text:
Photo Restoration Techniques: Color Casts and Fading
210MB | Duration: 0h 31m | Video: AVC (.mp4) 1280x720 15fps | Audio: AAC 48KHz 2ch
Genre: eLearning | Level: Intermediate | Language: English
The phrase "photo restoration" conjures up images of tattered originals-photos that are torn and/or have faded almost beyond recognition. But many vintage photos have simpler challenges, such as color casts, light "leaks," and unwanted textures.
These restoration jobs don't take hours of painstaking pixel pushing, but they still have unique challenges. In this course, master retoucher Neil Rhodes details the steps involved in fixing the kinds of color casts and damage typically found in vintage color snapshots. Using Photoshop, he shows how to select images for repair, remove scratches, adjust for color casts and tonal variations, and perform more complex light-leak removal with channels.
Buy Premium To Support Me & Get Resumable Support & Max Speed
Buy Premium To Support Me & Get Resumable Support & Max Speed
Links are Interchangeable - No Password - Single Extraction
Mirror Links


text:
�The little that is being invested is confined to improving existing plant and machinery and that too thinly spread over to next two-three years,� says the Ficci survey which was released here today. The survey shows that the sharpest decline has been in the capital goods sector which decelerated to -0.3 per cent compared with a healthy growth rate of 11.6 per cent last year.
The slowdown is being mainly attributed to the lack of demand, increased competition from cheaper imports, inability to pass on increase in costs and an uncertain policy environment.
Ficci president G.P Goenka said, �The Indian economy is witnessing exponential growth of the unorganised and parallel manufacturing units because of the high incidence of sales tax and excise duty.� These units remain outside the pale because they do neither pay sales tax or excise duty, nor do they pay industrial tariff for power consumption.
Corporates feel that the low levels of investment was due to general feeling of instability and uncertainty in the economy arising from the increase in energy costs, high interest rates and costs of capital, lack of infrastructure and slow process of decision making.
More than 79 per cent of the respondents of the survey felt that government must increase investment to p-prime the economy. But government investment should be confined to the infrastructure sector. Goenka said that once the government shovels funds into the core areas such as cement, steel, the capital goods industry will receive a boost.
Goenka said Indian industry is feeling the pinch of cheaper imports and dumping. With the lowering of tariffs and removal of non-tariff barriers, Indian industry is not in a position to raise prices while its costs of production are rising.
Goenka said measures such as increasing investment in critical sectors like infrastructure would improve the recovery process. Ficci has suggested immediate rationalisation and lowering of rates of sales tax and introduction of VAT. On imports , Goenka said, �We need to take a re-look at non tariff barriers and tariff escalation options within the permissible WTO bounds.�
He said the banks and financial institutions should change their attitude towards lending and said there was a strong need to re-look at the costs of borrowings. Goenka said the banks were hesitant in lending to sectors which are on a decline and said they were more worried about their own NPAs.
Ficci has recommended the setting up a task force to suggest policy measures for sustaining growth of the agricultural sector so that periodical ups and downs do not impact the overall economy.
Meanwhile, the Ficci SEDF-Businessworld-Compaq award was given to Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company Ltd (Telco), while the runner-up award was presented to Chennai-based South India Corporation Ltd. Ultra Marine & Pigments Ltd was the second runner up.
�I am not revising it (economic growth target) as yet. Let me go into this question and then we will decide,� Sinha told newsmen on the sidelines of Ficci Socio-Economic Development, Businessworld and Compaq�s social responsiveness awards ceremony.
Sinha said, �There is an impact of the recent price hike of petro-products on the economy and economic sentiments.� The minister, however, said it (price hike) was totally unexpected but �looks like it is behind us and not in front of us.�
Sinha had projected a 7 to 8 per cent growth in gross domestic products (GDP) in the current fiscal. The gross domestic product growth slowed down to 5.8 per cent in April-June of 2000-01 compared with 6.9 per cent in the same period of the previous year.
He had earlier said the government would examine the recent industrial slowdown and take �corrective steps� if needed and emphasised that he would have in-depth discussions with the chambers of commerce and concerned ministries to find out the reasons for slowdown in the industrial growth.
The five-year foreign currency denominated deposit is aiming to raise $ 2 billion (Rs 9,000 crore). The bank plans to invest 40 per cent of the amount in government securities while the remaining amount will be used to finance infrastructure projects.
Vaidya said the bank had been advised by its US counsel that regulatory clearances to implement the IMD programme in that country would require more time than the proposed time frame for this programme. �Accordingly, the IMD programme will not be implemented in the US,� he said.
The scheme, to be launched on October 21, is targeted at the non-resident Indian (NRI) community. It will be denominated in US dollar, pound sterling and euro and will carry interest rates of 8.50 per cent, 7.85 per cent and 6.85 per cent, payable half-yearly, in the three currencies respectively.
The deposit scheme, will be in the nature of certificates of deposit, which is transferable by endorsement and delivery. It will be open for a period of 30 days, but can be closed on any date prior to this period at the discretion of the SBI and it will be only launched in those countries where approval has been given.
According to Vaidya, the cost of raising IMD will be cheaper than that of Resurgent India Bonds (RIBs). While the RIBs were procured at 7.75 per cent (2.25 per cent over the then six month Libor), the IMD at 8.50 per cent will be only 1.75 per cent over the six month Libor.
Vaidya said the bank would retain any excess funds above the core amount depending on market circumstances.
Though the ratio of how much foreign currencies would be converted into rupees has not yet been decided, the SBI chief said that besides funding infrastructure projects, the money would be utilised to fund foreign operations of the bank.
While 40 per cent of the proceeds will be parked in government securities, 50 per cent will be with various banks which will help SBI in mobilising deposits. For such banks, the SBI would on-lend funds at an interest rates of 10 per cent.
�We hope Reserve Bank of India will look at reducing the interest rate and thereby help increase investments and boost industrial growth,� Bharat Ram told newspersons on the sidelines of a meeting with finance minister Yashwant Sinha here.
�We also hope that steps would be taken to ensure that government borrowings do not cloud private borrowings,� he added.
Meanwhile, financial institutions and other stock market operators preferred to play a wait-and-watch game on the eve lean season credit policy and announcement of second quarter results of two infotech majors �Infosys and Satyam.
The first day of the new settlement saw the benchmark 30-share BSE sensex shedding 36 points in dull trading.
The proposed rolling settlement that had taken a heavy toll on the stocks in the previous week, continued to affect the market sentiment with operators gradually winding up their outstanding positions before the new system is introduced in the near future.
The sensex opened slightly up at 4106.15 and zigzagged in a restricted range of 4135.16 and 4055.42 before closing at 4056.07 as against Friday�s close of 4092.42, a loss of 36.35 points.
Telco hit the ten-year low of Rs 77 during the trading while other key scrips like Grasim, L&T and NIIT touched 52-week low due to sustained selling pressure.
The market leader Infosys edged up by 8.90 to Rs 7398.55. Satyam computer was up by Rs 3.80 at Rs 489.30.
However, HFCL dipped by 5.30 to 1253.95, HLL by 9.25 to 205, Grasim by 19.60 to 177.40, GACL by 7.45 to 152.10, Bajaj Auto by 8.95 to Rs 314.60, L&T by 4.90 to Rs 160.75, M&M by 5.70 to Rs 166.60, Niit by 22.35 to1375.60 and Novartis by 12.75 to 758.70.
While brokers and a section of the press have attributed this as a sign that the market is generally sending out a thumbs-down signal to the ICICI proposal triggered by a recent research report on the quality of its assets, it now appears that the villain of the piece could be the two-wheeler giant- Bajaj Auto Ltd (BAL).
�The stutter in ICICI share prices has been precipitated by the fact that Bajaj Auto has unloaded a major portion of its holding in the company,� said a broker tracking the FI stock.
While its peers IDBI and IFCI received poor discounting in the market, ICICI was weighed on a different scale mainly because of its stress on technology and its pro-active image in the market, the broker said. The rise in ICICI share price was also attributed to the steady accumulation of its shares by Bajaj Auto, primarily with investment objective.
Brokers said Bajaj Auto�s investment in ICICI has paid-off as it had bought the scrip at very low levels from 1998-99 onwards.
The selloff is being attributed to the two-wheeler major�s buyback of its own share at an attractive price of Rs 400 per share. It needs cash to honour its commitments. To fulfil the legal requirements for its buyback offer, Bajaj Auto had to deposit Rs 7.2 crore in cash. The company also deposited �acceptable securities� valued at Rs 123 crore, which is 17.08 per cent of the maximum offer size, with the manager to the offer � Khandwala Securities Ltd.
The securities deposited are ICICI shares, a senior official at Bajaj Auto told The Telegraph. Although it did not indicate the type of securities deposited with the manager to the offer, the company had mentioned in its offer document that Khandwala Securities had been empowered to realise the value of the escrow account �by sale or otherwise�.
Bajaj Auto has surplus funds of over Rs 2400 crore which are deployed in inter-corporate deposits and investment in various securities, including marketable and liquid financial instruments.
Officials at Bajaj Auto say the offer which closed on October 6, this month itself the company has received two crore shares for buyback in the dematerialised category against the targeted quantity of 1.8 crore shares. In addition, shares in the physical category are still being counted by the bankers to the offer, the official said.
The study projects that the domestic internet subscriber base will increase from 0.85 million in fiscal 2000 to 8.3 million by 2005. In the same time span internet user base is likely to increase from 3.9 million to 21.5 million.
On-line ad expenditure is expected to increase from Rs 70 million in financial year 2000 to Rs 860 million by 2005. However, �growth of online advertising will be fuelled by growth of online commerce,� said Navroze Dhondy, CEO of Percept Advertising.
Some feel that the ad spend may be more than this prediction. Sreekant Khandekar of agencyfaqs.com , a vertical portal for the advertisement fraternity, felt that 860 million after five years is an underestimation.
Icra expects the aggregate value of domestic e-commerce business to increase from Rs 4.7 billion this year to Rs 252 billion after five years. B2B commerce is going to account for over 90 percent of the total turnover.
According to the study, the four broad success factors in the internet business are customer service, technological edge, cost competitiveness and marketing efficiency and network.
With the increase of online ad spend and e-commerce, a shake out of the content providers seem inevitable. ICRA predicts a decline in the margins of the pure internet service providers owing to severe competition. Alternative revenue stream may come to their rescue.
Penetration level of internet and usage patterns are likely to be transformed with the emergence of broadband and the ASP (Application Service Provider) in future.
While the fixed line operators are planning to offer mobile services in a limited area, the cellular operators have vehemently opposed the move.
According to the Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI), the umbrella organisation for mobile players, �limited mobility� proposed to be provided by fixed line operators to its consumers �violates the level playing field� and the original licence condition did not allow any mobility to fixed line operators.
On the other hand, the Association of Basic Telecom Operators (ABTO), the apex body of the fixed line service providers, claimed that with the migration to the National Telecom Policy (NTP) 1999 and the government giving free hand on technology choice to offer any telecom service, it was within the rules to offer limited mobility at a lower tariff.
COAI had suggested a single licence with same conditions and same charges for interconnection and access connection.
ABTO secretary S.C. Khanna, said, �The NTP has removed all artificial barriers that had bogged down this industry over the past five years. The most important being technology neutrality.�
�It would be very harmful for consumers if affordable services and features like mobility are to be denied when the same infrastructure can easily provide such services,� he added.
Khanna claimed that mobility is essentially an extension of basic services through gainful exploitation of wireless in local loop (WiLL) technology.
He said, �It is impossible to meet rural demand through conventional landline routes. Hence wireless technology is the only viable solution to penetrate rural masses.�
�Mobile WiLL handheld sets being more cost effective than the landline or fixed remote stations will bring about affordability and create demand for basic telephone services.�
ABTO has urged the government not to �impose restrictions on deployment of new technologies.�
Like COAI, which had recently invited Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) to join the association, ABTO also extended an invitation to both companies to join them.
Both associations feels MTNL and BSNL would play a major role in inducting more subscribers during the next few years along with the existing operators.
Foreign Exchange
US $1 Rs. 46.09 HK $1 Rs. 5.85* UK �1 Rs. 66.75 SW Fr 1 Rs. 26.00* Euro Rs. 40.13 Sing $1 Rs. 26.00* Yen 100 Rs. 42.30 Aus $1 Rs. 24.25* *SBI TC buying rates; others are forex market closing rates
Calcutta Bombay Gold Std (10gm) Rs. 4545 Gold Std (10 gm 4520 Gold 22 carat Rs. 4290 Gold 22 carat 4180 Silver bar (Kg) Rs.7975 Silver (Kg) 8100 Silver portion Rs. 8075 Silver portion 8105
Stock Indices
Sensex 4056.07 -36.35 BSE-100 2030.28 -20.01 S&P CNX Nifty 1267.30 -17.70 Calcutta 111.39 -2.28 Skindia GDRNA 615.74 -3.39

