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Learn more about Aryan
- For Hindu, Zoroastrian, and other spiritual interpretations see Arya. For the Bollywood movie called Aryan, see Aryan (movie).
Aryan (/ɑːrjən/) is an English language word derived from the Sanskrit and Iranian terms ārya-, the extended form aryāna-, ari- and/or arya- (Sanskrit: आर्य, Persian: آریا). Beyond its use as the ethnic self-designation of the Proto-Indo-Iranians, the meaning "noble/spiritual" has been attached to it in Sanskrit and Persian. In linguistics, it is sometimes still used in reference to the Indo-Iranian language family, but it is primarily restricted to the compound Indo-Aryan, the Indic subgroup of the Indo-Iranian branch.
[edit] Etymology
Indo-Iranian ar-ya- descends from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *ar-yo-, a yo-adjective to a root *ar "to assemble skillfully", present in Greek harma "chariot", Greek aristos, (as in "aristocracy"), Latin ars "art", etc. Proto-Indo-Iranian *ar-ta- was a related concept of "properly joined" expressing a religious concept of cosmic order.
The adjective *aryo- was suggested as ascending to Proto-Indo-European times as the self-designation of the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language itself. It was suggested that other words such as Éire, the Irish name of Ireland, and Ehre (German for "honour") were related to it, but these are now widely regarded as untenable, and while *ar-yo- is certainly a well-formed PIE adjective, there is no evidence that it was used as an ethnic self-designation outside the Indo-Iranian branch. In the 1850s Max Müller theorized that the word originated as a denotation of farming populations, since he thought it likely that it was related to the root *arh3, meaning "to plough". Other 19th century writers, such as Charles Morris, repeated this idea, linking the expansion of PIE speakers to the spread of agriculturalists. Most linguists now consider *arh3 to be unrelated.
The Old Persian form of *Aryāna- appears as Æryānam Väejāh "Aryan Expanse" in Avestan, in Middle Persian as Ērān, and in Modern Persian as Īrān. Similarly, Northern India was referred to by the tatpurusha Aryavarta "Arya-abode" in ancient times.
[edit] Indo-Iranian
The most probable date for Proto-Indo-Iranian unity is roughly around 2500 BC. In this sense of the word Aryan, the Aryans were an ancient culture preceding both the Vedic and Avestan cultures. Candidates for an archaeological identification of this Indoiranian culture are the Andronovo and/or Srubnaya Archaeological Complexes.
In linguistics, the term Aryan currently may be used to refer to the Indo-Iranian language family. To prevent confusion because of its several meanings, the linguistic term is often avoided today. It has been replaced by the unambiguous terms Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Indo-Iranian, Indo-Iranian, Iranian and Indo-Aryan.
The Proto-Indo-Iranian language evolved into the family of Indo-Iranian languages, of which the oldest-known members are Vedic Sanskrit, Avestan and another Indo-Iranian languages, known only from loan-words found in the Mitanni language.
[edit] Indo-Aryan
There is evidence of speakers of Indo-Aryan in Mesopotamia around 1500 BC in the form of loanwords in the Mitanni dialect of Hurrian, the speakers of which, it is speculated, may have once had an Indo-Aryan ruling class. At around the same time, the Indo-Aryans associated with the Vedic civilization, which dates back to the same period. They are sometimes called Vedic Aryans because it is believed that they brought Hinduism to the Indian Subcontinent after the Indo-Aryan migration. In ancient India, the term Aryavarta, meaning "Land of the Aryans", was used to refer to the northern Indian subcontinent.
Contemporary speakers of Indo-Aryan languages are spread over most of the northern Indian Subcontinent. Indo-Aryan speakers exist outside the Indian Subcontinent including Romani, the language of the Roma people, often known as "Gypsies". In addition to Romani, Parya is spoken in Tajikistan, Jataki in Ukraine, and Domari throughout the Middle East.
The term "Aryan" is also commonly used as a boy's name in various Iranian and Indic languages . Whilst the surname Arya is categorized into the Arora community (see List of Arora last names). The terms "Aryan" and "Iranian" are sometimes used interchangeably, as in the Iranian bank chain, Aryan Bank.
[edit] Iranian
Since ancient times, Persians have used the term Aryan as a racial designation in an ethnic sense to describe their lineage and their language, and this tradition has continued into the present day amongst modern Persians (Iranians) (Encyclopedia Iranica, p. 681, Arya). In fact, the name Iran is a cognate of Aryan and means "Land of the Aryans." <ref>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000</ref> <ref>http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/february/indoIranianBranch.html</ref> <ref>http://imp.lss.wisc.edu/~aoliai/languagepage/iranianlanguages.htm</ref>
Darius the Great, King of Persia (521–486 BC), in an inscription in Naqsh-e Rustam (near Shiraz in present-day Iran), proclaims: "I am Darius the great King… A Persian, son of a Persian, an Aryan, having Aryan lineage...". He also calls his language the "Aryan language," commonly known today as Old Persian. According to the Encyclopedia Iranica, "the same ethnic concept was held in the later centuries" and was associated with "nobility and lordship." (p. 681)
The word has become a technical term in the theologies of Zoroastrianism, but has always been used by Iranians in the ethnic sense as well. In 1967, Iran's Pahlavi dynasty (overthrown in the 1979 Iranian revolution) added the title Āryāmehr "Light of the Aryans" to those of the monarch, known at the time as the Shahanshah (King of Kings). Afghanistan's national airline is Ariana Airlines in reference to Airyanem Vaejah, the land of the original Iranian peoples.
The term also remains a frequent element in modern Persian personal names, including Arya and Aryan (boy's and girl's name), Aryana (a common surname), Dokhtareh-Ironi (Aryan daughter, a girl's name), "Aryanzai" (son of an Aryan - in Pashto), Aryanpour (or Aryanpur, a surname), Aryamane, Ary among many others.
[edit] Semantics of Sanskrit arya
According to Paul Thieme (1938), the Vedic term arya- in its earliest attestations has a meaning of "stranger", but "stranger" in the sense of "potential guest" as opposed to "barbarian" (mleccha, dasa), taking this to indicate that arya was originally the ethnic self-designation of the Indo-Iranians. Arya directly contrasts with Dasa or Dasyu in the Rigveda (e.g. RV 1.51.8, ví jānīhy âryān yé ca dásyavaḥ "Discern thou well Aryas and Dasyus"). This situation is directly comparable to the term Hellene in Ancient Greece. The Middle Indic interjection arē!, rē! "you there!" is derived from the vocative arí! "stranger!".
The Sanskrit lexicon Amarakosha (c. AD 450) defines Arya as mahākula kulīnārya "being of a noble family", sabhya "having gentle or refined behavior and demeanor", sajjana "being well-born and respectable", and sādhava "being virtuous, honourable, or righteous". In Hinduism, the religiously initiated Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishyas were arya, a title of honor and respect given to certain people for noble behaviour. According to some sources, in the Vedas, the word Arya or Aryan, has never been used in an ethnic or racial sense. This word is still used by Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Zoroastrians to mean noble or spiritual <ref>[1]</ref>. Sandoria
[edit] Indo-European
Max Müller and other 19th century linguists theorized that the term *arya was used as the self-description of the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who were often referred to at this time as the "primitive Aryans". By extension, the word came to be used in the West for the Indo-European speaking peoples as a whole. Besides Müller for example H. Chavée in 1867 uses the term in this sense (aryaque), but this never saw frequent use in linguistics, precisely for being reserved for "Indo-Iranian" already. G. I. Ascoli in 1854 used arioeuropeo, viz. a compound "Aryo-European" with the same rationale as "Indo-European", the term now current, which has been in frequent use since the 1830s. Nevertheless, the use of Aryan as a synonym for Indo-European became widespread in non-linguistic and popular usage by the end of the nineteenth century.
Use of "Aryan" for "Indo-European" in academia was obsolete by the 1910s: B. W. Leist in 1888 still titles Alt-Arisches Jus Gentium ("Old Aryan [meaning Indo-European, not Indo-Iranian] Ius Gentium"). P. v. Bradke in 1890 titles Methode und Ergebnisse der arischen (indogermanischen) Altterthumswissenschaft, still using "Aryan", but inserting an explanatory bracket. Otto Schrader in 1918 in his Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde under the entry Arier matter-of-factly discusses the Indo-Iranians, without any reference to a possible wider meaning of the term.
According to Michael Witzel in his paper Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts, "the use of the word Arya or Aryan to designate the speakers of all Indo-European (IE) languages or as the designation of a particular race is an aberration of many writers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and should be avoided." <ref>Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies</ref>
[edit] Racialist connotations
Because of ethnolinguistic arguments about connections between peoples and cultural values, "Aryan" peoples were often considered to be distinct from Semitic peoples. By the end of the nineteenth century this usage was so common that "Aryan" was often used as a synonym for "gentile", and this popular usage persisted even after academic authors had ceased to use the term in any other meaning than "Indo-Iranian". Among White supremacists the term still sometimes functions as a synonym for non-Jewish "white person."
The Aryan race was a term used in the early 20th century by European racial theorists who believed strongly in the division of humanity into biologically distinct races with differing characteristics. Such writers took the view that the Proto-Indo-Europeans constituted a specific race that had expanded across Europe, Iran and India. This meaning was, and still is, common in theories of racial superiority which were embraced by Nazi Germany. This usage tends to merge the Avestan/Sanskrit meaning of "noble" or "elevated" with the idea of distinctive behavioral and ancestral ethnicity marked by language distribution. In this interpretation, the Aryan Race is both the highest representative of mankind and the purest descendent of the Proto-Indo-European population.
From the late 19th century, a number of writers had argued that the Proto-Indo-Europeans had originated in Europe. Their opinion was received critically at first, but was widely accepted by the end of the nineteenth century. By 1905 Hermann Hirt in his Die Indogermanen (incidentally consistently using Indogermanen, not Arier to refer to the Indo-Europeans) claimed that the scales had tilted in favour of the hypothesis, in particular claiming the plains of northern Germany as the Urheimat (p. 197) and connecting the "blond type" (p. 192) with the core population of the early, "pure" Indo-Europeans. The identification of the Indo-Europeans with the north German Corded Ware culture was first proposed by Gustaf Kossinna in 1902, and gained in currency over the following two decades, until V. Gordon Childe who in his 1926 The Aryans: a study of Indo-European origins concluded that "the Nordics' superiority in physique fitted them to be the vehicles of a superior language" (a view which he later regretted having expressed).
The idea became a matter of national pride in learned circles of Germany, and was taken up by the Nazis. According to Alfred Rosenberg's ideology the "Aryan-Nordic" (arisch-nordisch) or "Nordic-Atlantean" (nordisch-atlantisch) race was thus a master race, at the top of a racial hierarchy, pitted against a "Jewish-Semitic" (jüdisch-semitisch) race, deemed to be a racial threat to Germany's homogeneous Aryan civilization, thus rationalizing Nazi anti-Semitism. Nazism portrayed their interpretation of an "Aryan race" as the only race capable of, or with an interest in, creating and maintaining culture and civilizations, while other races are merely capable of conversion, or destruction of culture. These arguments derived from late nineteenth century racial hierarchies. Some Nazis were also influenced by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky's The Secret Doctrine (1888) where she postulates "Aryans" as the fifth of her "Root Races", dating them to about a million years ago, tracing them to Atlantis, an idea also repeated by Rosenberg, and held as doctrine by the Thule Society. Such theories were used to justify the introduction of the so-called "Aryan laws" by the Nazis, depriving "non-Aryans" of citizenship and employment rights, and prohibiting marriage between Aryans and non-Aryans. Though Mussolini's fascism was not originally characterised by explicit anti-Semitism, he too eventually introduced laws pressed upon him by Hitler, prohibiting mixed-race marriages between "Aryans" and Jews.
Nazi use of the term "Aryan" was wildly inconsistent with the claimed meaning. Gypsies, of Indian descent and language, were classified non-Aryan, while the Japanese were made honorary Aryans during World War II. In effect, "non-Aryan" ended up very nearly meaning, "insufficiently nationalistic".
Because of historical racist use of Aryan, and especially use of Aryan race in connection with the propaganda of Nazism, the word is sometimes avoided in the West as being tainted, in the same manner as the swastika symbol. In the English language, the word "Aryan" is no longer in technical use to refer to an ethnic group or race, and the popular use of the term to mean "white person" fell out of favour during the 1930s when the obvious obsession of the Nazis with the word became a matter of ridicule in Britain and North America. In the USA, the established and less contentious term "Caucasian" became dominant in official usage.
[edit] See also
- Aryan race
- Aryanization
- Aryavarta
- Vedic Civilization
- Airyanem Vaejah
- History of India
- History of Pakistan
- History of Iran
- History of Afghanistan
- Indo-Aryan peoples
- Iranian peoples
- Indo-Iranians
- Japhetic
- Kurgan
- Kushan Empire
- Proto-Indo-Europeans
- Indo-Aryan languages
- Tocharians
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
- Paul Thieme, Der Fremdling im Rigveda. Eine Studie über die Bedeutung der Worte ari, arya, aryaman und aarya, Leipzig (1938).
[edit] Further reading
- Arvidsson, Stefan (2006), Aryan Idols: Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science, translated by Sonia Wichmann, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
- Poliakov, Leon (1974). The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalistic Ideas In Europe. Translation of Le mythe aryen, 1971.
[edit] External links
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- [http://www.sindhudesh.com/sindhudesh Sindhudesh.com
- Occurrence of "Arya" in Hindu scriptures
- The Aryans in a historical context
- ÂRYÂ (ARYAN) Philology of Ethnic Epithet of Iranian Peoples
- Aryans
- Etymological study
- Aryanism in Tajikistan
- Genetic evidence suggests European migrants may have influenced the origins of India's caste system
- Site arguing that Armenia was the Indo-European homeland.
- Aryan as a race or language, By David Frawley, American Institute of vedic Studies.
- India through the Ages
- Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts, By Michael Witzel, Harvard University.
- The Aryan-Dravidian Controversy Article by David Frawleyar:آريون
de:Arier es:Raza aria fa:آریایی fr:Aryens hi:आर्यन kn: ಆರ್ಯರು nl:Ariër ja:アーリア人 pl:Ariowie pt:Ariano ro:Arian ru:Арийцы sa:आर्यन fi:Arjalaiset sv:Arier ur:آریایی zh:雅利安人
Categories: Ancient peoples | Indo-Iranian peoples | Eurasian nomads | Esoteric anthropogenesis | Indo-European mythology


