text:
Collective Molecular Dynamics of a Floating Water Bridge
Del Giudice, E1; Fuchs, E C2,*; Vitiello, G3
Key Words: floating water bridge, quantum electrodynamics, quantum field theory
Received 5 May 2010; revised 18 July; accepted 19 July. Published 30 July 2010; amended online 15 August 2010
When a high voltage is applied to pure water filling two beakers kept close to each other, a connection forms spontaneously, giving the impression of a floating water bridge. This phenomenon is of special interest, since it comprises a number of phenomena currently tackled in modern water science. The formation and the main properties of this floating water bridge are analyzed in the conceptual framework of quantum electrodynamics. The necessary conditions for the formation are investigated as well as the time evolution of the dynamics. The predictions are found in agreement with the observations.
In 1893 Sir William Armstrong placed a cotton thread between two wine glasses filled with chemically pure water. After applying a high voltage, a watery connection formed between the two glasses, and after some time, the cotton thread was pulled into one of the glasses, leaving, for a few seconds, a rope of water suspended between the lips of the two glasses [1].
As a gimmick from the early days of electricity, this experiment was handed down through history until the present authors learned about it from W. Uhlig, ETH Zürich [2]. Although easy to reproduce, this watery connection between the two beakers, which is further referred to as 'floating water bridge' holds a number of interesting static and dynamic phenomena [3,4,5,6,7,8,9].
At the macroscopic scale, several of these phenomena can be explained by modern electrohydrodynamics, analyzing the motion of fluids in electric fields (see, e.g., the Maxwell pressure tensor considerations by Widom et al. [10], or the book of Castellanos [11]), while on the molecular scale, water can be described by quantum mechanics (e.g., [12,13]).
The gap at the mesoscopic scale is bridged by a number of theories, such as quantum mechanical entanglement and coherent structures in water. These theories are currently discussed (e.g., [14,21,22,17,25]). Recently, a 2D neutron-scattering study indicated a low-level long-range molecular ordering within a D2O bridge [8]. Detailed optical measurements [7] suggested the existence of a mesoscopic bubble network within the water bridge.
The properties of water at these scales have drawn special attention due to their suggested importance to human physiology [15]. In this paper, we consider the interaction of an applied high voltage potential with the water molecules by exploring the suitability of a quantum field theory approach. In particular, we consider a quantum electrodynamics (QED) approach to the structure of liquid water proposed in refs. [23,24,25].
The paper is organized as follows. In section 2 the experimental set-up and the measurement methods are described, in section 3 the appearance of coherent structures in liquid water as an outcome of QED is discussed. In Section 4 we analyze in the same framework the formation of a mesoscopic/macroscopic vortex in liquid water as a consequence of the application of high voltage.
Sections 5 and 6 are devoted to the analysis of the process of formation of the water bridge, including a comparison between theory and experiment, and to the understanding of some of its properties, respectively. Some conclusions are finally drawn in Section 7.
For the high speed imaging experiments performed, flat platinum electrodes were submerged in the center of the beakers, one set to ground potential (cathode), the other on high voltage, up to 25kV dc (anode). For the thermographic measurements, cylindrical silver electrodes were used. The beakers were filled with deionized H2O ('milli-Q' water, conductivity < 1μS/cm).
A Phywe high–voltage (HV) power supply ('Hochspannungs–Netzgerät 25kV', Order No 13671.93) was used with a 42nF ceramic capacitor connected in parallel to the electrodes. The voltage was measured by a potential divider of 500MΩ/500kΩ to ground level. Since the voltage generator provided a limited current output, the electric current was stable at 0.5 mA, while the voltage continuously adapted. The images in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 were recorded with a FLIR 620 thermographic camera (FLIR Systems, Boston, MA, USA).
The images in Fig. 3 and 4 were recorded with a Photron SA-1 high-speed camera (Photron Ldt, Bucks, United Kingdom). Fig. 3 was recorded with 2000 fps exposure time, after 0 ms (a, reference point), 198 ms (b) 268 ms (c) 306 ms (d) 536 ms (e) 551 ms (f) 626 ms (g) and 1020 ms (h). Fig. 4 was recorded with 1000 fps, 1/1000 s exposure time, after 0 ms (a), reference point), 510 ms (b) 520 ms (c) 570 ms (d) and 630 ms (e). In all cases, the high voltage was manually increased from 0 to 15 kV (+) dc, and the images were taken at the moment of bridge or vortex creation, respectively, which was between 7 and 11 kV.
3. Coherent Structures in Liquid Water
In this section we focus our attention on the gauge invariant properties of a system, like the water bridge, which exhibits complex dynamics. A key motivation for this approach arises from the fact that gauge invariance is the basic requirement to be satisfied when dealing with systems where charge density and electric polarization density play a relevant role.
It is apparent that the discussion of the gauge invariant properties can be done only within a field description of the structure and dynamics of water. As a matter of fact, many models introduced so far to describe water are based on molecular dynamics, which is an approximation that does not consider the field features of water (for reviews see e.g., [26,27]).
A conceptual step in this direction was the experimental proof for quantum entanglement in liquid water at room temperature: Chatzidimitriou–Dreismann et al. (1995) did Raman light-scattering experiments [16] on liquid H2O - D2O mixtures, which provided experimental evidence for the quantum entanglement of the ion OH- (and OD-) vibrational states.
In 1997, a first experimental proof of nuclear quantum entanglement in liquid water [17] was published, again, by Chatzidimitriou–Dreismann et al. by the means of inelastic neutron scattering. The interpretation is disputed [18,19]. Another approach where water is considered a 'hot quantum liquid' was proposed in 2006 [20].
In the frame of the theory of liquids, the model of liquid helium proposed by Landau [28] is appealing. Within this model the liquid appears as made up of two phases, one coherent (having components oscillating in phase), the wother non-coherent (having independent components as in a gas). There is no sharp space separation between the two phases since a continuous crossover of molecules occurs between them. This dynamical feature makes the experimental detection of the two-phase structure a delicate task indeed.
As a matter of fact, an experimental probe - that has a resolution time longer than the typical period of the particle oscillation between the two phases - produces a picture that is an average of the conformations assumed by the system during this time. This produces the appearance of a homogenous liquid [29,30]. On the contrary, the two-phase structure would only be completely revealed by an instantaneous measurement. In a realistic situation, an observation lasting a short-enough time could give evidence of the chunks of the coherent phase, which could succeed in remaining coherent during the whole time of the measurement.
This kind of observation would give some evidence of the existence of a two-phase structure, but would not be enough to give the full instantaneous extension of the coherent region. Recently, two articles [31,32] in favor of the proposed model appeared. In ref. [31] evidence is presented of two phases of water having different densities and orderings. Ref. [32] discusses a comprehensive account of the experimental data supporting the existence in liquid water of aggregates quite larger than those accountable in terms of customary electrostatic theories. In the frame of QED [23,24,25], a description of liquid water exhibiting two interspersed phases in agreement with these last experimental findings has been worked out. The two phases are:
i) a coherent phase made up of extended regions, the so-called "coherence domains" (from now on referred to as CDs) where all water molecules oscillate in phase between two configurations.
ii) ii) a non-coherent phase made up of independent molecules trapped in the interstices among the CDs.
The coherent oscillations of the molecules belonging to the first phase are maintained by the electromagnetic (e.m.) field self-produced and self-trapped within the CD, and occur between two definite molecule states. So far two such processes have been identified:
a) In a process analyzed in Ref. [23,24], the oscillations occur between two rotational levels of the water molecule. This produces correlations as large as several hundred microns. This also gives rise to a common dipole orientation of the molecule electric dipoles which, as a consequence of the rotational invariance of the aqueous system, gives rise to a zero net polarization. However, when the rotational symmetry is broken by an externally applied polarization field, such as that which occurs near a hydrophilic membrane or near a polar molecule, a permanent polarization develops. The range of permanent polarization depends on the amplitude of the external polarization field and, therefore, on the physical state of the surface. The application of a voltage would obviously increase this kind of correlation.
b) In a process analyzed in Ref. [25], the oscillations occur between the ground electronic state of the molecule and the excited 5d state at Eexc=12.06 eV, just below the ionization threshold at 12.60 eV. Each CD has a size given by the wavelength of the resonating e.m. mode
The frequency of the common oscillation of molecules and field is 0.26 eV (in energy units) at T = 0K, much lower than the frequency, 12.06 eV, of the free field. This dramatic softening of the e.m. mode is just the consequence of the nonlinear dynamics occurring in the process [23,25,24].
Non-aqueous molecules cannot participate in the resonant dynamics, so they are excluded from the CDs. In particular, atmospheric gases are expelled from the CD volume and give rise to nano- and/or micro-bubbles adjacent to the CD. When the dynamics causes a decoherence of a CD, such bubbles, too, would disappear, since their components are able to dissolve again in the non-coherent fraction of water.
The amount of the coherent fraction in the liquid is decreasing with temperature. At room temperature the two fractions are approximately equal [25]. In the bulk water, molecules are subjected to two opposite dynamics: the electrodynamical attraction produced by coherence and the disruptive effect of the thermal collisions, so that, whereas in the average the relative fractions are time independent, at a local, microscopic level each molecule is oscillating between the coherent and the non-coherent regime. The coherent structure is thus a flickering one, so that an experiment having a duration longer than the lifetime of a CD probes water as a homogenous medium.
