text: 16th January 2018 State to go after R50bn in state capture assets The Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU) is hoping to seize at least R50bn in 17... READ MORE 9th January 2018 Zuma said to face ouster bid at ANC meeting President Jacob Zuma will face a fresh bid to force him from office when... READ MORE 14th December 2017 High court 'wholly rejects' Zuma's State Capture review bid Judge President Dunstan Mlambo says none of the grounds of review of former Public... READ MORE 13th December 2017 New online banking scam this festive season A new banking scam whereby fraudsters remotely take control of your PC over the... READ MORE 13th December 2017 How Steinhoff affected us normal folk Most South Africans who invested are poorer today due to Steinhoff's business collapse and... READ MORE 12th December 2017 The dirty underbelly of the Naspers darling MultiChoice and Naspers are in the crosshairs of public opprobrium for playing tough tackle... READ MORE 21st November 2017 What to do if you or someone you know is hijacked According to Statistics South Africa's recent Victims of Crime (VOC) survey, more than 42... READ MORE 21st November 2017 Don't get ripped off this Black Friday Black Friday 2017 will take place on 24 November, and local shoppers have already... READ MORE 15th November 2017 Military seizes control in Zimbabwe as Mugabe's days are numbered Zimbabwean elections probably won't be held as scheduled, Rashweat Mukundu, an analyst with the... READ MORE 8th November 2017 Fake WhatsApp affects millions of users Around 1 million users have downloaded a fake version of WhatsApp which appeared on... READ MORE 8th November 2017 The Paradise Papers: whose money is where A new set of data taken from an offshore law firm again threatens to... READ MORE 7th November 2017 Absa takes a beating from fake news From the propagation of Bell Pottinger's white monopoly capital narrative to the new public... READ MORE 31st October 2017 MTN employee helped Guptas spy on people The Sunday Times has reported that an MTN employee, who worked as a senior... READ MORE 24th October 2017 Crime stats are down Police Minister Fikile Mbalula "isn't feeling" the general 1.8% decrease in crime during the... READ MORE 18th October 2017 New Gumtree scam uses Uber drivers A MyBroadband reader recently faced a scam involving Gumtree, Taxify, and his iPhone 7... READ MORE 17th October 2017 Microsoft keeps hack under wraps Microsoft's internal database that it uses to track bugs in its software was reportedly... READ MORE 10th October 2017 Labour brokers: when is it legal? South African labour legislation severely constrains the few employer rights that exist. It is... READ MORE 3rd October 2017 SARS to punish tax evaders SARS has announced that it will intensify criminal proceedings against tax offenders from October. In... READ MORE 26th September 2017 Eskom is the single biggest risk to South Africa's economy Debt and corruption scandals at Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd. make the utility the biggest... READ MORE 20th September 2017 FedEx cuts profit outlook on $300m blow from cyberattack FedEx cut its annual profit forecast, citing the $300m cost of a June cyberattack... READ MORE 19th September 2017 KPMG: too big to fail? KPMG is struggling to survive and its recent restructuring and public pronouncements have not... READ MORE 19th September 2017 Ropemaker: a new email security weakness Most people live under the assumption that email is immutable once delivered, like a... READ MORE 13th September 2017 Top cybersecurity tips for small businesses Small businesses and self-employed people are big targets for hackers, and the financial implications... READ MORE 5th September 2017 Counting the cost of corruption Corruption costs the SA gross domestic product (GDP) at least R27 billion annually as... READ MORE 23rd August 2017 South Africa's most dangerous cities National crime statistics offer only cursory indicators to understand crime levels. The second State... READ MORE 22nd August 2017 Beware this Apple phishing scam A new Apple phishing scam is doing the rounds. The scam informs user that their... READ MORE 10th August 2017 City of Joburg hit by malware The City of Johannesburg has said it suspected that malware has infected one of... READ MORE 1st August 2017 How to identify a scam e-mail Spam, scam e-mails and phishing: every day we receive hundreds of e-mails that may... READ MORE 25th July 2017 Myth, busted: the missed-call scam Warnings of a "one-ring scam" in which telephone customers return hang-up calls from foreign... READ MORE 18th July 2017 Sanlam warns of personal loan scam Scammers are getting increasingly bolder in their methods to dupe consumers. In the latest incident,... READ MORE 11th July 2017 To opt in or opt out: a guide Introduction Previous legislation and regulations prior to the arrival of the Protection of Personal Information... READ MORE 20th June 2017 Unemployment pressures tempt fraud With unemployment at its highest level, the youth are anxious, agitated and searching for... READ MORE 6th June 2017 The stats of the nation In the midst of all the chaos and depression around us, we must appreciate... READ MORE 23rd May 2017 Fraud alert warning from retail stationer A local retail stationer has contacted My Office News with a warning of attempted fraud. The... READ MORE 16th May 2017 Terrorists get SA passports Fifteen unused South African passports, some containing pictures of South Africans on an international... READ MORE 16th May 2017 Social media could impact your insurance Using your phone for social media while driving could be considered reckless behaviour by... READ MORE 25th April 2017 Simple fraud questions MTN and Cell C cannot answer Many South Africans have lost money through Internet banking fraud, with victims blaming their... READ MORE 12th April 2017 Fraud, dishonesty on the up as economy faulters Analysts warn fraud and other forms of dishonesty could rise as economic pressures bear... READ MORE 28th March 2017 New scam hits FNB customers FNB is warning customers about a new scam which involves them receiving an e-mail... READ MORE 28th March 2017 New malware on the loose Kaspersky has discovered a new type of malware that will wipe your hard drive. READ MORE 21st March 2017 Hackers hindered by pen and paper In an age of superfast computers and interconnected everything, the only sure way to... READ MORE 15th March 2017 OR Tambo heist: policeman arrested, money still missing Police have arrested four suspects in connection with last week's brazen heist at OR... READ MORE 8th March 2017 $15-million stolen in OR Tambo heist Suspected bogus police stole an estimated US$15-million in cash in a daring late night... READ MORE 7th March 2017 Cybercrime will cost businesses R78trn The cybercrimes industry is expected cost business up to $6-trillion (R78-trillion) by 2021. The statistic... READ MORE 28th February 2017 Axiz warns of banking scam Axiz has announced that the company has become the latest victim of the on-going... READ MORE 21st February 2017 Crime alert: transacting with government The National Treasury has released a warning with regards to doing business with government. READ MORE 14th February 2017 Warn your workers: South Africa's worst hijacking hotspots Vehicle tracking company Ctrack has released it hijacking and crime statistics, detailing the hijacking... READ MORE 31st January 2017 New PayPal phishing scam surfaces A new scam uses account fraud scare tactics to phish consumers' personal data. READ MORE 24th January 2017 New Cybercrimes Bill to be tabled in Parliament The Deputy Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development, John Jeffery, says the country's new... READ MORE 11th January 2017 Safety deposit boxes are not so safe It seems that safety deposit boxes are nothing like in the movies. READ MORE 6th December 2016 Beware the data breach South African businesses can face serious repercussions in the event of a data breach. READ MORE 22nd November 2016 CV fraud: what you need to know Africa is experiencing both rapid growth and industry expansion - but that comes hand-in-hand... READ MORE 1st November 2016 POPI Regulator to commence duties on 1 December The Information Regulator will have the power to conduct investigations, order publicity of data... READ MORE 6th September 2016 Crime stats 2016: 'The stuff of nightmares' Various sectors of society have reacted with concern over the increase in violent crimes... READ MORE 10th August 2016 Women treasure connected device data, yet fail to protect it Over half (59%) of women in South Africa value the photos and videos they... READ MORE 26th July 2016 How waiters skim your bank card Card skimming is a problem in South Africa, with debit and credit card users... READ MORE 19th July 2016 New cell phone scam costs you R5 a day The Wireless Application Service Providers' Association (WASPA) has uncovered a new cell phone scam... READ MORE 14th June 2016 Banking fraud is here to stay Internet users are contributing to banking and financial fraud by