text:
Biotechnology Consultation Agency Response Letter BNF No. 000139
Return to inventory: Completed Consultations on Foods from Genetically Engineered Plant Varieties
See also Biotechnology: Genetically Engineered Plants for Food and Feed and about Submissions on Bioengineered New Plant Varieties
See FDA's memo on BNF No. 000139 for further details
CFSAN/Office of Food Additive Safety
March 28, 2014
Dennis Ward, Ph.D.
Syngenta Seeds, Inc.
P.O. Box 12257
3054 East Cornwallis Road
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Dear Dr. Ward:
This letter addresses Syngenta Seeds, Inc. (Syngenta) and Bayer CropScience AG's (BCS) consultation with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) and Center for Veterinary Medicine) on genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant soybean, transformation event SYHT0H2. According to information Syngenta and BCS (the developers) have provided, SYHT0H2 soybean is genetically engineered to express a p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) derived from common oat (AvHPPD-03) and phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase from Streptomyces viridochromogenes (PAT). Expression of the AvHPPD-03 and PAT proteins is intended to confer tolerance to herbicides (such as mesotrione) that inhibit HPPD and to glufosinate ammonium, respectively. All materials relevant to this consultation have been placed in a file designated BNF 000139. This file will be maintained in the Office of Food Additive Safety in CFSAN.
As part of bringing this consultation to closure, Syngenta and BCS submitted a summary of their safety and nutritional assessment of the genetically engineered soybean on August 28, 2012. Syngenta and BCS submitted additional information on February 25, 2013. These communications informed FDA of the steps taken by Syngenta and BCS to ensure that this product complies with the legal and regulatory requirements that fall within FDA's jurisdiction. Based on the safety and nutritional assessment Syngenta and BCS have conducted, it is our understanding that the developers concluded that food and feed derived from SYHT0H2 soybean are not materially different in composition, safety, and other relevant parameters from soybean-derived food and feed currently on the market, and that genetically engineered SYHT0H2 soybean does not raise issues that would require premarket review or approval by FDA.
It is Syngenta and BCS's responsibility to obtain all appropriate clearances, including those from the Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Department of Agriculture, before marketing food or feed derived from SYHT0H2 soybean.
Based on the information Syngenta and BCS have presented to FDA, we have no further questions concerning food and feed derived from SYHT0H2 soybean at this time. However, as you are aware, it is Syngenta's and BCS's continuing responsibility to ensure that foods marketed by the firms are safe, wholesome, and in compliance with all applicable legal and regulatory requirements. A copy of the text of this letter responding to BNF 000139, as well as a copy of the text of FDA's memorandum summarizing the information in BNF 000139, is available for public review and copying at http://www.fda.gov/bioconinventory.
Sincerely yours,
Dennis M. Keefe, Ph.D.
Office of Food Additive Safety
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition


text:
Woodbury, MN, USA < change city >
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14501 Eureka Rd
Southgate, MI, United States
Decorations, Florists, Invi...
11 ratings, 7 reviews, 27 weddings
As our wedding was on a small budget, we opted for fake flowers instead of real (...
Stems And Vines
401 Robert St N # 221
St Paul, MN, United States
3 ratings, 3 reviews, 3 weddings
Stems & Vines was the florist contracted for our centerpieces. I decided to have ...
Debruyn Designs
Minneapolis, MN, USA
2 ratings, 3 reviews, 3 weddings
Maureen was absolutely incredible - the flowers were spectacular. I had given her...
1910 Hennepin Ave
Minneapolis, MN, United States
3 ratings, 3 reviews, 3 weddings
I would not recommend Pazzobello to anyone. They were over priced to begin with ...
Sadie's Fine Floral Design
2400 North 2nd Street
Suite 100
Minneapolis, MN 55411, USA
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
Although it was a little more than we wanted to spend, I thoroughly believe you g...
Deven Nelson Designs
Minneapolis, MN
Florists, Coordinators/Plan...
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
I got her name from visiting The Knot because she created affordable and beautifu...
The Late Bloomer
Minneapolis, MN, USA
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
Alice-Lynn Olson, the owner was fantastic, friendly and affordable. She met w/ u...
Cindy's Floral Creations
19280 Orlando Ave
Hastings, MN, United States
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
Cindy did a beautiful job! She was so wonderful to work with! She took some of th...
Kissing 2 Lips Floral & ...
St Paul, MN, United States
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
Kissing 2Lips was a great florist to go through. The consultation was very helpfu...
Madelin Rose Floral
2001 Cliff Road East
Burnsville, MN, United States
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
Our flowers were breathtaking! Maria is the most talented florist I have ever wor...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Evan O'Conner isn't a normal child. His father's alcoholism and mother's abuse drives him to concoct a plan to rid his life of them permanently. The night is fraught with a horrendous storm, thunder and lightning as the beast inside him is born. Even in her death his mother won't leave. She haunts his subconscious as he attempts over and over to kill her. Evan meets his match when Officer Burkhlader enters the picture.
There are no listener reviews for this title yet.
A disturbance at her neighbor's house piques Eilida's curiosity. What she discovers is so shocking it sends her running through the mountainous woods during a thunderstorm. She slips on the wet ground, plummets down Mount Wilde, and slams into a large boulder beside River Freedom. Eilida is transported to Lyden, where Sunshine, a receptionist at the local paper becomes engrossed in her story. The further Sunshine delves into Eilida's life, the more entangled their lives become.


text:
New York, Apr 16 : Sienna Miller ended up giving photographers more than she intended when she had a bikini malfunction when she went surfing at a Malibu beach with boyfriend Rhys Ifans.
The blonde actress was frolicking in Santa Monica, CA, with Ifans, to whom she is rumoured to be engaged, but she left the people there gob-smacked when her skimpy top slipped down, exposing her twin assets.
However, the actress took the bikini-malfunction, so to say, quite coolly as she pulled up the top before retreating to the sand with a female friend.
Sienna is no stranger to skin-show, as it was just last year that she filmed nude scenes for her upcoming movie 'Hippie Hippie Shake'.
According to Britain's Daily Mail, after her not so embarrassing scene at the beach, the 26-year-old star of 'Camille' and 'Layer Cake' met up with actor boyfriend Rhys Ifans for sushi at Nobu in Malibu.
The pair may soon take the wedding vows, reports New York Daily News.


text:
Where on the Periodic Table is the atomic number and atomic mass located?
The Periodic Table of Elements is composed of all the known elements of the natural world, listed in order of increasing atomic number. Most charts list each atom in rows of boxes with the element'...
Read More »
What is the atomic mass of argon?
The atomic mass, or molar mass, is the mass of an element in units of grams per mole. For argon, the atomic weight is 39.948. Argon has the atomic number 18, and it has 18 protons and 22 neutrons.R...
Read More »
What is the atomic mass of a proton?
A proton has an atomic mass of 1.6726 x 10-27 kg, or 16726 with 27 zeros to the left of the first digit (to the right of the decimal point). This makes the proton slightly lighter than a neutron, a...
Read More »
What is the atomic mass of tungsten?
Official atomic masses are set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), an international body of scientists. According to IUPAC, the atomic mass of tungsten is 183.84 grams...
Read More »
What is the atomic mass of beryllium?
Beryllium has an atomic mass of 9.012182 amu (atomic mass unit). It is classified as an alkaline, meaning it has a low concentration of hydrogen ions. It was discover in 1798 by German chemist Fred...
Read More »


