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Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Mediates Cerebrolysin-Improved Neurological Function After Stroke
Background and Purpose—Cerebrolysin, a mixture of neurotrophic peptides, enhances neurogenesis and improves neurological outcome in experimental neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway stimulates neurogenesis after stroke. The present study tests whether the Shh pathway mediates cerebrolysin-induced neurogenesis and improves neurological outcome after stroke.
Methods—Rats subjected to embolic stroke were treated with cerebrolysin with or without cyclopamine.
Results—Using neural progenitor cells derived from the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle of adult rats, we found that cerebrolysin significantly increased neural progenitor cells proliferation and their differentiation into neurons and myelinating oligodendrocytes, which were associated with upregulation of Shh and its receptors patched and smoothened. Blockage of the Shh signaling pathway with a pharmacological smoothened inhibitor, cyclopamine, abolished cerebrolysin-induced in vitro neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis. In the ischemic rats, treatment with cerebrolysin starting 24 hours after stroke significantly increased neural progenitor cell proliferation in the subventricular zone and enhanced neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and axonal remodeling in the peri-infarct area. Moreover, profound neurological function improvements were observed in rats treated with cerebrolysin from week 3 to week 5 after stroke onset compared with vehicle-treated rats. However, in vivo inhibition of the Shh pathway with cyclopamine completely reversed the effects of cerebrolysin on neurorestoration and functional recovery.
Conclusions—These results demonstrate that the Shh pathway mediates cerebrolysin-enhanced neurogenesis and white matter remodeling and improves functional recovery in rats after stroke.
Stroke results in rapid brain damage as well as long-term functional deficits. Thrombolytic therapy has had limited success in the acute management of stroke, with ≈5% of patients with ischemic stroke treated within the therapeutic window of 4.5 hours. Pharmacological and cell-based therapeutic approaches aimed at promoting brain remodeling and subsequent functional recovery for all patients with stroke, with treatment initiated ≥24 hours after stroke, are therefore under intensive investigation.1 Cerebrolysin, a peptide preparation with neurotrophic like activity, has been tested in the treatment of stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases.2,3 In experimental stroke, we previously demonstrated that treatment with cerebrolysin promotes neurogenesis and concomitantly enhances neurological functional recovery.3 Importantly, potential functional benefits of cerebrolysin have been demonstrated by several randomized clinical trials in patients with stroke and Alzheimer disease.2,4 However, the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of cerebrolysin in the treatment of stroke remain to be elucidated.
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is a highly conserved signaling pathway that modulates the patterning of the central nervous system.5 On activation, Shh binds to its transmembrane receptor, patched, to relieve the inhibition of Smoothened (Smo). Activated Smo elevates the transcription of Gli genes, which are required for proper cell patterning, proliferation, and differentiation during development.6 In the adult brain, Shh signaling is required for maintaining the neural stem cell niche in the neurogenic regions.5,7 After central nervous system injury, the activation of Shh has been implicated in promoting several aspects of brain remodeling process, including neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and axonal remodeling.8 Given the multifaceted role of the Shh signaling pathway in the regulation of brain remodeling, we hypothesized that the Shh signaling pathway mediates the neurorestorative effects of cerebrolysin on stroke.
All experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the National Institute of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Henry Ford Hospital. All outcome measurements were performed by observers blinded to the experimental conditions.
Isolation and Culture of Neural Progenitor Cells
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle of adult rats (n=4) and were cultured, according to published protocols (Methods in the online-only Data Supplement).9
To examine whether cerebrolysin upregulates Shh and its receptors in NPCs, NPCs in the growth medium were treated with different concentrations of cerebrolysin (0, 5, 10, and 20 µL/mL), and mRNA levels of these genes were measured with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay8,10 (Methods in the online-only Data Supplement).
To examine whether the Shh signaling pathway is involved in the effects of cerebrolysin on NPCs proliferation and differentiation, NPCs were treated with cerebrolysin (0 and 20 µL/mL) with or without cyclopamine (50 µmol/L). Cell proliferation and phenotypes of neuroblasts and oligodendrocytes were measured (Methods in the online-only Data Supplement).
Animal Model
Male Wistar rats weighing 350 to 400 g were subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), as previously described11 (Methods in the online-only Data Supplement).
Experimental Protocols
Twenty-four hours after MCAo, rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: (1) cerebrolysin alone, cerebrolysin (2.5 mL/kg) was intraperitoneally injected daily for 28 days; (2) saline, the same volume of saline was administered; (3) cerebrolysin+cyclopamine, cerebrolysin (IP) and cyclopamine at a dose of 0.11 µg/h was intraventricularly infused with an osmotic pump for 28 days; (4) cerebrolysin+vehicle, cerebrolysin (IP) and vehicle (45% 2-hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin in sterile PBS, intraventricularly infused) for 28 days; (5) cyclopamine alone (intraventricularly infused) for 28 days; and (6) vehicle alone (intraventricularly infused) for 28 days (Methods in the online-only Data Supplement).
For labeling proliferating cells, BrdU (100 mg/kg) was administered (IP) daily for 7 consecutive days starting at 24 hours after stroke. All rats were euthanized 35 days after MCAo.
Behavioral Tests
A battery of behavioral tests, including adhesive removal test, modified neurological severity score, and foot-fault test, were performed weekly starting 1 day after onset of MCAo3 (Methods in the online-only Data Supplement).
Lesion Volume Measurement
Thirty-five days after MCAo, infarct volume was measured as previously described11 (Methods in the online-only Data Supplement).
All immunohistochemistry analyses were performed 35 days after MCAo in rats subjected to intraventricular infusion of cyclopamine or vehicle treatment with or without administration of cerebrolysin (Methods in the online-only Data Supplement). Following primary antibodies were used: mouse anti-BrdU (Dako) goat anti-doublecortin (DCX, Santa Cruz), mouse antiβ-tubulin III (Tuj1, Covance), chicken anti-neurofilament heavy chain (NFH, Affinity Bioreagents), mouse anti-2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase, Millipore), and rabbit anti-NG2 (Millipore).
Statistical Analysis
Data were evaluated for normality, and the data transformation was performed if data were not normal. As a result, ranked data were used for the analysis because the behavior data were not normally distributed. The global test using generalized estimating equation was used to test the group difference on functional recovery from 3 behavior tests.12 The global test on multiple outcomes is more efficient than a single outcome, when the group effects are consistent on all the outcomes.12 The 1-way ANOVA was used to test the treatment effect on histological measurements. The interaction between cerebrolysin and cyclopamine was tested with the critical level 0.05. If interaction (multiplicative effect) was significant at 0.05 level, the effect of treatment was further studied for subadditivity (the combined cerebrolysin and cyclopamine effect is worse than the combined effect of each treatment alone) or superadditive effect (vice-versa). Data are presented as means±SE.
Shh Signaling Pathway Mediates Cerebrolysin-Increased In Vitro Neurogenesis and Oligodendrogenesis
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that incubation of NPCs with cerebrolysin at a concentration of 20 µL/mL significantly increased mRNA levels of Shh and its receptors patched and Smo, whereas cerebrolysin at a concentration of 5 µL/mL substantially increased Gli1 mRNA levels (Figure 1A). Cerebrolysin significantly increased proliferating cells measured by BrdU positive cells (Figure 1B). Moreover, cerebrolysin considerably increased the numbers of Tuj1, a marker of neuroblasts, and CNPase, a marker of oligodendrocytes, positive cells (Figure 1B). However, inhibition of the Shh receptor by cyclopamine, a specific inhibitor of Smo, completely suppressed cerebrolysin-increased Tuj1, CNPase, and BrdU positive cells (Figure 1). Collectively, these data indicate that cerebrolysin promotes in vitro neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis via the Shh signaling pathway.
Shh Signaling Pathway Mediates the Therapeutic Effect of Cerebrolysin in the Ischemic Brain
Behavioral test analysis showed that all rats exhibited severe neurological deficits measured by adhesive removal test, foot-fault, and modified neurological severity score 24 hours after stroke onset with no significant differences among the groups (Figure 2). Ischemic rats treated with cerebrolysin exhibited significant functional improvements starting at day 14 and the improved outcomes persisted up to day 35 after stroke compared with rats treated with saline (Figure 2), which is consistent with our previous findings.3 However, when cyclopamine was coadministered along with cerebrolysin, it abolished cerebrolysin-improved neurological function, whereas coadministration of vehicle and cerebrolysin did not affect the beneficial effect of cerebrolysin (Figure 2). The effect of cyclopamine on cerebrolysin-improved functional outcome seems specific because ischemic rats treated with cyclopamine alone did not exhibit a significant difference of the behavioral tests compared with the rats treated with vehicle and saline (Figure 2). Additional statistical analysis revealed that there was a subadditive interaction (antagonistic effect) of cyclopamine and cerebrolysin on neurological functional outcome starting day 14 and persisting up to day 35 after stroke. These data strongly indicate that blocking Shh signaling with cyclopamine abolishes cerebrolysin-improved functional recovery.
There were no significant differences of infarct volume among the rats treated with saline (33.8±2.7% of contralateral), cerebrolysin (32.1±3.5%), saline+vehicle (34.7±3.1%), cerebrolysin+vehicle (34.4±3.5%), saline+cerebrolysin (33.3±3.7%), and cerebrolysin+cyclopamine (33.1±3.0%).
Treatment with cerebrolysin significantly increased the density of BrdU+ SVZ cells in the ipsilateral SVZ compared with the saline control groups (Figure 3A). However, coadministration of cerebrolysin and cyclopamine substantially reduced the number of BrdU+ cells compared with the cerebrolysin-treated rats (Figure 3A). Also cyclopamine alone significantly reduced the density of BrdU+ cells compared with saline-treated rats (Figure 3A). These data suggest that the Shh pathway regulates SVZ NPC proliferation in the ischemic brain of rats.
