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Conceived and designed the experiments: YPS JPP LS BN RS. Performed the experiments: JPP AMN KMR AMvE JA JO FOK RBL YPS. Analyzed the data: JW AJB AY. Wrote the paper: NCI YPS.
Immunoglobulin (Ig) GM and KM allotypes, genetic markers of γ and κ chains, are associated with humoral immune responsiveness. Previous studies have shown the relationships between GM6-carrying haplotypes and susceptibility to malaria infection in children and adults; however, the role of the genetic markers in placental malaria (PM) infection and PM with HIV co-infection during pregnancy has not been investigated. We examined the relationship between the gene polymorphisms of Ig GM6 and KM allotypes and the risk of PM infection in pregnant women with known HIV status. DNA samples from 728 pregnant women were genotyped for GM6 and KM alleles using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Individual GM6 and KM genotypes and the combined GM6 and KM genotypes were assessed in relation to PM in HIV-1 negative and positive women, respectively. There was no significant effect of individual GM6 and KM genotypes on the risk of PM infection in HIV-1 negative and positive women. However, the combination of homozygosity for GM6(+) and KM3 was associated with decreased risk of PM (adjusted OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.08–0.8; P=0.019) in HIV-1 negative women while in HIV-1 positive women the combination of GM6(+/−) with either KM1-3 or KM1 was associated with increased risk of PM infection (adjusted OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.18–3.73; P=0.011). Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) tests further showed an overall significant positive F(is) (indication of deficit in heterozygotes) for GM6 while there was no deviation for KM genotype frequency from HWE in the same population. These findings suggest that the combination of homozygous GM6(+) and KM3 may protect against PM in HIV-1 negative women while the HIV-1 positive women with heterozygous GM6(+/−) combined with KM1-3 or KM1 may be more susceptible to PM infection. The deficit in heterozygotes for GM6 further suggests that GM6 could be under selection likely by malaria infection.
Malaria is a major global public health problem and affects sub-Saharan Africa predominantly [1]. Annually, about 125 million pregnant women living in malaria-endemic areas, with 32 million in sub-Saharan Africa, are at risk of malaria [2], and nearly 10,000 of these women and 200,000 infants die due to the direct or indirect consequences of maternal Plasmodium falciparum infection [2], [3]. Inhabitants of malaria-endemic regions usually develop protective immunity. However, because this protection is decreased during pregnancy, pregnant women are at higher risk of malaria infection than their age-matched non-pregnant women [4], with malaria parasites sequestering in the placenta due to the selection of pregnancy-associated P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1 (PfEMP-1) variant surface antigen (VSA) [5]. Placental malaria (PM) is often associated with maternal illness and fetal loss in low transmission areas; in high transmission areas, most mothers are asymptomatic but suffer from maternal anemia, preterm labor, and low-birth weight infants contributing to increased risk of neonatal and infant morbidity and mortality [3], [6], [7]. Malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection often overlap in women of reproductive age in many sub-Saharan African countries, emphasizing the public health importance of this co-infection. Co-infection with HIV in pregnant women increases the risk of malaria infection, high parasite density, maternal anemia, low-birth weight infants and congenital malaria infection [8].
Although the immunological mechanisms responsible for eliminating parasites from the placenta remain unclear, humoral immune responses have been implicated. Unlike multigravidae, primigravid women are more susceptible to PM and are less likely to have the antibodies that inhibit the binding of infected red blood cells to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) in the placenta. The previous studies on parity-dependent antibody responses further suggest the existence of pregnancy-associated VSA expressed on infected red blood cells [9], [10], [11]. In addition, naturally acquired antibody responses to other blood stage antigens such as the C terminus of merozoite surface protein 119 (MSP-119) have been shown to be associated with reduced PM infection [11]. However, HIV infection selectively alters humoral immune functions [12], diminishes the development of parity-dependent antibody responses to pregnancy-associated VSA and impairs humoral responses to other malaria antigens in pregnant women [13], [14]. Furthermore, the effect of gene polymorphism in Fc receptors for antibody IgG (FcγRs) has been investigated in malaria during pregnancy with or without HIV co-infection [15]. FcγRs are expressed on monocytes, macrophages, B-cells, and other leukocytes and by binding to the antibody Fc-portion, they provide an important link between the humoral and cellular arms of the immune system for effector function and for immune modulation [16]. Our previous report showed that the genotype of FcγRIIa-H/H131 was associated with enhanced susceptibility to PM in HIV-positive women while the same FcγRIIa genotype was found to be less important for PM in HIV-negative women [15]. These results indicate that the particular genotype of FcγRIIa and possible polymorphisms in the Fc portion of IgG may epistatically interact, contributing to the disease-specific effector responses mediated by IgG molecules [17].
Polymorphisms in the Fc portion of IgG called Ig GM and KM allotypes are genetic markers of γ and κ chains, inherited as autosomal codominant genes according to Mendelian laws [18]. GM allotypes are encoded by three very closely linked cistrons on chromosome 14. They are localized on the constant region of γ1, γ2 and γ3 heavy chains, and there are currently 18 testable GM specificities [19]. Linkage disequilibrium in the GM system is almost absolute, and the determinants are transmitted as a group called GM haplotypes. KM determinants are inherited via three alleles on chromosome 2–KM1, KM1,2 and KM3. The clinical importance of Ig GM and KM allotypes has been evaluated for a number of other infectious diseases such as infections with hepatitis C virus or Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria. These studies showed strong associations between specific Ig GM and KM polymorphisms and susceptibility to and outcome of infections [19], [20]. However, their roles in PM infection and PM with HIV co-infection have not been investigated. A previous study found an inverse relationship between the carriage of the GM5,6,13,14 (expressed on IgG3);1,17(expressed on IgG1) phenotype and uncomplicated malaria in children [21], and results from another study indicated that the critical element in differences in susceptibility to malaria infection seen between two sympatric tribes in eastern Sudan might be GM6-carrying haplotypes [22]. In addition, the geographic distribution of GM6-related haplotypes coincides with the region of high falciparum malaria, sickle-cell allele and G6PD deficiency prevalence [23], [24]. GM6 is also confined in sub-Saharan Africa and rarely found in other continents, with the exception of African-Americans in North America [24].
Given the relevance of GM6 in malaria infection in non-pregnant populations [21], [22], [23] and the possibility that Ig GM and KM allotypes may contribute to the risk of PM infection and PM with HIV co-infection by epistatic interaction with FcγR [15], [17], the aim of this study was to investigate the association between gene polymorphisms of Ig GM6, KM allotypes and PM infection in Kenyan pregnant women with known HIV status. In addition, we further evaluated possible selection by malaria on Ig GM6 and KM in the study population.
This study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya and the Institutional Review Board of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Informed written consent was obtained from all study participants.
