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Lincolnton--Carolinas Medical Center (CMC)-Lincoln has collaborated with the Arts Council of Lincoln County to host a Middle School Art Show on Thursday, October 18th. The show will be held at 6:30 p.m. at CMC-Lincoln, located at 433 McAlister Road and will include a reception for participating students, teachers and their families.
The show will consist of two and three dimensional pieces of artwork by students from middle schools in throughout Lincoln County. Participating schools include Lincolnton Middle School, West Lincoln Middle School, North Lincoln Middle School and East Lincoln Middle School.
A reception will be held for participating students, teachers and families on Thursday October 18, 2012 at 6:30 pm at CMC-Lincoln.
Winners to be showcased in the exhibit include:
Best of Show: Maria Cruise, Lincolnton Middle School
Color Drawings:1st Place; Katie Harris Pitton, East Lincoln Middle School, 2nd Place; Hannah Nixon, North Lincoln Middle School ,3rd Place; CJ Miller , West Lincoln Middle School ,Honorable Mention; Erin Dixon , East Lincoln Middle School
Mixed Media:1st Place; John Nordmark Lincolnton Middle School, 2nd Place; Chelsea Blake , North Lincoln Middle School, 3rd Place; Amanda Mangum, North Lincoln Middle School, Honorable; Mention; Hayley Foy , Lincolnton Middle School
Painting: 1st Place; Izzy Isorio, West Lincoln Middle School, 2nd Place; Keisha Leonard, West Lincoln Middle School, 3rd Place; Hunter Martin, Lincolnton Middle School, Honorable Mention; Aaron Mosteller, West Lincoln Middle School
Black & White Drawing:1st Place; Whitney Wilson, East Lincoln Middle School, 2nd Place; Jose Picado, North Lincoln Middle School, 3rd Place; Madison Sain , West Lincoln Middle School, Honorable Mention; Brittany Blair, North Lincoln Middle School
3-D: 1st Place; Stormy Carter, North Lincoln Middle School, 2nd Place; Clay Reep, West Lincoln Middle School, / 3rd Place; Claudia Sisk. East Lincoln Middle School, Honorable Mention; Mattie Rudd, North Lincoln Middle School
The public is invited to view the artwork, which will be on display through December. For more information regarding the collaboration between the Arts Council of Lincoln County and CMC-Lincoln, please contact Pam Frye at 980-212-6041 or Kae B. Wright at 704-732-9044.


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Severely burned teacher returns to school
McCLELLANDTOWN (AP) — A southwestern Pennsylvania gym teacher has returned to work less than nine months after 70 percent of his body was burned when a pan of grease exploded on his kitchen stove.
George Franks III, 32, said that before returning to Albert Gallatin North Middle School, south of Pittsburgh, he worked hard at getting better. He was told after the accident that he might not survive.
"I pushed myself. I didn't sit around," Franks said. "It happened. I thought, 'What can I do to get better?'"
Franks was getting ready to saut← some chicken when the grease exploded Jan. 11. He tried to run, but slipped on the grease and was badly burned on most of his body except for his right arm and back. He spent more than 50 days in the hospital, and had six major surgeries, plus skin grafts.
When he's at school, compression garments on his legs, left arm and right hand are the only visible signs of his injuries. The garments help his body heal. And he continues physical therapy regularly.
"Even before this, if you told him he couldn't do something, he'd prove you wrong," said Jeremy Keefer, a friend and fellow gym teacher. "He never gives up."
Franks said that his recovery was slow and painful and that many of the things he can now do he's only been able to do in the last few weeks.
"I couldn't bend down and touch my toes two months ago. Now I can do a full squat," Franks said. Even before he officially returned in August, Franks walked into the school for a visit in June, before the last academic year ended.
"The students loved it," Principal Randy Wilson said. "Georgie is beloved here. There is no doubt about it. He's a great role model and caring and energetic."
Neighbors Don Albani and his daughter, Katelynn, were the first to help Franks that night.
He credits them with much of his recovery. Don Albani threw wet towels on the flames to help extinguish the kitchen fire.
"I was worried about infection," he said. "I was watching the skin roll off his legs like candle wax. I was just praying."
Franks said those prayers have been answered, though there's more recovery ahead.
"I told them, 'I'll be back in the fall,'" Franks said. "I did it."

subset: commoncrawl


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Ask an Eye Doctor and Get an Answer ASAP
Hi. I'm online and happy to answer your question today.
I am a retina surgeon and deal with this issue at least every week.
Do you know what your vision is in your affected eye at the moment?
Also, did your ophthalmologist say that your decreased vision is completely due to your macular pucker or do you have other issues such as cataracts etc.
Attributed to macular pucker . . .
Were you evaluated by an ophthalmologist (eye MD) or an optometrist?
Also, do you know what your vision is in that eye? (20/20, 20/40 etc...)
Initial appointment with optometrist who referred me to ophthalmologist with a mis-diagnosis of CSRS (?)
Well, I do not recommend doing anything for an epiretinal membrane (also called macular pucker) until vision drops below 20/40 as before that point the risks of the surgery are more then the risks of just leaving things alone.
Treatment involves doing surgery, under local anesthetic, called a vitrectomy and membrane peel. In experienced hands it is very successful but in almost everyone a cataract will form sometime later, usually in a year or two and will require a second surgery to fix.
Here is a very good web page from a very reliable source that discusses this condition in detail:
Ok - but please note my vision in the left eye was measured to be 20/60 by the specialist (and 20/40 in my unaffected right eye.)
I did a surgery for this condition last week and the patient has already noticed a decrease in the distortion he was experiencing, although his vision is not back 100% yet
Well, at 20/60, with no other condition such as cataract contributing to your decreased vision, you would -- if you wanted to have surgery -- be a candidate, all other things being equal.
But there is no rush to have surgery nor is there really any big risks to waiting.
I cannot see anything that you are typing. Our chat system may not be working well at the moment. I'll switch over to the Q&A system. This system works a lot like 'text messaging' but an email is sent to each of us anytime something is posted to this thread. We can continue to work on your question there..... :)
To conclude our chat then, am I to understand that remedial procedures are limited to that of a vitrectomy, e.g., there is no "laser-related" procedure?
Your reply will suffice to conclude our conversation. Thank you for your input as well as the link to the Cleveland Clinic.
Steve S.


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Over one thousand Thanksgiving meals are being distributed across the state of Maine to families in need.
That's all thanks to Food and Medicine of Brewer.
The group, along with over 250 volunteers, have been spending the past few months putting together the meals.
Those meals include a turkey from Manna Ministries, as well as fresh produce from local farms.
Volunteer Coordinator, Doug Cushman said, "The first Friday morning, was the first morning we put food out, and I was here, and we put out over 300 meals."
"I've been completely blown away by the impact that we're able to make but also the sense of community that's found in the people that come together," said Erin Sweeney, the Agriculture Organizer.
200 of the meals put together by Food and Medicine are staying in the Greater Bangor area.
They will spend the next couple of days connecting with the families receiving the meals.


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NEXT EVENTS – Register Now
Annual General Meeting, June 29, 2017 – Keynote Presentation by Otto H. Suhner
Chairman of the Board of Directors of the BRUGG and SUHNER Group Companies
"Activities of a mid-size Swiss industrial group in Latin America"
Date: June 29, 2017 (10:00 – 14:15) – Venue: Haus zum Rüden, Limmatquai 42, 8001 Zurich
Save the Date; Review Program and Register Now
Bühler Company Visit
Date: July 10, 2017 (9:30 – 14:30)
Address: Gupfenstrasse 5, 9240 Uzwil
Save the Date; Review Program and Register Now
Latin American Economic Forum 2017
Date: September 13, 2017 (14:30 – 18:45)
Venue: General-Guisan-Quai 40, 5th Floor, 8002 Zurich
Organized by LATCAM in partnership with Swiss Life Global Solutions
Save the Date; Review Program and Register Now
Latin American Day 2017 – Switzerland's Annual Flagship Event on Doing Business in Latin America
May 23, 2017 (9:00 – 14:00) at SIX Convention Point, Selnaustr. 30, Zurich
organized by LATCAM in partnership with Switzerland Global Enterprise
See more: Report and Program
with Keynote Speaker Walter B. Kielholz, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Swiss Re
The Latin American Chamber of Commerce in Switzerland (Latcam) held its annual general meeting on June 30, 2016, in Zurich. This year Latcam welcomed Walter B. Kielholz, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Swiss Re, as keynote speaker with a presentation on "Risk and (Re)insurance in Latin America.
Reference was made that Latin America generated USD 158 billion of insurance premiums in 2015, up 4.6% in real terms and representing 3.5% of the global insurance market (USD 4.6 trillion). Mr. Kielholz characterized Latin America's economic landscape as a multi-speed economic growth slowdown in which two broad groups of economies stand out with different macroeconomic fundamentals, Mercosur (Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Uruguay) with flat-to-negative economic growth and double-digit inflation,
and Pacific Alliance (Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru) with slow but stable growth, lower and contained inflation. Economic growth for the entire region is foreseen at a moderate 1.9% in the period 2015 – 2020 and 2.9% in the period 2020 – 2025. In the long run, strong macroeconomic fundamentals (institutional quality, sound policy frameworks, trade openness, diversified industrial bases, etc.) could sustain growth. Commercial insurance premiums between 2016 and 2025 are forecasted to grow by 4.9% per year in real terms, from USD 32 billion to USD 55 billion by 2025. Mr. Kielholz also made reference to the property protection gap in uninsured earthquake losses of 90% of total risk in Mexico, Chile, Peru and Brazil, and 85% in Ecuador, Colombia, and Uruguay, and which in the case of a risk event could damage for a long time the affected.
Government representatives from Latin America and Switzerland, including Ambassadors of Peru, Guatemala, Dominican Republic, Minister Philippe Nell, State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) and Catherine Scharf, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, were among the guests.
The Chamber's President, Dr. Richard A. Friedl, presented the Chamber's Annual Report 2015, where he gave a brief overview of some of the key developments in Latin America's economic landscape and reviewed Latcam's activities and operations in 2015. He informed that Claudio Boettcher, Zurich Insurance had been appointed by the board as the new Treasurer of Latcam, replacing Joaquín Fischer whom the board had appointed as new Managing Director.
Annual conferences such as the Latin American Day, the Mexican Forum and the Brazil Forum, as well as upcoming seminars on Peru, Colombia and Argentina attest to the Chamber's important role as a platform for relationship-building between Switzerland and Latin America.


