text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|31 Aug 2010
|Filing date
|15 Aug 2005
|Priority date
|7 Apr 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Louis L. Scharf, Vijay Nagarajan
|Original Assignee
|Rambus Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (149), Non-Patent Citations (38), Referenced by (53), Classifications (26), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/100,935 (filed Apr. 7, 2005) now abandoned and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/192,763 (filed Jul. 29, 2005), now U.S. Pat. No. 7,463,609 which are incorporated by reference herein.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention generally relates to the field of signal processing for wireless communications. More specifically the invention is related to interference cancellation in single- and multi-mode communication systems.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
In order to efficiently utilize time and frequency in a communication system, multiple-access schemes are used to specify how multiple users or multiple signals share a specified time and frequency allocation. Spread-spectrum techniques may be used to allow multiple users and/or signals to share the same frequency band and time interval simultaneously. Time division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency division multiple access (FDMA) assign unique time or frequency slots to the user. Code division multiple access (CDMA) assigns a unique code to differentiate each signal and/or user. The codes are typically designed to have minimal cross-correlation to mitigate interference. However, multipath effects introduce cross correlations between codes and cause CDMA systems to be interference-limited.
Multiple-access coding specified by TDMA, FDMA, or CDMA standards provides channelization. In a typical CDMA wireless telephony system, a transmitter may transmit a plurality of signals in the same frequency band by using a combination of scrambling codes and/or spreading (i.e., orthogonalizing) codes. For example, each transmitter may be identified by a unique scrambling code or scrambling-code offset. For the purpose of the exemplary embodiments of the invention, scrambling may denote encoding data with a W-CDMA scrambling code or encoding data with short pseudo-noise (PN) sequences, such as used in CDMA2000 and IS-95 systems.
A single transmitter may transmit a plurality of signals sharing the same scrambling code, but may distinguish between signals with a unique orthogonalizing spreading code. Spreading codes, as used herein, encode the signal and provide channelization of the signal. In W-CDMA, orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes are used to spread data for multiple access. CDMA2000 and IS-95 employ Walsh covering codes for multiple-access spreading.
While CDMA signaling has been useful in efficiently utilizing a given time-frequency band, multipath and other channel effects cause these coded signals to interfere with one another. For example, coded signals may interfere due to similarities in codes and consequent correlation. Loss of orthogonality between these signals results in interference, such as co-channel and cross-channel interference. Co-channel interference may include multipath interference from the same transmitter, wherein a transmitted signal propagates along multiple paths that arrive at a receiver at different times. Cross-channel interference may include interference caused by signal paths originating from other transmitters.
Interference degrades communications by causing a receiver to incorrectly detect received transmissions, thus increasing a receiver's error floor. Interference may also have other deleterious effects on communications. For example, interference may diminish capacity of a communication system, decrease the region of coverage, and/or decrease data rates. For these reasons, a reduction in interference can improve reception of selected signals.
Multipath and other forms of interference inherently limit the performance and capacity of other types of transmission protocols. For example, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) may be interference-limited both in uplink and downlink communications.
Multi-mode transceivers support more than one transmission protocol. For example, a wireless handset may support CDMA, Global Standard for Mobile Communication (GSM), and an OFDM wireless local area network protocol. Furthermore, a wireless handset may support a variety of implementations of a particular transmission protocol. Since different communication systems may employ different parameters for designing multiple-access channels, the nature of interference between systems can vary greatly. Thus, a multi-mode transceiver may employ a wide variety of interference-mitigation strategies. Alternatively, a multi-mode transceiver may employ a single interference-mitigation technique adapted to each mode.
Embodiments of the present invention provide for interference cancellation in a multi-mode receiver configured to operate in a variety of communication systems. An interference cancellation system may include a channel decomposition module, a baseband receiver, and an interference canceller. The interference canceller may include one or more signal processing components that are configurable for processing signals from different communication systems. Furthermore, the interference canceller may include one or more signal processors that are not configurable, but rather perform common operations for each of the multi-mode signals.
Although there are many benefits and applications with respect to particular embodiments of the invention, one notable benefit of at least some of the preferred embodiments is a higher received Signal-to-Interference-and-Noise-Ratio (SINR). Embodiments of the invention are applicable to a broad range of receivers in which an actual or virtual decomposition of received signals into Rake-like channels precedes interference cancellation.
In one embodiment of the invention, similar steps are provided for processing signals in any of a variety of wireless transceiver chains. A first step may include obtaining channel estimates that identify and/or model multipath components. For example, time-domain or frequency-domain signals may be used to identify complex gains (including delays) for a plurality of multipath components. A filter having complex coefficients may be provided to synthesize multipath.
An optional step may include extracting transmission-source information (such as source-specific scrambling codes) if transmissions from two or more sources are received. The channel estimates and initial symbol estimates of the transmitted signals may be used to synthesize at least one multipath component from at least one source. A canceller (such as a subtractive canceller or projection operator) may process the synthesized signal to remove one or more interference signals (e.g., multipaths from one or more sources) from one or more predetermined Rake fingers. The projection canceller may provide an optional signal-selection process to produce a linear combination of at least one interference-cancelled signal and at least one uncancelled signal, such as to produce a signal output having an SINR greater than (or at least equal to) the at least one uncancelled signal. Since the projection canceller may be located anywhere within the receiver chain, the synthesis step is configured in accordance with the location of the projection canceller.
Embodiments of the invention may be employed in a multi-mode receiver configured to process multiple transmission protocols (e.g., CDMA, TDMA, OFDM, etc.). Embodiments disclosed herein may be advantageous in multi-mode receivers employing multiple variations, or modes, of CDMA (e.g., cdmaOne, cdma2000, 1xRTT, cdma 1xEV-DO, cdma 1xEV-DV, cdma2000 3x, W-CDMA, Broadband CDMA, Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS), and/or GPS). Embodiments disclosed herein may be advantageous to systems employing multiple modes of OFDM (e.g., IEEE 802.11a/g/n, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, multi-band OFDM, spread-OFDM, MC-CDMA, frequency-hopped OFDM, and DMT). However, the invention is not intended to be limited to such systems.
Receivers and cancellation systems described herein may be employed in subscriber-side devices (e.g., cellular handsets, wireless modems, and consumer premises equipment) and/or server-side devices (e.g., cellular base stations, wireless access points, wireless routers, wireless relays, and repeaters). Chipsets for subscriber-side and/or server-side devices may be configured to perform at least some of the receiver and/or cancellation functionality of the embodiments described herein.
