text:
Morris Publishing Group, publisher of the Athens Banner-Herald and 13 other daily newspapers, said Friday that its senior bank group agreed to extend an interest payment until next Friday.
The delay covered "cross defaults arising from the overdue interest payments on (Morris Publishing) senior subordinated notes," the company said in a news release.
Morris Publishing previously obtained an extension until next Friday on overdue interest payments from holders of more than 75 percent of the senior subordinated notes.
The company, a privately held media firm based in Augusta, also owns nondaily newspapers, city magazines and free community publications in the Southeast, Midwest, Southwest and Alaska.
© 2018. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


text:
**The Civic Center Message Board is awaiting maintenance at this time, until it has been repaired we will not be accepting new messages.**
The purpose of the Message Board at the Civic Center Plaza is to communicate City events and activities to residents and businesses. A secondary purpose of the Message Board is to be used to communicate other messages that may be of interest to residents as set forth in this policy. This policy will apply to the Civic Center Plaza Message Board and any message boards that may be installed by the City.
Examples of eligible information include: governmental updates, upcoming educational, art, cultural, community and/or recreational activities in Oakley. Requests must be submitted a minimum of one week in advance. The maximum time a requested message will be displayed is 2 weeks. Messages may be edited for space and content.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Ruben Flores' Mobile Service & Repair LLC
Is your current automobile in need of a battery change, or emission repair? Our team can provide you with outstanding solutions to your automobile needs. We offer hydraulic repairs for cars, trucks, and industrial equipment as well. When you find yourself in need of a local mechanic, fabricator, or welding provider call us today at (520) 337-2550. One of our friendly associates will be more than happy to answer any questions you may have.


text:
Artisan Contractors
When working as a contractor that deals in repairing, creating, or installing elements in homes or businesses, there are inherent risks involved. Should an injury or property damage occur, skilled-tradesman can be held liable for financial compensation. As a result, a single mistake or incident can ruin your clients business. Artisan Coverage through Burns & Wilcox is available for many types of artisans including plumbers, roofers, carpenters, electricians, painters, janitors, landscapers and more. We can protect the livelihood of commercial artisan contractors should damage result in costly litigation.
Coverage Details and Features
- General liability limits up to $2 million
- In-house binding authority
- Renovation projects eligible
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- Special program available for handymen
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(including but not limited to)
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- Roofers
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- Landscapers
- Handymen
At Burns & Wilcox our expertise becomes your expertise. Our marketing materials are designed to help you give your clients what they want to hear – yes to almost any hard-to-place-risk.
Bundle Opportunities
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Receive the latest industry news from Insurance Market Source
Applications for this product may vary. Please click below to find the office nearest to you for assistance.Office Locations


text: > Looked in the FA and archives and don't seem to find much on rear end > upgrades for early '84 CGT. I am looking to upgrade my rear end > brakes to disk and 4x108 hubs. Any info or BTDT would be of great > help. I believe that rear axle can be used, from what I have read long ago. Also, the 87.5 coupe axle will work (comes with discs, 4 x 108). I think you need the axle, not just the hub stub things. Some big awkward bolts to undo, but not a big deal, really. Lets you replace the trailing arm & panhard rod bushings. You'll probably need to use the disc brake proportioning valve from the donor axle. > Also conversion of front 4x100 to 4x108 would go along with > upgrade. Any 85-87 coupe or 4kq strut housings will have the hub you need. You can swap the entire housing if you want. I may have a few sets lying around if I didn't scrap them... I believe the '84 already has the larger diameter rotor, and the caliper should accomodate the thicker 85-87 rotor with the right pads. If not, get the parts from the same donor vehicle. -- Huw Powell http://www.humanspeakers.com/audi http://www.humanthoughts.org/


text: Cute Kid Says James Reid Isn't Wrong! What Happens Next Will Surely Make You Laugh! Posted on 12:48:00 AM A cute kid answers that James Reid isn't wrong but what happened next will surely make you entertained! Must Watch! Posted by Ha Hatdog on Wednesday, January 4, 2017 Show Your Support By Liking Our Page Below! Facebook Comments by The Padder Share: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to Facebook


text:
Science Fair Projects
Science fair project that determines whether mass and weight are the same or different.
This experiment will demonstrate the separation of polymers by melting Styrofoam cups with nail polish remover.
Do different types of oil mix or stack? Find out in this science fair project idea!
What's the difference between centripetal and centrifugal force? High school students will find out by seeing both in action while conducting this experiment.
Science fair project that determines whether cooling eggs helps them be peeled more easily. Compare the time it took to peel each egg.


text:
Arthur F. Rothberg, Managing Director, CFO Edge, LLC
Choosing the right inventory method – LIFO vs. FIFO – is a critical inventory management decision for manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers.
The significance of choosing Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) accounting or First-In, First-Out (FIFO) accounting is found in how each inventory valuation method impacts inventory value, cost of goods sold, net income and income taxes.
Reviewed in the full PDF…
LIFO vs. FIFO: Choosing the Right Inventory Valuation Method
…are definitions of LIFO and FIFO accounting and dollar-based examples of how they impact cost of goods sold and taxes differently.
A company's choice of one over the other can also be informed by economic conditions, inventory pricing, accompanying reporting requirements, and the impact of lower net income on borrowing or investor interest.
Bringing both client-side and services-side expertise in weighing the pros and cons of LIFO and FIFO, a CFO services partner collaborates with executives and their teams to discover, select and implement the right inventory valuation method.


text:
Article Side
Online Article Directory!
Getting into the Nuances of the PCB Manufacturing
If you look into the history of PCB manufacturing, you need to go back to the 30's when it was built by an Austrian engineer Paul Eisler to include it as a part of his radio. From that day onwards, flexible PCBs have gradually developed immensely and have become a most significant part in smaller electronic goods. As the demand for the smaller electronic goods have gained momentum as time progressed, the pcb manufacturing have also been benefited. Be it the TV, the Radio, Music systems, Computers, flexible PCBs are used for all. The importance of the PCBs is felt in all spheres of electronic goods.
The flexible PCBs are found in a variety of types such as flex-rigid, single and double-sided. The single or the double-sided varieties are made up of capton (polyimide) which varies in thickness ranging from 50µm + glue to 25µm + Cu foil 35µm. As the name proposes for the flex-rigid FPCs, they are manufactured by means of flexible and rigid printed circuits.
If you try to get into the deeper picture, you will come to know about the delicate steps associated with the single or multi-layered PCB manufacturing. There are various steps of doing so such as mechanical, chemical, electrical or optical. One big drawback about these processes is the elimination of harmful chemical substances as a part of production that causes air pollution. Thus before the pcb manufacturing begins and after it ends, you should verify the condition of the product as well as perform health check up of the labors working for you.
The best thing to do is to place online orders for both flexible PCBs and rigid PCBs. This will help you to deal with the finest PCB manufacturing companies from across the globe.
James Blee - About Author:
For more information on pcb prototype, check out the info available online; these will help you learn to find the pcb manufacturing!
Article Source:
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text:
JSP and JSTL Tutorials - Tutorial Addendum - JSP Sessions and Debuggingarcadegamesios wordgamesios lifestyleappsios
(Continued from antecedent part...)
Here is my sample new s/computers-and-technology/perl-list/' onMouseOver="tip('infobox1')" onMouseOut="untip()"> Perl program, reg_client.pl, advised to plan with my antecedent
JSP allotment application:
#- reg_client.pl
#- Absorb (c) 2002 by Dr. Yang
use LWP::Debug qw(+);
use LWP::UserAgent;
use HTTP::Cookies;
($url) = @ARGV;
$url = http://localhost unless $url;
$ua = new LWP::UserAgent;
$cookie_jar = HTTP::Cookies-> new ;
sub getForm {
$u = $url. /RegForm.jsp ;
my $req = new HTTP::Request GET => $u;
my $res = $ua->request($req);
$req = $res->request();
sub submitForm {
$u = $url. /RegForm.jsp?name=Mike&pass=None&color=Blue&submit=Submit ;
my $req = new HTTP::Request GET => $u;
my $res = $ua->request($req);
$req = $res->request();
sub dump {
bounded ($req,$res) = @_;
book "
book $req->headers_as_string();
book "
book $req->content;
if ($res->is_success) {
book "
book $res->headers_as_string();
book "
book $res->content;
} abroad {
book "
book $res->error_as_HTML();
A brace of addendum to advice you to accept this program:
- "use LWP::Debug qw(+);" turns on the debugging at the accomplished level.
- A "LWP::UserAgent" item is acclimated to forward a HTTP appeal to the HTTP server.
- "HTTP:Request" altar are acclimated to compose HTTP requests.
- "$cookie_jar->extract_cookies($res);" is acclimated to abstract accolade from the
response. This is actual important, because JSP server is sending the affair ID
as a cookie to the applicant and assured the applicant to forward it aback in the next
- "$cookie_jar->add_cookie_header($req);" is acclimated to add the accolade received
from the antecedent acknowledgment to the accepted request. One of the accolade is the
session id, which is important for the JSP server to admit the accepted request
is a assiduity of the antecedent request.
If you run it with "reg_client.pl http://localhost:8080 > client.out" in
a command window, you will get the afterward in the window:
LWP::UserAgent:: new : ()
LWP::UserAgent::request: ()
LWP::UserAgent::simple_request: GET http://localhost:8080/RegForm.jsp
LWP::UserAgent::_need_proxy: Not proxied
LWP::Protocol::http::request: ()
LWP::Protocol::http::request: GET /RegForm.jsp HTTP/1.0
Host: localhost:8080
User-Agent: libwww-perl/5.51
LWP::Protocol::http::request: account response
LWP::Protocol::http::request: HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Set-Cookie: JSESSIONID=887896C93DFFF372EB38818BF9F68DB2; Path=/
Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 393
Date: Sat, 28 Dec 2002 20:37:04 GMT
Server: Apache Coyote/1.0
Connection: close
Registration Form:
<form action=RegForm.jsp met
hod=get>Login Name:<input type=text size=16 name=name>
Password:
Favor Color:<input type=text siz
e=16 name=color>
<input type=submit name=submit value=Submit>

