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Welcome to Beautiful Waikiki Beach Oahu Hawaii
One of my most favorite travel destinations of all time since a young boy has always been Waikiki Beach Oahu Hawaii. Welcome to the Island of Oahu in the U.S. State of Hawaii! Also known as … " The Gathering Place."
This island is 3rd largest of the Hawaiian island chain. It also has the greatest population of all the Hawaiian Islands with close to one million people. Check out this very short but informative glimpse at Hawaii's third largest island. A brief travel guide to Waikiki Beach Oahu Hawaii.
Enjoy …
Without a doubt because of its enormous popularity and exposure, most of us have heard of Waikiki! 🙂
Shores of Waikiki Beach Oahu Hawaii
Beautiful Hotels in Waikiki Beach Oahu Hawaii
Most visitors planning their holidays here end up staying in Waikiki. The Beach is simply beautiful and stretches for approximately 2 miles. It is a perfect place to take that morning jog, walk, bike or swim. I have always enjoyed getting up early in the morning and taking a walk along the seaside and watching the sunrise. 🙂
Taking in the early morning peace and quiet, enjoying the sites and smelling tropical fragrances from the flowers and trees is one of my favorite things to do while enjoying holidays in Hawaii.
There is a beautiful 500 acre public park called Kapiolani at the far end towards Diamond Head Mountain, making Waikiki a wonderful holiday destination.
Surfing is a Must Do When Visiting the Island
One cannot experience a true Hawaiian vacation with stepping onto a Surfboard and trying your hand at surfing! Waikiki beach is perfect for the beginner surfer with gentle waves to accommodate the most timid.
There are booths set up on the beach with qualified instructors just waiting to Hang 10 with you! 🙂
Old Postcard of Surfing Waikiki
I have always loved the Islands of Hawaii. In fact, this was the first place my parents took us on vacation overseas from British Columbia, Canada. I still have the old postcards I purchased in Hawaii when I was just a young boy! The surfing picture above is actually one of my old postcards that I have had for more than 40 years!
Surfer Legend Duke Kahanamoku Statue Waikiki Beach
Duke Kahanamoku is the most celebrated name in surfing. Born in 1890, Duke held Five Olympic Gold Medals for swimming, became a Hollywood actor and hero in his native land of Hawaii. Duke loved surfing and was responsible for its popularity growth in the early 1920's. He is fondly remembered for his humor, sportsmanship and amazing swimming ability. He died in 1977 at 68 years of age.
His statue has become a landmark fronting Waikiki beach.
Why Do Most People Visit Hawaii?
Well, for starters …
Spectacular Scenery … Tropical Sunshine … Beautiful Beaches … Warm Friendly Locals
Who could ask for anything better! The climate, well it is pretty much perfect all year round. It has some the most favorable weather you will come across. There really are no extremes and it pretty much stays constant throughout the year.
Temperatures average at 75°F and 85°F with light winds. The ocean temperature is comfortable ranging from 76°F during the winter months to around 82°F in the summer. Just lovely!
Places To See and Things To Do in Oahu Hawaii
Gorgeous View from the Top of Diamond Head Crater
I simply cannot mention everything there is to do while staying on the island, but I will give you a quick run-down on some of the major attractions worth seeing while visiting Oahu. Here are a few of some great things to do on the island along with some handy website links for each attraction listed below for your convenience:
- Waikiki Beach Surfing … a must do for family members of all ages.
- Diamond Head Crater … hiking trail to the lookout 760 ft. summit with spectacular views.
- Pearl Harbour … USS Arizona Memorial
- Atlantis Submarine … experience the thrill and sites in a real submarine!
Be sure to check out our exciting adventure and photos taken on the Atlantis Submarine Ride in Oahu we enjoyed a few years back! 🙂
Interactive Map … Click on the icon, zoom in & out, get directions, export and so much more!
- International Market Place … an island tradition shopping market in Waikiki for over 50 years.
Update January 2016:
The old original International Market Place that was a major tourist attraction in Waikiki is presently undergoing an enormous restoration project with completion projected to be in the summer of 2016. Check out more detailed information on this project below.
- Aloha Tower Marketplace … famous landmark, cruise terminal, shopping, entertainment and more.
- Ala Moana Shopping Center … a shopper's paradise!
- Hanauma Bay … protected Marine Park, beautiful for family snorkeling.
- North Shore … experience the north shore, catch the world surfing championships!
Lighthouse Park Oahu Hawaii
A wonderful outing and easy to get to is the Lighthouse Park. Enjoy a stroll around the grounds of the lighthouse while at the same time soaking in the amazing coastal scenery in all directions. A great way to spend an afternoon and depending on the time of year, the perfect location for spotting migrating whales in the sea as well!
I never get tired of the Islands and always enjoy traveling to Hawaii when ever the opportunity presents itself. We are lucky living on the west coast of Canada, making it just a 5 hour flight to the Islands from the mainland. If you haven't visited, then I definitely recommend Oahu or any of the other beautiful Hawaiian Islands to be included in your travel holiday plans in the future.
Safe travels!
Have you visiting the Hawaiian Islands? If so, what island did you visit and what did you like best? If not, what island would you like to travel to in Hawaii?
Your comments are always Gr8tly Appreciated! 🙂
Please scroll down to the bottom of this page where you will find the Comment Box.
Check out my review of Diamond Head and many more at …
Update June 2013
Hawaii Continues to Set Tourism Records
Hawaii still remains one of the top travel destinations in the world, with over 23,000 people flocking to the islands daily. Many are repeat visitors, like ourselves, returning year after year to the tropical paradise in the Pacific! Thanks to etalktravel for the above report!
Did You Know …
"Waikiki in Hawaiian stands for "Sprouting Water"and is one of the most visited and famous of beaches in the world."


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1 Store
Make your bed the most versatile, urban piece in your bedroom with the Coal Harbor Queen Mate's Platform Storage Bed with 6 Drawers. Store your linens, shoes and other bedroom items in six 18" deep drawers (three per side) and take the pressure off your dresser. This mate's bed will suit any room layout, and doesn't need a box spring thanks to the slat support system that only requires your mattress. As a final touch, the footboard's angular shape echoes the detail seen in the other members of the Coal Harbor Bedroom Collection, making it easy to unify your bedroom's style.

subset: commoncrawl


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Keywords and Links: Still the Top SEO Factors in Google's Book
Read more … Keywords and Links: Still the Top SEO Factors in Google's Book
Our in-house SEO & Social Media Guru, Richard attended the the Psychology of Link Building Meet-up London 2012.
Tickets for the event were again sold out, this time within 48 hours.
It was Distilled's second meet-up, abd for this event they partnered with Koozai. There were three speakers for the evening. Here are are Richards notes from each of the speakers talks:
Doublespark will continue to attend the SEO communities leading events to ensure that our clients receive the very best SEO consultancy and advice.


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CANADA STOCKS-TSX spins lower as investors take cover
TORONTO, June 4 (Reuters) - Canada's main stock index closed sharply lower on Thursday as a tumble in oil prices stung energy producers and bucking bond markets had investors backing away from debt-reliant utilities and pipelines.
The Toronto Stock Exchange's S&P/TSX composite index unofficially ended down 135.29 points, or 0.89 percent, at 15,019.39. All 10 main sectors fell. (Reporting by Alastair Sharp; Editing by Richard Chang)
© Thomson Reuters 2017 All rights reserved.


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Dragon Age: Inquisition - Bioware Survey
View Single Post
October 12th, 2013, 08:45
That they care or not isn't very important, I hope players who care/whine will answer, but don't expect that Hardcore or Old School players are the majority.
An example, how many time you change the difficulty? Hahem sorry but I answered 1-2, I know it's questionable but I have no confidence in difficulty management particularly in RPG.
EDIT: Just the question 7, frankly I'm not sure Bethesda would have made a such pertinent series of criteria. :-)
EDIT: The survey was cool to answer… but yeah I also think it's fake, I suspect it's more an attempt to build a concrete arguing to defend against some negative hype attack. Why I think that? Because it's too late to take in account most elements covered by the survey. It's a reason to answer and throw in your old school or Hardcore preferences to weaken such questionable arguing base. Not answer will let the open road to lovers of the series which is not the best.
Last edited by Ihaterpg; October 12th, 2013 at
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Time to give Opera Mobile some competition...
18 months after we first caught sight of skyfire and six months after our skyfire review the exciting handset browser has stepped out of beta.
Consequently sites such as YouTube, Hulu (in the US, for now), MySpace, Google Docs and Gmail all work as they would on a desktop or laptop computer.
On top of this v1.0 brings enhanced navigation with accurate double tap zooming to text, a snappier launch time and reduced power consumption. Skyfire also claims to load pages faster than any other mobile browser, though it does this by compressing the pages server side so images can look a little rough if zoomed in.
Much like Opera Mini, skyfire supports a wide array of handsets and claims to work on more than 70 per cent of the world's smartphones. That said, Android and - inevitably - the iPhone are off limits currently.
Skyfire 1.0 is available for download now. Oh, and it's free...


text: My Kimbers (45acp) sometimes will not feed Hornady's Critical Defense Ammo. When I try to chamber the first round the soft tip sometimes hangs up. I have had NO trouble with it feeding after the first round was manually chambered. ( shooting) Still this is my defensive load and I wanted perfect function. I have used other ammo with out issue but nothing impresses me like the features of the Critical defense line. I found a tube of dry graphite lube in the garage and dipped just the flexible part in some graphite and rubbed it around a little. ONLY on the flex tip. Now every bullet I try feeds like a charm. Solved my problem, I'm a happy camper. :danceban:


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The Alexandra - Navy Star
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when this item is back in stock
The Story:
Here's what we know. Men love sundresses. We also know this point is actually pointless because we women dress for ourselves and ourselves only. But sometimes... just sometimes you need a get-out-of-jail-free card. Maybe you forgot to take the trash out or you scratched your dad's car or maybe you were really late and you forgot do the one thing they asked you to do. Whatever the reason, The Alexandra dress is the solution. This is the dress that makes them forget why they were even mad at you in the first place and the only thing that really matters is: If you're bad at being good, you better be damn good at getting out of it. Trust us. You're welcome.
- The Alexandra is a Réalisation signature dress
- It is a is a long sleeve wrap mini dress
- Featuring a delicate ruffled neckline and hem
- Adjustable string tie closure around the waist
- Made with our original navy and white star printed silk fabric designed by our Art Director in Los Angles
- No lining
Our Dream Girls are wearing a size XS.
The Alexandra is a short mini dress. We suggest going up one size if you are tall (over 5'9") for extra length, or would prefer more coverage in the chest if you have a larger bust. This will not affect the look of the dress as it is a wrap and adjustable.
If you think you may be between sizes we would also suggest that you select the larger size.
The navy color of the star print is most accurately displayed on the product shot. We use film and flash photography so please be aware that the color may vary in each image. Please review the image of the fabric swatch.
100% Silk Crepe
Dry-Clean only


