferred carry method for some years now.
These are the main disadvantages in my experience:
- Training/safety, especially in group settings
- concealability, especially if you move into an environment in which wearing a coat/jacket will be conspicuous
- comfort, especially if you move into an environment in which wearing a coat/jacket will be hot
- retention, and the need to cross your centerline to draw the weapon
- depending on the design, one-handed draws can be difficult or impossible
- cost (vs. other carry methods)
i use the galco miami classic about 85% of the time. hard to beat a good shoulder holster.
I used the Miami Classic for many years carrying as a fed, some days 18+ hours, never had a problem, carried a P228, a little getting use to, but great, off set it on the other side with two 15Rnd mags.
Still use it with my 229, best I ever found.
It might take you a week or two to get used to shoulder carry - especially with a full weight full size firearm that you carry for long periods of time.
Even if you are in good physical condition.
That would be since the harness strap does exert downward pressure on a body location that normally does not ever receive any constant weight.
After a week or so your shoulder will get used to it.
Andrews Monarch fan here. Can setup for Commander or J Frame. Very comfortable but living in FL I only use it in the winter. I consider it secondary to my IWB but still very useful.
Wide straps are a big plus. I too used the Miami Classic (as well as several others), and have a high opinion of it. I sometimes wear one under a light shirt when it gets hot, (the old tee shirt and Hawaiian shirt style), and find it works well as long as you have a smaller pistol such as a PPK or P232.
The draw is slower than from traditional OWB, but not by a huge margin. I have no problem with one-handed draw. Most horizontal shoulder holsters are meant to have the gun "ripped" from the holster forceably, and this takes some getting used to. There is a new technique to learn when you switch to a shoulder holster and it takes some practice as it feels less natural.
Depending on your activity level and/or amount of sitting, a shoulder holster can be very pleasant or it can beat your ribs constantly and be a large annoyance. Tie downs help alot.
Currently I have five of Lou Alessi's shoulder rigs all made specific to me. Before I retired they saw a lot of use but now I only use them on long car trips or when headed into a nasty part of town. They can be bulky and depending on the gun, get real heavy over the course of a day. I also have two blown cervical discs and a bum shoulder which can make carrying them a literal pain. If you are going to get one my advice is to get the best quailty that you can afford and a decent one is going to run $150 and up.
Have an Alessi Bodyguard courtesy of TwinCarry. It's my Harley rig for my model 19. Also use it for regular carry but with summer coming on I think it will stay my bike rig. It is very comfortable and secure and also very fast on the draw. No worry of sweeping yourself or someone if you keep your finger off the darn trigger until you have the sights on your target.
I like one with tie down straps that attach to the belt. Without them, when you bend over, your gun and mags fly forward into view.


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A historical romance is the only kind of book where chastity really counts.Barbara Cartland
Romance should never begin with sentiment. It should begin with science and end with a settlementOscar Wilde
Men always want to be a woman's first love. That is their clumsy vanity. We women have a more subtle instinct about things. What we like is to be a man's last romanceOscar Wilde
Are you conscious of the restful influence which the stars exert? To me they are the most soothing things in Nature. I am proud to say that I don't know the name of one of them. The glamour and romance would pass away from them if they were all classified and ticketed in one's brain. But when a man is hot and flurried, and full of his own little ruffled dignities and infinitesimal misfortunes, then a star bath is the finest thing in the world.Conan Doyle
The life of man is the true romance, which when it is valiantly conduced, will yield the imagination a higher joy than any fiction.Ralph Waldo Emerson
Romance is about building trust, affection, and harmony between two caring people.Mitch Thrower
A historical romance is the only kind of book where chastity really countsBarbara Cartland
There's some of Romeo's romance in me... I romanticise a lot of things in my mind..Leonardo DiCaprio
A true man does not need to romance a different girl every night, a true man romances the same girl for the rest of her lifeAna Alas
When one is in love, one always begins by deceiving one's self, and one always ends by deceiving others. That is what world calls a romanceOscar Wilde
Deceiving others. That is what the world calls a romanceOscar Wilde
Nothing spoils a romance so much as a sense of humour in the woman.Oscar Wilde
1. Romance is a state of mind. 2. Romance is an attitude. 3. Romance is about the little things- small loving gestures, hugs, saying "I love you" (and meaning it), and sincere compliments.Gregory Godek
Men always want to be a woman's first love. Women have a more subtle instinct: What they like is to be a man's last romance.Oscar Wilde


