text:
|Every year, as the annual Budget draws closer, expectations across all sections of the society start building up. This year too, it is no different. What is different this time, though, is that the finance minister has a tightrope to walk on.
|On one hand, global as well as domestic economies (including corporate earnings) are heading for a slowdown leading to an added element of uncertainty, whether India will be able to sustain its gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 8-9 per cent seen in the past three-four years.
|In effect, it also indicates a potential slowdown in revenue collections for the government. On the other hand, with inflationary pressures (higher prices of agri-produce, crude oil and other commodities), many are expecting duties to be lowered or at least, rationalised.
|The industry is thus hoping for initiatives or steps that will help ease the cost pressures, while simultaneously providing thrust to growth. The third aspect comes from the political side. With many states headed for elections this year and national elections scheduled for 2009, there are expectations that the Budget will also contain populist measures.
|In short, look forward to goodies for the aam admi through higher allocation for social sectors like health, education, rural upliftment and so on.
|For India Inc, where many sectors are facing a slowdown or negative growth (two-wheelers and consumer goods) and cost pressures are on the rise, the expectations are high. Since many industries are in the midst of creating new capacities, it is equally important that the Budget continues to emphasise on sustaining growth rates.
|Among sectors that are expected to receive higher attention include infrastructure (power, roads and ports), agriculture, labour-intensive and/or export-oriented industries like textiles, pharmaceuticals and auto components.
|While the Budget may not end up appeasing everybody, if it can manage to strike a balance namely, sustain growth, address inflationary issues, push tax reforms further, provide reasonable emphasis to social sectors, as well as agriculture without compromising on fiscal discipline, it will be an achievement. To know more on what the industry expects and the sectors that stand to gain, read on:
|The budget is expected to be positive for the sector by way of creation of infrastructure like water resources, availability of funds, procurement centers, warehousing, power, etc, aimed at improving output. Hence, better prospects for companies in the irrigation, seeds and fertilizer segments.
|Regards rising input costs, the fertiliser companies are expecting important changes with respect to availability of gas and other inputs at cheaper prices. Secondly, to reduce India's dependence on imports, there is a need to attract investment with an aim to create fresh capacities, hence, the expectation of tax incentives.
|Apart from fertiliser, the sugar companies are expecting a reduction in excise duty on molasses that will help reduce the cost of producing ethanol and improve production for blending with petrol.
|Auto and Auto components
|The auto and auto component sectors have been reeling under the combined assault of higher interest, raw material costs and a stronger rupee. Commercial vehicles and two wheelers have borne the brunt of this, as banks shut off the credit tap while buyers postponed their purchases.
|Softening of interest rates and reduction in excise duties could bring down costs for the customer and boost sales of vehicles across segments, thus helping both, auto makers and component players. Little wonder, the industry hopes that excise duties on bigger cars and utility vehicles will be brought at par with smaller cars to 16 per cent, while excise duty on two wheelers will be cut from 16 per cent to 12 per cent.
|Banking and NBFC
|The overall situation in the banking industry seems to be satisfactory except lower credit growth and asset-liability mismatch (proportion of deposits more than five years in total deposits is very less at 8.3 per cent). Thus, there is a need to make long-term deposits more attractive. Further, resources have to be channeled to agriculture and infrastructure sectors, if higher GDP growth is to be achieved.
|For non-banking finance companies (NBFCs) catering to the needs of the housing and infrastructure sectors, there is a need to reduce cost of funds. Housing finance companies (HFCs) are hoping that they be allowed to borrow through external commercial borrowings (ECBs) and infrastructure finance companies are expecting the removal or reduction of 20 per cent withholding tax on payment of interest on ECBs.
|Capital goods and Engineering
|Capital goods sector will be the key beneficiary of increased spending and incentives for the infrastructure sector and robust industrial capex. Higher budgetary allocation of funds for different schemes such as APDRP and RGGVY, and segments like power, transports, ports and mining augur well for the sector. It is expected that some relief, to help offset rising raw material prices, will be provided by way of reduction of custom duty on metals like aluminium, zinc and steel alloys. This will help lower costs for the industry.
|Last year's move of introducing a dual excise duty structure, aimed at putting a lid on cement prices, backfired as companies resorted to raising prices due to higher input costs. In this scenario, moving back to a simplified structure by rationalising the excise duties is not ruled out.
|With costs rising, a reduction in limestone royalty (currently Rs 67 a tonne) and a waiver of the extant 5 per cent import duty on coal and pet coke is expected. Should that happen companies which rely on imported coke should benefit.
|For the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector, maintaining profitability became a challenge due to cost pressures on inputs like wheat, milk, vegetable oils and palm oils even as demand was robust. Companies partially passed on the price increases to the consumers with some even sacrificing a bit of volume growth. The soaps category saw a volume de-growth of 5 per cent in the last quarter following the 10 per cent hike in product prices over the last six months.
|Little wonder that most of the expectations pertain to lowering duties. That apart, incentives for promoting the cold-storage infrastructure, essential for development of food processing sector, are also expected.
|Information technology
|The Indian software and information technology (IT) industry have been in the dumps over a large part of the past year. Although issues like the rising rupee, imminent US slowdown and manpower (availability and costs) are playing spoilsport, the industry seeks some relief through extension of the Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) scheme, which would prolong their tax holiday.
|Besides this, a reduction in the scope of fringe benefit tax (FBT) and a waiver from taxes on equity stock option plans (ESOPs) may help companies add a bit to their fledgling bottom lines.
|However, since IT companies already have high profit margins, and they have been enjoying tax benefits since a decade now, chances are that these demands may not be fulfilled. For BPOs, their demands include rationalisation of FBT to levels at with par with IT companies.
|With higher allocation for infrastructure projects from 5 per cent of GDP to 9 per cent by 2012 planned, companies operating in the space as well as catering to the needs of the infrastructure sector stand to gain. However, some issues need attention. These include, focus on funding issues like increasing Viability Gap Funding (VGF) and help financing critical, long-gestation and financially less viable projects.
|Further, there are hopes of re-introduction of tax sops, with an aim to attract higher investments. Besides, the industry is also expecting more clarity on the section 80IA (benefits given to the companies engaged in infrastructure development) and extension of the same to the contractors as well.
|Amid concerns over the rising iron ore and coal prices, companies not having captive resources are hoping that the custom duty on the coke and refractories to be scraped besides, more restrictions on the export of iron ore. In finished products, a reduction in excise duty on long steel products (used in construction) is also expected. This should help partly offset the pressure on account of rising input costs.
|Oil & Gas
|The high subsidies that companies like ONGC, HPCL, BPCL, IOC and GAIL have to bear, have negated the benefits of the bullish global oil scenario. The small price hikes for diesel and petrol and the issue of oil bonds have not helped the oil refining and marketing companies (OMCs) much, as their under-recoveries still stand at a huge Rs 92,000 crore. Moreover, the need to speed up exploration and production (E&P) activities is desired.
|Hit by rupee appreciation and price erosion, large Indian pharma companies are looking at various ways of enhancing revenuesby looking at European and less regulated markets, conducting joint research trials and outsourcing arrangements with large multinational pharma companies.
|Their demands pertain to tax concessions for R&D units and treatment of expenses relating to clinical trials and product patents as R&D expenses. Should these be accepted, it will be positive for companies, which have a higher spending on ANDA, IND and DMF- all procedures to register a product in regulated markets. CRAMS players, too, will be helped by this immensely.
|If the government's target of 'power for all' and the rising demand for power is considered, then, power could be among the few focus areas. Broadly, the industry is expecting more fund allocation for ongoing schemes such as APDRP and RGGVY besides, a greater degree of commitment through further reforms.
|For easy access to funds, the industry has proposed tax free power bonds, priority lending status for power sector, relaxation of ECB norms and extension of tax benefits till 2017 for UMPPs.
|To address the supply constraints for key equipments, a cut in custom duty on power and transmission equipment is proposed. Besides, a reduction in excise duty on power equipment will also help lower equipment. On the raw material front, tax incentives for captive mining and, policy initiatives for easy availability of feed stocks have been proposed.
|The rise in the value of the rupee has adversely impacted the competitiveness and profitability of Indian textile industry-one of the top export contributors and the second largest employer. While operating margins of top exporting companies has eroded, the country's total exports to the US during April-October 2007 have declined by 3.2 per cent in value terms.
|Thus, there is a need to achieve scale, modernise existing machinery and improve cost-efficiency in order to be globally competitive. Moreover, there is also a need to reduce the input costs for both cotton textile and man made fibre industry.
23RD ,JUNE India's fortune-hunters believe their new-found love for biofuel will pay off. India's well-known investors who are known for their Midas touch have spotted an opportunity in bio-fuel, betting big on ethanol, bio-mass and even bio-fuel equipment makers in India and other parts of the globe. Billionaires Rakesh Jhunjhunwala, C Sivasankaran, Vinod Khosla, founder of Sun Microsystems, and Nemish Shah, the media-shy joint partner of Enam Financial Services, are investing in bio-fuel makers quietly, expecting that bio-fuel will have a big play in the coming years as the world looks for a viable alternative to the fast depleting oil reserves. Jhunjhunwala, who is known for his ability to spot a multi-bagger at a very early stage, recently invested in Hyderabad-based bio-fuel firm Nandan Biometrics.He is also a 10 per cent stakeholder in Praj Industries, which is a bio-fuel technology provider…