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UTBY Kitchen island
This kitchen island is super chic. The stainless steel goes perfectly in a modern kitchen. I really like the deep dark wood tone of the top. A very practical purchase.
Make a playful statement in your wall! Set of three Stainless steel darts with a special wall fixing. A unique hook for hanging your favorite hat or jacket. These are an original design by Anthony Chrisp.Added 8 Years Ago from Perpetualkid
This is the best bento box ever!Added 9 Years Ago from Amazon.com


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The Wolverines (12-0) will play host to instate opponent Central Michigan (7-5) Saturday at the Crisler Center, with a chance to become the eighth Maize and Blue team to go undefeated in nonconference play and the first since 1985-86.
But with Big Ten play just around the corner, coach John Beilein has his full attention focused on the Chippewa's shooting ability from the perimeter. He said his team is focused on CMU's "innovative" attack.
"(They) really stretch us," Beilein said regarding Central Michigan's offensive scheme. "They have five shooters out on the floor. That's something we have not seen. So we have to make adjustments. (We have to) change things we do defensively to try to counter their really innovative attack."
Michigan's last win --nine days ago against Eastern Michigan, 93-54 -- was primarily against the Eagles 2-3 zone defense. Beilein said he expects a lot of the same defensive looks versus CMU.
"We see a similar situation today with Central Michigan," Beilein said. "Although they could play man (defense.) We'll be prepared for both. Every game there is prep -- you just don't do for every other game cause of the versatility of different programs.
"So we got one more game to improve at before the Big Ten schedule starts."
The Wolverines will begin Big Ten next week on Jan. 3 at Northwestern.
Horford Injury Report
Red shirt sophomore Jon Horford suffered a dislocated knee earlier this month versus West Virginia (81-66 win.) Beilein said the 6-foot-10, 250-pound forward is making strides in his rehabilitation.
"He's progressing well," Beilein said, "but he will not be playing, he's not ready yet. I just defer to the trainers, they just go through it all -- I don't even ask them, until they start telling me when they think he's getting closer."
Beilein said Horford has been rehabbing his knee with extensive pool exercises and cardio workouts.
"He does drills on his own, he shoots on his own -- but based on what (the training staff) thinks he can handle," Michigan's headman added.
Mitch McGary's Progression
Freshman Mitch Mcgary is coming off his best game as a Wolverine. He finished with his first career double-double (10 points, 11 rebounds) and was named Big Ten Freshman of the week for his performance versus Eastern Michigan.
"That was really good for him," Belein said on McGary winning the award. "It's always good for him to have that type of feedback. You look at freshman from around the country and very rare it is to have a big man that comes in as a freshman and is outstanding from beginning to end. Usually the guards are more ready to play the college game. The big men get better, maybe better at the end, but it takes them sometime cause there is so much attention."
Beilein credits McGary's improved conditioning and growth in learning the Wolverines' system for his improved play.
"His condition has improved greatly," Beilein said. "He's just like all the rest of our freshman. There is a learning curve that is all different for them and he is getting better and better. And then to have a true form to play bigger, to make the right decisions, they all take time."
"And we've worked a lot extra with him. I just spent a film session with him, right now. Just looking at different things he can do to improve his ability to enhance his learning curve."
Strong Freshman Play
"This is a freshman group that has really showed us great progress," Beilein said, "probably as good as any we've ever had. That they've made great progress. Now, the Central Michigan game and Big Ten will provide more and more challenges to them. And they just got to keep adjusting."
Beilein said he is "pleased" with the current freshman class progressions' thus far. However, he pointed out the unpredictability in having expectations in freshman throughout his years in coaching.
"Anything a freshman does is unexpected, even if he is bad. If he starts out with a tough start or a great start, it's unexpected. I don't know what to expect of freshman after having 34 years of them—you just don't know."
-- "Every player is ready to roll," Beilein said, regarding the teams' academic eligibility going forward.
-- On senior guard Matt Vogrich on accepting his new role on the bench with fellow seniors, "He's been terrific actually. He and Blake (Mclimans) have to just stay ready. Eso Akunne, Corey (Person), they just have to stay ready."


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The School Transit Subsidy Program offers free or reduced fares for District students who use Metrobus, the DC Circulator, or Metrorail to travel to and from school and school-related activities. The program is available to students enrolled in DC public, public charter, and private schools. The program relies on an electronic pass that is loaded onto a student's DC One Card.
Kids Ride Free
The Kids Ride Free program allows students to ride for free on Metrobus, the DC Circulator, and Metrorail within the District to get to school and school-related activities. The program uses an electronic Kids Ride Free pass that is loaded onto students' DC One Cards. Students must be under 22 years old and live in the District to be eligible. To obtain the Kids Ride Free pass, students need to be enrolled in a DC public school, public charter school, or a private school and have their current DC One Card.
Please note that private school students are eligible for the free bus benefit, but are not eligible for the free rail benefit.
September 2 Advisory: DDOT has learned that the Metro fare system is responding slower than expected in delivering Kids Ride Free Passes as school starts this year. Due to this issue, the KRF-Pass may not activate when students first tap their DC One Cards in the system.
Metro advises that students continue to tap their DC One Cards on the fare gate or fare box to activate their KRF-Pass as they travel to and from school. If the student uses the rail system, the KRF-Pass can be activated by tapping the DC One Card again at the same station several hours after first tapping their DC One Card. If the student rides the bus, the KRF-Pass can be activated by tapping the DC One Card three days after the first tapping their DC One Card.
During this process, bus operators and station managers are required to allow students to ride for free if students' KRF-Passes are not functioning on their DC One Cards.
If you would like to ensure that the KRF-Pass is successfully loaded, one tip is to take the following steps:
- Tap your DC One Card on a fare vending machine found in any Metrorail station. If there is a negative balance, bring it up to $0.
- After several hours, or the next day, tap your DC One Card again on a fare vending machine at the same Metrorail station to activate your KRF-Pass.
- Check with the station manager to see if the KRF-Pass has been successfully loaded or log-in to your account at dconecard.dc.gov to check the status of your KRF-Pass. This activity can be done on the weekends to ensure the KRF-Pass is ready to use for school on Mondays.
Important changes to the program for the 2016-2017 school year
1. New Metrobus hours. We are removing the time-of-day and day-of-week restrictions on bus travel. Students will be able to take a free bus trip all day, every day to get to school and school-related activities within the District.
2. Signing-up for Kids Ride Free. We are no longer requiring students to sign-up for the program online. Instead, the electronic Kids Ride Free pass will be issued to all eligible students who are enrolled in school and have a DC One Card. Note: This new process does not apply to private school students. Private school students must sign-up to get the Kids Ride Free on Bus pass at dconecard.dc.gov.
3. New website. We are upgrading the dconecard.dc.gov website on August 15 to allow students to check the status of their Kids Ride Free pass as well as their stored value balance.
Tips for picking-up the Kids Ride Free pass
Two weeks before school starts:
- Enroll in school. Students should make sure that they are enrolled in a DC public school or a public charter school.
- Find your DC One Card.
- Students should make sure to use their current DC One Cards. If they don't have a DC One Card, they can get one at a DC One Card center or at their school. See dconecard.dc.gov for center locations.
- Students who request a DC One Card after school starts will have the electronic Kids Ride Free pass issued to that new DC One Card automatically.
- Check your balances. Students should pay off any negative fare balances on their DC One Card. You can check your balance by tapping your Card on a fare vending machine at a rail station.
On the first day of school:
- Tap your DC One Card. Students should tap their DC One Card on a bus fare box or a rail fare gate within the District of Columbia to activate the Kids Ride Free pass and take a free trip.
Students who have a DC One Card and are enrolled in school will be able to travel for free starting August 8, 2016 to reflect the early start date for some schools.
This flyer and these frequently asked questions and FAQs in Spanish explain the changes in greater detail. DDOT's customer service staff are available at (202) 673-1740 to answer any questions.
Discounted Student Transit Passes
Students may also purchase the following discounted student transit passes at a Metro Sales office or online at wmata.com:
- 30-day pass for $30
- 10-trip bus pass for $7.50
- 10-trip rail for $9.50
These passes are electronically loaded onto students' DC One Cards after signing-up for the program at dconecard.dc.gov. Students must be under 22 years old, live in the District and be enrolled at a District school to be eligible.
Contact Us
For additional information about the School Transit Subsidy Program, please find more details below or call (202) 673-1740.