In the coherent state in the fundamental configuration, whose weight is 0.87, all the electrons are tightly bound, whereas in the excited configuration, whose weight is 0.13, there is one quasi-free electron. Consequently, a CD contains a reservoir of 0.13 x n quasi-free electrons. At room temperature n is about 6 x 106. In Ref. [33] it has been shown that this reservoir can be excited, producing cold vortices of quasi-free electrons confined in the CD.
The energy spectrum of these vortices can be estimated following the mathematical scheme outlined in ref. [33]. Similarly, it can be seen that the lowest lying excited state has a rotational frequency of a few kHz and the spacing of the levels has the same order of magnitude. The lifetime of these vortices can be extremely long because coherence prevents random (thermal) fluctuations and because the conservation of the topological charge prevents the decay of the vortex in a topologically trivial state.
We finally remark that in a coherent region, the pure gauge nature of the e.m. potential field
where λ is the gauge transformation function, implies that the applied electric potential V is proportional to the time derivative of the phase Φ (see below): . Here and throughout the paper we omit the space-time dependence of the variables whenever no misunderstanding arises therefrom. When necessary we adopt the notation x ≡ (x,t).
The two above-mentioned dynamics occur simultaneously and produce a non-trivial interplay that gives rise to a number of phenomenological situations:
1) Bulk water in normal conditions. In this case, the dynamics a) are phenomenologically irrelevant due to the rotational symmetry of the system. The dynamics b) only are at work, producing instant CD structures as large as 0.1μm, which are exposed to the disruption of the thermal collisions.
This gives rise to a Landau-like situation where water appears homogeneous in experiments having a long-enough resolution time and exhibiting deviations from homogeneity at smaller resolution times. Moreover, the flickering nature of the coherent structure prevents the appearance of the long time features of the coherent dynamics.
In the case of the bulk water, the experimental check of the theory is the correct prediction of the thermodynamic processes, which do not depend on the space distribution of the coherent molecules, but on their total number only. The flickering space structure of CDs implies that the corresponding ensemble of microbubbles described above should be a flickering one too, as found by the experimental observations.
2) Interfacial water. In this case, dynamics a) are at work and their interplay with dynamics b) gives rise through nonlinear dynamics to a stabilization of the coherent structure, which is much more protected against thermal fluctuations.
The equilibrium between the two phases is shifted toward coherence. Since an extra energy gap is added, molecules are kept aligned by the total polarization field produced by the dynamics a) that compels the radiative dipoles produced by the dynamics b) to stay aligned.
The smaller CDs (0.1 μm) of dynamics b) are tuned together by the much more extended coherence produced by dynamics a), so that the global coherent region, thanks to the polarization field produced by the surface, gets widened up to several hundreds of microns. This is the span of the CD dynamics a). A confirmation of this QED prediction is provided by the experimental findings of the group led by G. H. Pollack [34], which confirm results obtained more than sixty years earlier [35]. They show that layers of "anomalous" water (EZ water) as thick as 500 μm appear on hydrophilic surfaces.
The observed anomalies include the exclusion of solutes, a highly reducing power (corresponding to a negative redox potential of several hundreds of millivolts), and widely different optical and electrical properties. These anomalies are compatible with those expected from the coherence domains of dynamics b) [25]. A much more detailed discussion of this important point will be given elsewhere.
3) Bulk water in special conditions. Ref. [36] describes the possibility of the onset of a coherence among CDs induced by the tuning of the phases of the oscillations of the CDs, which in normal water are not correlated. This tuning of the different CDs can also be induced by the application of an external e.m. field.
A recent 2D neutron scattering study indicated a preferred molecular orientation within a heavy water bridge [8]. This observation can be interpreted in accordance with the dynamics a). Moreover, this prediction could account for the experimental observation of a so called "Neowater" produced by an Israeli group [37] and compatible with similar results of Russian [38] and Ukrainian researchers [39]. This important point, too, will be discussed at length elsewhere.
The stabilization of the array of water CDs implies the stabilization of the corresponding ensemble of microbubbles, which therefore form a stable and ordered array. This result has been reported in Ref. [37]. Katzir et al. connect the ordered nature of the neowater structure with the appearance of the ordered network of microbubbles; they report as a typical size of the single microbubble a value comparable to the CD size. Thus QED provides a rationale for this surprising phenomenon.
However, the cases 2) and 3) are different. In the case 2) the superposition of the two coherent dynamics gives rise to a continuous coherent region, which doesn't contain non-coherent zones. Therefore, the re are no bubbles. In case 3) there is a coherent ensemble of CD, which allows the presence of interstices and microbubbles. In this paper we concentrate on describing what happens in the particular case of the floating water bridge. This discussion will be done in the next section.
4. Formation of a Mesoscopic/Macroscopic Vortex
The formation of the floating water bridge is triggered by the application of a high voltage V. Let us discuss which are the consequences of such a physical operation on a coherent structure such as the one described in the previous section. We split the e.m. potential Aμ into the electric and magnetic part. In cgs units we have
where e denotes the electron charge. According to Eq. (2) the application of a voltage implies a strong variation of the phase Φ which adds up to the original phase of the unperturbed CDs.
Should the applied potential be high, the voltage generated phase would be dominant with respect to the original phase, which might be regarded as a small perturbation of the total phase. The new phase spans over a macroscopic region and is thus space-correlating all the phases of the CDs enclosed in the macroscopic region. A coherence among the CDs emerges.
Moreover, in this new macroscopic coherent region, a definite non-vanishing gradient of the phase has appeared, that, in turn, according to Eq. (3), produces a non-vanishing magnetic potential.
The presence of a magnetic field depends on the rotational or irrotational character of the geometry of the problem. One can show [40, 41] that consistency with the gauge invariance requires that
(4) Φ(x) → Φ(x) - eα f (x)
where ἁ is a constant depending on the wave renormalization constant and the transformation function f(x) is a solution of the equation ∂2f(x) = 0. We use x ≡ (x,t). The macroscopic current ju,cl is given by [40, 41].
where a μ,cl(x) is the classical e.m. field, which has acquired the mass mv (the Anderson-Higgs-Kibble mechanism [42]). One has ∂μ jμ,cl(x) = 0.
It is crucial here to stress that the presence of quasi–free electrons in the elementary CDs fully characterizes the dynamical regime of the system. Since these quasi–free electrons are confined within the CDs, their motion is necessarily a closed one, which implies that a magnetic field is generated.
Moreover, the beaker system exhibits a local non-trivial topology. That is because the (charged) electrode in the beaker center prevents the paths closed around it from shrinking to zero. That is, of course, provided one does not draw these paths around the electrode tip. This fact produces a macroscopic vortex.
Such a vortex is indeed present in both beakers and can be visualized with a thermographic camera as shown in Fig. 1. Thus, an extended coherence, on a scale much larger than the original 0.1μm, is the consequence of the application of a high voltage. The extended coherence is also the consequence of the absence of an electric current, as can be seen in the short time just after engaging the voltage yet before the appearance of the bridge. This effect can be understood as a variant of the well-known Bohm–Aharonov effect [43].
Such a phenomenology is described in formal terms by the fact that the function f(x) may indeed carry a topological singularity describing the occurrence of a vortex and given by
(6) f(x) = arctan(x2/x1).
Eq. (6) shows that the phase is undefined on the line r = 0, with r2 = x12 + x22, consistently with the phase indeterminacy at the electrode site due to the specific system geometry.
When f(x) carries a (vortex) topological singularity, it means that it is path-dependent (not single-valued). When f(x) is a regular function, i.e., when it does not carry a topological singularity, the current ju,cl vanishes [40,41]. This, in turn, implies zero e.m. field Fμv = ∂μav - ∂vaμ.
In conclusion, in the dynamical scenario depicted above, the action of turning on the high potential compels the CDs to join the observed giant vortex, whose core position is determined by the electrode position. The closer the CDs are to the vortex core (the electrode), the stronger the action pushing them to join together.
Since the applied potential is a decreasing function of the distance from the electrode, peripheral CDs (those nearest to the beaker wall) have a better chance to preserve their individuality. (They are, however, in a non–equilibrium regime due to the criticality of the dynamics going on).
Figure 1: Thermographic visualization of the macroscopic Vortex in the beakers under application of high voltage before the water bridge is formed. The time interval between the images is 5 sec, the temperature scale is calibrated to the emissivity of water (0.96).
The presence of the other electrode in the grounded beaker—and the consequent existence of a preferred radial direction on the joining line between the two electrodes—breaks the cylindrical symmetry around each one of the electrodes.
The radial velocity of the slightly (~1K) colder vortices is ~ 1°/s – 3°/s and could be observed independently of the potential applied. The rotational direction was counter-clockwise in both beakers. In Fig. 2, the symmetry break due to the influence of the second beaker is visualized by thermography.
Fig. 2a again shows the slight cooling of the vortices. After a certain threshold (between 9 and 11kV), a cooling along the joining line of the electrodes as shown in Fig.2b appears (2-3K), and the rotation stops. The cooling is then followed by electric discharges heating the beaker walls (Fig. 2c) and finally leads to the water bridge formation (Fig. 2d). The dark spots on the anode in Fig. 2c and d are water droplets, which were ejected from the beakers during the process.