falling victims to cyber-scams... READ MORE 10th May 2016 Change your password less often, says security agency In a piece of advice that seemingly contradicts everything else we've ever heard, GCHQ... READ MORE 26th April 2016 New WhatsApp scams in South Africa WhatsApp is popular in South Africa, which has resulted in it gaining the attention... READ MORE 26th April 2016 Security mistakes consumers make when shopping online Online shopping is a convenient way to find, compare, and purchase items in South... READ MORE 19th April 2016 The six red flags of a money scam Consumers should treat any offer of an above market return on their investment with... READ MORE 29th March 2016 How safe is your medical information? A Kaspersky Lab Global Research & Analysis Team (GReAT) expert has conducted real field... READ MORE 8th March 2016 Mobile Trojan Triada uncovered by Kaspersky Kaspersky Lab experts have detected a new Trojan targeting Android devices that can be... READ MORE 3rd March 2016 Can you shop online safely? In our modern society, shopping and the Internet go together like bacon and eggs.... READ MORE 1st March 2016 Locky virus spreads across the globe A new ransomware "super bug", codenamed "Locky", is on the lose. There have been... READ MORE 16th February 2016 A sticky situtation: officials find meth hidden in glue More than 720 litres of liquid methamphetamine have been seized in Australia after officials... READ MORE 26th January 2016 The most popular passwords of 2015 Last year saw millions of people's data hacked and stolen online, from T-Mobile customers... READ MORE 12th January 2016 Massmart corruption survey results as expected Massmart has sponsored a survey on corruption in South Africa, and the results are... READ MORE 19th November 2015 OKI issues fraud alert OKI has issued a fraud warning to its customers. READ MORE 10th November 2015 MasterCard tests "selfie pay" MasterCard is trying out a new technology that lets online shoppers authorise a transaction... READ MORE 27th October 2015 Office workers engage in risky online behaviour According to the results of a recent survey of more than 2 000 office... READ MORE 20th October 2015 Amazon takes legal action against fraudulent reviewers Amazon is taking legal action against more than 1 000 people it claims provide... READ MORE 29th September 2015 Big hotel chains suffer data hacks The Trump Hotel Collection is just the latest disclosure of a data breach at... READ MORE 15th September 2015 New app simplifies access management Local biometrics solutions provider Ideco has launched an app, in co-operation with its Electronic... READ MORE 8th September 2015 Xerox helps secure copier secrets Copiers can retain sensitive data on their built-in hard drives. The security risks associated... READ MORE 25th August 2015 Standard Bank in credit card cloning row Cape Town journalist and documentary filmmaker, Yazeed Kamaldien from Schaapkraal, Philippi, has been battling... READ MORE 11th August 2015 Be careful when buying or selling online Buying or selling involves a certain amount of risk, even more so when the... READ MORE 28th July 2015 Debunking common security myths One of the hurdles facing businesses who are attempting to secure themselves, and minimise... READ MORE 13th July 2015 Scammers come out during tax season It's tax season – and that means the cybercriminals are hard at work to... READ MORE 23rd June 2015 Credit card fraud grows in tourism industry The tourism industry is a popular target for credit card fraud, according to a... READ MORE 18th June 2015 Beware of new jobs scam The Gauteng Provincial Government has issued a warning to the public about a scam... READ MORE 1st June 2015 Five ways to fight payroll fraud Payroll fraud is one of the most common white-collar crimes in the business world.... READ MORE 25th May 2015 The danger of data leaks As many companies and institutions have discovered, data breaches are costly - not only... READ MORE 20th April 2015 What is a botnet and how does it spread? Have you ever seen posts on social networks or e-mails under your name that... READ MORE 23rd March 2015 Counterfeit electrical products flourish in Africa Counterfeiting of most common electrical products is widely spread in all African countries, representing... READ MORE 20th March 2015 Commercial vehicles under siege According to Cartrack, the incidence of hijacking across commercial and private vehicles has risen... READ MORE 27th January 2015 How Sony Pictures was hacked It's unclear who hacked Sony Pictures Entertainment on 24 November, 2014 but there are... READ MORE 20th January 2015 Can SMEs afford to be ethical? The value of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is widely recognised in terms of... READ MORE 17th January 2015 Stolen printer cartridges recovered Two men have been arrested for stealing R3-million worth of goods, including printer cartridges. The... READ MORE 5th November 2014 Standard Bank saves fleet managers R130m Standard Bank Fleet Management's transaction authorisation system is geared to save fleet managers another... READ MORE 4th November 2014 Botnets: robots to avoid Malware has been around in some form for over 40 years, but the use... READ MORE 23rd October 2014 Protecting yourself from identity theft With the POPI Act soon to be enacted here in South Africa, corporate companies... READ MORE 23rd October 2014 Anti-crime collaborative aims to stem shopping centre crime The South African Council of Shopping Centres, the Consumer Goods Council of South Africa,... READ MORE 23rd October 2014 Cost of cybercrime escalates 96% per organisation HP has unveiled the results from its fifth annual study in partnership with the Ponemon... READ MORE 10th October 2014 Start-ups, VSBs lack security for mobile tech Very small businesses (VSBs) with fewer than 25 employees have the same rate of... READ MORE 10th October 2014 Google weighs in on online security Google is adding its considerable weight to the online security space by giving a... READ MORE 6th October 2014 bidorbuy boosts buyer protection As part of ongoing efforts to improve the safety and security of online shoppers, www.bidorbuy.co.za has... READ MORE 18th August 2014 PIC website hacked The website of government-owned Public Investment Corporation's (PIC) – which has more than R1.6 trillion... READ MORE 7th August 2014 Re-Distribution... SA-style We were shocked and horrified to hear that only a couple of months after... READ MORE 3rd July 2014 Consumer Goods and Services Ombudsman receives 4 821 complaints in first nine months In the first nine months since the appointment of the Consumer Goods and Services... READ MORE 3rd July 2014 50/50 REPRIMANDED - BCCSA VINDICATE RHINO FORCE On 28 October 2013, 50/50 broadcast a feature on SABC 2 regarding Rhino Force,... READ MORE 28th April 2014 Fight preceded fatal office shooting The Cape Town businessmen who died in what was initially described as a murder-suicide... READ MORE 26th April 2014 Latest business crime stats and tips for your increased safety A recent survey by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) reveals crime is increasing in South Africa. Titled the... READ MORE 5th April 2014 Cyber threats and attacks have become more complex According to Trend Micro Incorporated's 2013 annual threat roundup report, "Cashing in on Digital... READ MORE 5th April 2014 UNAUTHORISED IMPORTS COSTLY TO THE CONSUMER, NOT THE SELLER The grey market isn't populated with suspicious merchants in long overcoats who are generally... READ MORE 26th March 2014 Online Shopping Security in the Spotlight – MasterCard Survey The latest MasterCard, http://newsroom.mastercard.com, Online Shopping Behaviour Study reveals that 90% of South African... READ MORE 24th February 2014 Security threat report highlights cause for concern for banking and mobile applications In its recent Q3 2013 Security Roundup Report, Trend Micro (TYO: 4704; TSE: 4704)... READ MORE 24th February 2014 Westcon-Comztek announces local availability of next-gen Sony cameras Security specialists, Westcon Security Solutions – Electronic, is pleased to announce the immediate local... READ MORE 24th February 2014 Fraudster operating in Cape Town "Our Cape Chamber has advised us of a well dressed gentleman (Malawian) with a... READ MORE 23rd January 2014 Some Turn To School, Office Supplies That Double As Shields NEW YORK (CBSNewYork) — Worried parents and employees are taking self-defense into their own hands,... READ MORE 22nd January 2014 Target's data woes will be costly The massive consumer data breach at Target Corp. potentially exposes the company to years... READ MORE 22nd January 2014 Target: Stolen information involved at least 70 million people Target disclosed on Friday that a mass information breach involved data belonging to up to... READ MORE 16th January 2014 Crime Stats SA Did You Know? More people murdered in Nyanga (Western Cape) than anywhere else in the country. Over... READ MORE 9th January 2014 Business should focus on cyber crime Johannesburg - Businesses need to focus on the threat posed by cyber