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Buy 1 Get 1 Free on Mens Casual Trousers – Shop Online at Americanswan.com
Buy 1 Get 1 Free on Mens Casual Trousers – Shop Online at Americanswan.com
- Click here to go to Americanswan.
- Add 2 Mens Casual Trousers to cart.
- Apply Coupon : BOGO to get one for Free.
- Coupon is applicable on MRP of product.
About Author
SaveMoneyIndia.co.in is a leading daily deal site. It displays discount coupons on offer to retail buyers. It's easy search lets users find discounts quickly. Discount coupons of 60+ stores are currently provided on SaveMoneyIndia.co.in and the number is increasing everyday. Discount coupons are categorized into Aparrel, Electronics, Kid Stores, Computers, Travel, Restaurants, Personal & Health Care, Fashion & Luxury, Home Appliances, Jewelery, etc.


text:
CD1!!!!!!! Update
IT'S ABOUT FRIGGIN' TIME!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Let's just say, with all the hootin' and hollerin' I did this morning when AF showed up, it better actually be AF and not just spotting. Because honestly, I don't have any other symptoms! I usually get this wicked endometrial pain on the left side of my uterus and I don't have it, so I'm a little worried that it's just spotting, but it sure looks like the ol' witch.
I'm calling it. CD1
The first time in my life I wanted to see the ol' bat.
Re: CD1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
UGH. Spoke too soon. Just spotting. Back to CD31.
Re: CD1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
I was so happy for you and then I read the 2nd post. :(
Maybe go irritate your cervix? Sending you AF vibes!
Re: CD1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
damit.. i have been trying to have sex alot to start it as well
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
YES! Full on this morning. Complete with hard endometrial pain, cramps, and of course a migraine. First time in my life I didn't mind a migraine.
CD 1 Baby! CD 1! Let the Count down begin!!! Who's with me?! Come on ladies! Let's Get Pregnant!
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
Woo-Whoooo!! Doing a happy dance for you!
I'm with you, so ready to make a baby!!
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
after temping this morning my husband took it away and hid it lol he say no more. he is right. and as far as af nothing yet.
and lelilia bite me haha so jelious.. but happy for you..
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
Come on Diver - Hop on over to Canada (I know you are just a snowmobile ride away) and get some cheap Clomid. Where's your OB in all this? There's got to be SOMEONE who can prescribe Prometrium or Provera. You need to get knocked up ASAP!
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
There were a few places I came across you can order from. I'm at the bus stop and not at home. I'll get the pharmacy's that offer it.
Band the thermometer! Maybe drink more parsley tea and down the vitamin c. What about trying BC pills? I have unused ones.
Leia we were just in Canada last month in Victoria. We spent Spring break there.
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
I am going to send some drugs up to Diver. This is ridiculous. We are the last of the old ladies who need to get knocked up and STAY knocked up. Diver needs some good drugs to make AF show up and the O and then the BIG O. In fact, I think we need to get her to O like 3 times in one day so she can have triplets.
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
haha you guys make me laugh and smile and cry cause u care so much thank you.
I did the oddest thing I took a huge spoonful of parcley poured honey on it and ate it lol
with vitamin c .. wasnt so bad a little dry and sticky but not so bad . haha forget boiling it and drinking it.. this will have to do I sent my ff chart to my doc.last time I asked for clomid she said it was true strong and I didnt need it .. um ya well look at me now. huh.. maybe this will change her mind.
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
Diver - here's some natural alternatives to Clomid: Tribulus (Tribulus terrestris), Vitex also known as Chaste Tree Berry (Vitex agnus-castus), Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus), and Maca (Lepidium meyenii). You should be able to get any over the internet.
Tell your OB that your friends in NY have "family connections" and if she doesn't get you to ovulate soon, we're going to send someone up there to "have a talk with her".;)
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
That's what I'm talking about, lets get this show on the road already.
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
ohhh so gansta lol.. love it... thanks girls..
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
How long does it take your OB to respond once you send your chart to her?
The waiting between AF and Oing is almost worse than the TWW. There is only so much planning that can be done before I feel like I'm going in circles.
Long day for me and my day isn't over. Not a clue what to make for dinner...Blah!
Oh I won another bidding war on EBay. I am fully stocked up on the CB Advanced Digital OPK's.
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
its gonna be 2 weeks my doc is out of town.. we have this thing called patient portal where we can sen our docs message or the clinic ask for refills and what not without having to call in. but guess who is screwed.. me. I dont know any other doctors.
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
Diver, there has to be a different OB you can work with. Patient Portals are supposed to be for test results, not for diagnosis. How far away are you from the nearest clinic?
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
Call them Diver, go in and cry in someone office until you get what you want.
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
Totally Dittoing what Hoping says!
Seriously it's been over 3 months since you had your period. I was starting to stressing when my period was 3 days late.
Once you make you the call and get the appointment, AF will probably rear her ugly head.
Re: CD1!!!!!!! Update
sorry been in bed all day with a tummy bug..i posted on the wrong one..lol
|All times are GMT -7. The time now is 03:08 PM.
Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.9
Copyright ©2000 - 2018, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.
Search Engine Optimization by vBSEO 3.6.0
Copyright © 2003-2012 JustMommies.com, All Rights Reserved.


text:
Nurse's Fateful WWII Assignment
Helen passed away January 20, 2017 at the age of 93. Here is her obituary from the Californian
Use controls above or click here to open this Hometown Heroes podcast in a new window
91-year-old Helen Kearney of Salinas, CA appears on episode #331 of Hometown Heroes, debuting September 6, 2014. Growing up with three sisters in Clarinda, Iowa, she was Helen Huddle, daughter of a World War I veteran. In fact she still has her father's World War I uniform and helmet.
She was studying nursing at the University of Nebraska in Omaha when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. After graduating, she decided to enlist in the Army Nurse Corps. By the time she headed overseas on a hospital ship, the war was nearly over, but that didn't stop her from experiencing some adventures most 21-year-old would never imagine. You'll hear her recall that 40-day journey, through the Panama canal, and all the way to Saipan, where she served with the 39th General Hospital. Upon arrival, she was immediately warned about the perils of being a woman on the island. A nurse had just been kidnapped and buried alive. She does remember a few situations that produced concern, but on the whole, being one of the few American women on Saipan had its advantages. "There were 100,000 men on the island, and less than a hundred of us," Helen remembers. "That's a pretty good ratio if you were a woman."
You'll hear her remember suitors like a B-29 pilot, and a redhead Marine nicknamed "Pinky," but eventually she met a man who "swept her off her feet," and the way they met was hard to anticpate. Listen to Hometown Heroes to hear the unusual manner in which she encountered a tall, athletic officer named Bill Kearney. One of their early dates was to a boxing match, where Bill arranged for military police to protect her as the only woman in a crowd of 20,000 servicemen.
She returned home to the U.S. before he did, but once Bill made it home, they got married and settled in Salinas, where Helen has lived since 1947. Bill, who died in 2011, was a longtime educator, coach, and administrator in Salinas, and in 1991 a track meet was named in his honor. Competitors go head-to-head annually in the Bill Kearney Invitational. Among the athletes Bill coached in Salinas was the namesake of one of the city's high schools, Everett Alvarez, Jr. Alvarez was a navy pilot shot down over Vietnam. He was captured and remained a prisoner for more than 8 years, the second-longest captivity of any Vietnam era P.O.W. Alvarez has written two books about his experiences, Chained Eagle and Code of Conduct.
Helen sang in the choir during her time on Saipan, and she continues to perform with a senior chorus in Salinas at age 91. "I love to sing, for one thing," she says. "and we go around to nursing homes. It's a way to give to the community." Asked how she stays so seemingly young at 91, Helen says it's a combination of things. "Mostly, you know that God's giving you help all the time," she says. "You need to turn to God for help, and also keep active and keep contributing, and keep going no matter what." For more photos relating to Helen's story, visit the Hometown Heroes facebook page, and if you run into this energetic nonagenarian, please thank her for serving our country.
—Paul Loeffler


text:
Major car bomb terror attack foiled at the last moment in ultra-Orthodox Jewish city of Beitar IllitBy Mason White 4:16 PM July 27, 2014
|Scene of the incident
By: Aryeh Savir
(Scroll down for video) A terrorist loaded with explosives was arrested moments before detonating a bomb in the ultra-Orthodox Jewish city of Beitar Illit, the Tazpit News Agency reported.
The car bomb was driven by a Muslim terrorist.
An initial investigation indicated that a massive terror attack was thwarted. The Muslim driver approached the checkpoint at a suspicious pace, alerting the soldiers manning the checkpoint.
The soldiers ordered him to stop. After approaching him they noticed he was wearing a wig. The driver was asked to turn off his car, but did not heed their order.
A Border Police Officer approached the car and tried to turn off the car himself. When his body was half way in the car the driver started to drive.
The Border Police Officer drew his weapon and forced the terrorist to stop the car.
The terrorist was arrested, and after searching the car the soldiers found that the vehicle contained a powerful explosive device, including a gas balloon.
It was successfully neutralized, and the terrorist was turned over to the Israel Security Agency for further questioning.


