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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The predictive value of the psychosocial constructs of Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) on subsequent dietary habits has not been previously investigated in a multivariate approach that includes demographic factors and past dietary behaviour among adults. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent TPB constructs, including intention, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and perceived social norms, measured at age 25 predicted four eating behaviours (intake of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, total fat and added sugar) eight years later.
Two hundred and forty men and 279 women that participated in the Oslo Youth Study were followed from 1991 to 1999 (mean age 25 and 33 years, respectively). Questionnaires at baseline (1991) included the constructs of the TPB and dietary habits, and at follow-up (1999) questionnaires included demographic factors and diet. For the assessment of diet, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with a few food items was used at baseline while an extensive semi-quantitative FFQ was used at follow-up.
Among men, attitudes, subjective norms and previous eating behaviour were significant predictors of fruit and vegetable intake, while education and past eating behaviour were predictive of whole grain intake in multivariate analyses predicting dietary intake at follow-up. For women, perceived behavioural control, perceived social norms and past behaviour were predictive of fruit and vegetable intake, while subjective norms, education and past eating behaviour were predictive of whole grain intake. For total fat intake, intention was predictive for men and perceived behavioural control for women. Household income and past consumption of sugar-rich foods were significant predictors of added sugar intake among men, while past intake of sugar-rich foods was a significant predictor of added sugar intake among women.
After adjusting for potential confounding factors, all psychosocial factors assessed among young adults appeared predictive of one or more eating behaviours reported eight years later. Results point to the influence of psychosocial factors on future eating behaviours and the potential for interventions targeting such factors.
The relationship between psychosocial factors and dietary behaviours over time is not clear [1,2]. With the exception of intervention studies that have used psychosocial models to predict dietary changes among adults over periods ranging from a few weeks to a few years [3-6] only a few studies have used longitudinal designs to investigate the relationship between psychosocial factors and dietary behaviours among adults [7-10]. A study by Armitage and Conner [7] employed the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB, including the constructs behavioural intention, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control) and reported intentions assessed at baseline to be predictive of dietary behaviour (fat intake) three months later. Conner and colleagues [8] also employed the TPB and found that healthy eating behaviour was predicted from intentions and perceived past behaviour measured six years earlier. Kristal and colleagues [9] applied the Stages of Change Model in their study and implemented a follow-up survey after two years. They found that reduction in fat intake and increase in fruit and vegetable intake were differently predicted by psychosocial factors. Respondents who were in the later stages of change for eating a low fat diet and who read food labels made the largest reductions in fat intake, while changes in fruit and vegetable intakes were small and did not reach significance across psychosocial factors. Patterson and colleagues [10] used the psychosocial factors beliefs, knowledge and perceived norms about diet and cancer to investigate the prediction of dietary change over three years. They found that respondents with a strong belief in the diet-cancer connection and those with knowledge about recommendations regarding diet and cancer reduced their fat intake and increased their fibre intake (knowledge only) more than those with no beliefs and no knowledge about the recommendations. However, food composition knowledge and perceived pressure to eat a healthful diet did not predict changes in fat or fibre intake. Given that the TPB constructs – attitudes toward behaviour, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and behavioural intention – differ from other models, dietary predictions found with the TPB model can not be directly compared to predictions found via other models. Thus, further investigation is needed to determine the ability of TPB's psychosocial constructs to predict dietary intakes among adults. In addition, dietary habits are known to vary with socioeconomic status, with those in higher social classes having more healthful diets than those in lower social classes [11-15]. The association between social class and diet is also seen in Norway [16,17]. Few studies have investigated long term associations between psychosocial and socioeconomic factors and diet among adult men and women [9,18-21].
A previous cross-sectional analysis of Oslo Youth Study participants (at mean age 25 years) found that components of the TPB accounted for 32% of the variance in behavioural intention to eat healthier food during the four weeks following the survey [22]. The aim of the current study was to utilize a longitudinal design to examine to what extent these TPB constructs measured at age 25 years predicted key elements of eating behaviour eight years later. In particular, we were interested in examining the explanatory power of the psychosocial constructs after adjustment for potential confounders, such as socio-demographic factors and previous eating habits.
The Oslo Youth Study was initiated in 1979 with participants in 5th–7th grade (mean age 13 years, range 11–16 years) from six schools in Oslo, Norway. The purposes of the study were to obtain epidemiological data on risk factors for cardiovascular disease and cancer and to evaluate the effects of a controlled intervention program to prevent the onset of smoking, increase physical activity and improve eating habits [23]. Participants were invited to take part in a follow-up survey in 1981. In 1991 and 1999, the same subjects, with average ages of 25 and 33 years, respectively, were invited to participate in follow-up studies involving self-administered questionnaires. In 1991, psychosocial constructs taken from the TPB and related to healthy eating were included for the first time. Data from subjects who participated in both the 1991 and 1999 surveys are reported here. In 1991, 706 of 947 eligible subjects participated (74.6%); of these, 526 also participated in 1999. However, as seven participants did not complete the dietary questionnaire in 1999, the final cohort consists of 519 subjects or 73.5% of those eligible in 1991.
As part of the Oslo Youth Study, an intervention program was implemented between the 1979 and 1981 surveys in half of the participating schools. Both students who received the intervention and the controls are included in this study. The intervention is described in detail elsewhere [24].
The Oslo Youth study was approved by the Norwegian Data Inspectorate, as well as the City of Oslo's health authorities.
In 1999, participants completed a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire designed to assess usual diet during the past year [25]. The questionnaire included 180 food items grouped together according to the typical Norwegian diet and meal pattern. Questions were phrased as to tap the usual intake, and both frequencies (10 response alternatives) and amounts (ranging between four and 14 response alternatives dependent on food item) were reported by the participants. Four outcome variables were constructed: 1) Fruit and vegetable intake (grams per day, including boiled potatoes in accordance with the Norwegian dietary recommendations [26] and a maximum of 150 grams of orange juice); 2) Whole grain intake (grams per day, including whole wheat bread, unsweetened breakfast cereals and oat porridge); 3) Total fat intake (percent of total energy intake); and 4) Added sugar intake (percent of total energy intake).
The constructs from TPB (intention, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control with respect to healthy eating) were assessed in 1991 [22]. In the 1991 questionnaire, "healthy food" was loosely defined as "foods low in fat, sugar and salt." Behavioural intention was measured by one question: "How likely is it that you will eat healthier food during the next four weeks?" with response options ranging from (1) "Very unlikely" to (5) "Very likely."
Seven beliefs were assessed by a probability scale ranging from (1) "Very unlikely" to (5) "Very likely" (e.g., "If I am eating healthier food the next four weeks my cholesterol level will be reduced"). In addition to the belief regarding reducing cholesterol levels, beliefs about reducing body weight, be more fit, reducing risk of coronary heart disease, looking younger, reducing cancer risk and enjoying food more were assessed. The corresponding outcomes were measured by means of the question "How important is it for you to [e.g., reduce your cholesterol level]?" using a scale ranging from (1) "Not important at all" to (4) "Very important." Each belief item was multiplied by the corresponding outcome item and the products were used to construct an indirect measure of attitude (range: 1–20, Cronbach's α: 0.80).
Normative beliefs were assessed by six items on a scale ranging from (1) "Very unlikely" to (5) "Very likely": "Do you believe that your parents/siblings/friends/partners/physician/co-workers think that you should eat healthier food the next four weeks?" Response alternatives included "I do not know," coded as neutral and "I do not have parents/siblings etc.," coded as missing. Motivation to comply with significant others was measured by the following question: "How important is it for you to comply with...?" on a scale ranging from (1) "Not important at all" to (4) "Very important." The responses to each normative belief were multiplied by the corresponding item for motivation to comply. The products were used to construct a subjective norm scale (range: 1 – 20, Cronbach's α: 0.83).
Perceived behavioural control was assessed by six questions measuring participants' beliefs in eating healthier foods under specific circumstances and two questions measuring participants' beliefs in preparing healthier dishes when busy or when tired. The question "To what extent do you believe you are able to eat healthier food if you are...?" addressed these eight situations, e.g., "with people who eat unhealthy food." In addition, a global question was asked about the extent to which participants felt able to prepare healthier dishes. The response scale ranged from (1) "Very little" to (4) "Very much." The responses to each of the nine beliefs were used to construct a perceived behavioural control scale (range: 1 – 4, Cronbach α: 0.82).
In addition to the constructs from TPB noted above, perceived social norms were measured by asking participants five questions on how important healthy eating was to their parents, partner, best friend(s), siblings, and co-workers using a scale ranging from (1) "Not important at all" to (4) "Very important." Those who checked "I do not know" were coded neutral and those who checked "I do not have....." were coded as missing. The responses to each of the five questions were used to construct a perceived social norms scale (range: 1 – 4, Cronbach's α: 0.69). For a listing of all items, see Øygard and Rise, 1996 [22].
In 1991, a food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. The questionnaire included 30 food items and the five response alternatives regarding frequencies ranged from seldom/never to more than once daily. Information about amounts was not collected, and therefore an assessment of total energy intake was not possible. A Fruit and vegetable score was composed of reported intake of fruits, vegetables and orange juice. A Whole grain score was composed of reported intake of whole wheat bread and breakfast cereals. A Fat score was composed of reported consumption of plant margarine, butter, whole fat milk, French fries/potato chips, meat balls, hamburgers and sausages and, similarly, a Sugar score was composed of reported intake of chocolate/sweets, cakes/buns and sugar sweetened, carbonated soft drinks. All scores for single food items ranged from (1) "Eat never or seldom" to (5) "Eat several times daily." A composite score was composed by summing values of single food items included in the specific score and dividing by the number of food items included, resulting in a range from one to five for all four dietary habit scores.
Educational attainment reported in 1999 was classified in five categories, ranging from "9 years of elementary/secondary school (or less)" to "More than 4 years at college/university." The household's annual income was reported in six categories ranging from "<NOK 200000" to "≥NOK 600000." If household income was missing, personal income was used. This was the case for four women (two married, one single and one divorced) and for five men (all married). Marital status was classified as "Married or co-habiting" versus "Single," which also included those divorced (n = 18) or widowed (n = 1).
Unpaired t-tests and chi-square tests were used to compare baseline characteristics between follow-up participants and non-participants, and to compare men and women.
Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to investigate bivariate associations between all independent and dependent variables. Linear regression analysis was used to predict eating habits at follow-up. The models were tested for interaction by gender and by intervention/control status in 1979/81. As there was significant interaction with gender, men and women were analyzed separately. There was no interaction with intervention status, thus intervention and control groups were combined in the analyses. In the regression analysis, we entered baseline psychosocial factors in model one, demographic factors in model two and past eating behaviour in model three.
The statistical software package SPSS 11.0 for Windows was used in all analyses.
Of the 706 subjects who participated in 1991, 180 did not participate in 1999. No significant baseline differences were found between those who participated and those who did not in 1999.
Significant gender differences were observed for baseline dietary and psychosocial factors (Table (Table1).1). Compared to men, women reported higher scores on fruit and vegetable intake, attitudes and perceived behavioural control, while men reported higher scores on fat and sugar intake and perceived social norms. At follow-up in 1999, no significant differences existed between men and women regarding the dependent dietary variables (Table (Table22).
Table Table33 presents bivariate correlations between independent variables in 1991 (except dietary scores) and 1999. The correlation coefficients ranged from zero to moderately high. The strongest internal correlations were found among the psychosocial factors, between attitude and subjective norms (0.38 and 0.48 for women and men, respectively), and between attitude and intentions (0.47 and 0.50 for women and men, respectively). For men, the only psychosocial and demographic factors associated with dietary intakes were perceived social norms (with added sugar intake) and education in 1999 (with whole grain intake in 1999). For women, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and perceived social norms measured in 1991 were associated with two or three of the dietary habits measured in 1999. Furthermore, all demographic factors were associated with fruit and vegetable intake among women, while education in addition were associated with whole grain, fat and sugar intake among women. Bivariate correlation coefficients (Pearson's r) between dietary intake in 1991 and 1999 among men were 0.31 for fruits and vegetables, 0.28 for whole grains, 0.13 for fat and 0.34 for sugar. Corresponding values for women were 0.41, 0.34, 0.17 and 0.30, respectively, and all p-values were <0.001 except for fat intake (p = 0.05 for men and p < 0.01 for women).
Table Table44 and and55 present results from multivariate analyses of predictors of dietary habits at follow-up. For men, all significant predictors in model one and two remained significant in the consecutive models. This was, however, not so for women. In model two, education was predictive of women's fruit and vegetable intake, while it lost its significance in model three when adjusting for previous behaviour (Table (Table4).4). Subjective norms and perceived social norms appeared predictive of women's intake of added sugar in model one; however, this significance disappeared when adjusting for previous behaviour in model three (Table (Table5).5). In the final models for men, attitudes, baseline subjective norms and corresponding eating behaviour at baseline remained significant predictors of intake of fruits and vegetables, while education and corresponding eating behaviour at baseline remained predictive of whole grain intake (Table (Table4).4). For women, perceived behavioural control, perceived social norms and corresponding eating behaviour at baseline were predictive of fruit and vegetable intake, while subjective norms and education, in addition to corresponding eating behaviour at baseline, were predictive of whole grain intake in the multivariate models (Table (Table4).4). For total fat intake at follow-up, intention and marital status were became significant predictors for men and perceived behavioural control was the only significant predictor for women (Table (Table5).5). For added sugar intake, household income and past intake of sugar-rich foods were significant predictors for men (Table (Table5).5). For women, only past intake remained a significant predictor of added sugar intake at follow-up (Table (Table55).
Results of this study are an important addition to the literature on psychosocial predictors of eating behaviour. By employing a longitudinal design and adjusting for socio-demographic confounders, as well as previous eating behaviour, we found that attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, perceived social norms and intention to eat healthier food the next four weeks emerged as significant predictors of one or several eating behaviours eight years later. Of the socio-demographic factors, only education was positively associated with healthy eating for both sexes, while a higher income was associated with a low sugar intake and to be single or divorced was associated with a lower fat intake among men. Overall, the factors examined accounted for 4% to 20 % of the variation in follow-up eating behaviour.
For men, neither subjective norms nor attitude was significantly correlated with fruit and vegetable intake in bivariate analyses. However, in multivariate analyses, these factors appeared to be significantly associated with the intake of fruits and vegetables at follow-up. Because no significant associations existed between psychosocial factors and fruit and vegetable intake among men in bivariate analyses, multivariate associations might be artefacts, but they could also be a suppression phenomenon, see under Internal correlations below. Perceived behavioural control and perceived social norms measured at baseline remained predictive of women's intake of fruits and vegetables. In the 1991 survey, perceived social norms were found to be predictive of healthy eating [27]. In 1999, subjective norms were negatively associated with intake of fruits and vegetables because of the way the question was asked: "Do you believe that your parents, etc. think that you should eat healthier food the next four weeks?" Thus, those already having a healthy diet most likely did not believe their significant others expected them to eat healthier food. Conner and colleagues [8] investigated the longitudinal relationship between the constructs of TPB assessed at two time points six months apart (time 1 (T1) and time 2 (T2)) and eating behaviour assessed six years after T2. They found that intentions and the interaction between intentions and intention stability (defined as stability in intention between T1 and T2 six years prior to the last follow-up in their study) and between perceived past behaviour and intention stability were predictive of fruit and vegetable intake six years later. In our study, the constructs of TPB were measured only at age 25; hence, we can not address the stability of the psychosocial constructs. In an earlier publication by Conner and colleagues [28], they concluded that both stability in intentions and perceived behavioural control were important for future dietary behaviour. Our study adds to previous research in that perceived behavioural control, as well as perceived social norms among women measured once several years prior to dietary behaviour assessment, appear to be predictive of dietary behaviour.
Social class and family situation are factors shown to be predictive of dietary habits [15,29-31]. However, none of the socio-demographic factors in our study emerged as predictors of fruit and vegetable intake when we adjusted for past behaviour. This lack of an association may indicate that the association is mediated through other variables, such as dietary habits and psychosocial factors.
Education and previous behaviour remained significant predictors of whole grain intake among men and women in multivariate analyses, while the subjective norms construct was significant only for women. This is consistent with previous findings showing that a higher social class is associated with higher rates of consumption of whole grain foods [14,32]. As for fruit and vegetable intake, the subjective norms construct was negatively associated with whole grain intake. Patterson and colleagues [10] did not find that perceived norms, which resembled subjective norms in our study, explained fibre intake three years later.
Intention to eat healthier food measured at baseline was significantly and negatively associated with men's fat intake at follow up, even after adjusting for past behaviour. Perceived behavioural control remained a significant predictor of fat intake among women in multiple regression analyses. This is in contrast to the findings of Conner and colleagues, who found that intentions and the interaction between intentions and intention stability were the only significant predictors of fat intake six years later [8]. While Conner and colleagues' study included both genders, women constituted 83% of their sample. Among men in our study, marital status appeared to be a significant predictor of fat intake; to be single/divorced was associated with a lower fat intake when adjusted for psychosocial factors and past behaviour. This is in contrast to a Finnish study finding that married men and women had diets more in line with the dietary guidelines than not married men and women [15]. We have no explanation for our finding, and it may also be spurious.