</form>Your affair ID is 887896C93DFFF372EB38818BF9F68DB2
Last us
er on the server: Nobody

LWP::Protocol::http::request: HTTP/1.1 200 OK
LWP::Protocol::collect: apprehend 393 bytes
LWP::UserAgent::request: Simple response: OK
HTTP::Cookies::extract_cookies: Set cookie JSESSIONID => 887896C93DFFF
HTTP::Cookies::add_cookie_header: Blockage localhost.local for cookies
HTTP::Cookies::add_cookie_header: - blockage cookie path=/
HTTP::Cookies::add_cookie_header: - blockage cookie JSESSIONID=887896
HTTP::Cookies::add_cookie_header: it s a match
HTTP::Cookies::add_cookie_header: Blockage .local for cookies
LWP::UserAgent::request: ()
LWP::UserAgent::simple_request: GET http://localhost:8080/RegForm.jsp?
LWP::UserAgent::_need_proxy: Not proxied
LWP::Protocol::http::request: ()
LWP::Protocol::http::request: GET /RegForm.jsp?name=Mike&pass=None&col
or=Blue&submit=Submit HTTP/1.0
Host: localhost:8080
User-Agent: libwww-perl/5.51
Cookie: JSESSIONID=887896C93DFFF372EB38818BF9F68DB2
Cookie2: $Version=1
LWP::Protocol::http::request: account response
LWP::Protocol::http::request: HTTP/1.1 302 Confused Temporarily
Location: http://localhost:8080/RegDone.jsp?color=Blue
Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 0
Date: Sat, 28 Dec 2002 20:37:04 GMT
Server: Apache Coyote/1.0
Connection: close
LWP::Protocol::http::request: HTTP/1.1 302 Confused Temporarily
LWP::UserAgent::request: Simple response: Found
LWP::UserAgent::request: ()
LWP::UserAgent::simple_request: GET http://localhost:8080/RegDone.jsp?
LWP::UserAgent::_need_proxy: Not proxied
LWP::Protocol::http::request: ()
LWP::Protocol::http::request: GET /RegDone.jsp?color=Blue HTTP/1.0
Host: localhost:8080
User-Agent: libwww-perl/5.51
Cookie: JSESSIONID=887896C93DFFF372EB38818BF9F68DB2
Cookie2: $Version=1
LWP::Protocol::http::request: account response
LWP::Protocol::http::request: HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 221
Date: Sat, 28 Dec 2002 20:37:04 GMT
Server: Apache Coyote/1.0
Connection: close
LWP::Protocol::http::request: HTTP/1.1 200 OK
LWP::Protocol::collect: apprehend 221 bytes
LWP::UserAgent::request: Simple response: OK
We accept a lot of advice here. Let s assay it quickly.
- My first appeal was beatific as "GET /RegForm.jsp HTTP/1.0".
- The first acknowledgment came aback with a cookie as: "JSESSIONID=887896C93DFFF372EB38818BF9F68DB2".
Apparently, this is the affair ID, but encrypted.
- My additional appeal was beatific as "GET /RegForm.jsp?name=Mike... HTTP/1.0",
with two cookies. The first cookie was the JSP server affair ID. The additional cookie
came from nowhere.
- The additional acknowledgment was interesting. It had cipher of "302 Confused Temporarily", and a
"Location" attack band advertence the new URL. Obviously, this acknowledgment was generated by the
"sendRedirect()" action in my JSP page, RegForm.jsp.
- The LWP::UserAgent item is smart. It accustomed the "302 Confused Temporarily" code, and
automatically forward addition appeal with new URL location.
- With no surprises, the third acknowledgment came ok. The JSP did admit my session
ID in my additional and third request. But acknowledgment agreeable was missing in the debugging log
for some reason. But the acknowledgment was captured in the my approved achievement file, client.out.
- It is absorbing to see that there was no cookie in the additional acknowledgment and
third response. My assumption is that JSP server saw the affair ID in the additional request
and third request, so there was no charge to put the affair ID as a cookie in the responses.
Tags: simple, agent, client, server, content, third, color, reading, cookie, session, notes, tutorial, tutorials, second, response, cookies, object, print
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Article In : Computers & Technology - jsp


