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August 21, 2008
MEDIA CONTACTS: Tracy Schario(202) 994-3566; firstname.lastname@example.com Massella(202) 994-3087; firstname.lastname@example.com CONTACT: GW University Events(202) 994-7129
Madeleine K. Albright; James A. Baker, III; Warren Christopher; Henry A. Kissinger; and Colin L. Powell Join Forum at GW on "The Next President: A World of Challenges"
Journalists Frank Sesno and Christiane Amanpour Will Moderate Roundtable To Air on CNN
Five former Secretaries of State - Madeleine K. Albright; James A. Baker, III; Warren Christopher; Henry A. Kissinger; and Colin L. Powell - will participate in a roundtable discussion on the challenges confronting the new administration at a public forum entitled "The Next President: A World of Challenges." The event will be moderated by Frank Sesno, director of The George Washington University's Public Affairs Project and CNN special correspondent, and Christiane Amanpour, CNN chief international correspondent.
***Send an iReport with your question for one of the secretaries to CNN. Entries may be submitted online at www.ireport.com/community/assignment under the topic "Challenges of the next president" in the Politics section.***
Monday, Sept. 15, 2008; 3 - 4:30 p.m.Doors open at 2 p.m. and close at 2:45 p.m.
Saturday, Sept. 20; 9 p.m.Sunday, Sept. 21; 2 p.m.
The George Washington UniversityLisner Auditorium730 21st St., NW, Washington, D.C. Foggy Bottom-GWU Metro (Orange and Blue lines)
Seating is limited and tickets are required. Tickets are free and will be available to GW students, faculty, and staff beginning Thursday, Sept. 4, 2008, at 11 a.m. at The George Washington University Lisner Auditorium Box Office, 730 21st St., N.W. The GW Lisner Box Office is open Tuesdays through Fridays, from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. For more information, please call (202) 994-7129.
This event is open to media. However, television cameras and recording devices are not allowed inside the auditorium. Media check-in begins at 1:30 p.m. Credentials are required. Media should RSVP to Nick Massella at (202) 994-3087 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
This event is hosted by The George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs and School of Media and Public Affairs, the Center for a New American Security, Rice University's James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, and The City College of New York's Colin Powell Center for Policy Studies. The roundtable discussion will include questions from the audience.
This important discussion will take place as the U.S. presidential campaign moves into high gear and the candidates and the world focus on complex global issues ranging from violent extremism to the global economy, and climate change. Secretaries Albright, Baker, Christopher, Kissinger, and Powell will offer insight into the national debate regarding the future direction of American global leadership and the role of diplomacy.
Madeleine K. Albright was nominated by President William Jefferson Clinton on Dec. 5, 1996, as secretary of state. After being unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate, she was sworn in as the 64th and first woman secretary of state on Jan. 23, 1997. Prior to her appointment, Albright served as the United States permanent representative to the United Nations and as a member of President Clinton's Cabinet and National Security Council. In 2000, Albright received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from GW and served as the Commencement keynote speaker. Dr. Albright earned a B.A. with Honors from Wellesley College, and Master's and Doctorate degrees from Columbia University's Department of Public Law and Government, as well as a Certificate from its Russian Institute.
James A. Baker, III, was secretary of state to President George H.W. Bush from Jan. 22, 1989, until Aug. 23, 1992. Baker also served as senior counselor and White House chief of staff to President Bush from 1992 to 1993 and to President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1985. He also served as secretary of the treasury from 1985 to 1988. Having received a J.D. with honors from the University of Texas at Austin's School of Law in 1957, he went on to practice law with the firm of Andrews Kurth until 1975. He also is the namesake of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University in Houston.
Warren Christopher was sworn in as the 63rd secretary of state on Jan. 20, 1993, and served in the Clinton Administration until Jan. 17, 1997. Previously, he served as vice chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1982 to 1991, director of the Los Angeles World Affairs Council, and transition chief to President-elect Clinton in 1992. Christopher received an LL.B. from Stanford Law School in 1949 and also served as chairman of the Standing Committee on Aeronautical Law of the American Bar Association from 1966 to 1967.
Henry A. Kissinger served as Secretary of State to Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford from September 21, 1973 until January 20, 1977. Kissinger was named Assistant for National Security Affairs by President Nixon in 1969. Among other accomplishments, Kissinger was instrumental in orchestrating the U.S. breakthrough to China in 1971-1972, brokered the cease-fire agreements by Israel with Egypt and Syria in 1973, promoted the policy of detente with the Soviet Union, dealt with problems of energy and economic cooperation, and negotiated an agreement that ended the Vietnam War, for which he was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize. He served in the U.S. Army during World War II.
Colin L. Powell was nominated by President George W. Bush on Dec. 16, 2000, as secretary of state. After being unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate, he was sworn in as the 65th secretary of state on Jan. 20, 2001. Prior to his appointment, Powell served as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was also chairman of America's Promise - The Alliance for Youth, a national nonprofit organization dedicated to mobilizing people from every sector of American life to build the character and competence of young people. Powell is founder, advisory council chair, and a distinguished scholar of the Colin Powell Center for Policy Studies at The City College of New York. Powell earned his M.B.A. from GW in 1971. In 1990, he received an honorary Doctor of Public Service degree from GW and served as the Commencement keynote speaker.
Christiane Amanpour's career with CNN spans 25 years and has taken her to many of the world's hotspots, including Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, Somalia, Rwanda, and the Balkans. Her work ranges from exclusive interviews to in-depth investigations of the lives of those affected by the world's largest man-made and natural disasters. Amanpour has interviewed some of the globe's most prominent world leaders, including Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad at the outset of Iran's nuclear controversy, Syrian President Bashar el Assad, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, and former French President Jacques Chirac. Amanpour's honors include nine Emmy Awards, two George Foster Peabody Awards, and an Edward R. Murrow Award for Distinguished Achievement in Broadcast Journalism.
Frank Sesno, a professor of media and public affairs at The George Washington University, is an Emmy-award winning journalist with more than 30 years of experience covering global events and serving in executive capacities in news. At CNN, he has served as a special correspondent, Washington bureau chief, anchor, and White House correspondent. His recent work includes documentaries and special projects for CNN, PBS, and The History Channel. Topics have ranged from global energy, national security, and terrorism to biographies on Ronald Reagan and Donald Rumsfeld. At The George Washington University, Sesno established and serves as director of the Public Affairs Project at the Center for Innovative Media, located within the university's School of Media and Public Affairs.
For more information about the GW School of Media and Public Affairs, visit www.smpa.gwu.edu; GW Elliott School of International Affairs, visit www.elliott.gwu.edu; Colin Powell Center for Policy Studies, visit http://www1.ccny.cuny.edu/ci/cpowellcenter/index.cfm; the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, visit www.bakerinstitute.org; Center for a New American Security, visit www.cnas.org.
For more news about The George Washington University, visit the GW News Center at www.gwnewscenter.org.
The George Washington University Office of University Relations,
Washington, D.C. Submit


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I have an off & on relationship with my boss. I get the feeling often that she doesn't trust the thoroughness of my work & that leads us to conflict. I am not going to insist that I am the best employee she ever had but I work diligently & with a smile on my face. I take normal criticism well.
But there are times when she is unnecessarily nasty to me. For instance today she came into my office ready to argue about my work product. I pulled out my notebook, was attentive & answered her questions. She said some unduly negative things about my work, knowing I had worked very hard to finish the assignment ahead of HER vacation. Fine. But then she tells me she is angry, ANGRY! because I had discussed the assignment with my coworker (someone who is my senior & has much more experience than I do) in what she percieved to be a one-sided way (tho she only heard snippets of our conversation or knew it second hand). To be clear there is nothing confidential that I cannot say to my coworker.
I was stunned & found myself in tears moments after she left. Every time she upsets me I am ashamed that someone can so quickly make me feel like a failure. It took me hours to calm down... Heck I'm still not calm.
What upsets me the most is the thought that I will never earn this woman's trust. I will never be good enough. Also, the thought that I am trading in time with my family to spend time in this toxic environment. It kills me that I have to spend more time with her than my son.
Ok I'll stop now. Ugh! Thank goodness I don't have to see her for a bit!
Mama to my little busy bee.
Unless you know she is manipulative.and controlling by nature maybe just tough it out and hope she wins the lottery while on her vacation and.you don't have to deal.with her.any more.
Unfortunately, she is not in a position where going to HR will make a difference. Which sucks. She's been in her position so long, I know she will never change.
I am currently looking for a new position, but I know I will be stuck with her for a while yet (at least six months, im assuming) so I need to figure out how to cope. I've tried everything but I don't think it's an appropriate expectation for me to not speak with my coworker.