Although particular embodiments are described herein, many variations and permutations of these embodiments fall within the scope and spirit of the invention. Although some benefits and advantages of the preferred embodiments are mentioned, the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to particular benefits, uses, or objectives. Rather, embodiments of the invention are intended to be broadly applicable to different wireless technologies, system configurations, networks, and transmission protocols, some of which are illustrated by way of example in the figures and in the following description of the preferred embodiments. The detailed description and drawings are merely illustrative of the invention rather than limiting, the scope of the invention being defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the exemplary embodiments are not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed. Instead, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
The baseband receiver 102 may be regarded as comprising an upstream baseband processor 121 and a downstream baseband processor 122. Baseband receiver components preceding (i.e., upstream from) the interference canceller 103 in the receiver chain may be referred to as components of the upstream baseband processor 121. Baseband receiver components following (i.e., downstream from) the interference canceller 103 may be referred to as components of the downstream baseband processor 122.
Embodiments of the invention may provide for some flexibility in denoting which signal-processing modules belong to the upstream baseband processor 121 and which are components of the downstream baseband processor 122. A second downstream baseband processor 104 may optionally be included. Alternatively, the interference canceller 103 output may be coupled back to the downstream baseband processor 122.
An output from the upstream baseband processor 121 may be coupled to the interference canceller 103. Alternatively, the interference canceller 103 may be coupled between the upstream baseband processor 121 and the downstream baseband processor 122. Coupling of the interference canceller 103 to the baseband receiver 102 may denote which signal-processing modules are included in the upstream baseband processor 121, and consequently, which are included in the downstream baseband processor 122. The upstream baseband processor 121 may be configured to perform one or more baseband signal processing operations on a received baseband signal for producing an estimated information signal. The estimated information signal may include a data-symbol estimate, a code-chip estimate, or a sample estimate depending on where the interference canceller 103 is coupled to the baseband receiver 102.
In a multi-mode receiver, the baseband receiver 102 is configurable to process signals transmitted according to a second transmission protocol (i.e., a second mode). Thus, the interference canceller 103 may be similarly configurable for processing received signals according to the second transmission protocol. The baseband receiver 102 and the interference canceller 103 may be configured to process signals corresponding to additional transmission protocols, or modes. Furthermore, the baseband receiver 102 and the interference canceller 103 may be configured to process signals corresponding to multiple variations, or modes, of a transmission protocol.
In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the baseband receiver 102 may comprise a Rake, an equalizer, and a means to select between the Rake and the equalizer to optimize signal processing. Thus, the term multi-mode may be used to express that at least one alternative signal-processing technique may be employed by a receiver for receiving a signal.
In an exemplary embodiment, the interference canceller 103 may include an interference selector 111, a synthesizer 112, a channel emulator 113, an upstream baseband processor 114, and a cancellation operator 115. The interference selector 111 may be coupled to the receive baseband processor and configured for selecting subchannels that are likely to contribute interference to at least one signal of interest. The interference selector 111 may produce at least one selected interference symbol. The synthesizer 112 is configured to generate a synthesized interference signal from at least one selected interference symbol. The channel emulator 113 is configured to produce an estimated interference signal from the synthesized interference signal.
The upstream baseband processor 114 may be coupled to the channel emulator 113 and configured to produce an estimated received interference signal from the estimated interference signal. Alternatively, the upstream baseband processor 121 may be reused instead of employing a separate processor (i.e, the baseband processor 114). Both the received baseband signal and the estimated interference signal may undergo substantially identical signal-processing operations until they encounter the canceller 115. Thus, the particular signal-processing operations performed by the downstream baseband processor 114 depend on where in the baseband receiver 102 the interference cancellation is placed.
The cancellation operator 115 may comprise a projection operator configured for orthogonally or obliquely projecting a signal in the baseband receiver onto an interference subspace of the estimated received interference. However, other types of cancellation, such as subtractive cancellation, may be performed. Some embodiments of the invention may provide for scale-invariant subtraction.
Following cancellation, the interference-cancelled signal, an uncancelled signal, or a combination of the interference-cancelled and uncancelled signals may be selected for further processing. Any of various signal-quality measures, such as coherence or SINR, may be used in the selection process. The selected signal may be provided with further processing to produce hard-decision or soft-decision estimates of the data. Multiple soft-decision estimates may be combined via any of various combining techniques that are well known in the art, including Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Equal Gain Combining (EGC), Minimum Mean Squared Error Combining (MMSEC), Minimum Variance Unbiased Combining (MVUC), and Selection Combining.
Each interference-cancellation system may include an output-signal selection module (not explicitly shown) configured to select between the resulting interference-cancelled signal and the uncanceled signal input to the interference-cancellation system. In some cases, interference cancellation may result in a less-desirable signal (e.g., a signal having a lower SINR) than the original signal input. Thus, it may be advantageous to select the signal having the highest SINR rather than assuming that interference cancellation always yields an improved signal. Alternatively, a linear combination of interference-cancelled and uncancelled signals may be produced.
Various components of the interference canceller 103 may be adaptable for switching between a plurality of transmission protocols. For example, the synthesizer 112 may perform signal-processing operations that are similar to those performed by a transmitter. Thus, the synthesizer 112 may be configured to generate signals in accordance with two or more transmission protocols. Since different receiver baseband processing operations may be performed with respect to different transmission protocols, the upstream baseband processor 114 may be configurable for performing different signal-processing operations in accordance with the transmission protocol of the received signals.
The projection operator 115 may be adaptable to different transmission protocols. The projection operator 115 processes in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) samples, chips, or symbol vectors and/or matrices. However, the bit widths, chip periods, or vector or matrix sizes may vary with respect to the types of transmission protocol employed. Furthermore, any other components of the interference canceller 103 may be configurable to operate with respect to multiple transmission protocols.
The channel emulator 113 may track signals detected by the channel decomposition module 101 that are identified as strong sources and/or strong multipath components. In embodiments comprising Rake fingers, different Rake fingers may work together to receive a predetermined signal of interest. Alternatively, each Rake finger may process its own signal of interest. In one embodiment of the invention, the channel emulator 113 may be configured to impart a delay to a synthesized signal in order to synchronize the synthesized signal with another component of the received baseband signal.