text:
Konica Minolta Cadillac wins fourth race in a row, Whelen Engineering Cadillac second and Mustang Sampling Cadillac third
Cadillac V-Performance racing team Konica Minolta won its fourth race in a row taking the victory in this afternoon's IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship Advanced Auto Parts SportsCar Showdown at the Circuit of the Americas (COTA) in Austin, Texas. The Whelen Engineering Cadillac and the Mustang Sampling Cadillac came to the checker in second and third, respectively, to complete the all-Cadillac podium in the Lone Star state.
Under sunny skies and 85-degree temperatures, Ricky Taylor led the field to the green flag in the No. 10 Konica Minolta Cadillac DPi-V.R. The first caution of the race came at an opportune time within the pit window for the front running Cadillac DPi-V.R. As the race progressed, Ricky handed over the car to brother Jordan one-hour-and-twenty-three minutes into the race. Jordan made the team's last pit stop with 30-minutes to go, electing not to take tires. He then proceeded to run good clean laps, taking care of his Continental tires to go on for the team's fourth straight win of the season.
"Qualifying was unique, with how big our gap was," Jordan Taylor said. "We put a qualifying set-up on the car, which is why we had such an advantage on the timing screen. When the race went green Ricky was in clean air and ran great laps. When I got in, I had the advantage of having a good car that was set-up great. Our team won here last year and we were second two years ago. We have always had a good car here at COTA. We stretched our last stop that helped to extend our gap at the end. That was a critical moment."
"I think the guys are really getting to know this Cadillac DPi-V.R," Ricky Taylor said. "It was slippery running out there, a lot of pick-up on the tire. With the yellows, when they reset the field, it made the first few laps on restarts tricky. But, we were in clean air, so that helped. All of the knowledge from running here over the years and how the track changes from qualifying to the race helped us. To finish with such a strong race car is great. We have won four straight. I really can't figure out if we have an edge. We have taken advantage of the preseason testing with all of the partners that built the car. We have really got to know the new Continental tire as well, which is a key. All the partners have worked together to develop a great race car."
Driving the No. 31 Whelen Engineering Cadillac, Eric Curran started the two hour and 40-minute race. He was locked in a battle with the ESM Nissan until that car had on track contact. Turning over to teammate Dane Cameron, he was able to hold off a late run by the Mustang Sampling Cadillac to finish second.
"It is nice to get back up on the podium after our rough run at Long Beach," Cameron said. "Second is good, but not quite where we needed to be all weekend. We lacked some balance and speed in the car. We weren't able to get it fully dialed in this weekend. The best we could of hoped for was to be second to the No. 10 car. Hats off to them, they were the class of the field all weekend. We will have to take the best of the rest today. We will put our heads down and get this thing figured and give them a harder time in Detroit in a few weeks."
"Overall good day for our Whelen Cadillac," Curran said. "I had a good run in the beginning racing the ESM car. The rest of the day it was us against the No. 5. We didn't have anything for the 10. It is a great day for Cadillac a 1-2-3 finish. We need to get this Whelen Cadillac a little bit better for the next race. It is fun to come here to the Circuit of The Americas, but we are looking forward to running in GM's backyard in Detroit next month."
Christian Fittipaldi had the wheel of the No. 5 Mustang Sampling Cadillac. He had a clean stint and handed over to Joao Barbosa in third. With just about 30-minutes remaining, Barbosa ran out of fuel on pit lane and the crew from the Whelen Engineering team helped to push the car to the pit box for a splash of gas. With just 13-minutes remaining, Barbosa was able to get past the ESM Nissan to complete the podium sweep for Cadillac.
"It was an eventful race for me," Barbosa said. "We started the weekend a little slow, but we made great progress. We are lacking some speed to the 10. They are doing a great job with the Cadillac. Our team has won the last three championships, so I believe we will be fighting for wins very soon. We made a little risky call on strategy to stretch the fuel. I had to get a push from the 31 crew guys to get me into the pit box from halfway down the pit lane. I need to thank them. I fell to sixth place and was able to come back to third and save a lot points."
"Not a lot was happening at the beginning," Fittipaldi said. "These cars are pretty sensitive when they are running close behind a fast car. Eric Curran was having a good race with the 22 car. I just had to pace myself, at that point you have the whole race to lose. You need to understand the car and run clean laps. Then, we just communicate to the pits to make the car better for the next driver. We tried to stretch the fuel and that didn't work out. We dropped to P6, so I am happy to finish P3 today."
At COTA the Cadillac DPi-V.R had an adjustment to its gear ratios, which hampered exit acceleration speeds out of the 20-turns at the undulating natural terrain road course located southeast of Austin.
The IMSA WeatherTech Sports Car Championship will travel to Detroit for the Chevrolet Sports Car Classic to run June 2-3.
Cadillac DPi-V.R 2017 Results
|Points Position
|Daytona 24
|Jordan Taylor, Ricky Taylor, Max Angelelli, Jeff Gordon
|1 (35)
|1 (18)
|Joao Barbosa, Christian Fittipaldi, Filipe Albuquerque
|2 (33)
|2 (16)
|Eric Curran, Dane Cameron, Mike Conway, Seb Morris
|6 (25)
|4 (10)
|Jordan Taylor, Ricky Taylor, Alex Lynn
|1 (70)
|1 (32)
|Joao Barbosa, Christian Fittipaldi, Filipe Albuquerque
|2 (65)
|2 (29)
|Eric Curran, Dane Cameron, Mike Conway,
|3 (56)
|5 (17)
|Long Beach
|Jordan Taylor, Ricky Taylor
|1 (105)
|Joao Barbosa, Christian Fittipaldi
|2 (89)
|Eric Curran, Dane Cameron
|5 (79)
|Jordan Taylor, Ricky Taylor
|Joao Barbosa, Christian Fittipaldi
|Eric Curran, Dane Cameron
Cadillac has been a leading luxury auto brand since 1902. Today Cadillac is growing globally, driven by an expanding product portfolio featuring distinctive design and technology. More information on Cadillac appears at www.cadillac.com. Cadillac's media website with information, images and video can be found at media.cadillac.com.
Additional information can be viewed at Cadillac.com, GM.com, media.gm.com; Twitter @Cadillac; Facebook, GM, Cadillac.


text: Hair formation begins with a large group of cells that form by the name of dermal pipilla. As newer cells form, older cells move upward and form the hair shaft. Protein is responsible for forming the actual hair strand. Thus, eating lots of nuts and protein rich foods will give you a full healthy head of hair.


text: At 05:33 PM 7/19/2008, wje wrote... > Another thing, the 10811B in mine doesn't have a removable endplate, > it's soldered. This makes it a lot more difficult to adjust or > repair. > Still, I think it's a fine buy for the cost. Well, yea. Maybe Rick Karlquist will pipe in, but I believe that (other than temperature, which is obviously well controlled by a double oven), pressure/humidity are the biggest instability factors. Soldering the case closed mitigates that.


text:
Wordpress Information of MOMMYLIVINGTHELIFEOFRILEY.COM
Reviews | Giveaways at Mommy Living the Life of Riley, A family-friendly product review and giveaway blog from a stay-at-home mom's perspective that also offers plenty of experiences, tips, humor and fun along the way!
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text:
RaptorSource T-Shirts Available!!!
How about oversized radiators like the Fluidyne?
Hey can we get a group buy on ASV's and or ODI Grips?
Anybody interested in a swingarm group buy? Not sure how many people would commit because of the price, or how willing somebody like SLC would be to deal...but I could use a +6 before next spring.
I'd be down for ASVs...ODI grips I doubt you'd get a group buy on, has been discussed before and I believe TQS said it would require a very large order (like 100 or 1,000) to get any price break on that...15 bucks is not that bad for those grips as it is.


text:
What is Ulysses' plea to his fellow mariners?
- print Print
- list Cite
I think that the fundamental plea Ulysses makes to his fellow mariners is to join him on a voyage where the destination is uncertain, the results in limbo, but the journey is the epitome of being worthy. In the Homeric myth, Ulysses' ability to convince his fellow mariners to strive towards Ithaca, towards home, had a directed end. It proved to be relatively easy to galvanize men into action with such a poignant and relatively simple selling point. Tennyson's retelling of Ulysses is much more complex. Home has turned out to be something representing banality. Home represents the "idle" and "barren crags." The voyage and spirit of intensity that accompanied it is lacking in home. To this end, Ulysses' pleas are geared towards instigating this spirit of what can be, of the conditional and of the possible, and of a realm where directed end products are not immediately apparent:
For my purpose holds/ to sail beyond the sunset, and the baths/ of all the western stars, until I die. It may be that the gulfs will wash us down.
This plea is followed by a potential promise to meet Achilles once again and "touch the Happy Isles." It is this plea, one of adventure, challenge, and inspiration, that Ulysses offers to his fellow mariners in the hope believing that consciousness can be an endeavor in which one commits "to strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield."


text:
|Current Price
|$53.75 ( ) Successful
|Buy Now Price
|No Reserve Available for immediate purchase.
|End Date
|Bid History
|30 Bids
|High Bidder
|Start Date
925 Silver Earrings w/Genuines Garnet & CZ SKU# 140894F
These earrings are crafted in high polished 925 silver and feature round cut bright garnet gemstones surrounded by a halo of sparkling cz stones. Simply lovely, you are sure to adore these earrings!
- 925 Silver
- Stamped "S925"
- Round cut garnet stones
- Cubic zirconia stones
- Post and butterfly closure
Total Weight of Item - 3.0 Grams
Estimated Assessment Value:$200.00
Includes gift/storage box.
See pictures for details.
Condition: Earrings appears to be in new condition.
Vibrant color and style....mike
Item is sold in 'as is' condition.
- Canada Post: $15.95 ($5.00 as additional item)
- Toronto Pick Up - NO Payal: Thursday & Friday: $0.00
Payment Options
- Seller Accepts PayPal
- Payment Instructions: < Item Location: 234 Norseman Street Toronto, Ontario > ........ Items are required to be paid in 7 days.....................For items being Shipped, credit card payments can be processed through Paypal...........................Pick Up/Payment Instructions: * Pick up items must be paid in person (NOT Paypal) by cash, Debit or Visa/Master Card. * Pick Up Hours: Thursday and Friday 10 am to 6 pm.