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"I ordered these announcements as shown in the picture with matte finish and they came out absolutely beautiful!!! I received so many compliments on how "perfect" these invitations came out. I couldn't be more pleased with this product."
"This was a very beautiful card that came out exactly how I imagined. The paper quality was very good and the printing was amazing. Our family and friends loved it!! Would highly recommend!!"
"We have ordered this particular design for our son's baptism. Everything, the whole experience from customization options, quality of the paper and the timely delivery got an A+ from our family and friends. People loved just the experience of receiving this card in the mail. I was asked by many of our guests which company we used because they really loved the design and quality. I highly recommended Tiny Prints."
"We were Christening all 3 of our Children and I wanted a neutral card but elegant @ the same time. I found this one and could not have been more pleased! The Design Specialist was able to adjust the font so that all three of my children's names were able to fit and it did not compromise the beauty of the card. Beautiful!"
"I chose this invite for my sons baptism-I loved the design and the backing. I chose the sepia for the photo and it gave a very classy soft finish to my baby's image. I also paid a little extra and chose the bracket finish which I love!!! I didn't pay any extra for paper quality and I found the quality and thickness totally fine-infant lovely. Parcel arrived as promised on time. Thank you, will use his site again for sure!!"
Copyright © 2004-2017 Shutterfly, Inc | Tiny Prints | Terms of Use. Designated trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners.


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Sorry if this is a question that has been asked before, I am brand new to knitting and am learning from a book which isnt always clear!I dont understand the whole guage thing, what is it and how do you check it, shouldnt it just be your needle size? My learn to knit kit came with a guage checker and the patterns say to check my guage, I dont understand why I would need to if I am using the right needle size.
Here's a pretty informative article from knitty.


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Tonner Emme Escapade Ensemble 2002
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: -
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Apr 24, 2011
- Channel: Auction House
Robert Tonner's Emme, the vinyl portrait doll of America's most celebrated full-size model Ensemble. Escapade is a black tee-shirt, multi-colored skirt, boots, trench coat and scarf. Just the outfit is up for bid. The doll is not at this time.


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After quite the hiatus, my itch has led me to lace em up again and get back in the game. I apologize for the absence, but it is clear that Lev and Co. have been around to do what chubby does best: bring the heat that's not topping the charts. While I've been gone, practically every big gun has released a new tune. I've been keeping up to the best of my ability, and while it still brings a smile to my face, let's just say I haven't been wowed. One of my A-listers of the recent releases is Zedd's "Clarity", which is a beautiful vocal bit and follow up to his spectacular "Spectrum". The Starkillers used a clip from a Swanky Tunes track to add their take to it, giving it a few more months of shelf life. Enjoy all.
– beets
Clarity (Starkillers Believe Bootleg) – Zedd
BONUS: Sultan & Ned Shepard's "Walls" was a 2012 summer anthem. Check the amazingly produced Indie Mix below, showing the crazy diversity this tandem has in the studio.