We further examined the effects of cerebrolysin and cyclopamine on neuroblasts by measuring DCX+ cells in the SVZ and peri-infarct striatum. Although cerebrolysin treatment significantly increased the DCX+ cell density in the SVZ and peri-infarct striatum compared with rats treated with the vehicle control, cyclopamine completely suppressed cerebrolysin-increased DCX+ cell density (Figure 3B). Double immunofluorescent staining revealed that treatment with cerebrolysin substantially increased the percentage of DCX+/BrdU+ cells in the SVZ, which was completely abolished by the coadministration of cyclopamine (Figure 3C). There was a subadditive interaction of cyclopamine and cerebrolysin on peri-infarct striatum of DCX+ cell density and the percentage of DCX+/BrdU+ cells in the SVZ, suggesting that cyclopamine blocks cerebrolysin-induced neurogenesis in the rats after stroke.
To examine the effect of cerebrolysin and cyclopamine on oligodendrocytes in the ischemic brain, we measured oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocytes identified by phenotype markers of NG2 and CNPase, respectively, in the SVZ and white matter. Pericytes also express NG2. To avoid counting NG2+ pericytes, only NG2+ cells with typical multiprocess morphology were counted. Treatment with cerebrolysin significantly augmented the density of NG2+ cells in the SVZ and peri-infarct striatum compared with rats treated with the vehicle control (Figure 4A). Double immunofluorescent staining revealed that cerebrolysin substantially increased the percentage of NG2+/BrdU+ (Figure 4B) and CNPase+/BrdU+ (Figure 5A) positive cells in the peri-infarct corpus callosum and striatum compared with the vehicle group (Figures 4 and 5). These data indicate that cerebrolysin enhances oligodendrogenesis in the ischemic brain. However, coadministration of cyclopamine completely blocked the effects of cerebrolysin on oligodendrocytes (Figures 4 and 5). Moreover, cyclopamine alone substantially reduced the percentage of CNPase+/BrdU+ cells in the peri-infarct corpus callosum and striatum, although cyclopamine did not significantly change the density of NG2+ cells and the percentage of NG2+/BrdU+ cells (Figure 4D), suggesting that cyclopamine may inhibit OPCs to differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes. Collectively, our data indicate that cyclopamine abolishes the effects of cerebrolysin on oligodendrogenesis in the ischemic brain.
Mature oligodendrocytes are essential for axonal myelination.13 To examine whether the aforementioned changes in oligodendrogenesis affect axonal remodeling, we performed double immunofluorescent staining to identify NFH+ axons and CNPase+ oligodendrocyte processes. Cerebrolysin treatment significantly increased the density of NFH+ and CNPase+ processes in the peri-infarct corpus callosum and striatum compared with the saline control. However, administration of cyclopamine completely repressed cerebrolysin-increased NFH+ and CNPase+ density (Figure 5C and 5D). These data suggest that cerebrolysin enhances myelinated axons and that the Shh pathway likely mediates this process.
In an animal model of focal cerebral ischemia, we demonstrated that cerebrolysin enhances neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis and promotes improvement of neurological outcome. Cerebrolysin modulates Shh signaling in NPCs, which contributes cerebrolysin-induced neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis. Moreover, our in vitro and in vivo data showed that inactivation of the Shh signaling pathway by a pharmacological blocker of Smo, cyclopamine, abolished the observed beneficial effects of cerebrolysin. These findings suggest that the Shh pathway plays an important role in cerebrolysin-mediated neurorestorative processes in ischemic brain.
We previously demonstrated that treatment with cerebrolysin at 24 hours after stroke onset enhances neurogenesis and functional recovery in the ischemic rats.3 Here, we extend our previous finding by showing that cerebrolysin treatment initiated 24 hours after stroke not only increases neurogenesis, but also profoundly amplifies oligodendrogenesis. The OPCs originating from the SVZ migrate into gray and white matter and some of the OPCs differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes in the adult rodent brain.14 Cerebrolysin amplified generation of OPCs in the SVZ and mature oligodendrocytes in white matter of the peri-infarct region as measured by BrdU/NG2 and BrdU/CNPase positive cells, respectively. In the present study, proliferating cells were labeled with BrdU for 7 days from day 1 after stroke and these animals were euthanized 35 days after stroke. Mature oligodendrocytes do not proliferate.15 Thus, we speculate that BrdU/CNPase positive oligodendrocytes observed in the present study likely come from proliferating OPCs. We cannot distinguish whether oligodendrocytes are generated in situ in the white matter or recruited from the SVZ. However, our in vitro data indicate that cerebrolysin promotes SVZ NPCs to differentiate into OPCs. Brain injury including stroke induces SVZ NPC migration toward injured white matter, where they differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes.16 Therefore, SVZ NPCs may also contribute to cerebrolysin-increased oligodendrocytes. However, the effects of cerebrolysin on the migration, survival, and cell fate of newly generated cells after stroke warrant further investigation.
Oligodendrocytes are the only myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system, and proper axonal myelination is required for efficient neuronal signaling transduction.17 In the ischemic brain, myelinating oligodendrocytes participate in white matter remodeling processes.18 Our data show that cerebrolysin enhances myelinated axons measured by NFH/CNPase immunoreactive density in the peri-infarct white matter, suggesting that oligodendrocytes increased by cerebrolysin may facilitate axonal remodeling in the ischemic brain. Our findings are in line with a previous study, which shows that cerebrolysin not only protects against neuronal network degeneration, but also promotes axonal outgrowth in cultured neurons.19 During stroke recovery, axonal outgrowth is closely associated with myelinating oligodendrocytes in the peri-infarct regions, and axonal remodeling is correlated to neurological function.3,20 Thus, it is likely that the enhancement of axonal remodeling and oligodendrogenesis by cerebrolysin could lead to the improved functional recovery after stroke.
More importantly, the present study indicates that the Shh pathway mediates the beneficial effect of cerebrolysin on stroke. In vivo, blocking of the Shh pathway with cyclopamine completely suppressed cerebrolysin-enhanced neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and white matter remodeling, as well as cerebrolysin-improved functional outcome. Cyclopamine seems to ablate the cerebrolysin effect specifically because cyclopamine alone did not exacerbate ischemic damage and neurological functional deficits in ischemic rats. The specific effect of cyclopamine is further supported by our statistical analysis showing a subadditive effect in which the combined cerebrolysin and cyclopamine effect was worse than the combined effect of each treatment alone. Molecular mechanisms underlying interaction between cerebrolysin and the Shh pathway are not known. Shh signaling interacts with neurotrophic factors, such as epidermal growth factor, to coordinate neurogenesis.5 Our in vitro data show that cerebrolysin upregulated Shh and its receptors, patched and Smo, and a transcription factor, Gli1, on NPCs and that blocking Shh pathway with cyclopamine abolished cerebrolysin-enhanced NPCs proliferation and differentiation, suggesting a direct effect of cerebrolysin on activation of the Shh signaling pathway. Moreover, it has been suggested that Shh regulates the patterning of the ventral neural tube through a Smo-independent noncanonical pathway.21 Together, these data suggest that cerebrolysin, a mixture of neurotrophic peptides, interacts with the Shh pathway. However, we previously demonstrated that cerebrolysin promotes neurogenesis via the PI3K/Akt pathway,3 suggesting that cerebrolysin-induced neurogenesis could be independent of the Shh signaling pathway. The phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases/Akt pathway has also been shown to act synergistically with Shh signaling to regulate neural precursor proliferation and patterning.22 Thus, the effects of cyclopamine on Shh signaling should be interpreted with caution. Additional in vivo studies to investigate the interaction between cerebrolysin and the Shh pathway are warranted.
The Shh signaling pathway regulates neurogenesis.5,7,8 Systemic administration of cyclopamine at a dose of 10 mg/kg per day reduces SVZ NPC proliferation in adult mice.5 In experimental stroke, intracerebroventricular delivery of a low dose cyclopamine (60 pmol/d) reduces hippocampus NPC proliferation in adult mice,23 whereas intraventricular injection of cyclopamine at a dose of 1.8 mg/kg immediately after MCAo downregulated Gli1, patched1 level, and exacerbated brain damage and behavioral deficits 24 hours after stroke onset.24 These studies suggest that cyclopamine may regulate adult neurogenesis and stroke outcome in a dose-dependent and tissue-specific manner. Our data show that intraventricular infusion of cyclopamine at a dose of 2.5 µg/d for 28 days substantially reduced SVZ NPC proliferation and did not exacerbate ischemic cell damage. Moreover, compared with ischemic rats treated with the vehicle, cyclopamine treatment did not reduce DCX-positive neuroblasts and CNPase-positive oligodendrocytes, which may account for why we did not detect aggravation of neurological outcome in these rats. Our data support the role of the Shh signaling pathway in regulating SVZ NPCs proliferation. Among many factors, the dose of cyclopamine may be responsible for the discrepancy of the effect of cyclopamine on ischemic brain damage reported by Ji et al.24 The dosing regimen of cyclopamine used for the intraventricular infusion in the present study is ≈50 µmol/L in cerebrospinal fluid, which was calculated on the basis of ≈90 to 120 μL of cerebrospinal fluid in the adult rat.25 Accordingly, this dose mimics the concentration of cyclopamine used in our vitro study.
In conclusion, our data demonstrate that cerebrolysin treatment enhances neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and axonal remodeling in the ischemic brain and that the Shh signaling pathway mediates these processes. Accumulated evidence implies the interdependent interaction of multiple neurorestorative events, including neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and axonal remodeling, which in concert promote brain remodeling and neurological functional recovery after brain injury. Thus, it is likely that the observed cerebrolysin-boosted brain repair processes contribute to cerebrolysin-improved neurological function.
The authors thank Cynthia Roberts and Qing-e Lu for technical support.
Sources of Funding
This work was funded by EVER Neuro Pharma GmbH.
The online-only Data Supplement is available with this article at http://stroke.ahajournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000831/-/DC1.
- Received January 15, 2013.
- Revision received April 4, 2013.
- Accepted April 8, 2013.
- © 2013 American Heart Association, Inc.
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- Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Mediates Cerebrolysin-Improved Neurological Function After StrokeLi Zhang, Michael Chopp, Dieter H. Meier, Stefan Winter, Lei Wang, Alexandra Szalad, Mei Lu, Min Wei, Yisheng Cui and Zheng Gang ZhangStroke. 2013;44:1965-1972, originally published June 24, 2013https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000831
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- Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Mediates Cerebrolysin-Improved Neurological Function After StrokeLi Zhang, Michael Chopp, Dieter H. Meier, Stefan Winter, Lei Wang, Alexandra Szalad, Mei Lu, Min Wei, Yisheng Cui and Zheng Gang ZhangStroke. 2013;44:1965-1972, originally published June 24, 2013https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000831Permalink:


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One of the reasons for the stay in Raleigh this summer is my participation in Raleigh's Contemporary Art Museum's (CAM) Design Camp for High School Students. I will be teaching the Day Camp (week 2) of the three week program hosted at the College of Design in NC State University.
My classmates Marty Lane and Rebecca Tegtmeyer already set the bar very high by carrying out an exciting, unique and AWSOME project in the first session! (See here & here)
I posted here some photos of the set-up where I will be carrying out my exercise this week. I have to credit Rebecca and Marty, for basically I am working within their template (with just some minor modifications to the physical space). My project will be different to theirs and tomorrow I get the chance to try it out for the first time. Let's see how it goes…
Let's see how it goes!


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Importance Of Compensating Factors
Borrowers With Less Than Perfect Credit Need To Realize The Importance Of Compensating Factors
Borrowers with less than perfect credit need to realize the importance of compensating factors.
- Importance Of Compensating Factors need to be taken seriously because it can mean whether the borrower gets a loan approval or denial.
- Strength and positive factors give the mortgage applicant who has bad credit, high debt to income ratios, limited credit history, or needs to be manually underwritten added strength when a mortgage loan underwriter evaluates the applicant's mortgage application.
- Importance of compensating factors is crucial with borderline credit and challenged mortgage loan applications and it will be the determinant on whether the mortgage loan application gets approved or not.
Importance Of Compensating Factors On Manual Underwriting
For those mortgage applicants who cannot get an automated approval by the Automated Underwriting System may qualify through manual underwriting.
- When a mortgage loan originator submits a mortgage loan application through the Automated Underwriting System, it will yield an approve/eligible, referred/eligible, or referred with caution.
- A referred with caution means that the mortgage loan applicant does not qualify.
- A referred/eligible means that the mortgage loan applicant is qualified but cannot get an automated approval but is eligible for a manual underwrite.
- With manual underwrites and for those mortgage applicants who do get an approve/eligible with very marginal credit scores or high debt to income ratios, mortgage lenders look for importance of compensating factors.
- Cases where a mortgage loan applicant needs to realize the importance of compensating factors are when a mortgage borrower has low credit scores, limited credit history, open collections with balances, not enough credit tradelines, higher debt to income ratios.
- Very little assets and where they are getting 100% gifted funds from family members for the down payment and/or closing costs, multiple jobs in the past two years, gaps in employment, and declining income are not positives and shows that the borrower's file is weak.
Layers of Risks On Borrowers
Depending on the amount of the layers of risk a mortgage loan borrower has, it must be offset by substantial strengths of the borrower.
- The more the risk factor, the more strenght and positive factors will be needed.
- Borrowers need to prove that they can make their mortgage payments
- Borrowers need to show strength and show the underwriter a purpose to offset the level of risk the mortgage loan application is.
- Importance Of Compensating Factors is to show strengths on a mortgage loan application offsetting any risk factors which help to demonstrate the borrower's probability and willingness and ability to repay the mortgage loan.
- Providing compensating factors can be the difference between getting a mortgage loan approval and a clear to close and having a mortgage loan application getting a denial.
- There are a certain degree of risk factors with almost every mortgage loan.
Factors That Shows Strength
Residual income (average is $1,200 for a single person household and $2500 for a 2+ person household)
- Long established credit history with high credit scores.
- Credit scores that are over 740 FICO are considered good credit and if the mortgage loan applicant has maintained higher credit scores year after year, it is considered strengths.
- Lower DTI (Debt to Income Ratios) which is normally 5% or more under the mortgage program guidelines.
- For example, if the maximum debt to income ratio is at 45% and the mortgage loan applicant has a debt to income ratio of 40% or lower, than that would constitute a compensating factor for lower Debt to Income Ratios.
- Substantial credit tradelines that has been aged with no late payment history aged and diversified types of credit are considered very strong factors.
- What's viewed as strong factors with credit is having a combination of credit card payment history, auto loan payment history, installment loan payment history, personal loan payment history, mortgage payment history.
- Variety of credit tradelines instead of just one type of credit tradelines.
- Having different types of credit accounts as opposed to just credit cards or just installment loans are viewed favorably and also maximize your credit scores.
- Liquid reserves of at least three to six months of housing payments, PITI (principal, interest, taxes, and insurance) is considered an extremely strong points.
- The more reserves and assets a mortgage loan applicant has, the stronger the mortgage file.
- Mortgage lenders view the ability for the mortgage loan applicant to save as a strong assets.
- The mortgage applicant's saving patterns and saving history carries strong weight on a mortgage loan applicant who has marginal credit high debt to income ratios, or other credit issues.
- Minimum payment shock, normally 30% or less shows strength for borrower.
- For example, if the mortgage loan applicant has rental verification of $2,000 per month and his proposed new housing payment of principal, interest, taxes, and insurance is $2,500 per month, this is 25% payment shock and is considered a positive.
- Home buyers who have large down payment than the minimum down payment required is considered a good factors and provides strength for the mortgage loan borrower.
- The larger down payment also poses less risk for the mortgage lender as well.
- Rental verification shows history of borrower being able to make timely housing payments.
- Housing payment history and proof of payment via 12 months canceled checks shows housing responsibility.
- VOR can only be used if the mortgage loan applicant has been paying his or her housing payments with checks for the past 12 months if the home they were renting was from a private landlord.
- If the mortgage loan applicant has been paying with cash, that cannot be used as proof of housing payment even though they get rental cash receipts from the landlord.
Examples Of Compensating Factors
FHA allows for a home buyer to get gift funds for their down payment and closing costs.
- Gift funds show weakness for the mortgage loan applicant because the home buyer is relying the down payment from a family member or relative and does not have their own skin in the game.
- Own sourced funds for the down payment and closing costs versus gift funds is considered compensating factor.
- Employment history – A long employment history shows job stability and the likelihood for future employment
- Longevity on the current job carries a lot of weight versus multiple jobs and gaps in employment in the past two year.
- Mortgage lenders view consistent pay increases as a strong sign of future job stability.
- Also, if the mortgage loan applicant has had a history of job promotions, this too is viewed very favorably.
- If the mortgage loan applicant has a history of going to school throughout the year to better himself and/or herself, this is considered another positive sign of future job stability.
- If a mortgage loan applicant has income that cannot be used but can be verified because of not having a two year history and/or proof that the income will continue for the next three years, this will be considered good likelihood of financial security.
- For example, for a mortgage loan applicant who has held a part time job or has overtime income for the past 18 months, but the income cannot be used because the minimum required for part time job and/or overtime income is at least a 24 month history.
- This is verifiable income but cannot be used for income qualification.
Negative Factors Viewed By Mortgage Underwriters
The items below are generally not considered favorable and adds to the risk layers of the mortgage loan applicant.
- Mortgage loan applicants who do not have their own funds for the down payment and closing costs and no assets.
- Minimal down payment and 100% gift funds for down payment and closing costs are considered risk layers for the mortgage lender.
- Poor credit history, open collections, numerous charge offs, history of judgments, tax liens, lack of re-established credit, and recent late payments are considered risk factors.
- Declining income year after year.
- Some mortgage lenders will automatically deny a mortgage loan applicant that shows a history of declining income because it shows instability and potential that the income will continue to decline years to come..
- Short credit history, not enough aged credit tradelines, and limited established credit.
- High debt to income ratios and excessive debt.
- Multiple jobs and gaps in employment in the past two years are considered risk factors for mortgage lenders because it does not show stability.
- No verification of rent.
2017 UPDATE On Importance Of Compensating Factors
This BLOG was updated on March 7, 2017 by Gustan Cho NMLS 873293 of The Gustan Cho Team at CrossCountry Mortgage.