In the final model, perceived social norms and household income were predictive of men's sugar intake. In a previous report from the Oslo Youth Study, perceived social norms, represented by partners, were also predictive of healthy eating when adjusted for education [27]. For women, perceived social norms were predictive of sugar intake; however, when we included past behaviour in the model, past behaviour was the only factor that was predictive of women's sugar intake. A cross-sectional study by Grogan and colleagues examined gender differences in attitudes and behaviour using the Theory of Reasoned Action regarding eating sweet snacks [33]. The authors found that perceived social pressure and attitudes toward sweet snacks were associated with women's intentions to eat sweet snacks, while only attitudes were associated with men's intentions. Both men's and women's intentions were associated with reported intake of sweet snacks. However, the perceived social pressure construct in that study resembled the subjective norms construct in our study, and in that respect, our findings were similar. However, in our study, subjective norms lost its significance in predicting sugar intake when we included demographic factors and past intake of food high in sugar in the models.
Scores representing past behaviour were predictive of intake of all dependent dietary measures for both sexes, with the exception of fat. Few studies have investigated the stability of nutrient intakes [34] and eating habits [35] during adult years. A study by Mulder and colleagues [35] on the stability of lifestyle behaviour over four years among adult men 30 – 39 years of age at baseline found the correlation coefficient between the dietary scores (including meal pattern, sweet and salty snacks, fruit and attitudes toward eating fat and fibre) at time one and time two to be 0.57. Our findings indicate that past habits are important predictors of current habits even when adjusting for socio-demographic and psychosocial factors and when taking into account that a different measure to assess food intake was used at baseline of the study. Conner and Armitage [36] have proposed that past behaviour may predict future behaviour as a moderator of the relationship between the TPB variables, as a source of information and as a mediator of TPB variables. They argue that there are good reasons to incorporate frequency of past behaviour as predictors of current behaviour in the TPB alongside intentions and perceived behavioural control. The results of our study support the view that past behaviour has an independent predictive value of fruit and vegetable intake, whole grain intake and sugar intake when taking the TPB constructs into account. Previous studies have shown that past behaviours were predictive of future behaviours independent of intentions, attitudes, norms and perceived behavioural control (PBC) [37]. Conner and Armitage [36] reported that after accounting for PBC and intentions, past behaviour, on average, could explain 13% (3% to 28%) of the observed variance in behaviour. In our study, an additional 6.2% on average (ranging from 0.5% to 10.6%) of variance in behaviour was explained by past behaviour beyond what was explained by the TPB variables and demographic factors. Given that the TPB is not often used to investigate dietary behaviours, comparing the explained variance between studies is difficult. The total explained variance in dietary habits in our study is, however, comparable to findings reported by Conner and colleagues [8]. The low explained variances found in our study and in other studies investigating psychosocial and demographic factors' prediction of dietary habits point to other variables having impact on dietary habits. Such factors have not been examined in this study, but physical environment [38,39], as well as taste, cost and convenience have been proposed as important to dietary behaviours [40,41].
Dietary differences between men and women have previously been demonstrated, with women generally reporting healthier eating habits than those reported by men [42]. Our results at baseline agree with this finding, as women had higher scores on fruit and vegetable intake and lower scores on fat and sugar intake compared to scores among men. However, at follow-up we observed no statistically significant differences between men and women's dietary intakes. In a representative and random sample of Norwegians 16 to 79 years of age in 1993 that applied the same method as the 1999 follow up of the Oslo Youth Study, researchers reported that women had higher intakes of vegetables and of fruit and berries compared to men, while men had higher intakes of cereals compared to women [43]. Also, fat and sugar intake differed between men and women in the previous study, while in our study the differences were not statistically significant. Even though most findings from our study showed the same patterns as in previous studies, differences between men and women did not reach statistical significance. This may be due to differing age groups and places of residence, as these factors also influence dietary intakes assessed with this method [44].
Gender differences in the TPB constructs regarding healthier eating have not been reported previously, but a study applying the Theory of Reasoned Action found women were under more social pressure not to eat sweet snacks than were men [33]. Barker and colleagues demonstrated that fat-phobic and fibre-philic attitudes were more prevalent among women, and that fat-phobic attitudes were inversely related to fat intake among women, but not among men [45]. A Norwegian study showed that, compared to men, women were more prone to consider foods that were in accordance with dietary recommendations as healthy, and less prone to consider fat- and protein-rich foods as healthy [46]. However, the gender difference disappeared when including "trust in experts" in the model, indicating that women's higher trust in experts might be one reason they ranked fish, fruits, vegetables and potatoes as healthy foods. This is similar to Grogan and colleagues' findings that women felt more pressure from health experts than did men to avoid eating sweet snacks [33]. Our results support this finding by indicating that men and women might use different psychosocial bases to carry out certain behaviours, but as we can see no certain patterns regarding gender, we can not conclude about how TPB constructs predict men's and women's eating behaviour differently.
The relatively high attrition rate in this study is comparable to attrition rates found in previous longitudinal studies with similar follow-up periods [47,48]. There were, however, no baseline differences between participants and drop-outs, and we do not think that the attrition seen in this study is a threat to the validity of the observed prospective relationships.
The psychosocial factors in this study were constructed around healthier eating defined as "food low in fat, sugar and salt." Being aware that fruit, vegetables and whole meal bread was not included in the definition of a healthy diet in the 1991 survey is important. In 1991, the dietary focus in Norwegian society, as well as in the Oslo Youth Study, was on reducing the intake of fat and salt. The dietary focus in 1991 influenced the way the TPB questions were phrased and this might have influenced the observed associations between psychosocial factors and dietary habits. Baranowski and colleagues [1] claim that the influence on dietary habits varies by foods, and that the predictive value of TPB appears to be higher in predicting intake of a single food item or narrow categories of foods. Also the variability in measurement may play a role in the prediction of, for instance, fat eating patterns [1], which can be measured by means of total fat intake in grams per day, as per cent of total energy from fat or as foods high in fat. All this will contribute to differing prediction of different behaviours by psychosocial factors.
The time period for which intentions and attitudes toward healthier eating was applied at baseline in this study was "the next four weeks." It is therefore remarkable that the constructs of TPB contributed to the prediction of eating habits assessed eight years later. Results might point to the stability of the underlying psychosocial constructs. These findings are in agreement with previous studies investigating the stability of TPB constructs over time and as predictors of food choice over time [7,8].
The methodology of assessing diet in 1991 and 1999 differed. The dietary method used in 1999 made it possible to compute total intake of energy, macro- and micronutrients, while the questionnaire used in 1991 only enabled assessment of intake frequencies. Prediction of single nutrients in 1999 by means of previous intake was difficult as we did not have measures of the same nutrient eight years earlier. However, the single food items measured in 1991 are good sources for the particular 1999 nutrients [49]. Despite the differing methods used to assess dietary intakes, past behaviour was predictive of current behaviour for all items except fat intake, indicating a high degree of stability in dietary habits. Dietary scores composed of intake of specific food items and nutrients are shown to be valid for evaluating diet quality among adults [50,51].
In multivariate analyses of prediction of fruit and vegetable for men, the high correlations between subjective norms and attitudes might explain why variables not significant in bivariate analyses became significantly associated with the diet under investigation in multivariate analyses. Subjective norms might act as suppressors on attitudes, and vice versa, in bivariate analyses between each of these constructs and the intake of fruit and vegetables (negative confounding). However, in the multivariate analyses, these constructs will be mutually adjusted and the association between each of them and fruit and vegetable intake will become significant. However, the observed associations between attitude, subjective norms and fruit and vegetable intake among men in the multivariate analyses might also be an artefact. The other modest correlations between independent variables in this study are not regarded as a threat to the validity of the results.
Despite the psychosocial predictor variables investigated in this study being operationalized in terms of predicting healthy eating four weeks later, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, intentions and perceived social norms all appeared predictive of one or more specific eating behaviours reported eight years later. This was the case even after adjusting for demographic factors and past corresponding eating behaviour. Results point to the influence of psychosocial factors on future eating behaviours among adults and the potential for interventions targeting such factors on future behaviours.
Future research should focus on further development of appropriate assessment tools for psychosocial constructs, whether such constructs are stable over time and applying parallel measures of dietary intakes over time among representative samples of adults.
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
EK was responsible for the formulation of the research question, the data analyses and writing the paper. NL contributed to formulate the research question and assisted with data analyses and writing the paper. GST and KIK were responsible for the design of the overall study, data collection and writing the paper. KIK contributed to formulating the specific research question and supervised data analyses. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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?Mid-Term Break? By Seamus Heaney Essay, Research Paper
Mid-term Break C.E.
The poem I am evaluating in this essay is titled ?Mid-term
break? and was written by Seamus Heaney. The poem is about
the laying out to rest of a four year old told from his older brother?s perspective. I will be dealing with and trying to
explain the use of words, images and techniques and their
effects on the poem.
Starting off with the title. There is a dramatic irony to it
that is noticed when read through a couple of times. It relates to the
Child?s position in that his life was broken short i.e. "Mid-term Break". It had not been completed. As one read on one will
realise that when the title is decrypted the atmosphere is amplified
again. The sad empathetic feeling.
This is achieved through a number of factors. The most
important is the fact that it's told from the brother?s point of view. The very first word in the poem is "I". This immediately brings the reader into the poem. It opens our minds by making us think, so that the poem can be appreciated, as it should be.
?I sat all morning?. Here the emphasis is directed on all. This simple word makes us think how long, drawn out and boring this morning must?ve been for the brother (who is presumably the narrator). Also there?s a fearful expectancy, the idea of a suspenseful wait. But where was he waiting?
?In the college sick bay?. This suggests there is something wrong with the narrator. This hints he may be ill while at the same time helping to reinforce of expecting, suspense.
While he was sitting he was ?Counting bells?. This adds to the continuously surmounting pile of anxiety, fear, expectancy and suspense. This is because he doesn?t just hear the bells ringing in the background; he?s counting every ring.
He isn?t just counting out of boredom (although this is one reason). He is counting because the bells are ?Knelling classes to a close?. A very sinister phrase. Knell is what funeral bells ring with. ?to a close.? Added with the knelling this mixes to a good effect. The bells aren?t mark the beginning of a new class to him, there?s a final, definite ending. The alliteration here comes across ads intimidating because of the hard K sounds in ?counting?, ?classes? and ?close?.
In the next line ?two ?o? clock? is stated by the narrator. This is important as it indicates how long he has been waiting in the sick bay. Also, when bad things happen the time is etched on ones memory. This is a subconscious thing.
The important thing about two ?o? clock is that the neighbours are driving him home. We wonder what?s wrong. We think about the evidence of the closing, knelling bells, the sick bay and the neighbours driving him home. At this point I came to a conclusion that something very bad was happening. A funeral!
Then begins the second verse. The first line tells us where he is (his porch) and who is there (his father).
?I met my father crying?. Heaney?s word choice here is again representative of the atmosphere. Instead of sobbing or weeping he chooses crying because it comes across as something very painful and paints a picture in ones head of the scene.
The next line reinforces what is already a fort of atmosphere and emotion telling us more about his father reading ?He had always taken funerals in his stride?.
The third line ?And Big Jim Evans saying it was a hard blow? It made me really feel the last word as a sinking feeling in the stomach. This is a very empathetic verse.
Next comes a break, a relief. A kind of contrast like two extremes that helped me realise the extremity of the focused side of sadness, shock and confusion.
?The baby cooed and laughed and rocked the pram?. There?s onomatopoeia to ?cooed?. It?s almost like ones hearing it. This makes it seem more immediate.
The line after begins ?When I came in?. If poems were logical like math (which they are not and hopefully never will be) then this should be in the same line as the one before. There is a reason for this of course. The technique is called enjambment (It?s French). It is the continuation of the sense and therefore the grammatical construction beyond the end of a line of verse or the end of a couplet. Used properly as it is here it backs up the mood and leaves one hanging with suspense even if only for a few hundredths of a second.
The rest of the line is the start of another enjambment ?, and I was embarrassed? which would continue ?By old men standing up to shake my hand?. All this makes one think. It puts even more emphasis on the relief of the contrast.
Upon further reading I noticed that the enjambment continues until the second line of the last verse but I will come to that later.
Getting back to the last point, what significance does the narrator stating he was embarrassed have on the story? Well I think it?s a change of emotion from being sad and nauseous about the situation. It inserts an awkward uncertain atmosphere of confusion.
The next line ?Whispered informed strangers? is probably one of the most significant contributions to the poem. One can imagine the silence of the house. Nobody is willing to speak up, out of respect and the same awkwardness of the narrator. The emphasis not put on the people but on the whispers and their affect upon the atmosphere. The alienating, isolated, confusing, and frightened atmosphere.
?As my mother held my hand/In hers?. As well as being another as enjambment ?In hers? shows us that she is comforting herself and he knows this. To be clear I?m not saying that I think this is bad and selfish but that he?s frightened even more because everyone?s feeling scared and he doesn?t feel he has anyone to lean against and gain strength from.
His mother ?coughed out angry tearless sighs?. This shows her discomfort about her position. It conveys the forced nature of her sighs.
?Sighs? is onomatopoeia, which is strange when combined with coughed out.
?Angry?. This sways me to thinking that she may be mad at the driver or just the fact of coming to terms with the death of her child.
After all this waiting the ambulance comes with the child. The importance here is the exact time stated. ?At ten ?o? clock the ambulance arrived?. Just as before with the narrator waiting in the sick bay there is emphasis on the dramatic nature of the event.
The ambulance was carrying the ?corpse? not the expected child with some adjectives as garnish spread sparsely around. Corpse is quite a medical word and gives a feeling of the remoteness of the dead person.
?Stanched and bandaged?. Well first of all I?ll deal with ?stanched?. It represents the definitive stop, simply as it exists in the poem.
The next part is very interesting if you get the hidden agenda, which is surprisingly flower association. Dating back to medieval times. Flowers used to be used to symbolize many things. Such as romance (rose), orchid (beauty) etc. onto snowdrops which are used in this poem as they represent renewal. This is the second piece of relief from contrast in the story.
?I saw him/ for the first time in six weeks? is a very good use of enjambment as it is used for shock not suspense.
It then reads ?Paler now?. Emphasis being set on the now like it?s a big shock. It creates a new atmosphere of reflection and quiet.
Next comes a reference to Remembrance Day in the form of ?a poppy bruise on his left temple?. This also provides a literal contrast of the vivid bruise to the pale skin.
Some indication of the date is given by the ?four foot box as in his cot? This tells me that the story must have been set a long time ago. Most likely pre 60?s. I say this as funeral parlors selling coffins made by craftsmen only came about after the 50?s and became gradually more popular as time passed by. The poem was written in 1966 and because of the layout, tenses, and overall feeling I think it?s quite obvious it was written about a personal experience of the writers past. My point being that the box was probably homemade or done by a friend with some kind of carpentry experience.
?No gaudy scars?. The word gaudy suggests excessive colours, so to me this is a good word choice. It shows the image of the very clean pigment lacking skin with the one vivid bruise where the bumper ?knocked him clear?.
?Knocked him clear? is ironic as the bumper really did knock him clear whereas it could easily have been taken as something else or worded differently.
The most literally amazing and by far the most bleaching (mark-leaving) line is the very last. The poem going from sad to happy back to sad then reflective to the end. All these changes are anti-climaxes but all are totally shadowed by the last line which is the climax not cut short by the end but leaving an aftertaste in the mind from all the stimulation. Now, for the last line.
?A four foot box, a foot for every year?. There is alliteration of the soft ?f?, the colossal impact, the fact that it epitaphs the preceding line as two beautiful couplets together, the incredible sadness of it all crammed into one line, the last line!
This poem is definitely one of my favourites now that I have took the opportunity to read it so closely. The simple, direct and plain language throughout put forward the stark realism of the event which to me make it even sadder that it isn?t glorified. It?s completely bare. My theory is that the poem was written as an incredibly, beautiful snowball of words and colours. It gains size and in doing so has more force to impact. There are points that it?s not growing in force but this time is spent gazing at the bottom of the hill in awe. It grows and grows and grows until the end where BOOM! It all hits you and you?re left buried in it swimming in the words and colours as by that time you?re inside it.
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About Roy Doughty and AMOW A Monument of Wonders
In a private darshan in 2006, Sri Bhagavan told Roy that his writing would be a Deeksha to all who would read or listen to the words. Six years and many chapters later, the work is now ready for publication. You can read the first 200 pages on this website. http://www.amonumentofwonders.com/
You can make a contribution of any size to support the artist and the work here.http://www.gofundme.com/1d7ggk
About Roy Dean Doughty
For the past 12 years, Roy has been writing an epic work of fiction and poetry, created as a pioneering work of "quantum fiction". This work aspires to create a multi-media internet model, which illustrates the generative nexus of Consciousness, Language and Time in the shaping of our individual and collective realities. Portions of this work, entitled "A Monument of Wonders," were featured on VoiceAmerica radio network with 43 one-hour programs bearing the same title. He currently maintains three blogs, www.doughtyspoetry, www.doughtysjamesjoyce, and www.doughtysbrainfood. In addition to his literary work, he has written successful business plans to raise capital for for-profit companies, and grants to fund non-profit organizations.
A lifelong poet, for almost two decades, Roy has written a poem a day as part of his spiritual practice. His poems have been featured readings on the KEST AM San Francisco radio show, "The Oneness Program," which Roy co-hosted with Rev. Dr. Patricia Keel. His poems, as a consequence of Sri Bhagavan's dispensation granted in a private audience at Oneness University in 2006, have been pronounced "deekshas," or the transmitters of the divine energy also called the "oneness blessing." In 2001, he published an e-book, "Clear Mo(u)rning," memorializing the death of his mother, which is available in a variety of formats through Smashwords and other major outlets. Another volume of selected poems "Spirit Chronologies," is also available through Smashwords. Copies from small editions of his works are still available through Amazon, and often command premium prices.
Core Beliefs, Practices, Selected Publications
Poet, novelist, spiritual seeker, personal transformation consultant, business executive and business consultant, Roy Dean Doughty has had close to 35 years of experience in helping create the shift from fragmentation to wholeness. He has been a daily practitioner of Kriya yoga for more than 25 years, and in 2006, and again in 2007, he completed courses at Ananda Loka 3 and Golden City, India, authorizing him to give the divine transfer of energy variously known as Oneness Prayer, Oneness Blessing, or Deeksha.
Most recently he has focused upon creating and delivering a methodology known as ReScripting. ReScripting works with the brain's representation patterns and physiology to rapidly transform groups and/or individuals, empowering them to reprogram embedded dysfunctions and to more consistently live at their creative peak.


