text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 1, 1998
|Filing date
|Aug 21, 1996
|Priority date
|May 19, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Robert E. Moore, Frederic W. Nitz, Michael A. Gipe
|Original Assignee
|Reliable Power Meters, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (30), Referenced by (4), Classifications (11), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a division of application Ser. No. 08/245,779 filed May 19, 1994, now abandoned.
This invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for analyzing power quality, particularly for power delivered to a building by a utility.
Typical prior art power monitoring instruments provide inputs for signals corresponding to the voltage and current of a line to be monitored. To accommodate three-phase power systems, individual inputs are provided for each of the three phases.
Within a typical prior art power monitoring instrument, a multiplexer couples the various inputs to a single sampling circuit. Multiple cycles, typically eight, of a power signal present on a given input are sampled before the multiplexer switches to the next input. After all the inputs have been sampled, calculations must be performed on the samples before sampling can be resumed. The necessary calculations require approximately one second of computation time for single phase power and approximately two seconds for three phase power. Thus, for three phase power, over 100 cycles are missed before the instrument can resume processing the next set of sampled data. Only a small fraction of any one input signal is actually sampled. Multiplexing also introduces data skewing; a small error is introduced due to the time it takes for the multiplexer to change channels.
Prior art power monitoring instruments also record impulses. Impulses are captured and recorded by a thermal paper printer and/or disk storage device connected to the power monitoring instrument. However, thresholds must be programmed to determine the minimum magnitude of impulse to be captured and recorded. The need to program thresholds presents problems in that without advance knowledge of the characteristics of the power signal it is difficult to properly select a threshold. If a threshold is set too high, impulses of interest are missed. If a threshold is set too low, excessive recording of impulses causes the exhaustion of available paper and/or disk storage leading to the suspension of monitoring and a resulting loss of events.
Other problems are posed by the limited buffer storage available to store impulses while they are evaluated for permanent storage. Normal, expected impulses in a power signal can block the recording of aberration impulses that are desired to be recorded. For example, full wave rectifiers incorporated in typical power supply transformers introduce two charging impulses per cycle. With three phase power, six impulses are introduced every cycle. However, the available buffer storage in some prior art power monitoring instruments only permits six impulses to be stored before overwriting occurs. Thus, there is no possibility of tracking impulses for longer than a single cycle and if another source of impulses exists, even one cycle cannot be thoroughly analyzed.
It is desirable to derive power quality information from samples taken over the entirety of each relevant power signal. It is also desirable to record all impulses of interest while conserving on available disk storage. What is needed is a power quality measurement apparatus which provides power quality information derived from the entirety of power signals and can store all desired power disturbance information without the need to program thresholds in advance.
The invention provides a power monitoring system with associated signal processing and storage capabilities. In accordance with the invention, the power monitoring system captures disturbances (impulses or other fluctuations of interest) present on one or more input electrical signals and conserves available storage by dynamically selecting particular disturbances for storage and deletion. The selection strategies employed store only those disturbances which are not repetitive of earlier disturbances and upon exhaustion of available capacity, delete disturbances in order of increasing interest.
Available storage (buffer storage and disk) is further conserved by varying the storage space occupied by a single impulse based on its measured decay time. In the prior art, each stored impulse occupied a fixed amount of storage space regardless of actual length.
Historical data for an electrical signal is retained and displayed by dividing the electrical signal in the time domain into segments. A detected disturbance of the electrical signal forms a boundary between two segments. For each such boundary, the steady-state value of a signal parameter such as root-mean-square (rms) voltage is stored for the two segments delimited by the boundary. Samples of the electrical signal immediately surrounding the boundary are stored so that disturbances of interest can be closely inspected. By only storing transitional data, it is not necessary to continuously store data during a segment, thus conserving storage space and allowing for unattended long-term monitoring without loss of data.
Voltage and current measurements for a given electrical signal are sampled and digitized and then employed to derive a total power signal, a total harmonic distortion signal, and a reactive power signal. The derived signals are then used to construct and display a unique power quality graph wherein the three axes correspond to the three derived signals. An electrical signal with optimal power quality appears on the display as a vector aligned with the axis corresponding to total power, giving a simple, easily understood visual representation of complex power quality elements.
The invention will be better understood upon reference to the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a power monitoring system in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an impulse identifier in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart describing the steps of identifying, in accordance with the invention, an impulse superimposed on an electrical signal;
FIG. 4A illustrates the organization of impulse buffer storage in accordance with the prior art;
FIG. 4B illustrates the organization of impulse buffer storage in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart describing the steps of selecting, in accordance with the invention, an impulse for long-term storage;
FIG. 6 is a flowchart describing the steps of conserving disturbance storage in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 7 illustrates a display generated in accordance with the invention, of long-term behavior of an electrical signal;
FIG. 8 illustrates a power quality information display generated in accordance with the invention wherein, power quality is summarized in a three axes graph.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a power monitoring system 10 in accordance with the invention. The power monitoring system 10 has input connections 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 for current measurements of each of three phases of a power signal, a neutral signal, and a ground signal. The power monitoring system 10 has input connections 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 for voltage measurements for the three phases of the power signal, neutral and ground. The power monitoring system includes a low-pass filter 32, a sampler 34, a multiplexer 35 and an analog-to-digital (A-D) converter 36, a digital signal processing circuit 38, a high-pass filter 40, analog-to-digital (A-D) converter 42, an impulse identification circuit 44, a circular buffer storage device 46, an impulse sorter circuit 47, a 4 MB cache memory unit 48, a 120 MB disk storage device 50, and an Intel 80386 microprocessor system 52. Power monitoring system 10 has an interface to a computer 54.
In the preferred embodiment, low-pass filter 32 actually incorporates nine distinct filtering circuits corresponding to the five current inputs and the four non-ground voltage inputs. Sampler 34 similarly incorporates nine distinct sampling circuits. Multiplexer 35 multiplexes nine outputs of sampler 34 onto two inputs of A-D converter 36. A-D converter 36 incorporates conversion circuits for both outputs of multiplexer 35. In an alternative embodiment, multiplexer 35 has a single output and A-D converter 36 incorporates only one conversion circuit. In the preferred embodiment, high-pass filter 40, A-D converter 42, impulse identification circuit 44, and circular buffer storage device 46 similarly incorporate distinct elements for each of the four non-ground voltage inputs.