Some days I wish she would just fire me if she is so unhappy with my work & distrustful. (Ok not really as I know that would make finding another job that much harder...) The problem is that this sort of thing comes to a head only every 4-6 months. I've tried REALLY hard to be the most pleasant person possible with her. But I can't fathom not discussing issues with my coworker!? It just makes me really upset to think that she was actually angry with me when I am not the type of person to make anyone angry (exception being my DH & DS on occasion). And then when I tried to discuss that with her she just shut me down - maybe after hearing me calmly explain myself made her realize she was wrong but didn't want to let on. I can hope at least.
Mama to my little busy bee.
Boy, do I feel ya! I'm in a similar situation. I understand that I'm held to a somewhat higher standard, being second in command. But I am starting to feel like my boss is dogging me at every turn. It might just be my imagination, but we recently rehired the person who was in my position prior to leaving - she was brought in originally as a seasonal hire. Well... she was kept on, and has already replaced one of our key-holders. I have an uncomfortable feeling that she is being moved up the chain, and that my job is at risk. Kinda sucks. I, too, am starting to look at other options.
For dealing with your boss in the meantime, I would keep in mind that it's not you, it's her. Just do what you need to do and when she gets unreasonably angry/upset/whatever just keep thinking it's not me, it's her. Maybe just calmly ask how she wants you to handle it in the future. Would she rather you come talk to her with questions first (not that I blame you for avoiding her!). I personally find "kill 'em with kindness" to be the best way to handle overly negative people as it gives them nothing to latch onto and allows you to stay professionally cool. I also start asking more and more questions to gets things very clear to the point of annoyance for them, but hey I'm not getting yelled at again if they can't be clear in their direction, KWIM? Good luck, I had a boss like this for a summer job who was basically just an ass for no good reason and I basically ignored his bad behavior and asked whatever questions I needed to ask to get my work done regardless of how mean he was being. I kind of made it a challenge to myself to stay 100% professional and laughed on the inside at how ridiculous his responses were.
Katie - Married to Mike 06/02/01, Mom to Sydney Anne born 11/21/09 and Alice Maeryn & Oliver Thomas born 04/24/13
Mtiger, sorry to hear you are going through something similar. It sounds like a tough situation & I wouldn't wish the likes of even what I'm experiencing on anyone!
Quinalla, I love the "it's her, not me" mantra. And I think you're right about asking lots of questions. As you might guess, she is not a super-effective manager so I definitely think I need to buck up & as more questions!
Mama to my little busy bee.
Married to overworked DH since 2003, happily mama to DD (01/09) and DS (4/12)
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S1: Two Sisters, One Race
Video duration: 3:58Video has closed captioning.
For Tatyana McFadden, London 2012 is her third Paralympics, a chance to add even more medals. For her sister Hannah, 16 years old, it's a first-time experience. Their mother says she's already won gold, having these two remarkable athletes as daughters.


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Happy Valentine's Day from House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio).
At a press conference Thursday morning, NBC News's Luke Russert asked Boehner what he had gotten his wife for Valentine's Day.
Boehner blew Russert a kiss as he walked off the podium. "Same thing I got you, honey," he shouted over his shoulder.


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Sustainability is More Than a Movement: Where's Behavior?
We all know about going green. While we see it as a movement for preserving our global resources, what we don't see is that it is masses of people changing their behavior for the good of the earth. It is the masses of people and the very specific things they are doing that are making this movement grow and produce the desired effect. Early results have relied on one time events, like changing furnaces from petroleum to bio-diesel, changing from conventional bulbs to florescent and changing toilets to low-flow water usage. While these changes have produced significant savings in the use of oil and water, they have not addressed the area that will in the long run produce the most significant changes in how we live in our world.
All the efforts aimed at being green, sustainability, carbon-neutral and climate neutrality depend on the behavior of many people. Global conservation ultimately requires changing the behavior of several billion people. If you don't know how to change the behavior of one person, how can you expect to change billions? On the other hand, if you know how to reliably change the behavior of a single person, changing billions just requires that process to be replicated many times over.
Most green initiatives (or any strategic initiative for that matter) lack a scientific plan to identify and create the discretionary effort required to achieve their goals. Sustainability plans of any kind that base their implementation on common-sense notions of human behavior are not sustainable. In order to succeed in any initiative in the most effective manner requires an understanding of how to reliably create an organization that brings out the best in every person. This can only be accomplished by using the knowledge proven by over 100 years of behavioral research.
Human behavior IS one of our renewable resources; one that is most often overlooked and one that can be wasted like any other. Properly cared for it has unlimited potential and is the only resource that can save the planet. Isn't it time we get serious about behavior?
Founded in 1978, and headquartered in Atlanta, GA, Aubrey Daniels International (ADI) works globally with a diverse spectrum of clients. We help accelerate the business and safety performance of companies worldwide by using positive, practical approaches grounded in the science of behavior and engineered to ensure long-term sustainability. ADI supports its clients in accelerating strategy execution while fostering employee engagement and positive accountability at all levels of their organization.
Connect With Us
web: AubreyDaniels.com blog: aubreydanielsblog.com twitter: twitter.com/aubreydaniels
facebook: facebook.com/Aubrey.Daniels.International


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SFMade can help you source capital for a variety of purposes including startup costs, tenant improvements, equipment, machinery, working capital, general operations as well as a real estate purchase. Depending upon your needs and financial position, there are several sources of capital that we can help you access.
Forms of capital we can assist you to borrow and/or raise:
There are many loan programs, including both State and Federal loan guarantee programs, dedicated for industrial businesses and several experienced lenders in the community who market these special products. We can help you navigate the many lenders and loan product options – including government-backed loans, lines of credit, equipment or other asset based loans, or real estate products – to assure the right match for your needs and your specific business situation.
Crowd Funding
Crowd-funding allows businesses with relatively small or start-up capital needs to raise funds using an on-line portal, such as IndieGogo or Kickstarter. Typically crowd-funded campaigns for manufacturers involve asking for contributions to a specific project in return for pre-defined "benefits" – the most common of which is a commitment to provide finished product to the donor. In this way, crowd-funding acts as a way to raise capital by "pre-selling" products, in advance of manufacturing.
Many growing manufacturers find themselves at the point where major capital investments are needed that exceed what a lender will provide. Equity investment allows a company to take on capital without the immediate need to "service" the debt or make repayments, in return for a small % ownership stake in your company. SFMade can help you identify potential equity investors or "angels" as well as guide you on how to structure the deal.
To get started, click the button below to complete the Craft Capital questionnaire and SFMade will work with you to access the appropriate source(s) of capital for your business. Please allow up to three (3) business days for a response.
Submit Request for Help with Capital
Program sponsored by Bank of the West


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Ted: Charmian Gooch on global corruption
25 most popular superstitions of all time
USA: 50 great facts about the 50 states
DIY Holi Special - Bubble Art
How to control your thoughts?
How to change your Mindset?
What Happens if the Earth Stops Spinning?
5 Military Strategies for your Success - Art
Who and what is Legion - the hacker group in
Hand Erasing Text Effect in PowerPoint 2013
How to Create Videoscribe Effect in
Testing Hangover Cures ft. Mamrie Hart
Smart Dressing Sense & Hygiene - Personality


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Loan Workout Manager Salaries
View Loan Workout Manager Hourly Wages
Alternate Job Titles: Loan Workout Manager
How much does a Loan Workout Manager make? The median annual Loan Workout Manager salary is $141,076, as of May 30, 2017, with a range usually between $118,929-$176,642, however this can vary widely depending on a variety of factors. Our team of Certified Compensation Professionals has analyzed survey data collected from thousands of HR departments at companies of all sizes and industries to present this range of annual salaries for people with the job title Loan Workout Manager in the United States.
This chart describes the expected percentage of people who perform the job of Loan Workout Manager in the United States that make less than that annual salary. For example the median expected annual pay for a typical Loan Workout Manager in the United States is $141,076, so 50% of the people who perform the job of Loan Workout Manager in the United States are expected to make less than $141,076.
Source: HR Reported data as of May 30, 2017
Refine by:
This chart describes the expected percentage of people who perform the job of Loan Workout Manager that make less than that salary. For example 50% of the people who perform the job of Loan Workout Manager are expected to make less than the median.
Source: HR Reported data as of June 2017
Manages a staff of professionals in restructuring loans. Works with lending personnel and borrowers to better secure collateral and/or assets of the borrower. Responsible for collecting potential loans that are viable. Develops programs and manages strategies to reach performance goals. Requires a bachelor's degree in area of specialty and at least 7 years of experience in the field or in a related area. Familiar with a variety of the field's concepts, practices, and procedures. Relies on extensive experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals. Performs a variety of tasks. Leads and directs the work of others. A wide degree of creativity and latitude is expected. Typically reports to a head of a unit/department. View full job description
View Accounting Jobs by Salary Range: <$30K, $30K–$50K, $50K–$80K, $80K–$100K, >$100K
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A 1.6-mile, 12-foot-wide, $550,000 multiple use path through Oro Valley Marketplace was formally dedicated and trod upon Thursday morning by 20 people from Vestar Development Co., town government and the community.