text:
If you live in a cold climate that has significant snowfall in winter, you ought to think about a metal roofing. If your roofing system pitch is high enough, you will never ever have to stress over snow accumulation on your roofing. The slick surface area of the metal will trigger the snow to just slide off rather than gather.
If you are tackling a roofing in Baltimore project by yourself you should set out your plan before you act. This must consist of the devices that you will require, the expense that you can manage and the products that you will necessary. The worst circumstance is not having what you require when the time comes.
Do not hesitate when it pertains to changing shingles. While your natural disposition might be to wait, the shingles aren't going to fix themselves and could weaken in time. Changing or fixing your roofing as problems develop can save you a ton of money and distress. A correctly preserved roof will last you years upon years.
Do not employ a qualified roofer in Baltimore unless they can offer you proof of up to date insurance coverage and licensing. Do not hire a contractor who can not offer you with these files. Without correct licensing, you'll have hardly any choice if the company turns in poor workmanship.
Does your roofing professional have a license? If you have no idea exactly what's required, learn on your own. Look up the building department in your location and offer them a call to see exactly what is nnecessary
Respectable contractors have insurance coverage to cover any mishaps they enter. If the contractor does not have insurance coverage such as this, you will be responsible for the damages. Never engage a service provider who has no insurance coverage or who has inadequate insurance. Ask the roofer for this advice and do not be afraid to talk to the insurance coverage company yourself to validate this information.
While you might just see issues with your roofing system in the valleys on top of your house, this is one way in which your roofing system will ask for replacement. These are "high traffic" areas for water, so damage will almost constantly begin here. Once it starts, it is time to replace your roof.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 24, 1982
|Filing date
|Feb 23, 1981
|Priority date
|Nov 24, 1978
|Fee status
|Publication number
|John E. Bennett, Joseph E. Elliott
|Original Assignee
|Diamond Shamrock Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (55), Classifications (28), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. Application Ser. No. 963,611, filed Nov. 24, 1978, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,256,556.
This invention relates to methods and apparatus for the prevention of scale buildup and biofouling of equipment used in marine environments.
Maintaining metallic surfaces immersed in a marine environment clear and free of deposits has long been a universal problem. Metallic surfaces made from valve metal, the so-called "film forming" metals such as titanium, tantalum, zirconium, aluminum, niobium and tungsten are, under most circumstances, quite immune to normal corrosion, and thus such materials are widely used as heat exchange surfaces. However, such surfaces as well as other electroconductive surfaces such as other metals or graphite are vulnerable to biofouling as well as mineral scaling, these deposits interfering with heat transfer, impeding fluid control, corroding the exchanger surface, and the like. Such deposits may be of the alkaline type, such as metal carbonates, or the deposit may be marine growth, such as barnacles, algae and the like. All such deposits, whether they are in a soft, semi-soft, or a hardened condition, must be removed for efficient heat exchange operations. Thus, once the deposits become a problem to heat exchanger operation, the equipment must be shut down and operations terminated until such deposits are removed from the heat exchange surfaces. Various means of removing deposits from metallic surfaces have been employed in the past. Most prominent and still prominent today is the shutting down of such fouled equipment coupled with either mechanically scraping of the deposits therefrom or acid washing of the equipment to remove such deposits. Both of these treatments entail significant equipment down-time owing to the necessity for a shutdown of the equipment. Where the deposits are the result of calcium and/or magnesium scale formation, water softeners and conditioners have been used to reduce the formation of scale. However, such means are quite expensive and are often unsuccessful at completely preventing the formation of such scale deposits.
Another method of keeping the surfaces of heat exchanger clear is by continuously subjecting said surface to chlorine or sodium hypochlorite generated in situ. Such treatment can prevent the growth of algae and barnacle formation. Normally, the chlorine is added to the system, although it can be manufactured in situ if the liquid used in the system is capable of passing a current and contains a chloride salt or other chlorine producer. Typical of such systems is an apparatus and method shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,241,512 electrolytically preventing fouling of ship surfaces by the electrolysis of saltwater to produce chlorine gas distributed over the boat hull thereby keeping the hull surface clean while removing and/or preventing growth of barnacles, algae and other foreign and undesirable material. In the '512 patent, copper electrodes are utilized providing some dissolved copper ions in water surrounding the hull which assist in preventing fouling. Other prior art describes similar processes wherein dimensionally stable anodes are used for producing the chlorine in situ to prevent fouling.
The essence of the instant invention is the electrolysis of water at the appropriate voltages and current to produce a requisite amount of oxygen and hydrogen ions per unit time to prevent deposit formation on a metal surface, the voltages being insufficient to electrolyze any salt present in the electrolyte thereby avoiding formation of chlorine gas. The hydrogen ion produced by the electrolysis, along with possible nascent oxygen, continuously effects a skin layer of acidic electrolyte and is effective in preventing deposition of hardness scale as well as biofouling. When the metallic surface to be protected is a valve metal, such as titanium, the surface is coated with a stable electrocatalytic coating which is capable, at extremely low current density and voltages, of producing an effective quantity of oxygen and hydrogen ions to prevent hardness scale and/or biofouling.
The protected metallic surface is generally made anodic with respect to a second electroconductive surface. In a hardness and biological deposit forming aqueous environment, operation of one electroconductive surface electrically cathodic to the other results eventually in a buildup of hardness and, likely, biological deposits upon the more cathodic surface. Periodic reversal of the anode and cathode roles between the surfaces functions to keep both surfaces clear of deposits. Where the second electroconductive surface also includes an electrocatalytic surface portion or coating or where the second electroconductive surface presents conditions for the ready formation of oxygen and hydrogen ions at a voltage below the voltage usually associated with chlorine production, then biological deposits upon both surfaces can be suppressed by such current reversal.
The instant invention provides a method and apparatus for the prevention of both biological growth and hardness scale on metallic surfaces without the generation of toxic chemicals such as chlorine gas which can damage life forms in the ocean environment while at the same time avoiding dissolution of toxic metallic ions to the aqueous environment. The invention, therefore, has great utility in processes where seawater is utilized in large quantities and returned to the ocean, although the present invention can also be utilized in non-saline situations such as multi-effect evaporators where hardness scale is of prime consideration. For ease of description, however, the instant invention will be described with respect to its application in a seawater environment, although seawater is not a necessity in the broadest sense in the instant invention.
The essence of the instant invention is to prevent marine growth and/or hardness scale on a metallic surface. This is accomplished by making the metallic surface anodic for electrolyzing water present around the metallic surface. This electrolysis evolves oxygen and hydrogen ions to prevent marine growth as well as hardness scale caused by calcium and magnesium compounds found in the water. A certain amount of evolution of oxygen and hydrogen is required to suppress these deposits. The anodic electrochemical reaction under these circumstances is as follows:
2H.sub.2 O→O.sub.2 +4H.sup.+ +4e.sup.-
Four moles of hydrogen ions are generated for every mole of oxygen which is evolved. This hydrogen ion generation creates a low pH layer in the water immediately adjacent the metallic surface. This acidic layer, possibly together with the nascent oxygen, is believed to be responsible for the prevention of mineral and biological buildup on the anodic surface. It is effectively impossible to measure the actual pH of this region of high acidity, since the region is extremely thin. However, indirect voltage measurements imply that the pH is in a range of approximately 1 to 3.
Numerous tests have demonstrated that biofouling and hardness scale can be prevented at low current and voltage levels merely by the evolution of oxygen and hydrogen ions by water electrolysis without any chlorine generation. The ratio of oxygen and hydrogen ions produced by the water electrolysis is fixed by the water electrolysis equation, but the amount of oxygen and hydrogen required to effect mineral and biological deposit suppression can vary broadly depending on a number of variables associated with the particular metallic surface system to be protected from hardness scale and/or biofouling. Such variables include salinity of the electrolyte, hardness content of aqueous electrolyte surrounding the metallic surface, temperature of the electrolyte, flow rate of the electrolyte, bioactivity occuring in the electrolyte, and geometry of the system.
To keep a surface clean without generating toxic chemicals such as Cl2, the metallic surface must be maintained at a voltage less anodic than a half cell potential causing generation of chlorine in the particular metallic surface-electrolyte system involved. For a seawater electrolyte, this potential is about 1.375 volts vs. Normal Hydrogen Electrode (NHE) (1.133 volts vs. Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE)). For less saline solutions and particularly for solutions containing less chloride ions, this threshold anodic potential at which chlorine is produced becomes somewhat greater. Thus, in the practice of the present invention, the anodic half cell potential level must be at or below a threshold for the electrolyte where chlorine first would be evolved. For convenience, this half cell potential is hereinafter referred to as a threshold voltage.
In addition, sufficient oxygen must be generated at a voltage below the chlorine threshold voltage to effectively prevent biological growth and/or hardness scale. The amount of oxygen evolution under given voltage conditions will depend on the current flowing and, importantly, the capability of the anodic metal surface for catalyzing oxygen evolution. While lesser amounts of oxygen evolution are effective in controlling hardness scale and biofouling under the less stringent conditions for scale and biofoulant formation, the preferred rate of oxygen evolution is about at least 4.66 millimoles O2 per square meter hour for adequate protection over widely varying conditions. Most preferably, 10.0 millimoles O2 or more per square metal hour are evolved under the more stringent scale and biofoulant formation conditions.
Not all metallic surfaces are effective in the practice of the instant invention since, for many, chlorine is generated before sufficient oxygen generation is effected. Thus, in order to successfully practice the instant invention on equipment having metallic surfaces to be protected, a stable electrocatalytic coating is applied to the metallic surface. The coating catalyzes oxygen evolution at the selected voltage below the threshold voltage for the system for chlorine evolution when the metallic surface is made anodic.
The stable electrocatalytic coating is selected from a group generally consisting of platinum group metals, alloys, platinum group metal oxides or mixtures thereof. The platinum group comprises platinum, palladium, osmium, iridium, ruthenium and rhodium. Ruthenium, iridium and their oxides are the preferred coating. Metal coatings of platinum and palladium are inoperative in the practice of the instant invention since chlorine is generated at least before sufficient quantities of oxygen per unit time are generated sufficient to practice the instant invention. Coatings of rhenium metal or alloys of rhenium and palladium, while functional, are marginal in the practice of the instant invention. While they are operable, the control of voltage and current must be extremely accurate in order to produce sufficient oxygen per unit time without significant evolution of chlorine.
Among the metal oxide coatings useful in the present invention are the so-called Beer coatings such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,632,498. These Beer coatings consist of a film-forming oxide and a platinum group oxide. Among the preferred coatings of the Beer type is one which utilized a mixture of titanium dioxide and ruthenium dioxide.
Other stable anodic coatings useful in the present invention are those described in Beer U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,751,296; 3,853,739; 3,855,092; and 4,005,003. The coatings described in these cited patents are non-passivating and electrocatalytic when used for oxygen production in saltwater environments. These cited patents also disclose various methods for applying the catalytic coating to a metallic surface. In practicing the present invention, the metallic surface preferably is a film-forming metal, most preferably titanium. Film-forming metals also include aluminum, tantalum, zirconium, bismouth, tungsten, niobium and alloys. Although a wide variety of catalytic coatings can be used in the present invention and will evolve oxygen, it is necessary to pick a catalytic coating which is operable for oxygen evolution at a voltage below the voltage at which chlorine is first evolved in the system and at the same time be capable of producing sufficient oxygen, preferably 4.66 millimoles of oxygen or more, per square meter hour of electrocatalytic coated surface area.