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The division of Development and Alumni Relations (DAR) includes four major areas: Advancement Services, Alumni Relations, the Career Development Center and Development. As part of DAR, the Director of Advancement Marketing Research & Strategy works with senior leaders across the division of DAR to strengthen the university by understanding the needs and interests of University constituents and connecting these constituents with relevant opportunities to engage. In accordance with University guidelines and in partnership with the Division of Communications and DAR staff, this position will develop strategies and implement marketing and communications efforts that broaden meaningful engagement among alumni, parents, students, donors, volunteers, employers, and friends and across departmental programs.The position will report directly to the Vice President of Development and Alumni Relations and collaborate closely with the DAR executive team, the Division of Communications, and other University departments to ensure DAR communications efforts are in alignment with the University brand and communications strategy and guidelines.All DAR staff members are expected to contribute to Bucknell's commitment to diversity and inclusion.Job Duties: Strategy* Drives centralized, best practice marketing and communications strategy across the division; leads and partners with department-level professionals on strategies to meet business objectives (including annual, ad-hoc, and long-term plans)* Works closely with senior leaders to develop clear and compelling messages and marketing programs that advance giving and alumni/parent/family/student engagement and enhance the University's visibility and reputation* Serves as DAR's primary liaison with the Division of Communications to create compelling communication and marketing campaigns and programs across a variety of mediums (print, multimedia, web, social, etc.)* Works closely with the Division of Communications to ensure standards for DAR communications, including consistency with messaging, voice and design across various mediums* Manages segmentation and communication preferences for the division* Makes recommendations to the VP for DAR regarding overall DAR marketing and communications goalsTechnology* Sets vision and framework for incorporating current and emerging technology platforms to foster engaged and informed constituents * Provides oversight of CRM and digital marketing systems to ensure the most effective use of the technologies for advancement marketing and communications purposesOperations* Evaluates the effectiveness of communication and marketing efforts to advance short and long-term goals, at the program and division level, and makes recommendations for improvements to the VP for DAR and other managers* Establish, maintain, and evaluate strategic relationships with third party vendors* Recommends the annual operating budget for marketing and communication efforts in support of defined strategies and goals; manages current fiscal year budget * Manage production schedule(s) while adhering to defined budgetThe Director will also perform other duties as assigned.Minimum Qualifications: * Bachelor's degree* Five years of professional marketing, communications, and/or higher education marketing or a similar non-profit fundraising environment* Three years of experience with market research and analysis showing success in data-driven decision making* Demonstrated ability to drive cross-functional groups toward a common goal* Experience with project management; demonstrated ability to manage multiple projects simultaneously* Demonstrated knowledge and experience to implement integrated marketing programs across channels (digital and print)* Demonstrated persuasive writing experienceOther Requirements:This position requires occasional evening and weekend work to support DAR's signature events including significant blocks of time during the weekend events. This also requires a commitment to attend/participate in on-campus and off-campus events/activities outside of normal business hours as appropriate.Preferred Qualifications: * Advanced degree in marketing, communications, or a related field* Fundraising or non-profit experience, particularly in higher education* Experience with social (digital) media* Experience working in a matrix environment* Some staff/volunteer management experience* Experience using Customer Relationship Management (CRM) toolsBucknell University provides equal opportunity without regard to race, color, gender, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, age, religion, national or ethnic origin, marital status, veteran status or disability in admissions, employment and in all of its educational programs and activities.Bucknell University believes that students learn best in a diverse, inclusive community and is therefore committed to academic excellence through diversity in its faculty, staff, and students. We seek candidates who are committed to Bucknell's efforts to create a climate that fosters the growth and development of a diverse student body, and we welcome applications from members of groups that have been historically underrepresented in higher education. Bucknell University is a private, highly ranked, national liberal arts institution that also offers strong professional programs in engineering, business, education, and music. Located in Central Pennsylvania along the Susquehanna River, Bucknell is nestled in the Borough of Lewisburg, an architectural gem that has been ranked as one of America's best small towns. Bucknell is a NCAA Division I (FCS) and Patriot League member institution, that sponsors 27 varsity athletics programs.
Apply Here


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Welcome from SE Missouri.
This is a discussion on New member within the New Members Introduce Yourself forums, part of the Welcome To DefensiveCarry.com category; Welcome to the forum from SW Ohio....
Welcome to the forum from SW Ohio.