text:
Wednesday, July 14, 1999 Published at 23:29 GMT 00:29 UK
World: Europe
War crimes visit boosts prosecutor's resolve
Villagers showed Ms Arbour the sites where they said relatives were killed
The chief United Nations war crimes prosecutor, Louise Arbour, has visited the sites of alleged mass graves that her investigators helped uncover.
The area was still littered by bedding, a child's pair of leather shoes and several shirts.
"Every grave that we uncover, every indictment that we bring, I think is an irreversible step [to prosecution].
"I do not know when this is going to happen, but there is no doubt in my mind that it will happen," she said.
Ms Arbour said the evidence collected in Celine would be added to hundreds of witness statements from Kosovo Albanians detailing atrocities allegedly committed by Serb forces in the province.
The 22 people found at Celine were believed to have been shot by Serb forces shortly after Nato began its bombing campaign against Yugoslavia.
Investigators believe the killings were part of a systematic sweep through the area - a traditional recruiting ground for the separatist Kosovo Liberation Army.
Ms Arbour has indicated that there may be sufficient grounds to extend these charges to include genocide.
The BBC's Michael Voss in Kosovo says the War Crimes Tribunal could also indict some of those believed to have been directly involved on the ground.
The Yugoslav authorities blocked attempts six months ago by Ms Arbour to visit Kosovo. At that time she wanted to investigate the massacre of at least 45 Kosovo Albanians in the village of Racak.
Protests against Russians
As Ms Arbour saw for herself the sites of alleged mass killings, Nato Supreme Commander General Wesley Clark went on a troubleshooting mission to the western town of Orahovac to urge Kosovo Albanians to have faith in Russian peacekeeping troops in the province.
The first elements of the main Russian contingent to the Kosovo peacekeeping force (K-For) are due to arrive over the next few days, but there have been repeated protests by Kosovo Albanians against the Russians' deployment.
General Clark said the Albanian population "should be very confident" that the Russians "will follow the same rules of engagement" as the rest of the K-For peacekeepers.
The Nato commander also announced that the Dutch troops who were set to leave Orahovac once the Russians arrive will now stay.
There are concerns that the Russians could spark protests elsewhere in the province once they arrive.


text:
ACROSS MISSISSIPPI — For decades, not-for-profit credit unions have enjoyed tax-exempt status as they emerged as legitimate contenders to banks, gaining new customers, especially as the recession caused many banks to tighten their lending policies.
The banking industry says credit unions now enjoy an unfair competitive advantage as they broaden their services while not being taxed or held to the same regulatory standards. It's calling for Congress to end the tax-exempt status as lawmakers look at tax code overhaul.
Should that happen, it could fundamentally change how credit unions in Mississippi and elsewhere do business and affect the more than 570,000 people who belong to the state's credit unions.
"We would go out of existence. There's no way we'd be able to stay in business" as credit unions, warns Charles Elliott Jr., president of the Mississippi Credit Union Association.
Mac Deaver, president of the Mississippi Bankers Association, disagrees, saying it would simply create "an equal playing field."
Credit unions have been tax-exempt largely because they traditionally serve low-income clients who can't get standard bank loans and other financial assistance or particular groups of clients, such as military members or grocery-store employees. They offer the same general services banks do, and credit unions and their members tout lower interest rates and fees as advantages.
Greenville resident Russell Clower Jr. says he's belonged to a grocery-affiliated credit union since 1998. Now on long-term disability, he says his credit union typically waives service charges on depositing his checks because of the physical hardship he has of visiting his local branch to do so. He says he has a credit card through his credit union that he might not have gotten otherwise.
"They give lower interest rates, lower rates on everything," he said.
Not paying taxes, however, means credit unions have caps on membership and what they can charge for fees and interest. Credit unions are member-owned but, unlike other not-for-profits, generally aren't funded through donations.
The banking industry is targeting in particular credit unions it feels have grown beyond their original missions by focusing on a particular region instead of client or income level, and that advertise extensively. The American Bankers Association says the federal deficit has grown since 2001 in part because credit unions haven't had to pay a total of $20.5 billion in federal income taxes during that time.
"There are credit unions that have grown beyond recognition," says James Ballentine, chief lobbyist for the ABA, which is pushing Congress to remove the tax-exempt status. "Some credit unions advertise, 'If you can breathe, you can join a credit union.' We're saying, 'Come on, compete with us. Just compete on a level playing field.'"
While the banking industry hasn't singled out specific Mississippi-based credit unions, Jackson's Magnolia Federal Credit Union seems to be the kind of firm it has in mind.
The credit union — which originated with area Veterans Affairs hospital and clinic staffers as customers before broadening to include workers at other hospitals — reworked its charter about a decade ago to take on a more geographic focus, says its CEO, Steve Pollman. Its commercials air regularly on local television stations. It currently serves about 20,000 members, mainly in Hinds, Madison, Rankin, Simpson and Copiah counties, and merged with another credit union to bring its services to Leake County and parts of Scott County.
Pollman maintains his credit union should remain tax-exempt because it hasn't departed from its core mission of working with customers that banks won't deal with, despite its membership and territorial growth.
"We don't have shareholders. We can't go out and sell stock the way a bank can to make capital improvements. The tax-exempt status allows us to be a better financial institution."
The ABA points to Jackson's Hope Credit Union as an example of a credit union that has "aggressively expanded," growing from $108,000 in lending activity in 2004 to $32 million last year.
Hope CEO Bill Bynum said those numbers reflect the recession's impact on lower-income residents' ability to set up and maintain accounts and get loans from banks, in turn highlighting the continued need for tax-exempt credit unions. His institution took on new customers on at least a short-term basis in recent years when the towns of Utica and Edwards each lost their lone commercial bank.
He says Hope remains dedicated to its original mission to provide financial services to the financially "underserved and unserved" in Mississippi, noting more than half his customers are minorities or women, and that more than half of his customers have been turned away by banks.
"I don't see many banks running in to those markets. During the recession, that trend has only gotten worse," Bynum said.
Deaver says he's not interested in taxing credit unions that remain committed to a certain income level or profession. But those that aren't should not only be taxed but also take on the level of audits and regulation banks do, he said, especially with those regulations costing banks more in a post-bailout landscape.
"Our goal is not to put them out of business," he said. But, "you and I, individually, paid more taxes than credit unions did last year. We have a concern with that."
In a time where calls for general tax reform are growing, the banking industry feels it has a solid shot at bringing about significant change to how credit unions function.
Bynum says he's confident Congress will see the need for credit unions' services and continue to keep them tax-exempt. Pollman says his credit union should be able to continue operating if it's taxed but may need to revisit its charter and perhaps essentially morph into a bank if that happens.
"There (shouldn't) be separate sets of rules," Deaver said. "Become a bank get a charter as a bank."


text:
US privacy group takes Facebook mood experiment complaint to the FTC
Facebook has apologised but EPIC wants answers
The Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) has asked the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to consider Facebook's recent 'mood experiment'.
EPIC is protesting the psychological experiment and has advised the FTC that the study could have violated a privacy agreement made by the firm. EPIC said that the study and the company, "purposefully messed with people's minds".
"At the time of the experiment, Facebook did not state in the Data Use Policy that
user data would be used for research purposes. Facebook also failed to inform
users that their personal information would be shared with researchers," it says in its complaint.
"Moreover, at the time of the experiment, Facebook was subject to a consent order with the FTC, which required the company to obtain users' affirmative express consent prior to sharing user information with third parties."
EPIC's complaint led to that consent order, as it – along with other groups – took the social network to task on privacy around five years ago. The privacy agreement set then bound Facebook for two decades.
EPIC would like the FTC to force Facebook into revealing the algorithm used in an area of the site. "The Commission should impose sanctions, including a requirement that Facebook make public the algorithm by which it generates the News Feed for all users," it said.
We have asked Facebook to comment on the complaint, but it has not by the time of publication. It has apologised, however, and been presented with a wall of opposition to its secretive experiment.
A petition set up to protest the tests has been launched and is gathering signatures. Meanwhile the firm's COO Sheryl Sandberg has apologised for the experiments the social site ran on people's emotions.
The petition has been launched by Fight for the Future campaign group, and it expresses a lot of dissatisfaction with the underhand experiment. It asks that people put their name to a demand that Facebook ceases its experiments and makes a commitment to transparency and openness.
There are three demands which are all designed to shine a light on the experiments. "Facebook's experiment is unethical and their privacy policy and data use policy do not meet the requirement of informed consent," says the group.
"We demand that Facebook: inform the people affected by this experiment that they were participants; refrain from conducting any similar studies and make it clear in the terms of service, data use policy, and privacy policy that these types of experiments are prohibited without informed consent; disclose if any other similar experiments have been or are being conducted."
This is the second Facebook petition from Fight for the Future in as many weeks, and last week's – a response to a change in advertising practices – gathered around 130,000 signatures.
We have asked Facebook for its response and we have asked Fight for the Future whether it has numbers on the most recent petition.
As the fallout from the experiment continues, Sandberg said she was sorry for any distress it may have caused, according to The Wall Street Journal.
"This was part of ongoing research companies do to test different products, and that was what it was; it was poorly communicated," she said. "And for that communication we apologise. We never meant to upset you."
Currently, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) is investigating Facebook to see whether its controversial experiment to manipulate users' News Feeds broke the law.
Facebook admitted that it carried out a short-lived experiment to deliberately try to influence people's moods and behaviour on the site, by showing certain users more positive or negative headlines and posts.
There was uproar when this came to light, but Facebook claimed it was able to do this as users agreed to such activities in the terms and conditions when they signed up.
But it has been claimed that Facebook updated its terms after the experiment ran. In light of these issues the ICO has confirmed to V3 that it is preparing to talk to Facebook about the incident.
"We're aware of this issue, and will be speaking to Facebook, as well as liaising with the Irish data protection authority, to learn more about the circumstances," the ICO said.
V3 contacted Facebook for any statement in response to the ICO investigation, but had received no reply at the time of publication.
The experiment in question took place in 2012 on some 700,000 Facebook users to see if moods could be manipulated by presenting specific information to users.
Facebook's data scientist Adam Kramer has since admitted that he could see why the experiment may have unnerved some. "I can understand why some people have concerns about it, and my co-authors and I are very sorry for the way the paper described the research and any anxiety it caused. In hindsight, the research benefits of the paper may not have justified all of this anxiety," he said.
The incident heaps more pressure on Facebook with issues of privacy and data gathering, as it is embroiled in several legal cases, including a high-profile case regarding NSA surveillance that has been taken to the European Court of Justice.
V3 Latest
Telecoms firm sues Comcast for allegedly digging up its cables in dispute
Small Texas cable firm alleges foul play
Facebook announces plans to tackle extremists in the UK
Facebook will join fores with UK NGOs to tackle hate speech on the social network
Local governments' data systems will be out of date by 2019
A survey of local authorities has found that they face challenges in the areas of data, compliance and mobility.
Virgin Media Hub 2 users urged to change router passwords because of hacking risk
More than 800,000 home users could be affected