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While households up and down the country are recovering from the excesses of the Christmas break, retailers will be poring over their sales figures in the hope that the festive season has brought with it some glimmer of good news. Any contrarians betting on bumper trading from the UK's high street are likely to be disappointed, but the news won't all be bad and good stockpicking should continue to reward investors.
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a block of Japanese silken tofu
|Alternative names
|Bean curd
|Place of origin
|Main ingredients
|Soy milk
|Similar dishes
|Soy pulp
|Cookbook: Tofu Media: Tofu
|Regional names
"Tofu" in Chinese characters
|Chinese name
|Hanyu Pinyin
|Burmese name
|ပဲပြား pèpya
|Vietnamese name
|đậu phụ
|Chữ Nôm
|Thai name
|Korean name
|Japanese name
|Malay name
|Indonesian name
|Filipino name
|Tamil name
|டோஃபு Ṭōḥpu
|Khmer name
|តៅហ៊ូ tauhu
Tofu, also known as bean curd, is a food made by coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into soft white blocks. It is a component in East Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines.[1][2] Tofu can be soft, firm, or extra firm. Tofu has a subtle flavor and can be used in savory and sweet dishes. It is often seasoned or marinated to suit the dish.
Tofu-making was first recorded during the Chinese Han dynasty some 2,000 years ago.[3] Chinese legend ascribes its invention to prince Liu An (179–122 BC). Tofu and its production technique were introduced into Korea[when?] and then Japan[4][5][6] during the Nara period (710–794). Some scholars believe tofu arrived in Vietnam during the 10th and 11th century.[7] It spread into other parts of Southeast Asia as well.[8] This spread probably coincided with the spread of Buddhism because it is an important source of protein in the vegetarian diet of East Asian Buddhism.[4] Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty described a method of making tofu in the Compendium of Materia Medica.[9]
Tofu has a low calorie count and relatively large amounts of protein. It is high in iron, and depending on the coagulants used in manufacturing (e.g. calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate), it can have a high calcium or magnesium content.
The term tofu is used by extension for similarly textured curdled dishes that do not use soy products, such as "almond tofu" (almond jelly), tamago-dōfu (egg), goma-dōfu (sesame), or peanut tofu (Chinese 落花生豆腐 luòhuāshēng dòufu and Okinawan jīmāmi-dōfu).
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Production
- 3 Varieties
- 3.1 Fresh tofu
- 3.2 Processed tofu
- 3.3 By-products of tofu production
- 3.4 Other tofus
- 4 Preparation
- 5 History
- 6 Nutrition and health
- 7 Allergies
- 8 Chemistry of tofu
- 9 Gelation of tofu
- 10 See also
- 11 References
- 12 External links
The English term comes from Japanese tōfu (豆腐), borrowed from the original Chinese equivalent (豆腐 or 荳腐) transcribed tou4-fu3 (Wade-Giles) or dòufu (pinyin), literally "bean" (豆) + "curdled" or "fermented" (腐).[10][11][12]
A reference to the word "towfu" exists in a letter dated 1770 from the English merchant James Flint to United States statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin. This is believed to be the first documented usage of the word in English.[13]
Some scholars suggest that the fact that the earliest citation for tofu is 1770, which makes it possible that it was constructed artificially from palm leaves.[14] The extension of this analysis is that the material only came into existence in 1984. This date in coincidentally both the founding year of Pret A Manger and the much revered date as first referenced by George Orwell in the critically acclaimed '1984'.
The term "bean curd(s)" for tofu has been used in the United States since at least 1840. It is not frequently used, however, in the United Kingdom, Australia or New Zealand.[15]
|Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
|291 kJ (70 kcal)
1.5 g
3.5 g
|0.5 g
8 g
(13%)130 mg
(8%)1.10 mg
(0%)4 mg
|Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
Regardless of the product or scale of the production, the principle of the production of tofu essentially consist of
- the preparation of soymilk
- the coagulation of the soymilk to form curds
- the pressing of the soybean curds to form tofu cakes.
The typical tofu making procedures are cleaning, soaking, grinding beans in water, filtering, boiling, coagulation, and pressing.[16][17]
Coagulation of the protein and oil (emulsion) suspended in the boiled soy milk is the most important step in the production of tofu. This process is accomplished with the aid of coagulants. In the case of salts, the positively charged ion in the particular salt reacts with the various protein in the milk causing the proteins to precipitate with the oil to form a curd. Coagulation of the soymilk is the most important step in tofu making process but is complicated as the process depends on complex interactions many variables including the variety and percentage of protein in the soybeans used, slurry cooking temperature, coagulation temperature, and more factors relating to the processing.[18]
Two types of coagulants (salts and acids) are used commercially.[19]
Salt coagulants[edit]
- Calcium sulfate (gypsum): The traditional and most widely used coagulant to produce Chinese-style tofu, it produces a tofu that is tender but slightly brittle in texture. The coagulant itself has no perceivable taste. Also known as gypsum, calcium sulfate is quarried from geological deposits and no chemical processing or refining is needed, making it the cheapest coagulant used in tofu production. When used in production, the coagulation reaction is slower due to its low solubility, forming a smooth, more gelatinous network with relatively high water content and soft texture.[17] Use of this coagulant also makes a tofu that is rich in calcium. As such, many tofu manufacturers choose to use this coagulant to be able to market their tofu as a good source of dietary calcium.[citation needed]
- Chloride-type Nigari salts or Lushui ( Traditional: 鹵水, 滷水; Simplified: 卤水, lǔshuǐ) – Magnesium chloride and calcium chloride: Both of these salts are highly soluble in water and affect soy protein in the same way, whereas gypsum is only very slightly soluble in water and acts differently in soy protein precipitation, the basis of tofu formation. These are the coagulants used to make tofu with a smooth and tender texture. In Japan, a white powder called nigari, which consists primarily of magnesium chloride, is produced from seawater after the sodium chloride is removed and the water evaporated. Depending on its production method, nigari/Lushui may also contain small quantities of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and trace amounts of other naturally occurring salts. Although the term nigari is derived from nigai, the Japanese word for "bitter," neither nigari nor pure magnesium chloride imparts a perceivable taste to the finished tofu. Is not found in seawater, therefore not regarded as nigari but is used extensively in United States as it is the only coagulant that gives tofu addition of calcium as a mineral and due to its flavor and least expensive.[13][20] Fresh clean seawater itself can also be used as a coagulant.[21]
Acid coagulants[edit]
- Glucono delta-lactone (GDL): A naturally occurring organic acid also used in cheese making, this coagulant produces a very fine textured tofu that is almost jelly-like. It is used especially for "silken" and softer tofus, and confers an almost imperceptible sour taste to the finished product.[22] It is commonly used together with calcium sulfate to give soft tofu a smooth tender texture.
- Other edible acids: Though they can affect the taste of the tofu more, and vary in density and texture, acids such as acetic acid (vinegar) and citric acid (such as lemon juice), can also be used to coagulate soy milk and produce tofu.[23]
Enzyme coagulants[edit]
- Among enzymes that have been shown to produce tofu are papain, and alkaline and neutral proteases from microorganisms. In the case of papain, the enzyme-to-substrate ratio, by weight, was held constant at 1:400. An aliquot of 1% crude papain was added to "uncooked" soy milk at room temperature and heated to 90–100 °C (194–212 °F).[20] Papain, moreover, has been studied as a gelling agent to produce "instant tofu" from soy protein isolate and soy glycinin (11S) protein.[24][25]
Contemporary tofu manufacturers may choose to use one or more of these coagulants, since each plays a role in producing a desired texture in the finished tofu.[22] Different textures result from different pore sizes and other microscopic features in tofu produced using each coagulant. The coagulant mixture is dissolved into water, and the solution is then stirred into boiled soy milk until the mixture curdles into a soft gel.[19]
Coagulants are typically added at concentrations between 1.5 and 5.0 g/kg. In all coagulants consisting of calcium or magnesium salts, the positive double bonded ions of the calcium or magnesium are responsible for the coagulating soy proteins and become part of the tofu thereby enhancing it's nutritional value. Only 1 part per 1000 of the tofu eaten is coagulant, most react with soy protein and are broken down into ions and the nonreactive portion dissolve in the whey and discarded.[26]
The curds are processed differently depending on the form of tofu that is being manufactured. For soft silken tofu (嫩豆腐; nèn dòufu) or tofu flower (豆花, dòuhuā) the soy milk is curdled directly in the tofu's selling package. For standard firm Asian tofu, the soy curd is cut and strained of excess liquid using cheese cloth or muslin and then lightly pressed to produce a soft cake. Firmer tofus, such as Asian dry tofu (豆干) or Western types of tofu, are further pressed to remove even more liquid. In Vietnam, the curd is strained and molded in a square mold, and the end product is called đậu khuôn (molded bean) or đậu phụ (one of the Vietnamese ways to pronounce the Chinese dòufu). The tofu curds are allowed to cool and become firm. The finished tofu can then be cut into pieces, flavored or further processed.[citation needed]
Although tartness is sometimes desired in dessert tofu, the acid used in flavoring is usually not the primary coagulant, since concentration sufficiently high to induce coagulation negatively affects the flavor or texture of the resulting tofu. A sour taste in tofu and a slight cloudiness in its storing liquid is also usually an indication of bacterial growth and, hence, spoilage.
The whiteness of tofu is ultimately determined by the soybean variety, soybean protein composition and degree of aggregation of the tofu gel network. The yellowish beige color of soybeans is due to the color compounds including anthocyanin, isoflavones and polyphenol compounds therefore the soybean variety used can predict the color of the final tofu product.[27] Ways to reduce the yellow color include reducing isoflavone content by changing the pH of the soymilk solution used in the production of tofu so that they precipitate out and are removed during the extraction of okara.[28] The opacity of tofu gel and off-white color typical of standard uncooked firm tofu is due to the scattering of light by the colloidal particles of the tofu. The addition of higher levels of calcium salts and high protein content contributes to forming a denser and more aggregated gel network which disperses more light resulting a tofu with a whiter gel appearance.[29]
Tofu is made by coagulating soy milk and pressing the resulting curds. Although pre-made soy milk may be used, some tofu producers make their own soy milk by soaking, grinding, boiling and straining dried (or, less commonly, fresh) soybeans.[citation needed]
Coagulation of the protein and oil (emulsion) suspended in the boiled soy milk is the most important step in the production of tofu. This process is accomplished with the aid of coagulants. Two types of coagulants (salts and acids) are used commercially.[19]
Tofu flavor is generally described as bland, however this taste is desired by customers in North America while a more beany-flavor is preferred in East Asia. The beany or bland taste is generated during the grinding and cooking unit process during production and either a "hot grind" or "cold grind" can be implemented to influence the taste in line with taste preference. The hot grind method reduces the beany flavor due to the inactivation of the lipoxygenase enzyme in soy protein that is known to generate off flavors to generate a tofu that is "bland" taste whereas the cold grind the enzyme is still present which produces the aldehyde, alcohol and ester volatile compounds that create to the beany notes of some tofu.[26]
A wide variety of tofu is available in both Western and Eastern markets. Despite the range of options, tofu products can be split into two main categories: 'fresh tofu', which is produced directly from soy milk, and 'processed tofu', which is produced from fresh tofu. Tofu production also creates important by-products that are used in various cuisines.
Fresh tofu[edit]
Depending on the amount of water that is extracted from the tofu curds, fresh tofu can be divided into four main varieties: extra soft, soft (or silken), firm, and extra firm. Fresh tofu is usually sold completely immersed in water to maintain its moisture content.
Extra soft tofu[edit]
|Extra soft tofu
|Korean name
|Literal meaning
|mild tofu
Extra soft tofu, called sundubu (순두부; "mild tofu") in Korean, is softer than other types of tofu and is usually sold in tubes. It is the main ingredient in sundubu-jjigae (순두부찌개; "soft tofu stew"). Although sun in sundubu doesn't have Sino-Korean origin,[30] sundubu is often translated into Chinese and Japanese using the Chinese character 純, whose Korean pronunciation is sun and the meaning is "pure". Thus in China, sundubu is called chún dòufu (純豆腐; "pure tofu"), and in Japan, it is called jun tōfu (純豆腐) or sundubu (スンドゥブ).
Boiled sundubu (extra soft tofu) in ttukbaegi
Soft or silken tofu[edit]
|Soft tofu
|Chinese name
|Literal meaning
|"soft tofu"
|Alternative Chinese name
|Literal meaning
|"smooth tofu"
|Korean name
|Literal meaning
|"soft tofu"
|Japanese name
Soft/silken tofu, called nèn dòufu (嫩豆腐; "soft tofu") or huá dòufu (滑豆腐, "smooth tofu") in Chinese, kinugoshi tōfu (絹漉し豆腐; "silk-filtered tofu") in Japanese, and yeondubu (연두부; 軟豆腐; "soft tofu") in Korean, is undrained, unpressed tofu that contains the high moisture content.[31] Silken tofu is produced by coagulating soy milk without curdling it.[32][33] Silken tofu is available in several consistencies, including "soft" and "firm", but all silken tofu is more delicate than regular firm tofu (pressed tofu) and it has different culinary uses.[34] In Japan and Korea, traditional soft tofu is made with seawater.[35][36][37][38][39] Silken tofu is a versatile, reliable substitute for dairy products and eggs, especially for smoothies and baked desserts.[40]
Douhua (豆花, dòuhuā or 豆腐花, dòufuhuā in Chinese), or tofu brain (豆腐腦 or 豆腐脑, dòufunaǒ in Chinese) is often eaten as a dessert, but sometimes salty pickles or hot sauce are added instead. This is a type of soft tofu with an even higher moisture content. Because it is very difficult to pick up with chopsticks, it is generally eaten with a spoon. With the addition of flavorings such as finely chopped spring onions, dried shrimp, soy sauce, or chilli sauce, douhua is a popular breakfast dish across China. In Malaysia, douhua is usually served warm with white or dark (palm) sugar syrup, or served cold with longans.
Some variation exists among soft tofus. Black douhua (黑豆花, hēidòuhuā) is a type of silken tofu made from black soybeans, which is usually made into dòuhuā (豆花) rather than firm or dry tofu. The texture of black bean tofu is slightly more gelatinous than regular douhua and the color is greyish in tone. This type of tofu is eaten for its earthy "black bean taste." Edamame tofu is a Japanese variety of kinugoshi tōfu made from edamame (fresh green soybeans); it is pale green in color and often studded with whole edamame.
Chinese soft tofu dish, pidan doufu
Firm tofu[edit]
|Firm tofu
|Chinese name
|Literal meaning
|"old tofu"
|Korean name
|Literal meaning
|"block tofu"
|Japanese name
Firm tofu (called 老豆腐 lǎo dòufu in Chinese; 木綿豆腐, momen-dōfu in Japanese, "cotton tofu"; 모두부, modubu in Korean): Although drained and pressed, this form of fresh tofu still contains a great amount of moisture. It has the firmness of raw meat and bounces back readily when pressed. The texture of the inside of the tofu is similar to that of a firm custard. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain it and the outside is slightly more resistant to damage than the inside. It can be picked up easily with chopsticks.[31][41]
In some places in Japan, a very firm type of momen-dōfu is eaten, called ishi-dōfu (石豆腐, "stone tofu") in parts of Ishikawa, or iwa-dōfu (岩豆腐, "rock tofu") in Gokayama in the Toyama Prefecture and in Iya in the prefecture of Tokushima. Due to their firmness, some of these types of tofu can be tied by rope and carried.[citation needed] These types of firm tofu are produced with seawater instead of nigari (magnesium chloride), or using concentrated soy milk. Some of them are squeezed to eliminate excess moisture by using heavy weights. These products are produced in areas where travelling is inconvenient, such as remote islands, mountain villages, and heavy snowfall areas.
Roasted modubu (firm tofu) with seasoned soy sauce
Extra firm tofu[edit]
|Extra firm tofu
|Chinese name
|Literal meaning
|"dry tofu"
|Korean name
|Literal meaning
|"dry tofu"
Dòu gān (豆干, literally "dry tofu" in Chinese) is an extra firm variety of tofu where a large amount of liquid has been pressed out. Dòu gān contains the least amount of moisture of all fresh tofu and has the firmness of fully cooked meat and a somewhat rubbery feel similar to that of paneer. When sliced thinly, this tofu can be crumbled easily. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain and press it. Western firm tofu is milled and reformed after pressing and sometimes lacks the skin with its cloth patterning. One variety of dried tofu is pressed especially flat and sliced into long strings with a cross section smaller than 2 mm × 2 mm. Shredded dried tofu (豆干絲, dòugānsī in Chinese, or simply 干絲, gānsī), which looks like loose cooked noodles, can be served cold, stir-fried, or similar in style to Japanese aburaage.[41][42]
Processed tofu[edit]
Many forms of processed tofu exist, due to the varied ways in which fresh tofu can be used. Some of these techniques probably[citation needed] originate from the need to preserve tofu before the days of refrigeration, or to increase its shelf life and longevity. Other production techniques are employed to create tofus with unique textures and flavors.[43]
- Pickled tofu (豆腐乳 in Chinese, pinyin: dòufurǔ, or 腐乳 fŭrŭ; chao in Vietnamese): Also called "preserved tofu" or "fermented tofu", consists of cubes of dried tofu that have been allowed to fully air-dry under hay and slowly ferment with the help of aerial bacteria.[43] The dry fermented tofu is then soaked in salt water, Chinese wine, vinegar, and minced chiles, or in a unique mixture of whole rice, bean paste, and soybeans. In the case of red pickled tofu (紅豆腐乳 in Chinese, Pinyin: hóng dòufurǔ), red yeast rice (cultivated with Monascus purpureus) is added for color.[44] In Japan, pickled tofu with miso paste is called "tofu no misodzuke," which is a traditional preserved food in Kumamoto. In Okinawa, pickled and fermented tofu is called "tofuyo"(豆腐餻). It is made from "Shima-doufu" (an Okinawan variety of large and firm tofu). It is fermented and matured with koji mold, red koji mold, and awamori.
- Stinky tofu (臭豆腐 in Chinese, Pinyin: chòudòufu): A soft tofu that has been fermented in a unique vegetable and fish brine.[43] The blocks of tofu smell strongly of certain pungent cheeses, or even rotten food. Despite its strong odor, the flavor and texture of stinky tofu is appreciated by aficionados, who describe it as delightful. The texture of this tofu is similar to the soft Asian tofu from which it is made. The rind that stinky tofu develops from frying is said to be especially crisp, and is usually served with soy sauce, sweet sauce, or hot sauce.[citation needed]
Dried tofu[edit]
Two kinds of dried tofu are produced in Japan. They are usually rehydrated by being soaked in water prior to consumption. In their dehydrated state they do not require refrigeration.
- Koya tofu (also known as shimidofu) is made using nigari.
- Kori tofu (literally "frozen tofu") is freeze-dried.[45]
- With the exception of the softest tofus, all forms of tofu can be fried. Thin and soft varieties of tofu are deep fried in oil until they are light and airy in their core 豆泡 dòupào, 豆腐泡 dòufupào, 油豆腐 yóudòufu, or 豆卜 dòubǔ in Chinese, literally "bean bubble," describing the shape of the fried tofu as a bubble.
- Tofus such as firm Asian and dòu gān (Chinese dry tofu), with their lower moisture content, are cut into bite-sized cubes or triangles and deep fried until they develop a golden-brown, crispy surface (炸豆腐 in Chinese, zhádòufu, lit. "fried tofu"). These may be eaten on their own or with a light sauce, or further cooked in liquids; they are also added to hot pot dishes or included as part of the vegetarian dish called luohan zhai. This deep fried tofu is also called Atsuage (厚揚げ) or Namaage (生揚げ) in Japan. The thinner variety, called Aburaage (油揚げ), develops a tofu pouch often used for Inari-sushi.