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VIDEO: Dog Honks Horn When Owner Takes Too Long!
What do you do when you can't wait inside the car for even one more minute!? You lay on the horn for 15 minutes -- like this dog!
Reports say some guys in Dundee, Scotland, heard the 18-month-old pup named Fern's honking and thought she was an 'impatient driver'!
Watch below (you must be logged into Facebook to see!)
Post by Cameron Wighton.


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temp gauge moving
i have a 05 grand cherokee 4.7 and the temp gauge is a line or two below half while driving but when sitting at a light it goes to half or a tad bit past half but my radiator just took almost a gallon of coolant could that of been the problem
Re: temp gauge moving
Possibly. Have you noticed any leaks under your truck?
Re: temp gauge moving
Sounds like normal operating conditions to me...it is a gauge, rather than a binary device for a reson! The temperature of the engine will naturally fluctuate.
When you stop at a light, you don't get air-cooling, engine gets warmer, if you sat there long enough the fan would come on and keep it within spec, but you likely drive away before that point.
If it isn't dangerously high, or higher than what you would typically observe when driving it in similar conditions, there is nothing to worry about.
Did you top up the resevoir because it was below the 'add' when the engine was warm? With the colder months it will look like the coolant is lower just because of temperature related contraction.
Re: temp gauge moving
My gauge doesnt fluctuate a MM... year round it does a bit, on a 100 degree day I am dead nuts in the center, when its 30 degrees i ride like a MM or 2 from the center line and don't move. This is not saying there is 100% a problem, but considering you had to add a bunch of coolant I would say get it looked at!
Typically when it starts warming up stopped your going to be looking at a fan issue, electronic or mechanical. Something is not pulling enough air through the radiator.
Considering you added so much coolant I would err on the side of caution and do a thorough inspection, look for leaks, worn components. If you don't see leaks you may be dealing with a head gasket issue.
Re: temp gauge moving
Recommend you perform:
1. Cooling system pressure test.
2. Radiator cap pressure test (or just replace it for <$10) if it is old. Mine started to go at 60K miles (3 years). Stant is a decent replacement brand.
Ensure that the overflow recovery tank level is in-between the HI-LO marks with 50% HOAT coolant after your pressure test(s). Then, monitor the level for a couple of days to see how it varies. Check at the same point each time (like before the first start in the morning). As air pockets bleed off the cooling system, the recovery tank level will go down. Replenish the recovery tank and eventually, the level should stabilize.
Hope this helps. :)
Re: temp gauge moving
ended up being a fan clutch
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$ 16.25 Not Available
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- Item No.
- 725970
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Product Information for The Riegle Press CB67 Record Book
Highlights for The Riegle Press CB67 Record Book
- Sheet Size:8.50" Length x 11" Width
Marketing Information
Record sheets are perforated so names need be written only once. Can be used 6 classes for 40 weeks or 12 classes for 20 weeks. Space for 40 students. 6-7 week style class record book. Seating Charts and Daily Schedule with Teacher's page.
General Information
Physical Characteristics
Product Information


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The Redskins released a revised depth chart Monday that displayed Evan Royster as the No. 1 running back. He was followed by Roy Helu and Alfred Morris , in that order.
Fantasy Analysis:
Take a picture; it will last longer. Royster wouldn't even bite when asked by the Washington Post if this means he will start Sunday in New Orleans, saying that he thinks Redskins coaches won't reveal who is the official starter to any of the three backs until the night before the game. Each of them have played well at times during the preseason, but nobody has really separated themselves in this race, so to be the starter is just a title. I would still hitch my wagon to Helu if I had a choice, but this could be a full-blown three-man committee until someone breaks through. And even then, it's Mike Shanahan. Just try to stay away.


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Not all fitness conscious commuters are able to pull off the "great unwashed" method of going deodorant-free without ending up as the subway-car (or front seat!) pariah on the way home from spinning class. But while you may want to smell fresh even through the toughest workout, you may also want to avoid some of the questionable ingredients in conventional deodorants and antiperspirants, like aluminum, parabens, and the ever-elusive "fragrance."
We tested four popular all-natural products to see if they could stand up against some seriously sweaty circumstances:
Naturally Fresh Deodorant Crystal Roll-on
Price: $3.99 at Duane Reade or online Grade: A-
Price: $3.99 at Duane Reade or online Grade: A-
The crystal brands of deodorant always seemed a bit like a gimmick to me, but it actually worked. I used the roll-on kind, so I didn't have to deal with moistening the actual crystal. This version is pure liquid, so when you apply, you have to hold your arms out and let it dry a bit before getting dressed. After an excruciating Power Yoga class that produced a very sticky mat, I could barely detect an odor.
I liked how smoothly it went on, like a conventional deodorant, but it had lots of thick white residue. I was willing to live with this, and the high price point, because when I opened this deodorant, it smelled fabulously sweet, citrusy, and fresh. But I had barely finished one chatarunga in a yoga class before I started to smell myself. Not my new-found sweet-citrusy self. My body odor was so bad that I spent the class trying to keep my arms as close to my body as possible, so as not to torture the yogi next to me. I think we both want our money back.
Tom's of Maine's Long Lasting Wild Lavender Deodorant
Price: $4.99 at Duane Reade or online Grade: B+ or DISQUALIFIED
Price: $4.99 at Duane Reade or online Grade: B+ or DISQUALIFIED
The fresh lavender scent lasted all of the way through an intense boot camp workout, and the application is smooth, with barely visible residue. The only downside is that it contains propylene glycol, which has been shown to cause skin and immune system irritation or respiratory toxicity in some studies. Since it's a chemical named on the dirty dozen list of ingredients to avoid (though Tom's calls propylene glycol a "natural gas from the earth,"), this product is technically disqualified from the natural deodorant category anyway.
Soapwalla Deodorant Cream
Price: $10 at Spirit Beauty Lounge or etsy.com Grade: A-
Price: $10 at Spirit Beauty Lounge or etsy.com Grade: A-
As a small-batch beauty product with roots in a tiny New York kitchen, I was smitten–yet puzzled about the packaging. This creamy deodorant comes in a tub and is applied with your fingertips, so they get sticky, but nothing a quick wash won't fix. Despite the slightly grainy texture, my pits absorbed it almost immediately, leaving little residue. And it stood the test of a long day at work, then yoga. No B.O. detected. Though oddly, the scent reminded me of Vicks VapoRub rather than the rosehip seed oil it's actually made of.
–Lisa Elaine Held
From our friends at Well+Good:
KEYWORDS: natural beauty,products,Skincare


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Do you want to make Ohio.com your homepage?
By Gina Mace
Ohio.com correspondent
In this file photo Copley Road Deptartment worker Mark Hermann unloads a truckload of computer items to be recycled. Starting Monday, the Copley Community Center will host an electronic recycling event in its parking lot. (Phil Masturzo/Akron Beacon Journal file photo)
Click here to read or leave a comment(s) on this story.