"We are very pleased to celebrate the opening of this trail," Vestar spokeswoman Denise Hart said.
"It's very, very exciting to see this part of the trail being complete," Mayor Paul Loomis said. "It's a benefit for Vestar, and a benefit for all of the town. It's a great asset to our community."
The new trail extends from Tangerine and Innovation Marketplace Road through the open space and riparian areas of the western portion of Oro Valley Marketplace. Its terminus is at the foot of a planned pedestrian bridge over the Cañada del Oro Wash just above the confluence with Big Wash.
The Vestar-constructed trail surface is paved. Runners, walkers, cyclists, equestrians and others can utilize the trail, which is wheelchair-accessible. "It's made for everyone to use," Hart said.
Loomis pointed out the path system will provide "an alternative way to get to the center, and the amenities of the center," for young people. "Kids going to the movie don't have to ride their bikes on Oracle Road," he said.
Vestar donated $80,000 to the town of Oro Valley to complete an additional 700-foot portion of the trail on town-owned land just north of the wash. There was "a break in the trail," Loomis said, so "Vestar jumped in and said they would build that part of the trail."
That section of path will wind through a mesquite bosque. "We're not going to take any trees down," Town Engineer Craig Civilier said. "It'll be pretty neat."
A transit center, located near the center of the path's course through the commercial development, has public restrooms, benches and shade structures.
When the new bridge and another trail segment is finished, the Oro Valley trail system will hook into the town's new Cañada del Oro Wash Linear Park trail. Ultimately, Loomis said, path users should be able to go from north to south Oro Valley, on to the Santa Cruz River and beyond. "You could start here, and end up in Sahuarita," Loomis said.


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Champions League Published at
Ibrahimovic's suspension reduced
Following Zlatan Ibrahimovic's initial two-game ban handed down by the UEFA disciplinary tribunal, Paris Saint-Germain appealed the decision and have seen it reduced to just one game.
The UEFA appeals tribunal met on Tuesday 26 March 2013 and, after hearing the defence put forward by the Paris Saint-Germain representatives, reduced the suspension to one game. Zlatan Ibrahimovic, who served his one-match ban in the last-16 return leg against CF Valencia, is now available for the first leg of the quarter-final between Paris Saint-Germain and FC Barcelona.


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A quick-fire double from Abou Diaby and Emmanuel Eboue midway through the first half put Arsenal on their way to a 3-1 win at Blackpool on Sunday.
The much-needed three points keeps Arsène Wenger's side on the coat-tails of Manchester United following three successive Premier League stalemates.
After the game, the Arsenal manager spoke exclusively to TV Online.
He discussed:
- a crucial win
- a 'sharp' Arsenal performance
- Jens Lehmann's afternoon
- the win breeding confidence
- the role of Arsenal's away support
Subscribers can now watch this interview 'on demand'.Copyright 2017 The Arsenal Football Club plc. Permission to use quotations from this article is granted subject to appropriate credit being given to www.arsenal.com as the source


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- Error
how to make a homemade levitron.zip - download 2015
Name: how to make a homemade levitron.zip
Release: 2015
Type: WinZip
Total Downloads: 14196
License model: Shareware
Language: English
Last updated on: 01/21/2015 07:42:35
Supported OS: Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP
Keys:01/21/2015 07:42:35
7/30/2008 · You May Also Like. Homemade Cellulite Treatments. Small pockets of fat that dimple your skin and appear around your thighs, hips and buttocks are called ...Yes, you can easily make the best pumpkin pie you've ever had, from a Real Pumpkin, Not a Can with these fully illustrated, complete, simple recipe and directions.8/1/2010 · Now you have 2 gallons of homemade laundry detergent. I use 1/2 cup per load. With the prices of detergent being outrageous, I feel really happy every time ...If you aren't already making bone broth regularly, I'd encourage you to start today! It is an incredibly healthy and very inexpensive addition to any diet and the ...How to Make Homemade Applesauce. Pdf print version. You think making and canning your own homemade applesauce is difficult or expensive? Not at all!Learn how to make homemade soap, laundry detergent, bath salts and candles, and how use to essential oils and other ingredients in soaps and candles.Idli Recipe - How to make soft idlis (Homemade Idli Dosa Batter)Everything you've wanted to know about how to make homemade shredded hash browns. Not only step by step guidance, but also learn why each step is important.10/22/2014 · No need to buy buttermilk. This simple substitute works just as well, and it only takes five minutes to make.Back to Peggy's Baking Corner Home Page. Please, please first check the categories below before emailing, as Peggy gets many repeat questions. Fondant Icing/Covering:
how to make a homemade levitron
01/21/2015 07:42:35
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Rape (sometimes also called "sexual assault" or "sexual battery") is illegal in North Carolina, and punished as a felony. The circumstances of the offense determine the level of felony, which in turn determine the penalties that apply to the crime.
When it comes to rape, the law strives to protect strangers, acquaintances, and married people equally. In North Carolina, as in all states, there is no exception or defense to prosecution for rape that occurs within a marriage (to learn more about marital rape laws in North Carolina, see Marital Rape in North Carolina).
In North Carolina, rape and occurs when someone compels a victim to engage in sexual intercourse against the victim's will. This crime also includes circumstances when the victim is mentally incapable of giving consent to sex (such as being in a coma or having passed out from drug or alcohol use), and some instances of statutory rape—when the victim is too young to legally be able to give consent. Under certain circumstances, exemptions exist when two minors have consensual sex with each other; or when the parties are fewer than four years apart in age—even if one party is an adult— at the time that the consensual sex occurred.
The crime is broken into two categories:
Rape in the first degree is a class B1 felony, and occurs when a defendant forces a victim to have non-consensual sex, and either possesses a deadly weapon, inflicts serious personal injury upon the victim, or is aided by one or more other persons. This crime also includes statutory rape when the victim was younger than 13 years old, and the defendant was at least 12 years old, and at least four years older than the victim.
Rape in the second degree is a class C felony, and occurs when a defendant forces a victim to have non-consensual sex, and the victim is incapable of giving consent because of a mental disability or incapacitation, or physical helplessness.
(N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 14-27.2 & -27.3.)
Penalties for rape depend on the circumstances of the crime. North Carolina's sentencing structure may include fines, time in prison, or both; and increased penalties apply for defendants who have prior criminal convictions. In addition to fines, second degree rape may incur up to 15 years in prison, and the most serious cases of first degree rape may incur life in prison without parole.
Defendants charged with sexual assault have the usual defenses available to all criminal defendants, starting with "Someone else committed this crime."
For statutory rape charges, the defendant may argue that the parties were both older than 13, but younger than 18, or were fewer than four years apart in age (even if the defendant was an adult), and that the sexual activity was consensual.
The defendant can also claim that the sexual activity (between two adults) was consensual. In a rape case, there can be significant questions about what constitutes consent or what constitutes refusal. This has led to the infamous question of when does "No" mean "No?" Does the word constitute a lack of consent as soon as it is spoken, or must the victim object more vigorously?
Another possible defense is an insanity plea, in which the defense argues that the accused is mentally ill and did not have the capacity to control his behavior, to form criminal intent or to understand what he was doing or that his actions were unlawful.
If you are facing a sexual assault charge, consider consulting with an experienced criminal defense attorney who regularly practices in your area. Numerous defenses apply to rape charges, and a lawyer can evaluate the strength of the prosecution's case against you and help develop any defenses that might apply to your case.
A lawyer can often negotiate with the prosecutor for a lesser charge or a reduction in penalties (such as, for example, probation instead of prison time); and will know how prosecutors and judges typically handle cases like yours.
If you are a victim of sexual assault or rape, contact Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) for online help and local resources.


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Keychain Provides Personal Weather Forecast For Your Exact Location
Thermodo is a real-time temperature sensor for both iOS and Android.
There are several ways of getting regular weather updates, like checking out the news or through weather apps. Sometimes though, the weather forecast from these sources may not exactly be as accurate as you'd like.
Denmark-based software studio Robocat has developed a device that gives users a more precise weather update in real time.
Thermodo is a tiny electrical thermometer built for iOS and Android devices. The small device has a temperature sensor that is built into a 4-pole audio jack. The device, which is small enough to carry around on a keychain ring, plugs into a smartphone headphone jack and uses high pressure sensitivity to inform the user of the temperature of their current environment, wherever they may be. The user can check out the current temperature by launching the accompanying app.