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The narrator of the story, Annie is Ben's lover and by-stander in his pre-evolution. As Ben comments in the narrative, he and Annie "think far too much." She mostly concentrates on other things and lacks imagination. For example, when Annie and Ben have sex for the first time, she leaves the lights on and "concentrated really hard on letting go." Even though Annie does "over-think," she still deeply cares for Ben. This is evidenced when she finds Ben as an ape and has the heart to get to know him.
Ben is Annie's lover and the man who goes through reverse evolution. During the narrative Ben is morbid, which is probably because Ben, like Annie thinks too much; he realizes this and questions it. As Ben says "We're all getting too smart. Our brains are just getting bigger and bigger, and the world dries up and dies when there's too much thought and not enough heart." A day before Ben goes through his reverse evolution track; he realizes that "there is no space for anything but dreaming." That maybe people should stop thinking all the time and for a while, follow their heart, and dream. It could be assumed, that Ben tried to stop thinking, but for him it was too much. In the end, it seems the only way Ben can finally stop thinking was to regress into primitive forms, "to stop being human."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
How old....
were your girls when they lost their first teeth??
I think Raianna was 4 when she lost her first teeth...Elyse was 5....and Helena is now 6 and still hasn't lost a single tooth!
Re: How old....
Alyssa was 3, but her first was knocked out :( She was staying with her Dad while I was in the hospital having Sophia and she fell and hit her mouth on a picnic table. Since then though, she's lost two all on her own (both when she was 5), and they're already almost grown back in! But the one that was knocked out still hasn't grown back!
Re: How old....
Neither of our girls have lost any teeth. Of course Paige hasn't because she is only 18 months. lol Summer fell and chipped her front tooth when she was about 2 but hasn't lost any yet. Paige didn't even get her first tooth til she was 1 and I've heard that the later the teeth come in the later they come out so I'm curious when hers will start coming out.
Re: How old....
My youngest is 7 (8 in november) and she lost her 2 bottom teeth this spring and now is missing 3 at the top. She's really late, just like my other kids. They all got their first teeth around their first birthday, so they've always been late.
Re: How old....
Helena wasn't so late getting teeth....I am not 100% sure when but it was before a year....maybe 7-8 months? I do recall her biting me when I was still nursing and she was 8months when that ended....so who knows!
but Helena also is pretty weird with her teeth...she only has 3 bottom teeth and according to the xray she only has 3 bottom adult teeth as far as they could tell...but who knows what will happen?
then again the other 2 are weird too...Raianna has 5 wisdom teeth and Elyse is missing an adult molar LOL
Re: How old....
Zoe was around 5 1/2 when she lost her first tooth
Re: How old....
Emma was 5 and lost 2 within a few days nothing since and she is now 7 and getting ready to lose her 2 front teeth.
Re: How old....
Annelise was 5 1/2 when her first tooth came out.
Emmeline was 6 1/2. Twin sister Vivienne hasn't lost any and dentist says she'll be closer to 7 1/2 before one falls out. Their teeth came in at the same time. Vivi is pretty bummed she's the only kid in her class who has all her baby teeth.
Re: How old....
She lost her first tooth (right lower central incisor), one week after her 6th birthday.
She's now 7, and just lost her two front teeth... it's so cute!
Re: How old....
My oldest daughter was 5.
My oldest was five. DD#2is five now and she hasn't lost any yet.
Re: How old....
My daughter is only 3, so have not experienced yet. My son just turned 4 and no sign of tooth leaving any time soon. :)
Re: How old....
I think just with anything there is always a range and not one specific age or answer. :smile:
Re: How old....
sophie lost her's last year at 4 but a dog knock it out.
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text:
R package psychotree: Recursive Partitioning Based on Psychometric Models. Recursive partitioning based on psychometric models, employing the general MOB algorithm (from package partykit) to obtain Bradley-Terry trees, Rasch trees, rating scale and partial credit trees, and MPT trees.
Keywords for this software
References in zbMATH (referenced in 1 article )
Showing result 1 of 1.
- Strobl, Carolin; Kopf, Julia; Zeileis, Achim: Rasch trees: a new method for detecting differential item functioning in the Rasch model (2015)


text: By Luke Baker Reuters Tuesday, January 29 02:24 pm LONDON (Reuters) - From the outside it's an ordinary, red-brick house in a terraced row, not unlike tens of thousands of others scattered across Britain. But on the inside, Jean Preston's spartan Oxford home contained works of art of international significance, carefully acquired over a lifetime and haphazardly displayed. Preston, a thrifty 77-year-old spinster who rode the bus and ate frozen meals, died in 2006. But art experts and auctioneers have now completed the sale of the exceptional works hoarded in her modest home. The auctions have raised an estimated 4 million pounds, according to valuers, about 20 times the price of the house they were kept in, stunning experts and Preston's relatives alike. Among the treasures were two paintings by Fra Angelico, the 15th century Italian Renaissance master, that were the missing pieces of an eight-part altar decoration. They were sold together for $3.4 million (1.37 million pounds) and are expected to be returned to the Uffizi Gallery, Florence's famed art museum. "We knew we were going to a house that contained some important works," Guy Schwinge of Dukes art auctioneers in Dorchester, which helped with the sale, told Reuters. "But I was amazed to see quite how many treasures there were ... The Fra Angelicos were behind the bedroom door and we only spotted them on the way out." Hanging in the kitchen was a 19th century watercolour by pre-Raphaelite artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and in the sitting room, above an electric fire, a work by Sir Edward Burne-Jones. Those two, estimated to be worth $2 million, have been saved for Britain and are expected to go on display at Oxford's Ashmolean Museum, Schwinge said. Another hidden treasure was a rare edition of the works of Chaucer that was too big to fit on Preston's bookshelf and was found buried in a wardrobe. It sold for nearly $150,000. "We often go to fabulous homes to evaluate artworks, but in this case the house was just so modest from the outside, and had very modest decor on the inside too," said Schwinge. "It's just rare to stumble across something quite so breathtaking." Preston, who worked as a librarian for much of her life, inherited many of the works from her father, a keen collector. Her relatives were stunned by the artworks she had tucked away. "My aunt bought her clothes from a catalogue, ate frozen meals and went everywhere on the bus," the Daily Mail newspaper quoted one of them as saying. "Who would have thought she had the equivalent of a winning lottery ticket in her spare room all these years?" (Editing by Paul Casciato) (http://uk.news.yahoo.com/rtrs/20080129/tuk-uk-britain-art-trove-fa6b408_6.html)


text:
The exhibit commemorates the legacy of Black History Month and was created by CSUN students for what they describe as "our beautiful, multi-culturally diverse CSUN community."
You are here
Exhibitions & Events: Past Exhibitions
Library Lobby
February 9, 2011 to March 24, 2011
Library Lobby
November 1, 2010 to January 29, 2011
In this exhibition, we are highlighting the work of Richard Fish (1919-2005), an accomplished photographer whose archive has been donated to the Oviatt Library by Marie Fish, his widow. Fish was a prolific contributor of photographs and articles to such publications as the Los Angeles Times, Sunset magazine, House and Garden, the Chicago Sun-times Magazine, TV Guide and many others.
Library Lobby
August 18, 2010 to December 22, 2010
Mark Haddon's The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time offers a young autistic boy's unique perspective on everyday life as he tackles a canine murder mystery in suburban London. This exhibit examines autism and showcases individuals who have successfully overcome personal challenges with their extraordinary abilities. It also provides a context for protagonist Christopher's adventures in and around London.
C.K. and Teresa Tseng Exhibit Gallery
September 8, 2009 to August 31, 2010
Gilbert and Sullivan operas have been enjoyed by countless theater goers since they were first performed over 100 years ago. Their characters and music continue on in our culture in many ways. Come join us and be entranced by the David Trutt Gilbert and Sullivan Collection with its Peter Goffin posters, music scores, Bab Ballad books, theater programs, advertising cards, and other ephemera produced for fans of W.S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan. Curated by Tony Gardner.
Library Lobby
June 21, 2010 to August 13, 2010
Come explore the fascinating history and artistry of kites. Experience the feeling of flight with a riot of vibrant and colorful kites hung from the ceiling of the Oviatt Library's Lobby.
Library Lobby
April 19, 2010 to June 12, 2010
The display showcases Bindings created by the members of the Guild of Bookworkers. The exhibit includes Botanica Magnifica (2009) by binder and artist Tini Miura. This exquisite book bound in morocco goat leather features thirty-three images of rare or extinct flowers and plants.
Library Lobby
February 8, 2010 to April 1, 2010
How is CSU, Northridge saving electricity plus creating energy? How are our recycling and water saving efforts contributing to a more sustainable campus?
Music & Media
December 23, 2009
Supporting CSUN's Common Reading Program, this exhibit illustrates passages from Steve Lopez's account of passion and courage in The Soloist, plus highlights contemporary master cellists and explores the anatomy of the cello.
Library Lobby
May 13, 2009 to August 11, 2009
This exhibition brings together a celebration of one of the world's most enduring inventions and pastimes—kites and kite flying. From the Chinese Han dynasty through today's space age, kites made of leaves, paper, silk, plastic, fabric, mylar, bamboo and graphite have been used to catch fish, spy on enemies, send signals, divine the weather, explore the atmosphere, photograph the earth, tow boats, advertise products, acted as targets for bomb drops and to lift men and women into the wind.
C.K. and Teresa Tseng Exhibit Gallery
September 22, 2008 to August 2, 2009
California State University, Northridge/San Fernando Valley State College are at the half century mark.