crime, a... READ MORE 7th October 2013 Mikro Stationery closes its doors Deon Terblanche of Mikro Stationery has reported that the cc has become insolvent. Their Telkom... READ MORE 6th October 2013 Retailers: Integrate services to increase efficiency, productivity and ultimately profit Cluttered tills are a sign of inefficiency, lack of productivity and impacts retailer profits,... READ MORE 1st October 2013 Bookkeeper jailed for theft in Cape Town A bookkeeper was jailed for eight years by the Specialised Commercial Crime Court in... READ MORE 27th September 2013 Fraudulent orders for A4 paper Forms Media Independent Africa have reported two fraudulent attempts to purchase A4 paper. The first... READ MORE 25th September 2013 Traditional media revenue to be eroded as digital era gathers pace THE digital platform is increasingly eating into the revenues of traditional entertainment and media,... READ MORE 8th November 2012 Be Warned! The warning bells of credit card fraud It is coming up to that time of... READ MORE 2nd October 2012 Fraudsters place order as Eskom In September, Bojanala Office National in Rustenburg received what seemed to be a suspicious... READ MORE 21st August 2012 Fraudulent 'change of banking details' notifications It appears fraudsters are using the 'change of banking details' scam more frequently and... READ MORE 10th July 2012 Vodacom cautions customers to protect themselves from SIM swap fraud Vodacom has noted that SIM swap fraud attempts are on the increase. Fraudsters who... READ MORE 21st May 2012 Office Furniture Fraud Office Furniture Fraud Please add the following company to your list of "beware" customers. They... READ MORE 18th May 2012 Fraud Alert Please be alert to any orders placed by the following: MASH STATIONERY SUPPLIES / JIMMY... READ MORE 15th May 2012 Crime Alert Report and share your crime incidences to shop-sa and help stop crime in South... READ MORE 25th April 2012 Pentel Bank Account Scam It has recently come to our attention that the following letter has been circulated... READ MORE 4th April 2012 How the scam works Deposit Slip Scams continue unabated in the Stationery industry. To prevent becoming a victim... READ MORE


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Social Media Marketing
1.3 Billion Users
70 million Users
150 Million Users
600 Million Users
Google +
500 Million Users
1 Billion Users
240 Million Users
You Are the Star
of Social Media
Using the authority of social media and content marketing will help raise the number of prospects and your sales funnel in a major way. Starting a social media campaign for small businesses without a strategy and plan to leverage your entire online presence which includes social media marketing can be daunting. That's where Wisewomen Web Publishing can help you shine online! 🙂
The following 10 strategies are what we help our clients with when we support their social media marketing. Social Marketing is really Relationship Marketing. You build relationships by sharing who you are online. Who you are translates to people who learn to know, like and trust you. If they know like and trust you as a person, when you DO present your business to them, they're more likely to know, like and trust your business. Relationships come from constant posting of your values online. Those values attract others with the same values. Those people can convert to customers, but only after you have developed a good relationship with them. You can't have a good relationship with someone if you're just trying to make them a customer. No one likes to feel used. Wisewomen Web Publishing helps you build your Social Media brand without using people. These strategies will help expand your brand, build loyal customer followings and add to your bottom line.
- The Strategy of Listening
Success in social media and content marketing involves more listening and less talking about yourself and your business. Read what your target audience is posting online and join discussions to study what's important to them. Don't talk about you. Listen to THEM! You want to add value to their lives. Every social post should deliver value in some way to your target market. We keep our ears to the ground so we can develop relationships based on what your contacts are talking about. You are relevant with our help! 🙂
- The Strategy of Focus
You can't be all things to all people. That's why local social marketing is so successful. You focus on your community and the people and what's going on there with them. Once you become a part of their online community, they're going to "know, like and trust" you as one of them. The first step in developing a relationship with folks in your community. Our Social Media experts help you focus on your community and make thoughtful, interesting and fun posts that let people know you're a "live wire" in your community. Someone who people want to get to know better. Someone they'd like to develop a relationship with in all areas. We can help you create that focus, one community at a time!
- The Strategy of Quality
You may have 10,000 connections online, but if you've only made the connection and not followed up with developing a relationship with them, why would they want to know more about you? You haven't shown that you want to know more about them. Our Social Media experts get to know your contacts, interact with them and develop that all important relationship with them. You CAN have a good time with "10,000 of your closest friends" who may become customers, with Wisewomen on your team!
- The Strategy of Patience
Success with Social Media Marketing doesn't happen overnight. You will need to commit to the long-haul of developing and nurturing social relationships online. Week after week, month after month of posting on social media and building your "tribe". That's why small business owners trust Wisewomen to carry out these day-to-day tasks which carries on your brand and develops good, strong relationships. Business owners can carry on their business without being distracted with social media marketing.
- The Strategy of Compounding
Publishing remarkable content on your site and sending it out the Social Media outlets helps build your audience. Others share your content through Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, LinkedIn and more.The more your content and posts are shared, which we will include keywords for your business in each post, the more search engines are bound to pick up on them and post them high in the search engines for those keywords. This expands your online reach to hundreds, even thousands of more people who could become customers.
- The Strategy of Influence
Wisewomen spends time researching online influencer sites in your market with quality audiences who would likely be interesting in your services, products and business. We connect with those influencers on your behalf and build relationships with them.We work to get you on their radar as an authority in your business who offers valuable information on a regular basis. They are more likely to share your content with their audience, which places your business in front of a whole new group of followers and potential new customers.
- The Strategy of Value
Most marketers do Social Marketing wrong. They hit, hit, hit everyone with a pitch for their business. People stop listening to pitches. You're one of a million buskers to people online. Wisewomen helps you build meaningful, over-the-top content for you to share about your niche so people enjoy seeing your content and posts online. They look forward to them! Then, every once in awhile, you offer something that wows them, and hopefully, by this time they know, like and trust you and consider purchasing your service or product. Wisewomen has an armory of Social Media secret weapons we use to draw viewers in, and keep them in day-after-day, It's all about the relationships on Social Media.
- The Strategy of Acknowledgment
When someone reaches out to you in the physical world, you don't ignore them. You respond and that usually starts a conversation. The same holds true in Social Networking. Someone reaches out to your online and you respond, hopefully striking up a conversation that may include others chiming in. Wisewomen helps you spark those conversations and builds relationships by responding to people who comment on your posts.
- The Strategy of Accessibility
A good Social Media presence means consistently publishing content and posts and interacting with your followers daily. The Wisewomen team helps you be accessible to your fans at all times. The more you're in front of your audience, the better the relationship and the more they know, like and trust you.
- The Strategy of Reciprocity
Being reciprocal in relationships online is the life blood of Social Media. Others share your content and posts and you share theirs. Wisewomen will help you build strategic alliances so that shared content is complimentary to your business. Your standing in the community is heightened when other businesses feel supported by you and understand you will share their businesses with your audience.