The vortices occur independently of the value of the applied potential. The potential acts as a trigger inducing the phase transition. The inner dynamics of the water then control the system evolution and its vorticity. This explains the observed independence of the turbulent patterns of the strength of the applied potential.
Finally, we note that the above description which starts from the analysis of the microscopic dynamics is consistent with the results obtainable by use of the classical electro–hydro–dynamics (EHD) field equations, originally proposed by Melcher and Taylor [44] and completed by Saville [45], describing the effects of a high voltage applied onto a "leaky dielectric."
Figure 2: Thermographic visualization of the bridge formation mechanism. First, the macroscopic vortices appear (a), then the water cools down at the joining line of the two electrodes (b). With the first sparks (c), the water heats up, and finally forms a water bridge (d). The time interval between the images is 5s, the temperature scale is calibrated to the emissivity of water (0.96). The dark spots on the electrodes in (c) and (d) are water droplets which were ejected during the process.
5. Formation of the Water Bridge
It is well known [42] that within a coherent region a magnetic field should vanish (Meissner effect), provided that the size of the region exceeds a threshold (London penetration length). Indeed, the magnetic field penetration in the coherent region decays exponentially, as described by the London equation
where λL is the London penetration length (see, e.g., Ref. [46]). This property is the consequence of the regularity of the phase in the coherent region (far from the boundaries), which produces the vanishing of the magnetic field [cf. Eq. (5) and the comments following Eq. (6)]. Near the boundaries the phase acquires a singular behavior due to inhomogeneities and this produces a non-vanishing magnetic field [cf. Eq. (6)].
In the case of liquid water, λL has a value much larger than the size 0.1μm of the water CD, in agreement with the well-known fact that magnetic fields are not expelled from normal water.
However, when the peculiar dynamics outlined in the previous section are at work, the coherent region could become so far extended that its size overcomes the London penetration length. In this case a phenomenon of levitation analogous to the one observed with superconductors might occur.
Actually, in the presence of the Meissner effect, a gradient of the magnetic inductance μ appears since μ = 0 in the coherent region and equals about one outside. A magnetic levitating force FlH = -H2gradμ appears, provided that H2 is inhomogeneous.
At the air water interface, the presence of the macroscopic vortex (described above) produces a high value of H2 below the water surfaces. Consider that, in the atmosphere above the surface, H2 is much lower and corresponds to the ambient magnetic field.
Consequently, a net upward force develops that raises the CD up. Since the extended coherent region is the one close to the beaker wall, magnetic levitation would occur along the wall of the vessel where the size of the coherent regions is larger. These magnetic forces would occur only in the vessel with the high positive potential where the vortex can develop.
In the grounded beaker, however, the high positive potential will be absent.
Moreover, an electric levitation force
(8) Fle = -E2gradε
may appear, since the dielectric constant ε is much larger in the CDs than in the non-coherent region. As a matter of fact, if we model the non-coherent region as an ensemble of independent electric dipoles, the Fröhlich formula would give us room temperature ε = 15. The dielectric constant of the CDs, in contrast, could be estimated to be 160 [47]. Since at room temperature the two fractions are almost equal, the two above estimates result in an average dielectric constant εobs of εobs = (160/2) + (15/2) = 87.5 which is in good agreement with the experiment.
Along the line joining the two electrodes, the electric field is very strong and reduced below the water surface by a factor 1/ε whereas it is at full strength above the air water surface. A net upward force is thus generated according to Eq. (8).
We conclude that the application of a high electric voltage, through the complex dynamics outlined above, gives rise to two levitations: electric and magnetic. These levitations occur along the wall of the vessel with the positive electrode. Only the electric levitation can occur in the grounded vessel.
This prediction is in agreement with the observation of a larger probability of water-column formation. The water-column formation occurs in the HV vessel rather than in the grounded vessel. This is shown by high-speed visualization in the examples given in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. For both figures, fringe projection technique is used to contour the bridge and thus enhance its visibility (for details see [7]).
The levitating drops of water, being coherent, are surrounded by the evanescent electromagnetic field, filtering out of the coherent cores. The tail of the evanescent field spans for a length of the same order as the CD radius, so that it could act as an interaction field among the drops within some distant. This distance is in the order of the droplet radius, namely some microns. The possibility of the formation of a string of interacting water droplets emerges and eventually gives rise to the water bridge.
Figure 3: High speed visualization of the water bridge formation with glass beakers and fringe projection. (a) shows the beakers before the voltage is applied, (b) – (d) show the levitation of the water in both beakers leading to droplet formation, (e)–(f) show the ejection of a jet from the HV beaker leading to the bridge formation (g), which is stabilized in (h). The water on the HV side (right) is levitated stronger than on the grounded side (left) due to the fact that the water is lifted both electrically and magnetically there, whereas on the grounded side, the levitation is due to electric forces only.
Figure 4: High speed visualization of the water bridge formation with Teflon beakers with fringe projection. (a) shows the situation without high voltage, in (b) and (c) the fringe projection shows the rising of the surfaces, in (d) levitation and droplet formation are shown, and in (e) a connection is finally formed.
6. Properties of the Water Bridge
The water bridge thus represents a sequence of interacting coherent droplets extracted from the water vessels. The electron coherence illustrated in Section 3 points to the CDs as reservoirs of quasi free electrons. On the CD boundaries a ponderomotive force
acts upon any particle having charge q and mass m present there. Eq. (9) can be easily understood considering that the Hamiltonian of a particle immersed in a vector potential gives rise to a field energy distribution
which produces in turn the force
Fp = -gradU
The ponderomotive force Eq. (9) pushes the quasi-free electrons outwards with a force many thousand times larger than that acting on the parent molecules. As a consequence, a double layer of charges appears on the boundary of the CDs. The applied strong electric field induces a twofold motion along the bridge. The positive cores of the CDs are pushed along the bridge from the anode to the cathode. This gives rise to a simultaneous transport of mass, whereas the outer, negatively charged, layer slides toward the cathode.
We should remember that the component droplets of the water bridge have been extracted from a macroscopic vortex so that their motion along the bridge arises from the superposition of the vortex motion and the electrically induced motion. The final result is a helicoidal motion around the axis of the bridge, a sort of traveling vortex.
According to the topological considerations developed in section 3, the axis of the bridge should be the site of a topological singularity. In other words, no coherence should exist on the axis. Consequently, a negative gradient of the coherent fraction should be observed when going from the outer surface to the axis of the bridge. This prediction is consistent with observation of a negative gradient of the speed of sound in the same direction [9]. Actually, since the coherent region is very much correlated, the speed of sound should be larger in the coherent region than in the non-coherent one.
The peculiar optical properties of the bridge are described in Ref. [7], with particular regard to the change of the polarization angle of linearly polarized light passing through the bridge. As suggested in Ref. [4], this change can be connected to both reflection at micro-bubbles under the Brewster angle [7], or, as shown in a very recent work, to birefringence due to long-range low-ordering within the bridge [8]. A detailed discussion of this in the framework of QED will be given elsewhere.
Experimental observations [7] have shown that cooling—achieved by, e.g., the addition of ice cubes to the beakers—destabilizes the bridge. This can be easily explained within the proposed model. The coherent fraction increases when temperature—and the depth of the interstices among them—decreases.
Consequently, the excitation of rotational motion of the CDs becomes more and more difficult. This is the result of the drag produced by the interaction with neighboring CDs through the evanescent fields protruding from inside of them.
At the freezing point, the drag becomes so intense that it prevents the formation of vortices. As explained above, the existence of these vortices is crucial for the presented analysis; their reduction explains the destabilization of the phenomenon.
Finally, the suggested ordered network of microbubbles would be a natural consequence of the presence of a permanent extended coherence as discussed in section 3.
Much work is still needed to understand the wealth of the results revealed by the water bridge. However, in this paper we have shown that a consistent framework for understanding this surprising phenomenon can be provided by QED.
Without a doubt, water is one of the most common and most studied substances in the world. The properties of water at mesoscopic scale have drawn special attention lately due to their suggested importance to human physiology [15].
Still, present theories have difficulties explaining more than a few of its properties at once, and no theory so far can satisfyingly explain one lately rediscovered phenomenon, the floating water bridge.
The QED approach to this phenomenon provides a possible theoretical background for many of the bridge's features, such as the vortex formation upon applying a potential; the occurrence of a cold region prior to the rising of the water; the asymmetric rising of the water in the beakers; the stability of the bridge; the temperature dependence of this stability; the correlation of charge and mass transfer; the formation of micro and nanobubbles and consequently; and the findings by optical and neutron scattering
Therefore, although unconventional in the field of electro-hydro-dynamics (EHD), quantum field theory can be a powerful tool to bridge the gap between microscopic descriptions and field theories.
This has, until now, been conceived as a quite difficult task [11]. Moreover, some of the described effects can be found in other experiments as well, such as the macroscopic vortices discussed herein.
These vortices, hitherto unexplained, are known as EHDs. Furthermore, an application (as a motor) was discussed recently [48]. Also, the Pollack group suggested formation of a clear zone next to gel surfaces [15].