text:
General Properties Of Light: Question Preview (ID: 27483)
Below is a preview of the questions contained within the game titled GENERAL PROPERTIES OF LIGHT: General Properties Of Light .To play games using this data set, follow the directions below. Good luck and have fun. Enjoy! [print these questions]
Play games to reveal the correct answers. Click here to play a game and get the answers.
Light waves travel in...
a) straight lines.
b) zigzag lines.
c) circles.
d) figure eights.
Light is...
a) faster than sound.
b) slower than sound.
c) fast, but not as fast as Usain Bolt.
d) very slow.
A luminous object is one that...
a) produces light.
b) reflects light.
c) absorbs light.
Shadows are places where light...
a) is blocked.
b) has died.
c) is absorbed.
d) is reflected.
If the angle of incidence of a ray of light hitting a mirror is 60 degrees, the angle of reflection will be...
a) 60 degrees
b) 90 degrees
c) 45 degrees
d) 30 degrees
Diffuse reflection is when...
a) light is scattered in different directions.
b) light hits a smooth, clear surface.
c) light is absorbed.
d) an object casts a shadow.
When light hits a mirror and is reflected to our eyes, we see...
a) a virtual image.
b) the original object.
c) a hologram.
In a concave mirror, the reflective surface is...
a) on the inside of a curved surface.
b) on the outside of a curved surface.
c) on a flat surface.
d) on a perpendicular surface.
If an object is opaque, you...
a) cannot see through it.
b) can see through it a little.
c) can see through it quite clearly.
If an object is translucent, you...
a) can see through it a little.
b) can see through it quite clearly.
c) cannot see through it at all.
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text: Huawei 300Mbps Wireless N Router WS319 Rs. 951 – Amazon Complies with 802.11n, 802.11 b/g compatible. Wireless Speed: 300Mbps Frequency: 2.4GHz Frequency Band One 10/100Mbps WAN Ethernet Port with Auto-MDI/MDI-X capabilities, Four 10/100Mbps LAN Ethernet Ports with Auto-MDI/MDI-X capabilities Two external 5dBi antennas CLick here to Buy := http://amzn.to/28ZodnS for Big saving . 1st buy E-gift vechure .. then buy. if u want buy E-Gift post link Given Below http://www.digitaljanta.in/communit...00-off-on-purchase-of-rs-1000-–-amazon.16493/


text:
Today's Devotional
A Prayer for Broken Moments - Your Daily Prayer - January 17, 2018
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The action_bf_by_moonquake.zip file you have requested: Mods / Mini-Mods / Action BattleField 1942 - 510.55kb is not available. Perhaps try browsing all files for the game Battlefield 1942 and upload any files you want to share or are missing. This is the only information we could locate:
This is a nice mod, release by MoonQuake!!!I adds a lot more action(duh!) to the game, like faster jeeps, more powerful planes etc...Really cool, check it out!!!
____________________________________________1 -- ACTION BATTLEFIELD 1942 FEATURES --____________________________________________- More accurate, fast paced and well balanced BF 1942 gameplay! - Some patch 1.2 corrections included (you'll "feel" them when you play...)- Faster, more powerful vehicles and soldiers!- More efficient helpers (medic and engineer)- Loaded weapons (more ammo, new "action" way of using weapons!)- Some modified weapons : the "Permanent zoom sniper rifle", the "1-2-3 rocket launcher" and the "nervous knife"!- Bomb raid with the B-17 with more bombs and 2 extra passengers with 2 extra turrets!- 6 passengers jeeps also equipped with machinegun!!! (axis and allies)- Frightening tanks with a new hiding position on gunner turrets! (that's right you can get down in turret and look upward!)- Completely wreck ships and tanks with the new fast and more aggressive planes! (prepare for intense dogfights!)- ALL B-17 and APCs/Hanomags are now also acting as "moving" respawn points! That's right! You can respawn on them... on all maps!- New custom soldier views, including the 3rd person view... and more... (great for action plans and screenshots!)- More intense explosions and FX!- Modified crosshair : gives you a better idea of your accuracy.- New optimised chat colors- The Icons flashing on the in-game map when requesting something from your team will flash longer now. Giving you more time to see who's asking for help! :)
We recommend you return to the download list and browse the links from there. If the problem persists, contact us with the details.