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Riv. Co. and S.B. Co. make infamous top ten list
RIVERSIDE - A real estate tracking firm has reported that Riverside County's foreclosure rate edged up last month, mirroring a reversal of activity throughout the state.
A total 1,698 mortgage default notices, auction sale notices and bank repossessions were recorded countywide in March, translating to 1 in 468 households in some stage of foreclosure, according to Irvine-based RealtyTrac.
Riverside County had the eighth highest foreclosure rate in the state last month, while neighboring San Bernardino County had the third-highest rate.
The balance of the top ten was comprised of Northern California counties.
In Riverside County, the number of filings was up 2.3 percent from February -- but down 61 percent compared to a year ago, figures showed.
The increase in filings marks the first time since May 2012 that there has been a month-to-month rise in foreclosure activity locally.
Nationally, 152,500 properties slipped into foreclosure in March, a 1 percent decrease from February and a 23 percent drop compared to a year ago, according to RealtyTrac.
"Although the overall national foreclosure trend continues to head lower, late-blooming foreclosures are bolting higher in some local markets, where aggressive foreclosure prevention efforts in previous years are wearing off," said Daren Blomquist, RealtyTrac vice president.
California ranked No. 11 in U.S. foreclosure activity in March, with 18,489 properties going into default, or 1 in 737, according to RealtyTrac. The figure was 2.7 percent above the number of filings in February but 59 percent less than a year ago.
Nevada had the highest foreclosure rate nationwide, with 1 in 306 households in default last month.

subset: commoncrawl


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On board MS EUROPA from Hamburg to Travemuende
North Sea – Visiting Europe's Metropolises
Two days in the regal British capital, copious time in Amsterdam – draw inspiration from some of Europe's most exciting cities. The Norwegian capital Oslo shows its green and modern side and even lets you get a glimpse of it from the air. Denmark's seat of royal power offers the perfect ambiance for a leisurely stroll. In Antwerp, you can follow in Rubens' footsteps, Ghent is the place to sample premium-quality chocolate, and on board, you will be treated to the finest wines and cheeses. The height of indulgence.
from Hamburg to Travemuende
|Cruise dates:
|from 02.09.2013 to 14.09.2013 (13 days)
|Your ship:
|Cruise number:
Highlights of this cruise
Highlights on this cruise
- London* – the trendy city on the banks of the Thames
- Vintage car tour of the Isle of Wight*
- Adoro on board
- Gourmet special – cheese specialist and wine expert on board
- Golf & Cruise voyage with comprehensive golf package*
* These arrangements are not included in the cruise price and are subject to changes.
| Mon, 02.09.2013
Individual travel arrangements to
| Tue, 03.09.2013
Relaxation at sea
| Wed, 04.09.2013
Cowes, 8.00 – 18.00 hrs
Cowes/Isle of Wight/England/Great Britain
| Thu, 05.09.2013
Greenwich (London), arrival 14.00 hrs
Greenwich/England/Great Britain
| Fri, 06.09.2013
Greenwich (London)
| Sat, 07.09.2013
Greenwich (London), departure 15.00 hrs
| Sun, 08.09.2013
Antwerp, 8.00 – 18.00 hrs
| Mon, 09.09.2013
Amsterdam, arrival 8.00 hrs
| Tue, 10.09.2013
Amsterdam, departure 7.30 hrs
| Wed, 11.09.2013
Oslo, arrival 18.00 hrs
| Thu, 12.09.2013
Oslo, departure 18.00 hrs
| Fri, 13.09.2013
Copenhagen, 12.00 – 19.00 hrs
Why the Danish capital is regarded as one of the world's most alluring cities soon becomes clear during a walk through Copenhagen*. The Little Mermaid casts her spell down at the harbour, and the elegant Amalienborg Palace is just as amazing as the hip district of Nyhavn with its colourful gabled houses and its many lively cafés and restaurants. A tour of Copenhagen on land and on the water* also takes you along the city's picturesque canals and past Christianshavn with its attractive half-timbered houses.
| Sat, 14.09.2013
Travemuende, arrival 7.00 hrs
Disembark from the EUROPA and head for home – or explore the beautiful Hanseatic city of Hamburg individually*.
* These arrangements are not included in the cruise price. The shore activities listed here are in the planning stage and are subject to changes.
= at anchor
Please note that our pre- and post-cruise programmes are conducted in German.
For individual programmes kindly consult your travel agent.
Following programmes we offer in German:
Adoro – an extraordinary mix of pop and classical music
Performing together as Adoro, the young opera singers Nico Müller, Assaf
Kacholi, Jandy Ganguly, Laszlo Maleczky and Peter Dasch have been
wowing their ever-increasing fan base since 2008. Adoro's fifth album,
Träume (Dreams), once again combines elements of pop and classical music
in a unique way, featuring poignant new renditions of some of the most
successful and popular German-language songs of recent years. During
your cruise on board the EUROPA, let yourself be awed by the quintet's
amazing voices at exclusive concerts in the personal and intimate
setting of the World's Most Beautiful Yacht.
Putting from one country to the next
The following greens await you on the cruise EUR1321:
Wed, 4.9. Cowes, Great Britain – Freshwater GC (additional course)
seaside links-style course on the Isle of Wight with fantastic views
over the English Channel – a pleasure for golfers of all abilities.
Additional course: € 170 per person
Fri, 6.9. Greenwich, Great Britain – Royal Blackheath GC
off at the oldest golf club in the world, a legacy of James VI of
Scotland, who in 1603 became King of England and brought the game of
golf with him.
Mon, 9.9. Amsterdam, Netherlands – BurgGolf Purmerend
McAuley and Bruno Steensels designed this 36-hole championship course
with strategically placed bunkers and demanding water hazards.
Thu, 12.9. Oslo, Norway – Oslo Golf Club
right next to Bogstad Lake, Norway's oldest golf club is one of the
country's best courses. In 2009, the course was renovated by Arthur
Hills and Steve Forrest and offers you a challenging round of golf.
The EUROPA golf arrangement can only be booked in
conjunction with a cruise and as a package as specified prior to
departure. Minimum number of participants: 10 persons. In the case of an
insufficient number of participants, the cruise will be cancelled 4
weeks before the scheduled departure at the latest. Please note our
general information and the supplementary Golf & Cruise travel conditions.