Recently, Cabane et al. stated that water has thus far been a fantastic "graveyard" for theories that are clever but wrong [27]. It may be appropriate here to stress the well-known fact that no theory can in principle describe reality in all its aspects.
Nevertheless, to the knowledge of the authors, no other theory has been able to describe the floating water bridge as correctly, or in as precise detail, as the quantum field theory. Therefore, it may be prudent to assume that QED is a good choice to describe and understand this special interaction of water with electric fields.
Special Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to Prof. Jakob Woisetschläger for the performance of the presented experiments.
With great pleasure, the authors wish to thank Profs. Marie-Claire Bellissent-Funel (Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, Saclay), Eshel Ben-Jacob (Tel Aviv University), Cees Buisman (Wetsus - Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology), Friedemann Freund (NASA SETI Institute, Mountain View CA), Karl Gatterer (Graz University of Technology), Franz Heitmeir (Graz University of Technology), Jan C.M. Marijnissen (Delft University of Technology), Laurence Noirez (Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA-CNRS/IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay), Gerald H. Pollack (University of Washington), Alan Soper (Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Oxford), José Teixeira (Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA-CNRS/IRAMIS, CEA/Saclay), as well as Luewton L.F. Agostinho, Ingo Leusbrock and Astrid H. Paulitsch-Fuchs (Wetsus, Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology) for the ongoing discussion on the water bridge phenomenon (in alphabetic order). Partial financial support from University of Salerno and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleareis also acknowledged.[1] Armstrong, WG (10 February 1893). Electrical phenomena. The Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society, The Electrical Engineer: 154-145.
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John D. Swain1 : In section IV there is the claim that the beaker system has a nontrivial topology, but this can't quite be true since the volume of water in the beaker, even with the electrode excluding some, is contractible and thus topologically trivial in the strict sense of the term. I'm sure what is meant is that there is, in some sense, a locally nontrivial topology near the electrode—i.e., there are loops around the electrode which are sort of nontrivial in the sense that they can't be shrunk to zero in a plane that is punctured by the electrode. But one can certainly shrink them if one pulls them around the tip. It might be better to say (if I understand the intention of the authors correctly) that there the topology is nontrivial in some local sense very near the electrode. (By "local" I mean that one does not allow loops drawn around the electrode to be pulled very far from it).
Emilio Del Giudice, Elmar C. Fuchs and Giuseppe Vitiello: We perfectly agree with the referee observation. Indeed, the beaker system exhibits a local non-trivial topology since the (charged) electrode in the beaker center prevents the paths closed around it from shrinking to zero (provided, of course, one does not pull these paths around the electrode tip). We have included a short sentence concerning this point in the paragraph after Eq. 5.
Swain: Equation 9 for the ponderomotive force is often written (in tex notation) as F=-\frac grad |\vec|^2. This has the advantage of being gauge invariant. If one wants to write it in terms of the vector potential A, I suppose what is being assumed is A oscillating at frequency omega and E=-dA/dt being used with the other factor of 1/2 coming from some time averaging.
Is this correct? If so, one might want to consider writing it gauge invariantly, mentioning that the field is oscillating, and that an average is being taken. I know the ponderomotive force assumes a time-varying field, but this may not be immediately obvious to the reader who is not a bit of an expert.
At the moment, one has to know a fair bit of physics to see what this might mean. As it stands, for a general case, one could think that one could make a gauge transformation and get into all sorts of trouble. For example, around a solenoid one has no B, but clearly an A which cannot be made to vanish everywhere (Aharonov- Bohm effect) and still there would be no force—I think the assumed time dependence (if I understand this correctly) should be noted.
Similarly, the energy being U=\frac||\vec|^2 would make no sense without the time-dependence being made clear. For example, with no time-dependence of A, there would be no electric field and this could be confusing to the non-expert.
Del Giudice, Fuchs and Vitiello: We agree with the referee also on this point. We have included in the text a sentence (see the paragraph after Eq. 1) clarifying that throughout the paper, space-time dependence of the variables is understood. Thus, when no misunderstanding arises, we omit writing them explicitly. When necessary we adopt the notation .
Vladimir Voeikov: Why do you look for a quantum explanation to the exclusion of the possibility of a classical one ?
Del Giudice, Fuchs and Vitiello: An essential step in the formation of the water bridge is the early appearance of vortices in the water, which are submitted to a high voltage. The result is a quantum feature that exists according to the general relationship coupling the electromagnetic potential to the space-time derivatives of the phase of the matter field. This relationship implies a wave-like energy transfer that does not fade with the distance. This implies a long-lasting adaptive tuning among the oscillations of molecules.
The motion of molecules in a classical framework would be diffusive and consequently would be quite random. The existence of coherence involving a large number of molecules is a quantum feature without a classical analogue.
Moreover, the ordered raising of large amounts of water—located at the origin of a stable water bridge—implies the appearance of levitating forces, such as those produced by the Meissner effect in superconductors. Classical mechanisms, such as those implied by field induced sprays of water, would hardly produce the formation of stable arches. That is due to the fact that classical mechanisms would demand a long-range attraction among the droplets of the sprayed water.
Voeikov: Could the dynamics of formation of the water bridge be also at work in the process of formation of living structures?
Del Giudice, Fuchs and Vitiello: This question could not be answered in a rigorous way at the present moment. However, in living organisms there are many examples of quasi one dimensional structures, dynamically built, which disappear at death. This is the point at which, presumably, the overall coherence of the system fades away. An example is given by the cell cytoskeleton, whose elements are made up of self-piped water coated by biomolecules resonating with the e.m. field trapped inside. A model of cytoskeleton incorporating such a feature is described in Del Giudice E., Doglia S., Milani M., Vitiello G., "A dynamical mechanism for cytoskeleton structures" in Interfacial Phenomena in Biological Systems (Ed. M. Bender) Marcel Dekker Inc, New York (1991), pag. 279-285. Del Giudice E., Doglia S., Milani M., Vitiello G., Electromagnetic field and spontaneous symmetry breaking in biological matter, Nucl. Phys. B275 [FS 17], 185 (1986).
In any case, this question needs much further investigation.


text:
Firefighting booster set range
The GEM series firefighting booster range is available in a modular system that's fully compliant with the EN12845 standard for automatic sprinkler systems and the UNI 10779 standard for hydrant systems.
Xylem configures all modules as a single unit containing a pump which can be either electric or diesel according to your needs. Each one includes all its main components and is connected and assembled in the factory in accordance with EN12845 standards. The correct water supply is obtained by using a combination of modules − either single, superior single, twin or combined according to your needs − to the EN12845 standard for firefighting systems.
Commonly, firefighting systems use two main service pumps − one in 'run' and the other in 'stand-by'. Either electric or diesel motors can be used depending on the level of reliability required from the system. According to point 10.2 of EN12845, in the case of single, superior or double water supplies with several pumps, no more than one service pump can be driven by electric motor. This means that the majority of installations require at least one diesel engine pump acting as a backup to the electric main pump.
GEM series firefighting booster modules come as complete units and include our e-NSC series horizontal pumps. Our huge range allows you to tailor your choices in accordance with your system demands while remaining EN12845 compliant.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
"We know that the proposed program threatens the fundamental right of parents to educate their children in the moral dimension of sexual behaviour," the archbishop told supporters of Maryvale Academy at the private Catholic school's 10th anniversary fundraising gala Jan. 31. "Mandatory instruction in the classroom will prevent parents from protecting their children from material they could judge age-inappropriate or immoral."
"If experience is any guide, and from early indications, the government's program contains material that contradicts Catholic moral principles," the archbishop said. (Source)
I must say, I'm proud of how Archbishop Prendergast has spoken out against Wynne's new curriculum. May God bless him.


text:
NVYW Final Round
Thank you for judging the New Voices Young Writers Final Round. This round is very simple. We have identified the finalists and now we will rank them.
Read all the finalists and rank them: 1 is the best, 2 is next best, and so on, until you have ranked all the entries you received.
If you have any questions, contact the Competitions Chair at firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Exodus 29-30
The Design for Worship, cont'd. Exodus 25-40
Exodus 25-31 The Details of the Tabernacle, cont'd.
Exodus 29:1-46-The Priests Consecration...This is the installation process of the priests. It included washing, anointing, clothing, and offering sacrifices.
Exodus 29:9-Aaron's descendants are to have the Priesthood by a "perpetual statute".
Exodus 29:14-Parts of the bull are burned on the altar and parts are offered as a "sin offering".
Exodus 29:18-The first ram is a "burnt offering to the LORD; it is a soothing aroma, an offering by fire to the LORD".
Exodus 29:19ff-The second ram is a "ram of ordination" (29:22)...some of its blood is placed on Aaron and his sons on their right ear (symbolizing obedience to God, Exodus 21:6), thumb, big toe (symbolizing work for God)…then some of the blood (and some anointing oil) on the altar is to be sprinkled on their clothes …this was all to show that they were specially dedicated to God (29:20).
Exodus 29:24ff-Aaron and his sons are to make a "wave offering".
Exodus 29:27-A "heave offering" is made for Aaron and his sons.
Exodus 29:33-Only Aaron and his sons can eat those things used as their ordination...not a "layman".
Exodus 29:35ff-The ordination is a 7-day process.