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Contemporary Romance Writer: Behind Every Dream is …
"It is by sitting down to write every morning that one becomes a writer." ~Gerald Brenan, British writer
Dreams take a whole lot of work.
Who knew?
At first you hum a few song lyrics:
Life is but a dream …
Daydream believer …
Dream a little dream of me …
(OK, I admit it: I need to update the playlist in my head.)
But here's the point: Put the concept of daydreaming to music and it sounds so … easy. So let's-lie-around-in-the-grass-all-day-and-stare-at-clouds simple.
You know what, all you dreamers out there? There comes a time when you have to drag yourself up off the ground and sweat your dream into existence. Those old adages of putting your shoulder to the wheel or keeping your nose to the grindstone (ouch!) — that's the stuff dreams are made of.
For the last 10 days I planned out my second contemporary romance novel. This preliminary stage was it's own kind of work. Sketching out characters, detailing emotional journeys, deepening subplots … those sorts of things.
But yesterday I grabbed myself by the collar of my robe and dragged myself down to my office at 5 o'clock in the morning. Which meant my alarm went off at 4:30 a.m. There was no pushing the snooze button for 30 minutes — I was getting a few necessary things done before I powered up my computer and started my version of "It was a dark and stormy night …"
(That last bit was a joke. You know that, right?)
So here's my writer's equation for the day: Dreams = Hard Work.
Simple as that.
Oh, yeah. That process of dreams coming true? For me, prayer is the foundation of both my dreams and my hard work.
In Your Words: Finish the sentence: Behind every dream is ______________. What would you put in that blank space?
0 I like this!
19 Comments
January 24, 2012, 7:15 am /
Writing off the top of my head I might finish that sentence something like this:
"Behind every dream is inspiration, motivation, determination and encouragement in abundance."
January 24, 2012, 7:39 am /
I hope, for myself, I'd finish it this way: "Behind every dream is a desire to please God." And I agree about the hard work. It's so easy to get unfocused and distracted by other things, but if we really want it, and God is behind us, we can do anything. *Cue anthem.*
January 24, 2012, 7:45 am /
. . . is a seed planted by God. If we water it, it will grow. If not, it stays dormant.
January 24, 2012, 8:18 am /
Behind every dream…is a team.
Not just saying that to rhyme. Though, come on, it is good. 🙂 No, but I think it's true…especially for me. Or, at least should be true. So many people uplift, encourage and help me move towards my dream…and I love that!
January 24, 2012, 9:00 am /
Great quote, and so true. I guess I'd say: behind every [writing] dream is a butt in chair!
January 24, 2012, 10:09 am /
…is God running away with your imagination and working on your behalf.
Love this post, Beth! Hard work=reward. 🙂
January 24, 2012, 12:21 pm /
Maybe it's because I'm reading this at lunch, but my first thought (honestly) was chocolate. I love all the answers. I think determination has to be present, so I can accomplish my dreams.
January 24, 2012, 6:57 pm /
My first thought: Behind every dream is a spark–but of course the trick is to keep it burning! 🙂
January 24, 2012, 8:06 pm /
….is faith, hope, and love.
On a random note…I was flipping around on the TV the other day and ran across The Monkees, I stopped to watch the madness for a moment before they broke into song. And yes, guess what they sang? or should I say, Davy sang…Daydream Believer.


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Empower sellers and get out of the way!
Randy Smythe's musings on the world of ecommerce, social networking, Web 2.0, Google, Amazon, Buy.com,Yahoo, Squidoo, online marketing and still probably a lot of stuff about eBay.
Wednesday, March 11, 2009
eBay/Amazon Smackdown CNBC (Video)
6 comments:
- Tallzag said...
Every time I see something like this it reminds me of Enron and the book "The Smartest Guys in the Room". If you think about it that has a lot of parallels, run by MBA types, new businesses that doesn't do so well (Skype), both companies that got away from what was their core business, a CEO change while this was happening, throwing analyst meetings just to pump the stock, etc, etc.
I don't think eBay is going to go under like Enron but the similarities are scary.
- ms.pat said...
I just cannot get over the audacity of these people. To hear them speak you would think they are on the absolute right track and everything is skipping along like magic. Instead they just had a 4th quarter report that showed a 16 percent decline and are probably going to issue another declining quarter next month. It doesn't make sense...and what's with the doofusses in the room applauding this nonsense? If its a joke I sure didn't get the punch line.
If you notice, pat, all the Marketplace slides used 2005 as a baseline so they could show growth.
Not only does this management crew think eBay is absolutely on the right course, no corrections needed, but the words "brand" or "marketing" don't exist in their universe, did you notice that? They think they have a free hand to make eBay over into an Amazon clone and all the customers will keep coming for the great values.
The values aren't on eBay these days due to their high fees and eBay's brand is still auctions. The CNBC story began with the words, "eBay, the online auction giant". Yet they really believe they can makeover eBay on the sly without telling the customer their plans.
There is a chain of job lot & liquidation item stores near Boston 19. They run amusing cartoon ads and their motto is "Suffer a little, save a lot". This the future that eBay is actually heading towards, but my money is on the Building 19 shops, since their owners know what business they are in. eBay doesn't.
correction, meant to say "There is a chain of job lot & liquidation item stores near Boston called Building 19."
- ms.pat said...
Nadine - I didn't watch the slides...in fact I turned it off when they went to lunch. Nothing new - they're just dancing around trying to convince everyone they are absolutely right. It really sounded like these guys were totally dillusional! If it weren't for Paypal - which does have a good future (though I wish it were regulated) these people would be out on their backsides...because then nothing could hide the bitter pill of that 4th quarter last year.
- data feed management said...
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text: auditude at cox.net writes: > The cables are cheap, and I'm wondering about the pressure regulator. One = > theory is to take the regulator from the car the axle came from. From what= > I know, the regulator from the '88 90 is the same as the one on my '86 CGT. > > The other theory, which I think is the more "right" way to do it, is to use= > the pressure regulator that came on the '87.5 CGT. This makes the most se= > nse since the regulator is probably most associated with the chassis and ve= > hicle weight, and less so the axle. > ... The regulator is adjustable, so it shouldn't matter which unit you use as long as it attaches to the axle correctly via the little spring. You should adjust it such that the rear brakes do not lock up before the fronts. -Ti 2003 A4 1.8T multitronic 2001 S4 biturbo 6-sp 1984 5000S turbo 1980 4000 2.0 5-sp -- /// Ti Kan Vorsprung durch Technik /// AMB Laboratories, Sunnyvale, CA. USA /// ti at amb.org ////// http://www.amb.org/ti/ ///


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Barthle Tax & Accounting
At Barthle Tax and Accounting, we believe in the value of relationships. We view every client relationship like a partnership, and truly believe that our success is a result of your success. We are committed to providing close, personal attention to our clients. We take pride in giving you the assurance that the personal assistance you receive comes from years of advanced training, technical experience and financial acumen. Our continual investment of time and resources in professional continuing education, state-of-the-art computer technology and extensive business relationships is indicative of our commitment to excellence.
We provide a variety of services including:
- Income Tax Preparation for S corporations, as well as individuals
- Payroll Services
- QuickBooks setup, support and training
- Business startup services
- Financial statements – making sure your financial records are timely and accurate.