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Arturia KeyLab 61 MIDI Controller Keyboard
Arturia KeyLab 61 MIDI Controller KeyboardDetails
Product Ref: 34742View Full Description
Buy on finance from £9.43 per month Finance from £9.43 per month
Please note: This is only available where all items in the order are dispatched in a single delivery.
To make it as easy as possible for you to get the gear you want, we offer a range of instant finance options. If you spend £250 or more online, you can choose to pay over 48, 36 or 24 months. The majority of decisions are given instantly, so you could get your new gear sooner than you thought!
Representative Example
To help you understand how our finance options work, the examples below are based on a total order value of £250:
|Deposit to Pay
|Total Payable
|Classic Credit 48 Months 14.9%
|No Deposit
|48 months: £6.83
Final payment: £6.83
No settlement fee
|Classic Credit 36 Months 15.9%
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|36 months: £8.65
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Advanced Controls & Versatile Connectivity
The Keylab 61-key keyboard controller is made for performance and gives musicians maximum expression with velocity and aftertouch sensitive keys in addition to a set of knobs, faders and backlit pads which can be used with the automatic mapping or with custom MIDI mapping for unique control applications. Additionally the Keylab 61 is also loaded with versatile connections to the rear of the unit such as MIDI In/Out, USB, and expression connectivity allowing it to seamlessly integrate into a range of set ups.
MIDI Control Centre
The included MIDI Control Centre software provides quick and easy access to the control parameters of the Keylab 61 to provide customization to best suit your application. With an intuitive graphical interface and a 1:1 screen image of your hardware, you can tailor the controls of your KeyLab controller to match the settings of your favourite plug-ins and DAWs.
Analog Sound Lab Software
This premium MIDI controller keyboard gives full access to Arturia's Analog Lab software; its pre-assigned controls make it an ideal solution for plug and play sound creation. Once the software is connected to the keyboard, you can put your mouse away and experience the same workflow as on a traditional hardware synthesizer.
With the Keylab 61 and Analog Lab software you'll discover a new depth of access to synth patches, you can now really get in and customize the huge library of internationally designed presets. A new multi-mode allows several sounds to be played simultaneously with the addition of effects, layer/split functions and a chord mode. In addition, the keyboard (like all of the Keylab series) can be easily used in any other MIDI compatible software and digital audio workstation.
- 61 Key Semi-Weighted Controller Keyboard
- Velocity Sensitive and Aftertouch Keybed
- Encoders, Transport, Modulation Wheels, Faders and Pad Controls
- 32 Digit LCD Screen for Realtime Feedback
- Loads of Included Presets with Simple Navigation
- More than 200 Factory Installed Multi-Patches
- MIDI, USB, Aux and Expression Pedal Connectivity
- Compatible with Included Analog Lab and Most Other MIDI Software
- Analog Lab Features a Huge 6000 Synth Sounds
- High Quality Aluminium and Wood Construction
- Keys: 61
- Key Action: Semi-Weighted (Velocity Sensitive)
- Pads: 16
- Faders: 9
- Encoders: 13
- Mod Wheels: 2
- Inputs: 1 x Aux, 1 x Sustain Pedal, 1 x Expression, 1 x MIDI In
- Outputs: 1 x MIDI Out
- Additional Connections: 1 x 1/8" Breath, 1 x USB (Type B)
- Housing: Aluminium/Wood
- Height: 2.75"
- Width: 34.57"
- Depth: 11.73"
- Weight: 7.2 Kg
System Requirements
- Operating System: Windows 7 or Newer
- Processor: 2 GHz Multi-Core
- Free Disk Space: 2GB
- Operating System: OS 10.8 or Newer
- Processor: 2 GHz Multi-Core
- Free Disk Space: 2GB
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Army scientists and industry collaborators have successfully protected laboratory animals from lethal hantavirus disease using a novel approach that combines DNA vaccines and duck eggs. The work appears in a recent edition of the online scientific journal PLoS ONE, published by the Public Library of Science.
According to first author Jay W. Hooper of the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), this is the first time that the DNA vaccine/duck egg system has been shown to produce an antiviral product capable of protecting against hantavirus disease.
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text: I know that Bell Services will transfer my luggage from VWL to OKW, but what if I take a cruise (just 3 or 4 days) in between? Will they keep my things that long? There are things I need at "home" that I wouldn't want to take on a cruise. Would it be better if I stayed at the same resort on both ends of the cruise? Or do I need to cruise at the very beginning or end of my trip?


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"To be wrong is one thing; but to knowingly surrender one's judgment to the herd for the sake of 'happiness' is far worse than merely being wrong; for a man, especially for a White man, it is worse than death. It is an undoing of his very Being."
Uncle Adolf's table talk, 191
16th May 1944, evening
Research and instruction—State encouragement for free research—The two tasks of research worker and teacher—Kant, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche.
The theory that independent research and instruction are two fields of activity which must be indissolubly related is false. Each has an entirely different function, each calls for men of a different type, and each must be approached by the State from a different angle.
Research must remain free and unfettered by any State restriction. The facts which it establishes represent Truth, and Truth is never evil. It is the duty of the State to support and further the efforts of research in every way, even when its activities hold no promise of immediate, or even early, advantage from the material or economic point of view. It may well be that its results will be of value, or indeed will represent tremendous progress, only to the generation of the future.
Instruction, on the other hand, should not, in my opinion, enjoy a like liberty of action. Its liberty is limited by the interests of the State, and can therefore never be totally unrestricted; it has not the right to claim that same degree of independence which I most willingly concede to research.
The attributes demanded of a successful teacher and a research worker are fundamentally different, and are seldom to be found together in the single individual. The man of research is by nature extremely cautious; he never ceases to work, to ponder, to weigh and to doubt, and his suspicious nature breeds in him an inclination towards solitude and most rigorous self-criticism.
Of quite a different type is the ideal teacher. He has little or no concern with the endless riddles of the infinite—with something, that is, which is so infinitely greater than himself. He is a man whose task it is to impart knowledge and understanding to men who do not possess them and who, therefore, are generally his intellectual inferiors; and in consequence he is a man who is often inclined to be pedantically dogmatic.
There are many men endowed with a genius for research who are useless as teachers, just as there are brilliant teachers who have no gift whatever for research and creative work; yet all of them, in their respective spheres, make contributions of outstanding value to the sum of human knowledge.
I do not agree with the idea that liberty of research should be restricted solely to the fields of natural science. It should embrace also the domain of thought and philosophy, which, in essence, are themselves but the logical prolongation of scientific research. By taking the data furnished by science and placing them under the microscope of reason, philosophy gives us a logical conception of the universe as it is. The boundary between research and philosophy is nebulous and constantly moving.
In the Great Hall of the Linz Library are the busts of Kant, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, the greatest of our thinkers, in comparison with whom the British, the French and the Americans have nothing to offer. His complete refutation of the teachings which were a heritage from the Middle Ages, and of the dogmatic philosophy of the Church, is the greatest of the services which Kant has rendered to us. It is on the foundation of Kant's theory of knowledge that Schopenhauer built the edifice of his philosophy, and it is Schopenhauer who annihilated the pragmatism of Hegel. I carried Schopenhauer's works with me throughout the whole of the First World War. From him I learned a great deal.
Schopenhauer's pessimism, which springs partly, I think, from his own line of philosophical thought and partly from subjective feeling and the experiences of his own personal life, has been far surpassed by Nietzsche.
Consider obtaining a copy of the complete notes
published by Ostara Publications.
Beyond white nationalism
"This is your best piece of writing in WDH up to now, Chechar—at least that I'm aware of. I don't think this is the sort of article that will have much appeal to average White Nationalists, obsessed as they are with the Joooos, Niggers and other perceived threats.
But until Whites grasp the deep mental roots of the their present malaise (specially as far as Christianity and its secular offshoot, Liberalism, are concerned) they will be like a man being attacked by a swarm of bees in the middle of a pitch-black night."
— John Martínez
(See the rest of Martínez's insightful article here.)
Werner Ross on Nietzsche
Excerpted from the prologue of Werner Ross's Der ängstliche Adler
– Friedrich Nietzsches Leben (1980):
The two-volume work of Heidegger on Nietzsche begins with the lapidary phrase: "Nietzsche, the thinking man testifies to the content of his thought." But in the following hundreds of pages he does not appear, only his philosophical activity.
Nietzsche had the misfortune to go down to posterity as a philosopher whereas he would have liked to do it as an apostle or officer of artillery; a lyric poet or composer; a revolutionary or reformer; ultimately, as a buffoon or a god.
Nietzsche argued against the claims of truthfulness of all doctrines, including his. He ardently sought for results: a reversal of all relations, the abolition of Christianity, the beginning of a new era. His aspiration was to divide the history of humanity with a single stroke into two halves. Instead, it has been classified with others; and in college textbooks his name appears next to Leibniz and Kant.
At the height of his self-consciousness, of his "delusions of grandeur," Nietzsche came to think that the mere dissemination of his doctrine would cause the disintegration of the tablets of the law and of our civilization as the trumpets of the Israelites had caused the collapse of the walls of Jericho. But the earth did not shake nor the sun darkened when, in early January 1889, he went crazy.
Obviously, great works take time. Nietzsche indeed contributed to the destruction of something that, at the time, many wanted ardently: "the fundamental values." He was convinced that his ideas were dynamite, but all blasting is, ultimately, a child's play compared to the persistent action of erosion. And if no revolution took place after Nietzsche, at least he caused a radical change in the general climate.
Nietzsche became famous overnight the same year he was admitted to an asylum. But the person immediately disappeared behind the work, behind the exposed and fought doctrine. This work moved the spirits and divided them in twain; it also marked the beginning of a new era, which provided mottos and slogans. The literature on Nietzsche, for and against, increased greatly…
In the circle of collaborators responsible for the historical-critical edition of his complete works, whose first volume appeared in 1934, the project finally came to publish a full biography of Nietzsche. This was undertaken by Richard Blunck during the Second World War. The owner of the Archive [Nietzsche's sister] had died in 1935; Hitler had already visited her before and had brought with him as a gift Nietzsche's swab.
Blunck was unlucky: the whole edition of the first [biographical] volume, which was printed in early 1945, was destroyed during air raids. The volume did not appear until 1953. Blunck died in 1962, when he was working in the other volumes. Curt Paul Janz, a professional orchestra musician that had received a solid philological training at Basel, continued the work of Blunck. The result was the three-volume biography published in 1978-1979 by Hanser Verlag. This is a thorough study that collects all the facts and circumstances of the life of Nietzsche. My work has a lot to thank him.
The Struggle with the Daimon
For an easy reading,
you can read all of my excerpts
of Zweig's essay on Nietzsche
at Ex libris (here).
Was Nietzsche one of us?
Below, some passages of Friedrich Nietzsche's Ecce homo, translated by Anthony Ludovici:
§ There was not a single abortion that was lacking among them—no, not even the anti-Semite. Poor Wagner!
§ My whole life is essentially a proof of this remark. In vain have I sought among them for a sign of tact and delicacy towards myself. Among Jews I did indeed find it, but not among Germans. I am so constituted as to be gentle and kindly to every one—I have the right not to draw distinctions—, but this does not prevent my eyes from being open.
§ Above all, I have to direct an attack against the German people, who, in matters of the spirit, grow every day more indolent, poorer in instincts, and more honest, who, with an appetite for which they are to be envied, continue to diet themselves on contradictions, and gulp down "Faith" in company with science, Christian love together with anti-Semitism, and the will to power (to the "Empire"), dished up with the gospel of the humble, without showing the slightest signs of indigestion.
§ There is such a thing as the writing of history according to the lights of Imperial Germany; there is, I fear, anti-Semitic history—there is also history written with an eye to the Court, and Herr von Treitschke is not ashamed of himself. Quite recently an idiotic opinion in historicis, an observation of Vischer the Swabian aesthete, since happily deceased, made the round of the German newspapers as a "truth" to which every German must assent.
Let me prove that no other Western philosopher was "one of us." Either do a contribution to the West's Darkest Hour (see donate button at the sidebar) or, if you live in the US, go to your second-hand bookstore and purchase Matthew Stewart's The Truth About Everything: An Irreverent History of Philosophy. In second-hand bookstores a copy of this 1997 book must be just a couple of bucks and you can send it to me by regular mail. (From the country where I am living, Amazon Books' shipping prices sometimes cost even more than a brand new copy!)
You won't be disappointed by my chosen excerpts of Stewart's hilarious book in a new series of posts that I might call "Debunking philosophy" or something like that. Presently I cannot quote it for this blog because I only own a Spanish translation of An Irreverent History of Philosophy, not the original in English.
Thank you for your support.
Was Evola one of us?
Cannot believe it. Just a cursory search on this guy adored by Greg Johnson and so many commenters at Counter-Currents—for God's sake!: this is Wikipedia's lead paragraph on Julius Evola—:
He was never a member of the Italian National Fascist Party (and thus rejected for not being a member), or the Italian Social Republic, and was furthermore engaged in constant criticism of fascism and declaring he was an anti-fascist. Evola regarded his position as that of a sympathetic right-wing intellectual…
One of his successes was in regards to the racial laws; his advocation of a spiritual consideration of race won out in the debate in Italy, rather than a solely materialist reductionism concept popular in Germany.
—and Evola looks, at first sight, like a typical coward conservative, not even a race realist of the kind of Jared Taylor.
"Spiritual consideration of race" rather than "the concept popular in Germany"? Jeez! Unless the wiki got this all wrong, this single piece of data corroborates what I said in my entry about this guy and the pompously called "Buddha," and it also vindicates my putting one of his books into the trash can, where I guess other of his works also belong.
On Francis Bacon
Time to kick the philosophers in the balls
For Francis Bacon (1561-1626) the metaphysicians were like spiders that constructed their webs with a substance segregated from their insides, resulting in that their conclusions kept little if any connection to empirical reality. Here there are some chosen excerpts from Will Durant's chapter on Bacon in his splendid book, The Story of Philosophy. Pay attention how Bacon differs from Buddha-like opinions on human desires:
At the age of twelve Bacon was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge. He stayed there three years, and left it with a strong dislike of its texts and methods, a confirmed hostility to the cult of Aristotle, and a resolve to set philosophy into a more fertile path, to turn it from scholastic disputation to the illumination and increase of human good…
Nothing could be so injurious to health as the Stoic repression of desire; what is the use of prolonging a life which apathy had turned into premature death? And besides, it is an impossible philosophy; for instinct will out…
He does not admire the merely contemplative life; like Goethe he scorns knowledge that does not lead to action: "men ought to know that in the theatre of human life it is only for Gods and angels to be spectators"…
All through the years of his rise and exaltation he brooded over the restoration or reconstruction of philosophy, Meditor Instaurationem philosophiae. It was a magnificent enterprise, and—except for Aristotle—without precedent in the history of thought. It would differ from every other philosophy in aiming at practice rather than at theory, at specific concrete goods rather than at speculative symmetry… Here, for the first time, are the voice and tone of modern science.
Just as the pursuit of knowledge becomes scholasticism when divorced from the actual needs of men and life, so the pursuit of politics becomes a destructive bedlam when divorced from science and philosophy…
Philosophy has been barren so long, says Bacon, because she needed a new method to make her fertile. The great mistake of the Greek philosophy was that they spent so much time in theory, so little in observation. The predecessors of Socrates were in this matter sounder than his followers; Democritus, in particular, had a nose for facts, rather than an eye for the clouds. No wonder that philosophy has advanced so little since Aristotle's day; it has been using Aristotle's methods. Now, after two thousand years of logic-chopping with the machinery invented by Aristotle, philosophy has fallen so low that none will do her reverence. All these medieval theories, theorems and disputations must be cast out and forgotten…
Philosophers deal out infinites with the careless assurance of grammarians handling infinitives. The world as Plato describes it is merely a world constructed by Plato, and pictures Plato rather than the world…
Knowledge that does not generate achievement is a pale and bloodless thing, unworthy of mankind. We strive to learn the forms of things not for the sake of the forms but because by knowing the forms, the laws, we may remake things in the image of our desire. So we study mathematics in order to reckon quantities and build bridges…
And when the great minds of the French Enlightenment undertook that masterpiece of intellectual enterprise, the Encyclopédie, they dedicated it to Francis Bacon.