text:
Pannexins are a family of transmembrane nonselective channel proteins that participate in the release of ATP into extracellular space. Previous studies have suggested that pannexin‐1 (Panx1) may constitute a local autocrine/paracrine system via transmitter ATP in association with the purinergic P2X7 receptor. In this study, we investigate the expressions of Panx1 and P2X7 in human nasal mucosa, together with hypotonic stress‐induced ATP release from this tissue. Twenty men and one woman ranging in age from 10 to 82 years with an average age of 44.2 ± 4.4 years participated in the study. Inferior turbinates were collected from patients with chronic hypertrophic rhinitis during endoscopic endonasal surgery. The expressions of Panx1 and P2X7 were examined by fluorescence immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). We also examined hypotonic stress‐induced ATP release from the turbinate mucosa and the effects of channel blockers in an ex vivo experiment. Substantial expressions of both proteins were observed in human nasal mucosa. The immunoreactivity for Panx1 was stronger than that for P2X7. The presence of the transcripts of Panx1 and P2X7 was also shown by qRT‐PCR. Ten and 100 μmol/L carbenoxolone (a Panx1 channel blocker) significantly inhibited the ATP release from the nasal mucosa, but flufenamic acid (a connexin channel blocker) and gadolinium (a stretch‐activated channel blocker) did not. These results indicate the coexistence of Panx1 and P2X7 in, and Panx1‐dependent ATP release from, the human nasal mucosa, suggesting the possible participation of these molecules in the physiological functions of the upper airway.
- human upper airway
- P2X7 receptor
- pannexin‐1 channel
Pannexins are a family of transmembrane channel proteins in vertebrates homologous to innexins, which are invertebrate gap‐junction proteins (Bruzzone et al. 2003). They comprise three subtypes – pannexin‐1, pannexin‐2, and pannexin‐3 – and have no significant sequence similarity to connexins, the prototypical vertebrate gap‐junction proteins (Yen and Saier 2007). The pannexin membrane channel exists as a homohexamer (pannexin‐1, and probably pannexin‐3) or homooctamer (pannexin‐2) (Boassa et al. 2007; Ambrosi et al. 2010). Although the pannexin genes were originally cloned as gap‐junction‐related proteins, their role as gap‐junction proteins has not been recognized in vivo (Praetorius and Leipziger 2009; Ransford et al. 2009; MacVicar and Thompson 2010; Sosinsky et al. 2011).
The pannexin‐1 (Panx1) channel is the most thoroughly investigated member of the pannexin family and forms a large‐conductance (~500 pS) nonselective channel (Praetorius and Leipziger 2009; MacVicar and Thompson 2010). The activation of the Panx1 channel participates in ATP release into extracellular space (Praetorius and Leipziger 2009; MacVicar and Thompson 2010). It is thought that the Panx1 channel can be activated in either a calcium‐dependent or calcium‐independent mode. In the calcium‐dependent mode, Panx1 channel opening is typically evoked by signal transduction events following the activation of the ionotropic purinergic P2X7 receptor, a representative purinergic receptor directly coupled with the Panx1 channel (Iglesias et al. 2008; Praetorius and Leipziger 2009; MacVicar and Thompson 2010). In the calcium‐independent mode, the Panx1 channel is triggered by mechanical stimulation, such as hypotonic stress‐induced cell swelling and membrane stretching (Bao et al. 2004; Okada et al. 2006; Ransford et al. 2009). These mechanisms suggest that the Panx1 channel may constitute a local autocrine/paracrine system via transmitter ATP for cell–cell signaling (Praetorius and Leipziger 2009; MacVicar and Thompson 2010).
It is known that in the airway, mucociliary clearance (MCC) is modulated by extracellular ATP through the activation of purinergic receptors on the epithelial cell surface (Majima and Sakakura 1995; Zhang and Sanderson 2003; Chen et al. 2006; Zhao et al. 2012). MCC serves to remove inhaled particulate matter along with secreted mucus, and thereby contributes to host defense mechanisms. Mucociliary dysfunction can be a significant clinical problem, and has been reported in various inflammatory airway diseases (Majima and Sakakura 1995). A previous report demonstrated that inhalation of ultrasonically nebulized distilled water induces rapid ionic and/or osmolar changes in the airway fluid, and may lead to the swelling of bronchial epithelial cells in an animal model (Mochizuki et al. 2002). In other reports, the Panx1 channel was shown to be an important contributor to ATP release in hypotonic stress‐stimulated human bronchial airway epithelia (Seminario‐Vidal et al. 2011; Sandilos and Bayliss 2012). These reports led us to hypothesize that the swelling of upper airway epithelial cells via various stimuli induces ATP release through the activated Panx1 channel on the mucosal surface.
The expression and ATP‐releasing effect of the Panx1 channel in the human upper airway epithelia have not yet been investigated. Our previous immunohistochemical and molecular biological studies provided evidence that Panx1 is the predominant pannexin subtype in the rat upper airway (Ohbuchi et al. 2013). In the present study, we investigate the expressions of the Panx1 channel and P2X7 receptor in human nasal mucosa by fluorescence immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). In addition, we examine whether the Panx1 channel contributes to ATP release from the human nasal mucosa in an ex vivo experiment.
Material and Methods
Patients and sample collection
Inferior turbinate samples were collected from 21 patients with chronic hypertrophic rhinitis who underwent inferior turbinectomy via a transnasal endoscopic approach under general anesthesia in our institute. Twenty men and one woman ranging in age from 10 to 82 years with an average age of 44.2 ± 4.4 years participated in the study. Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis was diagnosed by clinical history, rhinoscopic examination, and computed tomography. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Experimentation of University of Occupational and Environmental Health.
Fluorescence immunohistochemistry
The nasal mucosa tissue were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 (PB) at 4°C overnight. The fixed samples were transferred into 20% sucrose in 0.1 mol/L phosphate‐buffered saline of pH 7.4 (PBS), and incubated at 4°C for 2 nights with 3–4 changes of the solution. The samples were then embedded while frozen in the Tissue‐Tek O.C.T. Compound (Sakura Finetek, Tokyo, JP) and stored at −80°C before sectioning. Seven‐μm‐thick sections were prepared using a cryostat, mounted on saline‐coated glass slides (Superfrost; Matsunami Glass Industries, Osaka, JP), and air‐dried. The sections were hydrated in PBS with 0.3% Triton X‐100 (PBST) for 20 min, and treated with 1.5% normal donkey serum in PBST for 1 h. They were then incubated with rabbit anti‐human Panx1 polyclonal antibody (1:250) (Pinheiro et al. 2013) and goat anti‐human P2X7 receptor polyclonal antibody (1:100) (all from Abcam, Cambridge, U.K.) and diluted in PBST containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) at 4°C overnight. After a brief rinse with PBST, the sections were reacted with Alexa Fluor 488‐conjugated donkey anti‐rabbit IgG and Alexa Fluor 568‐conjugated donkey anti‐goat IgG (all from Invitrogen, Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR), then diluted 1:500 in PBST containing 0.5% BSA at room temperature for 2 h. The sections were coverslipped with Prolong Gold antifade reagent containing 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) (Invitrogen). Images were acquired using a fluorescence microscope ECLIPS TE2000‐U (Nikon, Tokyo, JP) with the confocal laser system BioRad Radiance 2100 (Bio Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA). The excitation light was a 488‐nm argon laser for Alexa Fluor 488, a 543‐nm helium–neon laser for Alexa Fluor 568, or a 405‐nm blue laser for DAPI. Emitted fluorescence was passed through a 500–530 nm bandpass filter for Alexa Fluor 488, through a 570–700 nm bandpass filter for Alexa Fluor 568, or through a 420–460 nm bandpass filter for DAPI. Captured images were analyzed using the software Bio Rad LaserSharp 2000 (Bio Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA) and Carl Zeiss LSM Image Browser (Carl Zeiss Co. Ltd, Jena, DE). As a negative control, the primary antibodies were omitted from the process.
For qRT‐PCR, the specimens were soaked in an RNA stabilization reagent (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) at 4°C overnight. Total RNA was extracted using an RNAqueous‐4PCR Kit (Qiagen Inc.,) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The purity of the RNA was assessed by the ratio of light absorption at 260 to 280 nm (an A260/A280 ratio in the 1.9–2.1 range was considered acceptable). RNA concentration was determined from A260.
Total RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA with a High‐Capacity RNA‐to‐cDNA Kit (Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, CA), which uses random primers. The qRT‐PCR analysis was performed with an Applied Biosystems StepOnePlus real‐time PCR system using the TaqMan Fast Advanced Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) for Panx1 mRNA, P2X7 mRNA, and for glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA as a housekeeping gene, according to the manufacturer's specifications. The TaqMan Gene Expression Assays for Panx1 (assay identification number: Hs00209790_m1), P2X7 (assay identification number: Hs00175721_m1), and GAPDH (assay identification number: Hs02758991_g1) were purchased from Applied Biosystems. One‐hundred ng/μL of cDNA was mixed with TaqMan Fast Advanced Master Mix with AmpErase (uracil N‐glycosylase) and the primer/probe set of the TaqMan Gene Expression Assays. The mixture was then subjected to PCR amplification with real‐time detection. The thermal cycler conditions were as follows: holding at 50°C for 2 min followed by 95°C for 20 sec; this was followed by 40 cycles of two‐step PCR with 95°C for 1 sec and 60°C for 20 sec. Each sample was assayed in duplicate.
The measured threshold cycle (CT) was normalized by subtracting the CT for GAPDH of each sample from that for Panx1 and P2X7. From the obtained ∆CT, the ratio of Panx1 mRNA and P2X7 mRNA to GAPDH mRNA was calculated as follows:
Measurements of ATP release from nasal mucosa
The lateral surface of the collected inferior turbinate was shaved to prepare a film of the mucosal surface layer immediately after sample collection. The filmy tissue was trimmed with a circular punch (inner diameter = 5 mm), and washed with normal saline. The cutout mucosal segments were incubated in a 12‐well culture plate containing 4 mL isotonic solution (100 mmol/L NaCl with 300 mOsmol L−1 adjusted with mannitol) or hypotonic solution (100 mmol/L NaCl with 200 mOsmol L−1) in each well at room temperature for 10 min. One‐hundred microliter solution was collected by an ATP water‐testing device, AQUASNAP™ (Hygiena, Camarillo, CA), and the ATP concentration was measured by a luciferin‐luciferase assay using luminometer SystemSURE Plus™ (Hygiena, Camarillo, CA). To assess the contribution of the Panx1 channel to ATP release, the mucosal segment was also incubated in the presence of carbenoxolone (CBX; a Panx1 channel blocker), flufenamic acid (FFA; a connexin channel blocker), or gadolinium (Gd3+; a stretch‐activated channel blocker) (all from Sigma, St Louis, MO) (Yang and Sachs 1989; Bruzzone et al. 2005; Ma et al. 2009) at room temperature for 10 min under hypotonic condition. All drugs were dissolved in 100 mmol/L NaCl. The measured ATP concentration was standardized by deducting the ATP concentration before applying the mucosal segment to the solution in each well.
Statistical analysis
Results were expressed as the mean ± SEM. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Student's t‐test, and P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Expressions of Panx1 channel and P2X7 receptor in human nasal mucosa
Figure 1 shows photomicrographs of fluorescence immunohistochemical double staining for Panx1 and P2X7 of the human nasal mucosa (n = 13). Substantial expressions of both proteins were identified, including in the epithelial layer. The immunoreactivity for Panx1 was stronger than that for P2X7.
The qRT‐PCR results are presented in Figure 2. The representative trace of the amplification plot is shown in Figure 2A. This result proves the presence of Panx1 and P2X7 at the transcript level in the human nasal mucosa. The average Panx1 mRNA/GAPDH mRNA and P2X7 mRNA/GAPDH mRNA ratios were 0.0165 ± 0.0011 and 0.0014 ± 0.0002, respectively (n =10, Fig. 2B).
Effects of CBX, FFA, and Gd3+ on hypotonic stress‐induced ATP release from human nasal mucosa
The measurements of ATP release from nasal mucosa under various conditions are summarized in Figure 3. The ATP concentration after 10‐min hypotonic stress was 233 ± 36 fmol/L (n = 8), significantly higher than that of isotonic condition (76.0 ± 41 fmol/L, n = 3, P = 0.0304). In the presence of 10 and 100 μmol/L CBX, the ATP concentration significantly decreased to 108 ± 19 (n = 8, P = 0.0084) and 112 ± 19 fmol/L (n = 8, P = 0.0105; data not shown), respectively. In contrast, ATP concentration was not inhibited by FFA at a concentration of 300 μmol/L (191 ± 40 fmol/L, n = 8, P = 0.4444), which is considered sufficient to produce the maximum effect (Bruzzone et al. 2005; Ma et al. 2009). In addition, ATP concentration was not reduced by Gd3+ at a concentration of 100 μmol/L (189 ± 53 fmol/L, n = 8, P = 0.5004). These results suggest that ATP release from the human nasal mucosa under hypotonic condition is mediated, at least in part, by CBX‐sensitive and FFA‐insensitive channels – like the Panx1 channel – and is independent of stretch‐activated channels.
The present study provides the first evidence of the coexistence of Panx1 and P2X7 in the human upper airway. Transcripts for these substances were further quantitated by qRT‐PCR. In addition, CBX inhibited ATP release from human nasal mucosa under hypotonic condition, while FFA and Gd3+ did not. These results suggest that the release of ATP from human nasal mucosa may in part be mediated by the Panx1 channel. Obviously, it would not have been ethical to obtain normal inferior turbinates for this study; we therefore collected the turbinates from patients with chronic hypertrophic rhinitis. Although hypertrophied turbinates histologically exhibit irreversible changes such as submucosal fibrosis, the epithelial layer of their lateral side generally shows almost normal histological findings (Berger et al. 2006). Because of this, we deemed the influence of the pathological changes of the hypertrophied turbinate on the function of Panx1 to be negligible.
Gentle nondestructive mechanical stimulation is a common trigger for ATP release from diverse kinds of cells (Praetorius and Leipziger 2009). Typical triggers include gentle rotation of a dish with cultured cells, change in the flow of medium over a sheet of epithelial/endothelial cells, and cell swelling induced by hypotonic stress (Bodin et al. 1991; Grygorczyk and Hanrahan 1997; Mitchell et al. 1998; Koyama et al. 2001; Boudreault and Grygorczyk 2004).
ATP is thought to be released via two distinct pathways; that is, vesicle‐ and channel‐mediated pathways. In the case of the former, it has been observed that ATP release depends partly on an intracellular calcium increase, which is required for vesicular release. As to the latter, the channel‐mediated pathway was discovered by recent work on airway epithelia, which showed that calcium is not needed for hypotonic stress‐induced ATP release. This work also indicated that the Panx1 channel is the most convincing candidate in terms of what mediates this response (Bao et al. 2004; Ransford et al. 2009; Seminario‐Vidal et al. 2011; Sandilos and Bayliss 2012).
Several studies have demonstrated the presence of mechanosensors in the airway mucosa. In the human lower airway epithelia, the Panx1 channel is expressed in the apical membrane, and contributes to ATP release onto the epithelial surface in response to hypotonic stress‐mediated cell swelling (Ransford et al. 2009; Seminario‐Vidal et al. 2011; Sandilos and Bayliss 2012). Our results also indicate that the Panx1 channel is likely to be responsible for ATP release into the extracellular space under hypotonic condition in the human upper airway epithelia. On the other hand, neither Gd3+ nor FFA had an effect on ATP release under hypotonic condition, indicating a negligible role of stretch‐activated channels, such as transient receptor potential vanilloid 4, and connexin channels in this reaction in the nasal mucosa (Seminario‐Vidal et al. 2011).
ATP released through the Panx1 channel in response to hypotonic stimulation probably activates the coexisting P2X7 receptor. P2X7 receptor activation is involved in the signal transduction events that lead to the activation of the Panx1 channel; a proline‐rich segment containing a Src homology 3 domain in the carboxyl terminus of the P2X7 receptor regulates Src tyrosine kinase activation, which activates Panx1 (Iglesias et al. 2008). ATP is then released through the Panx1 channel, and the P2X7 receptor is activated again. This positive‐feedback interaction between P2X7 and Panx1 may constitute a local autocrine/paracrine signaling system via ATP‐induced ATP release in the human nasal epithelia.
Src tyrosine kinase activation is dependent on an increase in intracellular calcium brought about by calcium influx though the P2X7 receptor. However, this study demonstrates that the hypotonic stress‐induced pannexin‐dependent ATP release from the nasal mucosa can be observed under a calcium‐free condition, indicating that P2X7 receptor activation plays only a minor role in the initiation of ATP release via the Panx1 channel. However, once the Panx1 channel is activated by other triggers, such as hypotonic stimulus, the reaction is propagated and prolonged via the above positive‐feedback mechanism.
Such a self‐propagating reaction may participate in the generation of intercellular calcium waves; calcium poured into an epithelial cell would spread to contiguous cells through the gap‐junction channels, such as connexin‐43, and elicit another calcium influx reaction in each cell via the same mechanism, leading to the transmission of calcium signaling throughout the airway epithelium (Yeh et al. 2003; Locovei et al. 2006).
What is the role of pannexin‐dependent ATP release in the airway mucosa? Ciliated respiratory epithelial cells increase their ciliary beat frequency upon activation (Sanderson and Dirksen 1986; Sanderson et al. 1990; Cohen 2006), which is a beneficial change for mucus clearance. It has also been reported that mechanical stimulation directly and robustly activates ciliary beat frequency of upper respiratory ciliated cells in vitro, and that this action is mediated by ATP released from the apical surface of the cells (Button et al. 2007; Zhao et al. 2012). These lines of evidence and the present results lead to the hypothesis that ATP released through the Panx1 channel regulates the mechanism of mucus clearance via ciliary beating modulation in the human upper airway.
However, certain issues remain unresolved. First, the specificity of the primary antibodies used in our immunohistochemistry experiment could not be definitively determined. No primary antibody as a negative control is valuable but insufficient. In the current case, siRNA or shRNA knockdown cells for Panx1 or P2X7 would provide the ideal negative controls. Similarly, nonexpressing cells, transfected with the Panx1 or P2X7, would provide the best positive controls. Second, we cannot affirm that hypotonic stress‐mediated effects do not involve as yet unknown molecules other than the Panx1 channel. The blockers used in our protocol do not necessarily exhibit strict pharmacological specificity (Bruzzone et al. 2005; Ma et al. 2009). Third, cell destruction may have affected the ATP measurements. The viability of the mucosal epithelial cells after ATP measurement remains to be examined. Fourth, the physiologic properties of the Panx1 channel in vivo are not fully understood. In culture experiments, ATP concentrations in a medium need to be at a micromolar level for sufficient activation of purinergic receptors (Okada et al. 2006; Ransford et al. 2009), but the ATP concentration in the mucus blanket on the mucosal surface is difficult to determine. In relation to this, we should consider the contributions of other types of purinergic receptors including metabotropic P2Y2 receptor expressed in the airway epithelium to ATP release (Okada et al. 2006; O'Grady et al. 2013).
In conclusion, we evaluated Panx1 and P2X7 expressions in, and ATP release from, the human nasal mucosa by immunohistochemistry, qRT‐PCR, and ex vivo physiological experiment. This is the first report demonstrating the existence of the Panx1 channel and its ATP‐releasing effect in the human upper airway epithelia. The Panx1 channel could be one of the key molecular components in the regulatory mechanism of the upper airway function. Modulation of this molecule may open a novel therapeutic strategy in the management of upper respiratory disorders. Further biochemical, biophysical, and molecular biological evidence is needed to clarify this interesting mechanism in the human nasal mucosa.
We thank Kanji Yahiro and Tomoko Tamura (STEM Biomethod Corporation, Kitakyushu, Japan) for their expertise.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
These authors equally contributed to this work.
Funding Information
This work was supported in part by a Grant‐in‐Aid for Young Scientists (B) (no. 24791816) to T. O. from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and by a UOEH Research Grant for the Promotion of Occupational Health to T. O.
- Manuscript Received: November 22, 2013.
- Manuscript Revised: January 10, 2014.
- Manuscript Accepted: January 13, 2014.
- © 2014 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Insights -
The Many Faces
of CRM
CRM at the
The World Archaeological Conference (WAC) in Cape Town in January was by all accounts a resounding success. The site of the University of Cape Town was delightful, the conference was well-organized and run, the social activities plentiful and interesting, and the people helpful and friendly. Everyone who attended came home invigorated and excited after a week of exchanging ideas and experiences with other archaeologists from around the world.
As noted in the November issue of the SAA Bulletin [1998, 16(5):28], cultural resource management (CRM) was an important topic at the conference. This was especially clear at the workshop, "What is CRM?", organized by Janette Deacon and Melanie Atwell (South Africa), Kate Clark (United Kingdom), and Tom Wheaton (United States). Interest in the workshop exceeded expectations and attendance was standing-room only with people peering in through the open doorway. Attendees included individuals from universities, museums, national governmental agencies, and employees from American CRM firms. The attendees were primarily from Africa, Europe, and the United States.
The workshop was organized around three topics, each of which was introduced by one of the organizers: (1) Why we do CRM archaeology (Deacon); (2) The seven deadly sins of CRM archaeology (Clark); and (3) The 10 commandments of CRM archaeology (Atwell and Wheaton). A panel of archaeologists, which included Webber Ndoro (Zimbabwe), John Carman (U.K.), Sharla Azizi (U.S.), Gamini Wijesuriya (Sri Lanka), Tom Huffman (South Africa), and Alinah Segobye (Botswana), then began a discussion of each topic. Initially, the audience seemed unsure of what to expect or whether to participate in the discussion, but the panelists' enthusiasm soon produced a lively discussion. Nearly everyone in the room recounted personal experiences, asked questions, and bragged good-naturedly about their country's programs. The discussion was surprisingly candid as the participants readily admitted deficiencies in their programs and sought advice from others. The key to this openness was the geographical and cultural breadth of the panelists and their willingness to discuss problems and issues in a public forum.
Deacon provided a good overview of the reasons why we practice CRM. By audience consensus, the reasons were conservation of the resource, research, establishment of resource inventories, development of culture history, public education, and promotion of national unification. Deacon also pointed out that archaeology is only one aspect of the cultural resource puzzle, and that we should not forget history, architecture, and traditional cultural properties.
Clark's amusing (she is a fine cartoonist) and eminently practical take on the seven deadly sins of doing CRM archaeology did not hide her frustration with the pompous and bureaucratic. According to Clark, the "sins" include
(1) Overdoing objectivity -- pretending we know nothing of the resource and reinventing our approaches for each project;
(2) Obfuscation of our reports -- recommendations laden with jargon and generally poor writing;
(3) Visual illiteracy -- overuse of graphics that look pretty but don't mean anything;
(4) Myopia -- not looking beyond the archaeological report to the system (economic, political, social, etc.) of which it is a part;
(5) Ignorance -- archaeologists pretending to be soil scientists, historians, and architects, etc.;
(6) Arrogance -- ignoring and actively disdaining public interest and input; and
(7) Pessimism -- throwing up our hands and bemoaning the sad state of affairs instead of working on solving problems.
Atwell presented some of the primary responsibilities or "commandments" for CRM practitioners. Chief among these commandments was the need to seek a wider social relevance to what we do. He implored the audience to communicate better with the public and to clearly express how our jobs add value to people's lives in concrete ways. To accomplish this task, CRM must provide a contextual analysis within social, landscape, planning, development, and economic frameworks. These ideas were amplified in a discussion in which commandments were elicited from the larger audience. Although the audience's commandments for CRM practitioners ranged from simple to complex, and national to universal, the following representative list gives a sense of the positions on the international scene:
Thou shalt not lie about resources in reports.
Thou shalt remember the economics of the situation (archaeology is not the only consideration when dealing with limited development budgets).
Thou shalt focus on one project at a time and not spread thine resources too thinly.
Thou shalt meet deadlines.
Thou shalt work with other professions as a team and with mutual respect.
Thou shalt finish what thou startest.
Thou shalt decide together with the public what is significant.
Thou shalt not forget that archaeology is exciting.
Thou shalt know the laws.
Thou shalt create a climate for enforcement of ethical conduct.
Thou shalt keep an open mind and continue learning.
The general discussions also were revealing and showed the growing importance of CRM nearly everywhere. While the United States sometimes thinks of itself as the inventor of CRM, other countries have certainly moved ahead of us in certain respects. Kenya's system of cultural resource management institutionalizes public involvement perhaps better than we do. Australia allows more say in the management of the resource by aboriginal peoples than is generally the case with Native Americans, although the recent changes in the Section 106 regulations are moving in that direction. Sri Lanka has a license for archaeologists similar to that for architects or doctors that exceeds our efforts with SOPA/RPA. Nearly every country in Africa has the legal framework to deal with cultural resources and has qualified people interested in managing the resource for the public good. But in most countries, the major issue is funding the enforcement of these regulations.
Few countries have a private sector devoted to addressing cultural resource problems (Australia is a major exception). Even Europe is only beginning to address the issue of compliance with new regulations in the European community and whether a reliance on private industry is the appropriate avenue. As CRM shifts from government control to private industry, the old arguments that private firms cut corners and are only in the business to get rich, are resurfacing as more traditional institutions have trouble adapting to a rapidly changing and increasingly demanding clientele.
The workshop shed light on some issues and questions infrequently encountered in the United States. For example, should data be presented to a public that does not read, or to a public that speaks a half dozen different languages? How should a private firm be established within an economic system that does not look favorably on such entrepreneurial activities? Although balancing various viewpoints within a local community is common in U.S.-based CRM, it is exacerbated in other countries where the increasingly numerous younger population's desire for economic development competes with the older population's desire to retain vestiges of their history. Many countries view archaeology as part of the heritage of colonialism with little relation to people's lives. Contributing to this perspective is the lack of understanding and communication among international organizations with cultural resource requirements, local governments, and various publics.
A number of the workshop papers are available at www.uct.ac.za/depts/age/wac/.The workshop was a great opportunity to convene people with similar interests from a wide variety of backgrounds to begin a dialogue about a global perspective on CRM. But it was only a beginning. A continuation of this discussion at future WAC conferences would be beneficial. ·
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Earlier today, IMAX dropped a beautiful poster into the laps of Doctor Strange fans around the world. Soon after they also dropped a one minute long trailer that has some familiar scenes as well as some new ones that are sure to get you even more excited for the Sorcerer Supreme. Some of the new […]
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No sooner had the new Doctor Strange trailer landed, than a whole host of new posters made an appearance as well
Marvel has released a new trailer for its upcoming addition to the MCU, Doctor Strange, and a certain world-saving team got a mention
Marvel Studios released a trippy new poster and a minbdboggling trailer for Comic-con 2016. The poster is above and the trailer is in the dimension that lies beyond the jump. Doctor Strange opens on November 4th.
Visiting a movie set is almost like a crime scene investigation. There's a truth, but no one wants to reveal it, so you poke around and see what secrets you can discover. Earlier this year, we visited the set of Marvel's Doctor Stra...
Plus the new IMAX poster for the November 4 release The post More Doctor Strange Character Posters with Mordo, The Ancient One and Kaecilius appeared first on ComingSoon.net.