This study was integrated into an observational cohort study (VT project) investigating the effect of PM on perinatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in western Kenya. Details of the study design, population and clinical procedures have been published elsewhere [15], [25]. Briefly, pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital in Kisumu from 1996–2001 were enrolled. Inhabitants of this area are predominantly of the Luo ethnic tribe. At enrollment, a questionnaire was administered to extract information on reproductive history, socio-demographics, behavior, and clinical status. Blood samples were taken from mothers for HIV-antibody testing, as well as malaria blood smears and hemoglobin level. At delivery, blood samples were collected from the periphery, placenta and cord to determine placental parasitemia, hemoglobin level and viral load. One month postpartum, additional blood samples were obtained from the mothers for CD4 cell counts, hemoglobin and malaria diagnosis. The maternal samples collected at delivery were used for the current genetic study. The VT cohort study originally enrolled 269 HIV-negative and 829 HIV-positive pregnant women. The difference in the number of women in the two groups was due to the fact that enrollment priority was given to HIV-positive women. For the HIV-negative women, enrollment priority was given to the women with PM. For the present genetic study, only those women who had maternal DNA samples and clinical data with no missing information on antimalarial drug treatment during pregnancy were included. Four groups of pregnant women in the current study are: (a) 132 HIV-1 negative women with PM, (b) 107 HIV-1 negative women without PM, (c) 119 HIV-1 positive women with PM, and (d) 370 HIV-1 positive women without PM.
PM was assessed on blood samples obtained from a shallow incision on the maternal side of the placenta. Thick smears were made from the maternal and placental blood and examined by microscopy. Parasite densities were calculated based on 8,000 leukocytes/µL blood having counted 300 leukocytes. Placental smear readings were also categorized on the basis of malarial pigment in placental intervillous macrophages [26]. Peripheral blood hemoglobin concentrations were measured using HemoCue system (HemoCue).
Maternal HIV-status was determined by a primary Serotrip HIV-1/2 (Saliva Diagnostic Systems) and a confirmatory Capillus HIV-1/2 test (Cambridge Diagnostics). Maternal CD4 counts were determined by the use of commercial monoclonal antibodies and standard fluorescent-activated cell sorting analysis of whole blood (FACScan, Becton Dickinson). Maternal HIV-1 load was measured by use of the Roche Amplicor HIV-1 monitor (test version 1.0; Roche Diagnostics).
Genomic DNA was purified from frozen blood pellets by micro-centrifugation using a commercial DNA purification mini-kit QIAmp® (Qiagen). Since there are no published methods for molecular genotyping of GM6, a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was developed for this investigation based on the amino acid sequence information provided by Dard et al. [27]. According to these authors, GM6 is determined by a glutamine (CAG) to glutamic acid (GAG) substitution at position 419 (CH3 region) of IgG3. The position of the GM6 C/G SNP has a unique cutting site for the restriction enzyme Fnu4HI. Two sites were chosen, where the IgG3 gene differed from the genes for other IgG subclasses, for use as forward and reverse primers. Briefly, the DNA segment encoding the CH3 region of human γ3 chain determinant GM6 gene was amplified by PCR using the following primers: Forward primer: 5'-GCGGGCAGCCGGAGAACAACTACAAC-3' and Reverse primer: 5'-GCTTGCCGGCTATCGCACTC-3'. After digestion with Fnu4HI and the fragments separated on 8% polyacrylamide gel, the following products corresponding to the three genotypes were detected: GM6[+] (206-bp fragment), GM6[+/−] (206-bp, 110-bp and 96-bp fragment) and GM6[−] (110-bp and 96-bp fragment) (Figure 1). For quality control of this RFLP method for GM6, we randomly sequenced 133 samples; of these, 118 matched the PCR-RFLP results. With the remaining 15 samples, the results were inconclusive because the quality of sequencing was not acceptable. To our knowledge, GM6 is found exclusively in the populations of African descent. Therefore, in another measure of quality control for the GM6 RFLP method, we genotyped 114 HIV-infected Caucasian subjects for GM6; none was positive for this determinant. κ chain determinants KM1 and KM3 were characterized by the PCR-RFLP technique published by Moxley and Gibbs using the following primers: 5'-TAGGGGGAAGCTAGGAAGAAA-3' and 5'-AAAAAGGGTCAGAGGCCAAA-3' for PCR [28]. After digestion of the amplified product (538-bp) with the restriction enzyme Acc1, the following products corresponding to the three genotypes were detected: KM1 (538-bp fragment), KM3 (390-bp and 148-bp fragment) and KM1-3 (538-bp, 390-bp and 148-bp fragment).
Placental parasitemia was defined as P. falciparum asexual form detected on a thick film. Peripheral parasitemia was similarly defined as P. falciparum asexual form detected on a thick film. After the inspection of 100 fields with no parasite found, the thick film was deemed negative. Placentas with malarial pigment in the absence of parasitemia were classified as negative for PM. Gravidity was divided into primigravid, secundigravid and multigravid (3 or more pregnancies). Newborn low-birth weight (<2500 g) was classified based on weight measured within 24 hours of birth. Preterm delivery was defined as occurrence at <37 weeks of gestation age assessed by the Ballard method [29]. Malaria transmission season comprised the months of April–June and October–December. The variable "malaria transmission season, third trimester" was defined as the women who encountered malaria transmission season during the last 3 months before delivery. The variable "anti-malarial use, third trimester" was based on the self-reported treatment during third trimester. Maternal anemia was defined as <11 g/dL and severe anemia as <7 g/dL at third trimester. CD4 cell counts were compared with cutoffs <350 cells/µl and <500 cells/µl. Maternal HIV-1 positive status was determined on the basis of antibodies to HIV-1, detected by two sequential rapid serological tests. Maternal viral-load was quantified and assigned values <1000 copies/ml, 1000–9999 copies/ml and ≥10,000 copies/ml.
For GM6, individual genotypes are GM6(+), GM6(−), and GM6(+/−), and for KM, they are KM1, KM3, and KM1-3 [18]. As previous studies have reported that GM and KM interactions, rather than GM or KM alone, play an important role in control of immune responses [20], [30], [31], [32], combinations of GM6 and KM genotypes were further used to explore the genetic association with PM in HIV-1 negative and positive women, respectively. The models for combination of genotypes in this study consist of the above three different individual GM6 genotypes combined with either (a) KM1-3(+) or (−), (b) KM1(+) or (−), or (c) KM3(+) or (−). Among these combination models, KM1-3(+) is KM1-3 heterozygote and KM1-3(−) includes KM1 and KM3 homozygotes. Using the model that includes two homozygous KM1 and KM3 in a single KM genotypic class (KM1-3(−)) enables us to examine the role of KM heterozygosity combined with GM6 genotypes in PM.
Because of the stratified enrollment in the main VT epidemiological study, all analyses were conducted in HIV-1 negative and HIV-1 positive women separately. Univariable analyses were based on Pearson χ2 tests for comparison of proportions and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used for comparison of continuous distributions. Categorical and continuous variables included in the initial univariable analysis for characteristics were mother's age, gravidity, maternal peripheral malaria, placental malaria pigment, preterm delivery, newborn birth weight, maternal anemia, anti-malarial use, malaria transmission season during third trimester, maternal CD4 count and maternal HIV-1 load. The effects of individual GM6 and KM genotypes, and combined genotypes on PM were analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression model controlling for gravidity, anti-malarial use, and malaria transmission season during the third trimester, all of which were significant in univariable analyses. GM6(−) and KM3 were used as references for the individual genotype analysis while GM6(−) with either KM1-3(−), KM1(−) or KM3(−) were used as references in the multivariable logistic regression analysis for the combined genotypes. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to measure the strength of associations. All tests were two-tailed and statistical significance was defined as P<0.05. In addition, in order to evaluate the possible presence of selection, Chi-square goodness of fit tests for the departures from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) in GM6 and KM genotypes and allele frequencies and the inbreeding coefficients (F(is)) were calculated based on the previously published formula [33], [34]. The HWE and F(is) were examined in whole study population and in four groups stratified by disease status. Data analysis was performed using SAS version 9.2 and the Hardy Weinberg package in R version 2.12.