In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the baseband receiver 102 may comprise a Rake (not shown), an equalizer (not shown), and a means (not shown) for selecting between the Rake and the equalizer to optimize signal processing. Embodiments described herein may be subject to adaptations and permutations that fall within the spirit and scope of the claimed invention. In one embodiment of the invention, interference cancellation may be performed after Rake and/or equalization processing. In an alternative embodiment, interference cancellation may be provided prior to Rake and/or equalizer processing.
In one embodiment, at least one of a received baseband signal, an equalized received baseband signal, and a Rake-processed received baseband signal may be selected for interference cancellation. In another embodiment, at least one of an interference-cancelled signal and an uncancelled signal may be selected for further receiver processing following interference cancellation. In this case, the uncancelled signal may comprise at least one of an equalizer output and a Rake receiver output.
A CDMA transmitter (not shown) typically formats data, and then performs Walsh coding (Wr), scrambling (P[n]), parallel-to-serial conversion (P/S), and pulse-shape filtering (G) prior to coupling into a communication channel represented by a channel operator (H) 212. A received signal coupled from the communication channel 212 is processed by a receiver pulse-shaping filter (
In one exemplary embodiment, each of the M Rake fingers includes a baseband receiver comprising a delay compensator (est
During ordinary operation, a Rake finger (e.g., the first Rake finger) typically employs receiver-function blocks 216.1, 218.1, 220.1, 222.1, 224.1, and 226.1 to produce a first Rake-finger output ak 1[n] for Walsh channel k at symbol period n in Rake finger 1. Outputs from different Rake fingers (e.g., ak 1[n], . . . , ak M[n]) are typically combined in a maximal ratio combiner (not shown), which combines subchannel estimates for each multipath. Other types of optimal combiners may also be used for combining the outputs of the fingers, combining the outputs of multiple receiver antennas, and/or combining the outputs of fingers in multiple receiver antennas.
In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, each demultiplexer 224.1-224.M may comprise a matrix Walsh operator for simultaneously despreading all subchannels, rather than a vector Walsh operator that is typically used for despreading only one user subchannel. Furthermore, embodiments of the invention provide for processing each multipath signal with additional receiver functions configured to perform interference cancellation. For example, each multipath signal may be processed with a plurality of projection operators, such as projection operators 240.1-240.M, 242.1-242.M, and 244.1-244.M located at various points along the Rake finger receive chain.
The baseband receiver may be regarded as comprising an upstream baseband processor and a downstream baseband processor. Baseband receiver components preceding (i.e., upstream from) a particular one of the projection operators 240.1-240.M, 242.1-242.M, and 244.1-244.M in the receiver chain may be referred to as components of the upstream baseband processor. Baseband receiver components following (i.e., downstream from) a particular one of the projection operators 240.1-240.M, 242.1-242.M, and 244.1-244.M in the receiver chain may be referred to as components of the downstream baseband processor.
The projection operators 240.1-240.M, 242.1-242.M, and 244.1-244.M produce an interference-cancelled version of the multipath signal. The interference-cancelled signal or the uncancelled multipath signal may be inserted back into its corresponding Rake finger at the input to the downstream baseband processor. It should be noted that modules 240.1-240.M, 242.1-242.M, and 244.1-244.M may be replaced by subtractive interference cancellation operators. A multipath signal may also be coupled out of its respective Rake finger at any of a plurality of locations within the Rake finger for constructing the projection operators 240.1-240.M, 242.1-242.M, and/or 244.1-244.M.
A plurality of interference selectors 228.1-228.M may be configured to identify and select one or more interfering (e.g., MAI) subchannels in each Rake finger's multipath signal. The output of each interference selector 228.1-228.M may comprise at least one interfering data symbol corresponding to at least one interfering subchannel. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, interference selectors 228.1-228.M may receive the outputs of the projection operators 224.1-224.M, respectively. The projection-operator outputs are set to zero (or discarded) if they fail to meet a quality criterion, such as coherence and/or SINR. In an alternative embodiment, projection-operator outputs may be combined prior to being compared with a threshold. Thus, the interference selectors 228.1-228.M may be replaced by a single block configured to perform generalized MRC over subchannels and multipaths. In yet another embodiment, a linear combination of cancelled and uncancelled signals may be produced.
In each multipath, the at least one interfering data symbol is re-modulated 204.1-204.M by its original subchannel (e.g., Walsh code), re-scrambled 206.1-206.M, and parallel-to-serial converted 208.1-208.M to produce a simulated transmit version of an interference signal in at least one particular multipath signal. Each synthesized interference signal is match-filtered 229.1-229.M prior to being delayed 230.1-230.M by an amount equal to the channel delay experienced by the interference signal when it arrived at its original Rake finger.
The matched filters 229.1-229.M may comprise any interpolating filter that approximates the combined effects of a transmit filter G and receiver matched-filter
After the delay 230.1-230.M, each interference signal is coupled to a different Rake finger. For example, selected interference signals originating from the first Rake finger are delayed by τ1 and coupled into the Mth Rake finger. Similarly, selected interference signals originating from the Mth Rake finger are delayed by τM and coupled into the first Rake finger. The couplings between the first and Mth Rake fingers are shown for illustrative purposes only. One skilled in the art will recognize that embodiments of the invention are intended to be configurable with respect to many different coupling schemes between a plurality of Rake fingers. When processing more than two paths, an additional combiner block (not shown) may be provided for combining all interference signals relative to a path of interest. For example, when processing interference signals relative to a first Rake finger, the outputs of the delays 230.2-230.M may be processed (e.g., combined) before coupling into the first Rake finger. A channel emulator may include the delays 232.1-232.M or the combination of delays 230.1-230.M and 232.1-232.M.
One or more selected interference signals for the Mth Rake finger may be coupled into projection operator 240.M, 242.M, and/or 244.M. In the case wherein projection operator 240.M is employed, the interference signals are coupled directly into the projection operator 240.M following delay 230.M. A second upstream baseband processor associated with the projection operator 240.M may include matched filter 229.M and/or delay 230.M. The projection operator 240.M may produce an interference-cancelled signal by projecting the first multipath signal onto a subspace that is substantially orthogonal to an interference subspace determined from the Mth Rake finger's selected interference signals. An alternative means for cancelling interference from the received baseband signal may be configured to perform any of various interference cancellation techniques, including variations of the projection techniques described herein, as well as other cancellation techniques that are well known in the art.