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Wharton Round 2 Interview Invitations
On February 8, Wharton will release invitations to its Group Interviews ("Team Based Discussions" or "The Wharton TBD"). If you haven't done so already, please review our dedicated post for preparation tips for your team based discussion.
As in previous rounds, MBA Admissions Advisors will be holding several mock group interviews to help applicants prepare.
During the mock Wharton TBD, our goal is to mirror the experience you will have at Wharton as closely as possible. We host the mock group interview via Skype video chat, which our past clients have told us is the best substitute for the real thing (you can read some of their reviews here).
We offer three packages:
- $295 for participation in the mock interview and 20-minutes of individual feedback from one of our firm's Founders
- $495 for participation in two mock Wharton TBDs, plus 2 individual 20-minute feedback sessions with one of our firm's Founders
- $495 for participation in one mock interview, 20-minutes of individual feedback, and an additional 45-minute strategy session with one of our firm's Founders. The 45 minutes includes a mock one-on-one interview, personalized feedback on that mock interview, and an individualized strategy discussion around what we believe the Wharton adcom will be focusing on based on your application, your strengths, and your weaknesses. We will also use this time to prepare you for the 1:1 portion of the interview process.
Available dates (we will try to add time slots as necessary – feel free to send us suggestions) :
Monday, February 13th from 8am EST to 9am EST Sunday, February 19th from 8am GMT to 9am GMT (4pm Beijing, 5pm Tokyo, 12am PST) Sunday, February 19th from 11am EST to 12pm EST [only 1 spot left] Friday, February 24th from 9am EST to 10am EST
- Saturday, February 25th from 10am EST to 11am EST [only 1 spot left]
In order to register for an upcoming session, we ask you to send us an email with the following information:
- The package you are interested in
- The available time slots that are convenient for you (please select a couple if possible, as we want to avoid conflicts)
- A copy of your resume (in pdf format) that you submitted along with your Wharton application
- Your Skype ID (We may accommodate Google Hangouts as well for certain groups)
- The time and location of your Wharton TBD
- A signed copy of our Terms and Conditions
Once you've sent us your email, and in order to secure your slot, please complete your registration by submitting your payment on Paypal:
Please do not hesitate to contact us should you have any additional questions.
Good luck!
"Looking for ways to prepare for a group interview, I stumbled across one of Kyle's blog posts, which changed my perspective towards my TBD preparation and lead me to participate in one of the mock group interviews organized by MBA Admissions Advisors. The mock TBD was conducted in a professional manner, and the organizers ensured that participants would not be interviewing together for their actual Wharton interview. Before the mock TBD, I had no idea of what to expect, but the session boosted my confidence, making it a key component in my preparation for my actual interview at Wharton. The personal feedback I received from Vincent after the mock TBD was extremely thorough and to the point. It reflected how closely the organizers monitored each participant in the mock TBD. Vincent suggested multiple ways to improve my performance during a 1 on 1 debrief session, which I found extremely valuable. If you are preparing for a Wharton TBD, I would definitely recommend participating in one of the practice sessions offered by Vincent & Kyle. As a future member of Wharton's class of 2016, I'm glad I did." H., Wharton MBA Class of 2016
"Just to let you know that I was accepted in Wharton!! Thank you very much for assisting me in the prep season!" A. T.
"I had a great experience for Mock TBD hosted by Kyle and Vincent. I was able to get a preview of the dynamics of team discussion at TBD and understand what to expect during the real interview. Kyle also helped me tremendously in terms of how to structure my opening speech and how to interject and guide the discussion. The whole preparation helped boost my confidence and it's very critical especially for me who is not a native speaker." " Anonymous
"I got the offer from Wharton (and with fellowship)!! … Thanks for your great help as well as deep care (this is very important) throughout the process. The time spent with you guys turned out to be indeed helpful." C.


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Join us for an online workshop to create your vision board for the next year!
Register here
Want to get more out of the next year?
Then you need to know specifically what you really want!
One really great (and creative) way to do that is to create a vision board. They really work!
I believe when you make a decision about what you want for your life, you need to do more than just declare it, you need to take action to support that decision, this is a way of getting clear on how to take that action.
Vision Boards are a process of getting really clear on what you want – 'I want a relaxing holiday by the beach' Ok, But where? which beach? what time of year? who will you take with you.
Vision Boards help you get very specific about what you want, because without that level of specification you can not accurately set yourself up to take the right action to make it happen. Without it, you give mixed messages about what you really want.
'I want to go to Bells Beach in Victoria, for a week in Autumn and take just my best friend and do lots of reading and cooking and snoozing in a little self contained cabin'
So then you can accurately plan because you are more specific about the type of holiday, the length of stay, what kind of accommodation and food you will need. Giving you a clearer idea of your budget and other needs. This making it highly more likely to come to fruition!
If your intentions are to obtain something more along the lines of spiritual or personal growth in the next year then it might look a little like this… 'I want to learn how to not feel overwhelmed all the time' Then you need to get specific about how to do that exactly. Find ways that you can do that and add them onto your vision board
Or a career goal? 'I want to launch my online store selling my creative work'
How exactly? A website? Etsy? Social Media store? Then getting specific on how to do that is the first place to start.
Creating a vision board is where you can bring all these things together.
Read this Huffington Post article about the reasons vision board work.
And what is better then getting creative and gaining clarity around your next year?
Doing it with other creative peeps in a fun workshop!
I have been called the Manifesting Queen.. all because I get really clear with what I want in life and I set clear intentions and make choices that will support those things.
Read my story here about how I manifested the house we now live in – Your Path is Illuminated
How do you attend…
This Vision Board Workshop is an online, 1 hour, live workshop using the online Zoom Video Conferencing service
This means you can join in from the comfort of your own home, with the ability to watch me presenting from my studio and you will have the choice to share your screen to chat or to just listen in.
Once you have registered through the sign up button below, you will receive the link and log in details to access the invite.
{If you live in Newcastle, Hunter Region or the Mid North Coast, you are very welcome to come join me at my studio.}
What we will do in the workshop..
I will take you through…
- How to set clear intentions for what you want
- How to create a Vision Board to continually bring your focus back to those intentions.
- Rituals you can instil into your routine to help you keep on track
- Having fun, cutting, painting and getting creative!
- *Bonus* FREE Mandala Desk Planner to take the next step of keeping your intentions on track with actions.
- SPECIAL OFFERS on special LOVE PACKS – Self care and Art care rolled into one gorgeous pack!
What you need..
You will need some of these items, the more the better but if you have at least one from each section you will be ok.
Get all your art gear out, this is going to be more than just cutting and pasting from mags baby!
- The Board – A large heavy card stock (or board) A4 or larger.
- Paper supplies – Magazines, patterned paper, plain, watercolour paper and/or card stock.
- Art Supplies – Watercolour Paint, Acrylic paint, pencils, sharpies, pens, pastels
- Adhesives – Glue, tape, Spray adhesive, needle and thread, pins, brads
{Kits available – Pm for more details of what you need}
- To be arranged.


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- News
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- Browse
Atlus Inc. this week said it will release Growlanser: Wayfarer of Time to Sony Corp.'s PSP this summer in the U.S.
The title is an expanded and remastered release of the strategy RPG classic to be sold at retail and as a downloadable title via the Playstation Network division.
Released in Japan as Growlanser IV: Over Reloaded, Growlanser: Wayfarer of Time is the fourth chapter in the Growlanser franchise. It includes new characters, scenarios, and events, faster load times, and a 40-plus hour campaign with more than 40 possible endings.
The title will include voice work in anime cutscenes, however due to license issues and script size, the title will not include a full Japanese or English voice track.
The final game is said to include tactical RPG mechanics and character designs by Satoshi Urushihara.
Follow us on Twitter @PunchJump, @WeLoveHotDeals, @PreOrderBonus, @Punchissimo, and visit us at Facebook and Google+.
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MuseScore, LilyPond, and Chordii
Projects on the Move
Linux is a wonderful and underrated audio production platform, with great applications for every audio task. MuseScore and LilyPond bring elegance and sophistication to score writing, and Chordii is a wonderfully simple guitar sheet-music maker.
MuseScore is a sophisticated WYSIWYG music notation editor for writing and printing scores. It has a nice integrated mixer and synthesizer for instant previews of your work, supports the creation of large complex scores, and allows fast note input. You'll find MuseScore in Debian, Ubuntu, PCLinuxOS, openSUSE, and sources and binaries on the MuseScore website.
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Dell Kickstarts 2018 with a Brand New Linux Laptop
The new laptop comes with Ubuntu 16.04 pre-loaded.
Linus Torvalds Rips Intel for Meltdown and Spectre Flaws
Torvalds is not happy with the way Intel handled these two vulnerabilities.
LibreOffice Based CODE 3.0 Released
You can now run the latest version of LibreOffice Online in your own cloud.
Google Announces Kubeflow to Bring Kubernetes to Machine Learning
The fully open source project is designed to help engineers build a machine learning stack using Kubernetes.
KubeCon Concluded in Austin, Texas
The Kubernetes community gathered in Austin, Texas.
Dell to Disable Intel's Insecure IME
Dell responds to the reports of critical vulnerabilities in the Intel vPro Management Engine.
Linus Torvalds' Precious Advice to Security Experts
Torvalds said that developers should focus more on debugging than resorting to fallback mode.
GPLv3 Comes to the Rescue of GPL Violators
Red Hat adopts GPLv3 cure provisions to help companies fix GPL violations.
Linux Kernel 4.14 Released
Torvalds lashes out at a Canonical developer who introduced a regression.
Fedora 27 Is Released
Developers can now access Red Hat Enterprise Linux Developer subscriptions on Fedora 27 at no cost.