The profile of participants' characteristics is summarized in Table 1 (n=728). Since known and potential confounding variables associated with PM may differ by HIV-1 status, all the data analysis was conducted separately for HIV-1 negative and positive women. Our data showed that younger mothers were more likely to have PM than the older mothers (P<0.01), irrespective of their HIV-1 status. In HIV-1 negative women, univariable analysis showed that primigravid women were more likely to have PM than multigravid women. However, the gravidity-dependency of PM was not evident in HIV-1 positive women. Malaria transmission season during third trimester was found to be positively associated with PM. Irrespective of HIV-1 status, PM was statistically associated with maternal peripheral malaria presence during the third trimester and at delivery, malaria pigment present, and newborn birth weight <2500 g (Table 1). In HIV-1 positive women, PM was significantly associated with maternal anemia at delivery (<7 g/dL and <11 g/dL). Proportion of anti-malarial use during third trimester in HIV-1 positive women was higher in the women without PM than those with PM. Furthermore, HIV-1 positive women with PM were significantly more likely to have maternal HIV-1 viral-load copies/ml ≥10, 000 (Table 1).
In univariable analysis, a borderline significant association between GM6(+) and GM6(+/−) genotypes and PM in HIV negative women was found, women without PM having higher frequencies of these genotypes (Pa=0.05, Table 2), but a similar association was not seen in HIV-1 positive women. There was no difference in the distribution of KM genotypes between women with PM and those without PM in both HIV-1 negative and HIV positive groups (Table 2). In multivariable analysis using GM6(−) and KM3 as references, the statistical significance earlier observed with GM6 genotypes disappeared after controlling for confounders (Table 3). Overall, there was no effect of the individual GM6 and KM genotypes on the risk of PM in either HIV-1 negative or positive women (Table 3).
Since none of the GM6 and KM genotypes were by themselves significantly associated with PM in HIV-1 negative and positive women after adjusting for confounders, and since previous studies also showed an interactive effect of GM and KM in immune response [20], [30], [31], [32], we further analyzed 3 combinations of GM6 and KM genotypes (Tables 4 and and5).5). In HIV-1 negative women, there was no statistical association between PM and any combination of GM6 and KM1-3 (Table 4). Conversely, in HIV-1 positive women, the combination of GM6(+/−) and KM1-3(+) heterozygote was statistically significantly associated with increased risk of PM (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.12–3.89) while the combination of GM6(+/−) and KM1-3(−) tended to be associated with decreased risk of PM (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.22–1.00) (Table 4). Using the second combination (GM6 and KM3) in the analysis of HIV-1 negative women (Table 5), the combination of GM6(+) and KM3(+) homozygote was significantly associated with decreased risk of PM (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.08–0.80) (Table 5). However, in HIV-1 positive women, the combination of GM6(+/−) and KM3(−) was associated with increased risk of PM (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.18–3.73) (Table 5). This result in HIV positive women (Table 5) was partially in agreement with the finding in Table 4, suggesting that combined GM6(+/−) with either KM1-3 or KM1 render women more susceptible to PM in HIV-1 positive women. Analysis using the third combination of GM6 and KM1 genotypes showed no statistically significant association with PM (data not shown). In addition, any combination of GM6 and KM had no effect on other clinical outcomes such as placental malaria parasite density, maternal anemia <11 g/dl, low infant birth weight or gestational age in HIV-1 negative women (data not shown). In HIV-positive women, however, the combination of GM6(+/−) and KM3(+) was associated with increased risk for maternal anemia <7 g/dl (OR, 5.25; 95% CI, 1.30–21.2; P=0.021) (data not shown).
Malaria has a strong selective pressure on human genes [35], [36]. In this study, we observed that the combination of GM6(+) and KM3 homozygote was associated with decreased risk of PM in HIV-negative women while the combined heterozygosity of GM6(+/−) with either KM1-3 or KM1 was associated with increased risk of PM in HIV-positive women. In order to examine possible selection on GM6 and KM genes by diseases, departures from HWE and F(is) were measured in the Kenyan adult study population and further in the four disease groups (Tables 6 and and7).7). Overall, HWE tests show that there was no deviation for KM genotype frequency distribution in the whole study population (P=0.75, F(is)=−0.01, n=728) (Table 7) while there was significant deviation of GM6 genotype frequency distribution in the study population with positive F(is) (P<0.001, F(is)=0.26, n=725) (Table 6). When further stratified based on PM and HIV status for the HWE test, the trend remains similar: there was no deviation for KM genotype frequency distribution in the HIV-1 negative women regardless of PM status or in the HIV-1 positive women without PM except a borderline significance of deviation in HIV-1 positive women with PM showing negative F(is) (P=0.05, F(is)=−0.18). In contrast, there were still significant deviations for GM6 genotype frequency distribution in the HIV-1 negative women with or without PM (P<0.001, F(is)=0.30 and F(is)=0.34 respectively) and in the HIV-1 positive women without PM (P<0.001, F(is)=0.26), all of the three groups showing positive F(is) (Table 6). But interestingly, there was no significant deviation in HIV-1 positive women with PM for GM6 (P=0.61, F(is)=0.05).
In this study, we report an association of GM6 and KM genotypes on the risk of PM in HIV-1 infected and uninfected pregnant women. Although none of the individual GM6 and KM genotypes were by themselves significantly associated with PM, the combination of homozygous GM6(+) and KM3 was significantly associated with decreased risk of PM infection in HIV negative women. In HIV-1 positive women, the combination of heterozygous GM6(+/−) with either KM1-3 or KM1 revealed an increased risk of PM. These results suggest that GM6 and KM genotypes, two unlinked genetic loci, could interact to influence the susceptibility to PM infection in HIV-1 negative and positive women by regulation of disease-specific humoral responses.
The combination of GM6(+) and KM3 homozygotes may possibly affect susceptibility to PM infection in HIV-1 negative women through immune regulation to influence the specificity, subclass switch and titer of anti-malarial antibody responses. GM markers are located on the constant region and there is evidence for the involvement of these regions in antibody specificity with the variable region, probably through the formation of idiotypic determinants, modulation of antibody binding affinity and linkage disequilibrium with the variable epitopes [28], [37]. A previous study conducted in non-pregnant Sudanese (all ages) showed that the carriers of GM1,17 (present on IgG1); 5,13,14,6 (present on IgG3) phenotype were associated with higher incidence of malaria and higher baseline levels of total IgG and non-cytophilic IgG subclasses than the non-carriers [38]. This same study further suggested that the above-mentioned implication of GM 1,17; 5,13,14,6 phenotype might be mainly due to the GM6 allotype involvement. Although there was an indication of limited involvement of KM allotype in susceptibility to malaria infection and antibody responses in this previous study [38], the current study showed that the combination GM6(+) and KM3(+) homozygote plays a role in the decreased risks of PM infection in HIV negative women. This could be due to the difference in the study models used, pregnant women vs. general population. In addition, a more recent study in Beninese children showed an age-related impact of GM 5,6,13,14;1,17 or KM1 phenotype on malaria specific cytophilic IgG responses [39]. The interactive effect of GM and KM phenotypes in the clearance and persistence of hepatitis C infection has also been reported [19], [20], suggesting that Ig GM and KM allotypes are important immuno-genetic factors in infectious