A decision device 241.M may select either the interference-cancelled signal, the first multipath signal, or a linear combination thereof, by providing a comparison of the signals with respect to one or more signal quality measures. For example, the decision device 241.M may select a signal having the highest coherence or SINR. An output from the decision device 241.M is coupled back into the first finger at approximately the same location that the first multipath signal was diverted out of the first finger.
In the case where the projection operator 242.M is employed, the interference signal is processed by a second upstream baseband processor comprising a delay compensator 232.M, a chip-rate sampler 234.M, a serial-to-parallel converter 236.M, and a descrambler 238.M prior to being coupled into the projection operator 242.M. Similarly, the first multipath signal is processed by the delay compensator 216.1, the chip-rate sampler 218.1, the serial-to-parallel converter 220.1, and the descrambler 222.1 prior to being diverted from the first Rake finger into the projection operator 242.M. The projection operator 242.M produces an interference-cancelled signal by projecting the processed first multipath signal onto a subspace that is substantially orthogonal to an interference subspace determined from the Mth Rake finger's selected interference signals. A decision device 243.M selects between the processed first multipath signal and the interference-cancelled signal produced by the projection operator 242.M. Alternatively, the decision device 243.M may produce a linear combination of an uncancelled signal and an interference-cancelled signal. The decision device 243.M couples its selection back into the first Rake finger at the demultiplexer 224.1.
In the case wherein the projection operator 244.M is employed, the interference signal is processed by a second upstream baseband processor comprising delay compensator 232.M, chip-rate sampler 234.M, serial-to-parallel converter 236.M, descrambler 238.M, and a demultiplexer 239.M prior to being coupled into the projection operator 244.M. Similarly, the first multipath signal is processed by the demultiplexer 224.1 prior to being diverted from the first Rake finger into the projection operator 244.M. The projection operator 244.M produces an interference-cancelled signal by projecting the processed first multipath signal onto a subspace that is substantially orthogonal to an interference subspace determined from the Mth Rake finger's selected interference signals.
In order to effectively cancel ISI and other interference, the projection operator 244.M may be configured to cancel interference from a sequence of symbol vectors, rather than just an instantaneous symbol vector. A decision device 245.M selects between the processed first multipath signal, the interference-cancelled signal produced by the projection operator 244.M, or a linear combination of the two. The decision device 245.M couples its selection back into the first Rake finger at the traffic Walsh channel selector 226.1. Channel compensation (not shown) may be provided prior to combining (not shown) with like Walsh channels from other finger outputs.
Exemplary embodiments of the invention may be configured to process time-division multiplexed signals, such as in a CDMA EV-DO system. For example, the data-formatting block 202 and the Walsh coder 204 may be configured to process multiple data streams. The symbol vector is time multiplexed prior to scrambling 206. EV-DO transmissions typically comprise a pilot, a MAC, and at least one traffic symbol sequence. The pilot is assigned Walsh Code 0, the preamble consists of bi-orthogonally modulated data, the MAC comprises symbols on a set of Walsh codes of length 64, and the traffic comprises symbols on all 16-length Walsh codes. Therefore, each projection operator 244.m and decision device 245.m may be configured to separately process each EV-DO channel (including traffic, MAC, and pilot channels) to provide separate projection and selection operations for sample-, chip-, or symbol-level cancellation.
A data source 301 provides multiple data symbols to primary and secondary transmit-diversity systems 331 and 332. Since the Alamouti scheme employs a 2�2 matrix coding technique, each of a pair of space-time (ST) encoders 303.1 and 303.2 is provided a pair of data symbols. Both space-time encoders 303.1 and 303.2 are typically provided with identical pairs of data symbols. Space-time coded symbols are coupled into Walsh encoders 304.1 and 304.2, which process all active user and common channels except pilot and control channels to produce a plurality of Walsh channels. Pilot-signal modules 305.1 and 305.2 provide the Walsh channels with P-CPICH and S-CPICH pilot channels, respectively. Gold-code scramblers 306.1 and 306.2 scramble the Walsh and pilot channels. Synchronizers 307.1 and 307.2 time-multiplex a synchronization channel (SCH) and a scrambled primary common control physical channel (P-CCPCH). The resulting time-multiplexed signal is added to signal outputs from the Gold-code scramblers 306.1 and 306.2, which are transmitted into a communication channel after processing by pulse shaping filters 308.1 and 308.2 and RF front-end processors (not shown).
An exemplary channel model is illustrated wherein a primary transmit channel includes two multipath delays 309.11 and 309.12 and associated gains 339.11 and 339.12 having values h11 and h12, respectively. Similarly, a diversity channel includes two multipath delays 309.21 and 309.22 with associated gains 339.21 and 339.22 having values h21/and h22, respectively.
A receiver shown in
A baseband receiver may include delay compensators 311.2-311.4, chip-rate samplers 312.2-312.4, descramblers 313.2-313.4, and FWTs 314.2-314.4. The baseband receiver also comprises components 311.1, 312.1, 313.1, 314.1, 315.1, and 316.1 of the first finger 341. The received baseband signal is coupled into the interference-cancellation module 323.1 that is upstream to Rake finger 341 processing. In this case, the receiver matched filter 310 may be regarded as an upstream baseband processor, whereas the first finger 341 may be regarded a downstream baseband processor.
Signal outputs from the Walsh-Hadamard transforms 314.2-314.4 are coupled into a plurality of interference-selection blocks (e.g., MAI-selection blocks 320.2-320.4) configured to identify and select subchannels that are likely to contribute multiple-access interference to at least one signal of interest. In this particular embodiment, space-time decoding is not performed prior to interference synthesis. The outputs of the interference-selection blocks 320.2-320.4 are used by synthesizers 331.2, 332.1, and 332.2 to synthesize transmitted interference signals. Synthesizer 331.2 is functionally similar to the primary transmit-diversity system 331, and synthesizers 332.1 and 332.2 are functionally similar to the secondary transmit-diversity system 332.
Signal outputs from the synthesizers 331.2, 332.1, and 332.2 are processed by channel emulators 329.12, 329.21, and 329.22, respectively, which compensate for delay induced by the multipath channel to produce estimated interference signals. A combiner 321 produces a linear combination of the estimated interference signals. A second upstream baseband processor includes a receiver filter 322 matched to transmit filter 308.1 and/or 308.2. The estimated interference signal is filtered by filter 322 before being coupled to the interference-cancellation module 323.1 along with the received baseband signal output from filter 310. The filters 322 and 310 resemble each other such that upstream baseband processing operations performed on the estimated interference signal and the received baseband signal are substantially identical. The output of decision module 324.1 is coupled to the Rake finger 341 (which comprises components 311.1, 312.1, 313.1, 314.1, 315.1, and 316.1). The combiner 317 may receive inputs from one or more Rake fingers, such as finger 341.