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Strawberry Breakfast Crescents
Nicole Bredeweg
Yet another Pillsbury.com recipe -- super easy way to kid-friendly your breakfast (or, if you're us, your breakfast-for-supper)!
★★★★★ 1 vote5
- 8 oz
- refrigerated crescent dinner rolls
- 4
- rolls strawberry fruit roll-ups
- 2/3 c
- powdered sugar
- 1/4 tsp
- vanilla
- 2 tsp
- milk (or more, as needed)
How to Make Strawberry Breakfast Crescents
- 1Heat oven to 350*F. Spray cookie sheet with cooking spray. Unroll dough; separate into 8 triangles.
- 2Unroll fruit snack rolls; cut each diagonally into 2 triangles. Place each fruit roll triangle on dough triangle (make sure the fruit roll is on the dough, not flowing over the sides at all). Roll up each dough triangle, starting with shortest side of triangle and rolling to opposite point; place point side down on sprayed cookie sheet. Curve into crescent shape.
- 3Bake at 350*F for 12 - 15 minutes or until golden brown. Cool 2 minutes; remove from cookie sheet. Meanwhile, in small bowl, mix powdered sugar, vanilla, and enough milk until smooth and desired drizzling consistency.
- 4Drizzle glaze evenly over warm rolls. Serve warm.
About Strawberry Breakfast Crescents
Course/Dish: Fruit Breakfast, Other Desserts, Sweet Breads
Main Ingredient: Fruit
Regional Style: American
Other Tags: Quick & Easy, For Kids
Hashtag: #fruit roll-ups


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emergency room
Blue Cross of Georgia does not always want to pay for people's visits to the emergency room. The question, clearly is what they pay for and what they do not. To a certain extent, there are alternatives now that folks saw rarely if at all in the past.
Alternatives like urgent care. In the trade we call it a "doc in a box." Long waits are not uncommon — it is generally one doctor present at a time, with many nurses and technicians who have enough time to at least have an authentic — if brief — interpersonal relationship with the patient. Sometimes people get wheeled into such places. By definition, patients are usually ambulatory in a "walk-in clinic." I have worked in such places that specialized in psychiatry, where you could see pretty much anything, although prescription refills were clearly dominant. Read more on Avoiding Emergencies In Georgia…
Filed under Doctors, Government, News by on Jun 16th, 2017. Comment.
Have you ever felt that your doctor just isn't listening to you?Now multiply that by a hundred and you will start to understand what happens when a mentally ill person has a serious physical illness.
A news story on a recent study about how patients with a psychiatric diagnosis are prioritized at the bottom of the list when presenting at an emergency room induced a flashback when I was a young and eager resident psychiatrist on ER duty.
I was dedicated and enthusiastic – some said idealistic – and proud of knowledge obtained not without difficulty. The event I recalled was a 39-year-old schizophrenic man coming in with chest pain and trouble breathing. Maybe he seemed a little young for a heart attack, but gasping for air, clutching his chest and crying with pain. Serious complaints that ought to be treated seriously until proven otherwise. Read more on Mentally Ill Have Low Priority In Emergencies…
Filed under Prejudice by on Aug 24th, 2011. Comment.


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Let's face it, we all know by this point that Kevin Conroy is by far the best voice actor to ever portray the Caped Crusader, but there are plenty of other people who have taken on the role and have done stellar jobs without ever getting the credit that they deserve. Well I'm here to give them that credit so get your Bat-Popcorn, sit back, and enjoy this new top 5 list!
5. Ben McKenzie (Batman: Year One)
You probably know him best as Detective Jim Gordon on Fox's Gotham, but before that, he was that titular character in the animated adaptation of Frank Miller's story, Batman: Year One.
While he was not the focus of the story, McKenzie did pull off a great Batman voice whenever he did appear in the story and I honestly would like to see McKenzie play Batman in other animated movies. Maybe he could replace Jason O'Mara in the next run of animated Batman films, definitely would be an improvement: McKenzie would actually be a good Batman.
4. Jeremy Sisto (Justice League: A New Frontier)
Just like Batman: Year One, Justice League: the New Frontier did not put much focus on Batman, but when it did, Batman stole the show thanks to a deep and threatening voice by Jeremy Sisto, who you probably know from NBC's Law & Order.
It was great hearing Sisto pull off the dark and sinister part of the character (prime example being when he confronts the Martian Manhunter in his apartment) then switch to a more lighthearted Batman with his banter with Superman and Robin. Much like McKenzie, I would have liked to have seen more of Sisto's Batman.
3. Troy Baker (Batman: A Telltale Series)
The new King of voice actors! That's right, Troy Baker's Batman has just recently appeared in Batman: A Telltale Series game and already after one episode, I can definitely consider him one of the greats!
From the suave and sassy Bruce Wayne to the naive yet dark more detective-based Batman, he pulls off the character perfectly! I think Troy Baker could become as famous for the role of Batman as Kevin Conroy. Personally, I still would love for him to keep voicing the Joker in other projects, but if he chose to stick with Batman, I'd be 100 percent OK with it.
2. Roger Craig Smith (Batman: Arkham Origins)
When it was announced that Batman: Arkham Origins would not feature Kevin Conroy as Batman nor Mark Hamill as the Joker, many felt worried about the game, but much to everyone's surprise (including myself) we got two very impressive voices, with the aforementioned Troy Baker as the Joker and Roger Craig Smith as Batman.
While the game did receive mixed reviews when it came out, the one thing that I never saw get critiqued was Baker's Joker and Smith's portrayal of Batman. Honestly, I loved this Batman — Smith did a great job of creating his own voice for the character while sounding like a younger version of Conroy's Batman from previous entries in the Arkham franchise. I enjoyed seeing how brutal and angry this young Batman was, but it was done perfectly by Smith in scenes: His interrogation bits got me to grin, his emotional parts (such as a scene where he defibrillates Alfred, who is close to death) tugged at my heart strings a bit, and the best scene with him is a part where he makes a speech to Alfred about why he must continue this crusade:
1. Bruce Greenwood (Batman: Under The Red Hood/Young Justice)
If Kevin Conroy were to ever retire playing Batman (which I hope he never does) there is one person who I would immediately vote for replacing him: Bruce Greenwood.
When the Batman: Under the Red Hood animated movie came out, I thought I would hate it because it was not Kevin Conroy reprising the role of Batman, but I watched the movie and I loved it thanks to amazing voices like Jensen Ackles as the Red Hood, John DiMaggio as the Joker, and of course Bruce Greenwood as Batman. His acting is phenomenal and his Batman voice rivals Conroy's in my opinion. When Greenwood reprised the role of Batman in Cartoon Network's Young Justice, I was extremely happy to hear him alongside some other great voices like Phil LaMarr's Aquaman, Nolan North's Superman, Kevin Michael Richardson's Martian Manhunter, etc. I say watch Batman: Under the Red Hood or Young Justice if you haven't already and you'll see why I think Greenwood is the best voice for Batman since Conroy.
Warning: Spoilers In Clip Below
So those are my personal picks for the best voice actors of Batman other than the legendary Kevin Conroy. Of course, my opinion is not going to be the same as others so I am curious to know what your picks are and if you agree with any of my choices. Let me know in the comments below and I hope you all enjoyed this list.
Check out all the actors who have played the face of Batman in the Movie Pilot original video below:


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06.01.18 23:06
SL Navy behind causing temple controversy at Kooniththeevu
SL Navy behind causing temple controversy at Kooniththeevu
Colombo in full swing to cover up culprits of Canadian citizen's murder[TamilNet, Saturday, 12 May 2012, 13:34 GMT]
The occupying Sri Lankan military in Ki'linochchi is making every effort to cover up the culprits of the brutal killing of Canadian Tamil citizen who was struggling to get his business properties back from the SL military in Ki'linochhci, informed civil sources in the town told TamilNet Saturday. The intelligence officers of the occupying SL military are now attempting to pass the blame of the slaying of the property owner on petty criminals. The latest move has come to light this week when the military investigators were attempting to book some petty criminals for the killing, forging documents that they were former combatants of the LTTE. In the meantime, SL District Judge for Ki'linochchi S. Sivakumar has been made aware that the slain victim had a quarrel with the occupying military a day before his killing, the sources further said.
The slain Eezham Tamil victim Andrew Mahendrarajah Anthonippillai, who has been struggling to get back his properties from the SL military in Ki'linochchi town, was also fighting to get electricity supply to his newly built house. The day before his murder, he went to the nearby military camp and had a quarrel with the military officers there, the sources further said.
The Ceylon Electricity Board officials in Ki'lnochchi had earlier told the victim that he needed to have a clearance paper from the SL military before getting electricity supply.
Mahendrarasa was the owner of 8 commercially valuable buildings in line in the town. Some of these shops, appropriated by the SL military, have been leased to a Colombo-based business corporate Cargills Food City.
The remains of the slain victim were handed over to the relatives after they signed a document stating that they didn't suspect anyone for the crime.
The document was handed over to the SL District Judge in Ki'linochchi before releasing the remains of the victim to the relatives. This has been a practice of the occupying forces as seen in the earlier cases too, including the Trinco Five massacre.
Legal sources in Ki'linochchi said that delivery of justice would be a testing case for the District Judge.
Latest 15 Reports
06.01.18 23:06
SL Navy behind causing temple controversy at Kooniththeevu
Reproduction of this news item is allowed when used without
any alterations to the contents and the source, TamilNet, is mentioned
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Nutrition Coaching for Individuals and Organizations
If you're interested in making healthy changes in your life but don't know where to start, you're in the right place. Maggie works one-on-one with individuals as a Nutrition Coach to help implement healthy diet and lifestyle for you or your family. And for organizations, Maggie provides on-site workshops wellness training.
Contact Maggie for more information using the form below. Scroll down for consultation fee structure.


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This natural soap is refreshing and soothing properties thanks all'Oleolito of Hypericum, all'Aloa Vera and essential oil of mint which give the soap also healing actions, disinfectants, antiseptic and purifying.
St. John's wort is also known as grass should be collected and prepared on June 24, the day of maximum concentration of the active ingredients of the plant. From this one he gets the oleolito rich in carotene and flavonoids and the effective action healing and emollient which also contributes to cell regeneration. In particular Hypericum is indicated for the treatment of burns, sunburn, skin blemishes, psoriasis and dry.
Aloe vera brings soap moisturizing, emollient and skin protection.
The essential oil of mint instead owns refreshing and purifying properties but also anti-itching and antiseptic and therefore contributes to the treatment of dermatitis and pimples and blemished skin.
Given its properties, the natural soap can be used after sun exposure to moisturize the skin, soothe and give her a pleasant sensation of freshness.
The line of cosmetics and natural soaps GreenProject are entirely manufactured in Italy through an artisan process. The saponification, with coconut and olive oil, in fact, takes place in large vessels of wood in the open air and at room temperature. The low temperatures allow you to have a soft and elastic and a delicate soap foam suitable for sensitive skin.
Dont contain animals or synthetic fats.
INCI: Cocos Nucifera Oil, Aqua, Sodium Hydroxide, Potassium Alum, Mentha Piperita Herb Oil, Potassium Hydroxide, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice*, Glycerin, Hypericum Perforatum Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract, Tetrasodium Etidronate, Limonene**
* from organic farming
** naturally contained in the essential oils
Ho la tendenza ad avere la pelle grassa e con facilità all'irritazione, ho trovato questo sapote emolliente e lenitivo. Lo uso regolarmente e ho trovato che la pelle ne trae giovamento. ottimo anche per pelli screpolate o per lavaggi frequenti.


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A discussion of NoSQL's general characteristics, an investigation of the four major NoSQL subcategories, a review of when NoSQL and relational technology work best, a review of NoSQL technologies in the Microsoft stack and recommendations on NoSQL adoption. Topics include: 1. What is NoSQL 2. NoSQL Technology Breakdown 3. Where …Read More »
Home / Tag Archives: NoSQL
Tag Archives: NoSQL
Pluralsight NoSQL The Big Picture
An executive briefing on NoSQL databases, with discussion of why they're popular, where they work well, and where they don't. Includes extensive guidance in applying the right economic, technological and business criteria to evaluation of NoSQL adoption in your organization. Topics include: 1. NoSQL The Big Picture 2. What is …Read More »


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In 1900 when Nikola Tesla began designing free energy systems for the world, (see: The missing secrets of Nikola Tesla) he was brutally shut down by big oil interests and bankers who rightly saw a threat to their profits. This time, it will not be so easy.
The movement to clean, renewable energy is so smart, obvious and essential that people all over the world are mobilizing and innovating every day in hundreds of different ways and sharing their ideas 24/7. Thanks to the internet, it is now impossible to stop all the smart ideas from spreading. See: Mexican students invite eco-friendly motor bike.
Also see: Leonardo DiCaprio and Mark Ruffalo launch a clean energy campaign called 100% in New York. Here is a direct video link.
And need jobs? The energy revolution is where the next big job boom lives.


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been dating for about 5 or 6 months now. I'm his first girlfriend. It's been going pretty good. He got me candy and a heart necklace plus a rose from Valentine's gram. I got him Valentine's gram which were candy and a rose (lol I thought it was stupid of me to give him a rose since he's a guy).
I feel like I don't tell him my feelings as much as him. I feel like I don't really show nor express all that much..idk it maybe just in my head. Well he claims to not be the "sensitive type" but I remember weeks ago he sent me a text that he got embarased of lol "I love you, whenever I'm looking up at the stars and the moon, I really can't stop thinking about you <3" lol. I started giggling because I was not sure what he meant...haha.
I'm not sure if I should send him a text or not. I want him to know that I love him but I don't want to scare him off...also worried he will not reply...what should I send him? I was thinking "Hi...o.o...lol. I know I told you this before but I just want to thank you for the rose, candy and the pretty necklace (:-" Ehh not sure what else to say without being obsessive/clingy/creepy. I just want him to know how I feel...but I don't know how to express it...HELP? Thanks
Most Helpful Guy
Send emoticon boobies "(. Y .)"10|10|0


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I was with this guy for 9 months (april to jan) and we broke up in and I been with my new man for 6 months now. I am engaged to be married for august and I can't seem to get ovet the ex. The ex has kidnapped me and other things to but I won't mention. I lost my job because of him and his jealousy. But I can't get over him. I love my fiancee but the ex keeps coming in the picture. What can I do to forget about him?
Most Helpful Guy
YOU HAVE TO GET OVER HIM. You have to convince yourself that it's 100% over and that you will NEVER get back together, EVER. As long as there is the voice in the back of your head that says there's a chance you might get back together, you won't get over him.00|00|0


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Wessex FM News
Last Chance For Weymouth's Giant Inflatable Red Ball
12:34pm 23rd June 2012
It's your last chance this weekend to see the giant inflatable red ball that's been appearing in Weymouth.
The 15 foot inflation has been created by New York Artist Kurt Perschke.
It will be on the esplanade today and will move to the Cove House Inn at Chesil Cove on Portland tomorrow before leaving for London.
The Redball UK tour is part of the Martime Mix, the cultural events for the Olympics.
Sign up for the latest local news direct to your inbox