As stated earlier, the electrocatalytic stable coating known also as a dimensionally stable coating may be applied in the various manners described in the cited patents as well as by methods obvious to those skilled in the art. One method of applying the coatings useful in the practice of the present invention particularly as to heat exchangers is to apply a coating solution to the metallic surface, whether it be an interior or exterior surface of a structure, followed by resistance heating of the metallic surfaced substance to an appropriate temperature using AC current. Where the metallic surface substance is a valve metal, the substance is its own resistance heater and generates sufficient heat on the application of alternating current to oxidize the coating solution applied to the surface of the valve metal.
When coating, for example, tube bundles or other more difficult shapes, it should be borne in mind that areas near welds are more difficult to coat properly. In tube bundles where welds appear at the entrance and exit of the bundle, this problem is critical, since biological fouling is often worse at the entry and exit of such tubes. In such cases, it is preferable to assure that these weld or other areas are properly coated. It is therefore preferable to apply a second or precautionary coating in these areas followed by a flame brushing of such areas to oxidize the coating material.
One prime utility of the instant invention appears to be in maintaining heat exchange surfaces clear and free of biological and hardness deposits to sustain highly efficient heat exchange characteristics. The anodic dimensionally stable coatings applied to the heat exchange surfaces in practicing the instant invention are extremely thin and do not interfere significantly with heat exchange properties of the system except for maintaining heat exchange efficiency by preventing the buildup of biological or hardness deposits on the heat exchange surface. While the practice of the instant invention is not detrimental to heat exchange properties, it has been observed on a number of occasions that practicing the method of this invention improves (about 10 percent) the heat exchange properties of a given exchanger system perhaps due to a film effect associated with liquid flowing through the heat exchanger being disrupted by the oxygen evolution on the anodic surface thereby leading to better heat transfer characteristics.
In many applications, maintenance of the surface to be protected from biological fouling and/or hardness deposits in a continuously anodic state is not required. The surface to be protected must be anodic only for a portion of any time period depending on the configuration of a particular heat exchange system, the degree of contamination of the cooling fluid, the temperature, and the like. In these instances, mere interrupting the anodic polarity over varying time spans sufficies as, for example, by making such a metallic surface anodic every 4 hours for a period of time sufficient to remove and/or prevent buildup of biological or hardness deposits. Likewise, the surface to be protected can be rapidly made anodic and released to a non-polarized state several times per second should contamination aspects of the cooling fluid or medium demand. Since the current utilized in the practice of the invention is extremely small, in some cases, particularly where cathodes are consumed or replaced from time to time, there is little difficulty with leaving the surface to be protected anodic at all times. However, economics and other constraints in a given application may dictate otherwise.
One such other constraint centers about whatever source is utilized for making the metallic surface anodic. Generally the metallic surface is made anodic to an electroconductive surface or cathode by operation of a voltage/current source. The cathode, by necessity, is exposed to the same electrolyte or fluid, and consequently many of the same biofouling and mineral deposit hazards as the anodic metallic surface.
To prevent accumulation of mineral deposits upon this second electroconductive surface or cathode, it is desirable to periodically reverse polarity between the surfaces so that the second electroconductor becomes anodic and the anodic metallic surface becomes cathodic. Thus suppression of mineral deposits and biofouling at both surfaces is implementable through periodic current reversal thereby periodically evolving oxygen and hydrogen at each surface.
Each surface, the original anodic metallic surface and the second electroconductive surface or cathode, can be coated with the electrocatalytic material. The coating then provides the selectively oxygen generating properties necessary to provide a sufficient water electrolysis rate without formation of chlorine where the metallic surface or electroconductive surface alone otherwise does not.
Reversal of current can be effected as frequently as necessary to maintain each surface substantially free of both mineral and biological deposits. For typical applications such as non-heated applications like seawater intake screens, it has been found that making the surfaces anodic for successive 1/2-hour periods followed by a 3-hour period during which no potential exists between the surfaces will often be satisfactory for suppressing deposits. For heated surfaces, the period of no potential and frequency of current reversal are highly dependent upon operating conditions. Under particularly severe conditions, maintenance of continuous electrical potential between the surfaces with reversals as often as each hour may be necessary.
Particularly, one utility foreseen for the instant invention is in maintaining heat exchange surfaces free of biological and/or hardness deposits interfering with heat transfer characteristics of the exchanger surface. Among the specific uses of the instant invention would be in the maintenance of heat exchange surfaces at coastal power stations or in shipboard heat exchangers where seawater is utilized as the cooling medium. In such heat exchangers, titanium is often the material selected for construction of the heat exchangers, a choice related to the seawater corrosion resistance of titanium. Another significant potential usage for the instant invention is in so-called Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plants. The plant is one of several options being investigated by the Department of Energy to utilize effectively solar energy. Basically, the OTEC plant concept involves using a temperature difference between the warm surface water of tropical oceans and deeper, colder water to operate a heat engine. It has been estimated that 4 to 6 percent of the anticipated energy needs of the U.S. could be supplied by this concept by the year 2020. Such systems require large heat exchange surfaces, Titanium appears to be the material of choice for constructing these heat exchange systems. Conventional methods which might be used to prevent biofouling of OTEC plants are very limited. The use of chlorine and other biocides is not feasible due to the enormous flow of seawater involved. Also, the environmental effect of such correspondingly large quantities of free chlorine or other biocides in the open ocean may be significant and possibly highly detrimental to the ocean life in the vicinity of such as OTEC plant.
Another area of use for the instant invention is in multi-stage flash evaporators used for desalination of water. Desalination multi-stage flash evaporators are currently made of titanium and require antifouling techniques to prevent buildup of biological and hardness deposits thereby maintaining heat transfer characteristics. Presently presistant fouling of such heat exchange surface in these evaporators with magnesium and calcium scale demands the use of significant vacuum to reduce the boiling point temperature of evaporator contents, resulting in high capital costs to minimize hardness deposits. In many cases, acid is continuously added to seawater feed to maintain a pH to 5. Even with such a precaution, the formation of hardness scale in these evaporators dictates frequent shutdowns for acid and mechanical cleaning resulting in high maintenance costs. Using the instant invention, the heat exchange surfaces can be maintained clear of deposits allowing equipment designs operating at higher temperatures and correspondingly greater heat transfer efficiency thereby significantly reducing capital costs associated with equipment for allowing atmospheric pressure operation.
Another foreseeable use for the instant invention is in relation to geothermal power. Geothermal power plants are subject to extreme conditions of corrosion and fouling. Titanium heat exchangers are used virtually exclusively and are subjected to conditions promoting severe hardness scaling. Use of the instant invention in geothermal power plant related heat exchangers can provide sufficient acidity at the heat exchange surface to forestall hardness deposits thereon.
The following examples illustrate the practice of the present invention and also defines a lower limit of effective protection when using seawater as found in the Fort Lauderdale, Florida, area (i.e., seawater containing salt and other dissolved solids such that the voltage at which chlorine is given off is about 1.136 volts versus SCE).
A series of 10 centimeter square titanium test panels were coated with a stable anodic coating in the following manner. A master coating solution was prepared as follows:
______________________________________RuCl.sub.3 2.5H.sub.2 O (38.6% Ru) 1.192 gm.SnCl.sub.2 (anhydrous) 574 gm.Butyl titanate (14.3% Ti) 5.580 ml.HCl (35%) 760 ml.Butanol 11.220 ml.______________________________________
The solution was prepared by partially dissolving the tin and ruthenium salts in the HCl and adding the butanol. After stirring until the salts dissolve, the butyl titanate was added, and the solution was again stirred to ensure complete intermixing. Analysis of the solution gives the following composition in grams per liter: Ru 25.5, Ti 44.3 and Sn 20. This represented a TiO2 :(RuO2 +SnO2) mole ratio of 2.2:1 and 40.0 mole percent of SnO2 in (RuO2 +SnO2).
A portion of this master solution was applied to the titanium panels and the thus-coated titanium was heated in air to a temperature of 450� C. for 7 minutes. This procedure was repeated 10 more times to result in a final coating weight of 1/5 grams per square foot of anode surface on a (RuO2 +SnO2) basis.
Anodes prepared according to the foregoing were then installed at a seawater intake off Fort Lauderdale, Florida, below the water surface. Six such coated test panels were placed below the water surface and five were made anodic utilizing different current densities on each of five panels. The sixth panel was not made anodic and functioned merely as a control. After five months on-line, the results were as given in the following table.
TABLE I______________________________________ Millimoles OxygenPanel Per Square MeterNumber A/m.sup.2 Hour Evolved Surface Fouling______________________________________1 10 93.2 None2 3 27.96 None3 1 9.32 Slight edge growth only4 0.3 2.80 Small amount5 0.1 0.93 Completely coveredControl 0 0 Completely covered______________________________________
Three test panels were prepared in accordance with Example I. The panels were contained in a plastic housing through which seawater drawn from off Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., was flowed on a once through basis. The plates were alternately made anodic and cathodic at a current density of 0.1 amps/meter squared for periods of 12 hours. After 67 days on line, the test panels were free of both mineral and biological deposits.
Other sets of 3 panels were prepared in accordance with Example I an contained in plastic housings through which circulated seawater drawn from off Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., was flowed on a once through basis. Table II summarizes the results.
TABLE II______________________________________Current DaysTest Density Cycle onNo. A/m.sup.2 Time Line Observations______________________________________11 10.0 3 days 16 No biofouling - slight scaling12 10.0 1 hour 10 Clean.13 1.0 12 hours 44 No biofouling or scale.14 0.5 12 hours 198 No biofouling or scale.15 0.5 3 days 11 Biofouling on all surfaces. No barnacles.18 0.1 12 hours 67 All surfaces clean.19 0.1 1 hour 14 Clean.111 1.0 None 241 No biofouling on anode. Heavy scale on cathode.112 Control None 36 All surfaces biofouled; ˜5 barnacles per plate.114 0.5 1 hr. on 19 Clean. 1 hr. off 1/2 hr. each as cathode and anode116 0.5 1 hr. on 18 Clean. 4 hrs. off 1/2 hr. each as cathode and anode117 Control 17 Thin film.______________________________________
By reference to Tables I and II, it may be seen that utilizing current reversal, substantially improved biofouling protection is available at low current densities such as 0.1 amps/meter2, and significantly improved biofouling protection is available at current densities of 1.0 amp/meter2 or less.
At low current densities, current reversal on a frequency of less than about every 3 days is preferred in providing biofouling protection with a period of 1 to about 24 hours being most preferred. It has been found that frequent reversals, those of every 4 hours or less, may contribute to an early exhaustion of an electrocatalytic coating applied to the electrode surfaces.
It should be understood that rates of biofouling and scale formation are to a large extent dictated by ambient conditions such as temperatures of the water, mineral hardness, and bio-nutrients available. Therefore, appropriate current density and frequency of reversal are necessarily determined with due regard to the factors influencing biofouling.
While a preferred embodiment of the invention has been described in detail, it will be apparent that various modifications or alterations may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
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Owner name: DIAMOND SHAMROCK CORPORATION, DALLAS, TX., A CORP
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:BENNETT, JOHN E.;ELLIOTT, JOSEPH E.;JOSEPH E.;REEL/FRAME:003918/0791
Effective date: 19810218
|Nov 7, 1983
Owner name: DIAMOND SHAMROCK CHEMICALS COMPANY
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:DIAMOND SHAMROCK CORPORATION CHANGED TO DIAMOND CHEMICALS COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:004197/0130
|Oct 29, 1984
Owner name: ELTECH SYSTEMS CORPORATION, 6100 GLADES ROAD, BOCA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:DIAMOND SHAMROCK CORPORATION, 717 N. HARWOOD STREET, DALLAS, TX 75201;REEL/FRAME:004357/0479
Effective date: 19841024
|Dec 16, 1985
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|Oct 28, 1988
Owner name: ELECTRODE CORPORATION, 470 CENTER STREET, CHARDON,
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ELTECH SYSTEMS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004976/0455
Effective date: 19881026
Owner name: ELECTRODE CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE, OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ELTECH SYSTEMS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004976/0455
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|Mar 29, 1994
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|Nov 1, 1994
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Effective date: 19940824