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It's amazing at times to come across something so old that can easily be applicable today. It happened with an episode of Dragnet. Three goofy teenagers, not liking the United States and their condition too much, want to start their own country and are caught stealing to fund their venture. Joe Friday sits them down and sets them straight. The scary thing is, this exact same speech could be delivered on college campuses around the nation!
It's stunning to listen to this. Even before the technological advances we have made, this makes total sense.
I love the way it starts. With the typical, "You just don't get it!" The part that stands out the most is when Webb talks about people wanting instant gratification. That is so true. Everybody wants what they want now and if they don't get it, look out.
Share it with others! Maybe they'll play it for their kids and people will realize that newer generations have it pretty easy compared to our elders!
H/T: Just A Moment


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6 Dallas Cowboys Who Could Be on the Roster Bubble in 2014January 7, 2014
6 Dallas Cowboys Who Could Be on the Roster Bubble in 2014
The Dallas Cowboys have some small salary-cap problems on their hand, at least temporarily, so they're going to need to shift around some deals to open up space in 2014. The most likely outcome is that they restructure some contracts to free up space without letting go of impact players.
The 'Boys have some veterans who should be open to taking a salary reduction, including defensive end DeMarcus Ware and tight end Jason Witten. According to Spotrac, those two players alone have a combined salary-cap hit of $24.4 million in 2014 alone.
Other players, such as quarterback Tony Romo, might convert part of their 2014 base salary into guaranteed money to free up even more cap space. Romo is due $13.5 million in base salary alone this year, with a $21.8 million cap hit. By converting, say, $10 million of his base salary into a signing bonus, his cap hit would shrink closer to $13 million or so.
And of course there will be some salary-cap casualties as well. Here are the top six players who could very well be on the roster bubble in 2014.
DE DeMarcus Ware
2014 Cap Number: $16 million
Potential Dead Money: $8.6 million
Coming right out of the gate with a shocker. Defensive end DeMarcus Ware turned in a pretty poor 2013 season whether we're grading him according to his own standards or even those for a typical pass-rusher.
It seems blasphemous that Dallas would cut Ware, and in reality, I think it'll try to restructure his contract. If I were the GM, I'd ask Ware to take a pay cut. If he refused, I actually think the Cowboys need to send him packing.
Look, this isn't about whether or not Ware is "finished" or if he can be a quality starter. The issue is if he's really worth the money Dallas could save by cutting him if he wouldn't take a pay cut. By releasing Ware, Dallas would save $6.4 million on its 2014 salary cap.
For Ware to remain in Dallas, the equation would need to look something like this:
- DeMarcus Ware — ($6.4 million + replacement cap hit) > Replacement Player + ($6.4 million - replacement cap hit)
When you frame it like that, you can make an argument that Ware is no longer productive enough to make up for multiple millions against the cap.
WR Miles Austin
2014 Cap Number: $8.2 million
Potential Dead Money: $7.9 million
The reason that wide receiver Miles Austin could be on the outs in 2014 is that his cap figure currently exceeds the dead money Dallas would need to take on to release him. If the Cowboys cut Austin, they'd save around $300,000 this year. They'd of course need to sign another receiver, which is one of the hidden costs of releasing someone, so in reality, they'd probably break even.
My guess is that Austin will take a pay cut because it would benefit both parties. If he doesn't, though, the question for Dallas will be if Austin's place on the roster is inhibiting the team's ability to develop another wide receiver. If they deem the long-term value of another wide receiver as far greater than Austin's potential short-term impact, he could be gone.
RT Jermey Parnell
2014 Cap Number: $1.8 million
Potential Dead Money: $333k
I personally think right tackle Jermey Parnell should remain in Dallas, but the Cowboys would save nearly $1.5 million if they release him. That's fairly substantial for a backup player, although I think Dallas realizes Parnell's potential value behind the volatile Doug Free.
My guess is that Parnell won't be cut because he offers so much upside, but it wouldn't shock me since his release would open up a little cap space.
LB Justin Durant
2014 Cap Number: $1.5 million
Potential Dead Money: $200k
Due to linebacker Justin Durant's cap number and the fact that Dallas would save $1.3 million in releasing him, I think it's likely that he'll be out of town in 2014. It would be different if Durant were a developmental player, but his ceiling is limited as a 28-year-old linebacker.
With any veteran, the question is, "what can he offer us over a replacement player, and is that difference worth the salary cap space we could save in releasing him?" With Durant, I think the cap space is worth more than his value over a replacement.
DT Nick Hayden
2014 Cap Number: $733k
Potential Dead Money: $0
Defensive tackle Nick Hayden's future is cloudy at best because he has no guaranteed money remaining in his contract. If the Cowboys cut him immediately, they wouldn't owe him a penny. His base salary for 2014 isn't exorbitant, but Hayden also didn't play very well this year.
The question for Dallas is pretty simple: Is Hayden worth $733,000? I don't think he is, but you might see him stick around simply because, with Jason Hatcher leaving via free agency, the Cowboys really don't have anyone to play the position.
RB Joseph Randle
2014 Cap Number: $542k
Potential Dead Money: $142k
This is probably more wishful thinking on my part than anything else, but running back Joseph Randle's future in Dallas shouldn't be guaranteed. The Cowboys would save $400k by cutting him (although they'd of course need to bring in another running back). If they can find value on a late-round running back in this year's draft, I think they should admit their mistake on Randle and move on.
Randle's release would actually represent something significant in Dallas, which is the team admitting it made an error and quickly rectifying the situation.