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DIRECTV's TV Service is Recommended by CableTV.com
Do you need help finding cable companies or other subscription television services available in your area and making sense of the different features and packages they offer? According to independent consumer surveys, DIRECTV is rated the best TV service provider among satellite TV or cable companies in Larimore, ND.
If you're looking for the best cable company in Larimore, ND, price isn't the only factor you should consider. Equally important is the channel selection available in each package. Well-known networks are included in most areas, but the smaller networks and local channels that are available in the next town over may not necessarily be available with TV packages in Larimore. We give you quick and easy access to all the information you need, so you can differentiate among the highest rated providers available in Larimore. With this information, you can find a provider that offers the right package for your needs—whether you want to watch Minnesota Vikings or games or you need a lot of network choices to keep your household happy.
Customer support and dependability of service are two of the qualities CableTV.com weighs carefully before recommending a provider. This ensures that you're getting the best TV provider for your needs. When you choose a cable company in Larimore, ND based on our recommendations, you're sure to enjoy dependable coverage and professional customer service.


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Marylanders Asked to Snap and Share High Tide Photos
With Maryland set to experience the highest tides of the summer June 22 through 25, the Maryland Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is asking residents in coastal areas to take pictures of the resulting high waters and flooding and submit them here. King Tides as they are often called, give planners a look at what potential future sea level rise may look like.
These photographs will be used in educational and outreach materials to build awareness on how coastal flooding affects Maryland's shoreline. Building a photo library will help planners understand how floods are impacting area schools, homes, harbors, beaches, public access points and other public infrastructure. DNR Chesapeake & Coastal Service (CCS) will also use this information to help vulnerable communities that may experience coastal hazards and increased flooding in the future.
King Tides are natural, predictable tides and are not related to sea level rise or climate change. As waters continue to rise, coastal areas will become more at-risk to the impacts of storm surges, flooding and other coastal hazards. To learn more about King Tides, check out the EPA factsheet here.
"Climate change is expected to increase the number of extreme storm events to the point where the floods of today become tomorrow's high tides," said DNR CoastSmart Communities Planner Kate Skaggs. "If the State and its citizens do not adapt however, areas that do see flooding from the King Tides could be an example of what communities may experience as a result of future sea level rise."
CCS is also working to provide vulnerable coastal communities with financial and technical assistance through the CoastSmart Communities Initiative to develop plans and policies that better prepare them for the impacts of and recovery from future storm events, shoreline changes and sea level rise. The next request for proposals will be released in late November 2013.
For more for more information on the Maryland King Tides Photo Initiative, including a chart showing when and where tides will be highest and instructions on how to submit a photo, participants should visit dnr.state.md.us/coastsmart/king_tide.asp. To view the photo submissions, visit www.flickr.com/groups/MarylandKingTides.
Those with questions or comments may contact Skaggs at 410-260-8743 or email@example.com.


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Protect the next generation.
- Visor helps block the sun while the narrow design cuts down on unnecessary bulk
- Hybrid uses a hard plastic shell combined with a 2K-EPS foam core for low weight and shock-absorption
- Height-adjustable and size-adjustable headband provides a snug fit
- Plentiful vents encourage natural ventilation to avoid sweaty eye syndrome during a tough sequence
- Item #MAM0732
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Super Comfortable and secure
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
This helmet is super comfortable and looks great! The Blue is a little darker than the picture shows, but other than that, it is a well made helmet that will be so comfortable on your kids' head that he/she will almost forget they are wearing it! The Harness system fits under the back of the head providing a secure/comfortable fit so they don't need to be strangled by the chin strap.
Great kids helmet
This helmet is perfect for the kiddos, keeps them protected while on the rock. The helmet is very adjustable to get a nice snug fit and this is great because you can share the helmet between a few kids and get a great fit on everyone! This helmet seems very durable and will it's so adorable, right? I highly recommend!
Size range information?
Size range information?
Hey Jared,
Range should be 52-57 cm on this helmet