"Thanks Carole! You helped put us on the map and visible to the world. You are the best!!" — JJ Heim
"I am so thrilled with my site and the direction my business is going since hooking up with Wisewomen Web Publishing and Carole's team! SEO, Lead Generation and all the technical web design backend that included mobile site, my business just keeps expanding and growing online!" — KaZ Cruse Akers

subset: commoncrawl


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Fully Licensed & Bonded
Bustling Magaluf is the location of the spacious Sol Y Vera Apartments. The apartments are in a great position in the heart of Magaluf's lively entertainment zone close to many shops, bars and restaurants. \n\nBeing just 200 metres from the beach, the Sol Y Vera is also an ideal choice for a beach based holiday in Majorca, and for those looking to explore further afield, Palma de Mallorca is 15 minutes' drive away and there is an excellent local public transport system.\n\n*Official star rating 2* \n\n##Location\n Majorca is the largest of the four Balearic Islands, situated off the East coast of Spain in the Western Mediterranean. The island boasts sandy beaches and views of the stunning azure sea. The island has a great infrastructure with great transport links, over 2,500 restaurants and a 41 Marinas. Majorca is the ideal location for a family or couples holiday. The island is filled with hiking trails and cyclist routes, making seeing the sights a fun-filled adventure. The Sol Y Vera Apartments boasts an enviable location in the resort of Magaluf, a well-known party town on the west coast of Majorca. The Sol Y Vera Apartments are in the heart of Magaluf close to a commercial centre of shops and bars. The beach is about 200 metres away. \n\n##Accomodation\n The Apartments which sleep up to 4 people also have with free Wi-Fi and a 32-inch flat-screen TV. The apartments have a room with two individual beds and a living-room with two sofa beds. All the apartments have a spacious terrace as well as a bathroom and fully equipped kitchenette. Please note some amenities may be payable locally, and may need to be requested. \n\n##Eating and Drinking\n There are bars, cafes and restaurants available within easy reach of the apartments. \n\n##Swimming Pools\n There is an outdoor pool for guests to enjoy


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I noticed in the story titled "Trump in California: The lines are drawn" [News, April 29] a comment that I feel contains an all too common omission by opponents of Donald Trump. Cal State San Bernardino professor Jose Muñoz, speaking of protesters who oppose Trump being in the state and campaigning, said, "They have the right to challenge his presence."
I do not think people disagree with the right to peacefully protest. But the protesters who are evoking their right to free speech are conveniently forgetting others. When they protest by burning, looting and destroying property, a lot of us get the idea their protest is not about the issues they claim.
I am surprised that an educated professor would suggest that a candidate for the presidency be denied entry into the state or not be allowed to speak because protesters do not like or agree with his words. Don't vote for Trump rather than destroying police cars to show your disagreement.
Charles R. Hansen
End 'War on Drugs'
The recent column by Rep. Paul Cook, R-Apple Valley, is a self-indictment. The title of the column is "Illegal drugs fund global terrorism" [Opinion, April 22]. And there it is in a nutshell. The fact that any commodity can be made illegal by the likes of Rep. Cook and his friends in Congress is precisely why there is an underground trade of immense profit that funds all manner of atrocious activity.
The legalization of drugs would eliminate the black market of those commodities and deprive thugs of the exorbitantly inflated price of an otherwise free market competitive trade price.
It's high time for recognition that the war on drugs has not only been lost but that it has fueled and will continue to fuel terrorism, barbarism, public coffer depletion and political corruption across the world. But the first crimes are the money and resources wasted on the wrong-headed, futile war on drugs.
Forest Trowbridge
Jurupa Valley


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Kobe Bryant wasn't angry when the Lakers shipped Derek Fisher, his closest friend on the team, to Houston. Sad perhaps to see his co-captain leave after so many seasons together, but not mad.
"I've been here a while and had some of my closest friends go starting with Caron (Butler), Ronny Turiaf, Lamar Odom and now Derek," Bryant said a day after the Lakers traded Fisher to the Rockets. "I've been through it many times before."
Bryant was guarded in his comments about Fisher, with whom he came into the league in 1996. He said he didn't want to get sentimental, wouldn't get sentimental after the Lakers' 97-92 victory against Minnesota on Friday.
"It was very difficult. I'm not used to it," Bryant said about not seeing Fisher on the floor. "I've been with him pretty much my entire career aside from the little stint he had away from us. So it's very different. It's pretty weird. "
Bryant said the two exchanged several texts after the news broke of the trade, sharing stories and laughs.
"He knows how I am," Bryant said. "We talked about the good times and you know what a fun time we had going into battle together.
"But that's as sentimental as I'm going to get."
[rssfeedme cat="lakers" feedpath="/category/Lakers/feed/" max="5″]


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Rick Owens coats are works of art which would be as home in a gallery as on the catwalk. Wear them black ..
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We are busy settling into our new home, and loving our daily visits with family and friends. As I unpack boxes, and spend my days full of hospitality (along with mothering and marriage!), I am taking a short break from blogging.
I am still returning e-mails on a weekly basis, and reading your comments, so feel free to keep in touch! Subscribe in a reader (if you're not already) with the link on the right, so you don't miss a post when I start blogging again! Meanwhile, have fun browsing the archives!
Thanks for your patience, friends. I look forward to sharing our "new life" details with you soon!


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European conglomerates have been on an extended shopping spree in the states, thanks to the favorable exchange rates with the U.S. dollar. Total, the French oil and gas giant, has made a bid to buy 60% of SunPower, the high-efficiency solar manufacturer from California. Meanwhile, Switzerland's ABB has spent over $5.2 billion on four U.S. companies in the past year and plunked money into startups including Ecotality and Power Assure.
Europe specializes in sprawling conglomerates that have deep pockets and decades of experience, but those companies can't always deliver cutting-edge technology. The U.S. has a surfeit of innovative startups, but most of them need money and connections -- a European sugar daddy.


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Tinos is a Greek island known best to Orthodox and Roman Catholic pilgrims. What many tourists don't know about this treasure of Greece are the 40 traditional villages and beautiful beaches. Home to the Sanctuary of Poseidon and several museums, Tinos has many fine accommodations.
When looking for tinos accommodation, there are over 20 hotels to choose from on the island and all are very affordable. The accommodations are concentrated on the southern end of the island. The most popular place to stay is Vega Apartments in Tinos Town. The hotel scores high by reviewers in every aspect. The service, food, design, and views are top notch. A very close second favorite of tourists is the Porto Raphael Hotel. The secluded location on the beach is a nice respite.
If you want to stay a little further in town, you can't beat the Vincenzo Family Hotel. The friendly staff will make you feel at home. Back near the water, you can't miss with the Agali Bay Hotel. The center of Tinos is only a 10 minute walk away! The Akti Aegeou is located on the Beach of Laouti and an excellent choice for a family beach vacation.
The best value hotel is the Poseidonio Hotel with a stunning viewe of the harbor. For a romantic getaway, traveler preferences in order of popularity were: Vega Apartments, Anthia Hotel, Porto Raphael Hotel, Agali Bay Hotel, and the Tinion Hotel. The three best beach hotels are the Porto Raphael Hotel, Akti Aegeou, and Poseidonio Hotel.
It is difficult not to have a good time in a Mediterranean island paradise where the sun always shines. There is much to do. If you want to take up diving, head over to the Paesino Diving Center. The general perception of Tinos is the people are friendly, the food good and healthy, and there is plenty to stimulate the mind, body, and soul.


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Bikepacking in Morocco's High Atlas Mountains
If you're thinking of bikepacking in Morocco, you're in for a real treat. Berber culture, diverse landscapes and a warm welcome awaits. For a flavour of an 18 day or cycle touring trip in the High Atlas Mountains, (10 days riding) during December 2014 and another trip to the Anti Atlas area the previous year, you're in the right place.
Click to see the complete Bikepacking in Morocco Route on an interactive map
Flying to Marrakesh or Agadir? Here's how we packed the bikes using CTC bags.
Stories about bikepacking in Morocco
Marrakech and a change of plan Part 1
We flew to Marrakech, then due to inclement weather, took a bus to Agadir and rode to Ouarzazate via snow capped Toubkal, the highest peak in North Africa. Find out what it's like cycling around the city of Marrakech in search of a bike shop for a couple of repairs and getting a bus to Agadir. Read on…
Agadir to Taroudant Part 2
Taroudant to Ouled Berhill Part 3
Ouled Berhill to Aoulouz Part 4
Aoulouz to Igruid – Part 5
Bikepacking in Southern Morocco
30 miles from the Algerian border, we found ourselves at an oasis in the Saharan desert. It was Christmas Eve 2013. Click on the link below to read the story.