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NCAA Division III athletics provides the opportunity for many to continue their sports endeavors after high school. No other division among the NCAA has more athletes, with more than 190,000 student-athletes spread across 450 colleges and universities throughout the country according to the NCAA's website.
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Body Rubs in Port Huron. See below for featured listings of body rubs, massage parlors, body rub messages, asian messages and more in Port Huron.
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Thursday night was just what the doctor ordered for the New Orleans Saints, who rode their running game, special teams and defense to a 31-21 win over the previously unbeaten Atlanta Falcons.
Drew Brees still threw the ball 39 times – completing 30 passes for 312 yards and a score – but many of them were short passes to tight ends and running backs. In other words, New Orleans didn't need Brees to chuck the ball downfield 50 times to be successful.
That's typically a good strategy when your quarterback is 36 with a suspect shoulder.
"Well, that's the key," NFL Network analyst Brian Billick said on CBS Sports Radio's The Doug Gottlieb Show. "When you get to that point in a career, there's no question that it is a little bit different than it was in terms of strength. But later in the year, how does it hold up then? And does he have to be the sole impetus of the Saints' offense? If they can get the running game cranked up, last night was a good example. They got the lead, the defense played just well enough, he didn't have to force the ball – and that's where the interceptions usually come. Now, can he sustain it over the year? Is that defense still for real? You give them credit for the turnovers. I don't know if they created turnovers or if they had a lot of giveaways from Atlanta. They turned the ball over in come creative ways. You would think the center would know that that guy's hands wasn't underneath him when he went to try to snap the ball. But you got to give the Saints credit for winning."
That's because they haven't done a whole lot of that lately. The Saints have finished 7-9 in two of the last three years and were in danger of starting 1-5 this season. With Brees getting up there in age, the Saints got rid of Jimmy Graham this offseason.
They may also get rid of Sean Payton.
Is it possible that Payton could be coaching somewhere else next season?
"That's only for Sean Payton and for management to talk about," Billick said. "Bill Walsh was very much a believer that you can only stay in one place for 10 years. Now, most coaches don't make it that long. So your data base is only so big. He and Mike McCarthy came in at the same time. Mike McCarthy has reinvented himself in the tenth year by taking the play-calling away from himself, giving it to Tom Clements and being more of the head coach. I actually thought that's something Sean Payton ought to think about doing given the transition they're going through with this team – and clearly they're in transition. Regardless of whether it's this year or the next, they're having to even up their credit card debt, so to speak, changing the complexion of the team with regards to what they've been with Jimmy Graham and the like. So is now a good time to change venues? It's hard to say. They're all going to say the same thing: 'Oh, I love where I'm at. This is where I want to be.' So you just don't know."