text: The Rules of Engagement, Pt. 2 wiki last edited by fesak on 10/03/13 06:48AM View full history Alpha Flight, the FBI and police officers are attempting to remove all of the mutant students from the institute, as they believe them to be in danger while Xavier is talking to his legal counsel, who at this stage cannot do anything. Stacy X leaves the title in this issue. The character only appears in a video recording for Angel.


text:
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text:
Welcome you sure they had guns in canada i though cops had to use a whistle and harsh language .. opps wait maybe that was the Uk
Any ways nice Goal ehhh?
This is a discussion on Yes, we have guns in Canada! within the New Members Introduce Yourself forums, part of the Welcome To DefensiveCarry.com category; Hello everyone, I am from Victoria, British Columbia. New to handguns. Recently completed a PPC course and just for the heck of it participated in ...
Hello everyone,
I am from Victoria, British Columbia. New to handguns. Recently completed a PPC course and just for the heck of it participated in CCW course that is valid in Utah and few other states. A foreign government trusts me more with the ability to carry concealed then my own.
Opppps...sorry. Got carried away there for a second.
Been involved in security field primarily in hospitality industry for about 12 years. Married with a 2.5 year old daughter.
Anyway, enjoyed reading the posts and information has been quite helpful.
Welcome you sure they had guns in canada i though cops had to use a whistle and harsh language .. opps wait maybe that was the Uk
Any ways nice Goal ehhh?
Welcome to CombatCarry, Mirko
"I surrounded 'em"- Alvin York
"They're ain't many troubles that a man can't fix with seven hundred dollars and a thirty ought six"- Jeff Cooper
Welcome to the forum. Good to hear from one of our northern neighbors.
Hey Mirko - good you joined up -
Chris - P95
NRA Certified Instructor & NRA Life Member.
"To own a gun and assume that you are armed
is like owning a piano and assuming that you are a musician!."
http://www.rkba-2a.com/ - a portal for 2A links, articles and some videos.
Hi Mirko, welcome to the forum!
Mirko, welcome to CC from way down South in Alabama.
Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the universe. Albert Einstein
Welcome from the panhandle of Texas
good to hear from folks up there that are not part of the side of things
Certified Glock Armorer
NRA RSO, Instructor
Independence is declared; it must be maintained. Sam Houston-3/2/1836
If loose gun laws are good for criminals why do criminals support gun control?
USAF: Loving Our Obscene Amenities Since 1947
"You can get more with a kind word and a gun than you can with a kind word alone." - Al Capone
The second amendment is the reset button of our Constitution.
Welcome to our little corner of the INTERNET.
The strongest reason for the people to retain the right to keep and bear arms is, as a last resort, to protect themselves against tyranny in government.
Thomas Jefferson
Welcome aboard... Ehhhh!
::: NRA Law Enforcement Firearms Instructor, Military Veteran, Public Safety Professional :::
Welcome to the forum, Ay..... ;o)
"Ray Nagin is a colossal disappointment" - NRA/ILA Executive Director Chris W. Cox.
"...be water, my friend."
Welcome, glad to have you with us!
Welcome -
"To disarm the people is the best and most effective way to enslave them."
George Mason
"Gun control is a job-safety program for criminals."
John R. Lott


text:
Day 2 of the European Poker Tour Vienna Main Event is now in the bag after the 492 players that did enough to start the day after the opening day flights were cut down in size to just 189. Surging to the top of the chip counts on Day 2 was Christien Trisch who will be delighted to have amassed 568,000.
He has more than 100k on the likes of Artur Koren, Ali Abdalla and Marko Neumann in the places just below him and will now go into Day 3 confident that he has what it takes to make it into the money.
He will still be more than aware that there is still plenty of work to be done though, especially with names such as Vladimir Geshkenbein, Sam Trickett, Gus Hansen, Stephen Chidwick, Viktor Blom, David Vamplew and PokerStars Team Pros Johnny Lodden, Marcel Luske progressing into Day 3.
Ended the day with 290k.Peaked at 350 but had a bad last level.@EverestPoker #EPTVienna
— Sam Trickett (@Samtrickett1) March 25, 2014
Got 125k with me for tomorrow. Happy with that. Played good today. #EPTVienna #vimennpoker
— Johnny Lodden (@johnnylodden) March 25, 2014
Though the remaining field is looking extremely tough it will be considerably weaker now that the likes of Sergio Aido, Gaelle Baumann, Olivier Busquet, Dominik Nitsche, Ole Schemion, Kevin MacPhee and PokerStars Team Pros Liv Boeree, Theo Jorgensen, Jan Heitmann, Eugene Katchalov and Maxim Lykov hit the rail.
Busto the EPT.. Just wasn't my day straight under straight then QQ into AA. Oh well, time to race some segways
— Liv Boeree (@Liv_Boeree) March 25, 2014
from 190k to nothing in less than an hour. that was fast
— Dominik Nitsche (@DominikNitsche) March 25, 2014
Day 3 will see those players return to the felt knowing that if they can survive the day they will have made a nice return on their original investment. The top 135 players will make the money whilst the eventual winner is set to bag €816,000. Join us tomorrow for a recap of the action from Day 3.
The Current Top Ten
1st) Sebastian Trisch – 568,000
2nd) Artur Koren – 463,000
3rd) Ali Abdalla – 451,800
4th) Marko Neumann – 421,900
5th) Ivan Neytchev – 377,100
6th) Torsten Pischl – 360,600
7th) Justas Vaiciulionis – 357,000
8th) Julian Herold – 355,000
9th) Jonathan Roy – 337,900
10th) Wilfried Sigmund Harig – 330,600
The Prize Pool Information
1st) 816,000
2nd) 497,900
3rd) 349,100
4th) 262,150
5th) 203,900
6th) 151,000
7th) 108,100
8th) 77,000
9th) 60,800
10– 11th) 50,250
12– 13th) 44,950
14– 15th) 40,550
16– 17th) 36,150
18– 20th) 31,750
21 – 23rd) 27,300
24 – 27th) 22,900
28 – 31st) 19,750
32 – 39th) 17,100
40 – 55th) 14,600
56 – 71st) 12,600
72 – 95th) 10,650
96 – 119th) 9,550
120 – 135th) 8,700