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The words and phrases used in this division have the same meaning given them in ORS Chapter 238A and OAR 459-070-0001. Additional terms are defined as follows unless the context requires otherwise.
(1) "Any work for which qualified" means a job, not necessarily the last or usual job, which the applicant for disability benefits:
(a) Is physically and psychologically capable of performing; and
(b) Has, or may obtain with reasonable training, the knowledge, skills and abilities, to perform the job.
(2) "Certified vocational consultant" means a person who satisfies the criteria set forth under either of the following:
(a) A Master's Degree in vocational rehabilitation, and one year of experience in performing vocation evaluations or developing individualized return-to-work plans; or a Bachelor's Degree and two years of such experience. All degrees must have been earned at an accredited institution; or
(b) Accredited as a Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (CRC) by the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification; as a Certified Disability Management Specialist (CDMS) by the Certification of Disability Management Specialists Commission; or a Certified Vocational Evaluation Specialist (CVE) or a Certified Work Adjustment Specialist (CWA) by the Commission on Certification of Work Adjustment and Vocational Evaluation Specialists.
(3) "Confidential information" means information of a personal nature such that disclosure would constitute an unreasonable invasion of privacy as defined by state law.
(4) "Date an application for a disability benefit is filed" means the receipt date as determined pursuant to OAR 459-005-0220.
(5) "Date of disability" means the date an active member ceased to work because of inability to perform any work for which qualified due to injury or disease.
(6) "Date of separation from service" means the later of: the last day worked or the last day of paid leave with a PERS participating employer.
(7) "Date of termination" means the date a member terminates from employment such that an employee/employer relationship no longer exists.
(8) "Earned income" includes, but is not limited to:
(a) Salary or wages received as an employee;
(b) Self-employment income from:
(A) Services industry;
(B) Sales;
(C) Assembly or manufacturing;
(D) Consulting;
(E) Property management;
(F) Hobby income; or
(G) Book advances.
(c) "Earned income" does not include:
(A) Investment income;
(B) Rent; and
(C) Royalties.
(d) Earned income is deemed to be received by the member on the date it is issued by the payer.
(9) "Effective date of disability benefit" means the first day of the month following the date of disability, in which:
(a) The member is paid no salary from a participating employer; and
(b) The member does not receive paid leave from a participating employer, except for any lump sum payment for accrued vacation leave or compensatory time.
(10) "Extended duration" means a period of not less than 90 consecutive calendar days unless the disability is expected to result in the death of the disabled member in less than 90 days.
(11) "Independent medical exam" means an exam or exams conducted by a physician chosen by PERS for purposes other than for treatment which results in the issuance of a report or reports based on those exams, giving an opinion regarding the claimed injury or disease.
(12) "Material contributing cause" means the efficient, dominant, and proximate cause of the disability, without which the member would not be disabled.
(13) "Monthly salary" means salary as defined in ORS 238A.005 that is earned in the last full calendar month of employment and includes a differential wage payment, as defined in OAR 459-005-0001.
(a) Retroactive payments or payments made due to clerical errors, paid in accordance with ORS 238A.005, are allocated to the period the salary was earned or should have been earned.
(b) Payments of salary paid within 31 days of separation are allocated to the period the salary was earned and should be considered as paid on the last date of employment.
(14) "Monthly salary received" means the greater of the salary paid for the last full calendar month of:
(a) Employment before the date of disability; or
(b) Differential wage payments made before the date of disability. This subsection is effective January 1, 2009.
(15) "Performance of duty" means whatever an employee may be directed, required or reasonably expected to do in connection with his or her employment, and not solely the duties particular to his or her position.
(16) "Periodic review" means a review of a member receiving a disability benefit to determine whether or not a continued benefit is warranted.
(17) "Physician" means a medical doctor, a doctor of osteopathy, a doctor of oral surgery, a chiropractic doctor, a naturopathic doctor, or a doctor of psychology practicing only within the purview of their license issued by the designated authority of a state.
(18) "Pre-existing condition" means a condition that was not sustained in actual performance of duty in a qualifying position with a participating employer.
(19) "Protected health information" means health information created or received by a health care provider, health plan, or health care clearinghouse, where an individual has a reasonable belief that the information can identify the individual, which relates to:
(a) The past, present, or future physical or mental health of an individual;
(b) The provision of health care to an individual; or
(c) The past, present, or future payment for the provision of health care to an individual.
(20) "Total disability" means the inability to perform any work for which qualified for an extended duration due to physical or mental incapacitation.
(21) "Vocational evaluation" means an evaluation conducted by a certified vocational consultant, to determine the ability of an applicant to perform any work for which they are qualified.
(22) "Work related stress" means conditions or disabilities resulting from, but not limited to:
(a) Change of employment duties;
(b) Conflicts with supervisors;
(c) Actual or perceived threat of loss of a job, demotion, or disciplinary action;
(d) Relationships with supervisors, coworkers, or the public;
(e) Specific or general job dissatisfaction;
(f) Work load pressures;
(g) Subjective perceptions of employment conditions or environment;
(h) Loss of job or demotion for whatever reason;
(i) Fear of exposure to chemicals, radiation biohazards, or other perceived hazards;
(j) Objective or subjective stresses of employment; or
(k) Personnel decisions.
Stat. Auth.:
Stats. Implemented: ORS 238A.235
Hist.: PERS 16-2005, f. & cert. ef. 10-3-05; PERS 7-2007, f. & cert. ef. 4-4-07; PERS 1-2009, f. & cert. ef. 2-12-09; PERS 8-2011, f. & cert. ef. 10-5-11
Eligibility for Disability Benefits
(1) An active member must be totally, not partially, disabled and unable to perform any work for which qualified for an extended duration to be eligible for a disability benefit.
(2) A member with disabilities arising after the member's date of termination from a qualifying position(s) is not eligible for a disability benefit.
(3) In determining a member's eligibility for disability benefits, the burden of proof is upon the applicant. The Board is not required to prove whether the applicant is or is not eligible for disability benefits.
(4) Eligibility requirements for duty disabilities.
(a) To be eligible for a duty disability a member must prove:
(A) The mental or physical incapacitation arose out of and in the course of duty and was not intentionally self-inflicted; and
(B) The on the job injury must be the material contributing cause of the disability, even if the member has a pre-existing condition.
(b) For work related stress to be considered the material contributing cause of the disability all of the following criteria must be met:
(A) The employment conditions producing the work related stress exist in a real and objective sense;
(B) The employment conditions producing the work related stress are conditions other than conditions generally inherent in every working situation or reasonable disciplinary, corrective or job performance evaluation actions by the employer, or cessation of employment or employment decisions attendant upon ordinary business or financial cycles;
(C) There is a diagnosis of a mental or emotional disorder which is generally recognized in the medical or psychological community; and
(D) There is evidence that the work related stress arose out of and in the course of employment.
(5) Eligibility requirements for non-duty disabilities. A member applying for non-duty disability benefit must meet the 10 or more years of service requirements pursuant to ORS 238A.235(2)(a) or (b).
(6) Termination of OPSRP membership. Disability benefits are available only to active OPSRP Pension Program members. Former OPSRP Pension Program members who have terminated membership pursuant to ORS 238A.110 are not eligible to receive OPSRP disability benefit.
(7) Return to work. If a member who is receiving a disability benefit becomes employed or receives earned income, the member's disability benefit will be terminated, effective the first of the month following employment or issuance of earned income. PERS will invoice the member for, or recover under ORS 238.715, any overpayment of benefits.
(8) PERS may contact other public or private agencies, such as the Oregon Employment Department, the Oregon Department of Revenue, or the U.S. Internal Revenue Service to obtain employment information.
(9) Upon request by PERS, a member must provide PERS with a copy of the member's federal income tax returns, together with copies of IRS forms W-2.
Stat. Auth.: ORS 238A.120 &
Stats. Implemented: ORS 238A.140 & 238A.235
Hist.: PERS 16-2005, f. & cert. ef. 10-3-05; PERS 11-2011, f. & cert. ef. 11-23-11
Criteria for Granting and Denying Disability Benefits
(1) Medical documentation is required by PERS. Each disability benefit applicant shall supply any treating or consulting physician's examination report or other medical information requested by PERS. PERS may base its determination on either a treating or consulting physician's medical examination report or have the applicant examined by one or more physicians selected by PERS, or both.
(2) All claims of a disability must be supported by at least one physician's report, resulting from a physical examination, documenting how the injury or disease incapacitates the member.
(3) In addition, a disability benefit applicant shall be required to furnish the following:
(a) For claims of mental or emotional disorder, at least one report of examination by a psychiatrist or at least one report of evaluation by a psychologist when accompanied by a report of physical examination by a treating or consulting physician;
(b) For claims of orthopedic injury or disease, at least one report of a treating or consulting orthopedic specialist;
(c) For claims of neurological or neurosurgical injury or disease, at least one report of a treating or consulting neurologist or neurosurgeon;
(d) For claims of fibromyalgia, at least one report of a treating or consulting rheumatologist; and
(e) Any other specialized physician's report PERS deems necessary.
(4) To demonstrate that he or she is unable to perform any work for which qualified, as defined in OAR 459-076-0001(1), the applicant shall document how the injury or disease incapacitates the applicant. The standard is subjective (that is, whether the applicant is actually incapacitated) not objective (that is, whether a "normal" member would have been incapacitated by the same events).
(a) In determining what work for which a member is qualified, the following factors shall be considered:
(A) Previous employment experience;
(B) Formal education;
(C) Formal training;
(D) Transferable skills;
(E) Age; and
(F) Physical or mental impairment.
(b) In determining what work for which a member is qualified, PERS may request, at PERS' expense, a vocational evaluation be done by a vocational consultant who is fully certified as set forth in OAR 459-076-0001(2).
(c) The inability of the applicant to perform the duties of his or her last job, in itself, does not satisfy the criterion.
(5) When there is a dispute among medical experts, more weight will be given to those medical opinions that are both well-reasoned and based on complete information.
(6) The Board may deny any application or discontinue any disability benefit if an applicant:
(a) Refuses to submit to an independent medical or vocational examination; or
(b) Refuses to submit to any medical examination or supply a completed application or review form.
Stat. Auth.: ORS 238A.450
Stats. Implemented: ORS 238A.235
Hist.: PERS 16-2005, f. & cert. ef. 10-3-05; PERS 8-2014, f. & cert. ef. 7-25-14
Application Required
(1) Application must be made on forms provided by PERS. PERS may require the member to provide any information that PERS considers necessary to determine the member's eligibility for a disability benefit.
(2) No disability benefit will be paid unless the member files a timely and complete application with PERS.
(3) Application must be made by a member or the member's authorized representative. A representative must submit to PERS written proof of the representative's authority; such as a power of attorney, guardianship or conservatorship appointment.
(4) A member must file a timely application for disability benefits:
(a) An active member may file the application immediately after the last day worked even though the member may be on a paid leave or on an official leave of absence without pay. No application will be accepted that predates the last day the member was actually on the job, and:
(A) The application must be filed no later than 90 calendar days from:
(i) The date the member is medically released for work; or
(ii) The date the member returns to work, whichever is earlier.
(B) Total disability must be continuous from the date of disability to the earlier of paragraph (A)(i) or (ii) of this subsection.
(b) An inactive member who became totally disabled due to injury or disease while the applicant was an active member and has not terminated membership, must file an application for a disability benefit within five calendar years of the date of separation from service. Total disability must have arisen while the applicant was an active member and be continuous from the date of disability to the date the application is filed.
(c) A member cannot apply for disability benefits before their date of disability.
(5) In determining the effective date of a disability benefit, PERS may allow up to 60 months of benefits retroactive from the date the application is filed with PERS, but in no case earlier than the first day of the month following the date of separation from service.
(6) Upon the filing of an application for a disability benefit, PERS will notify the applicant's current or most recent employer of the filing. Additionally, PERS may request of an employer information pertaining to current or previous employment.
(7) When making application for a PERS disability benefit, PERS will request the applicant authorize any physician, health practitioner, hospital, clinic, pharmacy, employer, employment agency, or government agency to release and disclose to PERS, or independent physicians and vocational consultants retained by PERS, any information within their records or knowledge, including that information otherwise protected under federal or state law, regarding the applicant's health and employment which PERS determines relates to the applicant's claim of disability and inability to perform any work for which qualified.
(8) When filing an application for disability benefit, if the applicant wishes to authorize release and disclosure of protected health information, as defined in OAR 459-076-0001, the applicant must complete and sign a consent form which specifically authorizes the release and disclosure of such information.
(a) This authorization is voluntary. PERS is not a covered entity as defined in 45 CFR Parts 160 and 164, and the protected health information is not subject to federal and state health information privacy laws, but may be protected under Oregon State Public Record disclosure laws.
(b) This authorization may be revoked in writing at any time, except to the extent the entities named on the authorization form(s) have taken action in reliance of the authorization.
(c) If the applicant refuses to give or revokes authorization to disclose to PERS medical information that PERS determines it needs to evaluate the application, eligibility for a disability benefit may be affected.
Stat. Auth.: ORS 238A.450
Stats. Implemented: ORS 238A.235
Hist.: PERS 16-2005, f. & cert. ef. 10-3-05; PERS 7-2007, f. & cert. ef. 4-4-07; PERS 8-2011, f. & cert. ef. 10-5-11; PERS 11-2012, f. & cert. ef. 8-31-12; PERS 8-2015, f. & cert. ef. 7-31-15
Application Processing — Independent Examinations and Appeals
(1) Following the timely filing of a completed application, PERS may, at its discretion, request an independent medical exam or a vocational evaluation. If PERS requests one or more of these exams or evaluations, PERS will pay the reasonable associated expenses.
(a) For independent medical exams, PERS will inform the applicant in writing and postmarked not less than 10 days before a scheduled examination, of the identity of the physician(s) selected to examine applicant, together with location, date and time.
(b) For vocational evaluations, the vocational consultant or locator service shall inform the applicant of the location, date and time of the scheduled examination.
(c) If the applicant fails to meet the scheduled appointment or fails to reschedule the examination within five days of notification, PERS will not reschedule an examination at PERS' expense unless the applicant can demonstrate good cause for having failed to meet the scheduled appointment or reschedule the appointment as required.
(d) Good cause includes, but is not limited to:
(A) Physical or mental incapacitation preventing the member from meeting or rescheduling the examination;
(B) Failure of PERS or the vocational consultant or locator service to send the member notice as described above; or
(C) A death in the member's immediate family.
(e) Good cause does not include:
(A) A member's refusal to attend the scheduled appointment;
(B) A member's failure to meet the appointment with no reason provided; or
(C) A member's failure to make appropriate transportation arrangements.
(2) When PERS requires an applicant to travel to be examined by a physician, vocational consultant, or other professional, PERS will reimburse the applicant's reasonable transportation costs based on the least costly alternative and on availability. Travel by private vehicle will be compensated at the rate applicable to travel by unrepresented state employees on state business. Transportation by taxi, bus, rail, or other public carrier will be paid only upon presentation of receipts from the providers. Lodging and subsistence will be allowed only when a stop-over is necessary and will be paid at the rate applicable to unrepresented state employees traveling on state business. Reimbursements will be reduced by the amount of any penalty assessed PERS because of a member's failure to meet a scheduled appointment.
(3) In the event a member fails to meet a scheduled examination in accordance with section (1) of this rule, and PERS is assessed a penalty by the service provider for the failure to meet the scheduled appointment, the disability applicant will bear the cost of the penalty as follows:
(a) If the disability application is not approved, by making direct payment to the service provider who assessed the penalty; or
(b) If the disability application is approved:
(A) By making direct payment to the service provider who assessed the penalty; or
(B) By having the amount of the penalty deducted from the monthly disability benefit, as provided for under ORS 238.715, payable to the member until the invoice is satisfied.
(4) The Director, or the Director's designee, is hereby authorized to approve or deny a disability benefit application. Upon receipt and review of all necessary documentation, staff will present applicant's claim to the Director, or the Director's designee, with a recommendation to approve or to deny a disability benefit. The Director, or the Director's designee, may accept or reject the staff's recommendation, or refer the application back to staff for further documentation and review.
(a) If the disability claim is approved, the staff will notify the applicant and the applicant's employer of such approval.
(b) If the disability claim is denied, the staff will issue an Intent to Deny letter by regular and certified mail, return receipt requested. The Intent to Deny letter will advise the applicant that additional information to substantiate the claim, or a request for an extension of 30 days to present additional information, may be submitted to the staff in writing within 30 days of the date of the Intent to Deny letter.
(5) Following the issuance of an Intent to Deny letter, staff will review any additional information submitted within 30 days from the issuance of the Intent to Deny letter.
(a) If the additional information results in a recommendation to approve the application, staff will resubmit the application to the Director with the recommendation.
(b) If the additional information does not result in a recommendation to approve the application, PERS will issue a final denial letter by regular and certified mail, return receipt requested.
(c) If no additional information is received, PERS will issue a final denial letter by regular and certified mail, return receipt requested.
(6) The final denial letter will provide the applicant with notification of the right to request a contested case hearing as provided for in OAR 459-015-0030 and 459-001-0035.
(7) A contested case hearing on the denial of disability benefits shall be conducted according to OAR 459-015-0030, 459-015-0035, and 459-015-0040.
(8) PERS will notify the most recent employer of the approval or the denial of an application for a disability benefit, a request for review of the Director's determination, and the Director's final action. Such notification will not contain any confidential information as defined in OAR 459-076-0001(3).
Stat. Auth.:
Stats. Implemented: ORS 238A.235
Hist.: PERS 16-2005, f. & cert. ef. 10-3-05; PERS 8-2011, f. & cert. ef. 10-5-11
Cessation of Disability Benefits Upon Reaching Normal Retirement Age
(1) If a member who is receiving an OPSRP disability benefit reaches normal retirement age, as defined in ORS 238A.160, disability benefits will cease as of the first of the following month.
(2) The disability benefit will not automatically convert to a retirement benefit upon the member reaching normal retirement age. The member must apply for service retirement benefits before receiving them. In order to receive a service retirement benefit beginning in the month in which a disability benefit ceases under section (1) above, the member must:
(a) Complete the applicable Service Retirement application(s); and
(b) Submit the application(s) to PERS at least 92 days before the first of the month in which the disability benefit ceases under section (1). In no case will a service retirement benefit become payable during a month in which a member receives a disability benefit or earlier than the first of the month in which an application was submitted.
(3) The OPSRP retirement pension benefit will be based on:
(a) The adjusted salary as set forth in section (4) of this rule; and
(b) The total retirement credit accrued, set forth in section (5) of this rule.
(4) The salary the member was receiving immediately prior to leaving active employment as a result of disability will be adjusted for the cost-of-living for each year after the member left employment and before the member's effective date of service retirement.
(a) Cost-of-living adjustments will be based on the Portland-Salem, OR-WA CPI and may not exceed a two percent increase or decrease for any year.
(b) Cost-of-living adjustments will be made only for calendar years in which the member received an OPSRP disability benefit for at least six months during a calendar year.
(5) Retirement credit. A member receiving OPSRP disability benefits will accrue retirement credit, as well as hours of service credit toward vesting, for the entire period of disability until:
(a) The member is no longer disabled; or
(b) The member reaches normal retirement age.
(6) The retirement credit will accrue under the same employment classification in which the member was immediately employed prior to becoming disabled.
(7) A member who is receiving disability benefits who reaches normal retirement age and has not applied for a service retirement will become an inactive member on the first of the month following the month in which they reach normal retirement age.
Stat. Auth.: ORS 238A.450
Stats. Implemented: ORS 238A.155 & 238A.235
Hist.: PERS 16-2005, f. & cert. ef. 10-3-05
Periodic Reviews
(1) Members receiving a disability benefit are subject to periodic reviews of their disabled status until the member reaches normal retirement age or staff determines that periodic reviews are no longer warranted.
(2) Periodic reviews will be used to determine that continued disability benefits are warranted. In recommending the continuance or discontinuance of a disability benefit, PERS will follow the criteria established under OAR 459-076-0005 for the original approved disabling condition or a new medical condition. If a member receiving a disability benefit becomes employed, the member's disability benefit will be terminated as provided in OAR 459-076-0005.
(3) For a duty disability, the periodic review will not revisit the original determination that the injury or disease was duty caused, unless there is evidence of misrepresentation or fraud.
(4) PERS will establish review dates for each member subject to a periodic review depending on type of disability, extent of disability, and medical reports unique to each individual case:
(a) The reviews may be medical or vocational in nature, or both;
(b) Upon review, PERS may accept or require:
(A) New treating or consulting physician or specialist reports;
(B) Updated physician or specialist reports;
(C) Independent medical or vocational examinations; or
(D) Employment and wage information, including but not limited to, tax returns or information from the State Employment Department.
(c) PERS may immediately discontinue the disability benefit of any person who refuses to provide current medical evidence or refuses to submit to an examination:
(A) If the disability claim is discontinued, the staff shall issue an Intent to Discontinue letter by regular and certified mail, return receipt requested. The discontinuation letter shall advise the applicant that additional information to substantiate the claim, or a request for an extension of 30 days to present additional information, may be submitted to the staff in writing within 30 days of the date of the Intent to Discontinue letter;
(B) Following the issuance of an Intent to Discontinue letter, staff will review any additional information which is submitted within 30 days:
(i) If the additional information results in a recommendation to approve the application, staff shall resubmit the application to the Director, or the Director's designee, with the recommendation;
(ii) If the additional information does not result in a recommendation to approve the application, PERS will issue a final discontinuation letter by regular and certified mail, return receipt requested.
(C) If no additional information is received within 30 days, PERS will issue a final discontinuation letter by regular and certified mail, return receipt requested;
(D) The final discontinuation letter will provide the applicant with notification of the right to request a contested case hearing as provided for in OAR 459-015-0030 and 459-001-0035.
(5) The member has the burden to prove continuing eligibility for a disability benefit.
(6) The Director, or Director's designee, may approve or deny the continuance of a disability benefit.
Stat. Auth.:
Stats. Implemented: ORS 23A8.235
Hist.: PERS 16-2005, f. & cert. ef. 10-3-05; PERS 7-2007, f. & cert. ef. 4-4-07; PERS 8-2011, f. & cert. ef. 10-5-11
Payment of Disability Benefit
(1) A disability benefit accrues from the effective date of disability benefit.
(2) Notwithstanding section (1) of this rule, disability payments may not begin until a period of extended duration following the date of disability has been completed.
(3) If PERS cannot calculate the actual disability benefit payment, an estimated payment will be made until PERS receives all the necessary information needed to calculate the actual benefit payment.
(a) If the estimated payment results in an underpayment of $10 or more a month, the member will receive interest under the provisions of OAR 459-007-0015.
(b) If the estimated payment results in an overpayment of any amount, the overpayments may be recovered by decreasing the monthly benefit amount until the difference between the amount the member received and the amount the member should have received is recovered.
(4) If a member applying for a disability benefit dies before the Director's approval of the application the application will be considered cancelled effective on the date of the member's death.
(5) If a member receiving disability payments dies before retiring, the disability benefit will cease the first of the month following the member's date of death.
Stat. Auth.:
Stats. Implemented: ORS 238A.235
Hist.: PERS 16-2005, f. & cert. ef. 10-3-05; PERS 8-2011, f. & cert. ef. 10-5-11
State Archives • 800 Summer St. NE • Salem, OR 97310


