text:
Prediction of motor recovery after ischemic stroke using diffusion tensor imaging: A meta-analysis
Jing-fen Jin1, Zhi-ting Guo2, Yu-ping Zhang1, Yuan-yuan Chen2
1 Nursing Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
2 Neurology Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
Corresponding Author: Zhi-ting Guo, Email: email@example.com
© 2017 World Journal of Emergency Medicine
DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920–8642.2017.02.003
BACKGROUND: This systematic review aims to investigate the prediction value of diffusion tensor imaging for motor function recovery of ischemic stroke patients.
METHODS: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (the Cochrane Library 2016, Issue 9), PubMed, Embase, Clarivate Analytics, Scopus, CINAHL, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Google Scholar were searched for either motor recovery or corticospinal tract integrity by diffusion tensor imaging in different stroke phase from January 1, 1970, to October 31, 2016. The study design and participants were subjected to metrological analysis. Correlation coefficient (r) was used for evaluating the relationship between fractional anisotropy (FA) and motor function outcome. Correlation coefficient values were extracted from each study, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by Fisher's z transformation. Meta-analysis was conducted by STATA software.
RESULTS: Fifteen studies with a total of 414 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that FA in the subacute phase had the significant correlation with motor function outcome (ES=0.75, 95%CI 0.62–0.87), which showed moderate quality based on GRADE system. The weight correlation coefficient revealed that an effect size (ES) of FA in acute phase and chronic phase was 0.51 (95%CI 0.33–0.68) and 0.62 (95%CI 0.47–0.77) respectively.
CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis reveals that FA in the subacute phase after ischemic stroke is a good predictor for functional motor recovery, which shows moderate quality based on the GRADE system.
(World J Emerg Med 2017;8(2):99–105)
KEY WORDS: Diffusion tensor imaging; Motor function recovery; Ischemic stroke
Stroke is a leading cause of long-term adult disability. An estimated of 50 million stroke survivors worldwide suffer from significant physical or cognitive deficits, and 25% to 74% of them require assistance or are fully dependent on caregivers for activities of daily living (ADLs).[1] In particular, considering the rising healthcare cost of stroke patients, early accurate prediction of motor function outcome after stroke is needed to set attainable rehabilitation goals, facilitate discharge planning and anticipate possible consequences such as implementing home adjustments and address the need for community support.[2]
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an advanced noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging technique used to visualize the white matter pathways and integrity of corticospinal tract (CST).[3–6] Among DTI parameters, fractional anisotropy (FA) is the most widely used sensitive index of quantification of the CST lesion after stroke.[7,8] It represents the combination of properties related to diameter, density, myelination and the degree of directionality of microstructures.[9] With a range of zero (completely isotropic diffusion) to one (completely anisotropic diffusion), reduced FA might be related to disintegration of the fibers and deterioration of axonal integrity of CST.[10–12]
Over the past two decades, diffusion anisotropy parameters such as FA have been used for prediction of motor outcome in ischemic stroke patients.[13–15] However, studies reported different prediction values of FA among the three stroke phases. Two studies confirmed that reduced FA in subacute phase could predict poor motor outcome,[14,15] while Koyama et al[16] discovered that FA of subacute phase was not significantly correlated with motor outcome (r=0.282, P=0.291). Chen and his team[17] indicated that higher FA of chronic phase was a good predictor for good motor outcome. FA was progressively decreasing from acute phase to chronic phase after ischemic stroke, and these anterograde and retrograde degenerations were accompanied by deterioration in the clinical motor function.[18] Thus, it is critical to investigate the correlation between diffusion parameters in different stroke phases and the motor functional outcome.[10] This review aims to investigate the predictive value of FA among three phases for motor function recovery in ischemic stroke patients.
Search strategy
We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trails Register (last search in October 2016) and the following databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (the Cochrane Library 2016, Issue 9), PubMed, Embase, Clarivate Analytics, Scopus, CINAHL, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Google Scholar from January 1, 1970, to October 31, 2016. The search terms were "stroke", "rehabilitation" and "motor recovery" combined with "diffusion tensor imaging". Mesh terms and keywords were used in the literature search. We also hand searched the reference lists of retrieved articles. There were no language restrictions. The reference lists of all relevant articles were also screened. For example, the search strategy of Pubmed database was showed in Figure 1.
Eligible studies
Inclusion criteria: (1) full published article; (2) the study population included individuals with hemiplegia or limb function deficit following stroke; (3) correlation study that measured FA at baseline and its relationship with motor function recovery at a future time point; (4) outcomes included motor function or functional recovery.
Exclusion criteria: (1) cerebral hemorrhage patients; (2) no extractable data (correlation coefficient) was available; (3) conference poster, case reports or review articles.
PRISMA flow diagram and guideline were used for literature review. Two review authors (Guo ZT and Zhang YP) read the titles and abstracts (if available) of identified literature, eliminated irrelevant studies independently, and obtained full text of the remaining studies. The same two review authors examined potentially relevant studies according to the pre-determined including criteria independently and ranked these studies as relevant, irrelevant, or possibly relevant. The studies ranked initially as irrelevant were excluded, and all others were included for further assessment. Review authors resolved disagreements through discussion with other authors. If further information or data was needed to reach consensus, they contacted the study authors.
Quality assessment
Review authors assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using standardized critical appraisal instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute in observational studies. Specifically, studies were assessed regarding the eight aspects, which were considered as essential for good reporting of observational studies except the first criterion. These included study design, participant inclusion, confounding, outcome measurement, missing data and statistical analysis. Two authors (Guo ZT and Zhang YP) conducted the quality assessment independently. All methodological quality assessment for agreement was checked between two review authors, resolving any disagreements by discussion with a third reviewer (Jin JF). Quality Included Eligibility Screeening Identification assessment of level C considered as low reliability, and these studies were excluded from the analysis.
Data extraction
Two review authors (Guo ZT and Chen YY) independently extracted the information from eligible studies. They used checklists to record details of the studies contains: last name of first author, year of publication, country, title, number of participants, mean age, gender, lesion location, time from stroke onset to entry the study, clinical scale used and score, DTI parameters (FA value, rFA) and time of motor function measurement or DTI scan. All of the extracted information was checked for agreement between review authors; all discrepancies were resolved after rechecking the source papers and discussion. They contacted study authors to request more information, or missing data if necessary.
Some details of extracted data should be clarified. First, the stroke phase (acute, subacute, chronic) was allocated using Osborn criterion according to the studies data of DTI scanning time after stroke.[19] Second, Spearman correlation coefficients were extracted from all included studies, whereas the sampling distribution of Spearman correlation coefficients was problematic because the standard error (SE) depends on the value of the correlation coefficient. Thus, a Fisher transformation was used to convert each correlation coefficient into an approximately normal distribution.[20] Third, correlation coefficient (r) of five included studies was negative; this is related with the motor function scale. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used in three studies and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) in one study, these two scales were lower score with good recovery, so absolute value of r was used in the analysis. The reduction value of FA was used in another study, so the same transformation was conducted.
Statistical analysis
The results of all eligible studies were pooled to present an overall estimate of the relationship between FA and motor outcome among three stroke phases (acute, subacute, chronic). For all statistical analyses, the software STATA version14 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) was used. The heterogeneity between studies was examined calculating the chi-square-based Q statistic (with a level of significance of P=0.05) and I2 statistic. For P>0.1 or I2<50%, the included studies were identified as having acceptable heterogeneity and the Fixed-effect model was used; otherwise, the randomeffects model was used.
Overall quality of the evidence
This systematic review only had one outcome of motor function, thus the quality of evidence for outcome was evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group with the magnitude of effect and the influence of all plausible residual confounding taken into account.[21] Although observational studies started with a "low quality" rating,[22] the level of the evidence would be upgraded if there were large effects of the exposure according to the pooling results and potential uncontrolled confounding bias might weaken the true effect of the exposure. The following definitions of quality of the evidence was applied: "high quality", "moderate quality", "low quality", and "very low quality". Grades of evidence were performed using GRADE system. Any discrepancies between the 2 reviewers were solved by discussion with a third reviewer.
Identification of relevant studies
A total of 997 published articles were identified through electronic bibliographic databases. One author (Jin JF) carried out an additional search of reference lists and another 5 studies were included. Fifteen studies[5,14,15,17,20,23–32] were included for final analysis. Figure 1 showed a flow chart of retrieved and excluded studies with their reasons for exclusion.
Characteristics of studies
Fifteen studies (Table 1) were included with a total of 414 ischemic stroke patients. The sample sizes ranged from 8 to 82 participants. The lesion location contains internal capsule (6/11), corona radiate (4/15), middle cerebral artery territory (4/15), pons (2/15). The DTI parameters reported were FA (ipsilateral and contralateral, respectively) or rFA. The studies also used a wide range of scales to measure the clinical outcome such as NIHSS (9/15), Fugl-Meyer Assessment (3/15), Barthel index scale (2/15), Motricity Index (2/15), Medical Research Council (2/15), Brunstrom Scale (2/15), Modified Rankin Scale (1/15), the Motor Assessment Scale (1/15), Nine Hole Peg Test (1/15), and Functional Ambulation Category (1/15).
Methodological quality
The quality assessment results of the included studies are shown in Table 2. All studies defined inclusion criteria clearly in the sample and measured outcomes in a reliable way. The quality levels were A (11/15) and B (4/15). The first criterion of "was studies based on a random sample?" was not applicable. One study didn't reported the confounding factors, and three studies follow up carried out over an insufficient time period.
The prediction value of FA in acute phase
Three studies[17,26,32] of acute phase were performed to evaluate the relationship between FA and motor function outcome. The pooled effect for all studies was 0.51 (95%CI 0.33–0.68), as shown in Figure 2. No heterogeneity was found in the analysis (P>0.1 and I2=15.4%).
The prediction value of FA in subacute phase
Totally 210 participants of seven studies[5,14,15,23,26–28] of subacute phase evaluated the relationship between FA and functional motor outcome. The overall effect size for all studies was 0.75 (95%CI 0.62–0.87) as shown in Figure 3 (P<0.1 and I2=71.7%). Considering the existing heterogeneity, we further conducted sensitivity analysis, and the results were stable after removing the largest weight article (ES 0.75; 95%CI 0.59–0.91).[15]
The prediction value of FA in chronic phase
Eight studies including 199 patients evaluated the relationship between FA and motor functional outcome. The pooled effect for all studies was 0.62 (95%CI 0.47– 0.77), as shown in Figure 4 ( P<0.1 and I2=58.7%). Thus, random model was used and the heterogeneity existed in every study. We further conducted sensitivity analysis, and the results were stable after removing the largest weight article (ES 0.58; 95%CI 0.35–0.80).[31]
Overall quality of the evidence
The prediction value of FA in the subacute phase was judged to be of moderate quality, which means that further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. The prediction value of FA in acute or chronic phase was judged to be of very low quality and low quality. The evidence summary table based on GRADE system is shown in Table 3.
In this study, we reviewed relevant studies on the relationship between DTI parameter FA and motor recovery outcome in ischemic stroke patients, to determine which phase after stroke can predict motor recovery after stroke. This article showed a significant correlation between FA in subacute phase and motor functional outcome in IS patients (ES 0.75; 95%CI 0.62–0.87), which showed moderate quality based on GRADE system. A method to reliably predict motor recovery would help to set attainable rehabilitation goals and identify appropriate rehabilitation interventions.
The time-dependent progressive FA decrease found in the ipsi-lesional pyramidal tract provides insight on the progress of Wallerian degeneration.[32,33] The functional motor recovery predictive value of FA varied among different stroke periods. We divided stroke patients into acute phase (<3 d), subacute phase (4 d–8 w) and chronic phase (>8 w) using the Osborn criterion according to the DTI scanning time.[19] Correlation between FA and motor functional outcome was calculated respectively, so the optimal prediction phase could be decided according to the correlation coefficient (r). Actually, the pooled effect size of subacute phase was higher than chronic phase and acute phase. This finding was consistent with previous metaanalytic results of upper limb motor recovery prediction by Kumar et al.[11] It is a general agreement that FA value increases immediately after ischemic stroke onset and remains high for the next 1–2 days, then decreases significantly during the following stroke phases.[10] Our results confirmed that ES in acute phase (<3 d) was lower than other phases, which indicated that FA might not be a good predictor for motor functional outcome in acute phase after stroke. In addition, one study proposed that axial diffusivity (AD) loss in acute phase is a strong prognostic indicator of future motor function.[14] Further studies are needed to address this finding. FA in chronic phase showed a moderate correlation with motor recovery, one reason might be explained that reorganisation within the motor system already contributes to motor function after three months.
Subgroup analysis of subacute and chronic phase reported heterogeneous data, which might be a limitation of our results. The motor outcome assessment scales differed among included studies. Also, the FA value obtained from analyzing the region of interest selected, which is an operator-dependent technique may have also affected the results. Only three studies were included in acute phase analysis, which is related to the feasibility of clinical trials. Our study also has some limitations. Though we listed the infraction location, no subgroup analysis was conducted, and the motor outcome measurement time point was not divided because of the literature limitation included.
Our study revealed that FA in the subacute phase after ischemic stroke was a good predictor for functional motor recovery, which showed moderate quality based on the GRADE system. Further studies might be designed prospectively to verify this finding and focus on the accurate correlation of FA in the subacute phase and motor function outcome at a certain follow-up time point.
1 Miller EL, Murray L, Richards L, Zorowitz RD, Bakas T, Clark P, et al. Comprehensive overview of nursing and interdisciplinary rehabilitation care of the stroke patient: A scientific statement from the american heart association. Stroke. 2010;41(10):2402–48.
2 Kwakkel G, Veerbeek JM, Harmeling-van der Wel BC, van Wegen E, Kollen BJ; Early Prediction of functional Outcome after Stroke (EPOS) Investigators. Diagnostic accuracy of the Barthel Index for measuring activities of daily living outcome after ischemic hemispheric stroke: does early poststroke timing of assessment matter? Stroke. 2011;42(2):342–6.
3 Sterr A, Shen S, Szameitat AJ, Herron KA. The role of corticospinal tract damage in chronic motor recovery and neurorehabilitation: a pilot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24(5):413–9.
4 Duncan PW, Goldstein LB, Matchar D, Divine GW, Feussner J. Measurement of motor recovery after stroke. Outcome assessment and sample size requirements. Stroke. 1992;23(8):1084–9.
5 Vargas P, Gaudron M, Valabrègue R, Bertasi E, Humbert F, Lehéricy S, et al. Assessment of corticospinal tract (CST) damage in acute stroke patients: comparison of tract-specific analysis versus segmentation of a CST template. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;37(4):836–45.
6 Sterr A, Dean PJA, Szameitat AJ, Conforto AB, Shen S. Corticospinal tract integrity and lesion volume play different roles in chronic hemiparesis and its improvement through motor practice. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2014;28(4):335–43.
7 Liang Z, Zeng J, Zhang C, Liu S, Ling X, Wang F, et al. Progression of pathological changes in the middle cerebellar peduncle by diffusion tensor imaging correlates with lesser motor gains after pontine infarction. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(7):692–8.
8 Møller M, Frandsen J, Andersen G, Gjedde A, Vestergaard- Poulsen P, Østergaard L. Dynamic changes in corticospinal tracts after stroke detected by fibretracking. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(6):587–92.
9 Assaf Y, Pasternak O. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based white matter mapping in brain research: a review. J Mol Neurosci. 2008;34(1):51–61.
10 Jang SH. Prediction of motor outcome for hemiparetic stroke patients using diffusion tensor imaging: A review. NeuroRehabilitation. 2010;27(4):367–72.
11 Kumar P, Kathuria P, Nair P, Prasad K. Prediction of upper limb motor recovery after subacute ischemic stroke using diffusion tensor imaging: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stroke. 2016;18(1):50–9.
12 Lindberg PG, Skejo PHB, Rounis E, Nagy Z, Schmitz C, Wernegren H, et al. Wallerian degeneration of the corticofugal tracts in chronic stroke: A pilot study relating diffusion tensor imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and hand function. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(6):551–60.
13 Schulz R, Park CH, Boudrias MH, Gerloff C, Hummel FC, Ward NS. Assessing the integrity of corticospinal pathways from primary and secondary cortical motor areas after stroke. Stroke. 2012;43(8):2248–51.
14 Groisser BN, Copen WA, Singhal AB, Hirai KK, Schaechter JD. Corticospinal tract diffusion abnormalities early after stroke predict motor outcome. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2014;28(8):751–60.
15 Puig J, Pedraza S, Blasco G, Daunis-i-Estadella J, Prados F, Remollo S, et al. Acute damage to the posterior limb of the internal capsule on diffusion tensor tractography as an early imaging predictor of motor outcome after stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32(5):857–63.
16 Koyama T, Marumoto K, Miyake H, Domen K. Relationship between diffusion tensor fractional anisotropy and long-term motor outcome in patients with hemiparesis after middle cerebral artery infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(9):2397–404.
17 Chen JL, Schlaug G. Resting state interhemispheric motor connectivity and white matter integrity correlate with motor impairment in chronic stroke. Front Neurol. 2013;4:178.
18 Gunes H, Kandis H, Saritas A, Dikici S, Buyukkaya R. The relationship between ischemic stroke and weather conditions in Duzce, Turkey. World J Emerg Med. 2015;6(3):207–11.
19 Osborn AG, Tong KA. Handbook of neuroradiology: Brain and skull. Mosby; 1996.
20 Chen L, Liu M, Bao J, Xia Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, et al. The correlation between apparent diffusion coefficient and tumor cellularity in patients: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79008
21 Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, Brozek J, et al. Grade guidelines: 1. Introduction-grade evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):383–4.
22 Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924–6.
23 Yu C, Zhu C, Zhang Y, Chen H, Qin W, Wang M, et al. A longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study on wallerian degeneration of corticospinal tract after motor pathway stroke. Neuroimage. 2009;47(2):451–458.
24 Koyama T, Marumoto K, Miyake H, Domen K. Relationship between diffusion tensor fractional anisotropy and long-term motor outcome in patients with hemiparesis after middle cerebral artery infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(9):2397– 404.
25 Song F, Zhang F, Yin DZ, Hu YS, Fan MX, Ni HH, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging for predicting hand motor outcome in chronic stroke patients. J Int Med Res. 2012;40(1):126–133.
26 Yang SH Zhan SH, Lu F, Li C, Lin J. A correlation study between diffusivity of ischemic white matter fiber tract and neuro-functional recovery in patients with acute stroke by using dti technique. Chin J Magn Reson Imaging. 2015;6(10):727–33.
27 Radlinska B, Ghinani S, Leppert IR, Minuk J, Pike GB, Thiel A. Diffusion tensor imaging, permanent pyramidal tract damage, and outcome in subcortical stroke. Neurology. 2010;75(12):1048–54.
28 Puig J, Pedraza S, Blasco G, Daunis IEJ, Prats A, Prados F, et al. Wallerian degeneration in the corticospinal tract evaluated by diffusion tensor imaging correlates with motor deficit 30 days after middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(7):1324–30.
29 Liu X, Tian W, Li LL, Kolar B, Qiu X, Chen F, et al. Hyperintensity on diffusion weighted image along ipsilateral cortical spinal tract after cerebral ischemic stroke: A diffusion tensor analysis. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(2):292–7.
30 Liang Z, Zeng J, Zhang C, Liu S, Ling X, Xu A, et al. Longitudinal investigations on the anterograde and retrograde degeneration in the pyramidal tract following pontine infarction with diffusion tensor imaging. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;25(3):209–16.
31 Jang SH, Kim K, Kim SH, Son SM, Jang WH, Kwon HG. The relation between motor function of stroke patients and diffusion tensor imaging findings for the corticospinal tract. Neurosci Lett. 2014;572:1–6.
32 Ali GG, Elhameed AMA. Prediction of motor outcome in ischemic stroke involving the pyramidal tract using diffusion tensor imaging. Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 2012;43(1):25–31.
33 Waller A. Experiments on the section of the glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves of the frog, and observations of the alterations produced thereby in the structure of their primitive fibres. Philos Trans R Soc Lond. 1850;140:423–9.
Received December 20, 2016
Accepted after revision March 18, 2017