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It's all about musical entertainment for senior citizens wherever they are.
Senior citizen entertainment is a specialty.
Here are tips, information, and useful links.
These folks are usually on the ball.
They live in a community of similar folks who have clubs and events and are very much an active bunch.
Mostly these are 55 and older residences where residents usually have a nest egg and couldn't afford to be there on social security retirement money alone.
Here as an entertainer you have more room, to wind them up.
They usually want to dance and have requests and sometimes have alcohol served at musical entertainment events. Watch out for that cane!
These folks also have clubs/groups that will hire you separately from the facility management.
This is almost the same as playing a non-institutional private party.
You will need a larger repertoire of oldies with a group like this as they are more demanding than a nursing home group.
As I have mentioned elsewhere the songs that they knew during the romance years are going to be the favorites.
Newer senior friendly requests will come up, as well.
This situation is more like playing a gig at a hotel or at a resort than in an elderly facility.
The folks here are more upbeat in general
You may find that you prefer this sort of work more than the others and try to market yourself toward it more.
I don't focus on a specific senior age or abilities group but take jobs based on different criteria such as $$$$$.
I also consider the tedium of the miles that I have to drive and how well I have been treated there in the past.
There are some places that have asked me to sign some papers that I do not agree with and are somewhat illegal.
I stopped working there as I will not be coerced into agreeing with any foolishness.
Of course, the mileage could be deductible.