The power monitoring system of the invention, can be understood as having two sets of channels, a low frequency sampling channel set consisting of low-pass filter 32, sampler 34, A-D converter 36, and digital signal processing circuit 38, and a high frequency sampling channel set consisting of high-pass filter 40, A-D converter 42, impulse identification circuit 44, and circular buffer storage device 46.
Inputs 12-30 are connected to probes which are attached to the appropriate points to be monitored in a power circuit. If single phase power is to measured, two of the three phase connections may be omitted for both voltage and current.
The high frequency sampling channel set will be discussed first. The available voltage signals are inputs to high-pass filter 42 with ground input 30 used as a reference. The filtered voltage signals are converted to sequences of digital samples by A-D converter 42. Impulses superimposed on the electrical signal are identified by impulse identification circuit 44.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of impulse identification circuit 44 in accordance with the invention. FIG. 2 depicts the circuitry for identifying impulses on a single voltage signal while in the preferred embodiment, four sets of the depicted circuitry are included for identifying impulses on the four input voltage signal lines with the input ground used as a reference. The impulse identification circuit 44 as shown includes a threshold register 100, a threshold register 102, a comparator 104, a comparator 106, a state machine 108, a counter 110, a counter 111, an output control 112, a comparator 114, and a high magnitude sample register 116. In the preferred embodiment, impulse identification circuit 44 is implemented as a field programmable logic array (FPLA).
FIG. 3 is a flowchart describing the steps of identifying, in accordance with the invention, an impulse superimposed on a signal. The signal is sampled at step 200. In the preferred embodiment, the signal is high-pass filtered in high-pass filter 40 prior to sampling. Also, in the preferred embodiment, A-D converter 42 is a 4 MHz, 10 bit converter that performs sampling step 200 and digitizes the resulting samples so that all subsequent processing is accomplished digitally.
The samples are input to impulse identification circuit 44. At step 210, comparator 104 identifies the first sample of an impulse by comparing the magnitude of incoming samples to a first predetermined threshold stored in threshold register 100. The first sample to exceed the threshold triggers comparator 104. Once the threshold is identified, state machine 108 notes the beginning of the impulse and starts counter 110 to measure the duration of the impulse. State machine 108 also activates output control 112 to pass samples of the impulse to circular buffer storage device 46.
Unlike prior art impulse identification techniques, the present invention does not assign a fixed length to all impulses but rather analyzes every impulse to determine its length. Accordingly, at step 220, succeeding samples of the impulse are compared by comparator 106 to a second predetermined threshold stored in threshold register 102. At step 230, state machine 108 monitors counter 110 and comparator 106 to determine when samples of the impulse have remained below the second predetermined threshold for a fixed period of time, preferably six sample intervals, to reliably indicate the end of the impulse. If the impulse has ended, output control 112 halts sending samples to circular buffer storage device 46 at step 240. If the samples return to a magnitude above the second predetermined threshold, impulse identification circuit 44 returns to step 220. In the preferred embodiment, the first and second predetermined thresholds are the same.
By employing the impulse identification method described in FIG. 3, the present invention economizes on the storage available in circular buffer storage device 46. Prior art power monitoring systems store 1 ms of samples for each impulse, regardless of actual decay time and require 32 kilobytes (kB) to store only 6 impulses. By comparison, the impulse identification method of the invention, by dynamically varying the number of samples stored for each impulse, permits as many as 40-50 impulses to be stored in the same storage space. In the preferred embodiment, 256 kB of buffer storage are provided, thus permitting storage of up to 400 impulses.
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the storage efficiency advantage provided by the invention. FIG. 4A illustrates the organization of a portion of a buffer storage device 250 of a prior art power monitoring system. Impulses 252, 254, and 256, each occupy an identical amount of storage space regardless of the fact that impulses 252 and 256 do not in fact require their entire allotment. FIG. 4B illustrates the organization of a similarly sized portion of buffer storage device 46. In accordance with the invention, impulses 258, 260, 262, 264, 266, and 268 each occupy the minimum amount of needed storage space, thereby increasing the number of impulses that may be stored.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart describing the steps of selecting, in accordance with the invention, an impulse for long-term storage. At step 300, an impulse is identified and stored in buffer storage device 46 as described in FIG. 3. Concurrently, state machine 108 determines the phase position of the impulse by reading counter 111 which free runs synchronous to the input power signal and is halted by state machine 108 when an impulse is identified. State machine 108 evaluates the duration of the impulse by reading counter 110 when the last sample of the impulse is identified at step 240 of FIG. 3.
The peak amplitude of the impulse is determined by impulse identification circuit 44 as follows. When the first sample of the impulse is identified at step 210, state machine 108 clears high magnitude sample register 116. Comparator 114 compares the magnitude of each succeeding sample of the impulse to the highest magnitude sample stored in high magnitude sample register 116. When a sample is found to have a magnitude higher than the magnitude held by high magnitude sample register 116, the contents of the register are updated. Thus, when the last sample of the impulse is identified at step 240, high magnitude sample register 116 holds the peak amplitude of the impulse for output to impulse sorting circuit 47.
At step 310, microprocessor system 52 determines on the basis of the evaluated phase position, duration, and peak amplitude whether the impulse is substantially repetitive of an impulse superimposed on an immediately preceding cycle. If the impulse is not a repeat, impulse sorter 47 directs the samples of the impulse to cache memory 48 at step 320. If the impulse is a repeat, at step 330, a memory location holding a count associated with impulses having substantially similar phase position, duration, and peak amplitude is updated and the samples of the impulse are discarded.