In some embodiments of the invention, functional blocks may be combined. Other variations and permutations may be implemented without departing from the intended scope and spirit of the invention. Alternative embodiments may consolidate multiple transmit or receive elements into a single element. In some embodiments, interfering subchannels may be selected using optimally combined data. In such cases, space-time encoders may be included in the loop. Furthermore, channel gain compensation and emulation may be provided in the synthesis loop.
A preferred embodiment of the invention may be configurable for a plurality of different communication formats employed in a multi-mode transceiver. For example, receiver and synthesizer components in an interference-cancellation system may adapt their signal processing operations depending on the type of transmission protocol employed.
An interference selector 416 may employ statistical signal processing techniques to identify active subchannels and discard data symbol estimates corresponding to poor subcarrier-channel conditions. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the interference selector 416 may compare soft-decision symbol estimates for each subchannel to a set of thresholds including a lower threshold and an upper threshold. Symbols that do not fall within the two thresholds may be discarded to ensure that subchannels of interest are relatively free of the effects of fading and interference. In one embodiment, the thresholds may be determined via measured channel conditions and/or pilot-signal strength. In another embodiment, subchannels may be selected until a quality measure for interference cancellation is met.
A physical channel estimator, such as a physical channel identification module 430, may be configured to process outputs from the OFDM receiver apparatus 401 for providing an equivalent multipath profile. For example, the physical channel identification module 430 may process received preamble symbols or other received signals having known characteristics for determining the complex frequency response of the channel and/or an equivalent multipath profile.
Selected data symbols (and their associated subchannel information) are passed to a synthesizer 402 configured to synthesize one or more selected interference signals. The synthesizer 402 essentially mimics a baseband transmitter. However, the synthesizer 402 may employ a channel emulator (not shown) that uses the multipath profile produced by the physical channel identification module 430 to emulate channel 409 distortions in the synthesized interference. An inverse FFT (IFFT) 417 and a parallel-to-serial converter (P/S) 418 produce a digital sequence corresponding to selected data symbols mapped onto predetermined frequency subchannels (i.e., subcarriers). A cyclic prefix may be added 419 to the digital sequence, which is then processed by a transmitter pulse-shaping filter 420. A second upstream baseband processor includes a receiver pulse-shaping filter 421 for processing the synthesized interference. Alternatively, a single interpolating filter (not shown) may be employed instead of separate filters 420 and 421.
In one exemplary embodiment of the invention, an interference signal synthesized by the synthesizer 402 and the received baseband signal are coupled to a plurality of receiver blocks (such as receiver block 403) wherein each receiver block is associated with a particular multipath delay. For example, M receiver blocks may be used for M identified strong multipath components. Each received baseband signal that is coupled into receiver block 403 is first sampled according to symbol boundaries corresponding to a particular multipath component identified by the physical channel identification module 430.
For each identified multipath component, one or more interfering subchannels may be removed from a signal of interest. A resulting interference-cancelled signal is demodulated, and demodulated signals from the plurality of receiver blocks may be combined in a coherent combiner 450. The combiner 450 may employ preamble symbol strengths on the subcarriers in each finger as a combining criterion.
One or more interference-cancellation modules (such as projection modules 441-444) are provided for cancelling interference in the received baseband signal. In a first exemplary embodiment, the estimated interference and the received baseband signal are processed by projection module 441. The projection module 441 may optionally provide channel emulation to the estimated interference prior to interference cancellation.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the received baseband signal may be sampled with respect to a multipath delay selected by the physical channel identification module 430. Similarly, the interference signal may be provided with channel emulation and sampled with the same delay as the received baseband signal. The received baseband signal and the interference signal are then coupled to the projection module 441, which projects the interference substantially out of the received baseband signal. The projection module 441 may select as its output the resulting interference-cancelled signal, the received baseband signal, or a linear combination of the two. The selected output signal is processed by a cyclic-prefix remover 432, an S/P module 433, and an FFT 434 before being combined with other signals (e.g., interference-cancelled signals and/or received baseband signals) in the combiner 450. The cyclic-prefix remover 432, S/P module 433, FFT 434, and combiner 450 may be regarded as downstream baseband processing components.
In an alternative embodiment, the upstream baseband processor and the second upstream baseband processor include cyclic-prefix removers 432 and 422, respectively. Following cyclic prefix removal, the estimated interference and the received baseband signal are coupled to projection module 442. The projection module 442 may optionally provide the estimated interference signal with channel emulation prior to interference cancellation. The S/P module 433 and the FFT 434 process the projection module's 442 output (which may comprise either or both the received baseband signal with its cyclic prefix removed and an interference-cancelled signal produced by the projection module 442) prior to combining 450. The S/P module 433, the FFT 434, and the combiner 450 may be regarded as downstream baseband processing components.
In another embodiment, the upstream baseband processor comprises the cyclic-prefix remover 432 and the S/P module 433, and the second upstream baseband processor comprises the cyclic-prefix remover 422 and the S/P module 423. The FFT 434, and the combiner 450 may be regarded as downstream baseband processing components. The projection module 443 may optionally provide the interference signal with channel emulation prior to interference cancellation. The projection module's 443 output is then processed by the FFT 434 prior to combining 450.
In yet another embodiment of the invention, an upstream baseband processor comprising the cyclic-prefix remover 432, the S/P module 433, and the FFT 434 prior to interference cancellation 444 may process the received baseband signal. A baseband receiver comprising the cyclic-prefix remover 422, the S/P module 423, and the FFT 424 may process the estimated interference.
In one embodiment, the output of the interference selector 416 may optionally be coupled directly to the projection module 444 instead of being processed by the synthesizer 402 and receiver components 422-424. Such processing may be performed, for example, when the multipath delay is some integer multiple of the chip period over-sampling factor multiplied by the inverse of the sampling rate, or equivalently, an integer multiple of the data-symbol duration divided by the FFT length. Thus, signal-processing parameters (such as the sampling rate and the FFT length) may be adapted in response to measured multipath profiles in order to simplify the receiver system and/or improve receiver performance.