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BEL OMBRE Palm Beach
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"It's time for women to stop being politely angry." - Leymah Gbowee, Nobel Peace Prize Winner
My voice shook, my knees rattled, and I may have even blacked out for a few seconds. I was at a national nonprofit leadership conference in front of 500 strangers asking the CEO of the CraigsList Foundation what he thought his responsibility was in removing content from the sales website that exploited women and young girls and contributed to an ever-increasing problem with human trafficking. I was 23 and wanted to push myself to ask the questions that are always streaming through my mind as I listen to panelists or speakers. I thought this would be a good opportunity to improve my advocacy and public speaking skills. I also thought that it would lead me down a road that allowed me to speak with ease and confidence, to call out injustices without batting an eye, and to walk away with my head held high.
Cut to last week when I asked a pretty basic question to a state senator in front of 60 people at my own university surrounded by several of my friends. My voice shook, my knees rattled, and I definitely blacked out for a second or two. I asked a question about his vote last year to kick off 111,000 individuals - mostly single mothers - from Medicaid last year. I wanted him to recognize the hypocrisy of his earlier statements that his top priority for the year was "maintaining the social safety net for vulnerable people." Turns out he stood by his vote and did not see the hypocrisy, but my hope was that the audience would pick up on his apparent cognitive dissonance. I was proud of myself for a split second, and then the doubt and darkness seeped into my being for the rest of the evening.
No matter how many times I go against the strong, unyielding Midwestern current of politeness and niceties, I emerge feeling like a horrible, no good, very bad person. But I try to give myself the same advice that I'd give any of my other social work classmates: Don't doubt yourself. Stand up for what is right. If you don't, who will?
Now is not the time to be polite. In fact, it was never the time to be polite. Our politeness contributed to our current political and social situation. My politeness allowed public servants to run uncontested over and over without accountability. My politeness let idiots at the grocery store look me up and down without anything more than an eye roll. My politeness is the death of justice. And so I choose to speak up and speak out with a shaky voice, let my knees rattle, black out for a few seconds, and repeat.
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Monthly Archives: April 2014
Amanda ~ Chicago Portrait Photography
My super talented and dear friend, Amanda, asked me if I'd take some new head shots for her website and blog
Antsy & Moving Forward ~ Our Infertility Journey
Friends, I cannot thank you enough for your amazing support yesterday when James and I went through our first IUI. It
The Day Is Here! ~ Our Infertility Journey
Well you guys, today is the day. James and I have our IUI scheduled for this morning and will find out whether or not
National Infertility Awareness Week ~ A Call for your Positive Energy & A Giant Thank You
Those of you who follow me elsewhere (most notably Twitter and Instagram) may have seen me post already about National
Personal Photo Books Updated ~ Artifact Uprising Review
I recently ordered some more personal photo books from Artifact Uprising and I promised you guys a post with pictures,
Tangy & Light Classic Potato Salad ~ Summer Salad Recipes
We have so many hard boiled eggs left from Easter, so I thought I'd use some of them up in this tasty
Jessica ~ Beautiful Session ~ Chicago Fine Art Film Boudoir Photography
Well you guys… I've always had a really, really special place in my heart for Beautiful Sessions… but
Easter 2014 ~ Recharging in Wisconsin
James and I just celebrated a perfectly relaxing Easter weekend with our family up in Wisconsin. With three of my four


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Iowa Gov. To Ease EPA Regulation For Utilities
The Republican governor said he will sign Executive Order 72 to remove regulation requiring utility companies to retrofit backup diesel generators with new parts to limit air pollution.
Branstad, however, said that installing converters is a costly procedure for emergency diesel generators that are rarely used.
During a recent tour to review business...
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First we do teams then we discover VOCABULARY and gave examples that connect with our life. We forgot to mencioned that vocabulary is about parts of our HOME.
Second we explore the personal pronouns we played with our team to guess them.
Third we investigate the parts of a sentences in Web with our IPADS: subject+ verb+ complement


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"This race isn't only significant because he will be replacing Gabby Giffords, but political analysts have been saying it sets a stage for what may happen nationally in November. "
Laughable. And Wisconsin was merely a local matter with no national implications.
You mean that this isn't a referendum on Republican obstructionism as the Huff Po and its loyal whack jobs claim?
I'm Stuned, I tell you!!!


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Hatchell wins the China Open!
The seminar also went really. WCS looks forward to working more with the Chinese in the future, as we came to an agreement on working together to developing skateboarding in China and throughout Asia.
I'll be coming back in November for the CX Open in Beijing and bringing Sasha Steinhorst along to help with another judging seminar as well as acting as the head judge for the event.
Major props to Leejay for taking care of me with transpo and as my translator, etc. You rock!
-Don Bostick