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1. Mixing Zones, Reasonable Potential Analysis, and Permit Limits. A Quick Overview. Steve Schnurbusch Oregon Department of Environmental Quality email@example.com (503) 378-8240 x284. 2. Overview. Brief discussion of mixing zones Mixing Zone definitions and terminology
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Mixing Zones, Reasonable Potential Analysis, and Permit Limits
A Quick Overview
Steve Schnurbusch
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
(503) 378-8240 x284
Atmospheric Plumes
Ambient density stratification causes boundary interaction in the form of terminal level formation (Image: Hotler, ETH).
(Photo: I. Wood, Univ. of Canterbury)
Surface Water Plumes
Alien Waste Management
What is a Mixing Zone?
A small area around an outfall pipe where water quality criteria are allowed to be violated
Some Definitions
Zone of Initial Dilution (ZID) – small area in the immediate vicinity of the outfall where acute toxicity is allowed (also called the "acute" mixing zone)
Mixing Zone – small area in the vicinity of the outfall where chronic toxicity is allowed (also called the "chronic" mixing zone)
Dilution – the combined flow of the effluent and stream flow divided by the effluent flow
Acute Toxicity – The ability of a substance to cause severe biological harm or death soon after a single exposure or dose.
Chronic Toxicity – The capacity of a substance to cause long-term or delayed adverse health effects.
Dilution Factor =
(Used by Cormix and Visual Plumes)
Dilution Ratio =
Some More Definitions
Acute Criterion – the highest instream concentration of a toxicant or an effluent to which organisms can be exposed for a brief period of time without causing an acute effect.
Chronic Criterion – the highest instream concentration of a toxicant or an effluent to which organisms can be exposed indefinitely without causing unacceptable effect.
Human Health Criterion – the highest concentration of a pollutant in water that is not expected to pose a significant risk to human health.
Two-Number Aquatic Life Criteria
Acute Mixing Zone - must be limited in size to prevent lethality to drifting organisms – acute criteria must be met at the edge of this zone (ZID).
Chronic Mixing Zone - sized to protect the integrity of the waterbody as a whole – chronic criteria must be met at the edge of this zone (Mixing Zone).
Human Health - allows complete mix with the waterbody
Mixing Zone Considerations
Mixing Zone Examples
Mixing Zone Examples
Mixing Zone Examples
Types of MZ Evaluations
Dye Studies
MZ Modeling
CORMIX Simulation
Available Models
Applicable for riverine, estuary, and ocean outfalls
Simulates boundary interactions, bottom attachments, and unstable discharges
Visual Plumes
Applicable for "unbounded" water bodies only
Simulates stable discharges with no boundary interactions
MZ Analysis Results
1. Dilution at Edge of ZID
2. Dilution at Edge of Mixing Zone
Dilution Results
Reasonable Potential Analysis (RPA)
Statistical method used to determine if a discharge causes, has the reasonable potential to cause, or contribute to an in-stream excursion above a water quality standard
RPA Example
Lead: n = 20 Max = 25 ug/L
Mean = 15 ug/L Stddev = 6
Available dilution at MZ = 50
Water Quality-Based Effluent Limits
CFR 122.44(d)(1)(ii) states that if the permitting authority determines a pollutant has the reasonable potential to cause or contribute to an excursion above a water quality criteria, the permit must contain effluent limits for that pollutant.
Calculating Permit Limits