text: |John C. Murphy has four decades of experience in science education and administration as well as ecological field experience in temperate and tropical ecosystems. His primary research focus has been biodiversity, with an emphasis on amphibians and reptiles. The photography on this web site is a product of field work carried out in the USA, the eastern Caribbean, Southeast Asia and elsewhere.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Iconic Characters
Who will you be after the Rise of Æster?
Will you play a nightman in the St. Louis City of Light, trading for medicines to treat an outbreak of disease in your village?
Perhaps an airship captain who's just barely getting by, dodging air pirates, the law and your competitors to make ends meet?
How about an industrialist with a clever method to use fungus as a "grown" building material in constructing Æster-resistant buildings?
These are a mere sample of ideas to explore in Rise of Æster. Our goal is to provide you a framework, so you can roleplay any steampunk character that you wish, in a great story of a pulp-adventure style.
If you haven't already created your own steampunk character, these are a few iconic character snapshots to help a new player around the myriad possibilities that are presented in our world.
Lightkeepers are the first line of defense against the darkness within the Cities of Light. Some may be civil servants whose job is little more that replacing burned-out lamps and repairing broken wires, but others are heroic masters of the cities, knowing every nook and cranny that power lines run to. The Lightkeepers hold back the hard, cold darkness under the Æster with determination and grit, and any community under the Nyx or Argentum relies on them for survival, lest the crops in their vast greenhouses wither.
Hanging hundreds of feet overhead to repair a damaged illuminator or kneeling in the gutter to fix a footlight, Lightkeepers are a constant reminder that just beyond the city's lights is a cold, dark and dangerous world. In an emergency, the Lightkeepers are always amongst the first to respond, wardens wading into the dark and danger with their signature staffs of office blazing and mantles of lights showing the way to safety.
In the darkness of the Nyx and the Argentum, rat infestations are an unpleasant fact of life, made even more unpleasant by generations of æsterized mutation. The common wharf rat has grown to great size and fierce aggression, requiring more specialized methods of pest control. The Ratcatcher is therefore a much appreciated member of any city of light community. These urban hunters are privately contracted by city residents of all classes and are paid by the pelt. While not guaranteed to be a lucrative business, some ratcatchers are well-known and respected throughout the cities of light.
Æster Rescue Marines
The brave men and women of the Æster Rescue Service place themselves at extreme risk when attempting rescues deep in the hostile environment of the Æster. Drawn from the finest units in the British military,they no longer serve in combat, but dedicate their lives to preserve and protect.
"That None Should Be Left Behind" is the creed these men and women live and...if necessary...die by. No finer example of the spirit of service can be found in the Empire than that represented by these soldiers of the sky.
Nightmen are the tough, resourceful, and cunning descendants of those people who remained in the Nyx and Argentum during the Rise. They have gathered into tribes and developed a keen capacity to survive in the cold, dark and danger filled world under the Æster. Although Nightmen have some similarities, the particulars of the geography in which they live causes the Nightmen to adapt specialized methods in order to survive. That is where their similarities end.
Nightmen can be generally grouped into broad categories. These categories are associated primarily with their survival strategies:
Neobarbarians- Neobarbarians utilize primitive levels of technology and have developed a way of life that allows them to thrive in the dark, resource-scarce environment. Neobarbarians are generally organized on clan and tribal affiliations with leadership base on strength or the ability to obtain resources for the group as a whole. The Red Hand Tribe is an example of this type of Nightman society
Traders- Traders have found that the key to survival is not about taking things from others as many Neobarbarian raiders do, but acquiring things people need through trade and commerce. These Nightmen create a bridge or pipeline between cities of light and the far-flung tribes who might not otherwise have access to these goods. The Glass Knives are an example of Traders.
Hunters- Most Nightmen hunt in one way or another to survive, but this category is made up of those who do so as their primary mode of living. They hunt for meat, furs and other animal product which is then traded for goods. The infamous Nachtjaegers are the quintessential example of hunters.
Farmers- It takes tremendous work to farm in the darkness of the Nyx. It requires either Tesla Lights to allow crops to grow, or a knowledge of mycology to allow the farmer to successfully grow mushrooms, molds and fungus to sustain themselves or to trade. The best known of these Nightmen are the Enduring Brethren whose discoveries in fungus and mycology have lead to advances in everything from medicine to materials science.
The cunning Nightmen present a wide range of possibilities for characters. Living outside of the Cities of Light, the Nightmen have developed unique styles and cultures in their isolated tribes and clans.