Similar simplifications may be used to eliminate components shown herein when cancellation is performed downstream in the receiver chain. The output of the projection module 444 may be sent directly to the combiner 450. The output of the combiner 450 is typically followed by additional baseband processing modules (not shown), including de-interleaving, despreading, descrambling, and channel decoding.
In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, interference estimates from a first multipath signal may be used to cancel interference in a received baseband signal processed with respect to a second multipath signal. For example, a projection operator configured to project out interference in a first multipath component of a received baseband signal may use interference estimates determined from one or more multipath components other than the first component.
Embodiments of the invention may be useful for reducing the cyclic prefix or guard interval used in multicarrier systems. Some embodiments may be used for mitigating inter-channel interference due to Doppler shifts in Doppler-spread channels. Receiver embodiments may also find utility in exploiting transmitted energy in the cyclic prefix of a conventional multicarrier signal. While symbol-level cancellation is well known for mitigating ISI in an OFDM system, some embodiments of the present invention provide for chip- or sample-level cancellation. The term "sample level" denotes that multiple time-domain samples per chip are processed in a canceller.
Signals received by an interference receiver 501 are down-converted into received baseband signals. The interference receiver 501 is configured to select one or more interference signals that may interfere with at least one signal of interest. In this case, symbol a1 is a symbol of interest and symbol a2 is an interfering symbol. The interference receiver 501 demodulates the selected interference symbol H2 a2, which is coupled to a transmission synthesizer 502.
The interference receiver 501 may be configured to determine channel information from known training sequences in the transmission. For example, mid-ambles (which are typically used in GSM transmissions) may be correlated with training sequence codes (TSC) to obtain channel information. A GSM user may be assigned one of eight possible TSCs.
In one embodiment of the invention, the interference receiver 501 may comprise an advanced receiver capable of suppressing multipath interference. The receivers 501 and/or 503 may optionally exploit spectral inefficiencies of transmissions employing real constellations (e.g., GMSK, PAM, BPSK) by combining the real and imaginary channels, each of which is modulated with the same real symbol. Methods and architectures for providing first-order estimates of the signal are well known in the art and may be used for interference detection as well. For example, one may use equalizers and pre-whitening filters for accurate first-order estimates. However, the complexity of such filters may be reduced if only a coarse first-order estimate is required.
The transmission synthesizer 502 GMSK modulates and pulse shapes the selected interference. The transmission synthesizer 502 may optionally include a channel emulator (not shown). Synthesized signals produced by the transmission synthesizer 502, as well as the received baseband signal, are coupled into a cancellation receiver 503. The cancellation receiver 503 may be configured to orthogonally or obliquely project the received baseband signal onto a subspace corresponding to the selected interference. Either an interference-cancelled signal produced by the cancellation receiver 503 or the uncancelled signal (i.e., the received baseband signal) may be selected based on measured SINR or some other signal-quality parameter. Alternatively, the cancellation receiver 503 may output a linear combination of the interference-cancelled signal and the uncancelled signal. The projection canceller may be replaced by a subtractive canceller.
The method and system embodiments described herein merely illustrate particular embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements, which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples and conditional language recited herein are intended to be only for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention. This disclosure and its associated references are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure.
It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the block diagrams herein represent conceptual views of illustrative circuitry, algorithms, and functional steps embodying principles of the invention. Similarly, it should be appreciated that any flow charts, flow diagrams, system diagrams, and the like represent various processes which may be substantially represented in computer-readable medium and so executed by a computer or processor, whether or not such computer or processor is explicitly shown.
The functions of the various elements shown in the drawings, including functional blocks labeled as "processors" or "systems," may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware as well as hardware capable of executing software in association with appropriate software. When provided by a processor, the functions may be provided by a single dedicated processor, by a shared processor, or by a plurality of individual processors, some of which may be shared. Moreover, explicit use of the term "processor" should not be construed to refer exclusively to hardware capable of executing software, and may implicitly include, without limitation, digital signal processor (DSP) hardware, read-only memory (ROM) for storing software, random access memory (RAM), and non-volatile storage. Other hardware, conventional and/or custom, may also be included. Similarly, the function of any component or device described herein may be carried out through the operation of program logic, through dedicated logic, through the interaction of program control and dedicated logic, or even manually, the particular technique being selectable by the implementer as more specifically understood from the context.
Any element expressed herein as a means for performing a specified function is intended to encompass any way of performing that function including, for example, a combination of circuit elements which performs that function or software in any form, including, therefore, firmware, micro-code or the like, combined with appropriate circuitry for executing that software to perform the function. Embodiments of the invention as described herein reside in the fact that the functionalities provided by the various recited means are combined and brought together in the manner which the operational descriptions call for. Applicant regards any means which can provide those functionalities as equivalent as those shown herein.
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|Lupas, et al., Linear Multiuser Detectors for Synchronous Code-Division Multiple-Access Channels, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Jan. 1989; vol. 35, No. 1.
|Mitra, et al., Adaptive Decorrelating Detectors for CDMA Systems, Accepted for Wireless Communications Journal, Accepted May 1995.
|Mitra, et al., Adaptive Receiver Algorithms for Near-Far Resistant CDMA, IEEE Transactions of Communications, Apr. 1995.
|Ortega et al., Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Conversion Based on Stochastic Logic, IEEE 0-7803-3026-9/95,1995.
|Price et al., A Communication Technique for Multipath Channels, Proceedings to the IRE, 1958, vol. 46, The Institute of Radio Engineers, New York, NY, US.
|Rappaport, Wireless Communications-Principles & Practice, 1996, pp. 518-533, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, US.
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|Scharf, et al., Matched Subspace Detectors, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Aug. 1994, vol. 42, No. 8.
|Scharf, Statistical Signal Processing-Detection, Estimation, and Time Series Analysis, 1990, pp. 23-75 and 103-178, Addison-Wesly, Reading, MA, US.
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|Schlegel et al., Coded Asynchronous CDMA and Its Efficient Detection, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Nov. 1998, vol. 44, No. 7.
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|14 Nov 2005
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text:
The Leadership Academy, a school principal training program, has announced its 2011-2012 class of participants. A collaborative venture between UT Knoxville and the Knox County Schools, the Leadership Academy prepares talented individuals to become outstanding new school principals through a full-time, intensive 15-month fellowship program.