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Thermodo and the app works with the iPhone, iPad, and a wide range of Android devices. The app currently supports systems using Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich and above. The team behind Thermodo is continuously working on making the device and app available for more devices.
The tiny thermometer was successfully funded on Kickstarter in March last year, with the campaign reaching 960% of its goal. Thermodo is now fully functional and available to ship.
Thermodo is available in two editions, the Black and Premium editions. The Black Edition is made of aluminum in midnight automotive grade paint, comes with a hand-stamped logo, and is priced at $30 plus shipping. The Premium Edition is made of anodized aluminum, comes with an electrode erosion engraved logo, and is priced at $50 plus shipping.
The video below was released during the Kickstarter campaign.
Source: TAXI Deals


text:
May is a busy month for Andrea Evans.
The junior at Hillcrest High School will present research at the National Junior Science and Humanities Symposium in Bethesda, Md. Then she's going to Pittsburg to compete in the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair.
Though she's young, she has ventured far into the world of science, specifically cancer research.
One of the projects she is working on looks at how a certain protein that is found in large amounts in cancer cells can be inactivated. The research likely would baffle not only most of her high school peers, but also anyone without an advanced degree in cellular biology.
But Evans loves it.
"I have always wanted to get into research," Evans said. "I've enjoyed it so much and it's a rewarding experience."
Her love of research came from a job shadow she did as part of the Canyons School District's Program called Job Shadow that allows students to tag along with professionals in different fields. Evans participated two years ago at the Huntsman Cancer Institute.
Her interest in cancer came from her grandmother's fight with breast cancer, said Teri Evans, Andrea Evan's mother.
"She started to do the Susan G. Komen walk in the fourth grade," Teri Evans said. "Her grandmother had breast cancer, and that's where she got interested."
On her job shadow, Andrea Evans had a chance to work with a Huntsman Cancer Institute investigator David Lum, who is also a research assistant professor in the Department of Oncological Sciences at the University of Utah School of Medicine. Her project on cancer proteins is based on Lum's research at the Huntsman Cancer Institute.
He said Evans is smart, energetic and eager to learn, and he's happy about her success.
"It demonstrates her understanding of the project and her ability to get things done," Lum said.
Evans took her job shadow with Lum seriously, and has applied that knowledge.
"The fist summer I learned the basics of research," she said. "I went home, researched, looked at the different protocols and designed my own experiment."
She competed in the Salt Lake Valley Science and Engineering Fair with her cancer-protein project and won first place in the Senior Division's Cellular and Molecular Biology category.
At the fair, Evans was one of five students named as the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair Grand Champion Winners, giving her the opportunity to compete in Pittsburg May 13-18.
"I feel like I have as good a chance as anyone," she said. "I'm just really excited for the opportunity."
According to its website, Intel's fair hosted 15,000 finalists from 65 countries last year; prizes are given out in different categories.
Evans' family is familiar with the Intel fair because her two older brothers have competed in previous years. She has never gone, though, but her brothers are good examples to her.
"I have them to look up to and ask questions," she said. "I've seen them being able to accomplish so much."
Her brothers are both studying in medical programs, but Evans is unsure about what she wants to pursue. Although her foot seems to be firmly planted in science, she wants to keep her options open.
"Science is definitely up there, but I also have interest in English," she said.
Evans also competed at the Utah Science Olympiad, where she took first place in State Finals in the Microbe Mission Category. This summer she is going to work on a new research project at the University of Texas' MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.
At the Salt Lake fair, Evans also won an $80,000 scholarship to Westminster College, but she still has a year of high school left to consider where she wants to go to school.
She also earned a full-ride scholarship to the University of Utah at the regional Junior Science and Humanities Symposium held at the school.
"I know whatever I end up doing, it's something you can help people or inspire people," she said.


text:
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History of Modern Philosophy
Falckenberg, Richard
David Hume was born in Edinburgh in 1711, and died in the same city, 1776. His position as librarian, which he held in the place of his birth, 1752-57, gave the opportunity for his
History of England
( 1754-62). His chief work, the
Treatise on Human Nature
which, however, found few readers, was composed during his first residence in France in 1734-37. Later he worked over the first book of this work into his
Enquiry concerning Human Understanding
(1748); the second book into
A Dissertation on the Passions
and the third
into An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals
These, and others of his essays, found so much favor that, during his second sojourn in France, as secretary to Lord Hertford, in 1763-66, he was already honored as a philosopher of world-wide renown. Then, after serving for some time as Under-Secretary of State, he retired to private life at home (1769).
The three books of the
Treatise on Human Nature
which appeared in 1739-40, are entitled
Of the Understanding, Of the Passions, Of Morals
Of the five volumes of the Essays, the first contains the
Essays Moral, Political, and Literary
1741-42; the second, the
Enquiry concerning Human Understanding
1748; the third, the
Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals
1751; the fourth, the
Political Discourses
1752; the fifth, 1757, the
Four Dissertations
including that
On the Passions
and the
Natural History of Religion
After Hume's death appeared the
1777; the
Dialogues concerning Natural Religion
1779; and the two small essays on
And the
Immortality of the Soul
1783.[1] The
Philosophical Works
were published in 1827, and frequently afterward.[2]
[Footnote 1: Or 1777, cf. Green and Grose's edition, vol. iii. p. 67
[Footnote 2: Among the works on Hume we may mention Jodl's prize treatise, 1872, and Huxley's
(English Men of Letters), 1879. [The reader may be referred also to Knight's
(Blackwood's Philosophical Classics), 1886; to T.H. Green's "Introductions" in Green and Grose's edition of the collected works in four volumes, 1874 (new ed. 1889-90), which is now standard; and to Selby-Bigge's reprint of the original edition of the
I vol., 1888, with a valuable Analytical Index.]]
Hume's object, like that of Berkeley, is the improvement of Locke's doctrine of knowledge. In several respects he does not go so far as Berkeley, in others very much farther. In agreement with Berkeley's ultra-nominalism, which combats even the possibility of abstract ideas, he yet does not follow him to the extent of denying external reality. On the other hand, he carries out more consistently Berkeley's hint that immediate sensation includes less than is ascribed to it (
that by vision we perceive colors only, and not distance, etc.), as well as his principle--destructive to the certainty of our knowledge of nature--that there is no causality among phenomena; and brings the question of substance to, the negative conclusion, that there is no need whatever for a support for groups of qualities, and, therefore, that substantiality is to be denied to immaterial as well as to material beings. The points in Locke's philosophy which seemed to Hume to need completion were different from those at which Berkeley had struck in. The antithesis of rational and empirical knowledge is more sharply conceived; the combination of ideas is not left to the choice of the understanding but placed under the dominion of psychological laws; and to the distinction between outer and inner experience (to the former of which priority is conceded, on the ground that we must have had an external sensation before we can, through reflection, be conscious of it as an internal phenomenon), there is added a second, as important as the other and crossing it, between impressions and ideas, of which the former are likewise made prior to the latter.
Everyone will acknowledge the considerable difference between a sensation actually present (of heat, for instance) and the mere idea of one previously experienced, or shortly to come. This consists in the greater force, liveliness, and vividness of the former. Although these two classes of states (the idea of a landscape described by a poet and the perception of a real one, anger and the thought of anger) are only quantitatively distinct, they are scarcely ever in danger of being confused--the most lively idea is always less so than the weakest perception. The actual, outer or inner, sensations may be termed impressions; the weaker images of memory or imagination, which they leave behind them, ideas. Since nothing can gain entrance to the soul except through the two portals of outer and inner experience, there is no idea which has not arisen from an impression or several such; every idea is the image and copy of an impression. But as the understanding and imagination variously combine, separate, and transpose the elements furnished by the senses and lingering in memory, the possibility of error arises. A hidden, and, therefore more dangerous source of error consists in the reference of an idea to a different impression than the one of which it is the copy. The concepts substance and causality are examples of such false reference.
The combination of ideas takes place without freedom, in a purely mechanical, way according to fixed rules, which in the last analysis reduce to three fundamental laws of association: Ideas are associated (1) according to their resemblance and contrast; (2) according to their contiguity in space and time; (3) according to their causal connection. Mathematics is based on the operation of the first of these laws, on the immediate or mediate knowledge of the resemblance, contrariety, and quantitative relations of ideas; the descriptive and experimental part of the sciences of nature and of man on the second; religion, metaphysics, and that part of physical and moral science which goes beyond mere observation on the third. The theory of knowledge has to determine the boundaries of human understanding and the degree of credibility to which these sciences are entitled.
The objects of human thought and inquiry are either relations of ideas or matters of fact. To the former class belong the objects of mathematics, the truths of which, since they are analytic (
i. e
, merely explicate in the predicate the characteristics already contained in the subject, and add nothing new to this), and since they concern possible relations only, not reality, possess intuitive or demonstrative certainty. It is only propositions concerning quantity and number that are discoverable
a priori
By the mere operation of thought, without dependence on real existence, and that can be proved from the impossibility of their opposites--mathematics is the only demonstrative science.