Live to ride, ride to live. Harley Road King And keep a .45 handy Kimber Custom TLE II
Welcome from Fort Bliss/Arizona
OEF Veteran
Welcome from Central Texas!!!!!!
I do not love the bright sword for its sharpness,
nor the arrow for its swiftness,
nor the warrior for his glory.
I love only that which they defend.
-J.R.R. Tolkien
Welcome from South Carolina...
Sometimes in life you have to stand your ground. It's a hard lesson to learn and even most adults don't get it, but in the end only I can be responsible for my life. If faced with any type of adversity, only I can overcome it. Waiting for someone else to take responsibility is a long fruitless wait.
Welcome from Virginia....via Germany.
Magazine <> clip - know the difference
martyr is a fancy name for crappy fighter
You have never lived until you have almost died. For those that have fought for it, life has a special flavor the protected will never know


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Former Baldwin youth services librarian named director of Scott Library
Gina Leone is living her dream.
Leone, 38, had been the youth services librarian at the Baldwin Borough Library since 2008 but now she has the opportunity to direct a local library. She started this week as the new director of the Scott Township Public Library.
"We couldn't be happier with the excellent candidate we chose," said Tony Ahart, the Scott library's board president.
Leone, a Collier Township resident, worked full-time at the Scott library from 2003 to 2005 and part-time there while she studied at the University of Pittsburgh to earn a master's degree in library and information science.
Leone replaced Janet Forton, who moved to Columbus late last year. Forton had been Scott's director since 2005.
When she was young, Leone said, she discovered the joys of reading. "My mom, Ann Leone, was always an avid reader, and I thank her for passing on that love of the written word," she said.
She remembers early visits to the Beechview Library with her brothers for the summer reading program.
"The library was so cool, literally, because the building had air conditioning and the coldest water fountain, and was welcoming," she said.
Leone went on to earn a bachelor's degree in communications and media studies from Pennsylvania State Univeristy-Erie, The Behrend College. After graduation, she entered the job market, doing administrative work and later, becoming manager of a business center.
The year 2001 was the turning point of her career, when she and her roommate were unemployed. She visited Beechview Library to search for jobs, and found positions in the substitute pool of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh system. She worked at libraries in Hazelwood and Homewood and ultimately, Scott and Baldwin.
"It took a lot of passion," she said.
A job with the University of Pittsburgh saved her tuition dollars.
Being a library director always had been part of her career objective.
"Scott has a strong team," she said.
Jenny Worley, director of Baldwin's library, remembers the "wonderful comments from kids, families and Head Start teachers" about Leone.
"She is a very kind, attentive, caring person for the children," Worley said. "During story time, she always made them feel at home and have a good time. You could tell she enjoyed it."
Leone is looking forward to the new challenge in a library where she once served as the first youth services director. At Scott, she'll direct one full-time and nine part-time employees and keep the circulation numbers growing from 2011's 88,000 items, the most recent tally.
"I love getting down on the story-time carpet and watching kids grow and become lifelong learners and library users," she said.
Dona S. Dreeland is a staff writer for Trib Total Media. She can be reached at 412-388-5803 or email@example.com.
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Greening Public Spaces
By Kennedy Smith | From Main Street Story of the Week | April 2009 | 260
While sustainable design has seemed to focus primarily on buildings, some of the most innovative work is taking place in the realm of public spaces - streets, sidewalks, parks, parking areas, and other open space.
Much of the residential and commercial development that has taken place in the United States over the last 50 years or so has been auto-focused and land-intensive. A staggering amount of land has been cleared and paved over for new highways, suburban residential enclaves, regional enclosed shopping malls, and big-box stores, triggering a cascade of environmental problems. For main street districts, the two biggest problem areas - or areas of opportunity depending on how you look at it - are water and heat.
Towns and cities in the United States generally use one of two types of sewer systems: combined sewer systems or sanitary sewers.
Combined sewer systems generally date from the mid- to late-19th century, before cities began treating wastewater in centralized treatment facilities. Almost a thousand towns and cities in the United States have combined sewer systems, which serve approximately 40 million people. Combined sewer systems have separate channels for sanitary sewage - from toilets, sinks, bathtubs, etc. - and storm water runoff, but the two channels are linked in sections so that the sanitary sewer can be used to help with storm water runoff when storm water levels are high.