diseases. Functionally, the γ and κ chains carrying specific GM and KM allotypes by nonrandom pairing could form a paratope with the necessary structure for recognition [30] of the malaria antigen epitopes. Importantly, GM allotypes may further interact with Fcγ receptors (FcγR) to affect disease risk or protection. All GM epitopes including GM6, with the exception of G1M3 and 17, are found on the Fc-portion of the IgG molecule [20]. It is possible that particular FcγR and GM6 alleles epistatically interact [17] to influence the susceptibility to PM infection. Our previous study showed that FcγRIIa-H/H131 receptor for immunoglobulin G is associated with susceptibility to PM [15]. An in vitro study conducted by others reported that pregnancy-associated VSA-specific cytophilic IgGs promote phagocytic clearance of parasite infected erythrocytes, suggesting the contribution of this immune effector mechanism in the decrease of parasite load in the placenta [40]. It is known that IgG opsonized phagocytosis of P. falciparum infected erythrocytes could be mediated by FcγRI and FcγRIIa [41]. In addition, the potential effect of the cytophlic IgG3 involving Fcγ receptors in protection against P. falciparum malaria through phagocytosis of merozoites, neutrophil respiratory bursts and monocyte-mediated growth inhibition have been established in naturally acquired immunity [42], [43], [44].
In HIV-1 positive women the combination of heterozygous GM6(+/−) with either KM1-3 or KM1 was associated with susceptibility to PM infection. This suggests that HIV-1 infection could influence the relationship between GM and KM allotypes and PM infection, possibly by altering malaria-specific antibody responses. Indeed, several studies in pregnant women have reported that HIV infection decreases frequency and concentration of malaria-specific antibodies and/or changes balance of IgG subclasses against various antigens including pre-erythrocytic and blood stage antigens as well as pregnancy-associated VSA with impairment of opsonic phagocytic clearance of parasites [13], [14], [40]. This could lead to the increased risk of PM infection in HIV-1 positive women. In this study, we also observed that the combination of heterozygous GM6(+/−) again with different KM, homozygous KM3(+), was associated with maternal anemia (Hb<7 g/dL) in HIV-1 positive women. Although the actual mechanism by which the combination of GM6(+/−) and KM3 would regulate anemia in pregnant women is not clear, the result indicates that GM6(+/−) could play a role in the risk of severe maternal anemia, one symptom of malaria during pregnancy.
We also measured departure from HWE in GM6 and KM allele frequencies and F(is) in the study population to evaluate possible selection [33], [45], [46] by malaria on GM6 and KM as malaria has a strong selection on human genes [35], [36]. HWE tests clearly showed that there was no deviation for KM genotype frequency distribution in the study population. In contrast, an overall significant deviation of GM6 genotype frequency distribution was observed in the same population, showing significant positive F(is). Positive F(is) indicates a deficit on heterozygotes in the population [34]. Most importantly, when further stratified by PM and HIV status there were still significant positive F(is) for GM6 in the HIV-1 negative women regardless of PM and in the HIV-1 positive women without PM while there was no significant deviation from HWE in HIV-1 positive women with PM. Tests of departure from HWE and F(is) have been used for different purposes; some have used the tests for searching disease-susceptibility gene loci and detecting selection, others have used them for genotyping quality control [33], [45], [46], [47]. However, HWE and F(is) results from our study with distinct patterns between GM6 and KM and with different strength among disease groups for GM6 were unlikely due to genotype errors as we employed different quality control measures for GM6 genotyping (see method section). In addition, our study was not a typical case-control study; rather, a diseases-stratified enrollment was used (see method section). Most likely, GM6 showing overall significant positive F(is) indicates low heterozygote fitness in the population possibly shaped by selection over time [33], [34]. The results of no significant departure from HWE in GM6 genotype frequency in HIV-1 positive women with PM but strong positive F(is) in other three groups further suggest that the group without low heterozygote fitness has less potential for resistance to malaria and/or HIV-1 infection. This notion could be partially explained by the results from our association analysis above showing GM6(+) involvement in the association with decreased risk of PM (homozygote advantage) while GM6(+/−) was associated with increased risk of PM (heterozygote disadvantage) regardless of HIV-1 status. As such, GM6 has fitness value likely selected by malaria infection. The assertion that GM6 is under selection by malaria is also supported by the fact that the geographic distribution of GM6 related haplotypes coincides with the region of high falciparum malaria and sickle-cell allele prevalence [24].
Taken together, this study highlights the association between GM6 and KM genotypes with PM in HIV-1 negative and HIV-1 positive women. These findings suggest that the combination of homozygous GM6(+) and KM3 may protect against PM in HIV-1 negative women, while the HIV-1 positive women with heterozygous GM6(+/−) combined with KM1-3 or KM1 may be more susceptible to PM. In addition, the result of a deficit in heterozygotes for GM6 in our study population (Kenyan pregnant women) suggests that low GM6 heterozygous fitness could be due to selection mainly by malaria infection. However, more studies in other populations and in different malaria endemic areas are needed to validate this finding.
This result was presented in part at the 59th Annual ASTMH meeting, November 3–7, 2010, in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
We thank all the mothers for their participation and cooperation in this study. Our special thanks are to the field and laboratory staff who conducted VT project and data management. We also thank Shannon Stockham and Anna Marshall at Medical University of South Carolina for their technical assistance for genotyping. We are grateful to Dr. Nicole Dowling at National Office of Public Health Genomics, CDC for reviewing the paper and also providing valuable suggestions. We thank the director of the Kenyan Medical Research Institute for the approval of this article for publication.
This study was supported by intramural funding from The National Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Project ID# 92129RQ). NCI was supported by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Postdoctoral Fellowship (ASM/CDC Research Fellowship Program). The funders had no role in study design, data collection, and decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript except for AY, a statistician, from the National Office of Public Health Genomics,CDC assisting in data analysis.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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STAGE SISTERS (Wutai jiemei)
A Film by Xie Jin
China 1964
Color, Mandarin w/eng st, 112 min
Like a handsome Bollywood epic, STAGE SISTERS has something for everyone --
sympathetic heroines, evil capitalists, great music, Hollywood-style
melodrama, and revolutionary fervor. Set in pre-Revolutionary China,
it is a tragic melodrama with strong political overtones. Though
revolutionary in spirit, the film was banned after its debut for
"bourgeois humanism". The director himself was imprisoned
at the start of the Cultural Revolution.
Chunhua, a runaway peasant girl is taken in by an opera troupe
and meets Xing Yuehong, and soon the two actresses head off to Shanghai
to perform in the Shaoxing Opera. Yuehong and Chunhua become close
friends but clearly they are moving in different directions. Chunhua
meets a revolutionary cadre who involves Chunhua in the Revolution,
while Yuehong marries the Theater Manager and lives in middle class
style. They ultimately end up in court for a dramatic climax.
Although the film was completed well before the Cultural Revolution
in 1966, it has been argued that in 1963 Jiang Qing, the wife of
Mao Zedong and a former Shanghai actress, was responsible for banning
STAGE SISTERS, not only because she may have deemed it counter-revolutionary,
but allegedly to settle some old scores in Shanghai.
Politics aside, STAGE SISTERS is Socialist Realism at its most
entertaining and satisfying best.
(c) 2005-2013 ws://design