text:
Country Corn Bread
Love our corn bread, I haven't tried this one yet, but it's on my list! I take that back, we have tried it and it will be the only cornbread I make from now on, 2 thumbs up for Country Corn Bread.. Goes very well with black-eyed peas and onions, dash vinegar. Southern Heaven!!!!!!
2 cups biscuit baking mix
1 cup yellow corn meal
¾ cup sugar
½ teas baking soda
½ teas salt
2 eggs
1 cup butter, melted
1 cup half & half cream
In a large bowl, combine the dry ingredients and in another bowl combine the remaining ingredients. Whisk the egg mixture until well blended and stir into the dry ingredients. Mix just until moistened. Spread into a greased 13×9 inch baking dish and bake at 350 degrees for 25-30 minutes or until a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean…. Where's the black-eyed peas?
Well since we published this recipe, we have tried it and it's the best damn corn bread we've ever tried and has become a staple in our home to go with our black eyed peas and many more dishes, so enjoy!
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Conservation Areas & Listed Buildings
The UK has a glorious range of beautiful and protected old buildings, many of which are difficult to heat. The target for C02 reductions in the UK are ambitious and organizations such as the National Trust are beginning to identify a strategy to deal with heat loss & energy efficiency in their buildings.
Listing currently protects 500,000 or so buildings. Many of these have windows which cannot be altered and thermal blinds may be a good solution to some of the heat loss and thermal comfort issues. Continue reading


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This book is due to hit stores Feb 26th, 2013. Here's a little about it:
New York Times bestselling author Gena Showalter returns with another captivating Angels of the Dark tale, as a tormented warrior is brought to his knees by the most delicate of humans...
His name is Koldo. He is scarred, powerful, his control legendary-and he lives only for vengeance, determin…
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- Talking Top Tens: Jamie LewinJamie Lewin is the Director of Design and Trend at Piperlime.com where she designed for the first-ever Piperlime Collection that launched in September 2014. Born in Philadelphia, Lewin received her Design degree from FIT in New York City. Prior to her position as Director of Design and Trend, she worked for over 14 years in the women's fashion industry, from heading her own design house to working at J.Crew, Tracy Reese, Ralph Lauren, Gap and most recently JC Penney. Lewin was the mastermind behind the most successful pants and shirts in the history of the Gap and is credited with reestablishing strong woven businesses at both J.Crew and the Gap. Follow Jamie and Piperlime on Instagram.
- Talking Top Tens: Hillary HutchesonHillary is a co-founder of BeautyBooked, a discovery and booking app for the best salons & spas. Referred to as "The OpenTable for Salons" by The New York Times, BeautyBooked features hundreds of editor-approved beauty spots in New York, Miami, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Dallas and Houston. Prior to BeautyBooked, Hillary was Senior Brand Manager at L'Oreal. Hillary received an MBA from London Business School. Follow BeautyBooked on Facebook and Twitter. And, while you're here, want to make 2015 your glowiest year yet? We've partnered with BeautyBooked and Gloss48 to giveaway $200 in products and salon & spa services. Enter here for a chance to win!
- Popular This Week:Donna Karan The Nudes Toeless Pantyhose