text:
It appears that your browser settings are preventing this page from loading the latest version. You may be seeing
old information or you may run into errors because of this. Your system time settings can also cause this issue. Please check that your system time is correct.
End of Featured Pictures
Click 'Continue' to view the rest of the pictures
View full details at EstateSales.NET: https://www.EstateSales.NET/CA/La-Jolla/92037/1508130
This Sale is by appointment on Saturday morning from 10am - 12 pm PLEASE CALL 858-333-1853 TO MAKE AN APPOINTMENT
everything available is listed here with a price or the price is listed underneath the item.
Ekornes chair and ottoman $300
2nd Ekornes Chair and Ottoman $300
Dresser - solid wood large $150
Breakfront display cabinet $250 solid Cherry wood Harden 46" X 86"
mini refridgerator $75
Walker with seat red $50
Queen Vinyl covered mid century headboard
A.R. Noulin Painting $250
Beautiful frame and lovely photo of birds $30
Painting of lighthouse $250
Keurig 2.0
Wega flat screen
Computer monitors
Chinese Republic Vase
Chinese silk embroidery framed $100
Please come see us on Day 1. Feels like 154 great items.
End of Pictures
Click the 'Start Over' button to view the pictures again.
Start Over
Many people like to find several liquidation sales to go to when they are out and about. Here are some pages that might help:
If your browser is having trouble seeing the above pictures, please click this link to try a different way to see the pictures.
If you are always having to click this link in order to the see the pictures, please
submit your browser information
to us so we can try to fix this for you.
You've chosen to view sales in our alternate mode. Would you like us to remember this setting for you?


text:
See what Blanket Jackson looks like now!
Whoa! Take a look at the long-haired boy in the front of this picture. That, ladies and gentlemen, is Mr. Prince "Blanket" Jackson II, the youngest son of the late Michael Jackson.
In a photo promoting the family's reality show on Lifetime, "The Jacksons Next Generation," Blanket looks grown up… and grown out!
Truly, it's the best photo we've seen of the 13-year-old in years, and he's really let his hair flow!
In 2013, it was reported that Blanket had started going by the name "Bigi," and that he was a fairly quiet kid.
In 2011, a then 11-year-old Bigi spoke for the first time since his famous father died. "Sometimes I would go in his room and watch videos of him dancing," he said in a pay-per-view documentary.
"We lived in kind of like a zoo basically- (there were) giraffes, lions," Blanket said of his upbringing. "You probably heard of it but yeah we had a chimp named Bubbles."
We Recommend
- Jan. 16, 2018 Is January Jones dating Nick Viall? Plus, more news


text:
This bread has been on constant rotation around our house lately. It is delicious (especially right out of the oven) and it is pretty healthy so I feel good about eating it, too. I have always found baking to be really therapeutic, and I seem to have a major baking itch lately. January has called for some serious comfort food and therapy in the form of baking it seems.
Tag Archives: everyday
Roasted Chicken Stock
We go through at least one rotisserie chicken every week. It makes for a quick protein with some veggie sides when you have 30 minutes to get dinner ready and a toddler pulling at your leg. I use it in all kinds of bakes like this quinoa bake or these white enchiladas or Andrew's favorite, this jambalaya. And the easiest thing to make with leftover chicken is roasted chicken stock, of course. Throughout the week, I keep a bag in the freezer where I put picked apart rotisserie chicken bones, onion skins, and herbs that I don't want to waste. I'll put the ends of green onions or leeks, the leaves from celery and the peel of carrots or the half used box of mushrooms.
Chipotle Pimento Cheese
It's pretty clear that we love pimento cheese around here. I mean this is the second pimento cheese recipe I have posted in less than a year. Pimento cheese is a staple in most southern households and growing up, you usually could find pimento cheese or chicken salad in the fridge at my house. But I never really was a fan of pimento cheese until after I was pregnant. It is so strange how your tastes can change after having a baby! Now I can't get enough…clearly.
Four Berry Yogurt Muffins
Before berry season comes to an end, I had to sneak in one recipe using all of the fresh berries at the market. These muffins are a favorite in our house because they are easy to make and bursting with berry goodness. This recipe takes the standard blueberry muffin and elevates it with the addition of three other berries. Cinnamon adds some warmth and greek yogurt cuts some of the fat so you can feel a little better about your waistline. Even though it is after Labor Day, it still feels very much like summer here in Texas!
Peanut Butter Oatmeal Butterscotch Chocolate Chip Cookies
Thanks to my friend Jill, your search for the best cookie on the planet can now end. This is the perfect cookie for the person that can't decide on peanut butter vs. chocolate vs. oatmeal. NOW, you don't have to! We didn't even stop at one kind of chocolate chip because that would be way too boring. These treats have six, yes six kinds of chips.
Roasted Lemon Chicken
Whenever I am looking for a delicious dish, I always turn to Ina. Seriously, every single dish that I have tried of hers is always pretty amazing. I am so confident in the deliciousness of her food that I have actually made Ina recipes that I have never even tried before and served them to company. Isn't that the number one rule for entertaining: NEVER serve something that you have not made before? I mean, if that isn't the truest test of faith! I do have to admit that this behavior even makes the most faithful nervous but Ina has never led me astray.
Chili Chicken, Kale + Quinoa Bake
You should probably make this now. Why? Because it is delicious, obviously. Plus, it pleases both the man and the woman. It is healthy, but it tastes decadent. It is packed with all the flavors of chili then tossed with quinoa and baked with a little bit of cheese. The perfect comfort food. Yes, I went there.
Kale and Brussels Sprouts Salad
Happy New Year! We have all been struggling with a pretty serious cold at our house. First, Grace started feeling sick. On New Years Eve, after throwing up a few too many times, I took her to the doctor to find out that she had a bad cold that had settled in her chest and she had two ear infections. As soon as we left the parking lot, I started to feel congested, too. I can't say I'm that surprised. When a snotty baby sticks her hands in your mouth all the time, it is pretty much a miracle if you come out on the other side without contracting his or her illness. Even Andrew the H is coughing. She is a sneaky one with those snotty hands!