The low frequency sampling channel set will now be discussed. The available signals from inputs 12-30 are low-pass filtered in low-pass filter 32. Then in accordance with the invention, the signals are sampled by sampler 34 simultaneously at 7680 samples per second or 128 points per cycle of a 60 Hz power signal. Sampler 34 holds the sampled outputs for one sampling interval. Multiplexer 35 selects among the multiple outputs of sampler 34, rotating the nine outputs of sampler 34 through the two inputs of A-D converter 36 each sampling interval. The resulting sequences of analog samples are converted into sequences of digital samples by A-D converter 36. In an alternative embodiment where A-D converter 36 incorporates only one conversion circuit, multiplexer 35 rotates the nine outputs of sampler 34 through a single input of A-D converter 36. The digital sequences are converted into the frequency domain by digital signal processing circuit 38. Because sampling is accomplished simultaneously, the entire content of the input signals is captured without the introduction of error due to skewing.
The resulting frequency domain representations of the input signals are stored in cache memory unit 48. The frequency domain representations are then available for further processing by microprocessor system 52. In accordance with prior art techniques, microprocessor system 52 evaluates rms values and total harmonic distortion for the input signals.
Microprocessor system 52 identifies disturbances on the input signals and stores them on disk storage device 50. In the preferred embodiment, disturbances include the impulses selected for storage by the high frequency sampling channel and samples surrounding variations in rms values and total harmonic distortion as measured by the low frequency sampling channel. In an alternative embodiment, disturbances further include variations in rms current as measured by the low frequency sampling channel.
In accordance with the invention, power monitoring system 10 does not require advance selection of thresholds for selecting disturbances for storage. Instead, power monitoring system 10 stores all disturbances in order of increasing interest on disk storage device 50 until space is exhausted and then deletes the disturbances in order of increasing interest.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart describing the steps of storing a disturbance in accordance with the invention. At step 400, power monitoring system 10 evaluates a quality factor for the disturbance. If the disturbance is an impulse selected for storage by the high frequency sampling channel, the quality factor is the product of the peak amplitude and duration as evaluated by impulse identification circuit 44. If the disturbance is a fluctuation in rms voltage or total harmonic distortion, the quality factor is the product of the magnitude of the fluctuation and the duration. At step 410, microprocessor system 52 determines whether a partition of disk storage device 50 is full. If the partition is full, the disturbance within the partition with the lowest quality factor is deleted at step 420 prior to proceeding to step 430. At step 430, power monitoring system 10 stores the disturbance and associated quality factor in the partition. The quality factor may be stored either adjacent to the disturbance or in a separate index area. Alternatively, if the partition is full, microprocessor system 52 can skip the deleting step 430 and simply overwrite the lowest quality factor disturbance.
Microprocessor system 52 also retains long-term data on the rms values of the input voltage signals. In accordance with the invention, an rms voltage signal is divided into time segments. Each disturbance, whether it be an impulse, fluctuation of total harmonic distortion, or fluctuation of the rms voltage signal itself, marks the end of a first segment and the beginning of a second segment. For each segment, microprocessor system 52 stores on disk storage unit 50 the value of rms voltage during the segment, and samples surrounding both edges of the segment. By dividing the rms voltage signal into segments and only storing one rms voltage value for the duration of the segment, storage space is saved. The rms value during the segment is not stored for each sample period, instead, it is known to be the value at the beginning edge of the segment.
FIG. 7 illustrates a display 500 of long-term behavior of an rms voltage signal 502 generated in accordance with the invention. Display 500 can be generated by either microprocessor system 52 or computer system 54 for display by computer system 54. Rms voltage signal 502 is depicted as being divided into three segments, 504, 506, and 508. A user can select a boundary of a segment for closer inspection. Detailed insets 510 and 512 show expanded views of the samples surrounding the boundaries of segment 506.
FIG. 8 illustrates a power quality information display 600 generated in accordance with the invention wherein power quality is summarized in a three axes graph 602. In accordance with prior art techniques, microprocessor system 52 or computer system 54 derives power, reactive power (VAR), and total harmonic distortion from the frequency domain representations of the low frequency sampled signals. These parameters are represented by the axes, 604, 606, and 608 of graph 602. A vector 610, then points to coordinates corresponding to the parameters as measured at a selected time. For a signal with optimal power characteristics, vector 610 is coincident with axis 604 corresponding to power.
The invention has now been explained with reference to specific embodiments. Other embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reference to the foregoing description. For example, the techniques herein described may be applied to signals other than power signals. It is therefore not intended that this invention be limited, except as indicated by the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|702/79, 702/65, 324/113, 360/5, 324/102
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 8, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 1, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 1, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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Merzouga, Ait Benhadou, Dades & Todra gorges - 3 days.
Merzouga is ideally situated at 40km from Erfoud & 40km from Rissani, known by its magical and highest dunes in Moroccan Sahara desert, on last few years, it became one of the most visited places in the southern Morocco combined with tours around the high Atlas Mountains or the imperial cities, it allow travellers to see the sun...
From Nakasongola we continued our Uganda tour and drove in direction of Masindi where our tour guide prepared us for our wildlife safari the next morning.
Masindi is the nearest town to the Murchison Falls National Park, the largest game reserve in Uganda and the best place for Uganda tours and safari's.
There are many travel and safari packages available that...
From Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, we drove north to Nakasongola where we would visit the Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary.
Nakasongola is located in central Uganda and the nearest town to the Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary.
Luckily the road leading from Kampala to Nakasongola is an asfalted one so travel time can be reduced to about an hour and a half considering the 116 km ride.
Nakasongola is also located on the same road that will bring us from Kampala to Masindi, the last town before entering the Murchison Falls National Park.
But before rushing into...
As a family we had booked a 13-days Adventure de Luxe Tour with Matoke Tours and were picked up from the Entebbe Airport in Kampala as soon as we landed in Uganda.
When we were little me and my brothers had lived in Uganda for two years because our parents had emigrated there for work.
Growing up we always had some distant memories of this childhood in Africa that for our parents 40th anniversary we surprised them with this family holiday to Uganda.
Matoke Tours was a real help and their 13 days itinerary was perfect for us because we had arranged for a two...