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FIFA 17 features the use of the Frostbite game engine for enhanced gameplay and players have access to a new compelling story mode titled The Journey which follows the efforts of footballer Alex Hunter as he tries to make it to the Premier League.


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I have an attic over my garage with a V-formed truss (all coming to the center to form a V)at the beginning and the end of the peaks. Presently we enter the attic with a ladder from a hole in the garage ceiling. I want to cut the truss so I can put in a full-sized door so I can enter the attic from the hallway in my house. Can we rebrace them and still keep the roof line structurally sound? Marie
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I just recently reviewed "The Skin Regime" by Dana Ramos. As an esthetician, I am always up for trying out new beauty products and being that I am in the skin care industry, there are always new things to learn. The 147 page book came along with a mini bottle of the peel and step by step instructions on how to use it. The book is great for someone that is just getting into skin care. It talks about skin nutrition, male skin care, why peels are great to keep up with proper skin care, and even touches base on skin care for the rest of your body. I followed the regime challenge and I did notice a difference in my skin. The tone and texture were a lot more even and it was very smooth and soft. I recommend this book if you are a total spa junkie and would like to treat your skin at home in between your professional appointments. If you have sensitive skin and not sure about the ingredients, be sure to contact your dermatologist.
Ingredients in the 1-4-All Peel: Purified water, SD Alcohol 40B (natural), Mandelic Acid, Trichloroacetic Acid, Glycolic Acid, Salicylic Acid,Resorcinol, Pomegranate Extract, Lactic Acid, Sodium PCA, Urea, Inositol, Sodium Benzoate, Niacinamide, Sodium Lactate.
When applying the peel:
One layer = mild peel
Two layers= moderate peel
Three or four layers= strong peel
About the Book:
The best-selling The Skin Regime: Boot Camp for Beautiful Skin is now in its 2nd Edition. The book is updated, expanded and still reveals the truth about beauty products and skin care: Why most products are junk and a huge waste of time and money. Direct and humorous, the book instructs how to create a personalized regime based on products and advice most dermatologists recommend for their patients: The truly skin-transforming ingredients that really work to make gorgeous skin. You won't find the truth in beauty magazines because they exist to advertise lotions, potions made by the over-priced cosmetic industry, and those ridiculous models they use–teenagers or movie stars with good skin, wearing tons of makeup with heavily-altered photos.
Well-known dermatologist, Dr. David Bank, provides the book's foreword and was the technical advisor–he is not afraid to tell the truth, either! If you like to get pampered with salon facials or doctor treatments–and it's working well for you–then keep enjoying yourself. But not everyone has that kind of money–or time. And with a big dose of bravado, The Skin Regime presents a first-time ever challenge to established cosmetic companies to see if any of them can even come close to the results of The Skin Regime. Five percent of book revenues are being donated to worthy non-profit organizations. Visit TheSkinRegime.com and read the first chapter of the book for free!
About the Author:
Dana Ramos has written non-fiction, fiction, and screenplays. Another book, Basics of Everything, is also available on Amazon. She is a graduate of the USC Masters of Professional Writers program. Dr. David Bank (Foreword and technical advisor of The Skin Regime) is the founder and head of The Center for Dermatology, Cosmetic and Laser Surgery in Mount Kisco, New York. He has made it a personal goal to inform people about harmful skin care practices and fraudulent products and reveal how great skin can be accomplished with proper care and relatively inexpensive products.
I was provided with a copy of the book and sample of the peel in exchange for my honest review.