Exodus 29:38-41-The Daily Sacrifices consisted of 2 lambs each day...one in the morning and one in the evening.
Exodus 30:1-10-The Altar of Incense (1.5'x1.5'x3')...stood in front of the curtain that separated the Holy of Holies...Aaron was responsible to burn incense on it continually and his descendants perpetually...once a year Aaron was to make "atonement" on it with the blood of the sin offering.
Exodus 30:11-16-The Atonement Money...take a census (a kind of formal enrollment). Everyone was to pay a "ransom...that there be no plague among them when you number them"...it was to be half a shekel...everyone 20 years old and older...it was to be used for the "service of the tent of meeting".
Exodus 30:17-21-The Laver...made from mirrors...for the ritual cleansing of the priests (hands and feet).
Exodus 30:22-33-The Anointing Oil...used to anoint the priests and everything used in the tabernacle...could not be used for anything else.
What was the significance of the different kinds of offerings?
This is a Jewish explanation:
Types of Qorbanot
There are many different types of qorbanot, and the laws related to them are detailed and complicated. This section will merely introduce some of the major types of qorbanot, their names and their characteristics. There are many subtypes within these classifications, and some other types that do not fit neatly into these categories.
Olah: Burnt Offering
Perhaps the best-known class of offerings is the burnt offering. It was the oldest and commonest sacrifice, and represented submission to G-d's will. The Hebrew word for burnt offering is olah, from the root Ayin-Lamed-Hei, meaning ascension. It is the same root as the word aliyah, which is used to describe moving to Israel or ascending to the podium to say a blessing over the Torah. An olah is completely burnt on the outer altar; no part of it is eaten by anyone. Because the offering represents complete submission to G-d's will, the entire offering is given to G-d (i.e., it cannot be used after it is burnt). It expresses a desire to commune with G-d, and expiates sins incidentally in the process (because how can you commune with G-d if you are tainted with sins?). An olah could be made from cattle, sheep, goats, or even birds, depending on the offerer's means.
Zebach Sh'lamim: Peace Offering
A peace offering is an offering expressing thanks or gratitude to G-d for His bounties and mercies. The Hebrew term for this type of offering is zebach sh'lamim (or sometimes just sh'lamim), which is related to the word shalom, meaning "peace" or "whole." A representative portion of the offering is burnt on the altar, a portion is given to the kohanim, and the rest is eaten by the offerer and his family; thus, everyone gets a part of this offering. This category of offerings includes thanksgiving-offerings (in Hebrew, Todah, which was obligatory for survivors of life-threatening crises), free will-offerings, and offerings made after fulfillment of a vow. Note that this class of offerings has nothing to do with sin; in fact, the Talmud states that in the age of the messiah (when there is no more sin), this will be the only class of offering that is brought to the Temple.
Chatat: Sin Offering
A sin offering is an offering to atone for and purge a sin. It is an expression of sorrow for the error and a desire to be reconciled with G-d. The Hebrew term for this type of offering is chatat, from the word chayt, meaning "missing the mark." A chatat could only be offered for unintentional sins committed through carelessness, not for intentional, malicious sins. The size of the offering varied according to the nature of the sin and the financial means of the sinner. Some chatatot are individual and some are communal. Communal offerings represent the interdependence of the community, and the fact that we are all responsible for each others' sins. A few special chatatot could not be eaten, but for the most part, for the average person's personal sin, the chatat was eaten by the kohanim.
Asham: Guilt Offering
A guilt offering is an offering to atone for sins of stealing things from the altar, for when you are not sure whether you have committed a sin or what sin you have committed, or for breach of trust. The Hebrew word for a guilt offering is asham. When there was doubt as to whether a person committed a sin, the person would make an asham, rather than a chatat, because bringing a chatat would constitute admission of the sin, and the person would have to be punished for it. If a person brought an asham and later discovered that he had in fact committed the sin, he would have to bring a chatat at that time. An asham was eaten by the kohanim.
Food and Drink Offerings
A meal offering (minchah) represented the devotion of the fruits of man's work to G-d, because it was not a natural product, but something created through man's effort. A representative piece of the offering was burnt on the fire of the altar, but the rest was eaten by the kohanim.
For an explanation of the sacrifices from a Christian perspective see:
The 5 sacrifices and offerings were symbolic. Their design was to allow the truly penitent and thankful worshiper to express faith in and love for God by the observance of these rituals. When the heart was not penitent and thankful, God was not pleased with the ritual. Cf. Amos 5:21–27. The offerings were burnt, symbolizing the worshiper's desire to be purged of sin and sending up the fragrant smoke of true worship to God. The myriad of small details in the execution of the rituals was to teach exactness and precision that would extend to the way the people obeyed the moral and spiritual laws of God and the way they revered every facet of His Word.
All of the senses are affected by the Tabernacle and its services...eyes (colors, angels, furnishings, Priests, sacrifices), ears (music, bells, sounds of sacrifices), touch (bringing the sacrifices), smell (oil, incense...when someone would be near the tabernacle the smells would permeate them...later, when someone else was with them they could tell by the smell that the person had been at the Tabernacle), taste (eating the sacrifices).
As I write, there is a strange, bad smell in my study. I have an aquarium and I wonder if a fish has died...I have looked several times and can't find anything. But the smell is distracting. The whole time that I am reading and praying I can smell it...and my mind keeps going back to it and what it could be. Then I think about the incense...could it have been a very pleasing smell, a soothing smell. Could it be that the incense helped the worshipper to focus on God...and not about other things that surrounded him? Paul says that we are to be a "fragrance of Christ to God among those who are being saved" (2 Corinthians 2:15). Does my life give off a fragrance that attracts people to Christ? Or, is my life a distraction...does it keep people from coming to Christ?
Exodus 30:34-38-The Incense...this particular recipe, could not be used for anything else. The only time you would ever smell it was when you came to the Tabernacle. Upon leaving the Tabernacle…your clothes would be saturated with its smell…and people that you encountered would know that you had been there.
Prayer: Lord, help me to be so filled with Your Holy Spirit, so saturated, that people that I encounter will be aware of Your presence. Help me to be a pleasing aroma to them…the very fragrance of Christ.


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This is a new clan i dropped from a diamond division lvl 23 clan to create my own clan and here it is THE KD KILLERZ i do have requirements as i am not just going to start up a scrub clan sorry not all players are welcome you must have a 1.8 KD or higher must get on every day if i see inactive members after two days with out notice you will be kicked out of the clan i am creating a top rank clan please dont bother messaging me saying its almost to 1.8 it will be a NO also this is a big boy clan there will be cursing as you know every one does it online but only to other clans not among are selves. i really hope to pick up some good members from this i do have a mic and i play 9-10 hours a day sometimes less my kd is 2.46 my win loss is 2.3 i use all types of guns i play all types of game modes i prefer search and rescue but i also play domination and kill confirm and blitz i play everything lol hope to hear from some of you my XBL TAG is xFAIRYxTAILx message me or find the clan and send in app............we now have 4 members all above a 2.3 kd ratio and highest being a 2.7 ratio
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Top 2014 College Football Recruit Each SEC Coach Covets the MostApril 1, 2013
Top 2014 College Football Recruit Each SEC Coach Covets the Most
It's been said by various coaches and other football personnel that the difference between recruiting at the college level and the NFL draft is that in the NFL a coach only has one first-round pick whereas a coach can sign 25 first-round picks in recruiting. This is pretty much a true saying, as teams who sign a wealth of 5-star and highly rated 4-star players are essentially bringing in first-round "recruiting picks."
However, what if recruiting was boiled down to just a coach bringing in the only one recruit? The coach could only bring in the recruit he covets the very most out of a sea of good prospects. Well, for this read, we're going to look at the 14 coaches in the SEC and quickly tell you which one recruit they'd choose to go after and bring in.
Here's the top recruit each SEC coach covets the most in 2014 recruiting.
Top Prospect: Derek Barnett, DE
James Franklin has done a very good job on the recruiting trail since arriving in Nashville. He's signed two top 25 classes and is looking to keep his streak going.
The top layer recruit Vandy has a solid shot at landing is Barnett, a 6'3", 265-pound DE from inside the state of Tennessee. Barnett's size, strength and ability stack up blocks would be a big boost for the Commodores' defense.
Texas A&M
Top Prospect: Tony Brown, CB
The Aggies are led by Kevin Sumlin, who made a good amount of noise in his first year at the helm. It was also Texas A&M's initial season in the SEC and the Aggies proved to be major players.
Recruiting went very well for Sumlin last year and he's gotten off to a good start in 2014. His most coveted prospect is the 6'0", 185-pound Brown. A big and physical CB, Brown is rated by many as the best at his spot in the country.
Top Prospect: Jalen Hurd, RB (committed)
Give Butch Jones and his staff a ton of credit here, as they not only have landed their most coveted prospect but got him to commit early in the process.
Jones is trying to certainly change the culture in Knoxville and getting the 6'3", 225-pound Hurd to pledge will help. With his size, power and speed, Hurd probably will make an immediate impact. I would believe Josh Malone now becomes Jones' top uncommitted target.
South Carolina
Top Prospect: Da'Shawn Hand, DE
Steve Spurrier is probably going to be retire in a few seasons, but I'd imagine he'd likely stay on an additional three or four years if Hand comes to Columbia.