text: Volkswagen e-Golf bests BMW i3 in Auto Motor und Sport Test Share Comments In a recent review done by German magazine Auto Motor und Sport, the Volkswagen e-Golf bested BMW's i3, with journalists noting that the e-Golf is a "better and more complete" electric car. Auto Motor und Sport noted that while the two vehicles are different styles of electric car (the BMW's rear electric drive vs the e-Golf's front mounted propulsion unit) their purchase prices and power consumption levels were quite similar, making this comparison an extremely close one. During testing, the BMW was found to be quicker, but reviewers concluded that when considering running costs, ease of use and practicality, the e-Golf was simply a better choice. The full review can be seen (in German) right here. [Source: Auto Motor und Sport]


text:
This is a discussion on For all the Rednecks out there within the Off Topic & Humor Discussion forums, part of the The Back Porch category; http://video.google.com/videoplay?do...85173349496686 Awesome redneck video Looks like about half my life...
Awesome redneck video Looks like about half my life
That about covers it all LOL.
Shall we say - ''diversity'' -
Chris - P95
NRA Certified Instructor & NRA Life Member.
"To own a gun and assume that you are armed
is like owning a piano and assuming that you are a musician!."
http://www.rkba-2a.com/ - a portal for 2A links, articles and some videos.
I love it! Had to play that several times to see if there was anyone I knew, or if I was in it. LOL!
oO( musta been made by some dammyankee , not enough Budweiser featured and i didnt see uncle Jack once lol )
Make sure you get full value out of today , Do something worthwhile, because what you do today will cost you one day off the rest of your life .
We only begin to understand folks after we stop and think .
Criminals are looking for victims, not opponents.
Looks a lot like my wife's side of the family.
He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep to gain what he cannot lose. - Jim Elliott
The world is a dangerous place to live; not because of the people who are evil, but because of the people who don't do anything about it.
Albert Einstein
I liked it.
"The sword dose not cause the murder, and the maker of the sword dose not bear sin" Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac 11th century
I think I spotted some 'kin' in them thar' pictures...
Stay armed...stay safe!
Proverbs 27:12 says: The prudent see danger and take refuge, but the simple keep going and suffer for it.
Certified Glock Armorer
NRA Life Member
I KNOW some of my relatives are in there!
Assault is a behavior, not a device.
"Don't never take no shortcuts." Patty Reed, Donner Party
Lifetime NRA member
Save yer Confederate money, boys.
The South's gonna rise agin!
When youre wounded and left on Afghanistans plains,
And the women come out to cut up what remains,
Just roll to your rifle and blow out your brains,
And go to your God like a soldier.
Rudyard Kipling
Ya know there's just something about a good huntin' rifle, a good truck, a mobile home, bbq, beer and pretty girls......just brings a tear to my eye.
If you stand up and be counted, from time to time you may get yourself knocked down. But remember this: A man flattened by an opponent can get up again. A man flattened by conformity stays down for good. ~ Thomas J. Watson, Jr.
Looks like one ofr my family reunions..........
1942 M3 Autocar Half-track...M3A1 Diamond T Half-track...57mm Anti-Tank Cannon
NRA Endowment Member...President West TN Military Vehicle Collectors...MVPA Member


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06.21.2017 A.I. laser targeting
06.01.2017 Diagram of Lake Stratification on Mars
05.22.2017 NASA's Mars 2020 Rover Artist's Concept #1
05.15.2017 Putting Martian 'Tribulation' Behind
05.15.2017 From 'Tribulation' to 'Perseverance' on Mars
04.20.2017 Chemical Laptop Team
04.20.2017 Subcritical Water Extractor
04.20.2017 Chemical Laptop
04.20.2017 Atacama Landscape
03.30.2017 Measuring Mars' Atmosphere Loss
03.29.2017 Lifetime Achievement Award to Theisinger
03.29.2017 A Decade of Compiling the Sharpest Mars Map
03.21.2017 Break in Raised Tread on Curiosity Wheel
03.17.2017 COBALT/Langley
03.17.2017 COBALT/JPL team
03.09.2017 Back-to-Back Martian Dust Storms
02.27.2017 Swirling Dust in Gale Crater, Mars, Sol 1613
02.27.2017 Dust Devil Passes Near Martian Sand Dune
02.27.2017 Sand Moving Under Curiosity, One Day to Next
02.08.2017 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Observes Changes
01.26.2017 Mono Lake
01.25.2017 'Wing' Dike of Hardened Lava in New Mexico
01.25.2017 Blade-Like Martian Walls Outline Polygons
01.23.2017 Spirit And Opportunity By The Numbers
01.10.2017 Mars 2020 Rover - Artist's Concept
01.06.2017 Earth and Its Moon, as Seen From Mars
12.13.2016 Now and Long Ago at Gale Crater, Mars
12.13.2016 Where's Boron? Mars Rover Detects It
11.15.2016 Schiaparelli Impact Site on Mars, Stereo
11.03.2016 Schiaparelli Impact Site on Mars, in Color
10.17.2016 MAVEN Captures Rapid Cloud Formation
10.17.2016 Mars' Nightside Atmosphere
10.17.2016 Ultraviolet Image Near Mars' South Pole
10.17.2016 Ultraviolet Mars Reveals Cloud Formation
10.05.2016 Dust Haze Hiding the Martian Surface in 2001
10.04.2016 Test of Lander Vision System for Mars 2020
10.03.2016 A Sharpened Ultraviolet View of Mars
Sol 120 Panorama from Curiosity, near 'Shaler' (Stereo)This stereo panoramic view combines 14 images taken by the Navigation Camera (Navcam) on the NASA Mars rover Curiosity during the mission's 120th Martian day, or sol (Dec. 7, 2012). The scene appears three-dimensional when viewed through red-blue glasses with the red lens on the left.
The view spans from north-northwest at the left to south-southwest at the right, and is presented in a cylindrical-perspective projection. The layered outcrop in the foreground is called "Shaler."
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, manages the Mars Science Laboratory Project for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. JPL designed and built the project's Curiosity rover.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
All Images


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Looks like 1133 N Dearborn is no longer available on Rent.com which means this information is likely out of date.
Make sure to check out these similar properties in the area.
11133 North Dearborn is a modern 33-story apartment building, offering the best of luxury apartment living in Chicago?s Gold Coast neighborhood just steps away from Michigan Avenue. A swimming pool, fitness room, laundry facilities, conference/party room and guest parking are among the building's amenities. Valet dry cleaners, business center with Wi-Fi, two sundecks, and heated assigned parking make it a cut above standard rental apartment living!
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Did you miss this concert? Were you there and would like to hear it again—because once is not enough? You're in luck—NEC has made it available at InstantEncore. To play or download the performances, click here—there are no fees involved. You will need to have or create an account to complete the process. Your account will also allow you to receive notifications of future concerts.
Associate Director of Orchestras David Loebel conducts works of extraordinarily vivid tone painting.
Haydn, in his Symphony No. 102, foreshadows the dramatic contrasts of mood and gesture of Beethoven.
Hector Berlioz channels Virgil's Aeneid, in his opera Les Troyens and takes listeners on a hunt with Queen Dido and the hero Aeneas. The soon-to-be lovers are eventually separated from the rest of the party just in time to be stranded in a cataclysmic storm from which they take refuge in a handy cave. Passion blooms.
Respighi's Fountains of Rome is the first of his three colorful symphonic postcards describing scenes from the Eternal City. Each of the four sections depicts a fountain in a different location at a different time of day. They are: The Fountain of Valle Giulia at Dawn (La fontana di Valle Giulia all'Alba), the Triton Fountain in the Morning (La fontana del Tritone al mattino), the Trevi Fountain at Noon (La fontana di Trevi al meriggio), and the Villa Medici Fountain at Sunset (La fontana di Villa Medici al tramonto).
Rossini's Overture to William Tell may never outlive its familiarity to Baby Boomers who grew up on The Lone Ranger. By contrast, the opera itself—Rossini's last work and originally written to a French libretto for a Paris premiere--has probably never achieved anything like the fame of its Overture. There's good reason for the Overture's popularity: it is an exceptionally vivid and energetic prelude to the opera, with its scene painting of dawn, a storm, the call to the dairy cows, and, of course, the rousing "March of the Swiss Soldiers."
Haydn: Symphony No. 102
Berlioz:Royal Hunt and Storm from Les Troyens
Respighi: Fountains of Rome
Rossini: Overture to William Tell
Are you an NEC faculty member or student who is giving a school concert? Submit your artist and repertoire information now!
NEC's FREE concerts do not require a ticket, unless stated in concert listing.
Unreserved seating is available on a first-come, first-served basis.
Doors open 30 minutes prior to the concert's start time.