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text:
Yarbrough's 11th Inning Homer Sinks Ports 7-4
By Stockton Ports | June 12, 2013 6:44 PM ET
SAN BERNARDINO, Calif. - For the third time this season, the Stockton Ports suffered a series sweep. The Inland Empire 66ers, after blowing a 4-2 lead in the seventh, got a three-run homer from Alex Yarbrough in the bottom of the 11th inning as they handed the Ports a 7-4 loss and completed a sweep of the three-game set at San Manuel Stadium.
Ports starter Drew Granier found himself in a bases-loaded, no-out jam after giving up three straight singles to start the second inning. Granier struck out Andy Workman for the first out, but a wild pitch on the third strike swinging went to the backstop and allowed Zach Borenstein to score and make it 1-0. Brennan Gowens came up next and grounded out to second to drive in another run and bring the 66ers lead to 2-0.
Max Muncy led off the fourth inning with his league-leading 16th home run of the season out to right field off 66ers starter Jake Boyd, cutting the Stockton deficit to 2-1.
Inland Empire fired back with two runs in the bottom of the fourth. Borenstein led off with a double and scored on an RBI double two batters later by Brian Hernandez to make it 3-1. Hernandez scored later in the inning on a fielder's choice force out, putting the 66ers up 4-1.
Granier did not allow a run over his final three innings of work and would receive a no-decision, going seven innings and allowing six hits while walking two and striking out seven.
Trailing 4-2 with one out in the seventh, Phil Pohl pulled Stockton to within a run with a home run to left off Boyd, chasing him from the ballgame. Ty Kelley came in from the bullpen and gave up a double to Wade Kirland. Kelley then uncorked two wild pitches that allowed Kirkland to score and tie the game at 4-4.
Boyd went 6.1 innings and allowed three runs on seven hits while striking out four. Kelley went 1.2 innings and allowed one run on two hits while striking out two.
Pedro Vidal came on to start the eighth inning for Stockton and pitiched two scoreless frames, retiring six of the seven batters he faced. Michael Morin tossed a scoreless ninth for Inland Empire as the game went into extra innings.
Jake Brown (2-2) started the bottom of the 10th for Stockton and gave up a leadoff single to Yarbrough. Borenstein followed with a single to shallow left and Yarbrough was thrown out by Rashun Dixon as he tried to go from first to third base. Brown would issue and intentional walk to Hernandez with two outs and then walk Andy Workman to load the bases, but got Gowens to ground to shortstop to end the inning.
After Eric Cendejas (4-2) pitched a scoreless 10th and 11th innings, Brown came back out for the bottom of the 11th and issued back-to-back walks with one out. Yarbrough came to bat with two on and hit a three-run homer to left to end the ballgame and secure the series sweep for Inland Empire. Brown suffered the loss while Cendejas picked up the win.
With the loss, the Ports are now mathematically eliminated from contention for a first-half title.
Stockton will look to get back on the winning track as they continue their road trip and start a four-game series with the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes on Thursday night at The Epicenter. James Simmons (3-1, 1.93 ERA) will make the start for the Ports. First pitch is set for 7:05 p.m. PDT.
This story was not subject to the approval of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues or its clubs.View More