The nation's No. 1 player, hand stand 6'5", weighs 247 pounds and has rare abilities. He's quick at the snap, powerful, uses his hands well and is one of the best pure playmakers we've seen at the DE position since, well, Jadeveon Clowney.
Top Prospect: Roderick Johnson, OT
Two cycles ago, Gary Pinkel celebrated a solid recruiting class that featured WR Dorial Green-Beckham. Last year, however, was probably a step back recruiting-wise.
I'd imagine Pinkel is out to attack the trail very hard this year, as he's got a year of SEC recruiting under his belt. I'd also imagine that he covets the 6'7", 210-pound Missouri native Johnson as his top target.
Johnson looks great on the hoof, but also has good movement skills for a big man. He can play LT or RT in Pinkel's offense.
Mississippi State
Top Prospect: Roderick Taylor, OG
Dan Mullen had a pretty good class last year, with DE Chris Jones being his headliner. The Bulldogs have a serious recruiting rival in Hugh Freeze now, since Ole Miss had a top-five class in 2013.
Mullen may covet a ton of big-name prospects, but MSU doesn't land many 5-star kids. So I'll say that the 6'3", 305-pound Taylor is its top target due to his size, high ceiling and ability to stabilize the Bulldog OL unit in a few seasons.
Ole Miss
Top Prospect: Nyles Morgan, LB
The Rebels enjoyed one of the biggest recruiting turnarounds in history last year when they signed a top-five class. The 2013 class that is coming to Oxford will go down as the greatest in school history, on paper.
One of the top players in the class is WR Laquon Treadwell, who comes from Illinois. His teammate there is the 6'2", 228-pound Morgan, who's one of the best LBs in the country.
Top Prospect: Leonard Fournette, RB
This was perhaps the easiest decision to make in regards to this list. It's no secret that Les Miles covets Fournette, indicated by Miles opting not to sign a RB last year..
The 6'1", 215-pound Fournette is from Louisiana and has a special blend of size, strength, speed, instincts and hands. He's a franchise back and would be an immediate contributor in Baton Rouge.
Top Prospect: Drew Barker, QB
Mark Stoops quickly tabbed Neal Brown as a his offensive coordinator when he got the Kentucky job. Brown runs a wide-open spread offense, with Run 'N' Shoot principles.
Whenever a new coach is hired, one of his first things to do in recruiting is to land a stud QB. Getting Barker, with his 6'4", 205-pound frame, solid arm strength and good passing skills would be a good fit for what Brown wants to do in Lexington.
Top Prospect: Sony Michel, RB
I believe Michel has a lot of interest in UGA, even though he's from Florida. I grade him out as a potentially special RB prospect who doesn't have many glaring weaknesses.
The 5'11", 205-pounder has great speed, quickness, vision, strength and hands. He's elusive with the ball, can be powerful and makes an impact in the passing game.
Top Prospect: Lorenzo Carter, DE
Carter is from Georgia and would give Will Mushcamp a ton of flexibility at the DE/OLB position. At 6'5" and 232 pounds, Carter had 45 tackles for loss alone as a junior.
He has explosiveness at the snap, great length to stay clean from blocks and is an athletic and hard-hitting edge defender. One of the top 10 players in the country, look for Florida to go full tilt to land Carter this year.
Top Prospect: Tre Williams, LB
I thought of going with RB Racean Thomas here, but I'll stick with Williams. The LB is a solid athlete who can track ball-carriers with good vision and has the quickness to get to spots in a flash in the box. Williams stands 6'2" and will likely weigh in the 230-pound range as a freshman in college.
Top Prospect: Josh Frazier, DT
With Bret Bielema taking over as Arkansas' new head coach, it's a foregone conclusion that he's going to build the Razorbacks into a physical and tough team. Bielema will definitely invest heavily in both the OL and DL units.
Frazier likely is top target Bielema has the best chance at landing due to him being from inside the state. Frazier is a 6'3", 324-pound run-plugging and space-eating DT who can be a physical load in the trenches.
Top Prospect: Marlon Humphrey, CB
The Crimson Tide program has a realistic shot to land several 5-star prospects this year yet again. So a number of players could be at this spot.
But with 'Bama having a need for CBs and Humphrey being both a 5-star CB and from the state, plus his father being a former RB for the Tide, it's a no-brainer.
The 6'1", 175-pound Humphrey is Nick Saban's most coveted prospect for 2014.
Edwin Weathersby is the College Football Recruiting Analyst for Bleacher Report. He has worked in scouting/player personnel departments for three professional football teams, including the New York Giants, Cleveland Browns and the Las Vegas Gladiators of the Arena League. He spent a year evaluating prep prospects and writing specific recruiting and scouting content articles for Student Sports Football (formerly ESPN Rise-HS). A syndicated scout and writer, he's also contributed to WeAreSC.com, GatorBait.net and Diamonds in the Rough Inc., a College Football and NFL Draft magazine.


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Happy Halloween everybody!
Above is a little treat for y'all, the first Etch A Sketch drawing of any kind that I've worked on until it resembled something other than a bunch of blocks and crushed oranges. Not promising many more of these.
On that note, the fall update. The other day a squirrel fell out of the sky right in front of me and two fingers slipped under its armpit revealed the poor bugger was dead. I left it in the yard and two days later it was gone. Rodent Methuselah? or just a case of a hawk returning for what it had lost?
Also been witness to hit-and-runs, car accidents, and other general mayhem. Some kind of psychic mass lobotomy has been performed on the population which leaves much work as far documenting and exploring the heightening novelty of our times.
We are on the edge of the magical season.
Winter is nigh and I'm looking forward to the cold and the harshness of it, starting to relish how hard it's gonna be. So much grit to be found on the sharp edges of ice and hidden faces.
In a rambling post last spring, I provided a list of what was to come out of Roosterhouse Ideas.
Breaking Away from the Herd issues have been put out and will continue to be. Zines by myself and Franz Fleinsasser include Sap, Old Soldier,Wild Rice(a new one, post to come next week!). If interested, don't forget to check out the store.
As promised John Hoff's long middle-school exploration of the science fiction genre will be put out hopefully by the end of the year with illustrations by Tyler Hagebusch. School Girl Cover Up will also see the light of day Decemberish.
New zines in the next couple months will include an essay on barbecue sauce labels and a couple pieces of short horrorish fiction by Franz Fleinsasser. Also expect zine work from Calum Huthon and maybe … another cassette? I'm not promising anything, just saying.
Also, Zinefest was a fab success. Thank you to all those came out. There is some amazing working being done in the Twin Cities and Roosterhouse is lucky to be a part of it.
One lucky attendee did win a year's subscription to Roosterhouse Zines. Congrats. For those that have subscribed, I have the first issues all secured in envelopes and they'll be sent out today!


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A Welcoming Address
Chancellor-designate Kent D. Syverud embraced his soon-to-be new community at Syracuse University with two words: "I'm in."
Syverud, who was unanimously selected by the Board of Trustees Wednesday as SU's 12th Chancellor and President, addressed hundreds of students, faculty, staff and community members for the first time Thursday afternoon at Hendricks Chapel. The current dean of Washington University School of Law in St. Louis, Syverud was unanimously recommended by members of the Chancellor's Search Committee and the board's Executive Committee.
Syverud, who has nearly two decades of experience in academic leadership at premier national universities, was inspired to speak that simple phrase after hearing a recurring statement from members of the SU community he met during the search process: "Syracuse took a chance on me, and I made the most of it."
That statement represents the University and the country at its best, and how students who come here understand they have a lot to learn—but are ready for the challenge, Syverud said.
"You did not feel entitled but you did feel responsible for seizing the amazing range of opportunities and activities and courses and ideas across this University," he said. "You made the most of it here in Syracuse, around the world, and over your whole lifetime."
Syverud met that attitude with solidarity among all those who love Syracuse University and "bleed orange."
"I'm in with all of you who have these loyalties and these hopes and these dreams," he said. "Like you I'm committing everything I am and everything I have to this place, to our team, to achieving greatness here through patience and hard work and loyalty and a cheerful can-do attitude."
An award-winning teacher, Syverud, who grew up outside of Rochester, has been a key member of university leadership at Washington University and Vanderbilt University law schools and was credited with bringing both greater national prominence. His scholarship is also derived from extensive professional experience, from having been a clerk to Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor to having worked in one of the nation's most prestigious law firms.
He will succeed Chancellor Nancy Cantor, who will become Chancellor of Rutgers University-Newark in January, and will begin his tenure as Chancellor on Jan. 13, 2014.
After listening to Syverud's address, Student Association President Alexandra Curtis '14 said his words energized the crowd. "I got the chills hearing him speak," said Curtis, a dual major in political science and public relations. "So many students I'm sure were feeling the same exact thing as they sat there in the audience when he said 'Syracuse University took a chance on me and I made the most of it.' I couldn't have related to that more."
During this critical time in SU's history, with its move to the ACC and the changing of leadership, Curtis said she is looking forward to seeing what the future will hold. "I'm excited to get to know him and work with him hand in hand," Curtis said.