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Get To Know Adrianna Piontek
Jan. 19, 2011
Name: Adrianna Piontek
Nickname: A.D.
Year in School: Sophomore
Favorite Food: Sausage
Least Favorite Food: Sauerkraut
Three words that describe me: Caring, Determined, Smart
Teammate who makes me laugh the most: Maggie Hague
Your most frequently used phrase: Byyyeeee
When I have free time I... Watch movies or my favorite shows like Criminal Minds & Grey's Anatomy.
Best Non-Athletic Talent: Coloring
Favorite music genre: I enjoy all types of music
Magazine cover I would like to be on: People Magazine
Game show I would like to be on: Family Feud
I'd like to be in Oprah Winfrey shoes for a day!
Favorite Pro Athlete: Peyton Manning
Favorite memory at UC: When Marissa Pierson tripped over the ball bag during pre-game warm-ups.
Team I'd like to add to our schedule: University of Florida


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Get all the info you need on the 2014 movie reboot of the "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles."
The "Turtles in a Half Shell" get even more screen time in a new official trailer.
'The View' finally welcomes new host Jenny McCarthy and who's there as a guest? Her boyfriend, Donnie Wahlberg of New Kids on the Block. Check it out!
Jenny McCarthy talks all the details on joining the cast of The View as co-host as Elizabeth Hasselback & Joy Behar leave the show. Check out Jenny's big plans!
Barbara Walters retires and stirs thoughts among A-listers including Donald Trump, Bette Midler and Gayle King. But what does Whoopi Goldberg think?
It's another controversial moment for Whoopi…
Winona Ryder meets girls who are even crazier than her (and gets upstaged in every way by Angelina Jolie) in this inconsequential adaptation of Susanna Kaysen's mental hospital memoir.


text: 1 a grey powder made by burning clay and lime that sets hard when it is mixed with water. Cement is used in building to stick bricks together and to make very hard surfaces. Use a mixture of one part cement to four parts sand. 2 the hard substance that is formed when cement becomes dry and hard a floor of cement a cement floor


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Hi I'm new to this community and too home improvement. My husband and I have lived in Tallahassee, FL about 14 years now. We are hoping to get into a larger home soon but our townhouse is in serious need of work before we can put it on the market. I decided to start with my master bathroom to get more return on investment and because it didn't seem as overwhelming as other parts of the house. Wish me luck.
The bathroom is the second most costly and the hardest one to redo.
The kitchen being #1.
Good luck and welcome to the boards.
Now you tell me
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I have a radiator for sale, from a 16v Scirocco I recently parted out. The radiator is in good condition, without any cracks or leaks. The worst damage includes some bent fins, and one broken mounting slat (lower slat for the fan shroud; fan shroud still mounts fine, using the other three points).
Asking $35 plus shipping. Pick up is welcome, in Emmaus, PA 18049.


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"I really like the program at Tech," Cunigan said. "The coaches are great and they run an offense there that I really like. They do a lot of passing and that's something I was looking for..."
But I'm also looking forward to getting a good education," Cunigan continued. "That's something that is important to me, as well."
Head coach Mike Leach and wide receiver coaches Sonny Dykes and Dana Holgorsen definitely added quite a talent.
They gain a pass-catcher who pulled down 47 balls for 650 yards and 10 touchdowns his junior season and is expected to eclipse those numbers this year.
How does Cunigan feel about getting balls thrown to him by the likes of recent Red Raider QB-signees Robert Johnson, Graham Harrell and Phillip Daugherty?
"That's a big reason why I have given Texas Tech so much thought," said the No. 14th-rated prospect in the Texas Hot 100. "They have great quarterbacks there and you get a lot of chances to make plays."
Asked about other schools showing interest, Cunigan only wanted to talk about Texas Tech.
The Wills Point prep looks solid in his oral commitment. Meanwhile, Red Raider fans are high-fiving each other as it appears Texas Tech's ready to build on last year's No. 17 national recruiting ranking after locking down an impressive prospect to kick off the 2005 recruitng class.


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"These are very classic and chic and will look nice on stationery or packages. They are a bit smaller than I expected but the dimensions are given so it was just my perception that was off there. They are nice quality, not too thick, but that's to be expected with the great price."
"For such a little gift tag, this packs a punch! When I first opened, I must admit these tags took my breath away. So pretty and so perfect for a 6-year dol gift tag. Makes life a little easier knowing I can wrap take-home gift in simple cellophane bag with ribbon and this tag. Love it!"
"nice & modern. this was hip and trendy without going overboard. The colors printed nicely. I chose the blue. Definately recommend!"
"I received my order very fast. I loved the colors and decided to use them for the color scheme for my daughter's 1st birthday party. The tags are a great size and I was happy that they are adhesives so can be used as a sticker."
"These worked perfectly with the Crazy Cupcake theme that I stuck on the cupcake towel party favors from Beau-Coupe. So easy and quick!"
Copyright © 2004-2017 Shutterfly, Inc | Tiny Prints | Terms of Use. Designated trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners.


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What They are Saying about Mick Cronin
"Perhaps it's just the sheer size of the Big East that has prevented the public generally from noticing just how vast Mick Cronin's accomplishments have been at Cincinnati. From starting with not much more than a few basketballs and an empty gym, and playing in a league that routinely is producing No. 1 NCAA seeds and Final Four teams, Mick elevated the Bearcats to 26 victories and an NCAA Tournament berth within five seasons. And he did this with players who've lifted the program's academic rating and graduated from the university. It might be the most underrated coaching performance of the past two decades in college basketball. It's darned near a miracle."


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Location: 1370 Prairie City Road, Folsom
Appointments Available: Monday-Friday from 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
To schedule an appointment at this clinic: 916-985-9300
Fax: 916-353-2907
For your convenience, bring your completed form with you on your visit.
To see an Obstetrician, please download here.
To see a Gynecologist, please download here.
General Obstetrics & Gynecology Providers:
Debra Wright, M.D.
Clinical Professor
Debra D. Wright is a Health Sciences Clinical Professor at the UC Davis Medical Center in Obstetrics & Gynecology. The scope of her practice encompasses women's health care from the teen years through menopause. Her medical expertise includes well woman care, pregnancy and delivery, menstrual problems, contraception, management of abnormal pap smears, and treatment of menopausal symptoms & problems.


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Justin Bieber flies high?
posted at 7:35 am on February 5, 2014 by Ed Morrissey
I mean, really high. As in, so high that pilots have to wear oxygen masks in order to keep from getting contact highs and losing their licenses because of failed drug tests:
Justin Bieber and his father were "extremely abusive" to a flight attendant as their private jet flew from Canada to New Jersey on Friday, forcing her to take refuge in the cockpit, according to an official report obtained exclusively by NBC News.
According to multiple law enforcement sources, the leased, luxurious Gulfstream IV on which the 19-year-old Canadian pop star, his father and an entourage of 10 friends traveled was so full of marijuana smoke that the pilots were forced to wear oxygen masks.
"The captain of the flight stated that he warned the passengers, including Bieber, on several occasions to stop smoking marijuana," says the official report of the incident. "The captain also stated he needed to request that the passengers stop their harassing behavior toward the flight attendant and after several warnings asked the flight attendant to stay with him near the cockpit to avoid any further abuse."
Read the whole thing. One gets the impression that the real problem here isn't Bieber as much as it is his father — and that some significant time behind bars might do both of them some good. It does, though, almost answer the question of why the DEA took such an interest in their flight last week. I'd bet that the pilots and the attendant alerted the DEA as to what was happening during the flight.