Endless desert, an oasis and a starlit night
More Stories and tips about Bikepacking in Morocco's Anti Atlas Mountains
Part 1 The Bikes of Taroudant
Part 2 The Hungry Biker
Part 3 Oranges and Breeze Blocks
Part 4 Between the Peaks
Part 5 And the Mountains Beckoned
Part 6 The Long and Winding Road
Carpets Camels Goats and Rocks


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 7, 1997
|Filing date
|May 18, 1995
|Priority date
|May 18, 1995
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Khiem V. Cai, Roger J. O'Connor
|Original Assignee
|Hughes Aircraft Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (39), Classifications (8), Legal Events (17)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
H.sub.1 : a.sub.1 x.sup.2 +a.sub.2 y.sup.2 +a.sub.3 xy+a.sub.4 x+a.sub.5 y+a.sub.6 =0
H.sub.2 : b.sub.1 x.sup.2 +b.sub.2 y.sup.2 +b.sub.3 xy+b.sub.4 x+b.sub.5 y+b.sub.6 =0
λ=exp (-max (β.sub.1.sup.2, β.sub.2.sup.2)/2σ.sup.2)
β.sub.1 =((c.sub.2 /c.sub.1)Δφ.sub.c(1) -Δφ.sub.c(2))mod(-180, 180) at the first antenna array
β.sub.2 =((c.sub.2 /c.sub.1)Δφ.sub.c(1) -Δφ.sub.c(2))mod(-180, 180) at the second antenna array
c.sub.1 y.sup.4 +c.sub.2 y.sup.3 +c.sub.3 y.sup.2 +c.sub.4 y+c.sub.5 =0
λ=exp (-max (β.sub.1.sup.2, β.sub.2.sup.2)/2σ.sup.2)
β.sub.1 =((c.sub.2 /c.sub.1)Δφ.sub.c(1) -Δφ.sub.c(2))mod(-180, 180) at the first antenna array
β.sub.2 =((c.sub.2 /c.sub.1)Δφ.sub.c(1) -Δφ.sub.c(2))mod(-180, 180) at the second antenna array
This invention relates to systems for accurately tracking the positions of vehicles using angle-of-arrival measurements.
Current vehicle detection systems use antenna patterns to define transmitter locations on highway systems. The location accuracy of these systems is very poor and requires multiple large antennas to improve the performance. Receive amplitude measurement techniques can improve the performance somewhat but variations in signal strength between different vehicles have been measured at greater than 10 dB and the antenna patterns from these vehicles are not uniform. These problems have limited the use of "open road" toll systems and have resulted in the use of "barrier" toll systems that establish vehicle separation for location identification purposes.
Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,307,349 describes a technique which will permit vehicles to be able to communicate with the highway infrastructure. One use for the system described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,307,349 is for the collection of tolls electronically on an open road. Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,227,803 describes a method of measuring the location of the transmitters mounted in vehicles.
This invention concerns a technique that combines multiple location position measurements, filters measurements that contain errors, and presents an efficient closed form set of position calculation equations to provide a tracking algorithm. A system in accordance with the invention includes two or more antenna arrays that measure the signal phase differences, a phase unwrapping process to determine the spatial signal Angle of Arrival (AOA), a position process that determines the transmitter location and vehicle tracking processing to estimate velocity, acceleration and position. The system also has a quality factor analysis that filters out multipath distorted samples.
This invention offers several advancements in vehicle location and tracking technology.
(i) An open road gantry with several multi-element antenna arrays measure the phase of the transmit signal.
(ii) Antenna arrays can be rotated to maximize antenna coverage and increase tracking accuracy.
(iii) redundant antenna array element spacing is used on checking baselines. These checking baselines are used to weight position measurements to reduce errors caused by multipath.
(iv) AOA measurements are converted to position measurements using either a search algorithm or the solution of quadratic equations.
(v) Vehicle travel profile estimates use a weighted least mean square error prediction method with checking baseline weighting.
A method is described for tracking a moving transmitter which transmits RF signals, comprising the following steps:
positioning first and second antenna arrays is a spaced arrangement relative to an area in which the transmitter is moving, each antenna array comprising a plurality of antenna elements arranged in spaced relationship, the elements grouped in a plurality of subarrays of elements, wherein the element-to-element spacings of elements in the subarrays are different multiples of one half the transmitter wavelength of operation;
receiving RF signals from the transmitter using the first and second antenna arrays and converting subarray signals from each array signals into digital data;
processing the digital data to provide phase data indicative of the electrical phases of signals received at the different subarrays of the first and second antenna arrays;
converting the phase data into spatial angle data indicative of angle of arrival of RF signals incident on the subarrays of the first and second antenna arrays; and
processing the spatial angle data with antenna configuration data indicative of the location and geometry of the first and second antenna arrays to provide information specifying an estimated position of the transmitter.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of an exemplary embodiment thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a transmitter location system employing direction finding antennas.
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3A illustrates a preferred antenna array geometry for the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3B illustrates an alternate antenna array geometry for the system of FIG. 1.
FIGS. 4A and 4B show the respective plots of (dx/d�)-(x,y) and (dy/d�)(x,y) for β1 and β2 of 45�. FIG. 4A shows the X (range) error values, and FIG. 4B shows the Y (lane) error values.
FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram illustrative of an exemplary receiver used in the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a simplified processing flow diagram illustrating the sequence of functions performed by a processor comprising the system of FIG. 1.
The position of a moving transmitter can be detected by Direction Finding (DF) antenna systems. FIG. 1 shows a transmitter location system 50 tracking the position of a moving vehicle 40 carrying a transmitter 42. The conventions used in this figure are as follows: x1, y1 represent the coordinates of antenna array 60. x2, y2 represent the coordinates of antenna array 70. β1, β2 represent the respective angle rotations of the two antennas 60 and 70. ah represents the height of the antenna arrays on a gantry. x,y represent the position of the transmitter 42; vh represents the height of the transmitter. �1 and �2 represent the angle of arrival measured from the respective antenna arrays 60 and 70.
The location of the transmitter 42 is determined by intercepting the transmit signal with the DF antenna arrays 60 and 70. Two or more DF antennas are used to measure the electrical phase of the signals at the respective antennas, and this information is then converted to spatial angle of arrival (AOA) values. Based on two AOA values, two half hyperbolas H1 and H2 are identified on the surface of the road. These two AOA values are determined on the same signals or signals segments separated by a small time so that the positions are not changed significantly. These hyperbolas are used to solve for the position location (X, Y) of the vehicle 40 by finding their intersection. This process is repeated at different times and multiple positions of the vehicle are determined. The positions are combined with weighting, based on check baseline measurements, to determine the transmitter position profile and its characteristics such as acceleration, velocity and time of arrival at a specific location.
FIG. 2 shows a functional block diagram of the target location system 50. The system includes the two array antennas 60 and 70, two array antenna receivers 70 and 80 to measure the received phases, and a processor 100. The processor performs several processor functions, including phase unwrapping processing functions 110A and 110B to determine the spatial AOA; a transmitter position processing function 120 to determine the location of the transmitter; and a vehicle profile processing function 130 to estimate the vehicle motion characteristics. The processor further performs quality factor analysis functions 140A and 140B to identify which samples are reliable and which are not, and to assign a weighting to each sample that minimizes the effect of interference of multipath interference.
In the process of communicating, the vehicle transmitter 42 transmits bursts of RF. U.S. Pat. No. 5,307,349 describes an exemplary protocol which can be used to coordinate the transmissions of RF bursts. These signal bursts are received by at least two DF antenna arrays, i.e., by antenna arrays 60 and 70, which supply electrical phase difference measurements between signals received at the array elements 60A-60N and 70A-70N. The arrays have N elements and provide N-1 phase difference measurements. These N-1 measurements are "unwrapped" to form a spatial angle of arrival for each array, i.e., the measurements are processed to find a unique AOA solution. This unwrapping technique is described in further detail in commonly assigned, co-pending patent application serial number 08/443,536, filed May 18, 1995 filed concurrently herewith, entitled "A Technique to Detect Angle of Arrival With Low Ambiguity," by K. V. Cai, attorney docket PD-94257, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by this reference. Alternatively, the electrical phase information can be converted to spatial angle data using the technique described in "Ambiguity-Resistant Three- and Four-Channel Interferometers," Robert L. Goodwin, NRL Report 8005, Sep. 9, 1976.