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Flat Screens
GLIC HD LED Video WallPicture This is proud to announce the arrival of our new GLIC HD LED Video Wall. These slim LED display panels are specifically designed for live events, entertainment, trade show and film and video lighting applications. The 19.8" panels are 120 x 120 pixels and can be stacked or hung to...
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Panasonic 25″ 3D MonitorPanasonic 25″ 3D monitor is a compact and 3D ready monitor. For a complete list of our monitors and other gear check out our rate card here.
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text: How much does it normally cost to resize a silver ring to 1 or 1/2 a size smaller? If you've gotten a ring resized can you tell me where, how long it took, and how much you paid? thanks! (to get an overall estimate for the wide market of jewelers...) personally i just sent my ring into the David Yurman near me and i had talked to them on the phone weeks before. they said resizing would be from 50 up and when i told her i need 6 to 4 1/2 or 5 she quoted 75 bucks. Went in today and the SA said $100 and i said o really? b/c on the phone i was quoted $75 and she was like oh ok. (part of me was like wtf???) i should have just said 50 then....lol..


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Reviewed by Grant McCreary on April 9th, 2013.
Anyone who's been birding for longer than five minutes knows that sound is vital to finding and identifying birds. But for just about everyone, birding by ear is much more difficult than by sight. One of the reasons for that is that we have many more resources for identifying birds by appearance than we do by sound. Larkwire seeks to level this imbalance.
Larkwire is a web or iOS app that uses games to aid the learning of bird songs. It started out as a web-based app that worked in web browsers or on most mobile devices (see my initial review). But now it is also available as an iOS app. Make that two apps: Larkwire Land Birds and Larkwire Water Birds of North America (actually, it's more than that, as I'll describe below). I'm going to focus on the iOS apps in this review, but all of them work very similarly.
There are two types of games – Gallery and Field. In Gallery, you are shown four birds from a given grouping. The app will play a song for you, and you choose which bird you think it is. If you get it right, a green bird silhouette will appear next to the bird. Get it wrong and you'll see a red icon and the correct species highlighted. You'll also "lose" some of your green icons. The game is over when you get enough green icons for each bird. At any point you can hit Stop and then tap a bird to get a reminder of what it sounds like, or the i button to get a written description. You can also hit the Refill button to load new birds.
The Field game is used to simulate actual birding where, when you hear a sound, you don't have a definite set of options to choose from. Larkwire will play a sound and your two options are Know it or Not sure. If you hit the former, you're shown the answer and you can choose whether you were correct or not. Correct answers will fill up the progress bar in the upper-left corner, while incorrect ones will deplete it.
These games aren't easy! The app includes a pretty wide selection of sounds, so you could hear an unfamiliar song variation from a bird you thought you were familiar with. And the games can go on for a good while since you're penalized for wrong answers. But that's actually a good thing since it forces you to repeat songs that you've misidentified.
One great thing about Larkwire is that it's very customizable. Let's say you want to work on "trillers" (Pine Warbler, Chipping Sparrow, and the like). From the game screen, you would tap on the Groups button to show a list of groups. From there, you can select one or more groups to work on. You scroll down and find "Sparrow-like 4: Trillers" (I found that you have to be on the Advanced level or higher to see this group). To get an even finer level of control, tap on the bird icons for that group to bring up the included species. Here, you can select only the birds you want to work on. In my case, being in the South, I don't need to include Common Redpoll or White-winged Crossbill so I'd go through and select all but them. Then, when you go back to the game, you will now get just the species you want to work on.
Browse Songs
You can also browse through all the included species, or search for one in particular, and listen to songs and calls. Each species has a small thumbnail picture and description of the song. I've found these descriptions, written by Michael O'Brien, very helpful. Below that are some orange and gray buttons. Tap these to play a sound recording. The buttons are labeled with the state/province they were recorded in, along with the subspecies of the bird if known. The orange buttons are the most common, representative samples. Those in gray are other variations. Altogether, these sounds are the ones that will be used in the games (the gray ones only at the master level).
Browsing through the sounds this way is best done when studying before playing one of the games. You could use Larkwire for playback in the field, but the interface is not as conducive for that, so I'd recommend sticking with one of the field guide apps for that.
The advantage of Larkwire is that it effectively deals with the main problems associated with learning bird songs.
Problem: Learning bird vocalizations is intimidating. It's hard to know where to begin and how to do it.
Larkwire handles this by breaking birds down into manageable (and carefully chosen) groups. And then when you're done with one, it gives recommendations on how to proceed (whether to refill with more birds from the current group or to move on to another).
Problem: It's hard to study bird songs effectively.
If you want to learn a single, fairly distinctive song you can simply play it over and over. That works. But I've found it much harder to compare and learn to differentiate similar-sounding songs using that method. Larkwire handles that easily. And it also includes a good amount of variation; more than the one or two samples that you get from most other commercially available sources.
Problem: It's hard to test yourself.
It's not easy to test your knowledge of bird songs using readily available recordings, especially since many tracks announce the bird's name at the beginning! There are ways to get around that, but it's tedious and time consuming. Larkwire is the best and easiest way I've seen to test yourself.
I haven't found any bugs or outright issues with the app, but here are a few "wishlist" items:
- Most of the songbirds have just the song included, not any calls. Granted, you could get into some pretty advanced stuff with calls, but just something like a comparison between cardinal, Yellow-rumped Warbler, and Eastern Phoebe chip notes would be very useful and relevant to beginning birders.
- While you can customize your groups however you want, you can't save them. That makes it more difficult to switch back and forth between a standard and customized grouping.
The web-based version at Larkwire.com and the iOS apps are totally separate. If you purchase one you do not automatically have access to the other. So if you think you'll use Larkwire on more than just your Apple device, go with the web-based version (here's a list of supported devices). But even if you will just use your iPhone or iPad, you still have a choice. Both the native iOS app and the web-based app work remarkably similar on my iPhone. The main difference is that the native app installs all the sounds on your device so you can use it without a network connection. I suppose the dedicated app is the safest option, since it should still be usable if the worst happens and Larkwire closes up shop. There might also be a price difference. As of this review's posting date, the Landbird apps are cheaper than their web counterparts.
Finally, there are different levels available which vary in the number of species included. And price, of course! All of the options available are listed below.
The Larkwire team believes that this system is "the easiest, fastest, most enjoyable way to learn bird songs". I agree with them. If you want to learn bird songs, especially if you've tried other methods with limited success, I'd recommend Larkwire.
Here are all of the various options. Prices current as of 9/26/2013.
Land Birds of North America
Larkwire Birdsong Master Birder
343 species (essentially all North American land birds except border specialties)
iOS app: $14.99
web: $24.95
Larkwire Birdsong Pro East and West
East: 233 species (essentially all land birds of Eastern/Central North America except border specialties)
West: 299 species (essentially all land birds of Western North America except border specialties)
iOS app: $9.99 each
web: $16.95 each
Larkwire Birdsong Core East and West
East: 95 of the most common and useful species in Eastern/Central North America
West: 101 of the most common and useful species in Western North America
iOS app: $2.99 each
web: $8.95 each
Larkwire Birdsong Backyard Birder
25 most common and useful backyard species, customized for your location
iOS app: $0.99
web: $3.95
Larkwire Birdsong Basics
demo that includes 50 sounds
iOS app: Free
web: Free
Water Birds of North America
Larkwire Birdsong Master Birder
135 species (essentially all North American water birds except border specialties)
iOS app: $19.99
web: $19.95
Larkwire Birdsong Birder Core
73 of the most common and useful water bird species in North America
iOS app: $6.99
web: $6.95
Disclosure: The item reviewed here was a complementary review copy provided by the publisher. But the opinion expressed here is my own, it has not been influenced in any way.