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My beekeeping experience spans over 50 years and two continents. When I came to take up beekeeping here in Canada I was horrified to discover only one hive in production. My beekeeping has been based on a number of hives, some I've loved and some I've hated. The Langstroth is regretfully not one of the ones I've loved. So I decided if I can't buy one to suit my needs, I'll make my own.
From the ground up I needed a system which would, and does, improve matters for both the bees and beekeeper. A new hive stand, low on the ground, for both security and weatherproofing, to provide dead air space under the hive floor. A new hive floor, which had to be lighter. Square boxes for better wintering, a round cluster will be a better fit in a square than a rectangle. Lighter frames and standard size foundation to fit regular extractors. A better Queen excluder, easier to clean. Shallow honey supers as standard. A better inner cover and finally a controllable ventilation system, this being the main feature. We have succeeded beyond all our dreams. The amount of produce from these hives is just amazing and the workload for the keeper is not excessive.
The deep box or brood box is square 18 x 18. It holds 11 frames, to provide more brood space as I strongly disagree with reducing the number of frames (from 10 to 9) to make it easier for the keeper. We need more brood space not less, fewer frames, fewer bees, less honey. We run our hives on 3 brood boxes, that's 33 frames in total. In early Spring we find a good Queen will be laying in all 3 boxes. Our frames are different, they're thinner wood, longer end lugs for you to hold onto. With the separators, it makes for a cleaner hive. You don't need to pry up each frame to get it out as there is virtually no propolis. We use a diagonal one piece wire foundation and with our ventilation, there is no need to horizontally wire these frames. The Queen excluder is flat, very easy to clean and without the build up of wax and propolis that you're accustomed to seeing.
The Shallow Super is made to the same specs. as the Deep Box, but uses 6″ drone brood foundation and therefore is much lighter and more manageable for lady apiarists. With the extra large hand holds these are easier on the fingers and back muscles.
The Inner Cover is plywood rather than masonite. We have found that the shiny surface of masonite will sweat and the water beads up. In Winter the condensation freezes and in the Spring melts and eventually this condensation will drip back into the cluster. It is cleated to provide bee space on both sides and mesh covered holes provide ventilation. We have also provided a Winter top opening, which can be opened and closed as needed.
Next is the Ventilation Box. The same as the honey super but with slanted screened holes to provide through ventilation. This works on the same principle as the soffit vents in our houses. The ventilation is controllable, in the Summer we need maximum ventilation and in the winter it is drastically reduced.
The roof has 3 ventilation holes on the front, it's cleated on the inside to make it ride on top of the ventilation box. One to provide a large open area, the same as our attics, two to provide space for feeder pails etc. So much for the mechanics, now to explain our thinking regarding ventilating bee hives.
The laws of physics are legion. The two we are interested in are "Hot air rises" and "Hot air takes up moisture". The hot air in the hive rises takes up the moisture from the air that the bees are busy extracting from the nectar they are bringing in. In your hives, because they are sealed in the hot wet air has nowhere to go. Now the bees spend hours fanning trying to get it out of the hive. In our hives, it gets out through the top of the hive easily and without obstruction, which explains our large crops, the hive assists the bees in their efforts.
Another point to ponder. If one of the primary causes for swarming, is, amongst other reasons, too much heat, it stands to reason that with a ventilated hive there should be less swarming tendencies. That is what we have found, in eight years we haven't had a hive swarm on us.
When we examined other hives in our area we noticed a high incidence of chalk brood. Our information states that chalk brood is a fungus caused by damp conditions within the hive.When we added ventilation to a hive with a high proportion of chalk brood, it was only a short time before the chalk brood disappeared and normal healthy brood prevailed.
We live in an area where the temp. can go from -30C to +40C, our hives are made to withstand these variances of temperature. They are out in a field with no shade or wind breaks and they're doing just fine. So another of those beekeeping fallacies is not true! You do not have to keep bees behind a wind break or with lots of shade. In fact, my view is they are better off if kept in open conditions, the hives will certainly be drier.
In conclusion, I would like to say. This has to be the Rolls Royce of the hives. If you're a beekeeper rather than a box keeper, you'll like to work these hives. They're easy to open, and much cleaner, you need very little smoke (less disturbance) the bees are healthier and must be happier as they work so hard. So join the revolution and order the latest hive, and enjoy your beekeeping!!!