text:
This is the section of the website where you can submit questions to Stuart about his work. We will regularly post answers to questions submitted here that we feel are of interest to fans. Below are the most recent questions and answers. As we receive and answer more questions, we will archive them here also. Please use the form at the bottom of the page to submit your questions. When you have completed the form, please type the text you see in the recaptcha box. If the text is unclear, then hit the recaptcha refresh button for a new image. Then press the submit button.
Question-Current Projects
Gerald from the UK submitted the following enquiry:
Hi Stuart,
First of all thank you for opening this section for questions. You give very interesting answers and we get to know more your great career. My question is what are you doing currently? Are you still doing session work or working on an album?
Hi Gerald,
Most recently I played Glastonbury headlining the Avalon stage with Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel. As you may know I have played with Steve on and off since we split in 1977... I still occasionally do sessions on albums but I mainly compose and produce albums for production music for TV and film in my own studio.
Question-Persuading Alan Parsons to tour
Neil from the UK submitted the following enquiry:
Dear Stuart,
On many websites that mention Alan Parsons I always see that Ian Bairnson and you were instrumental in bringing the music of The Alan Parsons Project live. It's well known that Eric Woolfson and Alan Parsons never wanted to tour. How did you and Ian persuade Alan to start touring? Thanks.
Hi Neil,
Alan's first live show with me, Ian and a host of other project musicians and singers was the Night of the Proms in Antwerp in 1990. Alan although being the star of the show was not on stage, he introduced songs and singers from the mixing desk in the auditorium.. The show was a great success but following this, Ian and I suggested we should actually form a touring band but he would need to be on stage with us.. At that time he was already able to play a little guitar, keyboards, flute, backing vocals etc. so we suggested he just brush up on his parts and play along with us. The rest is history and you will see from more recent shows he is even singing the occasional lead vocal...
Regards Stuart
Question-Favourite APP Drumming Songs
Gerald from the UK submitted the following enquiry:
Having played with The Alan Parsons Project for such a long time, could you please let us know if you have favourite songs that you are proud of in terms of the drumming?
That's a question I get asked often. I tend to gravitate towards tracks and songs that stand out as exceptional as a whole rather than my own contribution which I tend to pass a more critical ear over. Of note and a very memorable and enjoyable experience for me though would be the entire Pyramid album.
Question-Little Hans
Mark from the UK submitted the following enquiry:
Hi Stuart Elliott
While listening to Freudiana, Little Hans to be precise, I couldn't help but finding it a little bit Beatleseque pretty much for the rhythm of it.
You mentioned your top favourite drummer is Ringo. Would you say Little Hans was purposely composed by Eric Woolfson having the Beatles style in mind and you went along with it? Or was it your own rendition to Ringo in a subtle way?
Hi Mark,
In answer to your question it was Eric's composition that dictated the outcome but it's beatlesque flavour was recognised at the outset and we all went with it.
Question-Recording Kick Inside
Roger from the UK submitted the following enquiry:
Being Sensitive to the Songs
You mentioned that The Kick Inside was one of the albums you most enjoyed working on, and have also touched on the need to contribute to a song rather than display your drumming. Was that particular album demanding in that way – was it more sensitive and fragile music than the norm, and did you (as Graeme Thomson has written in Kate's biography) influence the band as a whole to pay attention to the song? Was it easy to "get" what Kate and Andrew Powell were after or did they keep asking you to try again?
Finally, thank you for pleasing my ears for so many years.
Hi Roger..
The album "The Kick inside" was not at all demanding in any sense. It is one of very few albums I have ever done where there was instant chemistry between the whole band in response to Kate's brilliant music. Kate made it very easy for us in that she performed the songs live on piano and vocal during all takes so following her and adding our own interpretation to her songs was all that was needed.. Thank fully it just fell together without any verbal guidance from either Andrew or Kate.
Re "Paying attention to the song" was a natural approach of all the players concerned so no influence was needed.. We all relaxed into it and were able to be creative in our respective corners. We completed three tracks a day as I recall and the backing track sessions were over in 4 days... an intense schedule but an extremely gratifying experience..
Question-Backing vocals on Year of the Cat
Stefan from Germany submitted the following enquiry:
I've got a question about your credits on the album 'Year Of The Cat' by Al Stewart. On the album credits list for the backing vocals appears the name Stuart
without any further explanation. Besides the drumming and percussion, did you do also some backing vocals
on that album? If so, do you remember on which track(s) you performed as background
singer? Thank you for any information and best luck for your next projects.
Hi Stefan
That credit is referring to Stuart Calver who was the third member of Tony Rivers vocal group. Stuart sadly is no longer with us
Question-Influenial Albums/drummers
Daniel Matthews from the UK submitted the following enquiry:
What are your 5 most influential albums that have shaped the way you play drums?
Hi Daniel,
Rather than specific albums, I get my inspiration from drummers who play the perfect part to compliment a great song.. Ringo on just about every track he ever payed on with the Beatles.. Steve Gadd and his amazing contribution to Paul Simon (50 ways to lose your lover) and Rikki Lee Jones (Rik E's in love) albums. Joe Morello's playing with Dave Brubeck, Even the kid who played on the early Robbie Williams songs inspired me with his energy and musicality.. The drum and bass and Dub Step movements also gave me ideas to incorporate into my playing.. However, One album featuring Jeff Porcaro that was a major influence and inspired a huge change in my playing was Boz Scaggs "Silk Degrees" Hope that helps!
Best Regards ,
Question-Live Drumming
Julia Macfarlane Smith from the UK submitted the following enquiry:
Since you are a drummer who also played with other artists who recorded the studio version with a different drummer and after having watched the 1997 Night Of The Proms where you played with Simple Minds (which by the way I think you did an amazing job playing Mel Gaynor's patterns but adding so much of your own touches enriching the songs): How much should a drummer respect the patterns, tempos, fills and use of crash cymbals before adding or skipping or changing them? What should be left alone? (the time signatures?)
Seeing your previous answer on favourite drummers you mentioned Jeff Porcaro and his famous half time shuffle groove has been played the same by Simon Phillips but he also changed the fills and some songs sounded even better than the studio version which leads me to the next question: what, according to you, is owning a song?
Like your pattern for One Stage Before which you said isn't complicated but some other drummers can't play it. How good and flexible should a drummer be to play live without?
for example a drummer who has played hard rock for years can join a band that plays soft rock and lastly, is it ideal to use a click to play live or an experienced drummer should have a good timing naturally?
Regarding your 1st question, I always start with the original but only usually replicate the main pattern/beat and any important recognisable fills other wise I just do it as I feel it which changes from performance to performance.
Owning a song is all about playing it with passion and conviction. You can do that by playing your own ideas or someone else's. It's all in the delivery.
It is good enough to just learn a song and play it like the record if that is what is required but its a lot of fun just responding to a piece of music and do whatever comes naturally.. There are no rules really, you have to be sensitive to what the artist requires.
If a drummer is freelance for hire then it is essential that he is flexible.. If he only does one style then he should expect to anly attract work from artist who want only that.. On the other hand it is perfectly OK to specialise in one thing if that makes you happy but if you want lots of gigs and sessions then flexibility is the thing.
A drummer should have a good sense of timing naturally but will also need to be able to play to a click as they are so common now.. One good side effect of playing with a click is that you do over time develop a sense of timing.
Question-Drum Transcriptions and Running up that Hill
Andy Finlay from the UK submitted the following enquiry:
Do you have any drum transcriptions available? I'm in a covers band and trying to learn "Come up and see me". I would also love to know how "running up that hill" is actually played on the toms, I have loved this songs since I was a young boy and especially love the drums which compliment the song so well. I can't find any transcriptions on the net, and my ear is not so great at figuring out this stuff!
Hi Andy,
Sorry but I don't have any transcriptions of any of my drum parts.. Re Running up that Hill.. If you look at the video on my website of the live version I did with Kate and David Gilmour you will see I played the tom pattern with one hand (right hand) and filling in the extra beat after beat 3 with the left hand on a tom in between snare hits which completes the pattern.. R RR R RR RLRR R RR (Right hand plays floor tom, Left plays hanging tom) bass drum plays 1 and 2 or 4s and snare on 2 and 4 This is of course only one way to do it.. There are other approaches which also work.. whatever is most comfortable for you is best.. Another way if your right hand can't get around it is to play is as a single stroke between the two toms ie R LR L RL RLRR L RL Experiment with it! I also had triggers attached to the tom rims which triggered the electronic fills and explosions in the middle section... Hope this helps!
Best Regards,
Question-Electronic Drum kits/pads
Fernando Medina from Spain submitted the following enquiry:
I notice that on the Ammonia Avenue album, you combine the use of acoustic drums with electronic drums. Also, I think it's pretty obvious the use of electronic drums on the Stereotomy album. But, I'm not sure if you used an acoustic or electronic kit throughout the Vulture Culture and Gaudi albums, as electronic drums could sometimes sound as acoustic. Also, what about the Try Anything Once album? I think the drums on Wine From The Water sound electronic, but not sure about the rest of the tracks. Thank you very much! I really enjoy your drumming. Hope you play with Alan again sometime!
Hi Fernando,
Yes you are correct in that from Ammonia Avenue to Gaudi I did use some triggered electronics on the snare particularly on the snare.. Try anything once was different in that I used electronic drum kit / pads with real cymbals and hi hat. If you are wondering, I have long since ditch all electronics from my setup and back to good old acoustic drums.
Question-Favourite Drummers
Will Maclennan from the UK submitted the following enquiry:
Who were you're favourite drummer's growing up? And who do you listen to now?
Hi Will.
My father was a drummer so I grew up with the old jazz masters. Buddy Rich pinned me to the wall but one drummer that particularly captivated me (and still does) was Joe Morello. When I hit my teens It was Ringo, Mitch Mitchell and Ginger Baker that won my attention.. In later years Steve Gadd was a big influence then along with Jeff Porcaro and of course the groove master himself, Bernard Purdie .. More recently I have discovered and am really into Chris Coleman.. His playing is something else!
Question-Tips for Keeping Tempo
Albert William from the UK submitted the following enquiry:
I'm writing to you on behalf of my cousin who is an amateur drummer. He has had some difficulty with keeping up the tempo with the rest of the band and tends to speed up as the song progresses. What's the best advice you could give? Thank you.
Hi Albert, The only solution to this is to buy a metronome and practice practice practice with it until it is comfortable.. when it does start to get comfortable, reduce the number of clicks to the bar until you can play a steady groove with only one click occurring per bar.. ie play a groove at 120 bpm but with a 30bpm click which will give you one click per bar. Get comfortable with that without drifting and you've pretty much nailed it. Oh.... and relax! Tension destroys timing.
Question-Drum Patterns on Cockney Rebel's Judy Teen
Steve from Northern Ireland submitted the following enquiry:
Hi Stuart, congratulations on the high quality website. 'Judy Teen', Cockney Rebel's first top ten hit, was creative in so many ways, but can you explain the unusual drum patterns and how they were devised and arranged to fit the song? Many thanks and good luck.
I get asked this question quite a lot. I wish I knew myself but I'm afraid I have no idea how the parts came about in that song. All I can say is that the sum total of all I had learned up to that point just came out.. Even to this day when I play with Steve I slip other beats and patterns into that song.. It's just a process of messing about and experimenting and when something sounds good, work it into the routine. I could have played any number of things that would have worked but that's what I chose at that time.
Question-One Day to Fly
Bonnie Gem from Australia submitted the following enquiry:
Hi Stuart, While listening to the song you wrote One Day To Fly on the On Air album, I found the lyrics so rich and complex same with the music, perfectly balanced in those 3 different parts. Really makes one feel like "flying" I was wondering how long did it take you to write it and what was the background of it?
I wrote the music for One Day to Fly but the Lyrics were written by Scott English.. I think the music part took me a couple of weeks of writing and making adjustments. The background to the lyric is basically inspired by Leonardo Davinci and his dream of flying..
Question- Reunion Concert & Singing and Playing Drums at the Same Time
Julia Macfarlane Smith from the UK submitted the following enquiry:
Hi Stuart, if Alan would ever want to make a reunion concert with all of you (Lenny, David, Ian) would you take part of it? & Can you sing and play the drums at the same time?
Hi Julia, Well if the conditions were right and there was a serious advantage to reforming then yes I would.. Maybe one day!
Unfortunately I don't sing and play drums at the same time... I could if I practiced I suppose but never really got round to it...
Julia Macfarlane Smith from the UK submitted the following enquiries collected from APP fans:
Q1 How much freedom did the musicians have in bringing in their own ideas. Or looking at it from the other direction: to what extent did Eric and Alan already have the drum patterns (rhythms, "grooves", breaks etc) in their mind? One example is the end of "Can' t Take It With You" with the change in time signatures, was it your idea?
A1 We had complete freedom and made up all our own respective parts including all my drum patterns . I can't remember who's idea it was to go 7/4 at the end of Can't Take It With You, but it certainly wasn't me on that occasion.
Q2 At what stage of the recording process in a given song did the drums come in? For example, was it the first thing recorded (which I could imagine for "Hyper Gamma Spaces" but not for "In The Lap Of The Gods"?
A2 Usually first with the rest of the band. Hyper Gamma spaces would have started with Alans sequencer and electric piano then the drums after that. In the Lap of the Gods was the whole band first then orchestra and Zither were added later.
Q3 How many "takes" were recorded for any given track and did Mr. Parsons then use only the best take or did he "stitch together" parts from different drums?
A3 That varied from track to track but Alan didn't really stitch bits of tracks together. We just played them the way they are.
Q4 How many microphones were used to record the drums for the Pyramid sessions?
A4 One mic on each drum plus a pair of mics overhead to capture the overall sound of the kit.Question-Drum Kit Used on Kate Bush's Moving
William Turner from the UK /Sweden submitted the following enquiry:
Hi Stuart, was wondering what kit you were using on the track Moving from the Kick inside album? Strange that i love all Kate bush albums, and yet it´s the drums and the cymbal work on Moving, Kite, Babooska and Breathing that always stick out in my mind. I´ve been learning to play drum on a digi kit, now i´m ready to buy a real kit :-) Cheers, William
Hi William, The drumkit on that album was centred around a premier jazz kit, 18" bass drum 12" tom" and 14" floor tom, I augmented it with two extra Gretsch tome 13" and 16" floor.. The snare was a 5 and a half inch x 14" wooden premier and the tom heads were REMO fiber skins as I recall which they don't make anymore...Question-Favourite Album
Julia Macfarlane Smith from the UK submitted the following enquiry:
This might sound like a typical question: What's your favorite album? And is there any particular song you feel you made a great and special drumming contribution? And the third question (3 in 1) On the credits of Eye in the Sky, The song Children of the Moon it says Stuart Elliott on drums and percussion. So you played the percussion at the end of the song or/with the orchrestra together?
Thank you!
Hi Julia, I don't really have one particular favourite album but my favourites are: Al Stewarts Year of the Cat, Kate Bush's The Kick Inside and the APP Pyramid most probably because they were the first sessions I did and the making oh them was a particularly magical time for me. As far as me making a "great and special drumming contribution" to any particular song, I would say its not about doing anything technically outstanding as much as creating something unique for a song that is the most impressive thing any musician can do. One stage before on Year of the Cat is an example where I came up with a unique drum pattern that isn't difficult in itself but Al recently told me that every drummer he ever worked with really struggled with playing it and some just couldn't do it. For me It just came perfectly naturally from nowhere and I never played it again on any other track. On all APP albums I played various hand percussion but the orchestral sessions were an entirely separate thing that I was not part of. At the end of Children of the Moon, I seem to recall it is me and the orchestra playing military snare drum, but my part would have been overdubbed before the orchestra went on.Question-Best APP memories
Giorgio Rizzarelli from Italy submitted the following enquiry:
I'm a long time APP fan and would simply ask you which are your best memories of the Project years - any story you have about the recording sessions, working out the arrangements with the other members of the APP "rhythm section", the atmospheres or camaraderie you guys had in those years... Thank you very much!Answer
Hi Giorgio, Well, there were so many great memories its hard to know where to start but right off the bat, recording my first AP album Pyramid was a very special occasion for me. I still think it is one of the most inspired works from Eric and Alan. The camaraderie was universal. We all hit it off musically and socially. Of special significance was when we recorded outside the UK.. Eve was recorded at Superbear studios in the south of France and Turn of a Friendly card was recorded in Paris at Acousti studios. Seeing the world, making great music, and eating out in fabulous restaurants all added to the excitement of it.. As far as the arrangements were concerned we would largely all stand around the piano whilst Eric played us the next song, we would then just get behind our instruments and play them as we felt it, by dinner time we usually had it nailed. One thing that really impressed me at the time was how when we had finished a take and went back into the control room, Alan presented us with a very polished, produced playback which was very inspiring to then go back and do further takes knowing that it was really taking shape.Question-drum setup during APP years
Craig S. Wilson from the U.S.A submitted the following enquiry:
As a life long follower of the Alan Parsons Project,I wish to pass along my admiration and respect for your contributions to the epic musicianship in The Project. I have been moved and inspired by your incredible playing and technic. I can try to copy your playing but will never duplicate the precision. All my best to your current and future projects. I eagerly await them. Would love a breakdown of your setup, cymbals too, during The Alan Parsons Project years.Answer
Hi Craig… That has certainly got me thinking! My setup changed so much over the years that I can't really give a 100% accurate answer but here goes..
I started the Project in 1978 with a blue pearl Ludwig 4 piece kit, same as Ringo. I hadn't joined Zildjian at that time so my cymbal collection was a mix of 15" Paiste sound edge hi hats, a 20" Tosco ride cymbal, Zildjian 18" thin crash an old brown Zyn 18" sizzle cymbal my dad gave me (he was a drummer) and a 16" crash which I recall started life as a bigger (18"?) cymbal so I had it cut down by Eddie Ryan who was the drum repair man all the drummers went to in the 70s and 80s.
in 1979, I bought some odd vintage round and square badge Gretch drums 12, 13, 14, and 16 toms a 20" bass drum and a 51/2" chrome snare.
In 1980, I joined Zildjian (who I am still with) who gave me about four sets of cymbals, thin crashes in all sizes, 12" 13" and 14" hi hats, 22" china sizzle, 18" china.. Over the years I have gone back into the Zildjian warehouse and swapped out cymbals as my tastes changed.
I still have the 14" quick beat hats and both chinas, but most other cymbals have changed slowly over the years. I tend to go for "Ks" these days which are a bit more characterful.
In the early eighties, I signed a deal with Sonor and got myself a massive double bass drum, Eight tom setup with 2 lovely 61/2 chrome snare drums all which I still use to this day albeit scaled down (see photo on my studio page) I recall using this kit on the Eye in the Sky album amongst others.
In the middle eighties, i went with TAMA drums, again 2 bass drums a set of power toms and a set of regular dimension toms and an assortment of snare drums. I still my Sonors in my own studio and have a Yamaha maple custom setup for live engagements.