- Thousand layer tofu (千葉豆腐, qiānyè dòufu, literally "thousand layer tofu," or 凍豆腐 dòngdòufu, 冰豆腐 bīngdòufu in Chinese, both meaning "frozen tofu"): When tofu is frozen, the large ice crystals that develop within it result in the formation of large cavities that appear to be layered. Frozen tofu takes on a yellowish hue in the freezing process. Thousand layer tofu is commonly made at home from Asian soft tofu, although it is also commercially sold as a specialty in parts of Taiwan. This tofu is defrosted and sometimes pressed to remove moisture prior to use.
- Koya-dofu (kōya-dōfu, 高野豆腐 in Japanese): The name comes from Mount Kōya, a center of Japanese Buddhism famed for its shōjin ryōri, or traditional Buddhist vegetarian cuisine. It is sold in freeze-dried blocks or cubes in Japanese markets. Since it is dried, it can be preserved long term. It must be soaked in water before eating, and is typically simmered in dashi, sake or mirin and soy sauce. In shōjin ryōri, vegetarian kombu dashi, made from seaweed, is used. When prepared in the usual manner, it has a spongy texture and mildly sweet or savory flavor (the taste and flavor depending on what soup or cooking stock it was simmered in). A similar form of freeze-dried tofu, in smaller pieces, is found in instant soups (such as miso soup), in which the toppings are freeze-dried and stored in sealed pouches.
By-products of tofu production[edit]
Tofu production creates some edible by-products. Food products are made from the protein-oil film or "skin" that forms over the surface of boiling soy milk in an open shallow pan. The solids leftover from pressing soy milk are called okara.
Tofu skin[edit]
Tofu skin is produced when soy milk is boiled in an open, shallow pan, thus producing a film or skin composed primarily of a soy protein-lipid complex on the liquid surface. The films are collected and dried into yellowish sheets known as soy milk skin (腐皮, fǔpí in Chinese; 湯葉, yuba in Japanese). Its approximate composition is: 50–55% protein, 24–26% lipids (fat), 12% carbohydrate, 3% ash, and 9% moisture.[46]
The skin can also be bunched up into a stick form and dried into a product known as "tofu bamboo" (腐竹, fǔ zhú in Chinese; phù trúc in Vietnamese; kusatake, Japanese), or into myriad other forms. Since tofu skin has a soft yet rubbery texture, it is folded or shaped into different forms and cooked further to imitate meat in vegan cuisine.
Some factories dedicate their production to tofu skin and other soy membrane products.
Okara (from the Japanese, おから, okara; known as 雪花菜, xuěhuācài, in Chinese, lit. "snowflake vegetable"; 豆腐渣, dòufuzhā, also Chinese, lit. "tofu sediment/residue"; and 콩비지, kongbiji, in Korean), is a tofu by-product sometimes known in the west as "soy pulp" or "tofu lees",[47] consisting of the fiber, protein, and starch left over when soy milk has been extracted from ground soaked soybeans.[48] Although it is mainly used as animal feed in most tofu producing cultures, it is sometimes used in Japanese and Korean cuisines, such as in the Korean stew kongbiji jjigae (콩비지찌개). It is also an ingredient for the vegetarian burgers produced in many Western nations.
Other tofus[edit]
Due to their Asian origins and their textures, many food items are called "tofu" even though their production processes are not technically similar. For instance, many sweet almond tofus are actually gelatinous desserts hardened using agar or gelatin. Some foods, such as Burmese tofu, are not coagulated from the "milk" of the legume but rather set in a manner similar to soft polenta, Korean muk, or the jidou liangfen of Yunnan province of Southwest China.
"Almond tofu" (Chinese: 杏仁豆腐 xìngrén dòufu; Japanese: annindōfu) is a milky white and gelatinous resembling tofu, but it does not use soy products or soy milk and is hardened with agar. A similar dessert made with coconut milk or mango juices may occasionally be referred to as "coconut tofu" or "mango tofu", although such names are also given to hot dishes that use soy tofu and coconut or mango in the recipe.
Egg tofu[edit]
Egg tofu (Japanese: 玉子豆腐, 卵豆腐, tamagodōfu) (Chinese: 蛋豆腐, dàn dòufu; often called 日本豆腐, rìbĕn dòufu, lit. "Japan bean curd") is the main type of savory flavored tofu. Whole beaten eggs are combined with dashi, poured into molds, and cooked in a steamer (cf. chawanmushi). This tofu has a pale golden color that can be attributed to the addition of eggs and, occasionally, food coloring. This tofu has a fuller texture and flavor than silken tofu, which can be attributed to the presence of egg fat and protein. Plain "dried tofu" can be flavored by stewing in soy sauce (滷) to make soy-sauce tofu. It is quite common to see tofu sold in market in this soy-sauce stewed form.
Sesame tofu[edit]
The tofu known as goma-dōfu is made by grinding sesame into a smooth paste, combining it with liquid and kudzu starch, and heating it until curdling occurs. It is often served chilled as hiyayakko.
Peanut tofu[edit]
In Okinawa, Japan, jīmāmi-dōfu is made in a process similar to that used for sesame tofu. A peanut milk (made by crushing raw peanuts, adding water and straining) is combined with starch (usually sweet potato known locally as umukuji or umukashi (芋澱粉)) and heated until curdling occurs.
The Chinese equivalent is 落花生豆腐 luòhuāshēng dòufu.
Burmese tofu[edit]
Burmese tofu (to hpu in Burmese) is a legume product made from besan (chana dal) flour; the Shan variety uses yellow split pea flour instead. Both types are yellow in color and generally found only in Myanmar, though the Burman variety is also available in some overseas restaurants serving Burmese cuisine.[49] Burmese tofu may be fried as fritters cut into rectangular or triangular shapes.
A variety called hsan to hpu (or hsan ta hpo in Shan regions) is made from rice flour (called hsan hmont or mont hmont) and is white in color with the same consistency as yellow Burmese tofu when set. It is eaten as a salad in the same manner as yellow tofu.
Tofu has very little flavor or smell of its own. Consequently, tofu can be prepared either in savory or sweet dishes, acting as a bland background for presenting the flavors of the other ingredients used. As a method of flavoring it is often marinated in soy sauce, chilis, sesame oil, etc.
Eastern methods[edit]
In Asian cooking, tofu is eaten in a myriad of ways, including raw, stewed, stir-fried, in soup, cooked in sauce, or stuffed with fillings. The idea of using tofu as a meat substitute is not common in East Asia. Many Chinese tofu dishes such as jiācháng dòufu (家常豆腐) and mápó dòufú (麻婆豆腐) include meat.
Lightly flavored[edit]
In Japan, a common lunch in the summer months is hiyayakko (冷奴), silken or firm Asian tofu served with freshly grated ginger, green onions, or katsuobushi shavings with soy sauce. In the winter, tofu is frequently eaten as "yudofu," which is simmered in a clay pot with vegetables (ex:chinese cabbage, green onion, etc.) using konbu dashi.
In Chinese cuisine, Dòuhuā (豆花) is served with toppings such as boiled peanuts, azuki beans, cooked oatmeal, tapioca, mung beans, or a syrup flavored with ginger or almond. During the summer, "dòuhuā" is served with crushed ice; in the winter, it is served warm.[50] In many parts of China, fresh tofu is eaten with soy sauce or further flavored with katsuobushi shavings, century eggs (皮蛋 pídàn), and sesame seed oil.
In Korean cuisine, dubu gui (두부구이) consists of pan fried cubes of firm tofu seasoned with soy sauce, garlic, and other ingredients. Cubes of cold, uncooked firm tofu seasoned with soy sauce, scallions, and ginger, prepared in a manner similar to the Japanese hiyayakko, are also enjoyed. The popular bar food, or anju (안주), called dubu kimchi (두부김치), features boiled, firm tofu served in rectangular slices around the edges of a plate with pan fried, sautéed or freshly mixed kimchi (김치) in the middle.
In the Philippines, the sweet delicacy taho is made of fresh tofu with brown sugar syrup and sago. The Singaporean version of taho or douhua is called tofufa. Warm soft tofu is served in slices (created by scooping it from a wooden bucket with a flat spoon) in a bowl with either pandan-flavored sugar syrup or palm sugar syrup.
In Vietnam, dòuhuā, pronounced đậu hủ, is a variety of soft tofu made and carried around in an earthenware jar. It is served by being scooped into a bowl with a very shallow and flat spoon, and it is eaten together with either powdered sugar and lime juice or a ginger-flavored syrup. It is generally eaten hot, also in summer.
A common cooking technique in many parts of East and Southeast Asia involves deep frying tofu in vegetable oil, sunflower oil, or canola oil with varied results. In Indonesia, it is usually fried in palm oil. Although tofu is often sold preprocessed into fried items, pre-fried tofu is seldom eaten directly and requires additional cooking. Depending on the type of tofu used, the texture of deep fried tofu may range from crispy on the outside and custardy on the inside, to puffed up like a plain doughnut. The former is usually eaten plain in Chinese cuisine with garlic soy sauce, while the latter is either stuffed with fish paste to make Yong Tau Foo or cooked in soups.[50] In Taiwan, fried tofu is made into a dish called "A-gei", which consists of a fried aburage tofu package stuffed with noodles and capped with surimi.
In Japan, cubes of lightly coated and fried tofu topped with a kombu dashi-based sauce are called agedashi-dofu (揚げ出し豆腐). Soft tofu that has been thinly sliced and deep fried, known as aburage in Japan and yubu (유부) in Korea, is commonly blanched, seasoned with soy sauce and mirin and served in dishes such as kitsune udon. Aburage is sometimes also cut open to form a pocket and stuffed with sushi rice; this dish is called inarizushi (稲荷寿司) and is also popular in Korea, where it is called yubu chobap (유부초밥). In Indonesia, tofu is called tahu, and the popular fried tofu is tahu goreng, tahu isi or tahu sumedang.
Soups, stews, and braised dishes[edit]
A spicy Sichuan preparation using firm Asian tofu is mápó dòufu (麻婆豆腐). It involves braised tofu in a beef, chili, and fermented bean paste sauce. A vegetarian version is known as málà dòufu (麻辣豆腐)[citation needed].
Dried tofu is usually not eaten raw but first stewed in a mixture of soy sauce and spices.[citation needed] Some types of dried tofu are pre-seasoned with special blends of spices, so that the tofu may either be called "five spice tofu" (五香豆腐 wǔxiāng dòufu) or "soy sauce stewed tofu" (鹵水豆腐 lǔshuǐ dòufu). Dried tofu is typically served thinly sliced with chopped green onions or with slices of meat for added flavor. Most dried tofu is sold after it has been fried or pre-stewed by tofu vendors.[dubious ][50]
Soft tofu can also be broken up or mashed and mixed with raw ingredients prior to being cooked. For example, Japanese ganmodoki is a mixture of chopped vegetables and mashed tofu. The mixture is bound together with starch and deep fried. Chinese families sometimes make a steamed meatloaf or meatball dish from equal parts of coarsely mashed tofu and ground pork.[citation needed] In India, tofu is also used as a low fat replacement for paneer, providing the same texture with similar taste.[citation needed]
Tofu bamboos are often used in lamb stew or in a dessert soup. Tofu skins are often used as wrappers in dim sum.[citation needed] Freeze-dried tofu and frozen tofu are rehydrated and enjoyed in savory soups. These products are often taken along on camping trips since a small bag of them can provide protein for many days.[citation needed]
Japanese 'miso soup', stocks with miso paste, is frequently made with tofu.
In Korean cuisine, soft tofu, called sundubu (순두부), is used to make a thick stew called sundubu jjigae (순두부 찌개). Firm, diced tofu often features in the staple stews doenjang jjigae (된장 찌개) and kimchi jjigae (김치 찌개).
At Qufu, the home town of Confucius, smoked tofu is a popular dish.
Bacem is a method of cooking tofu originating in Java, Indonesia. The tofu is boiled in coconut water, mixed with lengkuas (galangal), Indonesian bay leaves, coriander, shallot, garlic, tamarind and palm sugar. After the spicy coconut water has completely evaporated, the tofu is fried until it is golden brown. The result is sweet, spicy, and crisp. This cooked tofu variant is commonly known as tahu bacem in Indonesian. Tahu bacem is commonly prepared along with tempeh and chicken.
As flavoring[edit]
Pickled tofu is commonly used in small amounts together with its soaking liquid to flavor stir-fried or braised vegetable dishes (particularly leafy green vegetables like water spinach). It is often eaten directly as a condiment with rice or congee.
Western methods[edit]
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Generally, the firmer styles of tofu are used for kebabs, mock meats, and dishes requiring a consistency that holds together, while the softer styles can be used for desserts, soups, shakes, and sauces.
Firm Western tofu types can be barbecued. since they hold together on a barbecue grill. These types are usually marinated overnight as the marinade does not easily penetrate the entire block of tofu (techniques to increase penetration of marinades are stabbing repeatedly with a fork or freezing and thawing prior to marinating). Grated firm Western tofu is sometimes used in conjunction with TVP as a meat substitute. Softer tofus are sometimes used as a dairy-free or low-calorie filler. Silken tofu may be used to replace cheese in certain dishes (such as lasagna).
Tofu has also been fused into other cuisines in the West, for instance in Indian-style curries.
Tofu and soy protein can be industrially processed to match the textures and flavors of cheese, pudding, eggs, bacon, and similar products. Tofu's texture can also be altered by freezing, puréeing, and cooking. In the Americas, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, tofu is frequently associated with vegetarianism and veganism as it is a source of non-animal protein.
Three theories of origin[edit]
The most commonly held of the three theories of tofu's origin maintains that tofu was invented in northern China around 164 BC by Lord Liu An, a Han Dynasty prince. Although this is possible, the paucity of concrete information about this period makes it difficult to conclusively determine whether Liu An himself invented the method for making tofu. In Chinese history, important inventions were often attributed to important leaders and figures of the time.[41] In 1960, a stone mural unearthed from an Eastern Han dynasty tomb provided support for the theory of Han origin of tofu, however some scholars maintained that the tofu in Han dynasty was rudimentary, and lacked the firmness and taste of real tofu.[51]
Another theory states that the production method for tofu was discovered accidentally when a slurry of boiled, ground soybeans was mixed with impure sea salt. Such sea salt would probably have contained calcium and magnesium salts, allowing the soy mixture to curdle and produce a tofu-like gel. Korean sundubu (soft tofu) and Okinawan tofu is still produced in a similar manner, traditionally using seawater as a coagulant. This may possibly have been the way tofu was discovered, since soy milk has been eaten as a savory soup in ancient as well as modern times. Its technical plausibility notwithstanding, there is little evidence to prove or disprove that tofu production originated in this way.[41]
The last group of theories maintains that the ancient Chinese learned the method for curdling soy milk by emulating the milk curdling techniques of the Mongolians or East Indians. Despite their advanced culture, no technology or knowledge of culturing and processing milk products existed within ancient Chinese society. (They did not seek such technology, probably because of the Confucian taboo on fermented dairy products and other so-called "barbarian foodstuffs".) The primary evidence for this theory is the etymological similarity between the Chinese term for Mongolian fermented milk (rufu, which literally means "milk curdled") and the term doufu ("beans curdled") or tofu. Although intriguing and possible, there is no evidence to substantiate this theory beyond academic speculation.[41]
In Asia[edit]
The theory that tofu was invented by Lord Liu An of Huainan in about 164 BC (early Han dynasty) has steadily lost favor among most scholars in China and abroad since the 1970s. The claim concerning Liu An was first made by Zhu Xi during the Song dynasty (960-1127 AD) – roughly 1,000 years after the supposed invention.
The theory that tofu-making is shown in a mural incised on a stone slab in Han Tomb No.1, at Da-hu-ting, Mixian, Henan province attracted much attention around 1990. Yet this too is debatable because (1) no step of cooking the soy puree is shown in the mural, and (2) when Chinese food historians tried to make tofu without cooking the puree, the result was a tiny amount of unpalatable material.[52]
Thus, while there are many theories regarding tofu's origins, historical information is scarce enough to relegate the status of most theories to either speculation or legend. Like the origins of cheese and butter, the exact origin of tofu production may never be known or proven. The historical era starts in the year 965 AD (early Song dynasty) with the Qing Yilu by Tao Ku.
What is known is that tofu production is an ancient technique. Tofu was widely consumed in ancient China,[citation needed] and techniques for its production and preparation eventually spread to many other parts of Asia.
Its development likely preceded Liu An, as tofu is known to have been a commonly produced and consumed food item in China by the 2nd century BC. Although the varieties of tofu produced in ancient times may not have been identical to those of today, descriptions from writings and poetry of the Song and Yuan Dynasty show that the production technique for tofu had already been standardized to the extent that they would be similar to contemporary tofu.
In China, tofu is traditionally used as a food offering when visiting the graves of deceased relatives. It is claimed that the spirits (or ghosts) have long lost their chins and jaws, so that only tofu is soft enough for them to eat. Before refrigeration was available in China, tofu was often only sold during wintertime, since tofu did not spoil as easily in cold weather. During the warmer months, any leftover tofu would be spoiled if left for more than a day. Chinese war hero Guan Yu used to be a tofu maker before he enlisted in the army. Chinese martial arts expert and hero Yim Wing-chun was a celebrated tofu maker in her village. (Tofu as such plays a part in a 1994 movie about her life, Wing Chun.)
Tofu and its production technique were subsequently introduced into Korea and then Japan in the Nara period (late 8th century) as well as into other parts of East Asia. The earliest document concerning tofu in Japan shows that the dish was served as an offering at the Kasuga Shrine in Nara in 1183.[53] The book Tofu Hyakuchin (豆腐百珍 Dòufu Bǎizhēn), published in the Edo period, lists 100 recipes for cooking tofu.
The rise in acceptance of tofu likely coincided with that of Buddhism, as it is an important source of proteins in that religion's vegetarian diet. Since then, tofu has become a staple in many countries, including Vietnam, Thailand, and Korea, with subtle regional variations in production methods, texture, flavor, and usage.
In Southeast Asia, tofu was introduced to the region by Chinese immigrants from sea-faring Fujian provinces, evident from the fact that many countries in Southeast Asia refer to tofu using the Min Nan Chinese pronunciations for either soft and firm tofu, or "tāu-hū" and "tāu-goan" respectively. In Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines, tofu is widely available and used in many local dishes. Tofu is called tahu in Indonesia, and Indonesian dishes such as tahu sumbat, taoge tahu, asinan, siomay and some curries are often add slices of tofu as an ingredient. In addition, tahu goreng, tahu isi and tahu sumedang are popular fried tofu snacks. Tofu is called tauhu in Malaysia and Singapore. Malaysian and Singaporean Indians use tofu in their cuisine. such as in Indian mee goreng, rojak pasembor. The strait peranakan cuisine often uses tofu, such as in mee kari Penang and laksa. The makers of tofu in these countries were originally Chinese but tofu now is made also by non-Chinese. Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines are major producers of tofu and have plants located in many municipalities. However, Singapore imports its tofu from its neighboring country, Malaysia.
Tofu in the Philippines is essential to the daily diet, as taho, widely eaten as breakfast, or tokwa (a dry fried variation), which is a staple or alternative to meat in main meals and in numerous regional dishes. Tofu was introduced to the archipelago in the 10th to 13th centuries by Song Chinese mariners and merchants, along with many different foods which had become staples of the Philippine diet. The use and production of tofu were first limited to urban centers with influential Chinese minorities, such as Cebu or Tondo, but quickly spread to even remote native villages and islands, long before the Spanish arrival in the 17th century.
In the West[edit]
Benjamin Franklin was the first American to mention tofu in a 1770 letter to John Bartram. Franklin, who discovered it during a trip to London, included a few soybeans and referred to it as "cheese" from China.[54] The first tofu company in the United States was established in 1878.[55] In 1908 Li Yuying, a Chinese anarchist and a vegetarian with a French degree in agriculture and biology, opened a soy factory, the Usine de la Caséo-Sojaïne, which was the world's first soy dairy and the first factory in France to manufacture and sell beancurd.[56] However tofu was not well known to most Westerners before the middle of the 20th century. With increased cultural contact between the West and East Asia and growing interest in vegetarianism, knowledge of tofu has become widespread. Numerous types of pre-flavored tofu can be found in many supermarket chains throughout the West. It is also used by many vegans and vegetarians as a means to gain protein without consuming meat products.