The Center for Educational Leadership News
UT Leadership Academy Names New Class of Aspiring School Principals
UT Knoxville and the Knox County Schools will announce the 2011-2012 class of the Leadership Academy this week. Members will be announced at a press conference on Monday, Feb. 28 prior to the Knox County School Board meeting. The press conference will be held at 4 p.m. at the Andrew Johnson Building, 912 S. Gay St.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
535 tune or chip
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Officially Welcomed to the 'Fest
Location: VA
Join Date: Aug 2012
Posts: 589
Mein Auto: BMW 535i Sport, 08 Accord
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As i had told in another post dinan is for someone who cares about warranty, that being said if you have a new car.. you will be covered under your 4yr factory warranty. If you are in an extended warranty or CPO, you will know when you face an issue how the stealership responds.. Dinan can come to rescue you for the first 2 yrs thats it..
In terms of performance, Dinan is the weakest which is being explained in detail in many posts. You can do a search.
I just cannot imagine of spending around 2K for such a lousy tuning...
Xclone has a Cobb stage 2 with lots of mod added to it, Its an "M5" in terms of performance and power. And i always like to get something that i enjoi the most, so for me cars like xclone is a dream come true..
You need to feel it to understand what we are talking..
Good luck
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Keep Your Child's Baby Shoes in Your Desk at Work
You know how you keep a bag of almonds in your drawer in case you need an energy boost in the afternoon? Place something emotionally resonant there as well for the times your mood needs a quick lift. Stash a few objects that are connected with treasured experiences—say, that 1997 vacation to Barcelona—and occasionally take a moment to pick up one of these items and look at it closely. Elation is sure to follow.


text:
Last edited by phil white; 26-03-2010 at 21:20.
Hello and welcome to the forum, good to have you on board..... Nice car BTW
hi mate, were you in york a few weeks back? say my first yellow e46 m3! not many around.
yeah, i will of been returning from the malton m3 meet. i pulled up next to an e46 with a car full in york and they followed until clifton moor, was that you?
i was going the other way, silver e46! i was going to clifton moor and there was an m3 going the other way, with you behind, or 2 from him!,
ah, i'll of been heading to malton, give me a wave if you see me in future. cheers
vauxfan (25-03-2010)
will do, thats the thing with your car, it stands out a mile, mines just another silver e46 with the m sport rear bumper and led rear lights, ,,, just in case you see me!
phil white (25-03-2010)
Welcome to the forum of bimmers
Welcome to the forum....great motor you have :
Welcome fellow Harrogate resident.. il look out for you!!
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text:
1999 Audi R8C for rFactor2 from Team RMT
by, 12-09-2010 at 10:20 AM (6914 Views)
As driving sims go, the rFactor franchise hasn't quite garnered the notoriety of Gran Turismo or Forza. It's not on a console and that's likely the reason because in the PC-based online gaming community there is a large and very rabid following for the racing platform. One reason, we're told, is its realism and another must certainly be its open nature. Unlike GT or Forza where you might be able to decorate the livery of a car, rFactor allows programmers to create cars outright and with that come amazing creations like the 1999 Audi R8C Le Mans racer you see above. Made by Team RMT, we've just stumbled across it on our favorite driving sim blog VirtualR.net. Even if you're not into driving sims we recommend you check out the 3-D renders that are quite impressive.
More after the jump.
Full Story


text:
Broadchurch star Olivia Colman has revealed there are plans to make the crime drama into a trilogy series, in the manner of The Killing.
ITV's eight-part murder mystery drew comparisons to the Danish hit, with one death investigated over the series rather than most detective dramas' usual one-death-per-episode format.
Broadchurch, starring David Tennant alongside Colman, was a ratings triumph, with 9.3 million tuning in on Monday to find out who killed 11-year-old Danny Latimer. Viewers found out after the last episode that a second series has been commissioned.
Colman, 39, pictured at a party for Bafta nominees at the Corinthia Hotel in London last night, said: "The pressure is pretty awful for the writer Chris Chibnall. But I think he has always had a second series in mind. I think in his head it's a trilogy. But we will see how the second series goes. I know what the story will be but I'm not going to tell you."
Only 29 people in the UK knew the identity of the killer ahead of broadcast. Colman said: "We signed so many secret legal documents that I think we were all terrified of letting the secret out. I made a point of staying in so I couldn't go out and tell anybody."
The actress, up for two television Baftas next month for her roles in Twenty Twelve and Accused, admitted that adopting a similar format to The Killing is a risk.
"But I thought that was a great idea," she said. "You're not assuming people can't stick with a good story — you're assuming everyone is bright. It's nice to know we have an intelligent viewing public and are giving them what they want.
"It's great to have a proper gripping drama because people love to talk about it."
- More about:
- Drama
- Television


text: Seller: drillspot (12,109) 98.9%, Location: Boulder, CO, Ships to: US, Item: 391559535579 €€ Contact Us About Us Payment Shipping Returns Click here to view full size. Full Size Image Click to close full size. Approved Vendor 1RGW7 O-Ring, Viton, AS568A-218, Quattro, PK 5 Model: 1RGW7SKU:: 404668 Price: US $29.27 Description O-Ring, Viton, AS568A Dash Number 218, Fractional Width 1/8", Actual Width 0.139", Color Black, Cross Section Shape Quattro, Inside Dia. 1-1/4", Actual Inside Dia. 1.234", Outside Dia. 1-1/2", Radius -, Axial Thickness -, Thickness -, Durometer Rating Medium Hard, Durometer 75 Shore A, Temp. Range -15F to +400F, Meets/Exceeds SAE J200, ASTM D2000, Includes -, Package Quantity 5 Contact Us About Us Payment Shipping Returns Frooition www.frooition.com | eBay design, eBay store design, eBay shop design, eBay template design, eBay listing design This listing is currently undergoing maintenance, we apologise for any inconvenience caused. Color: Black, Material: Viton


text:
All Android applications categories
For a description of the latest updates check here:
AirYarde tracks Wi-Fi data over time, helping you compare your Wi-Fi experience at different places and networks. Click the start button on the main screen to start recording Wi-Fi signal changes.
Check your email or surf the web while AirYarde is working. Switch back to AirYarde when you want to check the stats. You don\'t even need to be connected to an AP.
Click the start button to start the Wi-Fi data collection service. The service keeps collecting behind the scenes even when you are using other apps.
If Android stops the AirYarde service to regain memory for your other apps, you will get a status bar notification. The service will never run longer than the time you selected.