text: Anyone here take Amitriptyline? My Dr. wants me to take it for migraines. But, it sure has ALOT of side effects. I was surprised at my last physical(DOT)(I'm feeder) and had to completely change my meds as one of my meds was disqualifying(clonidine). As we all know, it gets scary when you read the list of side-effects.........usually they are worse than whatever you have. Of course it tells you not to drive, operate heavy machinery and so forth.........several of my bp meds say that also but are not disqualifying. Anyone?


text:
Need a quote?
Save time and we'll contact 5 reputable Bronzing companies for you
Click here!
Elm Trees House, Effingham Road, Copthorne, West Sussex, RH10 3HX, United Kingdom
Signage solutions from the leading specialists Austin Luce. We supply one of the UK's largest ranges of sign systems ranging from business name plates, fire safety signs, internal signs, shopfront signage, graphic banners and loads more. With more than 60 years experience in the signage industry we are guaranteed to meet you sign requirements.


text:
I want to compare and contrast two sorts of implication — and I want to suggest that our understanding of beliefs and logic is badly affected when we confuse them, as we often do. In the hope of making things a little clearer, I propose to use the following symbolism: (written in Mistral font) stands for the belief that P, P (in italics) stands for the linguistic sentence expressing the same content P, and stands for the fact that P, which of course only exists if P is true. (I gave "earthy" colours because it's "in the world", geddit? Also the looks a bit like an octopus, i.e. a real thing in the world.)
For illustration, if P is the sentence 'Snow is white', is the belief that snow is white, and is the fact of snow's being white — a very simple sort of fact that might be represented by a Venn diagram like this:
That silly diagram is intended as no more than a reminder that although we are using a letter for a mental state (belief ) which is true or false, and a letter for a linguistic utterance (sentence P) which is true or false in the same circumstances, in the third usage (fact ) a letter stands for those circumstances themselves — something that is neither true nor false. Now it may sound strange to say that a fact isn't true — facts are "true by definition", aren't they? Well, a fact is what makes a true sentence or true belief true, so wherever there's a fact there's a truth. In a loose colloquial sense we might refer to truths as facts. But in the current philosophical sense, a fact is strictly a state of affairs corresponding to a truth.
So understood, facts cannot imply anything, being themselves neither true nor false. But their linguistic or mental counterparts can, and this is what I want to examine here. It seems to me that confusion between facts, sentences and beliefs has generated much misunderstanding about the nature of thought itself. I hope to disentangle a little of this confusion here, and in doing so I hope to persuade you that formal logic is much less useful than is widely supposed as a tool of critical thinking.
Although facts can't imply one another, linguistic sentences often do. For example, what are we to make of the claim that P implies Q?
If it is true, it describes a fact of some sort of lawlike connection — formal, causal, categorical, or whatever — between two possible facts and . I say "possible" facts because the implication can hold at the same time as the individual sentences P and Q it connects are not true. What matters is the connection between the sentences rather than their truth-values. For that reason, material conditionals of elementary logic (whose truth-value depends simply on the truth-values of what they connect) don't capture this sort of implication. The conditionals we use for that purpose have to be understood as counterfactual conditionals, or as having some sort of subjunctive mood, so that they can be true or false regardless of the truth or falsity of their component parts.
Just as the sentence P can both describe a purported fact and stand for the belief , the claim that P implies Q can both describe a purported fact and stand for a belief. The nature of this fact and of this belief have seemed a bit of a mystery, to me at any rate in the past. I now think that mystery is largely the product of confusion between formal and informal implication. Apologies if this is no mystery to you.
Formal implication
As a model of implication, most of us take the case we are most familiar with: implication in formal logic, where the premises of a valid deductive argument imply the conclusion. When I say the implication here is formal, I mean that the work is done by language, and thought follows. That is, relations between sentences guide the formation of beliefs.
When conditionals that express such implications are true, they are true by virtue of the fact that one sentence can indeed be derived from another sentence via rules of inference that enable the derivation.
Deriving one sentence from another is a bit like building a structure out of Lego bricks. In this analogy, our rule of inference might be "every new brick must engage at least half of the interlocking pins of the bricks underneath". When we begin, we might have no clear idea whether a given point in space can be reached given our starting-point. But once we do reach it (if we do), we can believe that it is legitimately reachable, given that starting-point and the rules of inference. Or at least, we can "accept" it as true, because we "accept" the rules of inference simply by using them.
With formal implication, the fact that corresponds to a true claim that P implies Q is a "linguistic" fact, embodied by the actual derivability of Q from P. The belief that corresponds to a claim that P implies Q (or sort-of belief, if all we do is "accept" it as true) is about derivability in language.
Informal implication
With formal implication, the work is done by language and thought follows. But with informal implication it's the other way around: the work is done by thought and language follows. Actually, if thought is working as it should, this one-thing-following-another goes deeper, all the way to facts. The world has some lawlike features, and the thoughts of animals reflect them — in other words, animals have true beliefs about lawlike facts. Later, we human animals try to express those thoughts using language. Here real-world relations guide the formation of beliefs, which in turn guide the formation of sentences.
These sentences can be misleadingly ambiguous. A sentence like 'P implies Q' can be read in three distinct ways. It can say something about the lawlike connections in the world, i.e. facts about how and are related; or it can say something about the way sentences P and Q are related; or it can say something about how beliefs and are related. This ambiguity is compounded by the fact that a sort of meta-level "conditional" corresponds to each of these types of relation, and the situation is made still worse by our inclination to take formal implication as our model of implication in general.
It seems to me that the way to avoid getting lost here is to constantly remind ourselves that the primary link is between things in the world where lawlike connenctions exist: "what goes up must come down", "if it has feathers, it's a bird", etc. Thought captures these lawlike connections by forming belefs that stand or fall together in a systematic way. If and are related in a lawlike way, a mind captures that meta-level fact by being disposed to adopt the belief whenever it adopts the belief , and to abandon the belief whenever it abandons the belief . Given the larger belief system to which the pair may or may not belong, they're "stuck together" like the ends of a Band-Aid:
The system as a whole has the property that whenever gets added to it, gets added too, and whenever gets stripped away from the system, gets stripped away too, like a Band-Aid whose adhesive parts are put on or taken off (in reverse order).
If we can be said to have a "conditional belief" corresponding to this sort of implication, it amounts to little more than belief that a lawlike connection exists between and . This meta-level "conditional belief" is embodied in the way and stand together or fall together in the system. Even if such a belief is false — as it would if there were in fact no lawlike connection between and — that distinctive linkage of beliefs and in the system is all it amounts to. When we come to capture it in language, we may use arrows or similar symbols to indicate a non-symmetrical linkage of P and Q, but let's be careful not to think of such informal links as perfectly mirroring formal links.
I hope you agree that the Band-Aid analogy goes too far in that it contains one unnecessary detail that ought to be omitted from our understanding of informal implication. That detail is the "bridge" between the adhesive parts, with its supposed "hidden mechanism" enabling an inference from P to Q. I think we are inclined to imagine such a mechanism exists because we are so used to taking formal implication as our model, and we have a tendency to assume something akin to interlocking Lego bricks are needed to "bridge the gap" between and . A better analogy perhaps would be a Band-Aid with the non-adhesive part removed:
What does it all mean?
The assumption that formal and informal implication are closely parallel misleads us about the nature of thought. It promotes the idea that thinking is a matter of "cogwheels and logic" rather than many direct acts of recognition by a richly-interconnected belief system, often of quite abstract things and states of affairs.
People who praise or actively promote logic as an aid to critical thinking routinely assume that beliefs work like discrete sentences in formal implication. That is, they assume beliefs have clear contents with logical consequences which are waiting to be explored. Well, as I've said several times now, in formal implication, language does guide thought. Beliefs correspond to sentences which are discrete because of their distinct form. One sentence leads to another thanks to the rules of inference, and beliefs follow their linguistic counterparts. The beliefs that are so led are themselves discrete because they are so closely associated with discrete sentences. Their contents determine the inferential connections between them. But most beliefs aren't like that at all. Their content isn't determined by prior association with discrete sentences whose form precisely determines their content. Rather, their content is attributed via interpretation, which is an ongoing affair and, well, a matter of interpretation. That interpretation involves "working our way into the system as a whole", taking account of the inferences an agent draws and attributing whichever mental content best reflects his inferential behaviour. If someone behaves as if he is committed to lawlike connections in the real world, we attribute beliefs whose contents are appropriate to commitment to those lawlike connections. Here, inferential connections between beliefs determine their content rather than vice versa.
As far as I can see, this limits the usefulness and scope of logic. It's useful in the academic study of logic, obviously, but outside of that field, only the most elementary applications are of much use, even in formal disciplines like computer science and mathematics. I agree that it's useful to be aware of informal fallacies and to try to avoid them. But beyond that, the power of logic has been over-inflated by the assumption that beliefs are like "slips of paper in the head with sentences written on them", and the assumption that thinking proceeds by drawing out their consequences — by examining what they formally imply.