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Indoor rowing machines gathering dust in gyms and domestic garages, folded away in the spare room?
Not any more apparently.
Well maybe it is a bit out of style, not the exercise but the machine with new technological advances in the design perhaps you will want a funky new one with an affixed water tank.
The similarities between spinning and rowing
Both indoor rowing and spinning are mimicking an outdoor exercise, that is the fundamental similarity
With high energy instructors and even more high energy music to pump the heart, the peer pressure to get good, sweaty and fit not to mention sore, both can make that claim
For body beautiful rowing is in a league of its own. A 50 minute class will burn up over a 1000 calories and twice as much as spinning. Every complete stroke works the calves, thighs (back and front), chest, abdominals, arms, upper and mid back.
Working at this rate with every muscle group included, nothing is left out including the heart muscle. The rhythm also needs to be developed, much more so than in spinning.
Prepare to be addicted!
Also prepare to perfect your posture. Hurtling up and down for 10 minutes will just wear you out and make you ache all over, sitting properly is essential. Warming up is also very important, as you will be doing a total body work out, a quick jog or some easy rowing is good.
Here are some Solo workouts for you
Warming up; Single Hand
To avoid pulling too soon (a common mistake), try a warm up
- Hold the center of the handle with one hand and row!
- Then you can get the feel of how important the legs and firm back are to your drive phase, the second phase of 4
- Do 10 strokes with each hand as a warm up
Beginner; Tempo Row
Each modern machine will display your speed, distance and average time over 500 meters
- Row as hard as you can for one minute and note your average 500 meter split time
- Add 20 seconds to that time, this is your pace
- Hold that pace for 10 minutes if you can
- Rest three minutes and repeat
Intermediate; Stroke-count pyramid
- Row 10 strokes easy
- Row 10 strokes hard
- Repeat this pattern, going up by 10 each time
- Go up to 50 easy, 50 hard
- Then reverse the pattern back down to 10
Intermediate; Another pyramid
- Warm up with 20 minutes easy rowing
- Row for one minute, rest for one minute
- Row for two minutes, rest for two minutes
- Work up to four minutes
- Work your way back down to one minute
- This should be done at 75 percent maximum effort
N.B Sounds easy but still you will work up a sweat and burn up around 450 calories
Advanced; Intense Intervals
See if you can do four 500 metre intervals without rest
- Row the first 500 metres at 50 percent of your maximum effort
- Second, go for 75 percent maximum effort
- Third, go for 95 percent
- Finally, ensuring good form go for the burn!
- You will be somewhere near finished! You might want to jump in the shower now!
So long as you are prepared and know the four phases of the action of rowing, then you can start your work out. With so many exercises to do solo you can soon be as fit as a fiddle or as fit as you wish to be. Rowing at home means you can choose your own music to dance to and for schedules you can always get in touch with your fitness resource Row Flow that's there to assist you. Probably something nice and loud and yet rhythmic is good, after all rowing is rhythm.