We reach certainty in matters of fact by direct perception, or by inferences from other facts, when they transcend the testimony of our senses and memory. These arguments from experience are of an entirely different sort from the rational demonstrations of mathematics; as the contrary of a fact is always thinkable (the proposition that the sun will not rise to-morrow implies no logical contradiction), they yield, strictly speaking, probability only, no matter how strong our conviction of their accuracy may be. Nevertheless it is advisable to separate this species of inferences from experience--whose certainty is not doubted except by the philosophers--from uncertain probabilities, as a class intermediate between the latter and demonstrative truth (demonstrations--proofs--probabilities). All reasonings concerning matters of fact are based on the relation of cause and effect. Whence, then, do we obtain the knowledge of cause and effect? Not by
a priori
thought. Pure reason is able only to analyze concepts into their elements, not to connect new predicates with them. All its judgments are analytic, while synthetic judgments rest on experience. Judgments concerning causation belong in this latter class, for effects are entirely distinct from causes; the effect is not contained in the cause, nor the latter in the former. In the case of a phenomenon previously unknown we cannot tell from what causes it has proceeded, nor what its effect will be. We argue that fire will warm us, and bread afford nourishment, because we have often perceived these causal pairs closely connected in space and time. But even experience does not vouchsafe all that we desire. It shows nothing more than the coexistence and succession of phenomena and events; while the judgment itself,
e. g
, that the motion of one body stands in causal connection with that of another, asserts more than mere contiguity in space and time, it affirms not merely that the one precedes the other, but that it produces it--not merely that the second follows the first, but that it results from it. The bond which connects the two events, the force that puts forth the second from the first, the necessary connection between the two is not perceived, but added to perception by thought, construed into it.[1] What, then, is the occasion and what the warrant for transforming perceived succession in time into causal succession, for substituting
for interpreting the observed connection of fact into a necessary connection which always eludes observation?
[Footnote 1: The weakness of the concept of cause had been recognized before Hume by the skeptic, J. Glanvil (1636-80). Causality itself cannot be perceived; we infer it from the constant succession of two phenomena, without being able to show warrant for the transformation of
We do not causally connect every chance pair of successive events, but those only which have been repeatedly observed together. The wonder is, then, that through oft-repeated observation of certain objects we come to believe that we know something about the behavior of other like objects, and the further behavior of these same ones. From the fact that I have seen a given apple fall ten times to the ground, I infer that all the apples in the world do the same when loosened, instead of flying upward, which, in itself, is quite as thinkable; I infer further that this has always been the case, and will continue to be so to all eternity. Where is the intermediate link between the proposition, "I have found that such an object has always been attended with such an effect," and this other, "I foresee that other objects which are, in appearance, similar, will be attended with similar effects"? This postulate, that the future will be like the past, and that like causes will have like effects, rests on a purely psychological basis. In virtue of the laws of association the sight of an object or event vividly recalls the image of a second, often observed in connection with the former, and leads us involuntarily to expect its appearance anew. The idea of causal connection is based on feeling (the feeling of inner determination to pass from one idea to a second), not upon insight; it is a product of the imagination, not of the understanding. From the habitual perception of two events in connection (sunshine and heat) arises the mental determination to think of the second when we perceive the first, and, anticipating the senses, to count on its appearance. It is now possible to state of what impression the idea of the causal nexus is the copy: the impression on which it is based is the habitual transition from the idea of a thing to its customary attendant. Hence the idea of causality has a purely subjective significance, not the objective one which we ascribe to it. It is impossible to determine whether there is a real necessity of becoming corresponding to the felt necessity of thought. In life we never doubt the fact, but for science our conviction of the uniformity of nature remains a merely probable (though a very highly probable) conviction. Complete certainty is vouchsafed only by rational demonstration and immediate experience. The necessary bond which we postulate between cause and effect can neither be demonstrated nor felt.
If all experiential reasonings depend on the idea of causality, and this has no other support than subjective mental habit, it follows that all knowledge of nature which goes beyond mere observed fact is not knowledge (neither demonstrative knowledge nor knowledge of fact), but belief.[1] The probability of our belief in the regularity of natural phenomena increases, indeed, with every new verification of the assumptions based thereon; but, as has been shown, it never rises to absolute certainty. Nevertheless inferences from experience are trustworthy and entirely sufficient for practical life, and the aim of the above skeptical deliverances was not to shake belief--only a fool or a lunatic can doubt in earnest the immutability of nature--but only to make it clear that it is mere belief, and not, as hitherto held, demonstrative or factual knowledge. Our doubt is intended to define the boundary between knowledge and belief, and to destroy that absolute confidence which is a hindrance rather than a help to investigation. We should recognize it as a wise provision of nature that the regulation of our thoughts and the belief in the objective validity of our anticipation of future events have not been confided to the weak, inconstant, inert, and fallacious reason, but to a powerful instinct. In life and action we are governed by this natural impulse, in spite of all the scruples of the skeptical reason.
[Footnote 1: Hume distinguishes belief as a form of knowledge from religious faith, both in fact and in name. In the
--the passage is wanting in the
--our conviction of the external existence of the objects of perception is also ascribed to the former, which later formed Jacobi's point of departure. Religious faith is referred to revelation.]
In Hume's earlier work his destructive critique of the idea of cause is accompanied by a deliverance in a similar strain on the concept of substance, which is not included in the shorter revision. Substances are not perceived through impressions, but only qualities and powers. The unknown something which is supposed to have qualities, or in which these are supposed to inhere, is an unnecessary fiction of the imagination. A permanent similarity of attributes by no means requires a self-identical support for these. A thing is nothing more than a collection of qualities, to which we give a special name because they are always found together. The idea of substance, like the idea of cause, is founded in a subjective habit which we erroneously objectify. The impression from which it has arisen is our inner perception that our thought remains constant in the repeated experience of the same group of qualities (whenever I see sugar,
I do the same thing
that is, I combine the qualities white color, sweet taste, hardness, etc., with one another), or the impression of a uniform combination of ideas. The idea of substance becomes erroneous through the fact that we refer it not to the inner activity of representation, to which it rightly belongs, but to the external group of qualities, and make it a real, permanent substratum for the latter. Mental substances disappear along with material substances. The soul or mind is, in reality, nothing more than the sum of our inner states, a collection of ideas which flow on in a continuous and regular stream; it is like a stage, across which feelings, perceptions, thoughts, and volitions are passing while it does not itself come into sight. A permanent self or ego, as a substratum of ideas, is not perceived; there is no invariable, permanent impression. That which leads to the assumption of personal identity is only the frequent repetition of similar trains of ideas, and the gradual succession of our ideas, which is easily confused with constancy. Thus robbed of its substantiality, the soul has no further claims to immateriality and immortality, and suicide ceases to be a crime.[1]
[Footnote 1: Cf. the essays on
And the
Immortality of the Soul
1783, whose authorship by Hume, however, is not absolutely established [of. Green and Grose, as above, p. 221, note first.--TR.]]
Is Hume roundly to be called a skeptic? [1] He never impugned the validity of mathematical reasonings, nor experimental truths concerning matters of fact; in regard to the former his thought is rationalistic, in regard to the latter it is empirical or, more accurately, sensationalistic. His attitude toward the empirical sciences of nature and of mind is that of a semi-skeptic or probabilist, in so far as they go beyond the establishment of facts to the proof of connections under law and to inferences concerning the future. Habit is for him a safe guide for life, although it does not go beyond probabilities; absolute knowledge is unattainable for us, but not indispensable. Toward metaphysics, as an alleged science of the suprasensible, he takes up an entirely negative attitude. If an argument from experience is to be assured of merely that degree of probability which is sufficient for belief, it must not only have a well-established fact (an impression or memory-image) for its starting point, but, together with its conclusion, it must keep within the limits of possible experience. The limits of possible experience are also the limits of the knowable; inferences to the continued existence of the soul after death and to the being of God are vain sophistry and illusion. According to the famous conclusion of the
all volumes which contain anything other than "abstract reasonings concerning quantity or number" or "experimental reasonings concerning matter of fact and existence" deserve to be committed to the flames. In view of this limitation of knowledge to that which is capable of exact measurement and that which is present in experience, as well of the principle that the elements added by thought are to be sharply distinguished from the positively given (the immediate facts of perception), we must agree with those who call Hume the father of modern positivism.[2]
[Footnote 1: In the
Hume describes his own standpoint as mitigated or academical skepticism in antithesis to the Cartesian, which from doubt and through doubt hopes to reach the indubitable, and to the excessive skepticism of Pyrrhonism, which cripples the impulse to inquiry. This moderate skepticism asks us only, after resisting the tendency to unreflecting conclusions, to make a duty of deliberation and caution in judging, and to restrain inquiry within those fields which are accessible to our knowledge,
the fields of mathematics and empirical fact. In the
hume had favored a sharper skepticism and extended his doubt more widely,
even to the trustworthiness of geometry. Cf. on this point Ed. Grimm,
Zur Geschichte des Erkenntnissproblems
1890, p, 559
[Footnote 2: So Volkelt,
Erfahrung und Denken
1886, p. 105.]