Four years ago me and my wife went on a three weeks dream holiday to Zanzibar, Tanzania. We had booked our trip through our local travel agency which had done an excellent job as usual.
We stayed at the Pongwe Beach Resort Zanzibar which was a true paradise on earth!
The Pongwe Beach Resort Zanzibar is located in Pongwe, a small village south of Kiwengwa on Zanzibar's...


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I'm very new to OpenFOAM and I'm trying to learn this software and modify it for my application. I just bumped to dimensionedScalar which is like this:
nu nu[0 2 -1 0 0 0 0] 1;
There are three things that I can't understand:
1- What's nu mean?
2- If the values in [..] refer to field property and physics why like for length somewhre power 2 is chosen but other places power 1?
3- What does the last scalar after [...] referred as scalar mean?
Thank you so much.
hello dear Abbas welcome to forum
first i recommend to read userguide , because your questions are so naive, and shows you dont yet look at userguide at all, however
1-nu is mu/rho , it is viscosity
2-????? i dont understand your question but those values in [] are dimensions of your variable for example for velocity (m/s = ms-1) so it would be [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0 .....]
3-its the value you assign to your variable actually nu=1 in your example
Thank you so much for information. You are right, I need to look deeper into Tutorial...
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 01:30.


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In my field of work, I usually get tired almost after every shift. Delivering babies is not easy. It takes all your energy especially when births have complications. I always remember, I don't have to take fatigue lying down. There are many ways I can fight back: Eat a balanced diet. Get enough sleep as possible. Exercise regularly by walking or jogging each day. Have a positive attitude. And take multivitamins daily. It won't just get me back on my feet. It made me feel like the world is at my feet.
Archive for November, 2008
The Journey to well-being starts with a few simple stepsSunday, November 30th, 2008
Proper method in bathing babySaturday, November 22nd, 2008
Before I let the fathers bath their babies, I usually teach them first the proper method.
The following describes the correct way to bathe your baby:
* Washing baby's face : Use cotton ball dipped in clean water to wash your baby's face. Use a new piece for each eye and gently wipe from the inner corner of the eye outwards. Wipe around the mouth and clean the rest of your baby's face, stroking from the middle downwards. Don't put anything inside the ears.
* Washing baby's hair: Wrap the baby in a towel and hold him over the tub, supporting his head with your hand and his body with your arm. Gently wet baby's hair with your free hand and apply a small amount of Clinically Proven Mild Cleaner which is specially formulated not to sting baby's eyes. Massage the scalp gently and don't use you fingernails while doing so. Make sure that your baby's hair is rinsed well, to remove all soap residue.
* Washing baby's body: Unwrap the towel from baby's body but keep hi head covered with one portion of the towel if it is cold. Remove his diaper and test the bather water once more with the inside of your wrist. If diaper is spoiled, clean baby's bottom first before placing him inside the tub. Hold the baby securely and place him in the tub once he is in the water you can let go of his feet, but you should always keep hold of his arm. Always wash baby form front to back. Massage baby's skin to remove all residue.
What is Lactose Intolerance?Tuesday, November 18th, 2008
In my field of practice, I only see few cases of lactose intolerance in babies. We need to know about it since we don't know our own babies may have one. Lactose intolerance is the body's reduced capacity to digest lactose the main sugar in dairy products.
Normally, lactose is digested by lactase, the enzyme present in the lining of the small intestine. A lactase deficiency prevents complete lactose absorption. Lactose intolerance affects around 70 percent of individuals worldwide.
The common symptoms are: babies may experience stomach pain, diarrhea, bloating, and gas or colic. These are due to the failure of the intestine to efficiently process lactose, resulting in frequent and acidic stools. Diarrhea causes fluid and electrolyte imbalance, which leads to dehydration and even death in severe cases.
Lactose intolerance appears to increase during childhood for unknown reasons. Late onset of lactase deficiency develops between three and five years of age. Most lactose- intolerant individuals are able to absorb 24 t0 36 percent of the quantity tolerated by normal individuals. This is a approximately equivalent to eight to 12 ounces of milk.
Bathing a babyFriday, November 14th, 2008
I like bathing babies. Many times I let the fathers do the bathing of thier newborn babies. I really like teaching them how so that at home they will be the ones to bath their babies. I think that it is fair enough that fathers take care of that aspect. Their wives did all the work pushing their babies out. They deserve to have adequate rest and sleep. I usually tell the fathers that since babies are very fragile, they need to take every precaution in ensuring their baby's comfort and safety. Some helpful reminders are :
• Choose a place to bathe the baby where it is warm and draft-free. It would be better if you keep the windows closed.
• See to it that baby's bath time happens before feeding or when he's not too hungry yet. Bathing him right after feeding may make him uncomfortable and he may spit up.
• Make sure that everything you need in bathing baby is close at hand, such as towels, cotton tips, a soft washcloth or sponge, a changing mat, clean baby clothes, and bathing products.
• To ensure that the water's temperature is mild enough for baby, test the temperature of the bath water with the inside of your wrist first. To further prevent accidental burns, pour cold water in the tub.
• Always hold baby securely.
• Most importantly, never leave your baby alone.
Comfort and prevention of colicMonday, November 10th, 2008
I usually do health teaching on the parents about comfort and prevention of colic before discharging them. Soothing a colicky baby takes some effort as different babies respond differently. " Holding the baby upright or permitting the baby to lie on his belly across the lap occasionally." And, yes, swaying and rocking them may also do the trick, and so may a quick car trip around the block. To prevent colic, Laborada advises the following:
• Shift to a hypoallergenic milk formula if the cause is milk allergy. Check with the baby's doctor first.
• Improve feeding techniques: burp the baby well. Burp the baby in between feeding and at the end of each feeding and provide a stable emotional environment.
• Identify possible allergenic foods in infant's or nursing mother's diet.
• Avoid underfeeding or overfeeding.If crying is still persistent and recurrent, you're not sure what to do, and all else fails, consult a pediatrician. A complete physical examination may be necessary to eliminate other possible medical conditions like infection, intestinal obstruction, or hernia.