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Einstein (São Paulo)
Print version ISSN 1679-4508
Einstein (São Paulo) vol.10 no.2 São Paulo Apr./June 2012
Evaluation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell labeling with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with dextran and complexed with Poly-L-lysine
Tatiana Taís SibovI; Liza Aya Mabuchi MiyakiII; Javier Bustamante MamaniI; Luciana Cavalheiro MartiIII; Luiz Roberto SardinhaIII; Lorena Favaro PavonI; Daniela Mara de OliveiraIV; Walter Humberto CardenasI; Lionel Fernel GamarraI
IInstituto do Cérebro InCe, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein HIAE, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
IIInstituto do Cérebro InCe, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein HIAE, São Paulo (SP), Brazil; Faculdade de Enfermagem, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein HIAE, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
IIICentro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein HIAE, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
IVUniversidade de Brasília UnB, Brasilia (DF), Brazil
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the labeling of umbilical cord vein derived mesenchymal stem cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with dextran and complexed to a non-viral transfector agent transfector poly-L-lysine.
METHODS: The labeling of mesenchymal stem cells was performed using the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran complexed and not complexed to poly-L-lysine. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran was incubated with poly-L-lysine in an ultrasonic sonicator at 37°C for 10 minutes for complex formation superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran/poly-L-lysine by electrostatic interaction. Then, the mesenchymal stem cells were incubated overnight with the complex superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran/poly-L-lysine and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran. After the incubation period the mesenchymal stem cells were evaluated by internalization of the complex superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran/poly-L-lysine and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran by Prussian Blue stain. Cellular viability of labeled mesenchymal stem cells was evaluated by cellular proliferation assay using 5,6-carboxy-fluorescein-succinimidyl ester method and apoptosis detection by Annexin V- Propidium Iodide assay.
RESULTS: mesenchymal stem cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran without poly-L-lysine not internalized efficiently the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles due to its low presence detected within cells. Mesenchymal stem cells labeled with the complex superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran/poly-L-lysine efficiently internalized the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles due to greater presence in the cells interior. The viability and apoptosis assays demonstrated that the mesenchymal stem cells labeled and not labeled respectively with the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran/poly-L-lysine continue to proliferate over seven days and the percentage of cells in early or late apoptosis is low compared to the percentage of live cells over the three days.
CONCLUSION: Our results showed that the use of poly-L-lysine complexed with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/dextran provides better internalization of these superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in mesenchymal stem cells Thus, we demonstrated that this type of labeling is not cytotoxic to the mesenchymal stem cells, since the viability and apoptosis assays showed that the cells remain alive and proliferating. The efficiency of this type of labeling in mesenchymal stem cells can provide non-invasive methods for monitoring these cells in vivo.
Keywords: Mesenchymal stem cells; Magnetite nanoparticles; Poly-L-Lysine; Umbilical veins
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been widely used in various biomedical applications in vitro and in vivo(1,2). In these applications, there is the need for high specificity, efficiency and quick internalization of the SPION into specific target cells, but this may be limited by various factors(3): (i) aggregation of SPIONs (SPIONs have a high surface/volume ratio, and thus, tend to agglomerate); (ii) short half-life of SPIONs in blood circulation (when the SPIONs agglomerate, or adsorb plasma proteins, which are rapidly eliminated from the blood circulation by macrophages from the phagocyte mononuclear system before they can reach the target cells); (iii) and the low efficiency of intracellular capture of SPIONs.
Biocompatible polymers and agents with specific targets are, therefore, bound to the surface of SPIONs to avoid agglomeration and to increase its nonspecific intracellular absorption(4,5).
All the applications require that the SPIONs have high magnetization values and a size smaller than 100nm, with a narrow distribution among the sizes, in order to present uniform physical and chemical properties(6). The nature of the surface covering of SPIONs helps in the determination of the total size of the colloid, and also plays a significant role in the biokinetics and biodistribution of SPIONs in vivo(1,2).
From the beginning of the use of contrast agents in magnetic resonance (1987), most of the superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIONs) and ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxides (USPION) have been absorbed by macrophages, and these particles may be coated by dextran or other types of polymer coatings in order to attain good dispersion in water and selectivity(7). Dextran (DX)-coated SPIONs (DX), however, are not captured efficiently by cells, probably due to aggregation and to the size of the SPION-DX, which can cause inefficient cell endocytosis. The non-efficient capture of SPION-DX has been reduced by coating these SPIONs with polymers(2).
Cationic compounds, such as Poly-L-Lysine (PLL)(8) have been used to help in the interaction between the SPION and the surface of the cells that present with negative charges, and consequently endosomal absorption(2,8). PLL is a cationic polymer that presents with high density of positive changes in its chain, which leads to an attraction and consequent bond to molecules with predominantly negative charges(8).
MSC are multipotent cells that have the capacity to originate other types of cells to a limited extent, for example, adipocyte, osteoblast and chondrocyte cells(9, 10). Transplantation of this cellular type could be an effective treatment for diseases such as ischemic cerebrovascular accidents (ICVA) and spinal cord lesions. Nonetheless, accompaniment of the behavior of these cells in vivo is still one of the obstacles to its use in cell therapy. The possibility of an efficient form of labeling of these cells with SPIONs, without cytotoxic effects and loss of viability, could make available noninvasive methods for the follow-up of these cells in vivo.
In this way, labeling MSC with SPIONs has been studied over the last years(11,12), but there are still no studies that completely characterize the cytotoxic effects of this type of labeling on cellular proliferation, survival and differentiation.
Thus, in this study we will compare the efficiency of MSC labeling using SPION-DX, complexed or not with PLL, with the intention of analyzing the ease of incorporation of the particle by the cells and the cytotoxicity of this type of labeling. Therefore we will analyze cellular viability over the course of seven days of labeling and cellular death over the course of three days. Our results have demonstrated that MSCs are labeled with the SPION-DXs in an efficient manner, and do not cause toxic effects to the cells under study.
To compare the efficiency of internalization of SPION-DX complexed or not with PLL by the MSC. To evaluate if the internalization of SPION-DX-PLL causes cytotoxicity to the MSC using flow cytometry techniques.
Umbilical cord sample collection
Five samples of umbilical cord were collected after signing of the informed consent form by the mother (donor) as per the Ethics in Research Committee (CEP No. 1059) of the Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein (São Paulo, Brazil). These samples were collected by sectioning of the umbilical cord at the time of delivery and preserved in Phosphate Buffered Saline 1x (PBS, Sigma-Aldrich) with 100mM of EDTA anticoagulant, and were processed soon afterwards or within up to 12 hours after the collection.
Umbilical cord sample processing
After two washings with PBS 1x (Sigma-Aldrich) of the umbilical cord, the MSCs were removed from the sample by enzymatic digestion using Collagenase Type I (Sigma-Aldrich) for 30 minutes, 37ºC in 5% CO2. Next, the enzyme was inactivated with Fetal Bovine Serum (GIBCO/Invitrogen Corporation).
MSC culture
The MSCs isolated from the umbilical cord were transferred to 25-cm2 plates at a cellular density of 107 cells/cm2 containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's-Low Glucose medium (DMEM-LG, GIBCO Invitrogen Corporation) supplemented with L-Glutamine 200mM, Antibiotic-Antimycotic 10,000U/mL sodium penicillin, 10,000µg/mL streptomycin sulfate, 25µg/mL amphotericin B (GIBCO/Invitrogen Corporation) and 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (GIBCO/Invitrogen Corporation). The MSC cultures were maintained at 37ºC in 5% CO2 and the non-adherent cells were removed from the culture plate after 24 hours. The culture medium was changed on alternate days. The experiments were performed at the fourth cellular passage with the 90% confluent cells.
Immunophenotyping of MSC by flow cytometry
The MSC characterization experiment performed by flow cytometry used commercially available monoclonal antibodies. The labeling technique used was compliant with the manufacturer's techniques. Briefly, the cells were labeled with the selected monoclonal antibodies and incubated in the dark for 30 minutes at room temperature; after incubation the cells were washed and fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde. The monoclonal antibodies used were: CD14 FITC clone:M5E2 (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA), CD29 PE clone:MAR4 (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA), CD31 PE clone:WM59 (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA), CD45 PerCP CY5.5 clone:2D1 (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA), CD73 PE clone:AD2 (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA), CD105 PE clone:43A3 (Biolegend, San Diego, CA), CD90 APC clone:5E10 (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA), HLA-A,B and C FITC clone:G46-2.6 (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, CD106 FITC clone:51-10C9 (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA), CD133 APC clone:293C3 (Myltenyi Biotec, Germany) and the related control isotopes. Data acquisition was performed on the FACSARIA flow cytometry equipment (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and the results were analyzed using FACSDIVA (BD Biosciences) and FLOWJO software (Tree Star, Ashland, OR).
Dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles
Dextran-coated SPIONs in aqueous dispersion (fluidMAG-DX) were acquired from Chemicell; the ferrofluid has a concentration of 50mg/mL, with a crystalline phase magnetic core identified as magnemite (g-Fe2O3), a hydrodynamic size of 50nm, number of particles ~1.3×1016/g, density ~1.25 g/cm3, functional group Hydroxyl and matrix of dextran.
Labeling MSC with SPION-Dextran-PLL
The SPION-DX (500µg/mL) and the PLL (1.5µg/mL) were incubated at 37ºC for 10 minutes in the ultrasound sonicator (Transonic T460/H Elma). Next, the experiment of MSC labeling with the SPION-DX-PLL complex was performed in a 24-well plate, at a concentration of 500µg/mL of SPION-DX-PLL, for a cellular concentration of approximately 105. MSC labeling with the SPION-DX-PLL complex was performed in RPMI medium (GIBCO Invitrogen Corporation) and 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (GIBCO/Invitrogen Corporation), during an overnight incubation period, maintained at 37ºC in 5% CO2.
Internalization analysis of SPION-DX-PLL in the MSC
The labeled MSCs were washed with PBS 1x (Sigma-Aldrich) for the removal of excess particles, and then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Next the cytochemical assay was carried out with 5% Prussian Blue - 5% Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution (Sigma-Aldrich) / 5% Solution of HCl 37% (Merck, Germany), to verify the internalization of the particles in the MSC. The analysis was performed on a Fluorescence Microscopy microscope (IX51 Olympus).
Cellular proliferation assay - CFSE
For analysis of proliferation, 105 MSC from each sample were resuspended in PBS 1x (Sigma-Aldrich) containing 1µM of CFSE (5,6-carboxy-fluorescein-succinimidyl-ester, Molecular Probes) and incubated at 37°C during 10 minutes; after this period, 9mL of PBS 1x (Sigma-Aldrich) - 1% Fetal Bovine Serum (GIBCO/Invitrogen Corporation) were added, the cells were centrifuged at 400g during 10 minutes; the supernatant was discarded, and the cells were then resuspended in 10 mL of PBS 1x (Sigma-Aldrich) - 1% Fetal Bovine Serum (GIBCO/Invitrogen Corporation) and incubated at 37°C during 15 minutes. Following this period, the cells were again centrifuged at 400g during 10 minutes and resuspended in PBS 1x (Sigma-Aldrich) - 1% Fetal Bovine Serum (GIBCO/Invitrogen Corporation). The assay was performed in 24, 72 hours and 7 days. Data acquisition was performed on FACSARIA flow cytometry equipment (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA).