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October 13, 2016
| Nail Bytes
It's time to flaunt the pink ribbon.
September 8, 2016
| Article
Support the cure with these Breast Cancer Awareness products and learn about the latest facts and research.
October 27, 2015
| Video
Gel II shows a cute and simple design to inspire others during Breast Cancer Awareness Month.
October 16, 2015
| Article
Follow these steps to find out how an iconic symbol can inspire courage and strength and remind your clients it's time to think pink.
October 14, 2015
| Blog Post
To win this kit, tell us how you're spreading awareness for breast cancer this month.
October 12, 2015
| Product
This October, Morgan Taylor reminds you to Fight Like a Lady with a new quartet of mini lacquers including Sweet Surrender, Sweetest Thing, Lip Service, and Prettier in Pink.
Keep clients' feet warm while leaving toes exposed with Pedi-Sox.
Miracle Oil from Earthly Body is a blend of 100% natural and essential oils featuring tea tree oil and hemp seed oil.
The company wants to highlight awareness by releasing a Breast Cancer Awareness kit stocked with an exclusive Mariposa Nail Lacquer in Pink Ribbon, Mariposa Eyeshadow in Pink Ribbon, pink ribbon decals, and pink nail art glitter.
The Geluv Pink Power Go 3 kit from Alfalfa Nail Supply was released with Breast Cancer Awareness in mind.
Curl for the cure with a pink and padded version of Tweezerman's top-selling classic lash curler.
The Support the Cure Collection from Nubar features three-free polishes including Foundation Base Coat, Pink Cami, Je t'aime, and Diamont Seal and Shine Top Coat.
During October, Tammy Taylor Nails will donate $1 for every sale of its most popular acrylic nail powder.
October 12, 2015
| Blog Post
Sunday afternoon's OPI ManiCares event, in partnership with Look Good Feel Better, made about 100 guests recovering from breast cancer do just that: look good and feel better.
October 1, 2015
| Blog Post
Bellacures clients can donate $5 to the Get In Touch Foundation and receive a pretty pink bow on their nails as a thank you for their contribution.
Readers' Favorite Pedicure Products13 photos
Remembering Debbie Doerrlamm28 photos
A brush used to mix and blend colors together in free, uneven patterns in nail art.
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The new products I'm using are adding time to each appointment. How do I adjust my schedule?
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House prices in Lyddicleave, Bickington, Barnstaple EX31
What is the current average value of properties in Lyddicleave?
The current average value in Lyddicleave in June 2017 is £297,226. This has increased 1.30% from March 2017. Terraced properties sold for a current average value of £211,939 and semi-detached properties valued £247,202. In the past year property prices in Lyddicleave have increased 1.01%. This is according to the current Zoopla estimates.
You could be overpaying for energy in Lyddicleave, Bickington, Barnstaple EX31
Yearly saving up to:
Detached house
Semi-detached house
- Compare energy deals
Data on sold house prices, such as the results above for Lyddicleave Bickington Barnstaple EX31, is supplied to us via monthly updates from the Land Registry for England and Wales and from the Registers of Scotland for Scotland. There may be a delay of up to 3 months from when a property is actually sold to when it becomes officially recorded with Land Registry and/or Registers of Scotland. We provide data on house prices for information only, on an 'as is' basis as supplied to us and accept no liability for any errors or omissions. If you have identified any incorrect information in, please Report an error.