The antenna elements on each array are arranged so that the spatial AOA can be determined accurately, and without ambiguity. In addition, redundant baseline measurements are used as check baselines to establish a quality indication that is used in weighting the vehicle profile estimate.
FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate two embodiments of DF antenna arrangements, each having the same base of 2.5λ, i.e., the largest separation between any pair of elements is 2.5Aλ. The DF antenna 150 includes four elements 152, 154, 156 and 158 spaced symmetrically about array center line 160. Adjacent elements 154 and 156 are separated by λ/2. Elements 152 and 156 are separated by 1.5λ. Elements 154 and 158 are separated by 1.5λ. Elements 152 and 158 are separated by 2.5λ. The transmitter RF wavelength is λ.
The elements of the array 150 can be considered as grouped into a plurality of subarrays or baselines, each baseline comprising a pair of antenna elements having a element-to-element spacing which is some multiple of one half λ. Thus, array 150 includes elements 154 and 156 which are spaced by λ/2 to form a first baseline, elements 152 and 154 which are spaced by λ to form a second baseline, elements 154 and 158 which are spaced by 1.5λ to form a third baseline, elements 152 and 156 are spaced by 1.5λ to form a fourth baseline, and elements 152 and 158 form a fifth baseline spaced by 2.5λ. The third and fourth baselines are of the same element spacing and can be used as checking baselines, since the same phase shift value should nominally be determined at both baselines.
The array 150 is characterized by the "phase-unwrap" baseline factors (defined, for a given baseline, as the ratio of the element spacing to the signal wavelength) of k=(1/2, 1, 2.5), and two checking baseline factors c1 =c2 =1.5, which can be used for quality indication functions. The phase-unwrap baselines are in this examples, the first, second and fifth baselines, and the checking baselines are the third and fourth baselines.
DF antenna 200 also comprises four antenna elements 202, 204, 206 and 208. The elements are spaced differently than the elements of array 150. Elements 202 and 204 are spaced λ/2 apart in a first baseline, elements 202 and 206 are spaced 1.5λ in a second baseline, elements 202 and 208 are spaced apart 2.5λ in a third baseline, and elements 204, 206 and 208 are spaced apart by λ in a fourth baseline. The array 200 has the phase-unwrap baseline factors of k=(1/2, 1.5, 2.5) and two checking baselines factor c1 =c2 =1.
The baseline of array 150 is superior to that of array 200, since the middle baseline of array 150 has a factor 1.0, and the middle baseline of array 200 has a factor 1.5, thereby yielding a better ambiguity rejection and better accuracy for checking. Moreover, the array 150 has the feature that no single element is included in each of the baselines. Thus, if any one element is damaged or fails to operate, some of the baselines will still operate.
The received electrical phases are processed by the phase unwrapping processing function 110A and 110B to determine the AOA. This phase unwrapping process in the preferred embodiment is a trellis search, which exploits the structure of the phase ambiguities and maximizes the detection performance. This technique searches for the shortest path from the shortest baseline, to the intermediate baselines, and finally to the longest baseline. From the shortest baseline the processor determines the minimum-ambiguous unwrapped phase. Based on this phase, the next shortest phase is examined, and the unwrapped phase closest to the last unwrapped phase is determined. This process progresses to the longest baseline to determine the unwrap phase that is used to determine the AOA. The phase unwrapping function is discussed more completely in commonly assigned, co-pending application Ser. No. 08/443,536, filed May 18, 1995, entitled "A Technique to Detect Angle of Arrival With Low Ambiguity," by K. V. Cai. The shortest baseline (λ/2) has only one AOA solution, but cannot provide the required accuracy. The longest baseline (5λ/2) has the required accuracy but has multiple spatial angles that generate the same electrical Δφ (phase shift) values. The technique is to select the longest baseline to achieve the required accuracy and the shortest baseline to resolve ambiguity.
As the result of the AOA detection, the transmitter 42 is located on the surface of a cone. If the height of the transmitter 42 is known (i.e., z=vh), the tag must be located on one branch on the hyperbola. The equations of the two hyperbolas are as follows: ##EQU1##
Therefore, the transmitter location (x, y) can be determined by finding the intersection of the two hyperbolas H1 and H2. The solution (x, y) to the above equations can be obtained via a search, starting from the intersection of the two asymptotes of H1 and H2. This technique is time consuming and is not practical for a toll collection application. A new technique was developed to achieve a "close-form" solution for the transmitter tag position. First, the two hyperbola equations are simplified to the following:
H.sub.1 : a.sub.1 x.sup.2 +a.sub.2 y.sup.2 +a.sub.3 xy+a.sub.4 x+a.sub.5 y+a.sub.6 =0 (3)
H.sub.2 : b.sub.1 x.sup.2 +b.sub.2 y.sup.2 +b.sub.3 xy+b.sub.4 x+b.sub.5 y+b.sub.6 =0 (4)
Next, substitute for x to establish a quadratic single-variable equation
c.sub.1 y.sup.4 +c.sub.2 y.sup.3 +c.sub.3 y.sup.2 +c.sub.4 y+c.sub.5 =0 (5)
and solve for y, and then use (H1) or (H2) to find x. There are a maximum of eight real solutions for (x, y). Equations 3 and 4 are then rechecked to determine the correct pair of (x, y). In the process of solving the equations, it is possible to determine values that are not solutions to the primary equations 1 and 2. These are eliminated by substituting all values back into the equations 1 and 2.
The position of the DF antennas 60 and 70 impacts the accuracy of the transmitter location measurement. If the axes of the two DF antenna arrays are on the y axis, the accuracy on the x axis is maximum (minimum dx/d�), but the accuracy on the y location is minimum (large dy/d�). Thus, the antennas must be rotated to focus on the area of interest. The rotation of the two antennas can be selected by varying β1 and β2 so that the two factors are within the expectation. ##EQU2## which are evaluated from equations 3 and 4. If the vehicle is confined in the area [x≧0, y1 ≦y≦y2 ] the two angles should be selected to about 45� to 60� to balance both range (dx) and lane (dy) errors. FIGS. 4A and 4B shows the plot of (dx/d�)(x,y) and (dy/d�)(x,y) for β1 and β2 of 45�. FIG. 4A shows the X (range) error values, and FIG. 4B shows the Y (lane) error values.
In the presence of partial-time interference such as multipaths or burst noise, some AOA phase measurements can be corrupted, and the target location sample is thus in error. Such corrupted samples can be identified and processed to minimize the effects of partial time interference. Thus, in the DF antennas 60 and 70, two independent baselines of equal length should be established for checking purposes. When the two checking baselines are of equal length, the detected phase shift for each baseline must be equal. If they are not, there is an error, and thus a weighting should be applied to the measurement as shown in equations 8, 9 and 10 below. If the DF antennas do not have two independent baselines of equal length, any two baselines with factors c1, c2 can be used to establish the quality factor.
FIGS. 3A and 3B show two exemplary DF antenna arrays 150 and 200 with four elements on a base of 2.5λ. The antenna array 150 has the baseline factor of k=(1/2, 1, 2.5) and can provide AOA phase unwrapping with low ambiguity. Also, based on this structure, two baselines with factor 1.5 (c1 =c2 =1.5) can be obtained, and can be used to check the quality of the detected AOA.