Nutrition and health[edit]
Traditional Chinese medicine claims[edit]
Tofu is considered a cooling agent in traditional Chinese medicine. It is claimed to invigorate the spleen, replenish qi, moisten and cool off Yang vacuity, and detoxify the body.[57] However, there is no scientific evidence supporting such claims, nor their implied notions.
In Chinese traditional medicine, tofu is considered suitable for those who are weak, malnourished, deficient in blood and qi; for the elderly and slim; for those with high fat content in blood, high cholesterol, overweight, and with hardened blood vessels; for people with diabetes; for mothers with low breast milk supply; for children and young adults; for those with an inflamed respiratory tract, phlegm, coughing or asthma. Tofu is also suited for people of old age; it is recommended that it be eaten together with liquor, since tofu contains cysteine, which can speed up the detoxification of alcohol in the body and lessen the harm done to the liver.[57]
Tofu is relatively high in protein, about 10.7% for firm tofu and 5.3% for soft "silken" tofu, with about 5% and 2% fat, respectively.[58] as a percentage of weight.[59]
In 1995, a report from the University of Kentucky, financed by Solae, concluded that soy protein is correlated with significant decreases in serum cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein LDL (″bad cholesterol″) and triglyceride concentrations.[60] However, High Density Lipoprotein HDL (″good cholesterol″) did not increase. Soy phytoestrogens (isoflavones: genistein and daidzein) absorbed onto the soy protein were suggested as the agent reducing serum cholesterol levels. On the basis of this research, PTI, in 1998, filed a petition with Food and Drug Administration for a health claim that soy protein may reduce cholesterol and the risk of heart disease.
The FDA granted this health claim for soy: "25 grams of soy protein a day, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease."[61] For reference, 100 grams of firm tofu coagulated with calcium sulfate contains 8.19 grams of soy protein.[62] In January 2006, an American Heart Association review (in the journal Circulation) of a decade-long study of soy protein benefits showed only a minimal decrease in cholesterol levels, but it compared favorably against animal protein sources.[63]
Because it is made of soy, individuals with allergies, particularly those allergic to legumes[clarification needed], should not consume tofu.
Chemistry of tofu[edit]
All waters especially surface waters contain both dissolved and suspended particles. Coagulation and flocculation processes are used to separate the suspended solid portion from the water to form the curds which makes tofu. The suspended particles vary considerable in source, composition, and charge, particle size, shape and density. This affects the shape, firmness, and texture of the curds. The small particles are stabilized or kept in suspension by action of the physical forces on the particle themselves. One of the forces that play a dominant role in the stabilization results from the surface charge present on the particles. Most solids suspended in water present a negative charge and since they have the same type of surface charge, the particles repel each other when they come close together therefore they will remain in suspension rather than clump together and settle out of the water.[64][65]
Tofu is made from soymilk which is a turbid colloidal liquid/solution. Turbid means a cloudy opaque or thick liquid with suspended matter. A colloid solution is a solution in which a material is evenly suspended in a liquid, in other words a colloid is a microscopically small substance this is equally dispersed throughout another material. Tofu structure is related to soymilk components particularly colloid components such as protein particles and oil globules. Protein particles content increases with the increase of globulin ratio in soybeans. Tofu is made from the soybean mixture having different ratios by adding coagulant at various concentrations.[66]
Gelation of tofu[edit]
The two main fractions of the soybean important in tofu making are the 11S component, containing glycinin and the 7S subunit, containing hemagglutinins, lipoxygenases, b-amylase, and β-conglycinin. The major soy protein components, in the two fractions that make up 65-85% of the proteins in soybeans include glycinin and β-conglycinin. The soybean protein consists of many different subunits which are sensitive to heat, pH and ionic strength and become unevenly distributed among soluble and particulate fractions due to hydrophilic and hydrophobic interaction due to the amino acid composition.[7]
Denaturation of glycinin and Β-conglycinin[edit]
Tofu is prepared by changing the nature of native soy proteins (Glycinin and β-conglycinin) in soy milk to form a gel. In the tofu making process, the denaturation of soy proteins happens during the heating processing unit where soy milk is steamed to 75-95 degrees C. The soy protein enthalpies of denaturation range from 0.2 to 3.0 J/gram protein for 7S fraction containing β-conglycinin and from 0.2 to 6.0 J/gram protein for 11S fraction including glycinin.[67] Upon denaturation, β-conglycinin and conglycinin unfold and expose the hydrophobic acidic amino acid side chains to promote protein aggregation.[68]
Soymilk particle composition (cooking)
When talking about the particles in soymilk, researchers commonly refer to the particles in the soymilk system based on particle size and fractionation. The precipitated fraction refers to particulate protein particles that are >40 nm in size, the supernatant fraction contains soluble proteins <40 nm and all lipids exist in the floating fraction after the soymilk is heated. At room temperature (20 degrees C) the soy proteins and corresponding subunits are in their native state and located in the particulate fraction and soluble fraction. The particulate fraction displays the lipid oil bodies are surrounded by majority of 11S subunits and 7S subunits. When heated, to 65-75 degrees C, the 7S subunits dissociate first moving to the soluble fraction and the oil bodies are released into the soluble and floating fraction. After high temperature subjected to a high temperature (75-95 degrees C) the protein-lipid complex is completely dissociated as the 11S subunits dissociate. What remains in the particulate fraction are 11S and 7S subunits that interact and oil bodies remain in the floating fraction.[69][70]
Gel texture: protein composition
Gelation occurs when the soybean protein subunits dissociate, denature then aggregate therefore the protein composition of glycinin and β-conglycinin will determine the gel strength of the final tofu product. Since glycinin and β -conglycinin have different enthalpy of denaturation the gelation mechanisms also differ therefore gelation occurs at two different temperatures, it is possible for a gel to form at a lower temperature (75 degrees C) if the soybean protein contained a higher composition of the β-conglycinin then glycinin. A study that analyzed isolated proteins different gelation mechanism showed the isolated glycinin formed a coarse gel network with a pore size of 2–3 μm.[71] The glycinin gel network is stabilized through further formation of disulfide crosslinks and non-covalent interactions. It is hypothesized β-conglycinin heat induced gels form as randomly aggregated assembly of clusters that randomly form a gel with a finer dispersed network with a pore size of 0.5–0.6 μm.[71] It is found in a mixed system like tofu that glycinin contributes to the hardness and factorability, while β-conglycinin contributes to the elasticity of the gels however further research is needed to conclude how the ratio of subunits truly affects the texture of tofu making as conflicting results have been reported.[67][72]
Aggregation and gelation mechanism
Gelation can be defined as protein aggregation phenomenon in which polymer-polymer and polymer-solvent interaction are so balanced that a tertiary network of matrix is. Coagulation is protein aggregation in which polymer-polymer interaction are favored resulting in a less elastic, less hydrated structure than a protein gel. The gel formation characteristic of tofu consists of the following two steps: an irreversible step which is (1) protein denaturation induced by heat and (2) acid or salt coagulation.[17] Heat induced denaturation results in the disruption of the secondary and tertiary structure of the soy proteins. Now that the soy proteins are unfolded, the hydrophobic regions that are initially located inside the protein are exposed to the outside medium. In the second step, the exposed negatively charged acidic side chains residues (-COOH) present on glutamic and aspartic acid amino acid are protonated by the addition of coagulan[68] t. The addition of acid or ions neutralizes the surface charge of the exposed side chains. As a result, the electrostatic repulsion between protein molecules are decreased and hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces dominate and the now neutralized protein molecule becomes the predominant structure. Due to charge dispersion and decrease electrostatic repulsion, the particles can come closer together and aggregation occur via hydrophobic interactions causing the proteins aggregate to form a three dimensional protein network entrapping water and other components.[67][73]
During freezing, the ice crystals puncture cell walls and facilitate the release of free and bound water and cause a decrease in total water content in tofu after freezing then thawing. The initial protein-water bonds are irreversibly replaced by protein-protein bonds, which are more elastic which cause a structural change to the gel network and lead to an increase in textural properties such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and gumminess.[74][75]
See also[edit]
- ^ Du Bois (2008), pp. 13-14.
- ^ Knopper, (Jan. 2002), p.16
- ^ "History of tofu". Soya.be. 2015-11-29. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
- ^ a b Shimbo, Hiroko (2001), The Japanese kitchen: 250 recipes in a traditional spirit, Harvard Common Press, p. 133, ISBN 1-55832-177-2
- ^ Dougill, John (2006), Kyoto: a cultural history, Oxford University Press US, p. 223, ISBN 0-19-530137-4
- ^ Shurtleff & Aoyagi 1998, p. 93
- ^ a b Shurtleff, W.; Aoyagi, A (2013). History of Tofu and Tofu Products (965 CE to 2013). Soyinfo Center. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-928914-55-6.
- ^ Liu, KeShun (1999), Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology and Utilization, Aspen publishers, p. 137, ISBN 0-8342-1299-4
- ^ Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Vol 6 Part 5 Chapter 40, section d.2
- ^ American Heritage Dictionary.
- ^ Etymology, Tofu Magazine, retrieved 2008-01-05
- ^ tofu, dictionary.com
- ^ a b Shurtleff, W.; Aoyagi, A (2013), History of Tofu and Tofu Products (965 CE to 2013), p. 73, ISBN 978-1-928914-55-6
- ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae
- ^ Davis, J. F. (1 January 1853). "Chusan, with a Survey Map of the Island". The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 23: 242–264. JSTOR 1797967. doi:10.2307/1797967.
- ^ Hou, H.J.; Chang, K.C.; Shih, M.C. (1997). "Yield and Textural Properties of Soft Tofu as Affected by Coagulation Method". Journal of Food Science. 62 (4): 824. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1997.tb15464.x.
- ^ a b c Hou, H.j.; Chang, K.c.; Shih, M.c. (1997-07-01). "Yield and Textural Properties of Soft Tofu as Affected by Coagulation Method". Journal of Food Science. 62 (4): 824–827. ISSN 1750-3841. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1997.tb15464.x.
- ^ Saowapark, Suteera; Apichartsrangkoon, Arunee; Bell, Alan E. (2008-04-01). "Viscoelastic properties of high pressure and heat induced tofu gels". Food Chemistry. 107 (3): 984–989. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.091.
- ^ a b c "Technology of production of edible flours and protein products from soybeans. Chapter 9". Fao.org. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
- ^ a b Liu 1997.
- ^ "[Homestead] Making tofu". Lists.ibiblio.org. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
- ^ a b Guo & Ono 2005.
- ^ Chowhound (2008-04-03). "Make Your Own Tofu – Chowhound". Chow.com. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
- ^ Zhong, Fang; Wang, Zhang; Xu, Shi-Ying; Shoemaker, Charles F. (2007). "The evaluation of proteases as coagulants for soy protein dispersions". Food Chemistry. 100 (4): 1371. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.12.014.
- ^ Zhong, Fang; Yang, Xin; Li, Yue; Shoemaker, Charles F. (2006). "Papain-induced Gelation of Soy Glycinin (11S)". Journal of Food Science. 71 (5): E232. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00037.x.
- ^ a b Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2000-01-01). Tofu & Soymilk Production: A Craft and Technical Manual. Soyinfo Center. ISBN 978-1-928914-04-4.
- ^ "Transforming Soybeans to Improve Tofu". hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ^ [1], Ruppe, Scott; Theodore C. Busch & Houston Smith, "Size exclusion chromatography process for the preparation of an improved soy protein-containing composition"
- ^ Maltais, Anne; Remondetto, Gabriel E.; Gonzalez, Rolando; Subirade, Muriel (2005). "Formation of Soy Protein Isolate Cold-set Gels: Protein and Salt Effects". Journal of Food Science. 70: C67. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb09023.x.
- ^ (in Korean) "순-두부 (-豆腐)". Standard Korean Language Dictionary. National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
- ^ a b Shurtleff & Aoyagi 2000.
- ^ All About Silken Tofu: An Interview with Andrea Nguyen, 2012-05-16, retrieved 2012-10-17
- ^ Types of Tofu: What is Silken Tofu?, Morinaga, retrieved 2012-10-17
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- ^ a b c d e Shurtleff & Aoyagi 2008, Volume IV, The History of Traditional Non-Fermented Soyfoods, Chapter 36: History of Tofu
- ^ A photo
- ^ a b c Shurtleff & Aoyagi 2008. Volume V, The History of Traditional Fermented Soyfoods, Chapter 44: History of Fermented Tofu
- ^ The Hwang Ryh Shang Company of Taiwan, a major producer of pickled tofu, mislabels this ingredient as "red date" (jujube) on the English-language list of ingredients on its product labels, although the Chinese list of ingredients on the same product lists 紅糟 (literally "red lees", i.e. red yeast rice).
- ^ "An Accidental Discovery: Freeze-Dried Tofu", Mitoku Company Website, Mitoku Ltd
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- ^ Shurtleff, (1998), p.79
- ^ Burmese tofu recipe
- ^ a b c Shurtleff & Aoyagi 2005.
- ^ Joseph Needham Science and Civilization in China, vol 6, part 5, chapter 40, pp. 306–307, Cambridge University Press
- ^ Shurtleff & Aoyagi, 2013. History of Tofu and Tofu Products...
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- ^ "History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian". Smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
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- ^ Anderson, Johnstone & Cook-Newell 1995
- ^ Soy: Health Claims for Soy Protein, Questions About Other Components, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
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- ^ Sacks et al. 2006, http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/113/7/1034#SEC2
- ^ Liu, Zhi-Sheng; Chang, Sam K. C; Li, Li-Te; Tatsumi, Eizo (2004-01-01). "Effect of selective thermal denaturation of soybean proteins on soymilk viscosity and tofu's physical properties". Food Research International. 37 (8): 815–822. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2004.04.004.
- ^ Ono, T. (2000). The mechanisms of curd formation from soybean milk to make a stable lipid food. ourin Publishing Co.
- ^ K Saio, M Kamiya, T Watanabe Food processing characteristics of soybean 11S and 7S proteins. Part I. Effect of difference of protein components among soybean varieties on formation of tofu-gel Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 33 (1969), pp. 1301–1308
- ^ a b c Damodaran, Srinivasan; Parkin, Kirk L.; Fennema, Owen R., eds. (2007-09-13). Fennema's Food Chemistry, Fourth Edition (4 ed.). CRC Press. ASIN 0849392721. ISBN 978-0-8493-9272-6.
- ^ a b Lakemond, Catriona M. M.; de Jongh, Harmen H. J.; Hessing, Martin; Gruppen, Harry; Voragen, Alphons G. J. (2000-06-01). "Heat Denaturation of Soy Glycinin: Influence of pH and Ionic Strength on Molecular Structure". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48 (6): 1991–1995. ISSN 0021-8561. doi:10.1021/jf9908704.
- ^ Zhao, Haibo; Li, Weiwei; Qin, Fang; Chen, Jie (2016-03-01). "Calcium sulphate-induced soya bean protein tofu-type gels: influence of denaturation and particle size". International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 51 (3): 731–741. ISSN 1365-2621. doi:10.1111/ijfs.13010.
- ^ Nagano, Takao; Tokita, Masayuki (2011-10-01). "Viscoelastic properties and microstructures of 11S globulin and soybean protein isolate gels: Magnesium chloride-induced gels". Food Hydrocolloids. 25 (7): 1647–1654. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.03.001.
- ^ a b Bainy, Eduarda M.; Corredig, Milena; Poysa, Vaino; Woodrow, Lorna; Tosh, Susan (2010-07-01). "Assessment of the effects of soy protein isolates with different protein compositions on gluten thermosetting gelation". Food Research International. 43 (6): 1684–1691. ISSN 0963-9969. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.05.010.
- ^ Kohyama, Kaoru; Sano, Yoh; Doi, Etsushiro (1995). "Rheological Characteristics and Gelation Mechanism of Tofu (Soybean Curd)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43 (7): 1808–1812. doi:10.1021/jf00055a011.
- ^ Ringgenberg, Elise; Alexander, Marcela; Corredig, Milena (2013-01-01). "Effect of concentration and incubation temperature on the acid induced aggregation of soymilk". Food Hydrocolloids. 30 (1): 463–469. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.05.011.
- ^ Gandhi, A. P.; Bourne, M. C. (1988-08-01). "Effect of Pressure and Storage Time on Texture Profile Parameters of Soybean Curd (tofu)". Journal of Texture Studies. 19 (2): 137–142. ISSN 1745-4603. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4603.1988.tb00930.x.
- ^ Xu, Yangzi; Tao, Yukun; Shivkumar, Satya (2016-12-01). "Effect of freeze-thaw treatment on the structure and texture of soft and firm tofu". Journal of Food Engineering. 190: 116–122. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.06.022.
External links[edit]
- Anderson, J. W.; Johnstone, B.M.; Cook-Newell, M.E. (1995), "Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Soy Protein Intake on Serum Lipids", New England Journal of Medicine, 333 (5): 276–282, PMID 7596371, doi:10.1056/NEJM199508033330502
- Ang, Catharina Y. W.; Liu, KeShun; Huang, Yao-Wen, eds. (1999), Asian Foods: Science & Technology, Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing Co.
- Berk, Zeki (1992), Technology of production of edible flours and protein products from soybeans, FAO agricultural services bulletin, 97, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ISBN 978-92-5-103118-6.
- Du Bois, Christine M., Chee Beng Tan and Sidney Wilfred Mintz (2008). The World of Soy. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03341-4.
- Guo, Shun-Tang; Ono, Tomotada (2005), "The Role of Composition and Content of Protein Particles in Soymilk on Tofu Curding by Glucono-δ-lactone or Calcium Sulfate", Journal of Food Science, 70 (4): 258–262, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb07170.x.
- Liu, KeShun (1997), Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology, and Utilization, Springer, ISBN 978-0-8342-1299-2.
- Sacks, Frank M.; Lichtenstein, Alice; Van Horn, Linda; Harris, William; Kris-Etherton, Penny; Winston, Mary; American Heart Association Nutrition Committee (2006), "Soy Protein, Isoflavones, and Cardiovascular Health. An American Heart Association Science Advisory for Professionals From the Nutrition Committee", Circulation, 113 (7): 1034–1044, PMID 16418439, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171052.
- Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2000), Tofu & soymilk production: a craft and technical manual (3rd ed.), Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center, ISBN 978-1-928914-04-4.
- Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2005), Dou fu zhi shu (The book of tofu), Taibei Shi, ISBN 978-986-81319-1-0. (In Chinese.)
- Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2013), History of Tofu and Tofu Products (965 CE to 2013), Lafayette, California: Soyinfo Center.
- Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (1998), The book of tofu: protein source of the future-- now!, Ten Speed Press, ISBN 1-58008-013-8.
- Knopper, Melissa. (Jan 2002), The joy of soy, The Rotarian, Vol. 180, No. 1, p. 16, ISSN 0035-838X
- White, L. R.; Petrovitch, H.; Ross, G. W.; Masaki, K.; Hardman, J.; Nelson, J.; Davis, D.; Markesbery, W. (April 1, 2000), "Brain aging and midlife tofu consumption", Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 19 (2): 242–255, PMID 10763906, doi:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718923, archived from the original on 23 July 2008.