First-year student Phil Kramer, a dual major in advertising and marketing management, was also looking forward to meeting the new Chancellor after hearing his speech. "I thought there was a certain amount of connectivity between him and students and faculty on the same ideas," Kramer said. "He seemed very enthusiastic and gracious. He left me with a really good impression."
Richard L. Thompson G'67, Chairman of the SU Board of Trustees, introduced Syverud as a keenly astute thinker in higher education, knowledgeable in the crucial role it plays in the world. "He's admired as an intellectual and a professional. He's a public servant and a public scholar," Thompson said. "He's an academic innovator and he's a proud son of upstate New York."
Both Thompson and Ryan Williams, associate vice president for enrollment management and director of scholarships and student aid, and a member of the search committee, thanked members of the SU community for sharing their insights with members of the committee. The committee was led by Trustee Vice Chair Hon. Judge Joanne Alper '72 and composed of trustees, faculty, students, staff, alumni, a dean's representative and a representative from the Chancellor's cabinet.
Thompson also thanked Chancellor Cantor for leading the University over the past decade and making it "greater, better and more beautiful," paraphrasing an inscription at Maxwell Hall.
Syverud also acknowledged Cantor as a leader in higher education. "I don't think there's a university leader anywhere in the world who has done more to organically connect a university to its community than Nancy Cantor has done," he said.
Syverud recognized his wife, Dr. Ruth Chen, and his sons, Steven, Brian and David, and he thanked the members of the SU community in the search process and those who had helped him along the way in his career.
Having grown up in upstate New York, Syverud said the University community feels like home. He also noted how SU was the first university that he ever saw—one that made a lasting impression that continues to grow from the work that takes place here.
"I so admire what the faculty has achieved here in each school and each program. I learned long ago the true value of intense interaction with faculty colleagues. It is that vibrant exchange of ideas among great faculty which invigorates me and most importantly what makes a university so much better," Syverud said.
Syverud also noted how he has reviewed hundreds of pages of SU history, but he recognizes how much he will have to learn. "I need to learn from each of you, each student, faculty member, staff member and alumnus," he said. "I will do so because I want to, with all my heart, steward this great place into an even greater future."
"Today I am truly honored that you have taken that chance on me," Syverud said. "I mean to make the most of it and with your help, with your advice and with your support, I will do that. I'm in, and I sure hope you are."
Watch the video here.


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RANGELEY, Maine (AP) — The federal government is committing more than a half million dollars to help expand a municipal airport in western Maine.
The U.S. Department of Transportation is awarding slightly more than $530,000 to the Steven A. Bean Municipal Airport in Rangeley. Sens. Angus King and Susan Collins say the money will support work to expand and reconstruct the apron at the airport.
Collins, a Republican, and King, an independent, say enhancements at the airport will help boost the economy in a rural part of the state. The airport is located less than 40 miles from the border with Quebec.
The money is coming through the Federal Aviation Administration.


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Islamabad Club Published In Newspaper Nawaiwaqt , Islamabad - DailyPaperPkJobs
This job published in Nawaiwaqt newspaper. Islamabad Club have multiple job categories.
Job Name: Islamabad Club
Date: 28-July-2013
Newspaper: Nawaiwaqt
Job Categories:
Cities: Islamabad
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This Job Ad shown on this page is the property of Nawaiwaqt Newspaper and is copyrighted by them.


text: MULTI-CITY STUDIES IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND: THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON DAILY MORTALITY AND MORBIDITYSimpson, Rod*; Williams, Gail†; Barnett, Adrian†; Neller, Anne*; Best, Trudi*; Petroeschevsky, Anna*; Denison, Lyn‡; Neville, Gerard§; Sheppeard, Vicky∥; Runnion, Tina¶Epidemiology: July 2004 - Volume 15 - Issue 4 - p S54 The Sixteenth Conference of the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE): Abstracts Author Information Article Outline *University of the Sunshine Coast; †School of Population Health, University of Queensland; ‡Environmental Protection Authority of Victoria; §Environmental Health Unit, Public Health Services, Queensland Health; ∥Environmental Health Branch, NSW Health; ¶Air Quality Management Branch, Department of Environment Introduction: Methods: Results: Discussion: ISEE-106 Back to Top | Article Outline Introduction: This paper presents preliminary results from the project funded by the Environment Protection and Heritage Council (EPHC) for 2003–2005: Expansion of the multi-city mortality and morbidity study: the assessment of the impact of air pollution on daily mortality and morbidity in Australian and New Zealand cities, including the use of new particle data sets. The National Environment Protection Council (NEPC) of Australia will report to the EPHC on a review of national air quality health standards in 2005. This project is designed to estimate the associations between air pollution and daily mortality and morbidity for a range of Australian and New Zealand cities. Back to Top | Article Outline Methods: The study uses case-crossover techniques and standardised time series methodologies to conduct meta-analyses for estimates of the acute effects of air pollution on daily mortality and daily hospital admissions in Australian and New Zealand cities. Hospital admissions data include respiratory admissions, admissions for asthma and cardiovascular admissions for the following age groups; 0, 1–4, 5–14, 15–64, 65–74, 75+ and total (all ages). Mortality data will be aggregated into broad categories of respiratory mortality, cardiovascular mortality and total mortality, with broad age groups (0–14, 15–64, 65–74, 75+, Total) (all ages). The pollutants considered include particles (nephelometer, PM10 and PM2.5 data), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Confounding effects by weather variables and factors such as public holidays, bush fires and influenza epidemics will be included. Back to Top | Article Outline Results: Preliminary results for the study will be presented. Back to Top | Article Outline Discussion: The results will be compared with overseas studies and will provide input into the review of national air quality standards.© 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.


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Previously scheduled to launch this Fall, Capcom has revealed that their Resident Evil 4 re-release for the PS4 and Xbox One will be available to download much earlier than expected. According to the Capcom-Unity blog, the zombie shooter will be added to the PlayStation Store and Xbox Games Store later this Summer, on August 30.
In addition to delivering a new release date, the Capcom-Unity blog also detailed some of the bonus features that'll be included in Resident Evil 4 for the PS4 and Xbox One:
This current release of Resident Evil 4 on PS4 and Xbox One includes all the bonus content from the original game, as well as additional features that were added in later versions. The mysterious and elusive Ada Wong stars in her own side story, which fills in intriguing story gaps from Leon's mission. Mercenaries Mode – the addicting evolution of RE3's bonus mode – is awarded to players who complete the campaign, providing hours of replayability and lets fans play as Wesker, Hunk, and more iconic characters.
RE4 also boasts some of the most satisfying New Game Plus action ever, allowing players to bring their powerful arsenal, unlocked costumes, and other secret weapons into a fresh playthrough. Want to focus on yourself instead of protecting Ashley? Equip her with the knight armor costume and laugh as enemy's attempt to attack her or carry her off with futility. Leon's Chicago Typewriter – an insanely powerful Tommy Gun – also provides a fun power trip if you have enough cash to give the infamous Merchant.
A PS4/Xbox One retail release for Resident Evil 4 will be announced at a later date.


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Every day Amazon is offering Lightning Deal on everything from toys to electronics to household products, clothing and more! Add sparkle to your life through these offers. We help you to save your time and money through the Amazon deal of the day and sort through them really fast. It's Just a click away! Show your glamor through utilizing attractive Amazon offers of the day.
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Amazon: Lightning Deals – 5th July, 2016
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Lee Men's Cotton Polo Shirt (8907222499617_LETS8227_Large_Grass) @ 587 (51% off)
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Winning the waitlist War :-
When you get a lightning deal in your cart, you have 15 minutes to checkout. If you don't checkout during that time, it becomes available again, and goes to the first person on the waiting list. MANY times people click claim before they even check the price or details to make sure they can snag it if they end up wanting it.


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The criticism the NFL has received over the past few years for its handling of issues stemming from drug use and player rights to concussions and its links to CTE have put the corporation in a position that it has never been in before. Commissioner Roger Goodell has been criticized for mishandling off-the-field issues. Questions about how much the league does to care for their players have been brought up on several occasions. But responses to an incident nearly two years old have been, as noted by many, nothing short of poor and embarrassing for a league that aims to protect and care for its players.
May 13 marks the two year anniversary of the day Greg Hardy's life changed forever. It marked the beginning of his future stint with the Dallas Cowboys – America's Team. The bright lights of AT&T Stadium-known as Jerry's World in reference to owner Jerry Jones-shining upon his 6-foot-5, 280 pound frame would have Cowboys fans cheering for him on Sundays, watching him swim and bull rush his way through offensive linemen, just as he did during his Pro Bowl year in 2013 with the Carolina Panthers. Those same fans were the ones who would praise Hardy for making a crucial late-game sack, but boo Los Angeles Clippers center and Texas-native DeAndre Jordan for changing his mind in free agency about playing for his home state Dallas Mavericks, something NBA analyst Jeff Van Gundy called "absurd" during a live broadcast last season.
"I would also like the Dallas fans to acknowledge the sheer lunacy and absurdity that they're booing DeAndre Jordan tonight, and they'll be cheering someone like Greg Hardy on Sunday," Van Gundy said. "That, to me, is absurd. All this guy (Jordan) did was change his mind."
"Someone like Greg Hardy."