Let c1 and c2 (c2 ≧c1) be the two quality baselines. The quality indicator using Gaussian weighting is defined as follows:
λ=exp (-max(β.sub.1.sup.2,β.sub.2.sup.2)/2σ.sup.2) (8)
β.sub.1 =((c.sub.2 /c.sub.1)Δφ.sub.c(1) -Δφ.sub.c(2))mod(-180, 180) at DF antenna 150 (9)
β.sub.2 =((c.sub.2 /c.sub.1)Δφ.sub.c(1) -Δφ.sub.c(2))mod(-180, 180) at DF antenna 200 (10)
where σ is a selected value for the weighting scheme and is depended on the signal-to-noise ratio at the antenna receiver. In the absence of noise, both β1 or β2 are zeros, and the quality factor λ is 1. In the presence of strong interferers, however, it is most likely that β1 or β2 are large, the quality factor λ is reduced to almost zero and the impact of such location samples is suppressed. Other weighting can alternatively be used and can be effective against partial time interference. The tracking of a moving target requires many samples be collected and processed to predict the acceleration, velocity or time of arrival. The vehicle profile processing is performed separately for x-axis and y-axis. The movement of a vehicle in x-axis can be expressed as follows:
x(t)=(1/2)a t.sup.2 +v.sub.o t+x.sub.o (11)
where x(t) is the x-position of the transmitter at time t, a is the constant x-acceleration, vo is the initial x-velocity, and xo is the x-position of the transmitter at time zero. However, since partial time interference signals can heavily corrupt some of the location samples, it is necessary to determine the quality factor λi associated with each location sample and weight the samples as follows: ##EQU3## where ti represents the time at sample i, i=1, 2, n. The above can be expressed as: ##EQU4##
The objective is to solve for D to determine the vehicle profile on the x-axis.
X=(T'T).sup.-1 T'D (14)
Having a, vo and xo, the x-coordinate of the vehicle is identified at any time. It is noted that the above equation has a solution only if the number of quality samples (among n samples) is larger or equal to 3. It is noted, however, that in many applications, where the transmitter is expected to travel at a constant speed, a can be set to 0, and the above equation is simplified to a two variable equation. ##EQU5## and a minimum of two quality samples are needed to extract vo and xo.
The process can be repeated for the y-position, and the transmitter position (x,y) is determined, and the time that the transmitter crosses the gantry line (x=0) can be identified from equation (11).
FIG. 5 illustrates a particular schematic block diagram implementation of elements of the system 50, and particularly the antenna receiver elements. The antenna array elements are connected to RF switches 81 and 91, which provide a means of switching receiver elements between antenna arrays to allow one set of receiver hardware to service both antenna arrays on a time multiplexed basis, thereby saving cost. Thus, one antenna array will be selected for a measurement.
In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the antennas 60 and 70 are the type of array 200 shown in FIG. 3B. Array 60 includes an RF switch 61 which switches among the elements 60B-60N, corresponding to elements 204, 206 and 208 of FIG. 3B, and the selected element is connected to an input of switch 81. Similarly, array 70 includes an RF switch 71 which switches among the elements 70B-70N, and connects the selected element to an input of switch 81. In general N arrays can be connected to the switch 81. Element 60A is connected as a reference element to an input of switch 91; this element is common to all the baselines of the array in this example. Similarly, element 70A is connected as a reference element to an input of switch 91.
The switches 81 and 91 select particular inputs, which are passed through respective gain stages 82 and 92 to increase the signal strength. The selected inputs are then passed through respective band pass filters 101 and 102 that filter out potential out-of-band interference signals. Respective logarithmic amplifiers 83 and 93 provide two functions. First, they provide amplification and a limited output signal (constant amplitude for all receive signals) to drive the synchronous phase detector 95. The second function is to provide a log video output of one channel, from amplifier 92. This video output is used to detect the presence of energy in the ASK modulated signal. In an exemplary embodiment, the transmission from the transmitter 42 employs ASK modulation, wherein one half the bit is filled with a signal burst, and the other half has no signal. To prevent corruption of the measurement, it is desired to perform AOA measurements only when signal energy is present. That function is carried out by the circuit 85 which receives as the input the logarithmic video signal from the logarithmic amplifier 93 connected to a selected reference element. The input signal is passed through an amplification stage 86 which is adjusted to set the threshold for the lowest level signal that needs to be detected. The diode 88 sets a detection threshold so that any signal that exceeds that level will drive the amplifier 87 to the positive limit. This positive signal is used by the A/D circuits 97 and 98 to start the I and Q signal detection process.
Of course, if another modulation scheme is used that has a constant signal amplitude level, such as FSK, PSK, MSK, the circuit 85 would not be needed.
The respective logarithmically amplified signals from amplifiers 83 and 93 are then passed to synchronous phase detector circuit 95 which provides I and Q signal components to an analog to digital (A/D) gain and offset circuit 96. The Amplifiers 96 are used to change the I and Q channel signals so that their amplitudes represent a phasor whose angle is used to measure the differential phase between the element signals being measured. These signals are then digitized by A/D circuits 97 and 98, and passed to the processor 100.
The control register 89 provides the control signals which operate the switches 81 and 91.
It can be seen that a given baseline of a selected antenna array can be observed at any given time, and all can be observed on a time multiplexed scheme.
FIG. 6 is a simplified flow diagram illustrating the operational flow in the processor 100. At step 100, the I and Q data from the receivers is read. This data is averaged (step 302) to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, and the electrical phase angle is derived from the averaged data. The electrical phase angle is then converted into spatial angle data (step 306). The spatial angle data is then converted to transmitter position information (step 310) and an output in x,y is provided. The spatial angle data is also used to derive the quality factors (step 308) used to weight the x,y position data for the vehicle profile estimation (step 312).
It is understood that the above-described embodiments are merely illustrative of the possible specific embodiments which may represent principles of the present invention. Other arrangements may readily be devised in accordance with these principles by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
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|Method and device for using array antenna to estimate location of source in near field
|May 16, 2001
|Jan 2, 2004
|Sony Corporation
|Method and device for using array antenna to estimate location of source in near field
|Jan 8, 1998
|Aug 27, 1998
|Motorola Inc.
|Determining angle of arrival of a signal
|May 4, 1999
|Nov 11, 1999
|Motorola Limited
|Method and apparatus for determining a direction of arrival of a signal
|Jun 20, 2000
|Jan 4, 2001
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method and device for detecting the direction of movement of a mobile data memory, especially in an identification system
|Nov 24, 2004
|Jun 9, 2005
|Atlas Copco Rock Drills Ab
|System for determining the position of an underground mining or constructionn vehicle
|Jun 26, 2006
|Aug 7, 2008
|Honeywell Int Inc
|Methods and systems for identifying high-quality phase angle measurements in an interferometric radar system
|U.S. Classification
|342/457, 342/446, 342/442
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 18, 1995
Owner name: HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY, CALIFORNIA
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A thriving municipality in Central Ohio, the City of Westerville has experienced tremendous population and commercial growth in the past ten years. To help plan for the future needs of its constituents as well as to s... Read more
City of Upper Arlington, Measure of Public Opinion
The Context
A prestigious Central Ohio municipality, the City of Upper Arlington takes great pride in the services and amenities it provides to residents. To better serve its residents, the City needed valid and reliable measures of public opinion regarding both its past performance and future trajectory.
The Critical Question
To what extent are residents satisfied with the services and amenities provided by the City? And what is public opinion regarding important policy issues under consideration by City government?
Our Solution
Our researchers used both qualitative and quantitative research techniques. We organized and facilitated a focus group discussion with residents, which helped us confirm that the questions planned for an upcoming survey were worded clearly and were comprehensive. We then designed and administered the City's 2017 Community Survey, clearly analyzing and reporting the results to members of City government.
After a careful analysis of the results from these group sessions, we identified multiple areas of celebration and improvement – City services that were heralded by residents and other services that perhaps could use more attention. We also identified public opinion regarding a number of policy issues under consideration by the City government, which will be helpful in future planning efforts.
This research is being used by the City as it evaluates the services and amenities it provides to residents, and to guide how it communicates these communal benefits to residents.


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Posted by sentimentalfreak
It had rained heavily the night before, so I was worried the event would be swamped with heavy downpour the next day.
But that day, the sky was quiet and gray, broken by occasional drizzle that only lasts for about two to three minutes. The clouds are pregnant with ripe rain, but the threat of a storm didn't deter us, probably because we know we are brewing a storm of our own, probably a more powerful one.