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7:53 am by Kelly McCready
Today marks the release of Shine: Lullabies for Everyone by Suzanne Jamieson Selmo. To make the album, Suzanne polled the social networks for the most beloved lullabies and added her own personal favorites, including many non-traditional songs that could work in a lullaby album with fresh, current piano arrangements by John Boswell.
To celebrate the release of Shine: Lullabies for Everyone, we've created a special promo code. By 10/21/14, enter SHINE20 to receive 20% off Suzanne's album.
It also won Creative Child Magazine's 2014 Album of the Year Award! Congratulations to Suzanne for a wonderful effort and well-deserved prize.
Here is the track listing:
1 Stay Awake
2 Lullabye (Goodnight My Angel)
3 Here Comes the Sun
4 I'll Miss You Til the Morning
5 Moonlight in Vermont
6 Good Night
7 What a Wonderful World
8 Baby Mine
9 Count Your Blessings (Instead of Sheep)
10 Goodnight, My Someone
11 Smile Suzanne
12 Distant Melody
13 This Quiet Room
14 Edelweiss
Listen to the third track on the album, Here Comes the Sun:
To read more about the album and purchase this new release, click here.
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Product Description
All our herbals, spices and roots come in packages of 1/2 -2 oz for our customers convenience. Who wants to spend money on 1/2 lb. bags when you won't use it all in a 3-6 month period? We cater to the occasional user who needs only small portions, and we carry a very wide variety of dried herbs.
Used to treat many minor illnesses and reduce fevers. Tincture is used to treat diarrhea in children. Chamomile


text: I have pretty much been a t&m guy but with the consumer being educated at Home Depot and Lowes it is difficult to justify $45.00 for a rotary head (plus labor) so I have been considering the "book rate" method for pricing. The auto repair shops get away with it so why not for our industry? For example suppose you charged for a service call and have a "simple break - 1 coupling and 2 clamps for $18.00 and a compound break - 2 couplings, pipe and clamps @25.00. Of course if I encountered roots and other problems it would be more. I live in Nassau county NY and things are a bit more here in the Northeast. We get $65 to- $75 for a service call, and then book rate for repairs would be added, but what is the general consencus of the "book rate", and do you think $20.00 or more for a break would fly? Do you think $55.00 for the first rotary head (installed) and $45.00 for each additional head is too much or to little.


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We Are Hiring
Sales & Distribution Representative
COCO is looking for someone who is passionate about taking COCO to the next level through sales and distribution. We are looking to expand our reach both online and with our print publication. We also want to have someone develop and implement an overall sales and distribution strategy across Colorado.
Job Description
- Produce and develop an overall distribution and sales strategy plan
- Develop specific strategies for raising COCO's profile through various events and activities
- Develop annual and monthly sales targets and goals
- Develop web sales and publications sales
- Seek out new distribution opportunities
- Rep our web and print publications to businesses (both to buy advertising in publication as well as stocking the print publication)
- Develop and maintain contact with businesses
- Co-ordinate customer orders to be processed and dispatched
- Monitor inventory
- Generate and maintain progress reports
- Sales and distribution experience, within the print trade, desirable
- Self-motivated, enthusiastic, bright, with good personal skills
- Good organizational/planning skills
- Proficient with both MAC and PC
- knowledge of Word and Excel expected; other web and general computer skills preferred
- Meticulous attention to detail important
Terms & Conditions
- Position is commission-based on every sale you make and distribute.
If interested, contact firstname.lastname@example.com to send along resume and cover letter.


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Our approach centers on a deep understanding of pest biology and the latest industry research. The more we know about pest biology, the better we're able to control them.See The Orkin Difference
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Roaches have existed for millions of years? They can be carriers of diseases, but they are important recyclers of decaying organic material.
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Yulia V. Malova Psychological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow
- Размер: 1.7 Mегабайта
- Количество слайдов: 13
Описание презентации Yulia V. Malova Psychological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow по слайдам
Yulia V. Malova Psychological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University Russian Scientic Center of Radiology
Communication Skills in Cancer patients care difficult emotions disease and treatment (surgery, radiation, chemotherapy) experience undesirable consquences effective communication: empathic listening, open questions blocking communication: "belittling-normalization" "false reassurance", "formal agreement", "readdressing" "multiply questions", "chut" et. c
Non-Verbal Communication Vocal Bodily — Facial expression : frown lines, position of the eyebrows and eye lids, size of pupils, shape of mouth, use of nose. Facial expression display emotion and can be used as interactive signal. — Eye contact. Important for building satisfying relationship, tells how people feel about us. Avoidance can signal feeling uncomfortable and disintegrated. — Posture. Can be related to mood, demonstrate attitudes and emotions. Can also support or conflict the spoken word. — Gestures : small movements (rising a finger) to large movements (rising the clenched fist). Gestures are used as signals ? They illustrate speechand express emotions e/g increased hand movements – anxiety, minimal hand movement – depression.
DIFFICULT EMOTIONS ANGER Recognition Permission Listen the story to get as much information as possible Focus on related stress/feelings Appologise Reasons Negotiate the Solution
Professional communication and risk of born-out Many problems are insoluble No one can solve them You can only try Bad news is bad news Serious illness causes PAIN My job is not to make people feel good My job is to try and make them less bad
Cancer care health professionals are not satisfied with professional communication Poor recognition of psychological problems. Some health professionals are reluctant to enquire because they fear that patients will reveal strong emotions such as anger or depression which health professionals are unable to handle.
DIFFICULT EMOTIONS ANXIETY Recognition – verbal, non-verbal Acknowledgement –I can see you are anxious Permission Understanding – I want to find out what makes you anxious Empathic acceptance Assessment Alteration (if appropriate) – removal of stress cognitive challenge boosting coping strategies medication
Somatogenic factors of cancer and it's treatment MENTAL INDIVIDUAL PRE-MORBIDITY — Character — Cognitive Style — Psychological defense and coping strategies' — Structure of the meanings Psychogenic factors of disease and treatment experience Microsocial factors
STAGE FACTORS PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES DIAGNOSTIC NOZOGENIA • Anxious disorders • Anosognosia • Destructive patterns of behavior SURGERY Pre-Operational STRESS • Affective and behavioral reactions • Heart disease BODY-MAGE CHANGES • Decrease of self-estimation and satisfaction with body-image е • Secondary disorders of social adaptation CHEMOTHERAPY PROLONGATION AND SIDE-EFFECTS • Astheno-Depressive disorders • Emotional lability IINDUCED MENOPAUSA (artificial climax) • Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine disorders • High level of family problems HAIR LOSS • Decrease of self-estimation and satisfaction with body-image е RADIATION INTRACORPORALRADIATION (ITS PSYCHOTRAVMATIC INFLUENCE) Anxious and anxious-aggressive disorders Helplessness feeling, irritability, decrease of self-esteem RE ABIITATION Invalidisation and deformation of self-perception Decrease of social adaptation П PALLIATIVE CARE Hopeless Passive capitulation
METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL HELP IN CANCER PATIENTS ECLECTIC PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE «Задачи психосоматической медицины: найти связь между психологическими показателями переживаний и поведения и соматическими процессами и полученную картину использовать в терапевтических целях. » (Бройтигам В. , Кристиан П. , Рад М. 1999) • PSYCHOANALIS (Alexander , 1951) • Humanistic Approach ( K. Rogers) • Cognitive-Behavioral approach (Franks, Wilson, 1979) П • Gestalt-therapy (Perls F. 1982) • Meaningful attitudes (Мясищев В. 1995) • Inner Image of Illness (Николаева В. 1979) METHODS


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The death of Jackass star Ryan Dunn, who was killed very early Monday morning in a fiery car crash at age 34 along with his friend, will not be a cause of much concern for the Philadelphia bar where Dunn reportedly got drunk at before his untimely death, according to Philadelphia state police.
The police Bureau's Sgt. William La Torre told the Associated Press that the agency determined that Dunn was not visibly intoxicated when he was served two beers and six shots by bar employees over his four hour stay at the bar. Police later determined that Dunn's blood alcohol level was more than twice the legal limit when he drove his 2007 Porsche off a road, flipped over a guardrail, and crashed into the woods.
The police went on to tell the AP that other friends and fans reportedly purchased Dunn roughly three drinks at the back table, out of the sight of the bartender shortly before he left the bar. MTV released a statement on the death of Dunn, a former star of their hit reality series and later movies, saying: "We are devastated by the tragic loss of Ryan Dunn – a beloved member of the MTV family for more than a decade," Van Toffler, president of MTV Networks Music/Films Group said. "The Jackass brotherhood will never be the same."


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Click here to see the Forum's updated web page. Changes include highlighting our most popular initiatives; making navigation much easier
Thank you to Lindsay Chutas with the Spokane Conservation District and Todd Nelson with Timberlake Industries for working past Xmas
The Inland Northwest Trails and Conservation Coalition (INTC) has received grants to support a trail design with possible water access
Thank you to TransCanada for providing a $4,000 grant to support the continued development of the Spokane River Water Trail.
Click here to view 11/8/16 Monitoring Workgroup Meeting Notes.
The DO TMDL Advisory Committee Meeting will be held: Date: December 6, 2016 Time: 10:00 a.m. — 12:00 p.m. Location:
The water quality and land use challenges Hangman Creek faces are critically important to the future of our communities.
In November, agricultural producers and private forest landowners can apply for funding to enhance conservation efforts in the greater Spokane
A little rain did nothing to dampen the spirits of 2016 Spokane River cleanup volunteers. Crews were out in force
Through November, Washington Department of Ecology is overseeing cleanup at the former Holcim cement plant in Spokane Valley across the