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With the exception of "Bottlerocket" I'm pretty much a fan of all Wes Anderson movies, but I have to say that "The Life Aquatic" is by far my favorite. The other day I went looking for team-zissou.mp3 so that I could make it the ringtone on my cellular phone when I stumbled across this set of directions for making your own Team Zissou style sneakers.
It pretty much involves finding a pair of Adidas Rom Classics with blue stripes, some light blue shoe paint, and yellow shoelaces. Paint out the dark blue middle stripe with light blue, lace up the yellow shoelaces, and replace the "Rom" logo with "Zissou" and your all set to go.
The trick, as it turns out is finding yourself a pair of Roms. They were first introduced in 1959 and Adidas does not seem to be making them anymore. You can sometimes find remakes, but they don't have the white gum soles like the shoes from the movie. I did manage to find a pair on ebay, but the were a little large for me, and they are going for $75 a pair. I also understand that you can find them at certain online retailers in Europe, but I didn't have much luck finding them when I looked.
Anyhow, it's a cool idea, and a lot of fun. Some people have contacted Adidas directly hoping to get he actual model used in the movie, but they say they are not offering them for sale. There is, however, some indication that they may if enough people ask for them.
USA TODAY has even run a story about the demand for these sweet sneaks. They say that the prospects don't look good as far as Adidas putting out an official Team Zissou shoe, but they did write thatabout 600 people have signed a petition asking the company to release the model.
But just like The Life Aquatic's spotted shark, the Zissou shoe doesn't exist in the real world. But that hasn't stopped the Web set from launching a petition with nearly 600 names and e-mailing firstname.lastname@example.com.
Adidas is fully aware that potential buyers are fishing around for their very own Zissous. But it's unlikely that the company will produce such a limited edition of its Rom design.


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Posting ads for 49 years
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The photographs below represent a partial introduction to Part II of the Tale. The new characters are currently being shot alone, but they will eventually be intermingled with everything from Part I.
In Part II the action has taken an unexpected detour. Rather than continuing work on filming with the Characters from Part I, a minor rebellion occurred. New characters, mainly from the previously unknown Underground Theater of Lord Strange, have been climbing onto the stage and insisting that they and their stories be seen and heard. Film Production for Part II is currently proceeding at the expectedly Gastropodic pace.


text: Stopped by NM Last Call Outlet in Discover Mills (Atlanta) and spotted a navy canvas tote. Picked it up thinking that it might be a MbyMJ tote. It was Stella McCartney and had a green stamp on its price tag which means additional 75%off. The tote bag was down from $345 -> $231 ->$155 -> additional 75% off ($38.75) and I paid $36.81 (with additional 5% off with NM charge card). Here are some pictures of McCartney Beach Tote. Mine has the same style but different color (Navy) and it has a small chain . They still have one more in the store. [/ATTACH] And one more: If you sign on their emailing list, they also give a black Neiman Marcus tote (not pretty but good for grocery shopping).


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Celebrity Cribs: Check Out The SoHo Penthouse Alicia Keys And Swizz Beatz Just Unloaded For $15 Million
- By Bossip Staff
1 of 10
Take a peek into Alicia Keys and Swizzy's multi-million dollar NYC penthouse!
Alicia Keys And Swizz Beatz' SoHo Penthouse
Via CasaSugar reports:
Better than backstage passes to the Grammys, this triplex penthouse once belonged to Lenny Kravitz and is now being sold by Alicia Keys and her husband, Swizz Beatz.
With over 6,000 square feet of space — including five bedrooms, four bathrooms, and a private spa — it is a home worthy of music industry legends, but for a mere $15 million, it is available to lesser mortals.
Continue Slideshow


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Fawad Afzal Khan, more popularly known as Fawad Khan in Bollywood is one of the most handsome actors in the industry, not just here even in Pakistan where he has made a much bigger name for himself.
This actor who makes girls go weak in the knees fell in love with his now wife, Sadaf when he was a teenager and proposed marriage when she was just 16 years old. Though she rejected at the time, he kept his promise of marrying her and till date the two have a blissful marriage.
Read Fawad's love story in his words, as told to MissMalini.com:
"I was 17, she was 16. There used to be MIRC at that time, which was Internet Relay Chat. So I 'met' her online. I was the one who was never allowed out of the house - I was allowed maybe once in a month, or something like that. Literally, I was like Rapunzel. (laughs) Not really, but ya - going out with friends and all was something that didn't happen so frequently.
So my friends used to tell me, "I know this girl, I know that girl." And one of my childhood friends knew of Sadaf and I told him that I'm interested in meeting her. Incidentally enough, the person I was going to meet, that I chatted to - was not Sadaf. Turns out the person I fell for was Sadaf, who was different from the person that I chatted to.
At that time, it wasn't like I was meeting to date or something; I was just going with the harmless of intention of meeting and seeing where things go from there. But then I fell for the other girl, and after that, I remember during A-Levels I met her again during tuition. We hadn't had contact in between for quite some time. And that's when we got into a relationship.
I remember I proposed to her on the phone after 10 days of getting into a relationship with her. I was like, "I've decided that I want to live the rest of my life with you because I think I'm an old-fashioned person and I'm not in for the hanky panky." Those were my exact words! Very cheesy, but I was like, "I really am. Will you marry me?"
And you would not believe what her reply was. "Are you mad?!" So I was like, why, what's wrong? She said, "I'm 16, what are you thinking right now? Just live it. Just live life for a while." But for the next three years I kept pestering her, and eventually after 3 or 4 years she finally said yes.


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December 6, 2012
No one is going to work harder, smarter and with more enthusiasm than we are. We don't stand on our laurels or today's success. We constantly push ourselves harder and harder to do better for our clients. We analyze our campaigns and ask ourselves, "What could we do differently or better next time?" We are not afraid to say "I don't know" and get back to you with our thoughts or an answer. We have strong planners, strong negotiators, strong account service and incredible accountability. Besides that, we are fun to work with AND based on the track record we have with our existing clients, I believe you will want to work with us for a long time!