You can choose to record the latitude and longitude with Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi and location collected by AirYarde stays on your device, it is never uploaded anywhere. You can erase your data with the click of a button or by uninstalling AirYarde.
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text:
Help Available For Homeowners Ready To Move
The Michigan State Housing Development Authority hopes to help more than 1 million residents qualify for downpayment assistance toward the purchase of a new or existing home.
The new program announced today offers up to $7,500 to qualified residents through the MI Next Home program.
MSHDA Executive Director Scott Woosley today joined Grand Rapids Mayor George Heartwell, state legislators and Michigan lenders and REALTORS to announce the MI Next Home program, which targets existing homebuyers statewide who are looking to make their next move.
"Our state's economy is making a strong comeback and we're finding more Michigan residents are ready to upgrade to a new home," Woosley said during a press conference at Grand Rapids City Hall. "For many, a sizable down payment has been a barrier, so MSHDA has come up with the MI Next Home program to help make moving possible."
Assistance is based on income limits that vary by county but generally range from $70,000-plus for a household of one or two people to just under $100,000 for households of three or more. They will be eligible to receive up to $7,500 (or 4 percent of the purchase price) in down payment assistance from MSHDA.
The program expands MSHDA's popular MI First Home program for first-time buyers to include repeat purchasers of new or existing single-family homes. Other eligible properties may include new or existing multiple-section manufactured homes and condominiums.
For more information on how to apply to the MI Next Home program, please visit www.michigan.gov/mshda and click on Homeownership.


text:
SEARCH KEYWORD -- open source
Less Is More
I originally assumed that open source was simply a means of producing technology. But technology is just a lovely byproduct, the real goal is social. Not all open source projects work this way, but perhaps they should. I stumbled upon this realization while maintaining fog as it grew and grew and grew. Leaving issues open seemed unbearable, but over time the volume far exceeded my ability to keep up. Over time I saw the promise of a better way, but my expectations of open source would need to a...
Open source,Less is more,Mentoring,Bug report 2011-11-28 10:45:47
The story behind Twitter Bootstrap
Bootstrap is a free front end framework used for creating websites and web applications. It contains HTML and CSS-based design templates for typography, forms, buttons, navigation and other interface components, as well as optional JavaScript extensions. It now becomes a very popular front end frameworks for web designers. This framework was developed by Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton at Twitter. Later this framework was open sourced and hosted on GitHub and it now becomes one of the most popular ...
Open source,Bootstrap 2013-12-16 08:14:22
Facebook open sources its C++ library named Folly
Recently, Facebook open sourced its low level C++ function library for its internal use named Folly. Folly is an open sourced C++11 component library, it provides functions similar to what boost and std libraries provide, including string, vector and memory allocation, bit operation etc, to fulfill large scale high performance requirements.Currently Folly is tested with gcc4.6 on some 64 bit systems such as Fedora 17, Ubuntu 12.04 and Debian wheezy, it may also be OK on other 64 bit platforms wi...
Facebook,Folly,C++,open source 2012-06-05 08:31:12
Hide a file in a picture
Sometimes if you want to hide some important files on your computer which you don't want others to see, how would you do that? Find a professional tool? Set password for some folders? Change the file properties to hidden? They are possible, but they may not be so convenient or so secure. Here we share with you how to hide a file in a picture. Prerequisites 1 picture for example : test.jpg 1 test file, for example : test.txt WinRAR Steps Prepare the picture test.jpg and test file test.txt Use ...
Trick,Picture,Fil hiding,WinRAR 2012-09-13 19:36:36
How to prevent next HeartBleed bug?
How to ensure the security of open source projects is a concern for many open source users including individual users and companies. But it's not an easy task to ensure the security of open source projects. Because everyone can see the source code, there is much higher possibility that a bug may be found by someone. Once a bug is disclosed, people may exploit it and do evil things, this may cause loss of money either for individuals or companies, some of the bugs may even have big impact to the...
Open source,HeartBleed,Security 2014-04-24 09:07:05
A Programming Idiom You've Never Heard Of
Here are some sequences of events: Take the rake out of the shed, use it to pile up the leaves in the backyard, then put the rake back in the shed. Fly to Seattle, see the sights, then fly home. Put the key in the door, open it, then take the key out of the door. Wake-up your phone, check the time, then put it back to sleep. See the pattern? You do something, then do something else, then you undo the first thing. Or more accurately, the last step is the inverse of the first. Once you're aware ...
Programming,Idiom,Strange 2012-01-04 08:12:25
IDC lists top 6 myths, realities about open source
Summary: What are the top 6 myths? That open source software will enter every market, is inherently innovative, it improves faster than commercial software, that it has less lock-in, that it's free and that it has little benefit if one is not involved in the community. IDC calls these ideas "myths" but acknowledges there's more than a grain of truth to all of them At its Directions 2012 conference in Boston today, IDC revealed the top 5 my...
IDC,Open source,Reality,Free,Contribution 2012-03-16 08:47:53
Update parent window after closing the window opened by window.open()
Imagine we have a webpage which has a text field to let user enter a date. Usually, we may create a calendar window to ask the user to pick one date from the calendar window, when the date is picked, the calendar window will close and the date picked will be put into the text field. This way involves the window.open() method in JavaScript, and we may think how the opened window knows its parent window and then updates the parent window. I give a simple demo on this.We have two pages, on is the p...
window.open, JavaScript,update, return value 2012-06-23 01:36:32
I'm not good enough to work on open source software
Actually, that's not true - I've produced plenty of open source software over the years. However, in a sense, it is true: only the very best actually get paid to work on open source software full time, and I'm not one of them. People like Linus Torvalds. People like Guido van Rossum, although even he supposedly divides his time, and does not work on Python full-time. Think about that. Python is a hugely popular programming language used by many companies and ind...
Open source,Free,Money,Full-time 2012-04-16 13:27:35
Microsoft forms a new subsidiary focused on open source called Microsoft Open Technologies
Microsoft once again changes its attitude and intends to set up an open technology subsidiaries in order to promote the formulation of open-source projects and standards.The new company name is Microsoft Open Technologies and Jean Paoli, Microsoft executives will be the president of the new company. The company will also form interoperability strategy team in the future. The newly established company will have about 50-75 employees.Over the years, Microsoft has been considered to be the rival of...
Microsft,Open source,Microsoft Open Technologies 2012-04-13 06:10:45
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