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The Dollar ReDe$ign Project is currently changing the face of the American dollar bill. These are the top five contenders. Voting ends on September 30, 2010. I wonder if this is going to change our economy by changing the American money design? Is this another stab at our President to blame him for the poor economy? How easy we forget that our economy was already taking a nose dive long before President Obama came into office.
- "Obama One Dollar Bill?" and related posts (leftcoastrebel.com)
- 15 Amazing New Designs For The Dollar Bill (PHOTOS) (huffingtonpost.com)
Thanks for visiting thephotographer4you®


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'Counting on your partner for one trick' not only applies when you're trying to make a bid, it also applies when you are trying to euchre the opponents. As a euchre earns your team two points, your partner's help may be even more critical here.
Look at the following hand that I recently played. The score is 8 to 6 in the opponents' favor.
I'm sitting in 1st seat, looking at the queen of spades as the up card and holding both bowers in my hand. I'm thinking there is no way dealer is going to pick that up, and a lone call in next will wrap up the game for us. So I am surprised when the dealer picks up the queen. He almost certainly now has three trump. OK, so how do I euchre him?
As a general rule I don't lead an ace on the first lead, it just seems to always get trumped. My bowers are good at any point, what I need is my partner to take a trick. Let's try clubs.
I lead the queen of clubs, 2nd plays his boss ace, 3rd plays the 9, and the bidder throws off his useless 9 of diamonds. Darn, I was hoping my partner would get that club.
2nd seat leads the king of spades, as he should. 3rd seat follows with ten of spades, dealer plays the nine of and I take the trick with the left. Let's see if I can get the ace of hearts to fly.
I lead the ace of hearts, 2nd seat follows with queen, as does 3rd with the jack. Dealer takes the trick with his queen of spades, and then leads back the jack of diamonds. He's hoping to draw out the high trump.
Dealer, thinking the right is most likely out against him, leads the diamond. It's his only chance, but it's also my only chance to euchre him. With fingers crossed I duck and throw off the nine of hearts. I still need my partner to get a trick. Yes, my partner comes through! It's a euchre and two points for us.
We go on to win the game, taking points the next two hands. Had I not given my partner a chance, and instead played both bowers at the beginning, or trumped in at the wrong time, the chances of us winning would have been greatly reduced.


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Article Side
Online Article Directory!
Interesting Facts and the History of Internet
Computer networks have existed since the 1960s, but it wasn't until 1982 that a standardized set of rules was deployed to inter-connect a network of computers world-wide. This was called as 'The Internet' and it has come a long way since its inception. Traffic on the public Internet grew by 100 percent per year.
It consists of millions of domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer. The Internet helps in providing flexible work hours and location is no longer a hindrance. Apart from the limitations posed by the screen size, internet can be accessed through mobile phones, game consoles and tablets.
Internet plays a vital role in the field of education, with educational material being available at all levels. It has never been easier for people to access educational information at any level from anywhere. The near instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge and skills has made collaborative work dramatically easier and the wide reach of the Internet allows such groups to more easily form. A lot of universities record lectures and publish them as podcasts, this comes handy for students who have missed classes and people who are interested in continued education.
The near instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge and skills has made collaborative work dramatically easier. Not only can common interest groups communicate at a fraction of the cost of traditional means and share ideas, but the wide reach of the Internet allows such groups to more easily form. Whether it's communication through instant messaging systems or internet relay chat or through social networking websites, it allows people to stay in touch in a very convenient way.
With file transfers between team members, interoffice communication gets better. Content management systems allow teams to work on document sets without destroying each other's work. Calendar syncing helps in planning and organizing deadlines and schedule meets. With Internet access and computer literacy on the spread, collaborative works aren't limited to businesses. Social and political activists have started to embrace it too. With high speed internet access and communication technologies evolving over time, voice and video calls over the internet have become smooth. With reduced the time delay, near instantaneous mode of communication is now possible.
With remote access available, users can retrieve and store information easily. Depending on the sensitivity of the data, users can opt encryption or authentication technologies. In the case of accountants and bookkeepers who work from home or from an other country can have access to the stored data from a server that might be in a third country. With cloud computing on the rise, businesses can cut costs on customized software and its maintenance and rather depend on third party services that provide the same. Virtual Private Networks give employees access to files and applications that are on the workstation, extending the perimeter of a corporate network to remote locations.
The Deep Web or Undernet is several orders of magnitude larger than the surface web, but since the information and resources stored on the Deep Web is not available to search engines, it remains hidden. Although an increasing amount of Deep Web content is opening up to free, only a fraction of users use it. Since most of the content on the Deep Web is sensitive, users for the most part, depend on Tor for anonymity. Onion Routing technologies like Tor are also used by journalists and governments to send and receive data over the Internet. These technologies provide complete anonymity, and the encrypted data usually has computer generated passkeys to break it.
Cody - About Author:
Cody is a Blogger and a Freelance writer who enjoys writing about computing technologies, and the Internet and review popular ISPs like Time Warner Deals.
Article Source:
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|Subject: Re: Re: New Zealand
Hi Elaine,
This Christchurch Nature stay put, are all the sightseeing within Christchurch arranged for you or are you on your own? Christchurch is a fantastic city, many sites to visit and things to do. It is generally flat so walking is generally fairly easy. Our public bus system, except for the weekend is reasonable, but many of the attractions can be reached by walking. Of course this depends where your accommodation is situated. If you want some ideas about what to do while you are in Christchurch, please do not hesitate to ask. It is a pity that Rachel and I will be on our South Island jaunt at the end of November, else we could have met.
Lake Manapouri, in my humble opinion, is a much more beautiful and scenic lake than either Te Anau or Wanaka. I think you will really enjoy a cruise on this lake. Queenstown is very touristy all year round, and reasonably expensive, but well worth a visit. Do not expect to meet many Kiwis, except the ones employed in the tourist business, as many tend to miss Queenstown and visit other areas. Having said that though Queenstown is known as the adventure capital of the world and many come to experience bungy jumping and the flying fox.
>There is a catamaran cruise on
>Should I add two more days to see
You sound like like a young and sensible 71 year old and I know, if you do come, you will enjoy yourself. You travel whatever way you feel the most comfortable with. If you want any further info. on anything do not hesitate to ask.
Regards, Richard Bloomfield.(New Zealand)


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TMOT, Leonard Bergman constructing the outer tower to support the observer.
TMT observering stand height was 50-feet.
Image ID: geod1106, NOAA's Geodesy Collection
Location: Missouri, Cabool area
Photo Date: 1978
Photographer: Commander George Leigh, NOAA Corps (ret.)
• High Resolution Photo Available
of the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric
Adminstration (NOAA),
NOAA Central Library
NOAA Privacy Policy
| NOAA Disclaimer
Last Updated:
June 10, 2016