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DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Research and Markets has announced the addition of the "Global Syrups Market - Segmented by Application and Geography - Trends, Growth and Forecasts (2016 - 2021)" report to their offering.
There is growing demand for syrups as a sweetening agent in the food and beverage industry, due to high consumption of processed food and abundant craving for items that are high in sugar content. Moreover, with growing number of women in the workplace and busy lifestyles, there is little time for preparing complex meals for breakfast. For this reason, consumers opt for syrups to add flavor to bland easy-to-make or ready to eat breakfast items. The increasing consumer demand for syrups as topping in breakfast foods, is another important factor that drives the syrup market.
The diabetic epidemic is a major heath concern throughout the world and number of people with diabetes has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014, rising from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. This condition has been on the rise in middle income households, who are the major consumers of syrups. Moreover, excess sugar consumption is related to metabolic dysfunction, liver damage, and obesity, which are driving the health conscious consumers away from sugary syrups.
Another restraining factor is the competition from sweet spreads and non-traditional sweet toppings, such as jams, preserves and chocolate spreads, which are taking up a major share of the breakfast spread market and offering stiff competition to the syrups.
Key players in the market include;
- Aunt Jemima
- ConAgra Foods Inc.
- Cedarvale Maple Syrup
- Hershey
- Monin
- Nature's Way
- Sonoma Syrup
- Tropicana
- The Kraft Heinz Company
Report Structure:
1. Introduction
2. Research Approach & Methodology
3. Key Findings
4. Market Overview
5. Market Segmentation
6. Competitive Landscape
7. Company Profiles
8. Appendix
For more information about this report visit http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/qq6kfg/global_syrups


text:
Mass. unemployment rate rises to 6.5 percent
The Massachusetts unemployment rate rose to 6.5 percent for September -- up from 6.3 percent in August -- even as a separate survey from the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated that the Bay State added 5,100 jobs for the month.
The BLS also revised its estimate for August.
Previously, the feds had reported that the state lost 4,800 jobs that month -- the worst drop since July 2009, when 10,800 jobs were lost -- but today's report said 3,500 jobs were lost in August. It is the first month the state has shed jobs since November.
|The article you requested has been archived
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- Jack Welch
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This Memorial Day marks a special day for PATH Achieve. While we continue to work with all families and individuals who are homeless in Glendale, this year, in partnership with the City of Glendale we hope to end Veteran homelessness in our city. Our hope is that by this time next year, Memorial Day 2012, there will be no homeless Veterans on the streets of Glendale.
Below is CNN's Memorial Day coverage of our efforts to end Veteran homelessness in Glendale.


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Product or Service
Wild Chinese Date Juice
Profile:Manufacturer - Producer|Ref:PSL155526YH | Country: China | Currency: | Export: No
The Wild Chinese date Juice has scientific formula and rich nutrition, is favorable to human body health, and has pure and good taste. It owns three flavors of the sugar-free taste, the original taste and the tea taste.
The Wild Chinese date Juice is the acknowledged natural healthy drinks. It has the following medical functions: induces saliva and slakes thirst, calms the nerves, softens the blood vessel, falls the blood-fat, nourishes the heart and tonics the blood, whets the appetite and is good for the spleen, promotes the appetite, enhances the memory, etc.
The advanced technique of sugar extraction by pre-evaporation; super high temperature instant antiseptic technology; asepsis cold canned technology and liquid nitrogen injection-nitrogen technology ensure the advantage of being advanced from the equipment to technique at home and abroad, and the safeguard of product quality.
Following are our main products:
Canned Wild Chinese date juice
Original taste (310ml, 480ml)
Sugar-free (310ml, 480ml)
Tea taste (310ml)
PET bottled Wild Chinese date juice
Original taste (345ml, 500ml)
Sugar-free (345ml, 500ml)
Tea taste (345ml, 500ml)
Glass bottled Wild Chinese date juice
Original taste (240ml)
Original taste (240ml Refined)
Tetra packaged Wild Chinese date juice
Original taste (250ml, 1000ml)
Contact the company


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Colleens Moussaka
Alex Parch
This is a recipe taken from my mother in law Colleen, who is amazing cook. I have tweaked it a bit, only because we don't eat beef. You can use any ground meat of your choice, i use a ground chicken and ground pork combo.
★★★★★ 1 vote5
- 6 to 7
- peeled and sliced potatoes
- 1 lb
- ground chicken and ground pork combined
- 1 dash(es)
- olive oil
- 1
- large onion chopped
- 1 can(s)
- petite diced tomatoes
- 1 can(s)
- (small can) tomato paste
- 1 c
- water
- 5 dash(es)
- cinnamon, ground
- salt to taste
- fresh cracked pepper to taste
- 1
- (2 cup) bag of shredded cheddar
How to Make Colleens Moussaka
- 1Preheat oven to 375 degrees.
Boil sliced potatoes in water until fork tender. Do not overcook. Drain and set aside.
While potatoes are cooking, in a big pan, brown your meat. Drain if needed.
Add olive oil, garlic and sliced onion. Cook until onion begins to get soft and golden.
Add petite diced tomato and paste.
Add water, cinnamon, salt and pepper.
Stir and heat through, for at least 15 to 20 minutes, covered.
I like to let mine cook to an hour, sometimes longer.
- 2In a casserole dish, layer: Meat sauce, potatoes, meat sauce, potatoes etc.
Cover in tin foil and place in preheated oven for 30 minutes.
Remove and top with cheese.
Leave uncovered and place back in oven for 15 minutes. Remove and allow to cool for at least 10 minutes before serving.


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Let's Dance! The iPhone PavaneA step-by-step guide to dancing The Security Tango - for iPhone Many iPhone users believe that there is no malware that can affect their phones. That was never true, but it made a nice story. And that false sense of security can be deadly on the Internet. All the way back in 2011, an exploit that spread via PDFs was created for iPhones. Since then, iPhone malware has been pretty common, including one that was installed through using a third-party charger! And, as happens in every other app store, malware can sneak through even Apple's approval process. And, because so many iPhone users are so complacent, the iPhone is becoming a pretty big target. And the authors are not that easy to find.
And, yes, this is for iPhones and iPads!All you have to do is download one of these apps:
- Lookout for iOS - Free
- MobiShield - Free
- Avira - Free
- McAfee Mobile Security, Vault, Backup, and Locate - Free
Please HelpIs the Tango useful to you?
Please help keep this site alive! Fighting the good fight for
13 yrs, 8 mos & 29 days. This page has been accessed 7,063 times.


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Veteran batsman Brad Hodge was Thursday recalled to Australia's Twenty20 squad, boosting his chances of playing in the World Twenty20 in Bangladesh in March-April.
The 39-year-old, who has been in outstanding form for the Melbourne Stars in the domestic Big Bash League, was called up to replace all-rounder Moises Henriques, who is heading to South Africa to join up with the Test team, Cricket Australia said.
Hodge played six Tests and 25 one-day international for Australia between 2005 and 2008 but has been overlooked since.
He will join the squad for the final two Twenty20s against England, in Melbourne on Friday and Sydney on Sunday. Australia won the opening match in Hobart on Wednesday by 13 runs.
Hodge's big hitting was vital for Rajasthan Royals making the semis of the 2013 Indian Premier League and the finals of the 2013 Champions League T20.
The ICC World Twenty20 starts in Bangladesh on March 16.