Helful tips in bathing babyThursday, November 6th, 2008
It is very true that one of the best bonding times with the baby is bathing time. Bath time is a good opportunity for you and your baby to bond and get to know each other. Let your baby feel safe and secure in your hands and choose only the mildest bath soap products. To help you do it correctly, remember these guidelines.
• Choose a place that's warm and draft-free.
• Test the water's temperature.
• Always hold your baby securely
• Never leave your baby alone
Tackling the problem of colicSunday, November 2nd, 2008
As a nurse-midwife I have been caring babies. One of the common problems I encountered with them is colic. It made my patience stretch to the max specially when I am on night shift. It may as well be any parent's nightmare.
Babies crying literally for hours, so loud the entire neighborhood can hear. We've changed their diapers, breastfeed them, cooed to them, sung a lullaby, then gone back to changing diapers and so on. But little ones is inconsolable. We need to know what is colic?
Colic is characterized by abdominal pain and severe persistent crying, according to Gary G. Laborada, MD., a paediatrician-neonatologist. No one can really say what causes colic. "it is presumed to be instestinal in origin, although the cause is not usually apparent. It may be associated with hunger and swallowed air," Laborada says. Other suspects: overfeeding which, causes discomfort and stomach distention; food high in carbohydrate content, which produces much gas; and milk allergy, which brings about improper digestion. "
Also, emotions such as fear, anger, worry, or excitement that cause vomiting in an older child may cause colic in infant." The attack usually begins suddenly, the cry is loud and continuous, the face may be flushed, the abdomen distended, and the legs are drawn up to the abdomen. The feet are often cold and the hands clenched. The attack usually stops when the infant is completely exhausted, but often relief comes with the passage of feces or gas.


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From business conferences to luxury resorts to rock concerts, hospitality and event professionals are the brains and organizational power behind the scenes, making sure everything runs smoothly. CUW's Hospitality and Event Management program prepares you for success in this exciting and growing industry.
Why Study HEM at CUW?
At CUW we offer you:
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- A solid business foundation to make you a well-rounded leader
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Program Overview
Concordia University's Hospitality and Event Management (HEM) program is built on a three-part curriculum that includes a liberal arts core, a foundation in general business, and a specialization in HEM.
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- Resort/hotel manager
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See our course catalog for the full curriculum.
For additional information on our hospitality and event management program, please contact our admissions office.
Joey-Lynn Bialkowski
Sport and Entertainment Business Program Director


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i saw a girl at my work today, she looked really cute. and when I went past her, I could smell that she has some sort of perfume or shampoo on that, was absolutely amazing.
IF I had said that to her, would she have responded, politely, or, would she have ignored it?
Most Helpful Girl
We tend to wear certain fragrances to attract a guy's attention. Victoria's sercet has perfumes called suduction, lovve spell, and tempatation...so who's to say she didn't spray some extra on for you? ha just tell her wow you smell great what normal girl wouldn't like that compliment just don't sniff her while saying so. GOODLUCK!00|00|0
Thanks, ill need it for next time


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Sunset Center – November 9, 2013 – 9 am – 5 pm
The Central Coast Art Association and The Arts Council for Monterey County will present a workshop for artists aspiring to successfully market their work, 9 am to 5 pm, November 9, 2013 at the Sunset Center, Carmel. The workshop will focus on relationships with galleries, web design, messaging, still images and video. Cost is $125 for Central Coast Art Association members and $150 for nonmembers.
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Jason Horejs, owner of the successful Xanadu Gallery in Scottsdale, AZ, and author of "Starving to Successful: An Artist's Guide to Getting Into Galleries and Selling More Art". – Copy included in workshop cost. http://www.xanadugallery.com/studios/
Tom Birmingham, fine art photographer & collaborator with his wife, Big Sur artist Erin Gafill in an online painting workshop series. http://vimeo.com/channels/586172
Susan Bancroft, online gallery designer, skilled social media and email practitioner.
Mark Basse, 30-year veteran of multimedia production and a Multimedia Systems Analyst for the U C Santa Cruz Extension in Silicon Valley. http://markbasse.com/
This workshop is designed to equip artists with the tools needed to define their mission, set goals, and present their work using the best tools available to the most appropriate markets, galleries and collectors. Seating is limited, so register with a deposit now.
Make checks payable to:
Maria Poroy – 428 Larkin St – Monterey CA 93940
831 641-9940 – 831 521-0371 (cell)


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Barn Owl Puppet from Folkmanis
As of 2017-12-27 14:05:59 UTC (more info)
Not Available - stock arriving soon
Product Information (more info)
Product Description
Dreaming Bear are proud to stock the fantastic Barn Owl Puppet.
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The barn owl's ethereal visual appeal matches its silent hunting style. Soft and mild, this Barn Owl puppet's feathery plush in shades of brown, grey and white will attraction you with its splendor although you animate its head and wings.
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5" Long x 5" Wide x 13" Tall Movable head and wings. The barn owl has the widest distribution of any land bird. It is found on every continent, except the arctic. Barn owls don't hoot or have the acute vision of other owls. They locate their prey with their ears alone. The eggs are laid at intervals and hatch at different times. The parents can more easily feed owlets of varying sizes.


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My Story
I'm Monda (Goette) Tapp - a/k/a Monda the Photographer - owner and creative photographer behind Monda Goette Photography. I have always explained my first name as "Monday without the Y" to those who don't quite catch my name the first time. It is definitely a unique name, it suits me well! I want to take this opportunity to tell you about myself and why photography is so important to me.
Telling Stories Through My Vision
Early in life, I realized my passion in the world of creativity and photography. Believe it or not, I loved being in front of the camera when I was young. (funny...now I love being behind it more!) Since junior high, I have always wanted to be in a creative role, as thinking outside of the box came naturally to me. I love graphic design, conceptual advertising, and of course - taking photographs...but not just any photographs...photographs that capture the details and tell a story through my vision.