Cellular death assay annexin/propidium iodide
For the cellular death assay, the BD Pharmingen FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA) was used. An amount of 105 MSC from each sample was resuspended in 200uL of Binding Buffer 1x and then centrifuged at 400g during 5 minutes at 4ºC. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed and the cells were once again resuspended in 200uL of Binding Buffer 1x and centrifuged at 400g during 5 minutes at 4ºC then the supernatant was removed and the cells were resuspended in the MIX (Binding Buffer 1x/Annexin/propidium iodide) and incubated in the dark for 15 minutes posteriorly, 100uL of Binding Buffer 1x were added. Data acquisition was performed within one hour of labeling in the FACSARIA flow cytometry equipment (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). Programmed cellular death or early apoptosis has as marker the exposure of phosphatidylserine (FS) on the cell membrane, which binds by affinity with annexin V. In late programed cellular death or late apoptosis, besides FS exposure on the cell membrane, pores appear on the membrane making it pervious to propidium iodide, which gives the cells double labeling (annexin-IP). In case of cellular necrosis, the cell membrane becomes permeable with the consequent labeling by propidium iodide, and there is no externalization of FS, but due to the formation of pores on the membrane, there may also be internalization of annexin V. In this case, it is not possible to differentiate the process of late apoptosis from the process of necrosis.
Characterization of MSC isolated from umbilical cord by flow cytometry
The MSCs isolated from umbilical cord samples presented with fibroblastic morphology and reached an 80 to 90% confluence in seven days of culture (Figure 1). In the immunophenotyping assay performed by flow cytometry, the MSCs did not express positivity for CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, CD106, CD133 and HLA-DR. The results are presented as histograms, which on their x axis show the intensity of fluorescence for each specific antibody. The MSCs expressed positivity for HLA A, B and C (HLA-I), CD29, CD73, CD90 and CD105; the results are represented by histograms and the cell populations are labeled positively; the cells labeled with control isotopes are superimposed on the same graph (Figure 2).
MSC labeled with the SPION-DX-PLL complex
Labeling of the MSC with the SPION-DX with and without PLL was analyzed after performance of the cytochemical assay with Prussian Blue. Under these conditions, internalization of the SPION-DX was observed only when PLL was complexed with the particle as a non-viral transfector agent (Figure 3 A, B, C). Thus, blue labels located intracellularly were detected when the SPION-DX were complexed with PLL, relative to the negative control non-labeled MSC (Figure 3F). In the MSCs labeled only with the SPION-DX, only a few small blue intracellular precipitates were noted, demonstrating less efficiency in labeling (Figure 3 D, E).
Proliferation of MSC labeled with SPION-DX-PLL
CFSE is a vital dye with fluorescent properties used to indirectly estimate cellular proliferation: one cell labeled with CFSE when dividing generates two daughter cells, which contain half of the quantity of the original cell CFSE; therefore, the fluorescence of the daughter cells will be half the fluorescence of the mother cell.
The results of this test showed proliferative activity in MSCs labeled with the SPION-DX-PLL over the seven days. During this period, it was possible to detect successive cell divisions, and consequently, dilution of CFSE inside the cells. The proliferation detected by the dilution of the CFSE in the cells labeled with SPION-DX-PLL was close to the values detected in the non-labeled cells (negative control), indicating that SPION-DX-PLL does not interfere in the proliferative activity of the MSCs (Figure 4).
Viability of MSC labeled with SPION-DX-PLL
The MSCs labeled with SPION-DX-PLL were evaluated as to programed cellular death or apoptosis; early apoptosis has as mark the exposure of phosphatidylserine (FS) on the cell membrane, which binds by affinity to annexin V.
The MSCs were also evaluated as to late programed cellular death or late apoptosis, in which in addition to the exposure of FS on the cellular membrane, there is also the appearance of pores on the membrane, making it pervious to propidium iodide, which in turn makes the cell doubly labeled (annexin-IP). In case of cellular necrosis, there is permeabilization of the cell membrane with the consequent labeling by propidium iodide, and no externalization of FS, although due to the formation of pores on the membrane, there may also be internalization of annexin V, in which case, it is not possible to differentiate the process of late apoptosis from the process of necrosis. The results showed the viability of the MSCs labeled with the SPION-DX-PLL over the period of three days, which is detected due to the relationship between the number of live cells and the number of dead cells, whether due to early/late apoptosis or necrosis Q3, Q2, Q1 respectively (Figure 5 C, F, I), relative to the non-labeled cells negative control (Figure 5. B, E, H). Over the period of 72 hours of assay, we noticed a low index of cellular death in MSCs labeled with the SPION-DX-PLL, especially due to late apoptosis/necrosis relative to the non-labeled MSCs (negative control) (Figure 5 C, F, I and B, E, H, respectively).
The great advantage of the technique of labeling MSC with the SPION-DX-PLL is the incorporation of this complex by the cells without great alterations in viability and capacity for cellular proliferation, besides the fact that labeling occurs in an efficient manner.
PLL is a cationic polymer (presence of NH2 groups) that presents with a high density of positive charges in its chain, which leads to an attraction and consequent binding to molecules with negative charges(13, 14). Thus, it is used as a non-viral transfector agent promoting cellular adhesion by electrostatic interaction due to its positive charge while the cell surface presents with negative charges. PLL is known for adsorbing proteins not only from solutions with nutrients of culture media, but also proteins present in the cell membrane(15).
In this way, the principle of labeling is the combination of highly charged macromolecules with the surface composed of opposing charges, resulting in the formation of a SPION-DX-PLL complex that facilitates interactions and consequent endocytosis and/or incorporation of the particles into cellular endosomes(13). The assays performed with the SPION-DX non-complexed with PLL show a less efficient labeling, with less incorporation of particles by the cells (Figure 3). In this way, the use of PLL as a non-viral transfector agent for cellular labeling with nanoparticles is very favorable due to its efficiency, followed by the high reproducibility of the assays and low cost. Nevertheless, the use of PLL in high concentrations may cause a disadvantage in terms of particle aggregation outside of the cells(14, 15). Thus, with PLL at a 1.5ug/mL concentration used in our assays, we were able to standardize adequate conditions for obtaining efficiency in internalization of nanoparticles by the MSCs, with no cytotoxic effects and without their aggregation.
As to cell viability of labeled MSCs, an estimate of this type of labeling was shown by means of the annexin-propidium iodide assay. We opted for this type of assay, since we were able to distinguish between live cells, in early and late apoptosis and necrosis. We noted a slight increase, although with no significance, in the number of cells in late apoptosis/necrosis 72 hours after labeling of MSC relative to 24 and 48 hours after labeling (Figure 5). Data in literature show that cells labeled with high concentrations of nanoparticles and PLL result in an increased percentage of cellular death when compared to control cells(16, 17).
Despite the concentration of nanoparticles used in the assays being 500ug/mL, which is a high concentration relative to other data in literature, it demonstrated that there was no cytotoxic effect for the MSCs labeled with the SPION-DX-PLL. Therefore, our standardized protocol labeling MSCs with the SPION-DX-PLL seems viable for the type of analysis proposed.
In the same way, we evaluated the effects of labeling on the proliferative activity of the labeled MSCs by means of the CFSE assay. We demonstrated that MSC labeled with the nanoparticles incubated over the extent of seven days maintained their proliferative activity. However, due to successive cell divisions and consequent dilution of the CFSE inside the cells, the fluorescence of the labeled cells reached the values of non-labeled cells (negative control). Thus, we noted that the values of fluorescence of the MSCs labeled with the SPION-DX-PLL did not differ from the values found in the control MSCs, indicating that the SPION-DX-PLL do not interfere in the proliferative activity of the MSCs (Figure 4).
In this way, this study generated preliminary results of fundamental importance, since we were able to standardize an efficient label of the MSCs with SPION-DX-PLL and demonstrate the absence of cytotoxicity, as per the observations that the labeled cells remained viable and proliferative.
This type of study is promising for the future development of monitoring techniques in vivo of temporal and spatial migration of labeled cells to tissues of interest, thus emphasizing the development of strategies for the repair or substitution of tissues and new therapies.
This study showed that is it possible to standardize efficient labeling with SPION-DX-PLL and with an absence of cytotoxicity for the MSC, thus making possible the performance of studies of migration and homing in vivo, improving the perception of migration, location and actions of these cells in face of tissue damage.
1. Pankhurst QA, Connolly J, Jones SK, Dobson J. Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine. J Phys D Appl Phys. 2003;36:R167-R181. [ Links ]
2. Babic M, Horák D, Trchová M, Jendelová P, Glogarová K, Lesný P, et al. Poly(L-lysine)-modified iron oxide nanoparticles for stem cell labeling. Bioconjug Chem. 2008;19(3):740-50. [ Links ]
3. Stella B, Arpicco S, Peracchia MT, Desmaële D, Hoebeke J, Renoir M, et al. Design of folic acid-conjugated nanoparticles for drug targeting. J Pharm Sci. 2000;89(11):1452-64. [ Links ]
4. Zhang Y, Zhang J. Surface modification of monodisperse magnetite nanoparticle for improved intracellular uptake to breast cancer cells. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2005;283(2):352-7. [ Links ]
5. Allen MJ, MacRenaris KW, Venktasubramanian PN, Meade TJ. Cellular delivery of MRI contrast agents. Chem Biol. 2004;11(3):301-7. [ Links ]
6. Stark DD, Weissleder R, Elizondo G, Hahn PF, Saini S, Todd LE, et al. Superparamagnetic iron oxide: clinical application as a contrast agent for MR imaging of the liver. Radiology. 1988;168(2):297-301. [ Links ]
7. Molday RS, MacKenzie D. Immunospecific ferromagnetic iron-dextran reagents for the labeling and magnetic separation of cells. J Immunol Methods. 1982; 52(3):353-67. [ Links ]
8. Arbab AS, Bashaw LA, Miller BR, Jordan EK, Lewis BK, Kalish H, et al. Characterization of biophysical and metabolic properties of cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and transfection agent for cellular MR imaging. Radiology. 2003;229(3):838-46. [ Links ]
9. Arbab AS, Yocum GT, Wilson LB, Parwana A, Jordan EK, Kalish H, et al. Comparison of transfection agents in forming complexes with ferumoxides, cell labeling efficiency, and cellular viability. Mol Imaging. 2004;3(1):24-32. [ Links ]
10. Kalish H, Arbab AS, Miller BR, Lewis BK, Zywicke HA, Bulte JW, et al. Combination of transfection agents and magnetic resonance contrast agents for cellular imaging: relationship between relaxivities, electrostatic forces, and chemical composition. Magn Reson Med. 2003;50(2):275-82. [ Links ]
11. Can A, Balci D. Isolation, culture, and characterization of human umbilical cord stroma-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;698:51-62. [ Links ]
12. Kiessling AA, Anderson S. Human embryonic stem cells: an introduction to the science and therapeutic potential. Sudbury (MA): Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2003. [ Links ]
13. Arbab AS, Bashaw LA, Miller BR, Jordan EK, Bulte JW, Frank JA. Intracytoplasmic tagging of cells with ferumoxides and transfection agent for cellular magnetic resonance imaging after cell transplantation: methods and techniques. Transplantation. 2003;76(7):1123-30. [ Links ]
14. Mailänder V, Landfester K. Interaction of nanoparticles with cells. Biomacromolecules. 2009;10(9):2379-400. [ Links ]
15. Montet-Abou K, Montet X, Weissleder R, Josephson L. Transfection agent induced nanoparticle cell loading. Mol Imaging. 2005;4(3):165-71. [ Links ]
16. Arbab AS, Bashaw LA, Miller BR, Jordan EK, Lewis BK, Kalish H, et al. Characterization of biophysical and metabolic properties of cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and transfection agent for cellular MR imaging. Radiology. 229(3):838-46. Comments in: Radiology. 2003;229(3):615-6. [ Links ]
17. Omidkhoda A, Mozdarani H, Movasaghpoor A, Fatholah AA. Study of apoptosis in labeled mesenchymal stem cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide using neutral comet assay. Toxicology in Vitro. 2007;21(6):1191-6. [ Links ]
Corresponding author:
Tatiana Taís Sibov
Avenida Albert Einstein, 627 2º subsolo
Instituto do Cérebro (InCe)
Zip code: 05651-901 São Paulo (SP), Brazil
Phone.: (55 11) 2151-2044
Email: email@example.com
Received on: Sep 7, 2011
Accepted on: Jun 6, 2012
Conflict of interest: none.
Study carried out at Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein HIAE, São Paulo (SP), Brazil.