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Service Disabled Veteran, Presents Supply Chain in the Line of Fire to Institute of Supply Management South Florida Chapter
Supply Management expert and author, Dr. Randall M. Mauldin, President of Jack Quinn Solutions, LLC, and a veteran with 20 years in the Marine Corps supply management and logistics operations will lead seminar on January 23, 2013 at 6:00 pm.
Melbourne, FL, January 07, 2014 --(
)-- Supply Management expert and author, Dr. Randall M. Mauldin, President of Jack Quinn Solutions, LLC, and a veteran with 20 years in the Marine Corps' supply management and logistics operations will lead seminar on January 23, 2013 at 6:00 pm that discusses Supply Chain Management by the United States Marine Corps during Operation Iraqi Freedom and how the practices used by the Marine Corps in war resemble the supply chain needs of today's companies who believe technology will solve their supply chain problems. From this discussion, participants can learn how private business can implement lessons learned from military operations to be more profitable in a tough economy.
The training, Supply Chain in the Line of Fire, is perfect for you if you are a procurement professional who struggles with being heard by your executives and making your supply chain work in a way that is predictable and profitable.
"I am excited to come to South Florida to present the successes and failures of the Marine Corps supply chain during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Today's supply chain relies on technology for optimization. During the event, we will talk about lessons learned to show the right way and the wrong way to implement technology and what to do when technology fails," said author Dr. Mauldin.
Supply Chain in the Line of Fire is a presentation that shares with participants how the United States Marine Corps adapted in an uncertain environment to accomplish goals of the operation. Specifically, Dr. Mauldin will share lessons learned such as …
1) How to use technology to run your supply chain and enforce supply chain discipline with a warning that automated systems are only as good as the data available and the abilities of people to manage it.
2) How to reduce excess inventory by choosing the correct metrics for your supply chain and standardizing the metrics for everyone to include your executives, operations managers, and vendors.
3) How 2-phased planning process will increase supply chain success by mapping the critical parts of the supply chain and collecting data for continuous improvement.
The training is based on the newly released Kindle book, Supply Chain Management by the United States Marine Corps during Operation Iraqi Freedom. The book offers simple, but essential, tips for managing your supply chain and implementing simple supply management procedures that make the purchasing activities of your business easy to implement and manage.
Register at www.ismsfl.org or call 877-680-0494.
Dr. Randall Mauldin is President of Jack Quinn Solutions, LLC, and a veteran with 20 years in the Marine Corps' supply management and logistics operations. From 20 years' experience in the United States Marine Corps managing all aspects of the supply chain, from procurement to logistics to customer service, Dr. Mauldin understands the value of supply chain management as a strategic part of business operations and how well you spend your money will determine your success or failure. He conducts "boot camps" for supply chain professionals who seek the Certified Professional in Supply Management (CPSM) certification by ISM. His training sessions for ISM South Florida last year were well-received, and are scheduled to be repeated in March, 2014. For more information visit http://www.cpsmtraining.com
Jack Quinn Solutions, LLC focuses on helping procurement professionals achieve the highest standard in the purchasing career field. Supply chain management is a strategic part of business operations and our training courses develop Supply Leaders who understand all aspects of supply chain management and possess the leadership skills required to implement strategic solutions with military precision and a "failure is not an option" attitude. For more information visit http://www.jackquinnsolutions.com or call 877-680-0494 or email@example.com
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Divergent – one of the best selling young adult thrillers opened it's movie version this past Friday. The first installment of a three book series kicked off excitement from fans everywhere. Personally, I have not read the book series. I know. For shame. But to my credit, I probably haven't read any book in at least a year due to a crazy thing called life. So when the opportunity arose to attend the premiere and share a Divergent Movie Review I looked for some help.
photo credit to imdb.com
Lazily browsing my Instagram feed a few weeks ago, I saw a friend share a photo filled with an assortment of Divergent fangirl stuff she bought for her daughter. Obviously her daughter was hooked on Divergent, so I thought what better person to offer a review of the movie than a mom and daughter immersed in the excitement. So here is Erin Walker from Feelingalittlelunchy.com to share her thoughts on the Divergent Movie Premiere.
What a treat to be offered a chance to go see the movie premier, a full three days before it's released to the public. My little 13 year old fangirl was thrilled! She ran around and told all her friends…definitely bragging that she got to go. We donned some nice clothes and headed out to the Regal Cinemas at Atlantic Station here in Atlanta. We've never been there before and spent quite a bit of time circling the parking lot! But rather than bore you with that story, on to what we thought of the film!
Divergent is a distopian story of the love and trials that comes from a world torn apart by war. The war they vaguely allude to happened 200 years prior. If you've read the books, the movie will make a lot of sense to you. If you haven't, like me, it's a little hard to comprehend just exactly what's going on and what lead to the events in the movie. My daughter has read all of the books in the series and she was great at answering all of my questions. Basically, the people of Chicago have been forced to divide themselves into 5 factions, or groups, based on their personality traits.
The main character, Tris, is divergent in that she does not fit nicely into any of the categories set by society, and therefore is viewed as a threat to the peace of the community. Of course there is a lot of action and violence, so if your children aren't ready for that, don't take them. Tris decides to leave her faction and move into the more wild and violent group of soldier protectors called Dauntless. She is not to tell anyone of her divergent tendencies because of the threat it is perceived to pose. She meets another member of the Dauntless group named Four, who she quickly falls in love with and ties her fate to.
This movie smacked of the Hunger Games, which I loved! It was good, however, after hearing so much about Divergent streaming from the mouth of my 13 year old, I did expect it to be better…more epic. As it stands alone, within a series, I will say I was left with a lot of questions. How did the society come to be as it was? What was the war that happened 200 years before about? How did the people become who they were? Turns out, if I had only read the books, I may have been privy to all of that information and would have thoroughly enjoyed the film.
I am looking forward to seeing the sequels and believe that if the series were presented to me in it's entirety, I would be hooked. Guess I will have to wait for the sequels now. My daughter maintains that only a few things from the books were left out, and that due to the nature of books vs. films, she understands why. Being 38 years old, and not a huge fan of the teenage romance books/movies like Twilight, I might have sat this one out. But, the time that I got to spend with my daughter and to see how enthralled she is with the whole series was well worth the two hours at the theater.
What book to movie release does someone in your house share a fun fan-obsessed relationship?


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How did we get here? I am certain everyone starts out seeking the right college, but somewhere a long the way we get lost. With each wrong turn we refuse to ask for help by assuring ourselves the answer, the school interested in our son, is just around the corner.
We waste money on showcases, then we waste more money on clinics at schools who have no interest in our son. Pretty soon it becomes his fault, assured the reason no one is showing interest is directly related to the fact he is not performing well enough. Blame evolves into justification – attributing his lack of interest from colleges is the result of the poor coaching he has had over the years. The tension seems to flourish to an uncontrollable level when other players on the team sign with a school.
According to Psychology Today, "stress is simply a reaction to a stimulus that disturbs our physical and mental equilibrium. In other words, it's an omnipresent part of life. A stressful event can trigger the "fight-or-flight" response, causing hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol to surge through the body."
Great! Not only is the college recruitment process creating a temporary Love-Hate relationship with our son, it is making us fat.
I'll save that for another blog!
So, let's stop for a minute and take a look at our decision-making options. The internet mentioned most use three methods to form our decision-making process; Psychological, Cognitive, and/or Normative. Whichever we seem to choose, I can assure you we overcomplicate the decision with too many steps.
This may work for regular decisions (e.g., money, house, car…) not really, but when it comes to where our son plays baseball we seem to lean towards a "Consensus" decision-making method. You know, that method which requires the majority of the families within the Lawn Chair convention to approve where he is going while we spend the rest of our time convincing the minority [e.g., those who said, "where's that?"] our approach made sense.
Stop and simplify your world. After all he will only go to one college to play baseball. So, instead of spending your time analyzing the problem focus on the operative word, "Play" and look for a college where he will PLAY baseball.
Keep it simple. As T.V. detective Jack Webb used to say, "just the facts?"
- Do we like the coach?
- Does the Coach like us?
- Are we going to get a chance to play there?
Click on one of the following approaches that makes the most sense for Your Family and let Most Valuable Player help.
- Do it Yourself – "Most Valuable Player's College Recruitment in a Box"
- Want Help – "Most Valuable Player's Exclusive Program"
Now about that Lawn Chair!
Until next blog may I suggest you sign-up never miss another blog!
Click Here to receive the Blogs Automatically
Al McCormick


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I cried in seconds. Tears rolled down my eyes instantly, as I saw a dog being hit on the head badly with a log, by dog catchers.
The innocent little creature was wailing in pain.I didnt know what to do. The sight of another dog being dragged ruthlessly with a rope around its neck made me cry even more. I just couldnt bear the scene of helpless dogs and cruel , ruthless humans.
And then their were my neighbours, grinning at the sight of the creatures pain.
I couldnt understand the two extreme behaviours that I observed and experienced; regarding the same event.
But then I felt, i had to witness this sight for a reason.Maybe it was to ignite me against cruelty towards animals, or to make work for a cause.
Was my behaviour justified? Was it normal of me to cry so instantly?
I dont know. All I know is that I witnessed it for a reason and I have to work upon it.
I pity those little ones and also my neighbours , for they were born as humans with humanless qualities.


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08 Jun 2017
Thursday, 9:30 – 17:00
Make your own wearable tech necklace
We invite all curious minds who want to explore the creative aspects of technology. At this year's Wear It workshop, we'll introduce you to the world electronics and inspire you with the endless possibilities of digital fabrication and electronics. You'll learn about basic electronics and soldering to create your personal glowing necklace with a 3D-printed or laser cut pendant. Besides getting hands-on experience and explore technology from a different perspective, you'll take home your very own glowing necklace.
Supported by "Make Light" an Initiative of BMBF


text: Unwind on your private balcony overlooking Morro Bay's harbor. The spacious superior (full view) mini-suite with 1 king bed and wet bar has all of the amenities to keep you comfortable and relaxed during your stay including in-room coffee, free Wi-Fi, HBO, Cable TV, a flat screen TV, microwave, mini-refrigerator, hair dryer, robes, yoga mat, and an iron and ironing board for your convenience. The Embarcadero inn features free covered parking and secured elevator access to all rooms. Each morning enjoy a deluxe continental breakfast in the "Bird Feeder" breakfast room located on the top floor – the breakfast will be sure to please you after enjoying the sunset and restful night's sleep at the Embarcadero Inn.*Non-Smoking Property: Entire property has been designated as "Non-Smoking" facility at all times. Applicable fees will apply if smoking occurs on the property.*All Suites are NON - Pet Friendly rooms on all floors.*Important! Please refer to our (promotion page) regarding additional details on our Pet Policies for the inn.