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"Gomorra" author to flee Italy after death threat
By Stephen Brown
ROME (Reuters) - The author of the best-selling book "Gomorra" about the mafia in Naples, which has been made into a hit movie, wants to leave Italy to try to have a more normal life after reports that the mob wants him dead by Christmas.
After reports that the "Camorra," as the Naples mafia is known, has added urgency in its threat to kill Roberto Saviano, the 29-year-old who has been in hiding for two years said he was tired of being a "prisoner" of his book's success.
"I'm going away from Italy, at least for a while, then I'll see," he told La Repubblica newspaper.
"Right now I don't see why I should keep living like this, as a prisoner of myself, my book, my success. Fuck success. I want a life, that's all," said Saviano.
"I want to take a walk, get some sun, walk in the rain, meet my mother without scaring her and being afraid."
First published in 2006, the gritty chronicle of how the Camorra dominates life around Naples and makes its money -- by a local boy who saw his first murder victim at 13 -- has sold 1.2 million copies in Italy and been translated into 42 languages.
Saviano worked in a textile and building firm controlled by the mob to research his book, which narrates the Camorra's involvement in protection rackets, drug trafficking, smuggling and even illegal waste disposal.
Now "Gomorra" has hit the big screen and is a candidate for the Oscars, the mafia is said to be even angrier and wants Saviano killed by the end of the year. Continued...


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Taste Education: Helen Nielsen, Maui Natural Bee
With support from the Maui Culinary Academy and Whole Foods Market Kahului, Slow Food Maui presents Helen Nielsen, Maui Natural Bee, as its featured guest for its Taste Education Series in February. The session will focus on the lives of honeybees and their efficiency, the benefits of consuming local honey and useful ways to use honey in kitchen and bath. A beehive will be on display (no bees) and honey tastings will be shared.
"After considering the plight of honeybees around the world, and the relatively healthy, isolated environment we have in southeast Maui, we started raising bees about three years ago," said Helen Nielsen, Maui Natural Bee. "We currently have about 35 hives and we are completely energy independent, powering with solar and collecting rainwater."
Maui Natural Bee provides local artisan honey and Kiawe and Christmas berry honey to the Maui community. The products are available at farmers markets or directly from Maui Natural Bee. To order, contact Helen at bees[at]maui[dot]net.
In addition to Maui Natural Bee, Nielsen is well known for her community work. She is one of the original founders of the Hawaiian Island Land Trust (HILT) and its current board president. As a business owner, Nielsen is active in many of Maui's community projects, along with her husband Jonathan Starr. She divides her time between Wailuku and her energy-independent home in Kaupo.
Taste Education is a nine-part "food focused" educational series presented by Slow Food Maui in partnership with the Maui Culinary Academy and Whole Foods Market Kahului. Organized to honor people who grow and produce the food we eat, the series brings local food producers in our community to the forefront so others may learn about their work, how their product is made and where to find it.
Date: Wednesday, February 29 (Always Held on the last Wednesday of each month. Mark your calendars!)
Time: 6:00 p.m. – 7:30 p.m.
Place: Maui Culinary Academy, UH Maui College, Pa'ina Building, 310 W. Kaahumanu Ave., Kahului, Maui, Hawai'i
$15 for Slow Food USA members
$20 for non-members
Seating is limited. Advance reservations and payment are required. Please note that we cannot guarantee participation if payment is not received prior to the event date.


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Author Publications
Benneker, A.H. and Kronberg, A.E. and Westerterp, K.R. (1998) Influence of buoyancy forces on the flow of gases through packed beds at elevated pressures. AIChE Journal, 44 (2). pp. 263-270. ISSN 0001-1541
Kronberg, A.E. and Benneker, A.H. and Westerterp, K.R. (1998) Notes on wave theory in heat conduction: a new boundary condition. International journal of heat and mass transfer, 41 (1). pp. 127-137. ISSN 0017-9310
Benneker, A.H. and Kronberg, A.E. and Post, J.W. and Ham, A.G.J. van der and Westerterp, K.R. (1996) Axial dispersion in gases flowing through a packed bed at elevated pressures. Chemical Engineering Science, 51 (10). pp. 2099-2108. ISSN 0009-2509
Kronberg, A.E. and Benneker, A.H. and Westerterp, K.R. (1996) Wave model for longitudinal dispersion: Application to the laminar-flow tubular reactor. AIChE Journal, 42 (11). pp. 3133-3145. ISSN 0001-1541
Westerterp, K.R. and Kronberg, A.E. and Benneker, A.H. and Dil'man, V.V. (1996) Wave Concept in the Theory of Hydrodynamical Dispersion - a Maxwellian Type Approach. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. Part A: Chemical engineering research and design, 74 (8). pp. 944-952. ISSN 0263-8762


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Sunscreen & Day Protect Lotion - BB-SL26JL19
Rs. 350
About Me: Biobloom'S Natural & Chemical Free Sunscreen & Day Protect Lotion Is Enriched With Liquorice & Carrot Seed Oils. This Paraben Free Sunscreen From Biobloom Is Free From All Toxic Chemicals Commonly Found In Commercial Sunscrssn & Protects The Skin From External Aggression. Liquorice Protects Against Sunlight And Uv Rays And Carrot Seed Provides The Daily Requirement Of Protein & Vitamin E To The Skin.
Capacity: 100ML.
Delivery: Dispatch in 4-6 Business Days, Delivery in 8-10 Business Days.
Shipping: Free Shipping in India for orders above Rs.999. Shipping charges of Rs.99 will apply for orders below this amount. Paid Shipping Outside India. A Cost will be added at the time of Checkout.
Returns and Refunds are not allowed for this product because of hygiene issues.