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Taught by current and former law enforcement officials with extensive real-world experience. All courses speak to current trends and future proofing techniques to help your agency achieve its evidence goal today and beyond.
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Have Questions? 800-449-4273


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The Nature of the Book
(Literary Masterpieces, Critical Compilation)
Since the invention of printing around 1450, printed materials have become such accepted media for the transmission of information and knowledge that they are taken for granted. The primary characteristics of print, such as mass reproduction, fixity, and uniformity of contents, have been ascribed to the print revolution. For example, the historian Elizabeth Eisenstein argues in The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early Modern Europe (1979) for a new mentality that print culture created as seen in printing's role in shaping the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution.
In The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making, Adrian Johns tests some of these arguments about the new characteristics of print. His method is to delve into the creation of print culture, primarily in London from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. He examines the complete world of the book that encompassed authors, printers, booksellers, and readers. His purpose is to investigate how the characteristics that are ascribed to printing, especially stability and credibility, came into being. His work demonstrates that trust in the knowledge that printed material conveyed was difficult to achieve. This credibility was especially significant when it coincided with the transmission of scientific knowledge. In contrast to Eisenstein's thesis, his research reveals that for at least three centuries after the invention of printing, the credibility of printed books and other materials was extremely fragile. The Nature of the Book examines how mechanisms were devised to achieve the primary features of fixity and credibility that are primary features upon which print culture depends.
Johns first studies the interlinking "domains" where books were printed, sold, read and discussed. Stationers, the primary agents in producing and selling books, were engaged to overlapping degrees in printing, selling, publishing, and editing. Although an author might endeavor to interact with the stationer, in practical terms a book was published under the stationer's name, and the stationer held the rights to the "copy." Authorship was secondary, and an author had little control over editorial changes and care in proofing a text. For the reader, issues about trust in printed works focused on stationers, encompassing printers and booksellers.
Piracy also contributed to the unstable credibility of printed works. Johns points out that while printing history has regarded piracy as a peripheral problem based on isolated individual cases, in fact piracy, including unauthorized editions and abridgments, permeated the printed book trade in London and by extension throughout provincial centers in Great Britain. Johns demonstrates that piracy was a phenomenon that went beyond legal definitions into "the far more amorphous territory of civility." For almost any printed work in early modern England, it was difficult to assign credit or blame. Thus, the literary contents of a printed book carried no automatic assumption of authenticity or credibility.
The remaining chapters look at ways that the literary and scientific community addressed the problems of fixity and credibility in printed books and materials. In doing so from around 1500 to 1800, they managed to invest printed materials with the authority that has come to be assumed about the medium of print.
Because their very livelihood depended on the credibility of their products, the Stationers' Company provided the primary impetus for achieving trust in printed publications in early modern England. Their activities were conducted in a veritable castle known as Stationers' Hall in London. Johns's discussion "breaches the walls of this institution" to reveal how the Stationers' Company created representations of themselves and the printed materials that they produced as trustworthy. They maintained an internal order through their register, which recorded individual stationers' rights to hold "copy" for a particular work. Disputes arising about these matters were settled in the stationers' court. Stationers also promoted trust by cultivating the aura of propriety in their business dealings and by reinforcing their corporate character with ceremonial displays.
Two other mechanisms for achieving credibility in printed works brought printing and the Stationers' Company into the political arena. Licensing, which had overtones of censorship, was used through the politically tumultuous seventeenth century; it ended in 1695. Royal privileges were granted to individuals. Even more than licensing, which arose...
(The entire section is 1919 words.)


text: URBAN.POD Compact Vehicle Concept by Paulo Encarnai has been designed pertaining to you to explore the urban jungle in style. It's a small 1+2 city car aimed at both young and knowledgeable drivers that want to explore the actual city with style and basic safety. It is primarily built through bio-degradable plastics (bio-plastics), which can be made via several natural sources similar to vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, sugar cane etc. This compact car also offers many solutions to increase the particular safety of the passengers and also decrease traffic with car-to-car sensors pertaining to optimal traffic. The images on this vehicle pretty much describe its style, stylish, futuristic and cute car.


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Comic Actor Harvey Korman Dies
Blazing Saddles star Harvey Korman has died. He was 81.
The Emmy Award-winning actor passed away at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles on Thursday after suffering complications from the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm–an often fatal swelling of one of the body's main arteries.
Korman's daughter Kate has paid tribute to the star, insisting he fought hard against his ailing health.
She says, "It was a miracle in itself that he survived the incident at all. Everyone in the hospital referred to him as 'miracle man' because of his strong will and ability to bounce right back after several major operations.
"Tragically, after such a hard-fought battle, he passed away."
Korman was best known for his role opposite Mel Brooks in 1974 spoof film Blazing Saddles. But his regular appearances on 1960s TV program The Carol Burnett Show won him critical acclaim and four Emmy Awards. He also landed a Golden Globe for the show in 1975. He went on to front his own program, The Harvey Korman Show, in 1978 and star in a variety of movies including 1995's Dracula: Dead and Loving It.
Korman leaves his wife Deborah, daughters Kate, Laura and Maria, son Chris and three grandchildren.
COPYRIGHT 2008 WORLD ENTERTAINMENT NEWS NETWORK LTD. All Global Rights Reserved.


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The Powertrain plan covers the major components on your vehicle and offers protection against many major mechanical breakdowns.
The Silver plan offers all the same features of the Powertrain plan plus additional benefits against many other component failures.
The Gold plan offers all of the same features and benefits as the Powertrain plan and Silver plan, plus more comprehensive coverage including most of the "high-tech" items found on today's vehicles.
The Gold Plus plan offers all the same features of Powertrain, Silver, and Gold, with the following additional benefits.
In addition to offering the same features of Powertrain, Silver, Gold and Gold Plus, Platinum expands to cover almost all assemblies of your vehicle, giving you the "Ultimate Peace of Mind" protection.
Drive Axle
Differential/axle housing(s) and all internally lubricated parts including the axle flange; ring and pinion gear/carrier assembly; spider gears and bearings; pins; retainers; positraction clutches, plates and springs; cover; seals and gaskets.
Air Conditioning
Condensor; compressor; evaporator; orifice/expansion; seals and gaskets.
Front Suspension
Upper and lower control arms, shafts and bushings; struts, housing and cartridge; spindle/steering knuckle and spindle support.
Alternator housing and all internal parts including bearings, bushings, brushes, rectifier bridge, diodes, field coil and rotor; alternator mounting bracket; voltage regulator; starter motor housing and all internal parts including bushings, brushes, field windings, starter drive and solenoid.
Drive Axle
Constant velocity joints; slip joint; front wheel drive axles/half-shafts and wheel bearings; u-joints; couplings; flex disc; prop shafts; center support bearings.
Tie rods, idler and pitman arms, center/drag link, coupling and shafts; cooler lines.
Compensator/proportioning valve; metering valve; calipers, piston, seal and dust boot; wheel cylinders, cups, seals, spring and dust boots; backing plate; brake adjusters; brake pedal, pedal lever and pedal pivot; parking brake cable; ABS component parts including control processor/module, pump, dump valve, wheel speed sensors, solenoids, accumulator, and pressure differential switch.
Air Conditioning
Accumulator; receiver drier; automatic temperature control programmer; clutch assembly including coil, disc and pulley; control cables; cutoff switch; serpentine belt tensioner, bearing and pulley.
Front Suspension
Wheel bearings; ball joints and bushings; kingpin and bushings; stabilizer bar, links and bushings; torsion bar, mounts and bushings; track bar, links and bushings.
Front and rear wiper motor, transmission and linkage; power window motor; window regulators; power seat motor; steering column multi-function switch and individual switches for turn signal, headlamp, dimmer, wiper, washer and speed control; mirror motor switch; brake light switch; neutral safety switch; glove box light switch; courtesy light switch; cooling fan relay; air control solenoid; air regulator valve; I.A.C. motor; electronic ignition module; electronic instrument panel module; ignition coil; engine distributor including shaft, gear, bushings and modules; throttle position sensor; vehicle speed sensor; M.A.P. sensor; knock sensor and barometric pressure sensor.
Air Conditioning
Compressor mounting brackets; idler pulley and bearings; air conditioning/heater blower motor.
Steering wheel tilt and telescoping mechanism.
Front Suspension
Coil and leaf springs, seats and bushings, leaf spring shackles; electronic level control components including pump, accumulator, lines and bags.
Rear Suspension
Upper and lower control arms, shafts and bushings; upper and lower ball joints; struts, housing and cartridge; wheel bearings; spindle/steering knuckle and spindle support; coil and leaf springs, seats and bushings, leaf spring shackles; track bars, links and bushings; electronic level control components including pump, accumulator, lines, bags; stabilizer bar, links and bushings.
Cruise control module, servo, cables and switches; instrument cluster including speedometer, odometer, tachometer and all gauges, warning indicators; burglar alarm or electronic entry systems including remote entry receiver, sender and module; door lock actuators; mirror motor; power window switch; power lock switch; rear window defogger; horn and relay; convertible top motor; sunroof motor; power antenna motor; electrical headlamp motor; power trunk/hatch release motor, switch and solenoid; power sliding door motor and switch; electronic control modules including body control module, electronic control unit, powertrain control module, transmission control module; electronic throttle control module; crank angle sensor; camshaft position sensor; throttle position motor; fuel pulse dampener; wide open throttle switch; thermo time switch; fuel pump relay; automatic temperature control sensor; ride height sensor and relay; oxygen (02) sensor; mass air flow sensor; manifold differential pressure sensor; coolant temperature sensor; OEM radio/graphic equalizer/cassette tape player/compact disc player.
At Mercedes-Benz of Chicago, we have an authorized service center and repair shop, making it easy to keep your repairs as stress free as possible. We can even include the cost of an Extended Warranty in the financing of your vehicle. It's Easy.
As a Mercedes-Benz of Chicago customer we wish to provide you with an ownership experience as comfortable and hassle free as your buying experience. To do that, our five different Extended Warranty Plans offer you the following benefits to keep you moving.
If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us and one of our experienced warranty consultants will get back to you shortly. You can also call us at (312) 628-2319.
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