* * * * *
As a philosopher of religion Hume is the finisher and destroyer of deism. Of the three principles of the deists--religion, its origin and its truth are objects of scientific investigation; religion has its origin in the reason and the consciousness of duty; natural religion is the oldest, the positive religions are degenerate or revived forms of natural religion--he accepts the first, while rejecting the other two. Religion may correspond to reason or contradict it, but not proceed from it. Religion has its basis in human nature, yet not in its rational but its sensuous side; not in the speculative desire for knowledge, but in practical needs; not in the contemplation of nature, but in looking forward with fear or joy to the changing events of human life. Anxiety and hope concerning future events lead us to posit unseen powers as directing our destiny, and to seek their favor. The capriciousness of fortune points to a plurality of gods; the tendency to conceive all things like ourselves gives them human characteristics; the powerful impression made by all that comes within the sphere of the senses incites us to connect the divine power with visible objects; the allegorical laudation and deification of eminent men leads to a completed polytheism. That this and not (mono-) theism was the original form of religion, Hume assumes to be a fact for historical times, and a well-founded conjecture for prehistoric ages. Those who hold that humanity began with a perfect religion find it difficult to explain the obscuration of the truth, endow immature ages with a developed use of the reason which they can scarcely have possessed, make error grow worse with increasing culture, and contradict the historical progress upward which is everywhere else observed. The philosophical knowledge of God is a very late product of mature reflection; even monotheism, as a popular religion, did not arise from rational reflection, although its chief principle is in agreement with the results of philosophy, but from the same irrational motives as polytheism. Its origin from polytheism is accomplished by the transformation of the leading god (the king of the gods or the tutelary deity of the nation) through the fear and emulous flattery of his votaries into the one, infinite, spiritual ruler of the world. Amid the folly of the superstitious herd, however, this refined idea is not long preserved in its purity; the more exalted the conception entertained of the supreme deity, the more imperatively the need makes itself felt for the interpolation between this being and mankind of mediators and demi-gods, partaking more of the human nature of the worshipers and more familiar to them. Later a new purification takes place, so that the history of religion shows a continuous alternation of the lower and higher forms.
After depriving theism of its prerogative of originality, Hume further takes away from it its fame as in every respect the best religion. It is disadvantageously distinguished from polytheism by the fact that it is more intolerant, makes its followers pusillanimous, and, by its incomprehensible dogmas, puts their faith to severer tests; while it is on a level with polytheism in that most of its adherents exalt belief in foolish mysteries, fanaticism, and the observance of useless customs above the practice of virtue.
Natural History of Religion
which far outbids the conclusions of the deists by its endeavors to explain religion, not on rational, but on historical and psychological grounds, and to separate it entirely from knowledge by relegating it to the sphere of practice, leaves the possibility of a philosophical knowledge of God an open question. The
Dialogues concerning Natural Religion
greatly diminish this hope. The most cogent argument for the intelligence of the world-ground, the teleological argument, is a hypothesis which has grave weaknesses, and one to which many other equally probable hypotheses may be opposed. The finite world, with its defects and abounding misery amid all its order and adaptation, can never yield an inference to an infinite, perfect unit-cause, to an all-powerful, all-wise, and benevolent deity. To this the eleventh section of the
Adds the argument, that it is inadmissible to ascribe to the inferred cause other properties than those which are necessary to explain the observed effect. The tenth section of the same
Argues that there is no miracle supported by a sufficient number of witnesses credible because of their intelligence and honesty, and free from a preponderance of contradictory experiences and testimony of greater probability. In short, the reason is neither capable of reaching the existence of God by well-grounded inference nor of comprehending the truth of the Christian religion with its accompanying miracles. That which transcends experience cannot be proven and known, but only believed in. Whoever is moved by faith to give assent to things which contradict all custom and experience, is conscious of a continued miracle in his own person.
Hume never denied the existence of God, never directly impugned revelation. His final word is doubt and uncertainty. It is certain that his counsel not to follow the leadership of the reason in religious matters, but to submit ourselves to the power of instinct and common opinion, was less earnest and less in harmony with the nature of the philosopher than his other advice, to take refuge from the strife of the various forms of superstition in the more quiet, though dimmer regions of--naturally, the skeptical--philosophy. Hume's originality and greatness in this field consist in his genetic view of the historical religions. They are for him errors, but natural ones, grounded in the nature of man, "sick men's dreams," whose origin and course he searches out with frightful cold-bloodedness, with the dispassionate interest of the dissector.
* * * * *
In his moral philosophy[1] Hume shows himself the empiricist only, not the skeptic. The laws of human nature are capable of just as exact empirical investigation as those of external nature; observation and analysis promise even more brilliant success in this most important, and yet hitherto so badly neglected, branch of science than in physics. As knowledge and opinion have been found reducible to the associative play of ideas, and the store of ideas, again, to original impressions and shown derivable from these; so man's volition and action present themselves as results of the mechanical working of the passions, which, in turn, point further back to more primitive principles. The ultimate motives of all action are pleasure and pain, to which we owe our ideas of good and evil. The direct passions, desire and aversion, joy and sorrow, hope and fear, are the immediate effects of these original elements. From the direct arise in certain circumstances the indirect passions, pride and humility, love and hatred (together with respect and contempt); the first two, if the objects which excite feeling are immediately connected with ourselves, the latter, when pleasure and pain are aroused by the accomplishments or the defects of others. While love and hate are always conjoined with a readiness for action, with benevolence or anger, pride and humility are pure, self-centered, inactive emotions.
[Footnote 1: Cf. G. von Gizycki,
Die Ethik David Humes
All moral phenomena, will, moral judgment, conscience, virtue, are not simple and original data, but of a composite or derivative nature. They are without exception products of the regular interaction of the passions. With such views there can be, of course, no question of a freedom of the will. If anyone objects to determinism, that virtues and vices, if they are involuntary and necessary, are not praise-or blame-worthy, he is to be referred to the applause paid to beauty and talent, which are considered meritorious, although they are not dependent upon our choice. The legal attitude of theology and law first caused all desert to be based upon freedom, whereas the ancient philosophers spoke unhesitatingly of intellectual virtues.
Hume does not, like nearly all his predecessors and contemporaries, find the determining grounds of volition in ideas, but in the feelings. After curtailing the rights of the reason in the theoretical field in favor of custom and instinct, he dispossesses her also in the sphere of practice. Impassive reason, judging only of truth and falsehood, is an inactive faculty, which of itself can never inspire us with inclination and desire toward an object, can never itself become a motive. It is only capable of influencing the will indirectly, through the aid of some affection. Abstract relations of ideas, and facts as well, leave us entirely indifferent so long as they fail to acquire an emotional value through their relation to our state of mind. When we speak of a victory of reason over passion it is nothing but a conquest of one passion by another,
i. e
, of a violent passion by a calm one. That which is commonly called reason here is nothing but one of those general and calm affections
(e. g
, the love of life) which direct the will to a distant good, without exciting any sensible emotion in the mind; by passion we commonly understand the violent passions only, which engender a marked disturbance in the soul and the production of which requires a certain propinquity of the object. A man is said to be industrious "from reason," when a calm desire for money makes him laborious. It is a mistake to consider all violent passions powerful, and all calm ones weak. The prevalence of calm affections constitutes the essence of strength of mind.
As reason is thus degraded from a governor of the will to a "slave of the passions," so, further, judgment concerning right and wrong is taken away from her. Moral distinctions are determined by our sense of the agreeable and the disagreeable. We pass an immediate judgment of taste on the actions of our fellow-men; the good pleases, evil displeases. The sight of virtue gives us satisfaction; that of vice repels us. Accordingly an action or trait of mind is virtuous when it calls forth in the observer an agreeable, disinterested sentiment of approbation.
What, then, are the actions which receive such general approval, and how is the praise to be explained which the spectator bestows on them? We approve such traits of character as are immediately agreeable or useful, either to the person himself or to others. This yields four classes of praiseworthy qualities. The first class, those which are agreeable to the possessor (quite apart from any utility to himself or to others), includes cheerfulness, greatness of mind, courage, tranquillity, and benevolence; the second, those immediately agreeable to others, modesty, good manners, politeness, and wit; the third, those useful to ourselves, strength of will, industry, frugality, strength of body, intelligence and other mental gifts. The fourth class comprises the highest virtues, the qualities useful to others, benevolence and justice. Pleasure and utility are in all cases the criterion of merit. The monkish virtues of humility and mortification of the flesh, which bring no pleasure or advantage either to their possessor or to society, are considered meritorious by no one who understands the subject.