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Salomon S810 Ti Spheric ski bindings
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Sports
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Feb 07, 2012
- Channel: Auction House
1 pair of used Salomon S810 Ti Spheric ski bindings.This binding has a DIN of 3 to 10. This binding is red / black / gray / silver. This binding has all the mounting hardware. This binding has some scratches on this binding from normal use.


text: I am a semi-auto guy and I don't know much about revolvers. I have the chance to buy a S&W 686 4" combat magnum. The pistol is in very good shape with about 400 rds thru it. Mostly .38's. It is an original 686 with no dashes or the M showing it was sent to S&W for work. It also has the firing pin connected to the hammer. Is $650 to much for this. It has rubber grips and the original sites. The trigger in DA on this gun is phenomenal. Really like it. Thanks for any help.


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Closest matches found:
Manufacturer / StylePanache 5829Product NameSophie ThongCurrent StatusOut of production / no longer available.Alternative Styles
CosabellaThea Low Rise Thong$32.00 Now: $24.95
PanacheBlack Label Quinn Brazilian Brief Panty$42.00
Only HeartsWhisper Thong$29.00
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Retail mogul Natalie Massenet made a designer's dream come true last night.
Acting in her new role as chair of the British Fashion Council, the Net-A-Porter founder hosted a reception to announce the winner of this year's Vogue Fashion Fund Award - a prize given to established designers to help them grow their business.
Massenet, who sold a £50million stake in Net-A-Porter in 2010, took up her new role at the BFC at the end of last year where she succeeds former Jaeger boss Harold Tillman.
Paying tribute to the wealth of talent in our capital she highlighted how difficult it was for a young fashion business to succeed without a helping hand.
"It starts with a dream" she said, "this award is to help propel those businesses to the next level."
The nominees considered for this year's award - a sizeable sum of £200,0000 - included London Fashion Week designers Roksanda Ilincic, Peter Pilotto and Emilia Wickstead. But it is shoe designer Nicholas Kirkwood who was eventually chosen as the candidate to benefit from a much-needed cash injection.
The cobbler, whose shoes are a regular on the red carpet as well as in the catwalk collections of some of London's greatest designers, could not hold back the tears as he collected the prize from Alexandra Shulman, editor in chief at Vogue.
"I'm just so so grateful" he said.
Shulman paid tribute to hi's innovative ability and said his decision to present his shoes to the Fashion Fund's judging panel by placing them on models heads caught her eye.
Kirkwood, the first accessory designer ever to collect the award, will undoubtedly be dreaming of achieving similar success to last year's winner Christopher Kane.
Having used the investment to expand his business globally, Kane recently sold a 51 per cent share to fashion power conglomerate PPR.
- More about:
- British Fashion
- Fashion Design
- Investment
- London Fashion Week
- Net-a-Porter
- Styles And Clothes