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You can display a personal message that your contacts see in their contact lists next to your display name. For example, you can use a personal message for status details, such as when you plan to be back online. Or, use a personal message to broadcast your current mood or express a favorite quotation.
Change your personal message
Sign in to Lync.
Under your display name, click the Click to create a personal status message box, and then type a new message.
Note: If you have already created a personal message, you can click the existing message and then type a new message.


text: Super-Chief is the name of several fictional characters, three superheroes and one supervillain in the DC Comics universe. Created by Gardner Fox and Carmine Infantino, the first Super-Chief debuted in All-Star Western #117. The second Super-Chief debuted in Adventures of Superman Annual #9 in a story by Mike W. Barr and Dale Eaglesham. The third Super-Chief debuted in 52 Week 22, which was written by the writers' consortium of Geoff Johns, Greg Rucka, Grant Morriso...... more on Wikipedia


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The ability to build and train a dynamic workforce with the knowledge and skills your organization needs
The opportunity to source diverse talent from our nationwide pool of student, alumni and military veteran candidates
The vision to provide tailored education solutions that help develop and retain your leaders of tomorrow
Support your business strategy with your talent strategy
Ready to build on strategic talent initiatives to meet the pressing challenges of a competitive marketplace?
At DeVryWORKS, we team with our employer-partners to truly understand their business objectives and workforce needs, so we can provide custom solutions to help meet them.
Expand and educate your workforce
Today's corporations face pressing challenges brought by rapid change and the resulting skills gap. An organization can thrive with an engaged workforce prepared to meet its current and future needs, as well as developed leaders who can deliver on strategic priorities.
We're ready to help you acquire and retain strong talent, plan for succession and close the skills gap.
Attract and acquire a dynamic workforce today
- Establish a robust talent pipeline from a national pool of career-ready candidates
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Learn more about talent acquisition programs, military veteran candidates, student internships and more.
Develop and retain your leaders of tomorrow
- Develop more engaged managers and employees to sustain growth
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Learn more about skills gap training, employee development, education benefits and more.
Work with the education team that understands business
Drawing on the 100+ years of collective experience of DeVry University and its Keller Graduate School of Management, we know it's important to address specific learning and talent management objectives to support the growth of our strategic partners.
We're proud to have formed many powerful alliances with leading companies and organizations across the nation, helping them find, hire, educate and engage top talent to fuel workforce transformation.
Our partnership lets you tap into the leadership, tools, resources and events you need to build a brilliant workforce and contribute to the success of your organization.


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Run on the Sly Trail Run
Run On The Sly Cancelled
We regret to announce the permanent cancellation of the Run On the Sly Trail Run due to a variety of challenges that we face producing an event in this area. This was a tough decision and one that we did not come to lightly. We loved hosting the event in such a beautiful area
Exciting New Trail Race Coming Soon
We are excited to announce that Fleet Feet Event Management will be producing an all-new trail event, the Granite Head Trails & Ales, on October 15, 2016 at Granite Beach at Folsom Lake. The event will feature a trail half marathon and a short course of approximately 5 miles.
Check www.fleetfeetsacramento.com and look for the new event website to be announced soon.


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Day 2 of Big Ten Swimming & Diving Championships Set to Begin
Feb. 23, 2012
Friday's slate presents the 400 individual medley, 100 butterfly, 200 freestyle, 100 breaststroke, 100 backstroke and 3-meter diving, with the 200 freestyle relay contested in the evening.
After the first day of competition, Michigan sits in first place with 80 points, followed by Ohio State with 66 points. Indiana is third with 60 points, while Minnesota and Wisconsin are tied for fourth place with 54 points.
Schools Illinois Indiana Iowa Maryland Michigan Michigan State Minnesota Nebraska Northwestern Ohio State Penn State Purdue Rutgers Wisconsin
Men's Sports Baseball Basketball Cross Country Football Golf Gymnastics Hockey Indoor Track & Field Lacrosse Soccer Swimming & Diving Tennis Outdoor Track & Field Wrestling
Women's Sports Basketball Cross Country Field Hockey Golf Gymnastics Indoor Track & Field Lacrosse Rowing Soccer Softball Swimming & Diving Tennis Outdoor Track & Field Volleyball


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- Clearance Sale
www.MotherEarthNews.com | Subscribe Questions? Call 1-800-234-3368 or Contact Us
Uniquely designed, this 10-inch-long slotted turner is a kitchen utensil you do not want to be without. Made with a stainless steel handle and nearly 2-inch-wide bamboo spoon, this turner will not only be long-lasting, but a stylish addition to your kitchen.
Tough, durable and lightweight, bamboo is a natural in the kitchen. One of nature's most sustainable resources, bamboo is stronger than oak and reaches maturity in just four years — without pesticides. Bamboo's density makes it naturally water-resistant, which inhibits germs and bacteria. It won't scratch your pans like metal and doesn't absorb moisture like conventional wood.
Though used like timber, bamboo is a grass that self-propagates as it spreads underground via a network of rhizomes. A white oak tree takes 120 years to grow to maturity; bamboo takes three-and-a-half to seven years. This self-regenerating plant grows without pesticides and needs very little water; some species grow as much as 3 feet a day. Because of its fast growth rate, bamboo sequesters carbon dioxide at faster rates than hardwood trees — another bonus for the environment.
Stainless steel does not leach chemicals, and the stainless steel used in this product is 93 percent recycled. The grade of the stainless steel used is 18.8.
Care instructions: Hand wash only.
Manufactured in China
Category: Kitchen Tools & Gadgets
Format: OTH
Weight: 0.12
Item Number: 5516
We stand by our products. If you are not fully satisfied at any time with your purchase, simply return the item and we will issue you a full refund. No questions asked. Shipping and handling is non-refundable.
Call us at 1-800-234-3368
Monday - Friday, 7:30 a.m. to 6:30 p.m.
Saturday, 8 a.m. to 12 p.m. Central Time.
Email Customer Service
Ogden Publications, Inc.
1503 SW 42nd St.
Topeka, Kansas 66609-1265


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Brooke Hogan's Lingerie Retail Romp
In the market for some sexy new unmentionables, Brooke Hogan was spotted hanging out at Victoria's Secret in Miami, Florida yesterday (January 26).
The "Brooke Knows Best" babe looked lovely as she combed the racks, chatting with the sales staff as she picked out several sensuous items.
In related news, Brooke has reportedly split up with her rapper boyfriend Yannique 'Stack$' Barker after dating for less than a year.
Her rep announced, "Brooke Hogan and Stack$ have split but remain friends. He was a big part of her life for a very long time, and she still cares about him and his family dearly. Brooke would like to thank her fans for their kind words and sensitivity during the break-up."
Celebrity Gossip
Enjoy the pictures of Brooke Hogan shopping at Victoria's Secret (Jan 26).
Photo Credit: SplashNewsOnline.com


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News & Features
News Stories Tagged prague
Prague Is Relocating Its Rare Toilet Museum
The collection of antique chamber pots and toilets is getting a new home.
Ask Fodor's: Should I Drive from Prague to Zagreb?
One of our editors explains the pros and cons of road-tripping from Prague to Zagreb.
Perfect Week in Prague, Vienna, & Budapest for Fall and the Holidays
Think Europe is best in the springtime? Think again. We've put together a fool-proof fall and holiday season week of sights, bites, and sips in Prague, Vienna, and Budapest.
5 Reasons to Go to Prague Now
Prague is a hot destination in summer months. But choose fall instead; you'll find less crowded sights, fantastic foliage, and local festivals (think wine, opera, and more), along with cooler temps.
Top 10 Places to Travel this Spring
From chic new hotels to can't-miss art events, the season's top destinations are blossoming with fresh experiences. Whether you'd like to revel in the music at Prague's spring music festival, taste wines near the vines in Paso Robles, or mingle with Tuscan locals before the summer crowds arrive, these trips are sure to brighten your season.
Europe's Top Public Squares
If you've been to Europe, you undoubtedly have a favorite square, whether it's a piazza, campo, place, platz, or plaza. Members in our forums recently shared their opinions, and Italy lead the list.
Best Christmas Markets in Europe
Come late November and early December, the yuletide spirit descends on Europe and festive Christmas markets pop up in towns and cities across the continent. Filled with traditional crafts, mulled wine, and tasty eats, these holiday bazaars are the perfect way to take in some local culture and stock up on special gifts for loved ones at home. Christmas may seem a long way off, but now's the time to book your trip (in fact, some of our Fodorites started planning theirs months ago). Make your yuletide list, pack some warm clothes, and get in the spirit at our favorite Christmas markets in Europe.
5 Great Romantic Experiences in Prague
Paris may be the most obvious romantic destination, but there's another P-town that could give France's capital some competition: Prague. Consult the checklist—killer views, a central river, fantastic wine, incredible art, and grand countryside retreats—and you'll see why this city can offer the same dose of l'amour, often at a better price. Here are the top 5 reasons to skip over Western Europe and head to Prague when love is in the air.
Cemeteries and Crypts: 4 City Sights to Die For
Walking around where most of the locals are dead might not be at the top of your sightseeing list, but it should be. Here are four of our favorites: two you might have heard of, and two you might otherwise have overlooked.