If the moral value of actions is thus made to depend on their effects, we cannot dispense with the assistance of reason in judging moral questions, since it alone can inform us concerning these results of action. Reason, however, is not sufficient to determine us to praise or blame. Nothing but a sentiment can induce us to give the preference to beneficial and useful tendencies over pernicious ones. This feeling is evidently no other than satisfaction in the happiness of men and uneasiness in view of their misery--in short, it is sympathy. By means of the imagination we enter into the experiences of others and participate in their joy and sorrow. Whatever depresses or rejoices them, whatever inspires them with pride, fills us with similar emotions. From the habit of sympathetically passing moral judgment on the actions of others, and of seeing our own judged by them, is developed the further one of keeping a constant watch over ourselves and of considering our dispositions and deeds from the standpoint of the good of others. This custom is called conscience. Allied to this is the love of reputation, which continually leads us to ask, How will our behavior appear in the eyes of those with whom we associate?
Within the fourth and most important class, the social virtues, Hume distinguishes between the natural virtues of humanity and benevolence and the artificial virtues of justice and fidelity. The former proceed from our inborn sympathy with the good of others, while the latter, on the other hand, are not to be derived from a natural passion, an instinctive love of humanity, but are the product of reflection and art, and take their origin in a social convention.
In order that an action may gain the approval of the spectator two other things are required besides its salutary effects: it must be a mark of character, of a permanent disposition, and it must proceed from disinterested motives. Hume is obliged by this latter position to show that disinterested benevolence actually exists, that the unselfish affections do not secretly spring from self-love. To cite only one of the thousand examples of benevolence in which no discernible interest is concerned, we desire happiness for our friends even when we have no expectation of participating in it. The accounts of human selfishness are greatly overdrawn, and those who deduce all actions from it make the mistake of taking the inevitable consequences of virtue--the pleasure of self-approval and of being esteemed by others--for the only motives to virtue. Because virtue, in the outcome, produces inner satisfaction and is praised by others, it does not follow that it is practiced merely for the sake of these agreeable consequences. Self-love is a secondary impulse, whose appearance at all presupposes primary impulses. Only after we have experienced the pleasure which comes from the satisfaction of such an original impulse (
e. g
, ambition), can this become the object of a conscious reflective search after pleasure, or of egoism. Power brings no enjoyment to the man by nature devoid of ambition, and he who is naturally ambitious does not desire fame because it affords him pleasure, but conversely, fame affords him pleasure because he desires it. The natural propensity which terminates directly on the object, without knowledge or foresight of the pleasurable results, comes first, and egoistic reflection directed toward the hoped-for enjoyment can develop only after this has been satisfied. The case is the same with benevolence as with the love of fame. It is implanted in the constitution of our minds as an original impulse immediately directed toward the happiness of other men. After it has been exercised and its exercise rewarded by self-satisfaction, admiration, thanks, and reciprocation, it is indeed possible for the expectation of such agreeable consequences to lead us to the repetition of beneficent acts. But the original motive is not an egoistic, regard for useful consequences. If, from the force of the passion alone, vengeance may be so eagerly pursued that every consideration of personal quiet and security is silenced, it may also be conceded that humanity causes us to forget our own interests. Nay, further, the social affections, as Shaftesbury has proven, are the strongest of all, and the man will rarely be found in whom the sum of the benevolent impulses will not outweigh that of the selfish ones.
In the section on justice Hume attacks the contract theory. Law, property, and the sacredness of contracts exist first in society, but not first in the state. The obligation to observe contracts is, indeed, made stronger by the civil law and civil authority, but not created by them. Law arises from convention,
i. e
, not from a formal contract, but a tacit agreement, a sense of common interest, and this agreement, in turn, proceeds from an original propensity to enter into social relations. The unsocial and lawless state of nature is a philosophical fiction which has never existed; men have always been social. They have all at least been born into the society of the family, and they know no-more terrible punishment than isolation. States are not created, however, by a voluntary act, but have their roots in history. The question at issue between Hobbes and Hume was thus adjusted at a later period by Kant: the state, it is true, has not historically arisen from a contract, yet it is allowable and useful to consider it under the aspect of a contract as a regulative idea.
Only once since David Hume, in Herbert Spencer, has the English nation produced a mind of like comprehensive power. Hume and Locke form the culminating points of English thought. They are national types, in that in them the two fundamental tendencies of English thinking, clearness of understanding and practical sense, were manifested in equal force. In Locke these worked together in harmonious co-operation. In Hume the friendly alliance is broken, the common labor ceases; each of the two demands its full rights; a painful breach opens up between science and life. Reason leads inevitably to doubt, to insight into its own weakness, while life demands conviction. The doubter cannot act, the agent cannot know. It is true that a substitute is found for defective knowledge in belief based upon instinct and custom; but this is a makeshift, not a solution of the problem, an acknowledgment of the evil, not a cure for it. Further, Hume's greatness does not consist in the fact that he preached modesty to the contending parties, that he banished the doubting reason into the study and restricted life to belief in probabilities, but in the mental strength which enabled him to endure sharp contradictions, and, instead of an overhasty and easy reconciliation, to suspend the one impulse until the other had made its demands thoroughly, completely, and regardlessly heard. Though he is distinguished from other skeptics by the fact that he not only shows the fundamental conceptions of our knowledge of nature and the principles of religion uncertain and erroneous, but finds
errors in them and acutely uncovers their origin in the lawful workings of our inner life, yet his historical influence essentially rests on his skepticism. In his own country it roused in the "Scottish School" the reaction of common sense, while in Germany it helped to wake a kindred but greater spirit from the bonds of his dogmatic slumbers, and to fortify him for his critical achievements.
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text:
Here's the problem...
I just ordered an STi cluster from a vendor. No biggie. BUT, they sent me a diagram telling me I had to cut a few wires in order to make it work properly. I'm not cutting any wires, sorry. I will release them from the plug, however. My question is; does anyone have a wiring diagram for the cluster on an 04 WRX, 5 speed. I would like to know what those wires do before I deem them "unimportant".
On a side note, if you could point me in the right direction for the outside temp sensor wiring and sensor location, that would be a huge help.
Essentially, where can I find WRX wiring diagrams if I don't have the FSM?


text:
Prom season begins for Fay-West schools
Elaborate dresses, flowers, tuxedos, limousines — all signs prom season is underway in the Fay-West region.
The next few weekends the long-awaited events many teens look forward to every year will be held at area high schools.
"Not only is the prom a big social event for the students, but it is also a learning experience for the students," Connellsville Area Senior High School prom faculty adviser Carol Kirk said. "We have high expectations for the prom attendees. They must follow the rules of proper etiquette.
"Students may not wear hats at the prom and they may not remove their formal attire, only jackets. They must stay dressed up the whole evening."
The cost of attending prom has risen over the years, but nationally has gone down 14 percent from 2013, dropping from $1,139 to $978; still high for the average family to absorb, according to reports.
"The cost is something that has changed over the years," Mt. Pleasant prom faculty adviser Betty Jo Breakiron said. "It seems to go up every year and that can make it difficult."
Most schools have prom committees that host fundraisers throughout the year to help defray the cost of tickets to attend the event.
"We try to keep the cost under $100," Geibel prom faculty adviser Scott Procko said. "We want them to have a nice evening that is at a reasonable cost."
Many schools host candy and cookie sales, sell wreaths, or hold raffles to generate funds.
Some schools take students to venues for dinner, dancing and entertainment. Several schools raise additional funds to cover the cost of special additions to the evening.
"It's $100 a couple and that pays for the meal only," Kirk said. "We fundraise to pay for the coach buses, photo booth, DJ, and gifts for the prom attendees. We had fundraisers to sell Yankee candles, Fun Pasta, Bon-Ton Community Day Booklets, and our annual powderpuff game.
"We usually have the Mr. Irresistible contest to contribute money, but this year the boys involved decided to donate the money they raised to the Jace Luczka Memorial Scholarship," she added.
All the area schools are holding grand marches, inviting the public, family and friends to see the students in their finest wear.
The proms are planned by special committees, which set the theme, raise funds to keep the cost down, and volunteer their time to decorate and make favors for the guests.
"They saw those (favors) in a book and decided that they could make them themselves," Procko said of the glasses Geibel students made that resemble a tuxedo for the boys and gowns for the girls. They will be distributed to each student attending prom.
"They saved themselves a lot of money by making them and they turned out nice. We just want everyone to have a nice memorable evening."