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By Andrew Garrison Shotts. Insider tips for making designer-quality chocolates at home. More than 40 recipes for chocolates, truffles and confections are created using exotic and unique ingredients such as spices, herbs and more. Includes techniques and tips from a professional chocolatier. 176 pages, full color.
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Despite a decline in edentulism, the number of people in the United States requiring prosthodontic services will increase significantly over the next two decades.1 Though natural tooth retention rates are increasing,2,3 the US adult population in need of complete denture treatment will increase from 35.4 million in 2000 to nearly 37.9 million in 2020.4 Taking into account the expected relative decrease in edentulism in the total population, the relative growth of people aged 55 years and older, and the fact that many of these patients will need both maxillary and mandibular complete dentures, it is estimated that the 56.5 million dentures needed in 2000 will increase to a need for over 61 million dentures in 2020.4
Likewise, the need for removable partial prosthodontic services will also increase as the population increases and ages. An estimate of future professional chairside hours available to treat partially edentulous individuals in the United States falls well short of the predicted future demand for such services. It is estimated that 49.2 million professional chairside hours will be available to treat 609.4 million hours of prosthodontic treatment need for partially edentulous patients in 2020. Considering only removable partial denture services, 190.4 million chairside hours will go unmet.5 As with complete denture therapy, the need for removable partial denture treatment over the next 20 years will increase substantially.
Concomitant with a growing population of older individuals and increasing demand for removable prosthodontic services is a rise in the consumption of prescription medications by older patients. In any given week, most US adults consume at least one medication and may take multiple drugs. Based on survey information, 50% of the adult population (ie, 106 million people) take at least one prescription medication on a weekly basis, and 7% (ie, 14.8 million individuals) take at least five. The most prevalent users of prescription drugs are women 65 years or older. In this age group, 81% (ie, 17 million) take at least one prescription medication every week, and 23% (ie, 4.7 million) take five or more prescription drugs.6
A common side effect of many popular prescription medications is impaired saliva production, or xerostomia.7-10 There are hundreds of medications that list xerostomia as a possible side effect11 including: anorexiants, antiasthmatics, anticholinergics, antidepressants, antihistamines, antihypertensives, anti-inflammatories, anxiolytics, antiparkinsonians, antipsychotics, decongestants, antinauseants, bronchodilators, muscle relaxants, diuretics, and sedatives.12,13 Consultation with the patient's physician regarding possible drug substitutions or elimination is indicated in the presence of substantial oral sequelae resulting from drug-induced xerostomia.
Numerous other etiologic factors are associated with persistent reduced salivary flow. At the top of the list are patients who have been subjected to radiation therapy involving the head and neck. Radiation therapy affects salivary gland parenchyma, causing inflammation, atrophy, fibrosis, and subsequent hyposecretion.14 Unfortunately, salivary gland damage and resulting reduced saliva secretion is long lasting and presumably permanent.15 Other conditions associated with xerostomia include dehydration;16 cancer chemotherapy; autoimmune diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome;17 congenital factors such as ectodermal dysplasia; HIV infection;18-20 diabetes;21 nephritis; anemia; immunosuppressive therapy; nutritional deficiencies; alcoholism;22 salivary gland/duct infections, neoplasms or obstructions; emotional stress or mental depression; and various neuropathologic conditions. Although frequently associated with aging, no clear consensus regarding a direct correlation between advancing age and xerostomia can be found in the literature.23-25
Xerostomia is the sensation of oral dryness. Although commonly associated with salivary gland dysfunction or hypofunction, xerostomia may occur in the presence of normal salivary gland physiologic activity. The lack of adequate saliva may negatively impact complete denture and removable partial denture wearers in many ways, including:13,14,26-32
•Reduced denture retention and generalized denture intolerance
•Demineralization of tooth tissues, rapidly progressive dental caries, and dental attrition
•Increased susceptibility to periodontal disease
•Increased degree of oral sensitivity, soft tissue erythema, generalized burning mouth pain, and intolerance to foods with high acid concentration
•Decreased buffering capacity in the oral cavity with increased risk for opportunistic infections, eg, oral candidiasis
•Increased susceptibility to mechanical, chemical, allergic, and biologic injury
•Delayed healing of traumatized oral mucosa
•Difficulty in mastication and swallowing
•Compromised oral hygiene, excessive accumulation of food debris, and presence of oral malodor
•Altered taste perception
•Dry throat, nose and lips (including angular cheilitis)
•Limitation of tongue motion and impaired phonetic ability
•Compromised emotional well-being and reduced quality of life.
Saliva of appropriate consistency and content is necessary for oral health, comfort, and function. Functionally, healthy saliva serves to: (1) form a coating, ie, the acquired pellicle, on tooth, mucosal, and prosthetic surfaces; (2) regulate the adherence and clearance of microorganisms in the oral environment; (3) control the growth of oral flora; (4) modulate remineralization of enamel; (5) prepare the food bolus for digestion; and (6) concentrate protective molecules at oral surfaces.29 In patients wearing removable prostheses, saliva functions to protect denture-supporting soft tissues from direct mechanical trauma. In partially edentulous patients, minerals contained in normal saliva are essential for remineralization of the dental hard tissues. Additionally, saliva contributes significantly to the regulation of pH, oral flora, electrolyte balance, and immunologic factors within the oral cavity.14
Denture retention, or the resistance to movement of the denture away from the supporting tissues, is critical to patient acceptance of the prosthesis and successful function. The physical, physiological, and mechanical phenomena associated with denture retention are not fully understood. The physical forces involved in denture retention likely include complex interactions between adhesion, cohesion, capillary attraction, surface tension, fluid viscosity, and atmospheric pressure. It has long been recognized that the surface tension developed as a result of the layer of saliva interposed between the denture base and the supporting tissues is important for effective prosthesis retention. This is particularly true for maxillary complete dentures. To achieve optimal surface tension the intervening saliva layer must be thin and effectively wet the opposing surfaces. The low surface tension of oral mucosa permits optimal wetting by saliva. Once coated by a salivary pellicle, conventional denture base materials also display reasonable wetting characteristics. Therefore, a thin film of saliva between the supporting soft tissues and a well-adapted denture base yields retention as the saliva maximizes contact with both the approximating surfaces.
The quality and quantity of saliva have been shown to play a significant role in retention of otherwise adequately constructed dentures. In addition to surface tension, the physical forces of adhesion, cohesion and atmospheric pressure operate in association with the saliva film layer between the denture base and supporting mucosa.33-36 It is readily apparent that saliva of suboptimal quality or quantity may adversely influence denture retention.26,29
Clinical examination of patients suspected of suffering from reduced salivary flow must include thorough review of the patient's medical and dental histories. A comprehensive review and understanding of current and past medical conditions and current medications should be noted. Consultation with the patient's physician is in order for patients with extensive medical histories, numerous medications, or if clarification is needed.
A standard, and thorough, intraoral and extraoral examination must be accomplished. Particular attention should be given to visual examination and palpation of the major and minor salivary glands and associated salivary duct orifices. The use of firm external pressure to express fluid from the parotid glands may reveal saliva production from Stenson's duct in the maxillary first molar region. Fluids may also be expressed from sublingual and submandibular glands by the application of firm pressure beneath and medial to the mandible. Salivary secretions present on the floor of the mouth may be identified when the tongue is elevated. Swellings and tenderness evident on palpation of the glands are associated with acute and chronic inflammation.
|Figure 1. A dental mirror that sticks to oral mucosal surfaces during routine examination is indicative of reduced salivary flow.
Evidence of dry oral tissues and associated complications must be documented. During the initial interview, patients may have difficulty speaking because of the dry oral environment. Examination of mucosal tissues may reveal desiccation to the point that a dental mirror sticks, rather than slides, along the tissue surface (Figure 1). The vermilion borders of the lips are often dry and fissured with signs of ulceration and angular cheilitis. The tongue is often coated with food and plaque debris that should be wiped away to evaluate the underlying soft tissues. Four clinical measures, when concurrently identified on examination, have been shown to be reliable predictors of salivary gland hypofunction: dryness of the lips, dryness of the buccal mucosa, absence of saliva production during gland palpation, and decayed/missing/filled teeth (ie, DMFT) score.37
All removable prostheses should be removed so that both the dentures and the underlying tissues can be examined. Frequently, excessive accumulation of food debris and plaque on the denture surface is indicative of the absence of normal salivary flow within the oral cavity. Evidence of trauma to the denture-supporting tissues may include redness, swelling, and ulceration. Replacing the dentures permits evaluation of denture fit and form. Observation of denture occlusion must be carefully accomplished and, when necessary, clinical remount procedures performed to assess occlusal balance.
|Figure 2. Root surface caries is frequently identified in patients with xerostomia.
Special attention should be devoted to residual teeth and periodontal tissues in partially edentulous patients. Thorough intraoral evaluations of the teeth should be supplemented by radiographic examination because xerostomic patients have increased susceptibility to generalized tooth demineralization and root surface caries (Figure 2).
When considering removable prosthodontic treatment of xerostomic patients, close attention must be given to clinical and laboratory procedures aimed at optimizing denture retention and stability. Accomplishing accurate and appropriately extended impressions of the denture-bearing surfaces will facilitate physical forces working to retain and stabilize the prosthesis. Adhesive force developed between saliva and the denture base functions to retain the denture. Since adhesion is directly proportional to the surface area involved, maximal extension of the denture base within the physiologic limits of the supporting tissues is essential. Dentures incorporating metal bases may exhibit both improved accuracy of fit and more effective wetting, thus contributing to better retention.32,38 Metal-based prostheses are also easier to clean and less likely to harbor large plaque accumulations.
Careful attention should be given to the external denture contours, ie, the cameo or polished denture surface, in xerostomic patients. Successful denture wearers learn patterns of muscular action, perhaps at a reflex level, that work to retain rather than displace the prosthesis. When appropriately contoured, the dentures will take physiologic advantage of oral and perioral muscular function and will derive stability and retention during mastication, deglutition, and speech.