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APEX is Southeast Alberta's Regional Innovation Network. APEX's vision is to create a globally competitive region for innovation and technology in Southeast Alberta. APEX strives to support local entrepreneurs and small and medium-sized enterprises to develop and adopt new technologies, commercialize innovative new products, and improve productivity.
If you answered "yes" to any of these questions, please contact APEX to learn more about how you can get involved with APEX – Southeast Alberta Regional Innovation Network.
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Located in Cubitt Town, on the Island of Dogs, you'll find this great and comfy flat waiting to accommodate you during your new academic adventure in the great city of London!
You're going to be staying in a nicely furnished apartment that has five bedrooms - one of which has a nice ensuite bathroom - an equipped kitchen where you'll be able to prepare all your daily meals, and a bathroom. The location is a great plus, as you'll be within walking distance to Island Gardens, Millwall Park and plenty of shops, restaurants and small cafes. Transport links are also within reach, and did we mention that you'll have access to a gym, a spa with sauna and an outdoors swimming pool? What are you still waiting for?
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There are many things to do in the local area. Below is just a small sampling of attractions.
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- Atkins Farms Country Market http://www.atkinsfarms.com
- Beniski Museum of Natural History http://www.museums10.org
- Emily Dickinson Museum http://www.emilydickinsonmuseum.org
- Eric Carle Museum of Picture Book Art http://www.carlemuseum.org/
- Fine Arts Center at University of Massachusetts https://fac.umass.edu/Online/
- Hampshire College Art Gallery http://www.museums10.org
- Magic Wings Butterfly Conservatory www.magicwings.com
- Mead Art Museum at Amherst College http://www.museums10.org
- National Yiddish Book Center http://www.museums10.org
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So much has happen since then , from braving three days of being lost in the sewer , playing through the fun times , cuddling with the owners , and lots of love , Storm is going to be 4 years old so freaking soon :D
I love this little guy xx
"In a perfect world, every dog would have a home and every home would have a dog."
Storm's 3 years birthday is coming in June the 22nd ;) I'm grateful having him by my side so faithfully all these years through our adventures :)
We had photos , nicknames , treats of course (wag Storm!) . I'll post more photos of Storm soon :) Sorry for not being on here long :'(
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Which Web Browser Do You Like? by You-TaWatch
©2011-2017 You-Ta
the girls represent web browsers.
opera, google chrome, internet explorer, firefox, safari from left to right.
opera, google chrome, internet explorer, firefox, safari from left to right.
Opera actually works very well, sometimes better then Chrome. Its a shame not many people use it.
I use Google and Safari, and Firefox is actually a useful web browser
Safari. :3
Mozilla one love
jeje, firefox. Long live the animal ears!
Chibi concept is awesome!
funny, I'm use Opera Browser 12.15
Firefox is obvious the best
Hopefully this ain't much to ask, but can you make a 2560x1440 size version of it? I think I'm looking at a new wallpaper.
Awesomely adorable! I love these Battle of the Browsers artworks!
Safari, it's the one I use most so yeah. I honestly think its just as fast as Chrome. Nice job!
Awww so cute! Honestly I'm a Chrome and Internet Explorer user. I'll use Safari from time to time. I really like the character for Firefox!
I use Chrome AND I like the Chrome girl. Win-win
(These are cute BTW.)
(These are cute BTW.)
Well i use Safari, So i like that one :3


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Update: Victim's named released in Valley Center crash
BOZEMAN, Mont. - The Gallatin County Sheriff/Coroner's Office has identified the victim in Wednesday's fatal car crash on Valley Center Road as William Peter Aven II of the Three Forks area.
Police tell us the call came in right around six Wednesday evening.
According to investigators the head on crash killed Aven, who was driving his car. Police say he was not wearing a seat belt.
Investigators tell us there were four people in the red truck- two adults and two children.
We were told all four people in the truck were taken to Bozeman Deaconess Hospital with serious injuries.
The Montana Highway Patrol is investigating with the assistance of Bozeman Police and the Gallatin Valley Sheriff's Department.


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