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OK, I read it this morning too. The sweet but inspiring post written for us moms with babies entering Kindergartner in the fall. And I'm feeling the twinge. Probably more than I'd like to admit. But overall, I'm anticipating the … Continue reading
August 20, 2014
by Rachel Gustafson
7 Comments


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GDG's Tom Tuttle Discusses Golf in the Olympics
Segment 4: Larry isn't the only GDG personality living it up on the West Coast this weekend. Tom Tuttle takes time from his trip to Lake Tahoe to join the proceedings. The Rio Olympics are coming up quickly, but some of the world's best golfers won't be attending the Games. What are Tom's thoughts on them shying away and other reactions to that.
Gameday Gold Part 4 / 7-14-16


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Download GT Investments apk 4.0.3 free for Android smartphone
Posted by MOBILE GIANT in Business | Oct. 23, 2014 | 0 Comments
Apk file size: 6.3 MB
Welcome to GT Investments Mobile App!
This App is your portal to GT Investments which is a boutique real estate organization dedicated to helping people achieve their financial goals through real estate investing. You'll find plenty of useful information if you're looking buy or invest in Real Estate or if you're thinking about selling a property. Whether you're is a beginner or a seasoned investor, buying or selling, we offer unparalleled service to the sales of commercial and residential property in California. Feel free to contact us any time.
MOBILE GIANT part of our Business and have average installs from 10 to 50. Last Update Oct. 23, 2014. Google play rating is 90.0. Current verison is 4.0.3. Actual size 6.3 MB.


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Good Morning My Little Fashionistas!
Happy Monday beauties!! Get your little butt up and moving this morning with a little inspiration to get you in the mood to look super cute all week! You can do it!! And remember, Monday is the hardest so it is only up from here!!
Blazer: Parker Dickens Silk Blazer – question-air.com,
$465 $235
Top: Reiss Eden Silk Trim Tank – reiss.com, $130
Pants: TOPSHOP Stitch Cigarette Trousers – topshop.com, $45
Shoes: Jimmy Choo Cosmic Platform Pump – shopsavannahs.com, $348
Bag: Alexander McQueen Heroine Structured Leather Tote – alexandermcqueen.com, $2, 085
Earrings: C. Wonder Hexagonal Screw Studs – cwonder.com, $24
Bracelet: Alexander McQueen Leather and Swarovski Crystal Wrap Bracelet – net-a-porter.com, $245
I hope you all have a wonderful day! Turn some heads today, ladies! I know you all will.
XOXO, Kristen


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Featured master franchise
Founded in 2002, and with over 300 locations across the US, Brightstar Care is the United States' nationally-recognized leader in private-pay home care. The UK's aging population is driving a huge need for home care franchise services. Brightstar Care is ready to enter the fast-growing home care industry in the UK.Read more


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When: Sat., Dec. 11, 10 a.m. 2010
Hosted by the East Coast Motorcycle Consortium, this motorcycle part swap will also have arts and crafts, a ride-in bike show, food and drink specials, and more.
5031 Dorchester Road (North Charleston)
And stick around for the block party
by Susan Cohen
December 10, 2010
Select a star to rate.
© 2018 Charleston City Paper


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What is the tone that Joyce creates through his diction, language, and imagery?"Araby"
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In order to effect the brutal epiphany of the teenaged boy's disillusionment at the end of "Araby," writer James Joyce employs a ironic tone through the use of the adult narrator who recounts a tale of his foolish, romantic youth. For, this ironic tone in its presentation of the illusionary imagination of the boy foreshadows all the more the collision of the boy's illusions with the harsh reality of the banality of the bazaar.
On the "sombre" street of brown houses in the "cold air" through "dark muddy lanes" the romantic boy envisions a saint-like Mangan's sister who is defined by a light behind her as she stands in the half-opened door. At this vision, the boy's heart "leaped." At the market on Saturday with his mother, the boy carries the groceries pretending that he bears his "chalice," or Holy Grail for his maiden fair.
Further, all the boy's romantic visions of light and the golden chalice contrast with the images browness of his life, the dark rainy evening during which he watches the girl from the dead priest's room. When the girl speaks to him, she wears a silver bracelet, indicative of money and the mundane. As he leaves the dark house, the boy encounters Mrs. Mercer--a name that means one who sells cloth--a "pawnbroker's widow." And, when he finally reaches the bazaar after his uncle returns late from drinking, the boy rides "the third-class carriage of a deserted train." He steps out onto "an improvised wooden platform" and finds all the stalls closed and "the greater part of the hall was in darkness." Certainly, then the boy hears what he has earlier described as "the rain impinge upon the earth" and he realizes the foolishness of his romantically fevered imagination. Disillusioned he turns away from the cheap shop girls idly gossiping, drops two pennies against the sixpence in his pocket, indicating the cheapness of the experience. Stepping out into the darkness, the adult narrator recalls that he has been "a creature driven and derided by vanity."


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Customer Service
Neither Rain nor Snow nor Common Sense. . .
Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds.
Canada's postal service announced a few months ago that it was ceasing door-to-door mail delivery. Instead, it would install neighbourhood mail boxes and people would be required to go to their assigned box to pick up their mail. Canada Post has been installing these mail boxes in newly built neighbourhoods for years and the Crown Corporation has indicated that it needs to make this change across the board in order to cut operation costs.
This isn't an issue that I've been too concerned about to be honest. Maggie and I have been collecting our mail from a neighbourhood mail box for years and at the end of the day, it really isn't all that big a deal to us. But it is a big deal for many Canadians.
There has been quite an outcry at the loss of daily door-to-door delivery and the roughshod manner in which Canada Post has overruled municipal governments and citizens about where the boxes will be installed.
Many people are – well, to put it delicately – pissed.
Some have taken to protest by planting gardens on the site of a proposed mail box. Others have picketed and a few enterprising souls have laid down on the site of a new box and refused to move out of the way of the installers.
It isn't quite the French Revolution but we're Canadian and that's how we do things here.
The Conservative government pretty much ignored the issue, most likely because there didn't appear to be any niqab-wearing letter-carriers but the new incoming Liberal government has ordered a halt to the installation of the mail boxes until a full review has been conducted.
That caught my attention – not because I agree or disagree with any of the decisions taken before or since but rather because of the amount of political indecision triggered by a fundamental lack of business vision by all concerned. Continue reading
Six Weeks In and I Already Want to Rewind 2014
I think I've pretty much had all of 2014 that I can take for awhile. In fact, if I was wine, they wouldn't bother to bottle this vintage; they'd just toss it out and hope for a better result next year.
We'v had three deaths in the family over two weeks in January and this past weekend the mother of one of Maggie's oldest friends – dating all the way back to their university days – died. Just to make sure that February keeps up with January, I had an idiot hit my car earlier today and do somewhere between $2,000 and $3,000 damage to it although I suspect I'm being modest in my estimate considering that most of the front of the car has been sheared off. Continue reading
We're Here To Serve – Yeah, right!
Before we get started, you should know that I'm not in a very good mood this morning. January has been a bit rough, with three deaths in the family over the past couple of weeks, the weather is a bitch and I've just spent the better part of three hours in an unbelievable cock-up with online travel arrangements.
It is unbelievable how poor customer service is these days.
It was a simple process actually. Maggie is going to Scotland in April to visit the youngest daughter who is taking her Masters at the University of Edinburgh. Usually when we travel, we use a travel agent although we have used Expedia to book hotels from time to time. We like to pay as we go, so we use a Visa-debit card rather than credit. That means the money is taken from our bank account immediately and we can all sleep soundly secure in the knowledge that the universe is unfolding as it should.
It appears that there is a need for some remedial courses in universe unfolding. Continue reading