An often overlooked but critical component of complete denture retention is occlusion. All other factors influencing the retention of complete dentures can be effective only in the presence of efficient and accurate occlusion. Developing smooth, bilaterally balanced occlusion will minimize functional forces acting to mechanically disrupt stability and dislodge the dentures from their foundations. Random occlusal contacts occur throughout the day with varying frequency in different patients. In the absence of balanced occlusion, these empty-mouth occlusal contacts will dislodge the dentures and disrupt normal and comfortable patient function. Effective balanced occlusion depends on careful clinical and laboratory procedures. Accurate interocclusal records, appropriate articulation instrumentation, careful denture tooth positioning, and meticulous denture base processing techniques must be used. Both laboratory and clinical remount procedures are essential to achieving optimal occlusal balance prior to definitive placement of the dentures. Periodic recall of all denture patients permits re-evaluation of occlusal stability and clinical remount for correction when necessary.
|Figure 3. Recently reformulated to improve hydration, Fixodent (Procter & Gamble) is an excellent denture adhesive.
|Figure 4. When appropriately applied, Denture Grip (Laclede Research Laboratories) serves two functions; it is an effective denture adhesive and a topical moisturizing agent.
|Figure 5. Initially, a sufficient amount of the well-hydrated denture adhesive cream or gel must be applied to the tissue surface of the denture.
|Figure 6. Following initial application, the adhesive material should be spread across the tissue surface and the denture firmly seated in the mouth.
It is appropriate to prescribe a denture adhesive (Figures 3 and 4) to augment retention for xerostomic patients. When properly applied, adhesives function to enhance the surface tension developed between the denture base and supporting tissues by: (1) improving the adhesive, cohesive, and viscosity characteristics of the otherwise saliva-deficient film layer; and (2) eliminating voids occurring at the interface of the denture and mucosa. In addition to improved retention and stability, denture adhesives have been shown to reduce mucosal irritation, reduce food impaction under the denture base, improve chewing efficiency, increase bite force, improve functional load distribution over the denture-bearing area, and facilitate the psychological well-being of the patient.39-41 For patients with xerostomia, the use of a well-hydrated denture adhesive will provide a cushioning or lubricating effect that reduces frictional irritation of the supporting soft tissues and prevents further tissue dehydration. Two currently available denture adhesives that function well in this regard are Fixodent (Procter & Gamble) and Denture Grip (Laclede Research Laboratories). Following initial application (Figure 5), for best results these materials should be carefully spread across the entire tissue surface of the denture (Figure 6) and firmly seated against the denture-supporting tissues.
|Figure 7. Edentulous xerostomic patient wearing a maxillary implant-supported overdenture (four implants) and a mandibular implant-supported hybrid restoration (five implants).
|Figure 8. Edentulous xerostomic patient demonstrating two osseo-integrated dental implants in the anterior mandible with ERA attachments (Sterngold).
|Figure 9. The ERA attachment system (Sterngold) is apparent from the tissue surface view of this mandibular overdenture.
|Figure 10. Oral function and comfort were greatly improved for this edentulous xerostomic patient restored with a maxillary implant-supported overdenture (four implants) and a mandibular implant-supported hybrid prosthesis (five implants).
The use of dental implants to support both fixed and removable prostheses is now routinely included in treatment options for the restoration of edentulous and partially edentulous patients (Figures 7 through 10). Though few reports have appeared in the literature describing the application of implant therapy in xerostomic patients,42 the authors have experienced great success in this regard. Patients wearing implant-supported dentures typically report improved oral comfort and function when compared with conventional, mucosa-supported prostheses.
Supplemental Treatment
Educating xerostomic patients regarding the importance of their condition is essential. This is particularly true for partially edentulous patients because they are susceptible to demineralization of tooth structure, dental caries, dental attrition and periodontal disease. A soft, low sugar, carbohydrate-rich diet is recommended. Patients must frequently consume liquids to hydrate dry oral soft tissues, but must avoid sugar-containing juices, punches, and soft drinks. Most patients find the frequent intake of plain water or sucking on sugar-free lozenges to be the most convenient and effective methods of managing oral dryness. For partially edentulous patients, topical fluoride applications are recommended. Excellent at-home fluoride tray systems are available and include FluoriSHIELD 1.1% NaF gel (Medical Products Laboratories) and PreviDent 1.1% NaF gel (Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals). Fluoride-containing oral rinses may also be prescribed, including Reach Act Mouthrinse 0.05% NaF solution (Johnson & Johnson) and PreviDent Dental Rinse 0.2% NaF solution (Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals).
A variety of saliva substitutes are available and most are effective in alleviating oral dryness. Proprietary examples include Xero-Lube (Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals) and Saliva Substitute (Roxane Laboratories). Both of these products have a neutral pH value and are therefore appropriate for both edentulous and partially edentulous patients. Care must be taken to avoid the use of solutions with a pH of 5.5 or less because of the potential for demineralization of tooth structure in partially edentulous patients.43
|Figure 11. The topical gel Oralbalance (Laclede Research Laboratories) provides extended lubrication and hydration of the oral soft tissues to shield against irritation and provide relief during swallowing, speaking, and sleeping.
The use of topical agents for increasing oral moisture may be considered. Of note is the topical gel Oralbalance (Laclede Research Laboratories) (Figure 11). This moisturizing gel adheres to the oral mucosa providing symptomatic relief from oral dryness for several hours. For patients who wear dentures, Oralbalance or Denture Grip may be used to coat the intaglio surface of the denture prior to placement. In doing so, the patient will realize both the topical moisturizing and denture adhesive effects of the material. Re-application may be accomplished as needed. Caution should be exercised when prescribing Oralbalance to partially edentulous patients having glass ionomer dental restorations. It has been suggested that the relative acidity of the gel may damage both conventional glass ionomer and resin-reinforced glass ionomer restorative materials.13
Of great significance to denture patients is the increased propensity for oral colonization by Candida albicans in the acidic oral environment resulting from xerostomia.44 Frequent recall appointments and examination of the oral tissues in xerostomic denture wearers is necessary to screen for all forms of candidiasis. If infection is present, the systemic antifungal treatment of choice for candidiasis is fluconazole (Diflucan, Pfizer, Inc). Local treatment of the denture-supporting tissues is effectively accomplished by placing an antifungal cream (eg, Lotrimin 1% cream, Schering Corp) on the intaglio surface of the denture prior to placement. Oral rinsing with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (Peridex, Zila Pharmaceuticals, Inc; PerioGard, Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals, Inc) or direct swabbing of the denture may inhibit growth of C albicans. Extended use of these oral rinses will likely stain oral surfaces, restorations, and prostheses.
In the presence of functioning salivary gland tissue, use of a cholinergic agonist, such as pilocarpine (Salagen tablets, MGI Pharma, Inc), has been shown to be effective in stimulating endogenous saliva production.45 This medication has been shown to be effective in the treatment of xerostomia secondary to radiation therapy46 and Sjogren's syndrome.13 Extreme caution must be exercised in the prescription of this medication because of its widespread parasympathomimetic effects on multiple organ systems and significant drug interactions with beta blockers and anticholinergics. Consultation with the patient's physician prior to consideration of this drug is indicated.
|Figure 12. Readily available in convenient over-the-counter packaging, the Dry Mouth Care kit (Laclede Research Laboratories) contains an antibacterial toothpaste, a topical moisturizing gel, an alcohol-free antibacterial mouth rinse, and sugar-free chewing gum.
Successful management of complete and removable partial dentures is complicated by a reduction in saliva. Dental practitioners should be aware of the signs and symptoms of xerostomia, available diagnostic procedures, likely etiologies, expected sequelae, and appropriate therapeutic regimens. Effective evaluation and appropriate treatment will promote acceptable levels of comfort and function. Over-the-counter (Figure 12) and prescription medications may be needed to improve the clinical situation.
1. Douglass CW, Gammon MD, Atwood DA. Need and effective demand for prosthodontic treatment. J Prosthet Dent. 1988;59:94-104.
2. Weintraub JA, Burt BA. Oral health status in the United States: tooth loss and edentulism. J Dent Educ. 1985;49:368-378.
3. Marcus SE, Drury TF, Brown LJ, et al. Tooth retention and tooth loss in the permanent dentition of adults: United States, 1988-1991. J Dent Res. 1996;75(Spec Iss):684-695.
4. Douglass CW, Shih A, Ostry L. Will there be a need for complete dentures in the United States in 2020? J Prosthet Dent. 2002;87:5-8.
5. Douglass CW, Watson AJ. Future needs for fixed and removable partial dentures in the United States. J Prosthet Dent. 2002;87:9-14.
6. Kaufman DW, Kelly JP, Rosenberg L, et al. A. Recent patterns of medication use in the ambulatory adult population of the United States: the Slone survey. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;287:337-344.
7. Gilbert GH, Heft MW, Duncan RP. Mouth dryness as reported by older Floridians. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1993;21:390-397.
8. Locker D. Subjective reports of oral dryness in an older adult population. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1993;21:165-168.
9. Locker D. Xerostomia in older adults: a longitudinal study. Gerodontology. 1995;12:18-25.
10. Navazesh M, Brightman VJ, Pogoda JM. Relationship of medical status, medications, and salivary flow rates in adults of different ages. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1996;81:172-176.
11. Smith RG, Burtner AP. Oral side-effects of the most frequently prescribed drugs. Spec Care Dentist. 1994;14:96-102.
12. Felder RS, Millar SB, Henry RH. Oral manifestations of drug therapy. Spec Care Dentist. 1988;8:119-124.
13. Haveman CW, Redding SW. Dental management and treatment of xerostomic patients. Tex Dent J. 1998;115:43-56.
14. Astor FC, Hanft KL, Ciocon JO. Xerostomia: A prevalent condition in the elderly. Ear Nose Throat J. 1999;78:476-479.
15. Dreizen S, Brown LR, Daly TE, et al. Prevention of xerostomia-related dental caries in irradiated cancer patients. J Dent Res. 1977;56:99-104.
16. Massler M. Geriatric nutrition II: dehydration in the elderly. J Prosthet Dent. 1979;42:489-491.
17. Atkinson JC, Fox PC. Sjogren's syndrome: Oral and dental considerations. J Am Dent Assoc. 1993;124:74-86.
18. Schiodt M, Dodd CL, Greenspan D, et al. Natural history of HIV-associated salivary gland disease. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992;74:326-331.
19. Schiodt M, Atkinson JC, Greenspan D, et al. Sialochemistry in human immunodeficiency virus associated salivary gland disease. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:26-29.
20. Schiodt M. HIV-associated salivary gland disease: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992;73:164-167.
21. Sreebny LM, Yu A, Green A, et al. Xerostomia in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1992;15:900-904.
22. Leonard RH Jr. Alcohol, alcoholism, and dental treatment. Compendium. 1991;12:274-283.
23. Scott J. Structure and function in aging human salivary glands. Gerodontology. 1986;5:149-158.
24. Percival RS, Challacombe SJ, Marsh PD. Flow rates of resting whole and stimulated parotid saliva in relation to age and gender. J Dent Res. 1994;73:1416-1420.
25. Vissink A, Spijkervet FK, Van Nieuw Amerongen A. Aging and saliva: A review of the literature. Spec Care Dentist. 1996;16:95-103.
26. Chen MS, Daly TE. Xerostomia and complete denture retention. Tex Dent J. 1979;97:6-9.
27. Navazesh M, Ship II. Xerostomia: Diagnosis and treatment. Am J Otolaryngol. 1983;4:283-292.
28. Fox PC, van der Ven PF, Sonies BC, et al. Xerostomia: Evaluation of a symptom with increasing significance. J Am Dent Assoc. 1985;110:519-525.
29. Edgerton M, Tabak LA, Levine MJ. Saliva: a significant factor in removable prosthodontic treatment. J Prosthet Dent. 1987;57:57-66.
30. Navazesh M. Xerostomia in the aged. Dent Clin North Am. 1989;33:75-80.
31. Bodner L, Dayan D, Pinto Y, et al. Characteristics of palatal wound healing in desalivated rats. Arch Oral Biol. 1993;38:17-21.
32. Lloyd PM. Complete-denture therapy for the geriatric patient. Dent Clin North Am. 1996;4


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