It had been weeks after the pork barrel scam erupts in the media, when a businesswoman Janet Lim-Napoles was discovered to have been getting cozy with government officials as she diverts a P10 billion PDAF fund to her 'ghost' NGOs from prominent lawmakers. A following expose of the COA reveals that billions of pesos in PDAF are lost to imaginary NGOs, shady benefactors and at worst, ending up to the pockets of these politicians themselves.
Without getting any good, satisfying response from the government for the abolition of pork barrel, ordinary Filipinos, netizens and enraged taxpayers finally decided to settle the matter in their own hands. The date was set: August 26, National Heroes' Day, as the Day of Protest for the abolition of the controversial PDAF.
What fascinates me in it when I first heard of the Million People March is that, every province in every corner of the Philippines, would be marching in that same day too, albeit in their respective areas but calling for the same thing: A change for the country. From Manila, to Cebu, to Davao, to Iloilo, Bacolod, Samar, etc and to other countries as well, when OFWs lead the protest themselves. It was a nation united by outrage, by disgust and by the desire to change the system prevailing over the country. At that instant, the 7000 islands of the Philippines are finally united and connected by an invisible bridge: social media. And I have been a proud part of it. I came here as a correspondent for a national broadsheet and as a concerned citizen who will march and shout for my parents who have been working hard but getting burdened by tax. For my OFW relatives who have to live a lonely life abroad and leaving an incomplete, dysfunctional family behind. For thousands of unschool youth who are surrounded by locked doors of opportunity and ambition. For poor farmers and fishermen toiling hard but ending up with nothing. For rural villages who have to live without a daily supply of electricity everyday. For public hospitals which always witness the daily deaths of those who cannot afford high-quality facilities. For state universities who are unable to provide the needs of its students and have to resort to income-generating scheme just to make both ends meet. I am marching to commemorate the heroism of our ancestors, but also to call out a brighter future for the new generation of Filipinos who never have to hate and despise the country just like I did in the past before accepting it as a part of who I am.
The color code for the March was white. A friend told me it's a symbolism. White symbolizes Tabula Rasa, a sociological concept explaining that our mind is a blank slate when we were born. It is devoid of ideas, ideologies, emotions, biases, prejudices and any thought that makes us who we are right now. White symbolizes cleaning off all the dirt and starting again with a clean slate; with total overhaul of the system and starting anew. Isn't it about time this culture of corruption and mediocrity has to end?
There were chants and patriotic hymns, shouts and boos matching with 'oink oink' noise thumbing down the system. It was the first organized rally I ever attended, and the largest gathering so far started by the social media. Just like the student I interviewed during the march, I knew change won't happen overnight. Continuity, according to him, is the key. Now that we have started the fire, let us sustain it, keep it alive and burning. This #MillionPeopleMarch is just the beginning, hopefully not the end.
With social media, we are given the power to influence and to inspire, one thing our parents and grandfathers didn't have when they toppled a dictator almost three decades ago. What does it make us? Are we the generation doomed to inherit the system or the one who will change it? Are we capable of thinking beyond ourselves and overcome the stigma of being the 'selfie' generation, or we would just leave the society as it is?
It will be a long journey ahead, and just like the muddy and slippy grounds of Quirino Grandstand that day, getting across to our destination wouldn't be easy. The corrupt system stands before us like an impenetrable ancient wall, one that has stood all struggles and opposition in the past. It won't crumble down in one snap. Just like the walls of Jericho, we need to circle the matter and never stop on making more 'noise'.
And that horn? Social media.
Let's stand by what we fought in Luneta that day. We want to abolish the system. We want a more transparent and more accountable government. We want those politicians who are guilty with their greediness to be locked up in the darkest, grimiest cell in Bilibid. We want FOI. We want a president who never falls short on his promise. We want a real change. We want a new Philippines NOW!
About sentimentalfreakConsistently inconsistent. Forever searching and wandering. 'Tis only writing that calms down her restless little soul.
Posted on August 26, 2013, in Filipino, It's More Fun in the Philippines, My country, rant, reflections and tagged Luneta Park, MillionPeopleMarch, Napoles, PDAF, Philippines, Pork Barrel, Revolution, Social media. Bookmark the permalink. 2 Comments.
Stay vigilant.
I will 🙂 There's no stopping this!


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You are here
Etta Kralovec, Ed.D.
Dr. Etta Kralovec is Associate Professor of Teacher Education and Program Director of Graduate Teacher Education at the University of Arizona South. She holds a doctorate in philosophy from Teachers College, Columbia University. In 2015, Etta was awarded the Distinguished Outreach Faculty Award from the University of Arizona.
In 2016, Dr. Kralovec was awarded a prestigious NSF grant, the Collaborative Noyce Border Scholars Project along the Arizona- Mexico Border Scholars, in the amount of 1.4 million dollars. Previously she received a 2.2 million dollar federal grant to prepare science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) teachers for Title One schools in Arizona border communities. This program was awarded the Peter Likins Inclusive Excellence Award from the University of Arizona in 2015. In 2010, Dr. Kralovec took a leave from the university to be Principal of a high school in East Los Angeles where she worked closely with student leaders to establish a student-run discipline committee for the school.
She was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship in 1996 to establish a teacher education program at Africa University in Zimbabwe. In 2014, Dr. Kralovec conducted research on teacher preparation in Finland.
Her books include: The End of Homework; Schools that Do Too Much and Identity in Metamorphosis.
Etta started her career in education as a high school teacher in southern California for 12 years, where she ran an alternative high school for at-risk students.
Dr. Kralovec can be found at
Facebook: UA south M.Ed students and alums
Twitter: @endhomework
Dr. Kralovec's CV


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Frank Bruni of the New York Times is one of my favorite columnists. Not only is he a keen observer of the human landscape, he is also a superb craftsman of the language.
In his most recent piece, Bruni uses the microcosm of a commercial airline flight to point out some of the causes and effects of our inability as a society to find consensus, act with compassion or behave with civility.
He calls air travel today "a mile-high mirror of our talent for pettiness, our tendency toward selfishness, our disconnection from one another and our increasing demarcation of castes. Courtesy is dead. The plane is its graveyard."
He is so right. Not only in his rueing of the horrors of today's reality in air travel, but also in explaining why so much of society is broken. His most telling point is that, "There's little sense of a common good, no rules that everybody follows so that nobody gets a raw deal. Instead there's an ethic of every passenger for himself or herself." With no common purpose, no understanding of our Oneness as a species and as part of the larger planet Earth, we allow selfishness to become our dominant theme. This carries through before and after we undertake a transcontinental or transoceanic flight. It explains, at least in large part, the bottleneck that has become our Congress, the suspicion that has become our default response to strangers, the fear that characterizes so much of our national discourse and our interpersonal communication.
The infamous pseudo-Libertarian author Ayn Rand in 1964 published a collection of essays she and her partner Nathaniel Branden authored entitled The Virtue of Selfishness. This counter-cultural compilation of phony intellectualism gave political cover to many so-called leaders in that and subsequent decades and has become far more a clarion cry of the Libertarian movement which co-opted her than her better-known The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. A dozen years later Richard Dawkins published The Selfish Gene, which made of virtue an inexorable force of nature, further entrenching it in an American psyche already steeped in and prepared for it by the all-too-recent experience of the Wild West.
But the truth is that, while selfishness has its role, it cannot be allowed to dominate. When it does, you get what you see around you today in a planet drowning and sweltering in its capitalist productivity built on an economic foundation of boundless resource and boundless greed.
I have maintained for several years that the only way I see out of this mess is for a generation of humanity to harbor a Tipping Point (after Malcolm Gladwell's wonderful book) of sufficiently enlightened beings to catalyze the change in attitude away from selfishness to a clear shared understanding of our Oneness. This is what I call The Sacred Journey from Me to We and it is a trip I sincerely believe we must complete if we are to have any hope of saving the human race in anything resembling its present form.