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"Do not be frightened by my beard"
by eleanor55
Muslim man - Credit: Lee Jordan on Flickr
Beards are common amongst Muslim men, who follow the example of the prophet Muhammed in keeping a beard and a trimmed moustache. The beard is seen as an act of faith. As the novel is set in the post-9/11 era, the speaker assumes that the man he is approaching would be wary of him as a Muslim – much anger and suspicion was directed towards Muslims in general around this time.
Beards are common amongst other religions, such as Judaism, Hinduism, Sikhism and early Christianity, and often seen as holy or displays of faith.


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Yours truly was in the landscape design and installation field for nearly a decade.
It was great to work outside (even in the bad weather – yep, I'm weird) and the customers were, for the most part, pleasant.
Most of that time I worked a standard 9-5 job for a company. The management allowed me to take contract work for clients on the side.
It was a win-win; I had the stability of a day job and the supplemental income of a side business.
I worked with my partner and best friend, Joe, on the side jobs. Some of my work weeks were 100 hour marathons. That's not a typo: 100 hours.
What Joe and I learned was how to hustle. We were only interested in working during the growing season and didn't plow or shovel during the winter here in the northeast U.S.
Word about our little company grew due to working with clients from my day job and our promotional efforts in the surrounding towns.
Business strategies that worked for us
What worked for us may not work for you. But here's what we learned from our time in the trenches and I hope you find value in these points..
1. We woke up early every day. Mainly to finish a job or two before the oppressive midday heat but also to pack numerous jobs into each day.
2. We asked for referrals from each and every client. We knocked the neighbor's door. We didn't believe in one-and-done service so we would, tactfully, suggest more work to perform for each customer. Then we'd ask for the names of our customer's friends or family who may be interested in a free quote for work.
3. We plugged into a larger company. We approached my employer and asked if they'd be interested in having our small company offer services to their customer base. It was done in the spirit of tackling previously unsolved problems and meeting customer demand. My bosses agreed so we went to work.
4. Bold pricing. We were young and greedy that's probably where the bold came in. But we priced ourselves higher than others because we knew our worth. Plus, creating higher perceived value is key.
Sell yourself cheap, you're services are perceived as cheap.
Sell for more, people suddenly MUST hire you.
What else helped us was being good at closing the sale in person. If you put us face-to-face with a homeowner we'd wow them and lock them into a design and installation package.
5. Fast results. We'd get right to work on the next job without making the customer wait. When people quickly get what they want from your business, they fall in love with you. They happily buy from you again. They refer you to their friends and family.
When we booked a job; we got it done. Everyone was treated as #1 priority and we'd stay late and work under the lights if required (and/or allowed).
6. We reinvested in the business. We purchased better tools, a better vehicle (and repairs), and we put cash aside for future expenses. Even though this money was additional to my day job income, I treated it like it was my only income. I put money aside and budgeted carefully.
There was no reason to subsidize my side gig with my day job income after the initial investment. The high mark-up environment only required us to manage revenue responsibly.
This is a major lesson for us all. Be generous with your business by being prepared to invest money into it.
Online businesses have the horrible reputation of not being considered "real." You expect to invest a lot of cold, hard cash in a brick and mortar business but guess what?
It's not any different with an online business. You still need to invest some money (the amount depends on the endeavor).
If you intend to turn a profit, it's a business that requires investment.
7. We said "no" and felt good about it. We didn't stretch beyond the scope of work we knew we could handle. We would turn people away if they beat us up over dollars and cents. It was a lot easier on everyone if we just declined the jobs where customers were problematic from the start.
We'd also say no if we knew the job would be pushed out by weeks due to material supply. This was because we were obsessed with fast delivery. And, hey, our reputation was rooted in (pun intended) fast action.
But we didn't team up often enough with other companies. We missed opportunities to push business to them and earn referrals or split the job revenue. That was an area of weakness for us.
Your thoughts
The tips listed above made our business quite the little profit center. We learned a lot about dealing with people and what it took to over-deliver and how that impacts a business.
It's amazing how warming up to your clients, asking a few friendly questions and massaging the relationship opens doors.
It helped us earn customer trust enough for them to refer their closest friends and families into our care. How great is that?
I hope you find a few solid take-aways here for your business based on our experience. May you find the endless stream of business and success you seek for your endeavor(s).
Your input and questions are welcome and will be happily answered in the comments…
Photo: caspermoller


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Clever limerick for the upcoming election. Go vote! Thanks to https://marple25mary.wordpress.com/2016/10/29/e-mail-limerick-in-three-verses/#like-1627 for this post.
There is a woman with lots of e-mail
She's very strong, but men think she's frail
She looks great in a pantsuit
Better than that guy, the eye of Newt
Bad hair man is threatening to put her in jail!
Hillary will win, i sure hope for that
Trump will lose and go home stat!
We know for sure that Hillary is smart
Smarter than Donald, who can only brain fart
He has the attention span of a little pesky gnat!
Why are they bringing up her e-mails again?
Soon she'll be President, and to that an Amen
Donald can take his hair and get lost
He's demeaned so many at such a high cost
This e-mail bullshit will be over, but none can say when!
M. Raynes