text:
How about the start.
Entering the 1999 draft, the Green Bay Packers needed a wide receiver. Antonio Freeman was the established star and was coming off an 84-catch season. Bill Schroeder had flashed potential. Robert Brooks was finished. Derrick Mayes, a second-round pick in 1996, hadn't done much. Corey Bradford, a fifth-round pick in 1998, caught all of three passes as a rookie. Led by Schroeder's 31 catches, those four combined for 95 receptions.
So, general manager Ron Wolf went out and got ... Ohio State's Dee Miller.
And, in a pick acquired from the Bears in a trade for Glyn Milburn, Wolf used the team's final pick on Driver.
Driver was the 25th of 30 receivers selected in that draft. He was the survivor, outlasting all of them by a wide margin. Miller never played a game in the NFL. Torry Holt, the sixth pick of that draft, was the runner-up on the longevity list, making it through 2009.
"It is unbelievable," Driver said in the Cover Story for Packer Report Magazine before the 2010 season. "You think about all the guys they drafted before me. You look at all these guys' careers and what some have accomplished and what some haven't accomplished, and I look at what I've accomplished, and I'm happy about it."
The road to stardom didn't come quickly for Quickie. General manager Ted Thompson, a scout with the team in 1999, remembers Driver as someone who was a "really good gunner" on the punt team. Driver caught 37 passes and scored three touchdowns in his first three seasons. Then came 2002. The Packers parted ways with Freeman and Schroeder and handed the No. 1 role to a string bean with an unrelenting passion to succeed.
He caught 70 passes for 1,064 yards and nine touchdowns. It would be the first of his seven 70-catch, 1,000-yard seasons, and the first of his three Pro Bowls. From 2004 through 2009, only Driver and Reggie Wayne had 1,000 receiving yards in each season.
Father Time never loses but Driver put up one hell of a battle. When he was 30, he caught 86 passes for 1,221 yards. Between ages 30 and 34, he averaged 80.8 catches and scored 26 touchdowns.
On Thursday, Driver called it quits. He ranks 37th overall and 10th among active players with 743 receptions, and 38th overall and eighth among active players with 10,137 receiving yards. He's eighth among active players with 61 touchdown catches. He has 148 more receptions and 481 more receiving yards than anyone in franchise history.
"He's just so tough physically," Hall of Famer James Lofton, the franchise's former leader in receiving yards, said a couple years ago. "He's built himself into a receiver who can take a lot of hits but also a guy that's really good after the catch. He's just a strong, physical presence. He's obviously played with some good quarterbacks but at the same time he's made them look good."
Considering where he came from — a track guy with 68 career catches at off-the-radar Alcorn State — Goodwill could hardly have picked a better spokesman for its "Believe in the Power of Work" campaign.
"That's me all the way," Driver said for our Cover Story. "I think that's why they allowed me to be a part of their family is because I believe in what they believe. I believe hard work pays off. My thing was, when everyone else was sleeping, I was still working. To this day, I still believe that.
"As I get up in age, I have to work more than the young guys that I have in my receiving group. They're young, they have a bright future and I feel like I have to continue to prove myself. I think year in and year out, no one has ever put me on top of a pedestal, and I don't care for that. I don't care to be up there. When I play the game, I play at a high level. Every year, I feel like I have to prove myself, regardless of whether it was when I came in 1999 or I'm here in 2010. I still have to prove myself as being one of the best receivers in the National Football League. That's what I have to do, and when it's all said and done, I'm hoping that someone would give me the credit and say he was one of the best players ever."
That credit will come on Wednesday, when Driver rightfully basks in the fans' cheers one more time.
Agree or disagree?: Discuss hot Packers topics in our, free forums. Leave Bill a question in the subscribers-only Packers Pro Club forum.
Bill Huber is publisher of Packer Report magazine and PackerReport.com and has written for Packer Report since 1997. E-mail him at firstname.lastname@example.com, or leave him a question in Packer Report's subscribers-only Packers Pro Club forum. Find Bill on Twitter at twitter.com/PackerReport.