text:
Migraine Prophylaxis, Ischemic Depolarizations, and Stroke Outcomes in Mice
Background and Purpose—Migraine with aura is an established stroke risk factor, and excitatory mechanisms such as spreading depression (SD) are implicated in the pathogenesis of both migraine and stroke. Spontaneous SD waves originate within the peri-infarct tissue and exacerbate the metabolic mismatch during focal cerebral ischemia. Genetically enhanced SD susceptibility facilitates anoxic depolarizations and peri-infarct SDs and accelerates infarct growth, suggesting that susceptibility to SD is a critical determinant of vulnerability to ischemic injury. Because chronic treatment with migraine prophylactic drugs suppresses SD susceptibility, we tested whether migraine prophylaxis can also suppress ischemic depolarizations and improve stroke outcome.
Methods—We measured the cortical susceptibility to SD and ischemic depolarizations, and determined tissue and neurological outcomes after middle cerebral artery occlusion in wild-type and familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 knock-in mice treated with vehicle, topiramate or lamotrigine daily for 7 weeks or as a single dose shortly before testing.
Results—Chronic treatment with topiramate or lamotrigine reduced the susceptibility to KCl-induced or electric stimulation-induced SDs as well as ischemic depolarizations in both wild-type and familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 mutant mice. Consequently, both tissue and neurological outcomes were improved. Notably, treatment with a single dose of either drug was ineffective.
Conclusions—These data underscore the importance of hyperexcitability as a mechanism for increased stroke risk in migraineurs, and suggest that migraine prophylaxis may not only prevent migraine attacks but also protect migraineurs against ischemic injury.
- cortical spreading depression
- lamotrigine
- middle cerebral artery occlusion
- migraine
- prophylaxis
- stroke
- topiramate
Migraine is the most common neurological condition, affecting 10% to 20% of the population.1 Stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. An intriguing association between migraine and stroke is well established. Epidemiological studies identified migraine with aura as an independent factor increasing stroke risk by >2-fold.2 The relative risk is particularly high in otherwise healthy young adults without cardiovascular risk factors. The prevalence of migraine is on par with that of other known stroke risk factors.
Spreading depression (SD), an intense depolarization that underlies migraine aura, also occurs in peri-infarct tissue as an overlapping mechanism between migraine and stroke. Although SD does not cause injury in the healthy brain, recurrent peri-infarct SDs and peri-infarct depolarizations (PIDs) worsen the metabolic mismatch in ischemic tissue and promote infarct growth during hyperacute stroke both in experimental animals3–5 and in humans.6,7
Indirect evidence implicates enhanced cerebral excitability in common migraine,8,9 as well as in familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM). FHM1 mutations enhance CaV2.1 channel open probability, presynaptic calcium influx and cortical glutamate release, and render the brain hyperexcitable.10 As a result, FHM1 mutations markedly enhance SD susceptibility.11,12 Underscoring the importance of SD in migraine and stroke, transgenic mice expressing FHM1 mutations exhibit faster onset of anoxic depolarization (AD) and rapid infarct growth linked to higher frequency of PIDs during experimentally induced focal cerebral ischemia.13
Chronic treatment with widely prescribed migraine prophylactic drugs of various pharmacological classes dose-dependently suppresses SD susceptibility in rats as a possible mechanism of action.14 The majority of these drugs, however, are ineffective after a single dose, reminiscent of the delayed onset of action requiring chronic treatment in migraine prophylaxis. We, therefore, examined the efficacy of migraine prophylactic drugs on stroke outcome and its mechanisms in relation to ischemic depolarizations. We chose topiramate as a prophylactic drug because it is efficacious in migraine prophylaxis,15 and inhibits experimental SD on chronic treatment in rats.14 We tested lamotrigine because it also inhibits SD on chronic treatment in rats,16 although its efficacy in migraine is not proven.17 Both drugs have been studied previously in experimental focal ischemia models without consistent efficacy, albeit as a single dose or as short-term postischemic dosing.18–22 Therefore, neither drug has been tested as a prophylactic intervention in stroke.
We, therefore, tested these drugs in commonly used experimental models of focal cerebral ischemia, and did this not only in wild-type (WT) but also in FHM1 mutant mice to test drug efficacy on a background of cerebral hyperexcitability modeling migraine. Here, we show that chronic daily treatment for 7 weeks with the migraine prophylactic drugs topiramate or lamotrigine delays AD, inhibits PID occurrence and improves tissue and neurological outcomes after filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in both WT and FHM1 mutant mice. In contrast, single doses of each drug are ineffective, suggesting that the efficacy of migraine prophylactic drugs in stroke corresponds to their efficacy on SD, and that SD susceptibility is a critical but modifiable determinant of vulnerability to ischemic injury.
Experimental Animals
All experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Health Institutes Publication No. 85-23, 1996) and were approved by the institutional review board (Massachusetts General Hospital Subcommittee on Research Animal Care [MGH SRAC]). In addition to C57BL/6J WT mice, transgenic knock-in Cacna1a migraine mouse models homozygous for the R192Q FHM1 mutation were used, generated by a gene targeting approach,11,23 and backcrossed on C57BL/6J background for >10 generations. We studied mice between 2 and 6 months of age (23–30 g) because stroke risk is highest in young adult migraineurs. We studied male mice in stroke experiments to avoid the confounding effects of female hormones on outcome,24,25 and female mice in SD experiments because of their higher SD susceptibility compared with males,12 and because migraine is more prevalent in women.
Treatment Paradigm
In the chronic treatment group, we treated mice for 7 weeks with once a day orogastric gavage doses of migraine prophylactic drugs topiramate (80 mg kg−1 d−1) or lamotrigine (30 mg kg−1 d−1), and compared these with vehicle (Ora plus/Ora sweet); the last daily dose was administered 2 hours before the experiment. In a separate cohort, we tested the efficacy of a single dose of these drugs administered 2 hours before the experiment. We selected the doses based on previously reported efficacy in other experimental models in mice.26,27 All experiments were performed with the investigators blinded, and confirmatory genotyping was done in mutant cohorts.
Study Design
Study end points were defined a priori. Experiments were performed in 3 stages. First, efficacy of topiramate and lamotrigine was tested on SD susceptibility end points in WT and FHM1 mutant mice. Second, efficacy of both drugs on PID frequency and ischemic outcome was tested in 2 separate cohorts of WT mice. Finally, efficacy of both drugs on ischemic outcome was tested in FHM1 mutant mice. Animals were randomly assigned to the treatment groups for each cohort. A different experimenter blinded to the treatment performed each experimental stage. Experiments were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle; therefore, data points were excluded only if technical failures prevented reliable data collection. Because focal cerebral ischemia experiments in WT and FHM1 mutant mouse cohorts were separated in time, and performed by different operators using different equipment and experimental setups, we could not perform comparisons of ischemic tissue and neurological outcome end points between WT and FHM1 mutant strains in this study.
Systemic Physiological Monitoring
Arterial pH, po2, pco2, and blood pressure were measured via a femoral artery catheter under isoflurane anesthesia (2.5% induction, 1.5% maintenance, in 70% N2O and 30% O2; Table) and maintained by endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation during electrophysiological recordings (ie, SD susceptibility, PID frequency). In 24-hour survival experiments, these interventions were not performed to minimize morbidity and improve survival rates. Rectal temperature was controlled at 37°C.
SD Susceptibility
As described previously,12 3 burr holes were drilled under saline cooling at the following coordinates (mm from bregma): 3.5 posterior, 2 lateral (2 mm diameter for electric stimulation and KCl application onto occipital cortex); 1.5 posterior, 2 lateral (1 mm diameter, recording site 1); 0.5 anterior, 2 lateral (1 mm diameter, recording site 2). The dura was kept intact to minimize trauma. Two glass capillary microelectrodes were placed to record extracellular steady (DC) potential and electrocorticogram. Electric SD threshold was determined by escalating intensity cathodal square pulses (10–8000 μC) via a bipolar electrode placed on the occipital cortex, and then a 1-mm cotton ball soaked in 300 mmol/L KCl was topically applied for 1 hour to record the frequency of evoked SDs. The protocol was then repeated on the opposite hemisphere. Data were averaged between the 2 hemispheres to yield a single data point per animal. SD frequency and threshold were taken as primary end points. The amplitude, propagation speed (distance/latency between the 2 recording electrodes), and duration at half-amplitude of the first SD in each hemisphere were also measured as secondary end points. There was no technical failure leading to exclusion in this cohort.
Transient Filament Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery
A nylon monofilament was inserted into the internal via the external carotid artery followed by reperfusion after 60 minutes, under isoflurane anesthesia (2.5% induction, 1.5% maintenance, in 70% N2O and 30% O2) and laser Doppler monitoring (Perimed, Järfälla, Sweden), as described previously.13
PID Occurrence
To record PIDs after transient filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (fMCAO), mice were transferred to a stereotaxic frame and two 0.5-mm diameter burr holes were carefully drilled under saline irrigation at the following coordinates (mm from bregma): 1.5 anterior, 0.5 lateral; 3.5 posterior, 0.5 lateral. These coordinates were chosen to be reliably outside the focal ischemic cortex to allow detection of PIDs. Two intracortical glass micropipettes were inserted at a depth of 250 μm, and extracellular slow potential changes were recorded for ≈2 hours starting ≈20 minutes after the onset of fMCAO. PID frequency was taken as a primary end point. Technical failures occurred in WT cohorts only, and led to the exclusion of 1 chronic and 1 single dose vehicle, 1 chronic and 1 single dose topiramate, and 3 single dose lamotrigine-treated mice for PID assessments. Extensive surgery, intubation, mechanical ventilation, and arterial cannulation for PID monitoring precluded 24-hour survival. Therefore, infarct volumes were determined in a separate cohort.
Assessment of Tissue and Neurological Outcome After fMCAO
After reperfusion, mice were transferred to a temperature-controlled incubator with access to food and water ad libitum. Neurological outcomes were scored as a primary end point 24 hours after reperfusion, using a 5-point scale: 0, normal; 1, forepaw monoparesis; 2, circling to left; 3, falling to left; 4, no spontaneous walking and depressed consciousness; and 5, death. Premature death after ischemia was incorporated in the neurological outcome scale because of the intention-to-treat design; however, infarct volume data from these mice were not measured because of postmortem confounders. Infarct volume was calculated by integrating the infarct area in ten 1-mm-thick 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride-stained coronal sections. Infarct volume was calculated as a primary end point by subtracting the volume of ipsilateral noninfarcted tissue from contralateral hemisphere. Ischemic swelling volume was also calculated as a secondary end point by subtracting the volume of contralateral hemisphere from the volume of ipsilateral hemisphere. Technical failures occurred in FHM1 cohorts only, and led to the exclusion of 2 chronic vehicle and 1 chronic topiramate-treated mice for tissue and neurological outcome assessments.