Because of my passion - I realize the importance of capturing life's precious moments with a photograph. Photos document a particular place in time. Forever. A lifelong memory. A single emotion, or maybe many. The emotion captured in a photograph...is like a magical power! There's magic in every photograph we take! You could take a photograph today of you and your best friend laughing, and in 20 years, when you pick that same photo back up, you will feel those emotions and memories all over again...just like magic!So powerful! It was such an enlightening experience to discover this (for myself) - that I want to just keep sharing this good news! You can read more about the power of a photograph in a recent blog I wrote here.
I have always believed that photos are like our very own story books. They document those special moments and milestones in our lives, one chapter at a time, savoring the magical moments. Everybody has a story to tell! I fell in love with being the one who captures those magical moments for people in my own creative and artistic way. I'm helping my clients paint and preserve the pictures of their lives with every click of the shutter. Like pixie dust stored in a bottle. I'm creating lasting memories.
Today, I'm proud to say that I've had so many fabulous individuals step in front of my lens to continue my own story's legacy in doing what I love. I will always be grateful to those who have given me such opportunities. I have a more natural, lifestyle approach to my photography art. This means I do my best work by observing you in your own element - most times on location in the Twin Cities Metro area. I have a studio location in Bloomington, MN. During a typical photo shoot, I'm "reading you" (since we're talking about our lives as storybooks) - all so that I capture the fine details that make you who you are.
Other Things About Me
When I am not behind the camera, you will most likely find me in the stands at an ice hockey arena watching my son play varsity high school hockey, or relaxing by the fire pit when the weather allows it. I'm married, and enjoy spending time with my family and close friends. I have three old "fat cats" and a very energetic golden retriever. (Pets are people, too!)
Some of my favorite things in random order: unique antique finds, most music, acoustic guitar, waterfalls, sunrises and sunsets, singing karaoke, big hair bands of the 80's and 90's, and traveling to small Midwest towns. I will always be a Michael Jackson fan at heart! While I'm not huge on spending time in front of the TV - you may find me DVR-ing American Idol, American Pickers, Long Island Medium, The Biggest Loser, and old Friends reruns, and more recently - Everybody Loves Raymond!
I look forward to learning more about you! Check out my latest happenings on my Facebook page! Thank you for visiting my website!


text: Fatal Overdose Due to Prescription Fentanyl Patches in a Patient With Sickle Cell/β-Thalassemia and Acute Chest Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the LiteratureBiedrzycki, Olaf J. BSc, MBBS, MRC(Path), DMJ(Path), MFFLM*; Bevan, David MRCP†; Lucas, Sebastian FRC(Path)*The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology: June 2009 - Volume 30 - Issue 2 - p 188-190 doi: 10.1097/PAF.0b013e318187de71 Case Report Abstract Author Information Introduced into clinical practice in the 1960s, the analgesic fentanyl is 100 times more potent than morphine. Various methods of administration exist including the transdermal Duragesic patch system, widely used in chronic pain and palliative care settings. Numerous, often imaginative methods of abuse of fentanyl patches have been reported; the majority of fatal fentanyl overdose cases resulting from deliberate abuse or suicide. We describe the accidental overdose of a young black male with sickle cell/β-thalassemia who had been using the Duragesic system for almost 2 years. At autopsy the macroscopic findings were of nonspecific opiate overdose with congested heavy lungs. Histopathological examination revealed severe sickling of red blood cells in the lungs (acute chest syndrome). Toxicological examination revealed blood and urine fentanyl levels of 40 μg/L and 400 μg/L (10 fold and 100 fold higher than therapeutic levels). The mast cell tryptase was also significantly elevated at 76 μg/L, (Normal 2–14 μg/L). We discuss the relevance of these findings with regard to the cause of death, and stress the need to consider fentanyl when confronted with nonspecific signs of opiate overdose as it is not detected in routine toxicological drug screens. From the *Department of Histopathology, King's College London School of Medicine, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and †Department of Haematology, St Georges' Hospital, London, United Kingdom. Manuscript received June 25, 2007; accepted November 15, 2007. Reprints: Olaf Biedrzycki, BSc, MBBS, MRC(Path), DMJ(Path), MFFLM, Department of Histopathology, King's College London School of Medicine, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1, UK. E-mail: email@example.com. © 2009 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.


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"Watch out for false prophets. They come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ferocious wolves. 16 By their fruit you will recognize them.
Dear friends, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, because many false prophets have gone out into the world."
STOP calling yourself a "woman of God" and that you're "representing God's Kingdom"while continuing to dress like a whore! I see women wearing these tight tights with all of their behind showing and boobs hanging out of their blouses and call themselves ministers, preachers and prophetesses and the first thing you want to do when you meet someone is hug them transferring all of your nasty demons! I've witnessed too so called "men of God" filled with lust demons lusting after these women instead of rebuking them! You are representing THE KINGDOM OF SATAN and not God's Kingdom and the so called church is sitting back not saying anything!
Be careful who you put your mouth on, perhaps you're not spiritual enough to discern God's anointed one's. Most of them don't wear suits or titles!
More than church going is needed to obtain full conformity to the image of Christ. The desire and pursuit for holiness and time alone with God in prayer & fasting is also needed.


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S.3362 - SBIR/STTR Reauthorization Act of 2008110th Congress (2007-2008)
|Sen. Kerry, John F. [D-MA] (Introduced 07/29/2008)
|Senate - Small Business and Entrepreneurship
|Committee Reports:
|S. Rept. 110-447
|Latest Action:
|Senate - 08/22/2008 Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 943. (All Actions)
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Summary: S.3362 — 110th Congress (2007-2008)All Information (Except Text)
Shown Here:
Reported to Senate without amendment (08/22/2008)
(This measure has not been amended since it was introduced. The summary has been expanded because action occurred on the measure.)
SBIR/STTR Reauthorization Act of 2008 - Title I: Reauthorization of the SBIR and STTR Programs - (Sec. 101) Amends the Small Business Act (the Act) to reauthorize through: (1) FY2022 the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR); and (2) FY2023 the Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs of the Small Business Administration (SBA).