text:
(9/14/2010) (NEW HAVEN)�Mayor John DeStefano, Jr. lead a groundbreaking ceremony in front of John C. Daniels School today to mark the start of comprehensive infrastructure and beautification work as part of the Congress Avenue Rehabilitation Project. As a collaborative effort between the City of New Haven�s Office of Economic Development (OED), Engineering, Public Works (DPW) and Transportation, Traffic & Parking (TTP) Departments, Mayor DeStefano and other City Leaders will break ground on the highly-anticipated �Congress Avenue Rehabilitation Project.�
Work will now begin to improve infrastructure and streetscape at the intersection of Howard and Congress Avenues and the length of Congress Avenue until it reaches Davenport towards Ella Grasso Boulevard. These improvements will create a gateway to the neighborhood and Medical District that will prove to be more vibrant for residents, workers and visitors along Congress Avenue.
The Federal Government awarded $800,000 of American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 funds to support this project. New Haven�s Office of Economic Development also contributed $16,500 to this work through the Neighborhood Commercial Revitalization (Community Development Block Grant) for streetscape efforts along Congress and other areas of Hill North. The comprehensive streetscape improvements will include the following improvements:
Infrastructure � Street Re-paving, Sidewalk Bump Outs (curtail speeding), Engineering Upgrades (catch basins, manholes)
Transportation, Traffic & Parking � Signage, Crosswalks, Refurbished Existing Signage
Beautification � Neighborhood Flag Pole Banners to brand the area, additional Trees, and Trash Receptacles
Mayor John DeStefano, Jr. has made it a priority to further develop clean, vibrant and welcoming neighborhoods and commercial corridors where residents and businesses can thrive. Hill North is in the heart of the Medical District and has seen a vast amount of investment over the last few years including the $467 Smilow Cancer Hospital at Yale-New Haven (one of just 39 designated cancer centers by the National Cancer Institute,, The two auxiliary projects: $80 million 55 Park Street medical laboratory, $70 million 2 Howe Street, mixed-use office, retail, $3.8 million Three-Sisters 12-Condominiums project (9-units sold to date), $45 million John C. Daniels Elementary School, and housing and recently started $38 million William T. Rowe development along with facades.
Overall, the Hill area has generated more than 1,700 permanent and construction jobs and over $700 million dollars in investment, not including the ongoing Gateway Community College construction in the heart of our Downtown, a project totaling over $198 million and another 500 full/part-time jobs.
�This project contributes toward our broader efforts to reconnect neighborhoods and make downtown more accessible to residents and businesses,� said DeStefano. �This is not only an important economic development mission but it�s important for quality of life and for our focus on safe streets that pedestrians, cyclists and motorists can share.�
�The work we�re kicking-off today on Congress Avenue is another step in the direction of increasing accessibility to the jobs, education, transportation, retail, dining and much more in our Downtown and Medical District,� said Kelly Murphy, Economic Development Administration. �We�re making strides in our efforts to tie together neighborhoods and important resources like Union Station, the hospitals and other important institutions.�
Contact Name: Jessica Maygora
Contact Email: email@example.com
Contact Phone: 203-946-7660