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Contract Spat Win For Macy's Supplier Overturned
The district court erred in letting Carlson pay Hong Kong's Superl Sequoia Ltd. a full $1 million less than the quoted price after some of the display pieces broke in shipping, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ruled Wednesday.
In a...
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Expense Claims
Out-of-pocket expenses incurred by club members in relation to the Club's affairs can be reclaimed on the expense claim form:
This form must be authorised in advance by a committee member up to a limit of £500 per event. All expense claims must be properly documented to show the cost of each item of expenditure and, where relevant, the competition or club activity to which the expenses relate.
A valid invoice or receipt must be attached for each claim made or this will result in the claim being rejected.
For expense claims exceeding the £500 limit, advanced authorisation from at least two of the Honorary Chairman, Honorary Secretary and Honorary Treasurer is always required. Where possible, the proposed expenditure should be discussed by the whole committee. Each member is responsible for making their own claims for expenses on the appropriate form and to supply the appropriate backing documentation. All expense claims will be paid in arrears based on the appropriate form being properly completed and submitted to the Honorary Treasurer. Hence - no claim form or receipts, no payment. The Club reserves the right to determine claims at its own discretion. All expense claims must be submitted either in the month that they are incurred, or at the very latest, the following month, otherwise the expense may not be payable unless prior agreement for late submission has been received from the Honorary Treasurer.
Travel Incentives are available for those members gaining podium positions in county, regional and national competitions. For further details see below.
Travel Expense Policy
All reasonable travel expenses incurred by members while performing duties for the club will be reimbursed, subject to the following policy.
1a All expenses must be approved in advance by a committee member in accordance with the standard out-of-pocket expenses policy above.
Travel expenses will be paid in the following instances:
2a To an approved course. e.g. a coaching course or a track and field judges' course.
2b To major club events outside the Greater London area (see exceptions section below).
2c Travel expense claims will not be paid to an individual based outside of London (except where the below exceptions section applies).
Subject to the following caveats:
2d When the club provides transport, expenses for those opting not to use that transport will not generally be paid. In exceptional circumstances the the responsible committee member and the Honorary Treasurer may agree an exception.
2e Club members must pay the first £15 of any travel expense (or greater at the discretion of the event manager).
2f For teams travelling by public transport one person (usually the team manager) is expected to submit the claim on behalf of all team members.
2g Team managers should take advantage, where possible, of discounts through rail cards or advanced booking, and car sharing should be encouraged.
2h Where petrol costs are incurred for the purposes of a hire vehicle then this can be claimed in full, subject to submission of appropriate petrol receipts.
2i Cost of petrol for personal vehicles will be reimbursed only in exceptional circumstances through agreement with the responsible committee member and the Honorary Treasurer. Reimbursements in those cases will based on petrol costs less the first £15 per 2e.
Teams travelling to certain events outside the Greater London area and representing the club at the request of the club are not expected to pay a contribution i.e. item 2e above is waived. Currently the only events qualifying for this exception are:
- SEAA Road Relays (4, 6 & 12 stage)
- ERRA Road Relays (4, 6 & 12 stage)
- Southern Athletics League T&F meetings
- National Cross Country Relays
Officials travelling to events to officiate on the club's behalf are not expected to pay a contribution i.e. item 2e above is waived. Officials claiming for travel reimbursement are expected to travel by the cheapest sensible route.
Receipts for all expenses must be presented. Payments will typically be made within 3 weeks of submitting a claim. For questions about expense claims please contact the Club Treasurer.
Travel Incentives
The club encourages all our members who have reached the required standard to compete in county, regional or national championship races, as this increases the profile of our club and should help to improve standards in the longer term. As an incentive towards this, the club will pay the travel costs, subject to the current expenses policy and subject to a cap of £50 per claim, for all members who get onto the podium (1st, 2nd or 3rd male or female) and/or make a scoring team (1st, 2nd or 3rd male or female team) in the following competitions (examples from 2012):
- County championships (road, track and field) e.g. Middlesex Indoor T&F Championships, Middlesex half-marathon
- Regional championships (road, track and field) e.g. SEAA T&F Championships
- RunBritain Grand Prix races e.g. Swansea Bay 10k
- England Athletics championships (road, track and field) e.g. Boddington 50k ultra, Senior Combined Events Championships, Bristol 10k
- UKA championships (road, track and field) e.g. McCain Mountain Running Challenge
- BTF national championships (triathlon and duathlon) e.g. Milton Keynes Sprint, Shropshire Standard Distance Triathlon
- ITU and ETU championships e.g. World Age-Group Standard Distance Triathlon Championships
- BMAF vets championships (road, track and field, per age-group) e.g. Ashford 10k, Tiptree 10 mile, National T&F Championships Solihul
Members must compete in club colours to be eligible, unless required to wear county or home-nation kit to meet competition rules.
Members achieving podium places in the above races should make a claim using the expenses form in the normal way, subject to approval from the Competition Coordinator, who should also be contacted in advance if there is any doubt about the eligibility of any race or competition.
Claims are subject to the current expenses policy sections 2d-2i (see above) e.g. members must pay the first £15, members are expected to travel by the cheapest sensible option.


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Health industries
English for the Oil industry Vocational English Course Book S \ \I // 1/2 1/1 ' Et f \ BIB »»» Evan Frendo with David Bonamy Series editor David Bonamy .Contents Function Introductions p.4 Language Vocabulary Introducing yourself Describing people Getting oil to the customer p.5 . W Unit 1 The oil ind 3 Spelling p.6 Jobs p.7 Exchanging information Describing people's jobs Introducing yourself and others p.
80p ruaconlonton8887 06-09-2012 108 43 Download
The field of toxicology has grown enormously since Industrial Toxicology: Safety and Health Applications in the Workplace was first published in 1985. And while the original edition was hugely popular among occupational health professionals, the time is ripe to address toxic agents not only in the industrial setting but also in the environment at large.
606p ktct_1669 03-05-2012 85 39 Download
Due to the increase in world population (more than seven billion inhabitants) the global food industry has the largest number of demanding and knowledgeable consumers. This population requires food products that fulfill the high quality standards established by the food industry organizations. Food shortages threaten human health, and also the disastrous extreme climatic events make food shortages even worse. This collection of articles is a timely contribution to issues relating to the food industry.
758p phoebe75 19-02-2013 52 24 Download
.Health Economics Theories, Insights, and Industry Studies REXFORD E. SANTERRE Professor of Finance and Healthcare Management Programs in Healthcare Management and Insurance Studies Department of Finance School of Business University of Connecticut Fifth Edition STEPHEN P. NEUN Professor of Economics Dean of Academic Affairs Anna Maria College Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States .Health Economics, 5e Rexford E. Santerre and Stephen P. Neun Vice President of Editorial, Business: Jack W.
624p namde02 12-03-2013 43 18 Download
Women's risk for many diseases increases at menopause, which occurs at a median age of 51.4 years. In the industrialized world, women spend one-third of their lives in the postmenopausal period. Estrogen levels fall abruptly at menopause, inducing a variety of physiologic and metabolic responses. Rates of cardiovascular disease increase and bone density begins to decrease rapidly after menopause. In the United States, women live on average about 5 years longer than men, with a life expectancy at birth in 2004 of 80.4 years, compared to 75.2 years in men.
5p tubreakdance 26-11-2010 53 10 Download
Industrial Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary topic to which tools of modern biotechnology are applied for finding proper proportion of raw mix of chemicals, determination of set points, finding the flow rates etc., This study is significant as it results in better economy, quality product and control of pollution. The authors in this book have given only methods of industrial biotechnology mainly to help researchers, students and chemical engineers. Since biotechnology concerns practical and diverse applications including production of new drugs, clearing up pollution etc.
126p dontetvui 21-01-2013 33 8 Download
Finite Element Analysis represents a numerical technique for finding approximate solutions to partial differential equations as well as integral equations, permitting the numerical analysis of complex structures based on their material properties. This book presents 20 different chapters in the application of Finite Elements, ranging from Biomedical Engineering to Manufacturing Industry and Industrial Developments.
0p qsczaxewd 22-09-2012 28 7 Download
These guidelines have been developed to help ensure that, in all research sponsored by the Aboriginal Women's Health Research Program, appropriate respect is given to the cultures, languages, knowledge and values of Aboriginal peoples' legitimate knowledge. These guidelines represent the standard of best practice adopted by the Saskatoon Aboriginal Women's Health Research Advisory Committee.
14p connicquy 20-12-2012 22 7 Download
In many parts of the world, where medicines are not readily available or affordable, the public continue to rely on medicines used traditionally in their cultures. At the same time, affluent consumers in the industrialized world are spending their own money on healthcare approaches that fall outside what has been considered mainstream medicine. A growing body of national and international studies highlight the reality that there is exponential growth of global interest in and use of traditional (i.e. indigenous), complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM).
472p cronus75 18-01-2013 30 7 Download
Steam System Opportunity Assessment for the Pulp and Paper, Chemical Manufacturing, and Petroleum Refining Industries
Agriculture and forestry are poised on the brink of a quantum leap forward through the further application of exciting new tools such as genomics and transgenic plants. In the near future, it will be possible to produce a higher quantity of improved quality crops than even imagined just a few years ago. In addition to feed and food, it will be possible to provide raw materials for industrial uses. For example, cotton fibers, wood ligno-celluloses, corn carbohydrates, soybean oils, and other plant constituents will be altered via designed changes in metabolic pathways.
102p loixinloi 08-05-2013 23 7 Download
Ever since the Industrial Revolution, industrial activities have been accompanied by a problem: industrial waste. The commensurate increase in industrialization, urbanization and population growth are leading to production of enormous quantities of industrial wastes that may cause degradation in environment and health hazards. On the other hand, the desire for a healthy environment increases, which leads to the need for better ways of waste minimization, pollution prevention and better use of resources in achieving the required industrial and environmental standards....
284p qsczaxewd 25-09-2012 28 6 Download
The global environment is changing rapidly, partly in response to economic globalization. These global changes are clearly evident at the local level, even in the quality of air that people breath. In some high income countries air quality has been improving, due to a combination of de-industrialization, improved technologies and environmental regulation. However, advances in the science of epidemiology suggest that even air that would until recently have been considered 'clean' may contain pollutants that are hazardous to people's health.
255p loaken_1 15-11-2012 27 6 Download
The complex world of polysaccharides is a compilation of the characteristics of a variety of polysaccharides from plants, animals and microorganisms. The diversity of these polysaccharides arises from the structural variations and the monosaccharide content which is under genetic control. The chemical and physical properties have made them useful in many pharmaceutical, food and industrial applications.
648p camchuong_1 04-12-2012 48 6 Download
In morocco access to antenatal services is limited and many HIV- positive pregnant women are not identified for lack of HIV testing, especially in rural areas. The fear of stigma and discrimination is a major barrier for women to get tested, both at home and in health care settings. Breast-feeding is contraindicated by the Ministry of Health (an outdated recommendation), but formula is provided in only three cities and only 56 percent of the rural population has access to safe drinking water.
236p le_minh_nha 18-12-2012 23 6 Download
While PHI tends to cover certain typical services, there is diversity across OECD countries in both the health services and providers accessible by privately insured individuals. Such diversity reflects the scope of public coverage, and is affected by regulation and insurers' strategies.
63p quaivatxanh 01-12-2012 57 5 Download
Prevention of Gastrointestinal Illness Diarrhea, the leading cause of illness in travelers (Chap. 122), is usually a short-lived, self-limited condition; however, 40% of affected individuals need to alter their scheduled activities, and another 20% are confined to bed. The most important determinant of risk is the destination. Incidence rates per 2-week stay have been reported to be as low as 8% in industrialized countries and as high as 55% in parts of Africa, Central and South America, and Southeast Asia. Infants and young adults are at particularly high risk.
5p thanhongan 07-12-2010 35 4 Download
Many policy makers and researchers believe that voluntary cost pooling of employees across small firms will make insurance affordable to these firms. This is possible because, on average, expected costs of employees at small firms are only slightly higher than large firms. We show that risk pooling across firms may not work as well as this conventional wisdom would suggest, because of large between-firm heterogeneity in employee characteristics at small firms.
16p quaivatxanh 29-11-2012 31 4 Download
When comparing industry-level with firm-level contracts, it is worth emphasising that the latter are concluded by industry-specific unions. I.e., firm-level contracts in Germany merely involve a different level of bargaining, but do not reflect a fun- damentally different union structure.
36p quaivatxanh 30-11-2012 25 4 Download
New Profit Opportunities in Health and Nutrition to 2009: Changing Consumer Concerns and Market Influencers in Food and Drinks
ore and more consumers are looking for health benefits associated with their food or drink product; these concerns range from the effects of probiotics, the health benefits associated with a meat-reduction diet to the role of antioxidants in ageing and skincare. New Profit Opportunities in Health and Nutrition to 2009: Changing consumer concerns and market influencers in food and drinks reveals consumers' health concerns and the relationship between nutrition and purchasing habits.
0p cronus75 14-01-2013 21 4 Download
Newspaper headlines underscore the challenges that the health professions face in this period of dramatic change in the American health care enterprise: critical shortages of nurses and other health professionals, tight budgets and rising health care costs, increasing public concern about patient safety and medical errors, and rising criticism of the quality of care that Americans receive, to name a few. Indeed, the health professions and health care industry are fighting to retain the public's confidence that the U.S. health care system can continue to be the world's best....
377p cronus75 16-01-2013 24 3 Download