(Sec. 102) Directs the SBA to maintain an Office of Technology to carry out oversight, reporting, and public database responsibilities as assigned by the SBA Administrator.
(Sec. 103) Increases by 0.1% per year, from FY2010-FY2019, the percentage of participating federal agencies' extramural research budget to be set aside for SBIR program activities. Requires the Department of Defense (DOD) and Department of Energy (DOE) to use the increased amounts for activities in their respective departments that further the technology readiness levels of technologies being developed under Phase II SBIR awards. Makes such increased fund usage inapplicable to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
(Sec. 104) Increases the set-aside allocation under the STTR from 0.3% to 0.6% by increasing such percentage by 0.1% every two years from FY2010-FY2014.
(Sec. 105) Increases, for both the SBIR and STTR programs, the individual small business award levels from: (1) $100,000 to $150,000, for participation at the Phase I level; and (2) $750,000 to $1 million, for participation at the Phase II level. Changes from every five to every three years the required SBA inflation adjustment of such awards. Prohibits an agency from issuing an SBIR or STTR award if the award size exceeds established guidelines by more than 50%, and requires participating agencies to maintain specified information on awards exceeding such guidelines.
(Sec. 106) Allows a small business that receives an: (1) SBIR award from one agency to receive an award for a subsequent phase from another agency, as long as the head of each agency certifies that the topics of the relevant awards are the same; and (2) award under either the SBIR or STTR program to receive an award for a subsequent phase under either program.
(Sec. 107) Requires federal agencies to conduct solicitations of Phase II SBIR and STTR proposals without any invitation, pre-screening, pre-selection, or down-selection process between the first and second phases.
(Sec. 108) Authorizes the head of the SBIR program at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), 30 days after notifying the Administrator and the congressional small business committees, to award up to 18% of NIH SBIR funds to small businesses owned by multiple venture capital companies. (Other federal agencies may currently award up to 8% of their SBIR funds to such small businesses.) Directs the Administrator to establish requirements relating to the affiliation of small businesses with venture capital companies for such purposes, and requires such small businesses to register with the SBA. Provides for federal agency compliance with such percentage limits. Directs the Administrator to post on the SBA website information on SBIR program affiliation standards.
(Sec. 109) States as the intent of Congress that federal agencies and federal prime contractors shall issue Phase II awards, including sole source awards, to the SBIR and STTR award recipients that developed the technology.
(Sec. 110) Authorizes the head of each participating federal agency to issue SBIR and STTR awards to small businesses that have entered or intend to enter into a collaborative research and development (R&D) agreement with a federal laboratory or federally funded research and development center. Prohibits a federal agency from: (1) conditioning an award upon entering into such an agreement; (2) approving an agreement if the small business performs a lesser portion of the R&D activities than required by the Act and by SBIR and STTR Policy Directives; or (3) approving an agreement that violates any SBA provision or such Directives. Requires the Administrator to modify such Directives to ensure that small businesses may use the resources of federal laboratories or federally funded research and development centers without entering into such agreements.
(Sec. 111) Requires any federal agency involved in a judicial or administrative case or controversy concerning the SBIR or STTR program to provide timely notice thereof to the Administrator.
Title II: Outreach and Commercialization Initiatives - (Sec. 201) Reauthorizes through FY2014 the Federal and State Technology Partnership (FAST) and Rural Outreach programs. Increases the annual authorization for the latter program. Provides for the establishment of initiatives to utilize businesses owned and controlled by women and minorities, or small businesses in underutilized communities, in order to increase their involvement in the SBIR and STTR programs.
(Sec. 202) Directs the Administrator to establish a SBIR-STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) workforce development grant pilot program to encourage the business community to provide workforce development opportunities for college students in such fields by providing an SBIR grant to be used for internships. Authorizes appropriations.
(Sec. 203) Increases the discretionary technical assistance that SBIR and STTR agencies can provide to awardees (by contracting out) from $4,000 to $5,000 for Phase I awards, and from $4,000 to $5,000 per year for Phase II awards. Allows awardees to use such amounts to select their own technical assistance contractor in lieu of the vendor selected by the agency.
(Sec. 204) Reauthorizes through FY2014 DOD's Commercialization Pilot Program (CPP), and extends such program to the STTR program. (Currently, the Commercialization Pilot Program is only authorized to be utilized under the SBIR program.) Authorizes the Secretary of Defense to establish goals for transitioning Phase III technologies in subcontracting plans for contracts of $100 million or more. Requires the Secretary to: (1) set a goal of increasing the number of Phase II contracts that lead to technology transition into DOD programs of record or fielded systems; (2) use incentives to encourage DOD agency program managers and prime contractors to meet such goal; and (3) include within annual congressional reporting requirements information on the status of projects funded through the CPP.
(Sec. 205) Authorizes the head of each federal agency other than DOD to set aside up to 10% of SBIR and STTR funds for further technology development, testing, and evaluation of SBIR and STTR Phase II technologies.
(Sec. 206) Requires each federal SBIR/STTR participant to encourage the submission of applications for support of nanotechnology-related projects.
(Sec. 207) Establishes an advisory board at the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to conduct periodic SBIR program evaluations in order to improve program management through data-driven assessment. Requires the director of the NIH SBIR program to address gaps and deficiencies in data collection identified in a NAS report assessing the NIH's SBIR program. Authorizes such director to initiate a pilot program to test new strategies to enhance the development of data collection capabilities. Requires such director to report annually to Congress and the advisory board on NIH SBIR activities. Requires such director, to the maximum extent practicable, to reduce to six months the period between SBIR Phases I and II. Terminates the requirements of this section five years after the enactment of this Act.
Title III: Oversight and Evaluation - (Sec. 301) Directs the SBA, in currently-required annual reports, to include information on: (1) proposals received from small businesses with venture capital investment; (2) efforts to increase outreach to small businesses owned and controlled by women and minorities; (3) implementation and compliance with requirements concerning the allocation of funding to small businesses owned and controlled by multiple venture capital companies; and (4) appeals of Phase III awards, as well as notices of noncompliance with SBIR and STTR Policy Directives. Directs the SBA to coordinate the implementation of electronic databases at participating federal agencies.