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Kathleen's United Pentecostal Church Experience
How astounding it is to read of wonderful, God-struck and searching souls leaving the super religious, self righteous environment of the UPC for walks in true spirituality!
I took this fearful and daunting step many years ago, after seeing my husband (a young minister at the time) repeatedly mistreated and put down by the "Powers that Be" in the church. I knew how hard he prayed and studied over every message he brought- sometimes for weeks at a time- only to be given 15 minutes to speak by our glory hogging, pulpit proud pastor. And often this same pastor would get up behind him and tear down everything he had taught, point by point.
My husband had a deep, teaching ministry- he was not a Bible pounder or loud in any way- but had scripture to back everything he said. Our pastor said he "lacked zeal" because he didn't clone his ministry after his! He worked 9 - 12 hours, 6 days a week to support our family and was always there for visitation, boards, work (building programs, yard work, etc.) but because he didn't shout and show theatrical enthusiasm while preaching, he was judged as having no zeal for the ministry. Go figure.
I kept my yard (our house was on a corner) and house immaculate and was told I could not wear my jeans even to do work requiring bending and squatting down- this with two little boys around me at all times! I had been outside working one day in a dress and the Holy Spirit convicted me of immodesty. I went in and put on some jeans and a loose, long-tailed shirt and proceeded to finish my work. I felt so much better covered up and MODEST!!
Then one of the ladies from the church pulled up to the stop sign adjacent to our yard, tooted her horn to get my attention, and wagged her finger at me in admonition. I was standing there- IN MY JEANS- enjoying the fruit of my labors and the handiwork of God in in the beauty of the day all around me- and this person threw a wet blanket over the whole thing with her judgmental actions. I knew being seen outside in pants would be reported to the church and I was knocked down spiritually. Then it dawned on me that it was ridiculous for me - as a Christian - to be crestfallen by what MAN had to say about me!! God wasn't convicting me about my jeans. Indeed, He had told me to put them on- Sister So & So was the one who was condemning me.
I also had wanted to cut the ends of my hair and the pastor flatly forbade it. I had come to the Lord from the world with dyed, short hair. As it grew, the end 2-3" were a brassy color and dead. This kept my hair splitting and unhealthy. I wanted to cut it to healthy growth- this had been done while I was still in the world and it served as a constant reminder of that time. He told me, "The wages of sin is death, Sister, and you will just have to live with that dead hair." Isn't this ridiculous?
We saw people dis-fellowshipped and shunned- one lady had been divorced by her husband- she hadn't wanted the divorce and had fought it- but was forbidden to hold any office or teach because UPC rules stipulated no divorced person could hold a position in the church. This lady was living celibate but that didn't matter- she still was treated as sort of a pariah anyway.
The church was more a museum for saints than it was a hospital for broken souls! Didn't Jesus teach that the hallmarks of a Christian are forgiveness and being non-judgmental?
Once some teenagers stumbled into the church, high on something, and sat in the back pew. They weren't being loud but they weren't being "Holy" either. You guessed it- they were sent away and told not to come back until they could "act right". Now, tell me, how is this ever going to happen if they can't sit in a church and HEAR THE WORD?? And let the Holy Spirit convict them of their erroneous lifestyles?
I could go on but there's better things to do than live in that dismal part of my life. We left UPC after 3 years- my husband never did get his ministerial license with them- it seemed no matter how hard he worked he could never "prove" himself to the pastor and that man had to refer him to the board. Later, he was credentialed by the IMA - another "Oneness" organization that we stayed with for many years.We have worshipped in Spirit filled churches of all denominations- if God doesn't care what kind of sign is hung over the door, why should we? The Lord seeks those who will worship Him "In spirit and in truth."
Thank you for letting me get this off my chest. I support what you are trying to do. I wish there had been some kind of a support group in place when we walked away from UPC.
In His Love and Peace,
Posted March 16, 2002
August 23, 1997
Copyright © 1997-2016 by Lois E. Gibson
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Did you hear about the serious scandal which started between Kanye West and Jay-Z after the Parisian attack on Kim Kardashian, when Jay-Z did not support his friend and his scared wife? Read the article and find out about the probable development of celebrities` relations.
It would seem that Kanye West and Jay-Z are a perfect example of colleagues, whose cooperation has grown into a strong friendship. Since super famous musicians recorded a joint album "Watch the Throne" in 2011, in public they did not call each other than brothers, and actively supported the career of each other. After 5 years since the album's release, it turned out that everything is not so good in relations between the families of musicians journalists claim that Beyonce cannot stand Kim Kardashian and Jay-Z communicates with the West only for the sake of money.
Details of the conflict got out in the press after the expressive monologue of Kanye West during one of his performances. Kanye accused colleague that he is not interested in how their family is experiencing the Parisian attack on Kim Kardashian, which took place on the night of 2 to 3 October at the Parisian Apart Hotel Hôtel de Pourtalès. Also, he shared the fact that his 3-year-old daughter North has still not been acquainted with the 4-year-old baby of Jay-Z, Blue Ivy Carter. Digging deeper, the media recalled that the relations between the two celebrity families have been strained since a long time ago. So, Beyonce and Jay-Z did not even come to the plush wedding of Kim and Kanye in 2014, when they found out that the footage of the ceremony will be included to one of the episodes of the reality about the Kardashian family.
Sources, close to the couples, claim that the reluctance to take part in the filming is just an excuse to ignore the invitation to the ceremony. According to them, the friendship of artists is nothing more than fiction. According to rumours, many people felt the hostility of Jay-Z to a younger colleague while they were working on a joint album.
Then rapper forced himself to go on tour with the new record. The only argument that influenced his decision to give a series of performances with Kanye became money release set a record for the number of sales and earned a status of platinum. As for Beyonce, wife of Jay-Z absolutely cannot stand Kanye and his wife Kim Kardashian. Everyone who appears close to them at different social events points out that the singer almost does not communicate with the star of reality television and on every occasion demonstrated her hostility. As the reason for such attitude journalists call snobbery of the singer who does not admit to her social circle people with such a controversial reputation like Kim has.
Revoicing his wife, Jay-Z says that he "misses the old Kanye", adding that with the appearance of Kim in his life, the rapper has changed dramatically for the worse, and if earlier it was just difficult to work with him, now he has become almost unbearable. Pronouncing his controversial dialogue, Kanye said: "The second part of the Watch the Trone will not appear." During a concert in Seattle, Kanye West decided to turn to his best friend Jay-Z right from the stage, in order to shame him for his carelessness.
READ ALSO: Are Jay-z and Beyonce still the richest couple?
Kanye said from the stage: "Do not call me after the robbery, saying: "How are you?" To find out what is in my heart, come to my house."
Claims of Kanye were vigorously discussed in social networks. Fans of Jay-Z and Beyonce have responded to them quite sharply, calling Kanye a "cry-baby" and chiding him that he complains and cries even more often than his wife.
Later on his concert in California, Kanye informed his fans that he is seriously worried about his life. Having performed two hits, Kanye suddenly stopped and began publically complaining about Jay-Z and Beyonce. He said that he came to say the true to the people and he was risking his life and asked Jay-Z to call him. He asked Jay-Z not to send killers for him. People who came to the concert became angry about the singer and were complaining that they paid money for their tickets and they want to see the show. After his shattering speech, West left the stage and cancelled a concert in Los Angeles the next day, citing poor health.
Recently there appeared information that Beyonce asks her husband to make peace with Kanye and support him during these hard days because utterances of Kanye were the result of many problems, health state and a strong stress. But after the hospitalisation, he seems to be fine already. The couple is going to repair their relations with Kanye West without sounding that to the paparazzi.
At the same time, the another source informs that all information about the rappers` argue is fake, and they are still very good friends and nothing threatens life and health of Kanye West. Jay-Z still appreciates him as a little bro and even calls him a member of the family.
So, we are going to follow the development of the situation and see what celebrities are going to do next.
- READ ALSO: Which rapper has the most cars?


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Product or Service
mashing vessel
Profile:Manufacturer - Producer|Ref:PSL149050YH | Country: China | Currency: | Export: No
The main parts of the equipments in this system are made of stainless steel attaining to international standard level. With the advanced technology of modern automated plasma, laser cutting line and pure argon gas welding, it can achieve to asepsis. And it can transit heat and save the energy in the utmost according to steam flowing principle with the applying of miller jacket technology. It keeps the temperature in the surface of equipment as the same to the temperature in the house for applying of the imported polyurethane. The whole equipment and the layout of pipelines looks very beautiful without the dead corner .It can be operated easily and has stable function. Besides, there is a special cap on the boiling tank for safety improving the safety and the level of automation. The major parts can be adjust levelness without dropping, leaking, bubbling and steam leaking.
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Written by: Seth Greener
If you are in the market for Dallas Office Cleaning then ORCA Cleaning Services is the one to call. ORCA is the premier cleaning company with our home base in Houston; we also service Dallas and San Antonio, and their surrounding areas. ORCA was established in 1999 and is counted among the top in the industry. Over the years we've gained a reputation for being the company that is trustworthy, competitively priced, and who provides outstanding customer service. We pride ourselves on the fact that we endeavor to exceed our customer's expectations and we do.
Our customers have a high expectation for Dallas Janitorial Services. Dallas businesses like the city itself are cutting edge, and they expect no less from the service companies that they engage. ORCA Cleaning Services is up to the challenge. Our use of high tech equipment and the training that our crews undergo set us apart and make us a leading edge company. We are the cleaning service that Dallas businesses trust to make sure their environment is in tiptop condition.
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January 29 - February 1, 2018
Dubai International Convention & Exhibition Centre
Stand H2.A11
Arab Health is the largest gathering of healthcare and trade professionals in the MENA region with over 4,400 of the world's leading healthcare companies coming in from 70 countries.
Beacon International Medical Systems UK, a leading provider of Pre-Owned Medical Imaging Equipment including MRI, PET/CT, CT, X-Ray, Ultrasound and Mammography Radiology Equipment will be exhibiting in Stand H2.A11. Please stop by our stand or schedule a meeting in advance with us. Please contact Michael Hardesty or Jon DeRoost using our Contact Form at Contact Beacon International or by call +1 623-975-2300.
At Beacon International Medical Systems UK, we are dedicated to providing our customers with the highest quality Pre-Owned Medical Imaging products and de-installation and installation services at very reasonable prices. From start to finish, customer satisfaction is the driving factor. We look forward to a full schedule of meetings during Arab Health 2018.


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First up in the search engine optimization article series on SEO Profile is Anatomy of a Web Page. This is an article for beginner SEO's and people wanting to learn more about search engine optimization. Here is a small excerpt from the article.
Understanding how web pages are composed is essential to begin a discussion of search engine optimization. This article is designed to help you understand the codes behind a web page so that you can better understand how SEO works.