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Coronation Street legend Betty Driver has died aged 91, it has been announced.
The actress, who played Rovers Return barmaid Betty Williams for 42 years, "died peacefully in hospital" early on Saturday morning, an ITV spokesman confirmed. She had been in hospital for six weeks.
Driver, who was appointed an MBE in 1999, had been suffering from ill health since May, when she was admitted to hospital suffering from pneumonia.
She celebrated her 91st birthday at the hospital and later said she was looking forward to returning to Coronation Street.
"I am looking forward to getting back to work. It's lovely in here, but I am looking forward to getting home soon. It's been a wonderful birthday," she said at the time.
"She will be sadly missed by everyone who knew her," the spokesman added.
Coronation Street's executive producer Kieran Roberts said: "Betty was a wonderful actress and remarkable woman. It is humbling to think that the 42 years she spent on Coronation Street was just half of her extraordinary career, but Coronation Street certainly benefited when she decided to join our show in 1969.
"For more than four decades she delighted many millions of Coronation Street fans with her fantastic performance in countless great stories, both dramatic and comic. Betty was always a delight to work with and whilst there is a great sadness at her passing away, Betty will be remembered by everyone on Coronation Street with tremendous admiration and affection."
Fellow Coronation Street star Julie Goodyear, who played Bet Lynch, commented: "It was an honour and a privilege to work with Betty Driver for 25 years. We laughed together, we cried together and never once had a cross word.
"She was a totally professional actress. A true icon and legend and a very dear friend. She will be missed and remembered by millions."
Barbara Knox, who plays Rita Sullivan, added: "I have lost a very dear friend and the Street has lost a very great character, a professional to her fingertips - she will be greatly missed."
> Read a full list of tributes from the Coronation Street cast and other stars from the world of soap


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The CRN Test Center put Samsung's CLX-6250FX color laser multi-function printer through its paces and found it an economically sensible choice for small and medium businesses.
Lenovo's new ThinkPad T400s touch screen notebook PC includes impressive features and functionality, and it performed well when put through its paces recently by the CRN Test Center.
The CRN Test Center put the Dell Latitude E5510 notebook PC through its paces and found it to offer good value and surprising good battery life.


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Download Merry Christmas clean up apk 1.0.0 free for Android smartphone
Posted by FunTeam in Puzzle | Nov. 17, 2014 | 2 Comments
Apk file size: 16.0 MB
Christmas is coming, Christmas bells are ringing...
I had prepared my lovely Christmas tree and cleaned my all rooms.
But my naughty cat distrubuted my rooms.
I need to put gifts back in place, throw rubbish in the bin, put in place scattered belongings, put the decorations of pine trees.
If you help me I would be very happy.
Merry christmas!!!
• It is a free game for you!
• Four different christmas room to clean up!
• Unlimited time!
• You should take waste in the trash. When there are no waste, trash will be closed.
FunTeam part of our Puzzle and have average installs from 10000 to 50000. Last Update Nov. 17, 2014. Google play rating is 70.9474. Current verison is 1.0.0. Actual size 16.0 MB.
Similar applications
Happy Christmas Hidden Objects1 Comments
2 Comments
Stefanie Brawner
Very, very dumb You pick up stuff and put in the trash can. That's the whole game. Very frequent pop up ads, like every 30 seconds. Not worth downloading.
shelly avery
Chistmas rules You always need to clean up all the stuff


text: Sorry I have since abandoned KDE because of bugs so I can't provide any more information. I'm pretty sure that it wasn't a bug and it was just be being unfamiliar with KDE (I'm a native gnome user). So, I'm going to mark this as invalid unless someone else has seen the same problem. Thanks for the help -- KDE 4.2 menu doesn't have reboot/shutdown https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/325866 You received this bug notification because you are a member of Kubuntu Bugs, which is subscribed to kdebase in ubuntu.


text:
Lots And Land
- 1 beds
- 1 baths
- $79,900 price
- 380316 mls id
- Square Feet: 1,125 sqft
- Year Built: 1900
- Lot Size: 10.893 acres
- Neighborhood: N/E Logan Co - N of Strt 540 (Co Rd 2) & E of Strt 68
- Status: Active
Over 10 Acres of farmland on the Logan/Hardin county line on SR 68. This property features a year round spring with mature trees and several outbuildings. There are 2 tiled fields approximately 2 Acres each. Land is currently not being farmed and could be certified organic. Several McIntosh apple trees from the orchard could be pruned to bring a harvest. Back the 300 foot lane, there is an old home that could be leveled for a nice private spot for your new home. Power, well & septic are already there! 3.614 Acres are in Taylor Creek Township in Hardin County and the homesite and 7.279 Acres are located in Rushcreek Township in Logan County.
- Site Link
- Property SubType Other
Listing Agent: Doug Zimmerman
Courtesy of: Zimmerman Realty Ltd.
Office Phone: 937-592-4896
Updated: 28th September, 2017 2:53 PM.
11852 US HIGHWAY 68 Belle Center, OH