(Sec. 302) Requires agencies with an SBIR or STTR program to collect information similar to that outlined above for program assessment purposes.
(Sec. 304) Requires specified information to be included in public and government databases maintained by the SBA concerning SBIR and STTR awardees.
(Sec. 306) Directs the Comptroller General (CG), every three years, to: (1) conduct a fiscal and management audit of the SBIR and STTR programs; and (2) report audit results to the small business committees.
(Sec. 307) Amends the Small Business Reauthorization Act of 2000 to continue NAS evaluation of the SBIR program, as well as reports on such evaluation from the National Research Council to participating agency heads and the small business committees. Require updates every four years.
(Sec. 308) Requires the SBA to include in an annual report to Congress specified information on Phase III awards issued by federal agencies participating in the SBIR and STTR programs.
(Sec. 309) Directs the CG to conduct a study of, and report to the small business committees on, federal agency compliance with data rights and technologies protection for SBIR awardees.
Title IV: Policy Directives - (Sec. 401) Requires the Administrator: (1) within 180 days after the enactment of this Act, to promulgate amendments to the SBIR and STTR Policy Directives to conform them to this Act and its amendments; and (2) publish the amended Directives in the Federal Register.


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I Took Too Many Pills Again
Personal Stories, Advice, and Support 16 People
I am dizzy, I can barely breath,and I cant move.
shortfry3 16-17, F 1 Sep 29, 2014
StomachachesSince 2007 I have been prescribed a various amount of pain killers for some surgeries and other odds and ends things. Nothing too hardcore just enough to kill my liver. I never used them for what they were intended for. Typically I would wait to until the healing was done and use...
anotherinnocent 26-30, F 0 Mar 20, 2011


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See Something, Say Something
by Big Dog on Jun 24, 2013 at 23:13 Uncategorized
I do not agree with what Bradley Manning or Edward Snowden did. Manning did not just expose some cover up of an incident, he released tens of thousands of documents the contents of which could have an adverse effect on our national security. He apparently had a meltdown over his gender identity issues and, in a snit, released lots of stuff. There were other avenues for him to reveal the cover up but he chose an incorrect one. Some hail him as a hero but he is not.
In addition to exposing the illegal spying by our government, Snowden took untold numbers of documents and his actions could damage our security. There were plenty of ways he could have gotten the spying information out that would not have landed him in hot water. He chose an incorrect one and while his actions have enlightened millions of Americans the issue will be more about him than the wrong he exposed.
The interesting thing in both of these cases is that, while what they did was wrong, they both followed the instructions of Homeland Security. For years now the DHS has been telling us that if we see something we should say something. These people, as misguided as their methods were, saw something and said something.
Unfortunately for them they saw something the government was doing or had done and said something about it. Big government does not like its misdeeds exposed. It only likes when we are reporting each other TO them. Being reported for their wrong doing enrages them and results in criminal charges.
I personally think that these two broke the law and should be punished BUT I admit that they had valid concerns and could have exposed the wrong doing legally. They would have had more credibility and would have avoided trouble.
In any event, they were doing as DHS instructed them.
I wonder if DHS thought their see something, say something campaign would come back to bite them…
No matter what, things are wrapping up for Manning but the Snowden saga is just beginning. Regardless of the outcome we are much more aware of government wrong doing because of him.
I just wish he had done it the right way.
Cave canem!
Never surrender, never submit.
Follow @onebigdog
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Posted on July 31st, 2011 by Richard
I have stated here how much I enjoy playing the CaroKann Advance Bayonet variation and I now have found several different lines that Numpty chess engine does not cope well with.
I must state though that overall Numpty is pretty good in this variation & I certainly do not win against Numpty all the time-do not worry Chris T if you have seen this!
Anyway I have put this latest variation in as a video made with MS ExpressionEncoder+Screencapture.
Posted in My Chess • Comment on this post »
Written by: Richard
Posted on July 28th, 2011 by Richard
Well it appears quite sometime since my last post!
I have still been playing chess since my last post with mixed success.
I am disappointed my 5 min blitz rating still remains lower than I want.
My opening play is generally reasonable though there are parts that still need study but I feel it is my middle and endgame I have to do better with and also I need to play more quickly!
Anyway I will try & put more effort into understanding the mid & end games. Meanwhile I keep sparring away with my favourite & great chess engine Numpty. When I play the Scotch opening Numpty often plays the Malanuik variation Bb4+. This can then transpose into other variations depending how play goes. I still haven't mastered this opening variation as white & usually Numpty beats me in this variation.
My favourite white opening against Numpty remains the g4 Bayonet variation of the Advance CaroKann. I have found some areas that Numpty doesn't like in this variation & it has been interesting playing this against Numpty.
Here then are x2 recent games vs Numpty. First a win for me in the CaroKann g4 Bayonet var & then a win for Numpty in the Scotch Malanuik variation (transposed to Tartakower var). Enjoy…
Game1: RPD vs Numpty CaroKann adv g4 bayonet var 1-0
Game 2: Scotch Malanuik var (transposed to Tartakower var) 0-1
Tags: chess, Chess game, my chess games
Posted in chess games, Chess Openings, My Chess • Comment on this post »
Written by: Richard« Older Entries
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Obdulia Violeta Colombatti
- 101 years old
- Date of birth: May 13, 1913
- Date of passing: Jan 18, 2015
|Let the memory of Obdulia be with us forever
This memorial website was created in memory of our loved one, Obdulia Colombatti, 101, born on May 13, 1913 and passed away on January 18, 2015. We will remember her forever.
Memorial Tributes
"I am llighting a candle for my grandma, and praying for her soul, today they celebrating a year anniversary of her death,my family organize a mass on her name, I couldn't make it, but really doesn't matter, I am home praying for her, anyway doesn't matter the place, the church what really matter is the love, memory I will keep forever in my heart and soul."
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