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THE Queensland Firebirds have thrown a protective shield around Clare McMeniman to save their defensive warrior from burnout in her comeback season.
McMeniman will be handed a shutdown role on Australian Diamonds discard Erin Bell when the Queenslanders face ANZ Championship premiers the Thunderbirds in Adelaide today.
Bell, the trans-Tasman competition's most lethal goal attack, is smarting after being overlooked for Australia's Commonwealth Games team and McMeniman must be at her dynamic best to negate her impact.
The Queenslander will draw on her reserve fuel tank after a hectic workload at the Diamonds' selection camp where, at its most taxing, McMeniman played seven quarters in one day.
Firebirds' coach Roselee Jencke responded by lightening the vice-captain's training commitments ahead of today's must-win contest with Adelaide. McMeniman, back this season from retirement, was in a protective brace for two weeks after injuring her foot during the pre-season.
"We've got to be wary of her load," the coach said. "I've given her some time off and expect she'll freshen up."
Firebirds' defenders McMeniman, Laura Geitz, Jacinta Messer and Gabi Simpson were involved in the Diamonds' three-day selection camp in Canberra, but none complained about fatigue.
"Defenders are like that," Jencke said. "It comes down to good management as well, but defenders are tough. They never whinge."
Bell is averaging 23 goals a game and is just as effective as a fast-moving feeder.
The triple premiership goaler was the difference in last season's grand-final win against the Firebirds.
McMeniman was granted extra practice on the Thunderbirds' star when she went head to head with Bell at the Diamonds' camp.
"That was a great opportunity and was really helpful," the 28-year-old speech pathologist said.
The third-placed Firebirds must fend off Central Pulse (fifth) to qualify for the finals. They cannot be knocked out of the finals' race if they win their remaining games against Adelaide, Pulse and the Magic.
Wellington-based Pulse have a game in hand which means their May 24 showdown with Queensland at the Gold Coast Convention Centre will have a finals' intensity.
Originally published as Diamonds are not forever for McMeniman


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I bought this product thinking that because of the brand it would be a good quality. I use press-on nails product for a quick manicure. The glue is in the form of a sticker that you put on before the nail. This complicates the process, makes it longer without a better adherence. After 5 minutes, I lost one nail. Horrible product, do not buy this
These reviews are the subjective opinions of ChickAdvisor members and not of ChickAdvisor Inc.


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Choose a department:
Our UK deliveries will normally take between 3 and 6 working days to arrive.
All bulk wholesale deliveries are at cost and excluded from free delivery.
For rates to UK Islands and International destinations see our Delivery page
Easy Iron Supplement True Food ingredients: One capsule provides: Iron 5mg
Ingredients: Iron. Encapsulated with natural ingredients; Rice bran, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
One capsule provides: Iron 5mg
Ingredients: Iron. Encapsulated with natural ingredients; Rice bran, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
Iron is essential for building healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen for energy. Many women between 20 and 45 may not be obtaining enough iron, particularly during menstruation. True Food® Easy Iron offers a pre-digested food form of iron that is easily absorbed
About Iron:
Iron, one of the most abundant metals on Earth, is essential to most life forms and to normal human physiology. Iron is an integral part of many proteins and enzymes that maintain good health. In humans amongst many other things iron is an essential component of proteins involved in oxygen transport.
Almost two-thirds of iron in the body is found in haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues. Smaller amounts of iron are found in myoglobin, a protein that helps supply oxygen to muscle, and in enzymes that assist biochemical reactions. Iron is also found in proteins that store iron for future needs and that transport iron in blood. Iron stores are regulated by intestinal iron absorption, which is notoriously low with most iron supplements..
Who Needs More Iron:
The highest iron requirements are normally found in menstruating women. Young children, adult men and elderly women require less supplemental iron in their diets in order to help support and maintain good health.
Because of the way the True Food products are created and absorbed in the body they do not have to be attached to a carrier. The body sees the True Food products as food which means there are many more opportunities (i.e. receptor sites) for absorption in the digestive tract than there are for regular supplements.
True Food® nutrients
This True Food supplement also contain B vitamins, betaglucans, glutathione, choline, inositol, amino acids and other phytonutrients naturally found in fermented food cultures of Saccaharomyces cerevisi


text:
Pamela Sue Stacy
- 54 years old
- Date of birth: Mar 9, 1960
- Place of birth:
Cottage Grove, Oregon, United States
- Date of passing: Apr 8, 2014
- Place of passing:
Portland, Oregon, United States
|Let the memory of Pamela be with us forever
This memorial website was created in memory of our loved one, Pamela Stacy, 54, born on March 9, 1960 and passed away on April 8, 2014. We will remember her forever.
Memorial Tributes
"Miss you mom. Love you dearly"
"Miss you mom. Love you dearly"
"I never realized how much I want and need you
So many things we didn't get to do
The laughter
The cries
The no goodbyes
I know you're happy as can be
Just remember I love you ma eternally with every ounce of all of me
I think of you now everyday since the day you passed away"
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A former sales executive at one Denver television station is returning to lead another.
KMGH-7News announced today that Dean Littleton will be its next vice president and general manager, effective March 27.
Littleton succeeds Brad Remington, who was named station GM in March 2015 and retired last December. Remington succeeded Byron Grandy, who exited in October 2014.
Littleton, 47, previously was general manager at WATE-TV in Knoxville, Tennessee, and before that was general sales manager for Knoxville-based Gray Television.
Read more at Denver Business Journal.
© 2017 American City Business Journals.


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San Francisco, California 94104
United States
GARY P. KAPLAN is a partner in the firm's Tax group. He focuses his practice on international taxation and business transactions, representing U.S. and international clients in connection with cross-border taxation and mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures and other strategic relationships, and developing structures for conducting their global business and investment activities.
Mr. Kaplan has structured operations of U.S. multinationals including developing tax-efficient international expansion plans, setting up international holding companies, establishing foreign representative offices, branches and subsidiaries, advising on Subpart F and passive foreign investment company issues and preparing intellectual property cost-sharing and buy-in agreements. He has created transfer pricing strategies including the use of favorable jurisdictions, tax holidays and special enterprise zones, as well as foreign tax credit utilization and profit repatriation plans. For families and family office clients, he has established offshore investment funds, foreign estate and asset protection plans, foreign registered charities and foundations, foreign insurance and annuity programs, and has advised on expatriation and non-U.S. trust planning.
Mr. Kaplan also represents non-U.S. companies engaged in U.S. business and investment activities. Many of these companies have listed or are planning to list shares in the United States. Mr. Kaplan also undertakes FIRPTA planning for non-U.S. real estate developers and investors.
Mr. Kaplan taught for many years as an adjunct professor in the graduate tax program at New York University School of Law and has served as guest lecturer in tax at Stanford Law School and University of California at Berkeley. He has taught foreign tax, tax treaties, tax accounting, real estate planning and taxation of debt discharge; has written numerous articles in many of these areas; and is a frequent lecturer at national and international tax seminars.
Mr. Kaplan is currently listed in The Best Lawyers in America in the fields of Tax Law and Trusts and Estates. Most recently, he was ranked in the 2011 through 2014 editions of Chambers USA as a leading practitioner of tax law. Mr. Kaplan is recognized in the 2013 and 2014 editions of Legal 500 as recommended in Domestic Tax: West Coast and International Law. He was also selected for inclusion in Northern California Super Lawyers in 2004, 2006 through 2008 and 2010 through 2013, and is an AV-rated attorney, a peer-awarded honor given by Martindale-Hubbell. Additionally, Mr. Kaplan was listed in The International Who's Who of Private Client Lawyers 2013.
|Areas of Practice
|1) Tax, 2) Trusts and Estates, 3) Family Offices and Private Trust Companies, 4) International Estate Planning, 5) International Tax, 6) Tax - M&A and Private Equity and 7) Tax - Reorganizations and Bankruptcy
|Law School
|The University of Michigan Law School, J.D., 1978
|University of Florida, B.A., 1975
|Bar Member / Association
|California State Bar Association, New York State Bar Association
|Most recent firm
|Sidley Austin LLP
Barton W.S. Bassett is the leader of Morgan Lewis's Tax Practice. Mr. Bassett's practice focuses on international tax planning for both the outbound operations of U.S. multinationals and the inbound operations of foreign multinationals.
Celia Roady is a partner in Morgan Lewis's Tax Practice.Ms. Roady has published extensively in various journals on exempt organizations.