Not the Greg Hardy who recorded an SEC-best 10 sacks in 2007 at Mississippi, nor the Greg Hardy who recorded the Panthers single-season sack record with 15 in 2013.
This Greg Hardy, the one Van Gundy referred to, was charged with domestic violence, guilty of assaulting his girlfriend Nicole Holder that May in North Carolina.
He was convicted and sentenced to 18 months probation. He was charged with grabbing his girlfriend by the hair, neck, and throat, choking her, leaving her with bruises, and throwing her on a couch of loaded shotguns and assault rifles. He was also charged with threatening to break her arms and kill her, all while ignoring her screams and pleads for help.
His 60-day prison sentence was suspended. A year-and-a-half later, he was a member of the Dallas Cowboys.
RELATED: NFL Bans Players Convicted of Sexual Assault And Domestic Violence From Combine
Now, Hardy is without a job. He is currently a free agent, seeking work before preseason games begin in August. But teams are holding off on the 27-year-old, and the NFL hasn't taken his side. Hardy hasn't seemed apologetic or remorseful, either.
Before the Cowboys were set to take on the New England Patriots back in October, Hardy, fresh off a four-game suspension from the May incident, made controversial comments about Patriots quarterback Tom Brady and his wife, supermodel Gisele Bundchen. "I love seeing Tom Brady," Hardy said. "You seen his wife? I hope she comes to the game. I hope her sister comes to the game."
Jones defended his player, coming to his defense after a reported meeting between the two.
"I will say this: Over the last three or four weeks, I would hate to see anybody who had more pressure on him than Hardy," Jones said.
"There is a genuine effort for him to rehab what is the perception of him."
Jones' comments came after Hardy changed his Twitter bio in an effort to proclaim his innocence. "Innocent until proven guilty, lack of knowledge and information is just ignorance," Hardy wrote on his page.
This was the guy who the hierarchy within the Cowboys organization attempted to glorify, a guy who made potentially derogatory comments about another player's wife after dealing with personal issues with women.
Today, Hardy is still searching, but it's not a gripe against his talent and performance on the field. The NFL has not handled past cases of domestic violence particularly well, most notably with Ray Rice, who was suspended for only two games after video surfaced of him knocking his then-fiancee out in an elevator.
This is more of a testament to the NFL, the league who claims to care about women but won't show it when situations such as these occur. Martavis Bryant was banned for the upcoming NFL season due to substance abuse. Two years ago, that wouldn't have happened. Now Hardy, who found himself in Rice's position with a brief slap-on-the-wrist punishment, is facing the harsh, yet supported manner in which teams around the league have responded to his actions and actions alike. Violence and convictions for assaults are no longer taken lightly, and this is proof that the NFL is moving in the right direction.
Rice, who has publicly acknowledged his mistakes and has taken steps with his wife, Janay, to reach out into communities and speak on his experience, may not ever take a carry in the NFL again.
But he may join a team in an effort to connect with the younger players, who come into the business with unthinkable amounts of money, fame, spotlight, and life choices staring them right in the eye.
Hardy is in need of that, and the league knows. The NFL is finally going in the right direction.
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Virtual Tour: Carson Village Home, Deer Run Commons
Friday October 21, 2011
New 360° Tour of Deer Run Commons Carson Village Home!
Step inside this single story living townhome in Hershey for a 360° virtual tour! The Carson Home Design at Deer Run Commons offers a gourmet kitchen with granite counters and island, Derry Township schools and spacious 2 bedroom living for only $159,990. Check it out:
Want a screen-free tour of this gorgeous home at Deer Run Commons? Call us at 800-325-3030.


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Press release : Prizm CES Innovation Award 2016, New York / Paris 10 November 2015
Prizm receives "CES Innovation Award" in the "Smart Home" category
Prizm™ has been awarded the prestigious CES Innovation Award in the Smart Home category. The CES Innovation Award reveals innovations (products or services) soon to be on the market that will represent the must-haves of the coming year.
Prizm is a new kind of music player you can plug to any speakers.. By identifying who is in the room, what their music preferences are and the current mood, Prizm always knows what to play.
Prizm reinvents the way we listen to music at home and is extremely ease to use: all you need to do is press Play. The music starts automatically based on the tastes of people in the room, and is adapted to the identified context: an evening with friends, a romantic dinner...
You no longer need to use your computer or your smartphone, to browse an app or a website and think about what you want to listen to. Prizm itself recognizes the right music for you according to your tastes and listening habits.
But there is more : Prizm analyses what's happening around, recognizes those present and senses the overall atmosphere to adjust the music selection automatically.
It's a unique intelligence in the audio field. Nobody offers this today
Prizm´s algorithms take advantage of the abundance of streaming platform catalogs. Once connected to your speakers (3.5mm Jack, optical or Bluetooth) and to your streaming account, Prizm browses millions of titles to find your future favorite ones.
It automatically detects people in the room via their smartphone or connected wristbands and analyzes the ambient atmosphere (taking into account the day, hour and sound volume…). This is how Prizm makes the difference between a romantic dinner and an evening with friends and chooses the music that perfectly fits the situation.
We believe that the listening experience is deeply linked to the context. We do not want to listen to the same music when we are doing housework for example or when we we have friends over than when we are alone or with our better half
Simply intuitive
You like what is being played? Press the heart button: the title is added directly to your Soundcloud or Deezer playlists so that you can listen to it again later. If a song is not to your taste, press the cross button to skip to the next.
It learns to get to know you
Each time that you interact with Prizm, it memorizes your choices in order to play music you like, at the right moment, when you're in the right mood. It will for example understand that you prefer listening to rock in the morning and jazz at night. The personalised music stream generated by Prizm is becoming more relevant over time, custom-tailored to your music habits.
Smartphone application
Prizm has been designed to operate as a standalone device but it can still be controlled using the dedicated app (iOS, Android). It is thus possible to play a title, a musical genre or an artist of your choice using the app as a remote control.
A crowdfunded project
The young Paris-based start-up launched a crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter in October 2014 to finance the industrial launch of Prizm. The project reached its target and raised more than $70 000 in four days. In the end the project raised $161.000 on the platform.
The founders
Prizm was delevoped by a Paris-based start-up founded in 2013 by: Pierre Gochgarian (Chief Marketing Officer), Arthur Eberhardt (CTO), Olivier Roberdet (R&D Director), Pierre Verdu (Art Director).
Download PDFDownload PDF
About Prizm
Notre mission : proposer la meilleure expérience de la musique à domicile. En intégrant harmonieusement design, hardware et création logicielle, notre équipe d'experts passionnés de musique, travaille à créer la prochaine génération de systèmes audio.
Prizm repense la manière dont nous écoutons la musique à la maison. Lecteur de musique d'une nouvelle ère, il joue de la musique selon les goûts des personnes présentes dans la pièce, et l'adapte au contexte : soirée entre amis, dîner romantique…
Our mission is to provide the best music experience at home. By seamlessly integrating hardware and software, we build the next generation of audio systems. Created by music lovers and tech experts, Prizm is the first music player that senses the current mood in the room, to play music that everyone will love.
With Prizm, listening to music is easier than ever. Just press Play, and enjoy instantly. Connected to your streaming account, Prizm cleverly explores a 35 million titles catalog, to find the ones you'll love. When you hear a song you like, just press the heart to save it directly into your playlists. Prizm learns about your tastes and remembers your habits, so it can play accordingly to the context.


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Forget press releases or exclusive interviews - for the populist Harper government, Twitter has become the tool of choice to speak directly to Canadians on the "unlimited Internet access" controversy.
Both Stephen Harper and Industry Minister Tony Clement have used Twitter, an Internet instant messaging service, to make significant announcements this week aimed at placating the raging consumer backlash against a CRTC decision on the price of Internet service.
The Prime Minister's Office turned to Mr. Harper's Twitter account - followed by more 85,000 people - to signal its displeasure with a CRTC ruling that would effectively kill "unlimited access" Internet accounts.
Then, on Wednesday evening, Mr. Clement used Twitter to drop a bombshell ultimatum, confirming reports in The Globe and Mail and elsewhere that the Tories would overturn the CRTC decision unless the regulator did so itself.
"True. CRTC must go back to drawing board," Mr. Clement tweeted after being asked if it was correct the government would act "if the CRTC does not back down."
Breaking government policy decisions via Internet messaging isn't sitting well with everyone.
Former CRTC vice-chair Richard French said the Tories are sidelining the normal due process for making far-reaching decisions: "This is government by tweet, and amateur night at the Industry Department."
The Tory government has effectively tailored the medium to the message this week in selecting the rapid distribution power of Twitter to demonstrate to Internet users and potential voters how they're handling the consumer controversy.
Mr. Clement is the most avid Twitter user in the federal cabinet, having posted more than 2,500 messages, and more than 8,300 people follow his messages.
Even before he overruled the federal regulator on Wednesday, the Industry Minister used his Twitter account to turn up the heat on CRTC chair Konrad von Finckenstein, who was scheduled to defend the "usage-based billing" decision to MPs the next day.
Mr. Clement said he would be "looking forward to the CRTC chairman's appearance before the House Industry Committee … to explain his support for the UBB decision."
It was just hours later that he instead broke the news that the Tories would undo the decision unless the CRTC does it first.