Marilyn Forbes is a contributing writer.
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text: NEW YORK, Aug. 22, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Fixed mortgage rates climbed this week, with the benchmark 30-year fixed mortgage rate jumping to the highest point in more than two years at 4.74 percent, according to Bankrate.com's weekly national survey. The average 30- year fixed mortgage has an average of 0.28 discount and origination points. (Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20040122/FLTHLOGO ) To see mortgage rates in your area, go to http://www.bankrate.com/funnel/mortgages/. The average 15-year fixed mortgage bounded higher to 3.75 percent, while the larger jumbo 30-year fixed mortgage rate leapt to 4.88 percent. Adjustable rate mortgages were mostly higher, reaching levels not seen since April 2011, with the popular 5-year adjustable rate now 3.69 percent and the 7-year ARM at 4.04 percent. Mortgage rates moved higher as investors took a glass half full outlook on economic data, particularly weekly unemployment claims filings. Bond yields, to which mortgage rates are closely related, increased to two-year highs on speculation of a September start to tapering of the Federal Reserve's bond purchases. While nothing is official yet, and likely won't be at least until we get to the other side of the jobs report in early September, the markets have clearly priced in the expectation of Fed tapering at that point. As recently as May 1 st, the average 30-year fixed mortgage rate was 3.52 percent. At that time, a $200,000 loan would have carried a monthly payment of $900.32. With the average rate currently at 4.74 percent, the monthly payment for the same size loan would be $1,042.09, a difference of almost $142 per month for anyone that waited too long. SURVEY RESULTS 30-year fixed: 4.74% -- up from 4.57% last week (avg. points: 0.28)


text:
Dish's Auto Hop skips commercials in recorded shows
Love TV but loathe commercials? When satellite TV provider Dish Network introduced its high-definition Hopper DVR at the Consumer Electronics Show in January, it incorporated an aptly named feature, called PrimeTime Anytime, that automatically records and stores prime-time shows from the big four TV networks for eight days.
Today, Dish will announce a potentially controversial — but for most viewers welcome — feature for PrimeTime Anytime that will let you play recorded shows seamlessly without any of the commercials. It's called Auto Hop, and it performed well enough in my tests to make it seem as though commercials were never even part of the mix.
I've been given exclusive early access to try the feature, which does have certain limits.
For starters, Auto Hop works only with your PrimeTime Anytime recordings, defined as all the programs automatically captured on ABC, CBS, Fox and NBC from 8 to 11 p.m. ET Monday through Saturday and 7 to 11 p.m. on Sunday. If you record shows on any other channel during prime time or record major network programs during off-hours, you cannot watch ad-free, at least without fast-forwarding or pressing a skip-ahead button on the remote to advance in 30-second intervals (which you could do previously).
Moreover, you have to wait until 1 a.m. ET daily for the Auto Hop feature to take effect. If you choose to watch a favorite show that aired live at, say, 8 p.m., don't expect to watch sans commercials after putting the kids to bed a half-hour later. Dish will market Auto Hop as a "next-day" feature; the company explains that it takes time to process the recordings to eliminate the ads.
Auto Hop doesn't work on local news or sporting events, even those broadcast in prime time on a major network. In the New York City market, the local Fox news at 10 was recorded as part of PrimeTime Anytime. But you could not watch without ads. Same goes for the UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship) bouts that also aired on Fox.
You'll know if a show can exploit Auto Hop in one of two ways. A kangaroo icon will appear on the poster art for a program in the DVR menu for PrimeTime Anytime. Or when you press play to watch an Auto-Hop-capable program, a window appears asking if you would like to "automatically hop over this event's commercial breaks." Choose no, and you can take in all the commercials as before. But even if you choose yes, you can still go back and watch the commercials next time.
And if you choose Auto Hop but then skip or fast-forward past a commercial break while watching, you lose the ad-free feature during that particular viewing session.
Tech analyst Richard Doherty of The Envisioneering Group, who was briefed on Dish's plans, calls Auto Hop a "huge change for the media industry and a clear indication that the consumer is in control."
It remains to be seen how advertisers and broadcasters will react. Media analyst Bruce Leichtman of Leichtman Research Group, who was also briefed, says, "I can't imagine they'll be ecstatic about it." The concept of skipping ads in DVRs — and the controversy that goes with it — dates at least as far back as the ReplayTV in the early 2000s.
Dish's Vivek Khemka believes the company is on sound legal ground, because no commercials are actually deleted from the recorded video signal. He says Dish has just made it easier to bypass commercials than the technology already in use today, such as fast-forward and auto skip.
You'll know when a commercial has been skipped. The kangaroo icon appears for a moment on the TV screen and you'll see a brief flash of a commercial. Khemka says it was done that way so as not to disorient the viewer. It didn't faze me.
Hopper has a 2-terabyte hard drive for 2,000 hours of storage, including up to 250 hours of HD recording time or 1,000 hours of standard-definition time.
Dish says 60% of DVR recordings during prime time are from one of the big four TV networks. But people who don't like those prime-time shows can turn off PrimeTime Anytime.
Overall, Hopper has three satellite tuners, one dedicated to recording PrimeTime Anytime shows. You can save a PrimeTime Anytime show beyond the eight days it would otherwise be stored on the Hopper.
During prime time, you can record up to six live HD channels at once. Hopper has a handy remote-control finder: Press the finder and the remote lights up and makes a sound. Smaller set-top boxes called Joey let you watch the DVR content in other rooms.
Auto Hop is a cool feature that should help Dish retain customers and perhaps lure new ones.
The bottom line: Dish Network Hopper (and Joey)
New customers get one Hopper and up to three Joey boxes for no upfront cost. Monthly DVR leasing costs: $10 for Hopper and $7 for each Joey, on top of programming package of about $35 a month on up. Customers on lower-tier programming plans pay $99 upfront for Hopper plus leasing costs.
•Pro. PrimeTime Anytime feature automatically records all shows from major networks during prime time. New Auto Hop feature lets you watch seamlessly without commercials. Lots of storage. Remote-control finder. Joey companion boxes let you watch and control Hopper from other rooms.
•Con. Auto Hop doesn't work on non-PrimeTime Anytime shows. Ads-free watching doesn't kick in until 1 a.m. ET.
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text:
Pirates Inquired on Octavio Dotel
The Pirates have inquired on Dotel.
The Pittsburgh Pirates are one of seven teams to have inquired on Octavio Dotel, according to a tweet from Enrique Rojas of ESPN (tweet is in Spanish). Rojas mentions the Arizona Diamondbacks, Toronto Blue Jays, Baltimore Orioles, Minnesota Twins, and New York Yankees as other teams interested, which leaves one team out.
The Pirates signed Dotel last season to be their closer, then flipped him at the trade deadline to the Los Angeles Dodgers in exchange for James McDonald and Andrew Lambo. Dotel was traded a month later to the Colorado Rockies for a player to be named later. He was able to decline his mutual option for the 2011 season due to the fact he was traded from the Pirates.
The Pirates are looking at back of the bullpen relievers, and...
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text:
outdoor low voltage lighting
I have recently replaced walkway lights. I had to upgrade my transformer to a 300w, although I am only drawing about 120w. My old transformer died and the old lights only used about 60w total.
I have no idea what size cable I am using- it was the existing and everthing seems ok, but I don't want a fire. My guess is it is 16 or 18 guage. It is a 50 ft run.
I know for 300w transformer they recommend a 12 guage wire but as I said, I am only using 120w. Does this matter, or do I need to run new cable?
I would rather not dig it up if I didn't need to.
My guess is that you have #14 wire now. I have never seen #16, or 18 for lowvoltage outside wire.
If it is infact #14, then I would not change it, unless you add more lights.
If the load is 120 watts, and the voltage is 12, the current will be 10 amps.
The resistance of #14 wire is about 2.6 ohms per thousand feet. Your 50' run is actually 100' (50' out, and 50' back). You'll lose about 2 volts or so. (The reason it's not 2.6 is because the 12 volt lamps are operating at less than 12 volts, so the current will be less.) There's nothing wrong with this, the #14 wire can handle the load, and operating 12 volt lamps at 10 volts will make them a bit dimmer, but will make them last much longer.
If it were #16 wire, you'd be losing about 4 volts. The lamps would be noticeably dimmer, and if they're incandescent they'd be more of a reddish color than white. The #16 wire could still handle the current, but it'd be pushing it a bit.
If it were #18, you'd be losing about 6 volts. The lamps would be barely glowing, and would be reddish-yellow. You'd notice it for sure. The wire would become quite warm in just a few minutes.
If it all looks normal, I'd bet you have #14 wire. If there's a fuse in the transformer, make it 15 amp. That way, the fuse will blow way before the wire can overheat.
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