Measurement of AD Latency
The latency between fMCAO and AD onset was measured as a secondary end point using the characteristic secondary hypoperfusion caused by AD on laser Doppler tracings, as described in detail previously.13 We measured this parameter in all WT mice undergoing fMCAO either for PID frequency determination or infarct and neurological outcome assessment. Absence of a detectable secondary hypoperfusion because of technical reasons was taken as an a priori exclusion criterion for this data set. Although this occurred more commonly, it resulted in the exclusion of only 16 of 112 animals in which this secondary end point was studied, distributed relatively evenly among experimental groups.
Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS (v11.0) and GraphPad Prism 6, and presented as whisker-box plot (whiskers, full range; box, 25% to 75% range; line, median; cross, mean) in the figures and mean±SD in the table. Statistical tests used to analyze each data set, group sizes (n) and details of statistical outcomes are provided in the figure legends. P values are 2-tailed, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Suppression of KCl-Induced or Electrically Triggered Cortical SD
We have previously shown in rats that migraine prophylactic drugs suppress SD susceptibility.14 To first test whether migraine prophylactic drugs are also efficacious in mice, we treated WT and FHM1 knock-in mice with chronic daily doses of topiramate or lamotrigine for 7 weeks. Chronic treatment with topiramate or lamotrigine elevated the electrical threshold for SD induction and reduced the frequency of KCl-induced SDs (Figure 1A). Both drugs also reduced the SD propagation speed by ≈30%, albeit only in the FHM1 mutant. In addition, lamotrigine decreased SD duration, and tended to be more efficacious on all SD end points compared with topiramate. A single dose of either drug administered 2 hours before SD, tested in WT mice only, did not affect any of the SD attributes although a trend for lamotrigine to elevate the electrical threshold and reduce KCl-induced SD frequency was noted (Figure 1B).
Suppression of Cortical PIDs During Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
We next tested whether migraine prophylactic drugs also suppress PIDs, akin to SD. Intracortical microelectrode recordings during fMCAO showed that chronic treatment with topiramate or lamotrigine reduced PID occurrence by 50% and 80%, respectively (Figure 2A). A single dose of topiramate 2 hours before ischemia onset was ineffective, whereas lamotrigine showed a strong trend (Figure 2B). In a separate cohort of mice, we found that chronic treatment with valproate (200 mg/kg, IP for 6 weeks) also reduced the number of PIDs (3.1±0.6 PIDs/h) compared with vehicle (5.7±0.5 PIDs/h; P<0.001, n=5 each), consistent with its inhibitory effect on KCl or electrically induced SDs previously shown in rats,14 and suggesting a class effect for migraine prophylactic drugs on PIDs.
Improved Stroke Outcomes After Chronic Treatment
We next tested whether suppression of PIDs translated into improved stroke outcomes in WT mice. Chronic treatment with either drug reduced the infarct size after transient fMCAO by ≈30%, and improved neurological outcomes (Figure 3A). Smaller infarcts predominantly reflected less severe cortical involvement (71±10, 50±11, and 48±9 mm3 in vehicle, topiramate, and lamotrigine groups, respectively; P<0.05). Ischemic brain swelling, calculated by subtracting the contralateral from ipsilateral hemispheric volume, was also reduced by chronic topiramate or lamotrigine treatment compared with vehicle (8±2, 8±2, and 16±2 mm3, respectively; P<0.05), possibly linked to less frequent PIDs. Neurological outcomes assessed using a combined death and disability score as a clinically relevant end point13 were improved after chronic treatment with topiramate or lamotrigine compared with vehicle (Figure 3A). In contrast to chronic treatment, single doses of either drug did not affect any of the outcome end points compared with vehicle after transient fMCAO (Figure 3B).
Delayed AD Onset
AD represents loss of membrane ionic gradients on ischemic failure of Na+/K+-ATPase function. We have previously shown that migraine mutations hasten AD after focal ischemia and this correlated well with SD susceptibility and tissue outcome.13 Therefore, we assessed whether decreased SD susceptibility after administrating migraine prophylactic drugs was associated with delayed AD onset in WT mice, detected by its cerebral vasoconstrictive effect as previously described.4,13 Chronic treatment with lamotrigine, but not topiramate, delayed the onset of AD by ≈25% (Figure 4A). The magnitude of cerebral blood flow reduction in the ischemic core did not differ among groups (residual cerebral blood flow 12±5%, 13±5%, and 12±3% of baseline for vehicle, topiramate, and lamotrigine, respectively), eliminating the possibility that slower AD onset was because of milder ischemia. A single dose of either drug did not affect the latency to AD (Figure 4B).
Improved Stroke Outcomes After Chronic Treatment in FHM1 Mice
After showing that migraine prophylaxis with topiramate and lamotrigine improves stroke outcomes in WT mice, we also tested whether efficacy is sustained in migraine-susceptible FHM1 brains. Chronic treatment with either topiramate or lamotrigine reduced infarct size after transient fMCAO in FHM1 mutants by 30% to 35% (Figure 5); however, improved neurological function and the delay in the onset of AD reached statistical significance only in the lamotrigine group.
Migraine is an established risk factor for ischemic stroke. We have recently shown that genetically enhanced SD susceptibility worsens the effect of cerebral ischemia on the brain by facilitating ischemic depolarization events,13 as a mechanism to explain the increased risk of stroke in migraineurs. Conversely, we here show that pharmacological suppression of SD susceptibility by migraine prophylactic drugs inhibits AD and PIDs and improves stroke evolution in both WT and FHM1 mutant mice. The magnitude of SD suppression by each drug corresponded well with the magnitude of AD and PID suppression, and stroke outcome. Consistent with this, genetically reduced susceptibility to SD as observed in rolling Nagoya and leaner mice, which have spontaneously arisen mutations in the Cacna1a gene leading to loss of CaV2.1 function, was associated with smaller infarcts, compared with WT on experimental stroke.28 These data strongly support intrinsic SD susceptibility of brain tissue (ie, the tissue factor) as an important determinant of stroke outcome.
Although in vitro studies of topiramate and lamotrigine have suggested a neuroprotective effect,29 in vivo studies were generally negative in various models of focal cerebral ischemia.18–22 All studies, however, have tested single doses or short-term treatment administered before or after ischemia onset. Our data suggest that chronic treatment is required for efficacy, as has been the case for SD suppression in rats14,16 and for the prophylactic effect on migraine in patients. Both topiramate and lamotrigine have been shown to acutely inhibit various voltage-gated ion channels as well as glutamatergic neurotransmission.30,31 However, whether chronic treatment simply enhances these effects by achieving higher tissue levels, or induces structural or gene expression changes, remains to be determined.
Although PIDs are generally thought to enlarge infarcts by worsening the supply demand mismatch, an alternative and possibly complementary mechanism is a further increase in cerebral excitability by SD shown in neocortical slices32,33; PID inhibition by migraine prophylaxis may prevent this delayed hyperexcitability and improve outcome. Of course, glial cells critically modulate SD susceptibility, and glial protective effects of topiramate and lamotrigine34–36 may also contribute to PID suppression and infarct reduction.
It is well established that PIDs worsen stroke outcomes,6,37 and that drugs acutely inhibiting PIDs after a single dose (eg, NMDA receptor antagonists) are protective in focal cerebral ischemia both in experimental animals and in stroke patients.4,38–40 However, clinical translation of this neuroprotective target has been difficult because of the cognitive and sedative side effects of such potent drugs.41–43 In this respect, migraine prophylaxis may provide a better-tolerated antiexcitatory treatment alternative targeting SD and PIDs in stroke prophylaxis. Consistent with this notion, chronic treatment with lamotrigine was reported to diminish stroke-like episodes in a migraineur with mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes,44 suggesting that the approach may be even more efficacious in hyperexcitable subsets of patients.
Summary and Conclusions
In summary, our data suggest that pharmacological suppression of SD susceptibility may protect against ischemic injury in patients at high risk for stroke, migraineurs, and nonmigraineurs alike. Whether migraine prophylaxis clinically improves stroke outcomes or reduces the stroke risk remains to be tested in large population-based studies. Although chronic treatment purely as a form of stroke prophylaxis may not be justified at this time because of potential side effects, migraine patients who are already on a migraine prophylactic regimen may indeed see a reduction in their stroke risk as an additional benefit.
Sources of Funding
This work was supported by the American Heart Association (10SDG2610275), the Claflin Distinguished Award from the Massachusetts General Hospital, National Institutes of Health (NS061505, NS055104, and NS35611); Fondation Leducq; The Heitman Foundation; The Ellison Foundation; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (903-52-291 and Vici 918.56.602; Spinoza 2009); EU BRAINPATH (612360); and the Center for Medical Systems Biology in the framework of the Netherlands Genomics Initiative.
Current address for J.H.L.: Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Korea.
↵* Drs Eikermann-Haerter and Lee are joint first authors and are listed in alphabetical order.
- Received August 3, 2014.
- Revision received October 10, 2014.
- Accepted October 21, 2014.
- © 2014 American Heart Association, Inc.
- 1.↵IHS. The international classification of headache disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia. 2004;24(suppl 1):9–160.
- 2.↵
- Kurth T,
- Schürks M,
- Logroscino G,
- Gaziano JM,
- Buring JE
- 3.↵
- 4.↵
- 5.↵
- Strong AJ,
- Anderson PJ,
- Watts HR,
- Virley DJ,
- Lloyd A,
- Irving EA,
- et al
- 6.↵
- Dreier JP,
- Woitzik J,
- Fabricius M,
- Bhatia R,
- Major S,
- Drenckhahn C,
- et al
- 7.↵
- 8.↵
- 9.↵
- 10.↵
- 11.↵
- 12.↵
- 13.↵
- Eikermann-Haerter K,
- Lee JH,
- Yuzawa I,
- Liu CH,
- Zhou Z,
- Shin HK,
- et al
- 14.↵
- 15.↵
- 16.↵
- 17.↵
- 18.↵
- Madden K,
- Clark W,
- Lessov N
- 19.↵
- 20.↵
- 21.↵
- Traystman RJ,
- Klaus JA,
- DeVries AC,
- Shaivitz AB,
- Hurn PD
- 22.↵
- Smith SE,
- Meldrum BS
- 23.↵
- 24.↵
- 25.↵
- Krause DN,
- Duckles SP,
- Pelligrino DA
- 26.↵
- 27.↵
- 28.↵
- 29.↵
- Costa C,
- Martella G,
- Picconi B,
- Prosperetti C,
- Pisani A,
- Di Filippo M,
- et al
- 30.↵
- Martella G,
- Costa C,
- Pisani A,
- Cupini LM,
- Bernardi G,
- Calabresi P
- 31.↵
- 32.↵
- Berger M,
- Speckmann EJ,
- Pape HC,
- Gorji A
- 33.↵
- Ghadiri MK,
- Kozian M,
- Ghaffarian N,
- Stummer W,
- Kazemi H,
- Speckmann EJ,
- et al
- 34.↵
- 35.↵
- 36.↵
- 37.↵
- Hartings JA,
- Watanabe T,
- Bullock MR,
- Okonkwo DO,
- Fabricius M,
- Woitzik J,
- et al
- 38.↵
- Sakowitz OW,
- Kiening KL,
- Krajewski KL,
- Sarrafzadeh AS,
- Fabricius M,
- Strong AJ,
- et al
- 39.↵
- 40.↵
- 41.↵
- 42.↵
- 43.↵
- Dyker AG,
- Edwards KR,
- Fayad PB,
- Hormes JT,
- Lees KR
- 44.↵
Jump to
This Issue
Article Tools
- Migraine Prophylaxis, Ischemic Depolarizations, and Stroke Outcomes in MiceKatharina Eikermann-Haerter, Jeong Hyun Lee, Nilufer Yalcin, Esther S. Yu, Ali Daneshmand, Ying Wei, Yi Zheng, Anil Can, Buse Sengul, Michel D. Ferrari, Arn M.J.M. van den Maagdenberg and Cenk AyataStroke. 2015;46:229-236, originally published November 25, 2014https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006982
Citation Manager Formats
Share this Article
- Migraine Prophylaxis, Ischemic Depolarizations, and Stroke Outcomes in MiceKatharina Eikermann-Haerter, Jeong Hyun Lee, Nilufer Yalcin, Esther S. Yu, Ali Daneshmand, Ying Wei, Yi Zheng, Anil Can, Buse Sengul, Michel D. Ferrari, Arn M.J.M. van den Maagdenberg and Cenk AyataStroke. 2015;46:229-236, originally published November 25, 2014https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006982Permalink:


text:
Xi'an Travel Blog› entry 125 of 129 › view all entries
Despite its large size, Xi'an has a nice old town ringed by impressive walls. I'm accompanied to the Big and Little Goose pagodas by the businessman's 12 year son. Clouds and lightning approach as we walk around the top of the walls. After the quick summer storm passes we take a bus to see the Terra Cotta soldiers. On the way back to his apartment, the kid's house key falls out of this shorts pocket somewhere in a large field. It takes us almost an hour to find it.
Their flat is very basic - a typical cement commie-style affair with shared toilet (hole in the ground) and showers (cold) on each floor. There is no heating or A/C. They have minimal furniture. Their hospitality is overwhelming and I tell them how grateful I am. He's quite happy to be re-united with his family after a year of scraping a living in Moscow. He doesn't want to go back and I don't blame him. China's economy is starting to grow and Russia doesn't seem like the road to riches for the Chinese anymore since most people in Russia can hardly afford food let alone Chinese products. I continue on my journey after two days with his address and a promise to write (which sadly, I never do).


text:
Jerome Napier
- 74 years old
- Date of birth: June 19th, 1942
- Date of passing: August 10th, 2016
This memorial website was created in the memory of our loved one, Jerome Napier, 74, born on June 19th, 1942 and passed away on August 10th, 2016. We will remember him forever.
Leave a Tribute:
Invite your family and friends to visit this memorial:
Subscribe to receive e-mail notifications when others contribute to this memorial.
49 views
Have a suggestion for us?


text:
Benedicte Gobert
French (Parisian), French (Canadian), English
French (Parisienne), French (Québécois)
Middle Aged
Special Skills
Audiobooks, Business, Internet, Radio, Television
Payment Terms
Hire Benedicte as a voice actor. Payment is made through Voices.com SurePay, an escrow service that guarantees your work is done to your satisfaction. Send payment securely by Visa, Mastercard or PayPal through Voices.com then download your files from the website.
Watch a video to see how to make a payment
Next Steps
To contact Benedicte Gobert about your project, request a quote today. We'll walk you through the process step-by-step. It's fast and easy.
This talent has not uploaded any demos yet.
Hire Benedicte Gobert as a voice actor. Working with Benedicte Gobert is fast and easy. We'll walk you through the process step-by-step.
Request a quote for your project today.


text:
Nicki Minaj Wilds Out On Her Facialist, May Be On Meth.
Following her verbal beat-down of a maid, outrageous hip hop star Nicki Minaj has unleashed a vicious tirade on celebrity facialist Dawn DaLuise, Star magazine has exclusively revealed.
"After I waxed her eyebrows and lip, she started screaming 'Who the f**k do you think you are?'" DaLuise exclusively told Star. "'Look what you did to my damn face! You think this sh*t is worth 170 dollars?'"
The beauty expert, who owns Dawn DaLuise Skin Refinery in Los Angeles, said she had never been treated so badly in her life, as she detailed how the pink-haired Super Bass singer threw wads of bills at her and stormed out.
"It's a shame when you see a darling girl turn into a temperamental diva," DaLuise said.
It's not the first time Minaj has acted strangely during a pampering appointment. DaLuise recalled how on a prior occasion, "I arrived at her condo one afternoon, her eyes were dilated, her wig was falling off, her face was covered in red sores and she was perspiring heavily.
"She was swearing and screaming at her assistant," she added.
Source via Radar Online


text:
Sony Ericsson plans to cut its handset range by a fifth to increase profitability, the company's president Dick Komiyama said as the manufacturer revealed a loss of £19 million in its third quarter results. Sony Ericsson also reported a year on year fall in sales, margins and shipments in the company's. Sales were down from £2,395 in 3Q 2007 to £2,164 in 3Q this year and during the same period margins fell from 31% to 22%.The manufacturer reported a loss of £19 million compared to a profit of £4.6 million the previous quarter and profit of £303 million in 3Q last year. To increase efficiency Sony Ericsson is consolidating three handset divisions into one. The company is struggling against falling average selling prices due to increased competition as well as loss of consumer confidence due to the global financial crisis.
Mobile Industry Awards 2017 - B2B & Distribution Finalists
Mobile Industry Awards 2017 – Retail Finalists announced
Mobile Industry Awards 2017 - Best Ruggedised Device
Nazish Dossa Joins Brighstar as UK Managing Director.
Get your FREE copy of Mobile's e-zine and stay up to speed on your PC, laptop or
Get your FREE e-zine
Huawei - 'Our 2017 focus is premium products'
Retail Special
S6 to re-ignite the market
Brightstar 20:20 and HTC join forces
Meeting the challenge of in-building coverage