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|Professional Automotive Repair Technical Discussions for August 30, 2004
International Automotive Technicians' Network (iATN) - Members Only
|(Also Available: All, Asian, Chrysler, European, Ford, GM.)
|Vehicle Owners: If you are seeking an automotive repair professional to service your vehicle, visit the iATN Repair Shop Finder.
Open Help Requests for Asian
|Help Request
|1995 Honda Accord EX 2.2L MIL Lamp on VIN: 1HGCD5652S
New customer, no past history to share. Car looks nice and well taken care of. Came in for mil on, no running problem. Customer states was driving yesterday, everything was fine, exited from freeway and the mil came on. Has not noticed any running problems. P... Trouble codes: 22 (vtec pressure switch - ecm)
|1990 Hyundai Excel GL 1.5L Hesitation, Cuts out VIN: KMHVF22J9L
Howdy folks, this is my first time asking for help, so please bear with me. The complaint on this car is a "rough" running problem. That is not what it is. When this car is cold, on itnitial start-up, it bucks and surges when you pull out. It only does this fo...
|1991 Mitsubishi Mighty Max 2.4L No Start VIN: JA7FL24W2M
hello...got a 91 Mitsubishi pickup with a 2.4 in it that won't start. No spark. Batt pos to the coil, batt pos to the dist, batt neg to the dist. I have a good TDC signal from my dist but no crank angle. I removed the sensor from the vehicle, hooked a boost pa...
|1993 Mitsubishi 3000GT 3.0L no start VIN: JA3BM54J5P
we replaced the motor..car came back with loose timing belt..i noticed that mechanic had put rotor on crankshaft on backwards for the crank sensor...how do you check these to make sure they are o.k..timing is lined as per book and help from this site..has new ...
|1993 Mitsubishi Eclipse GS 2.0L balance shaft VIN: 4A3CF44E2P
Against my advise my daughter's boyfriend's son bought this jewel and in only 2 weeks the smaller timing belt shredded and took out the timing belt, bent valves etc. Too embarassed to show up at my door he took it to another shop, The only thing they did wrong...
|1997 Mitsubishi Diamante ES 3.5L battery drain VIN: 6MMAP37P3V
i could not find the source of the drain. the keys to the drain are the door ajar light stays on all the time along with the dome light,. you can turn the light off with a manual switch but the ajar light stays on along with the drain. also the door locks seem...
|1994 Nissan 300ZX 2+2 3.0L battery VIN: JN1RZ27D2R
the battery has a draw of about .05 to .850 amps. it pulsed like the security light. i don't think the light draws that much and even when it is unplugged the up and down draw is still there. the horn used to go off in the middle of the night when the alarm wa...
|1997 Nissan Altima GLE 2.4L Misfire, MIL Lamp on VIN: 1N4BU31D1V
Hey everybody this is an easy one.This car came from dealer who said it needed intke gaskets.Mis on #4.I found no vacuum leak but found egr stuck slightly open and replaced.No more mis at idle but still at cruising speeds.So I have a port problem.How do you cl...
|2001 Nissan Maxima GLE 3.0L MIL Lamp on VIN: JN1CA31D21
originally vehicle had check engine light on with code p0505. engine idle speed was 1150 rpm in park, engine at operating temp. 900 rpm in gear.checked scan tool data. check for vaccum leaks-performed test procedure per mod. for code p0505. found low resistanc... Trouble codes: P0505 (idle air control valve)
|1989 Subaru GL 1.8L Cuts out, Stall, power loss
This car will not fail at the shop. must be driven at least for 50 minutes. then may loss power for 2-3 minutes then may run ok for 10 minutes then just shut down. come to a stop and usually restarts and runs ok. some shut downs have required. a 5-10 minute wa...
|1996 Subaru Legacy L 2.2L Misfire VIN: 4S3BK4353T
Under load. Going up a steep hill. Engine will start to buck. Check engine light will flash and then set codes for misfires. It seems to be vey consistent. I have three Subaru's with the same problem. Anybody know the answer to the problem?? Thanks EJG Trouble codes: P0301 (Misfire1 detected), P0302 (p0303-), P0303 (p0304-), P0304
|2001 Subaru Outback 2.5L Low Beam VIN: 4S38H68661
Hello everyone, We have this 01 Outback came in with no low beams, the high beams and flash to pass work as do the fog lights also. I have checked archives and found nothing, checked on Snap on Scanner have there were no Powertrain codes, I did not see access...
|1991 Toyota MR2 2.2L engine VIN: JT2SWZ1M00
Hello Toyota techs!! Never done an MR2, or a 2.2 DOHC. Could someone tell me in terms I can understand how to time the camshafts? I didnt build the engine and the guy who did is on vacation and the customer wants his car back. Before the builder left he told...
|1991 Toyota MR2 2.2L engine VIN: JT2SWZ1M00
Hello Toyota techs!! Never done an MR2, or a 2.2 DOHC. Could someone tell me in terms I can understand how to time the camshafts? I didnt build the engine and the guy who did is on vacation and the customer wants his car back. Before the builder left he told...
|1991 Toyota Celica GTS 2.2L Cuts out, Stall, Misfire, HARD START VIN: JT2ST85N2M
This is a strange one. Customer complains of two problems. hard start, she has to crank a few time before it will start. The other problem is a stall on acceleration. It has been in our shop for this before. That is when the tune up was done. also fuel pressur... Trouble codes: 31 (open or short in map sensor signal), 41 (open or short in tps signal)
|2001 Toyota Corolla CE 1.8L speed sensor VIN: TA-ZZE123-
we are having trouble with a japaness import corolla. The engine management light is on, and fault code P0500 is present. This code relates to the vehicle speed sensor malfunction. The speedo on the dash is not working at all. We are unable to access any tech ...
|2003 Toyota Matrix 1.8L Wheel stud VIN: ZT1LR32E33
Hi Toyota techs, Car has a broken rear wheel stud, and I am trying to figure out how to replace it with out doing further damage. Info is scarce. So far the dealer hasn't sent me the correct stud. I think he sent me the 2WD version. The 4wd model has drum brak...
Fixes & Summaries for Asian
|1993 Honda Accord LX 2.2L Main Relay VIN: 1HGCB7551P
thanks for a bajillion responses. Yes the infamous main relay at it again. Trick was finding it behind/above the CCmodule.
|2000 Hyundai Accent GS 1.5L Interior VIN: KMHCG35G5Y
we replaced the multi function switch but that fixed nothing with further serching we found a diode in the fuse pannel under the hood that was week upon load it would kick out cool down then reset replaced the diode works great
|1987 Mazda RX-7 1.3L Poor Idle Quality, Hesitation VIN: JM1FC3332X
BOY, OH BOY! did I get LUCKY! not only did I get a couple of good replies, but I also got a LIVE body! Thanks to Terry, he took to time out of his busy day, and came over to the shop, and personally gave me help! I turns out, I did indeed, have a apex seal sta...
|2001 Mazda 626 ES 2.0L 2-3 shift VIN: 1YVGF22C41
problem was in the valve body. even after cleaning & updating didnt work properly. replaced with a rebuilt valve body everthing working properly now.
|1991 Nissan 300ZX 3.0L Excessive Emissions, Poor Idle Quality, Misfire, smoke
had one email had experience of excessive smoke being the turbo which is what we felt was the smoke problem but the oxygen content is still a ? HOWEVER the customer wants the turbos done so i will let you all no in the future
|1994 Nissan Maxima SE 3.0L Hesitation, Surge, Cuts out VIN: JN1HJO156R
Thanks a million to all the techs out there who took time to help me. I got 14 responses and all of them were logical, good ideas. I am still somewhat mystified, but a new oxygen sensor fixed this car. OK, we all know what an 'O2 sensor hunt' feels like, but t...
|1995 Subaru Legacy L 2.2L Poor Idle Quality, Cuts out, Stall, MIL Lamp on VIN: 4S3BK6355S
Well thank you all for your great advice. I do how ever have to a say that I did give the wrong voltage at the grounds they were both at 0. But the problem turned out to be the MAF singal wire had a break in it by the brake lines very hard to find even when yo... Trouble codes: P0100.
|1986 Toyota Pickup 2.4L Engine Noise VIN: JT4RN55D5C
well you guys were right.which i already knew thats what it was i just dreaded haveing to tear it apart but it wasn't as bad as i expected. the right guide was completely gone except for the bole holes, lots of debree in oil pan. new chain, guides,tensionor an...
|1991 Toyota Camry 2.0L No Start, Stall, floods VIN: JT2SV24E3M
Most of the replies I received delt with the ignition coil. Some said the problem could be in the fuel system. The problem in this case was the technician, me. After testing the vehicle some more I found that the injectors were staying grounded when the engine...
|1995 Toyota Corolla 1.6L Air Bag Light VIN: 2T1AE04B4S
The code that wouldn't clear was number 22. The fix was a loose connection behind the insterment cluster thanks for the replies Gerry


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ACI Asia Pacific reported (11-Jul-2012) passenger traffic at Asia Pacific-region airports continued to show "strong and steady" growth, increasing 7.1% year-on-year while Middle Eastern airports remained resilient to the economic downturn, reporting an 11.5% increase in May-2012, the fifth consecutive month of double-digit growth. According to the industry association, Beijing Airport continued to report the highest passenger numbers with more than 6.7 million passengers, followed by Tokyo Haneda (5.4 million passengers), Hong Kong, Dubai and Bangkok. Cargo volume at Asia Pacific airports increased for the second consecutive month in May-2012, after declines in the first three months of 2012. Details include:
- Passenger traffic: +7.1% year-on-year;
- Domestic: +5.2%;
- International: +10.2%;
- Cargo volume: +1.3%;
- Domestic: +5.2%;
- International: -0.1%. [more - original PR]