But there's a big problem with combined sewer systems: in heavy rain, the system can become inundated and discharge a combination of storm water and raw sewage into the river - or, in extreme situations, such as when the river floods, the whole system can back up into streets and buildings. Unfortunately, many communities have exacerbated the situation by clearing land for residential and commercial development and for highways, by paving larger surface areas with asphalt and concrete, and by allowing more new development than the sewer system can handle. Even in communities with sanitary sewer systems, the amount of land clearance, new development, and surface paving makes it easier for the sanitary sewer system to back up, increasing the likelihood of flooding. So, one of the keys to making communities - and main street districts - more sustainable is to relieve pressure on the sanitary sewer system by reducing the flow of rainwater into the system.
Large paved surfaces cause problems for more than just sewer systems; they also increase the temperature. Asphalt, concrete, bitumous roofs, and other hard-paved surfaces absorb heat, making it unpleasant to walk on the sidewalk in hot weather and increasing the strain on the air conditioning systems of the district's buildings. And, as hot air rises, it traps airborne pollutants, such as auto exhaust, close to the ground, adding to the misery of pedestrians. The Portland Cement Association estimates that the "heat island effect" of concentrated areas of paved surfaces impervious to water increases the temperature of the paved areas by an average of three to eight degrees. The most extreme increases take place in heavily paved areas, areas without shade, and areas paved with materials that don't reflect much light, such as asphalt. The heat island effect occurs in both small-town and urban commercial districts.
Improvements in either of these areas - heat or water - will improve the environmental health of your main street district, making it function better and turning it into a more pleasant place to visit. But the ideal scenario is to develop a sustainable public space plan that addresses each of these key issues, along with others, in an integrated way.
Public Space Plans
Four specific streetscape components are the core ingredients of sustainable main street public space plans:
Trees are essential to a sustainable main street district. They absorb rainwater. They provide shade, creating a pleasant environment for pedestrians and helping mitigate heat build-up at street level. And they help clean the air by absorbing carbon monoxide and producing oxygen.
There are some tricky aspects to planting trees in main street districts, of course. There must be adequate room for root structure. The trees selected shouldn't ooze sap on the sidewalk or shed their leaves too easily. Trees should be sited so they don't interfere with building facades, streetlights, or overhead wires. Finally, it's essential to plan and budget for ongoing maintenance. Be sure to work with a horticulturalist experienced with urban environments to select the type of trees best suited for your climate and your district's streetscape elements.
Permeable paving allows water to seep into the ground below, instead of draining into the municipal storm-water sewer.
Historically, most main street paving was permeable. In fact, until the late 19th century, streets were rarely paved at all and, when they were, the paving material was usually packed stone - gravel or cobblestones - or brick, both of which are permeable. Tarred road surfaces several thousand years old have been found in Europe and the Near East, so the technology has existed for millennia; but these roads were quite rare, and the technology more or less disappeared for 2,000 years. Modern asphalt was first introduced as a road-surfacing material in Paris in the early 19th century. In the United States, asphalt was first used for road paving in 1872 on Fifth Avenue and in Battery Park in New York City.
Almost all paved roads in the United States are now surfaced with asphalt. The American Geophysical Union estimates that the amount of impervious surface area in the nation - roads, sidewalks, and roofs - now covers more than 43,000 square miles, an area about the size of Ohio. According to the Center for Watershed Protection, about 65 percent of that paved area consists of streets, driveways, and parking lots. Fifty or 60 years ago, most rainwater was absorbed into the ground, pollutants were broken down by microorganisms, and clean water flowed back into the water table. Today, an alarming amount of rainwater pours into storm-water systems and, from there, streams into lakes and rivers, taking with it a host of pollutants, from antifreeze to pesticides.
Many types of permeable paving work well in main street districts. Some paving systems consist of mortarless bricks, concrete pavers, or paving stones laid on a permeable sub-base of gravel and sand or an engineered material. Other systems consist of cast concrete or composite grids that, when set in the ground, allow grass, moss, or other ground cover to grow through the openings in the grid squares.
By the way, permeable paving isn't the same as pervious paving. The former lets water drain between its joints and openings; the latter drains water through the material itself.
Rain gardens are essentially unpaved areas planted with trees, shrubs, flowers, succulents, or other vegetation that helps absorb and filter storm water. In this way, they are similar to green roofs and permeable paving. Like trees, however, they can also provide shade and absorb heat, making the district more inviting for pedestrians.
A rain garden's substrate and plant materials should be designed and selected specifically for the site. The substrate needs to drain water cleanly, with materials and microorganisms that will filter and clean rainwater as it trickles through the substrate. Plants must be suited to the environment and the local climate. Some should have roots deep enough to aerate the substrate, while others should have shallow, wide root structures to help prevent erosion.