text:
The Suffolk County IDA works with companies across industries with the goal of creating local jobs. The project sizes vary in scope from a hundred thousand to tens of millions of dollars, having term lengths from 5 years to 20 years. Here is a snap shot of the companies that have worked with the IDA. Many of them have received incentives that include property tax, mortgage recording and sales tax relief.
Above is a sample of the many Suffolk County based companies that are taking advantage of the IDA's benefits. To become one of the IDA's success stories, please fill out this online form, or call the Suffolk IDA's Executive Director Tony Catapano at 631-853-4802.


text:
Beverage magnate tops China's rich list; property slips
SHANGHAI (Reuters) - China's super-rich saw their wealth shrink this year as property lost its spot as the number one source of wealth for the first time since record-keeping began, China's annual rich list shows.
Nearly half of China's 1,000 or so richest individuals and families suffered a loss of wealth over the past year, mainly those involved in the solar, textiles and retail sectors, according to the China Rich List published annually by Hurun Report Inc.
China's richest person, Zong Qinghong, hails from Wahaha Group, China's leading beverage maker. Wang Jianlin, who holds the number two spot, is founder and chairman of property developer and cinema operator Dalian Wanda Group, which recently acquired U.S.-based AMC Entertainment.
Zong's fortune totals $12.6 billion, according to the report, while Wang trails at $10.3 billion.
The threshold to make the rich list fell by 9 percent to $290 million, but the lower figure is still three times higher than the cut-off in 2007.
China had 2.7 million U.S. dollar millionaires as of August 15 this year, the report said, while the number of dollar billionaires fell by 20 to 251.
Manufacturing replaced property as the top source of wealth for the ultra-wealthy. Property was number two, followed by finance and investment, natural resources, and pharmaceuticals.
Responding to public anger over soaring property prices, the government in 2010 launched policies aimed at cooling the market. Stock prices of listed developers have suffered as a result.
An unfortunate 469 individuals on the list have seen their wealth shrink since last year, while 291 saw their wealth grow, 114 stayed the same and 150 people appeared on the list for the first time. Continued...


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Research Paper