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Immunex Gets a Dose of Competition Brian Graney (TMF Panic)
November 11, 1999
High-flying biotechnology firm Immunex (Nasdaq: IMNX) was back in the news today as investors ruminated over the eventual effects of a new competitor to the company's leading product, the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment Enbrel. Last night, the FDA approved Johnson & Johnson's (NYSE: JNJ) Remicade drug for reducing the signs and symptoms of RA when used in conduction with the current RA standard of care methotrexate. The approval marks the second treatment indication for Remicade, which J&J picked up through its recent purchase of biotech firm Centocor. Previously, Centocor had garnered the FDA's rubber stamp to use Remicade as a treatment for Crohn's disease.
Enbrel has been integral to Immunex's emergence as a top-tier biotech over the past year, which has been a textbook case of how a company's share price can be driven into the stratosphere in no time thanks to rising expectations. When Enbrel was initially approved last year for use by advanced RA patients, analysts were speculating that the drug might contribute $200 million or so in 1999 sales with annual revenues topping out potentially at $600 million one day. As it turned out, the first year expectations have proved to be way too low.
Enbrel sales hit $102 million in the third quarter alone, putting the firm on track to rack up $350 million in sales of the drug this year. Immunex expects the growth to continue in 2000, when sales might hit $500 million. Analysts, excited by the heady growth rates and the renewed interest by investors in biotechnology, quickly adjusted their estimates for Enbrel's selling power and speculated that the drug could generate a startling $2 billion in annual revenues at some point down the road. The ratcheting up of expectations prompted a value explosion in Immunex's market capitalization, which has ballooned from $2.2 billion to $11.6 billion in the past 14 months.
With Remicade nearing approval, momentum investors backed off of Immunex late this summer and the firm's shares now trade hands at roughly a 20% discount to the all-time high hit in August. But even at this reduced valuation, the future expectations remain quite high for Enbrel, which accounted for two-thirds of Immunex's total revenues in the most recent quarter. The company currently trades at about 15 times projected 2000 sales and roughly 85 times next year's expected earnings.
Observers have acknowledged the competitive threat posed by Remicade virtually since Enbrel's initial approval last year, but the general consensus is that Immunex's drug will end up being the long-term market share winner. A major issue standing in the way of all-out Enbrel market dominance is Medicare reimbursement policies. As a self-injectable product that can be used by RA patients outside of the doctor's office setting, Enbrel's estimated $11,000 annual price tag is not covered by Medicare. Remicade on the other hand, which will cost about $9,500 annually, is administered by intravenous (IV) infusion in the doctor's office, making it eligible for Medicare reimbursement.
The $64,000 question for investors now becomes how much of the total RA patient population Enbrel may ultimately lose to Remicade due to the reimbursement issue. In their $2 billion annual revenue projections for Enbrel, most analysts have assumed that 25% to 30% of the RA market will be ceded due to the reimbursement issue. Yesterday, J&J tested the accuracy of that statistic and stated that up to 50% of all RA patients are covered by Medicare.
Whether the RA Medicare statistics end up being just "lies" or "damned lies," as Mark Twain might put it, may not matter very much for long-term investors. As tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, the real sweet spot for Enbrel, Remicade, and a similar treatment in late-stage development by Amgen (Nasdaq: AMGN) may be in larger indications, such as their use in combating widespread conditions such as congestive heart failure. Looking at the competitive situation through this lens, Immunex investors should get used to the idea of competition and likely much more of it down the road. At its currently steep valuation, the company's performance will need to be near-perfect to live up to the expectations currently reflected in its share price.


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Tweets from @TBHomeTeam/writers
MORE from our HomeTeam writers.
Sat. January 4, 2014 | Darek Sharp
LAND O'LAKES — The tired, injury-depleted version of Mitchell is still without peer in Pasco County girls soccer.
Friday, it won a clash of undefeated, untied squads 2-0 over Land O'Lakes as Amanda Hayes had a goal and an assist.
Freshmen Sabrina Wagner and Noah Stokes also were big factors in their second game of the day. They and Kacie Patterson, who sat out with an injury, barely made it to Land O'Lakes in time after their club team, Tampa Bay United, won a tournament at Disney.
"We got stuck in bad traffic on 75, and I got worried," Stokes said. "But we didn't want to miss this game."
Land O'Lakes (18-1) had a handful of chances, but Mitchell (17-0) controlled possession. Mustangs goalie Erica Disbrow withstood an early scare, when Raquel Villarreal sent Victoria Cannata in alone, by coming out to deflect the ball away. Outside of that, Disbrow had to make only one other save, the handful of potential threats mostly headed off by the duo of Gina Davis and Antonia Lowden.
"Those two are so solid for us in the back," Mitchell coach Karl Kukec said. "You keep possession like we did, you control the game."
Mitchell took control on the scoreboard just seven minutes in. Amanda Hayes took a flier, sending a ball in on goal from about 50 yards, and two Gators failed to clear it. Baylor Cherry took advantage by scoring into an empty net.
The early lead was big because it allowed Mitchell's forwards to not press as much, good news for Wagner and Stokes.
"I was very tired," Wager said. "I just tried to not do what my body wouldn't let me do."
So she picked her spots to turn on the jets, one giving Mitchell a 2-0 lead in the 23rd minute. Stokes sent a long ball down the right sideline that looked to be headed out of bounds. But Wagner sprinted then breezed past a defender to cross to Hayes for the two-goal cushion.
Land O'Lakes had a brief moment of hope with 25 minutes left as Mitchell committed a foul just outside the penalty box.
But Cannata sent the free kick well wide.
Mitchell dressed only 14 players and probably will be without 18-goal scorer Taylor Meek for the rest of the season. She hurt her knee during a club game this week.
Though it was their first loss of the season, the Gators were hardly dejected afterwards.
"We didn't even talk about the record," coach Vicky King said. "This was good competition, and we will learn from it."


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Compression Ignition Addict
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post #1 of 4 Old 08-30-2007, 02:33 PM Thread Starter
egr valve
dont mean to sound stupid but i dont know what this is. can any of yall tell me? thanks
post #2 of 4 Old 08-30-2007, 02:35 PM Thread Starter
Compression Ignition Addict
totally didnt see the post under me...lol...sorry
post #3 of 4 Old 08-30-2007, 02:36 PM
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Read this it explains it all!!!
FDDTS - Diesel EGR
FDDTS - Diesel EGR
2004 Ford F250 short bed ext. cab. 6.0L PSD
Edge Juice Platinum w/ Attitude Monitor
Shifts modified by Diablo
Muffler Delete
post #4 of 4 Old 08-30-2007, 02:37 PM
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don't think 7.3's have them... 6.0 and above...
04 F250, 4" MBRP, Airaid, Zoodad Mod, SCT X3, 6" lift
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I want in on one of those stickers but I cannot go to Charleston. Going to be in the OBX with my family. They should have just come down here and gone to Charleston with us since it's 10hrs to OBX for them and (I've heard) 8hrs for me.
Let me know if I can pick one of those up after the Charleston GTG.


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Just a note to say that I've made some updates to my Sonic Impact modding site.
For those of you who haven't seen it, there is a lot of information and schematics there for anyone wishing to jump into modifying a Sonic Impact or other small class-T amp.
DIYer John May modified his Sonic Impact using my site as a guide and was so happy that he wrote an article about it in this month's "Hi-Fi World" magazine in England. =)
As a result there is a great deal of interest in the UK now.
So -- There is a new Yahoo group for Sonic modders in the UK:
The Yahoo groups is NOT intended to replace this forum in any way. It is mostly meant as a way for Sonic and T-amp fans in the UK to find local parts and local help.
Please continue to post your questions and ideas here and on the other mainstream forums for all of us to read.
Follow Ups:
Hi, your link does not work. I get a 404 error. Can you post the address. Cheers.
And the link to my site again.
Strange that it didn't work for you. Seems to work OK from my computer.
Here it is again, just in case.
Check out Vinnie (yes, our Vinnie) at Red Wine Audio for some of the most amazing Tripath mods imaginable.
This post is made possible by the generous support of people like you and our sponsors:


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Welcome to E-Books Directory
This is a freely downloadable e-book.
Object-Oriented Programming and the Objective-C Language
Read this book online or download it here for free
Custom Search
Object-Oriented Programming and the Objective-C Language
Publisher: NeXT Software, Inc. 1996
Objective-C is implemented as set of extensions to the C language. This book both introduces the object-oriented model that Objective-C is based upon and fully documents the language. It concentrates on the Objective-C extensions to C, not on the C language itself.
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