Downtowns and neighborhoods that use rain gardens extensively have generally had great success with them. Alexandria, Virginia, uses rain gardens to treat about 20 percent of its storm water. Portland, while the Green Streets program in Portland, Oregon, incorporates storm-water planters between curbs and sidewalks. The planters look like regular sidewalk planting beds, except that the surrounding curb slopes into the street. Water that sheds from the street filters into the planters where it is absorbed by the plants. The City of Portland has found that the planters reduce water runoff by at least 70 percent.
Green roofs are more of a building component than a public space component, but they contribute so much to the environmental performance of a main street district that they're worth mentioning here (see section on green roofs on page # in "Greening Main Street Buildings"). As well as helping to insulate individual buildings, they offer the district some of the benefits of trees, permeable paving, and rain gardens, making them worthwhile candidates for public-sector investment and incentives.
On the Horizon
Quite a few public- and private-sector researchers are exploring ways to improve the sustainability of public spaces. Some of the more interesting, and viable, recent developments include:
Lunar-resonant streetlights. Developed by the Civil Twilight Design Collective, these streetlights contain light sensors that dim the lights on nights when moonlight is bright and turn them up on very dark nights. This not only cuts down on light pollution but also saves a considerable amount of energy: streetlights use 38 percent of all lighting-related electricity in the United States. The streetlight design won Metropolis magazine's 2007 Next Generation Design Competition. http://www.civiltwilightcollective.com/lunar1.htm.
Heat from the street. If you've ever walked barefoot across an asphalt street or parking lot on a hot summer day, you know just how hot asphalt gets. During the summer, the surface of asphalt streets can reach almost 115 degrees Fahrenheit. Two European companies - one in the Netherlands, one in Scotland - are turning this heat into energy.
Ooms, the Dutch company, embeds water pipes in asphalt streets. The pipes pump heated water to an underground storage tank, where heat exchangers convert the heat to electricity for the company's headquarters building. Cooled water is then pumped to a second storage tank and used to help cool the building during the summer. In winter, hot water from the storage tank is pumped back to keep the street icing over.
In Scotland, a 1,300-square-foot parking lot generates 108 megawatts annually for Invisible Heating Systems, providing heat for the company's 5,000 square foot building.
According to an Ooms representative, its Road Energy Systems can produce 270 kilowatts annually from each square meter of asphalt paving - about half the amount produced by a roof-mounted solar panel, but at less than one-tenth the cost. He claims that, if all of the Netherlands' highways used the embedded water pipe energy system, the amount of energy created would surpass that produced by the nation's power plants.
http://www.ooms.nl/english, then click on "Innovations," then "Road Energy Systems."
Rubber sidewalks. When 26 mature street trees were cut down in her Gardena, California neighborhood in 2001 because their root growth was tearing up the neighborhood's sidewalks, Lindsay Smith was outraged. She began looking for solutions. By coincidence, the State of California was offering research grants to communities and companies to find ways to reuse old tires - Californians discard 20 million of them annually. With encouragement from a municipal sidewalk inspector in Santa Monica, Smith launched Rubber Sidewalks, a company that turns tires into, well, rubber sidewalks. The sidewalk slabs look like concrete, but they don't restrict tree root growth, they don't get as hot as concrete, they're easier on pedestrians' knees and ankles, and chewing gum doesn't stick to them! If one slab needs to be replaced, you simply pry it up and replace it. The newest model includes grooves on the underside of each slab that help guide tree roots and efficiently direct water to them. More than a hundred towns and cities in the United States, Canada, and Ireland have installed rubber sidewalks.
Self-powered lights, parking meters, and other equipment. Although they have been standard fare in Europe and parts of Asia for a decade, self-powered lights, parking meters and other equipment have only begun showing up in North America in the past few years. Solar cells are the most common energy source, supplying on-the-spot power for sign lights, streetlights, directional signs, parking meters, and parking kiosks. In addition to using sustainable energy, the solar-powered equipment also has lower maintenance costs, requiring no underground wiring (and thus no sidewalk demolition).
Kennedy Smith is a principal with the Community Land Use and Economics (CLUE) Group and a former director of the National Trust Main Street Center. She can be reached at email@example.com.
Kennedy Smith is a principal with the Community Land Use and Economics (CLUE) Group and a former director of the National Trust Main Street Center. She can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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