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Tesco Value A4 White Paper
15 reviews from the community
Review of "Tesco Value A4 White Paper"
Ciao Confessions - Every review of mine with an overall E rating, I've written whilst drunk and don't remember writing in the morning. Is that good or bad?
"Excellent value especially for students ."
When my boyfriend first started his PGCE course back in September, it soon became clear that we were going to be going through a lot more printer paper as he began printing out class worksheets, his own essays, and various timetables. Added to that the fact that my daughter kept running off with paper to draw on, and we were going to need something fairly inexpensive as we were going to have to keep replacing it . Luckily, on a visit to Tesco we spotted the Value A4 paper, which seemed like it would do the job, at just £2.40 for 500 sheets.The paper is nothing to write home about really. It's A4 and bright white in colour,with a totally smooth texture, and is a nice thickness, not feeling flimsy in my hands. It seems to hold the ink really well when printed on, and feeds well through my printer. It does on occasion take a little while for the ink to dry, and especially when printing images it can also go a little bit wavy from so much ink.
It's also perfectly suitable for my daughter to draw on - but then at 7 I don't imagine she cares too much. As long as it's a blank canvas for her creative skills, she is more than happy. However, at least with it being cheap I don't worry so much about the amount she is using.Personally, I think this paper is fine for everyday household use, especially for students who need to print off a lot of documents. Were I printing out pictures, letters, or my CV, I would probably want something a tiny bit thicker and better quality, but for everything else, this paper is just fine and excellent value.
Community evaluation
Your evaluation of this review
Comments on this review
Coloneljohn published 03/04/2011This is good value. I will have to keep it in mind. John
CrazyJamie published 19/03/2011Good review; I don't think people can reasonably expect this to be good for printing images in the circumstances.
mattydalton published 19/03/2011If it were something to write home about, you would have the perfect thing to write it on....
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Product Information : Tesco Value A4 White Paper
Manufacturer's product descriptionPaper/Pad/Notebook
Product Details
Type: Paper/Pad/Notebook
Manufacturer: Tesco
Listed on Ciao since: 19/01/2011


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God Ordained Disaster
Here's a thought-provoking question, submitted to me recently:
What does it mean when the Bible it says that "God does evil"? This seems to occur more in the context of God judging Israel's sin (e.g. Ezekiel 6:10). Is this another figure of speech meaning that God punished Israel for their disobedience? It cannot mean the same thing as when people do evil, because that would imply that God commits sin. Also, why does this concept of punishment (or the phrase at least) not occur in the New Testament?
What does it mean when the Bible says that "God does evil"?
Other examples similar to Ezekiel 6:10 occur in the Old Testament, such as Isaiah 31:2, 45:7, 47:11, Lam. 3:38, Mic. 1:12 and Amos 3:6. And it appears that all clear instances refer to some aspect of God's judgment on the nation of Israel.
The word evil in Ezekiel 6:10 is the English translation of a Hebrew word, רָעָה rā·ʿā(h), which conveys a broad range of meaning and appears 315 times in the Hebrew Old Testament. To translate this word into English, the KJV chooses the words evil or wickedness as the translation 241 times, or 77% of the time. By comparison, the NKJV chooses evil or wickedness only 156 times, or only 50% of the time.
What do these statistics tell us? First, the word evil was a more general word a few hundred years ago, with a broader range of meaning than today. So the KJV translators used it frequently, allowing the context of each occurrence to reveal the specific meaning. When you study Ezekiel 6:10, for instance, you discover that evil in that context refers to disastrous events, not to wicked behavior.
By comparison, the NKJV translates this word as evil less frequently, because modern English associates the word evil with a smaller range of meaning, describing something that is bad in a sinful or moral sense. In cases like Ezekiel 6:10, it translates the word as disaster or calamity, which is exactly the meaning in that context. Here is a look at how the NKJV translates this word throughout the Old Testament, using a broader range of words to reflect the meaning accurately, based upon context.
So whether you examine the context of Ezekiel 6:10 in the KJV or refer to a modern equivalent like the NKJV, you will discover that this word does not always mean sinful or wicked behavior. The truth remains that no sinful or wicked behavior or circumstances ever originate with God (Gen. 1:31, 1 Cor. 14:33, Jam. 1:13, 1 John 1:5).
God does, however, initiate some natural disasters and trying circumstances, as in the verses I've mentioned. He does this for legitimate disciplinary and judgment purposes. Even so, not all natural disasters and trying circumstances come from God, as in the case of Job (Job 1:12) and Peter (Lk. 22:31). But in such cases where God does not originate the calamity, He permits it to occur. No disaster that occurs ever violates God's ultimate, sovereign control over all things.
Why does this concept of punishment (or the phrase at least) not occur in the New Testament?
The statement that "God does evil" does not appear in the New Testament, to my knowledge. A major reason for this would be that the New Testament was written in the Greek language, not Hebrew. And the Greek words for evil do not function entirely the same way as the Hebrew word, refers at times to disaster or calamity. The Greek word(s) for evil do not have this function.
Nevertheless, examples of God causing disasters and calamities as judgment on Israel and on the nations of the world does appear. The book of Revelation provides the clearest example of this, being filled with many examples of God's judgment and wrath through various national disasters and more.


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A variety of services. A variety of subsidiaries. One superior level of service.
Our independent contractors and third-party transportation providers provide us with the freight capacity our customers need. Across all transportation modes, from pickup to delivery, we leverage relationships with a diverse group of carriers to provide scalable capacity and reliable, flexible service to our more than 35,000 customers. Although we service large national accounts, we primarily focus on small to mid-size shippers, which we believe represent an expansive and underserved market.
Our customized solutions are designed to allow our customers to reduce operating costs, redirect resources to core competencies, improve supply chain efficiency, and enhance customer service. Please contact us today to learn more about the Roadrunner difference.
Please see Roadrunner Transportation Systems, Inc.
2017 Fact Sheet for more information.


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Complaint 358061 Details
- Date Occurred: 02/04/2017
- Reported Damages: $393.00
- Username: Nookielove1
- Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
- Location: Los Angeles, California
The complaint is against an online dating profile
The complaint is a listing fraud posted on public forums or sites against an anonymous entity
The complaint is mobile text spam or smishing related against an anonymous entity
The company or person contact no longer exists
International boundaries
I like everyone else thought I could make some extra money while doing what was required and bringing attention to this website. After all the time of postin my link I finally reached 300.00 and more but when I went to cash out it sent me to all these surveys once I did those it supposedly unlocked my cash out form but instead it sent me to download an e-book. I see alot of people posting how they make all this money a week with this site but I guess it's all a scam.
- Debra SBID #eba48af92c
- Posted 02/05/2017
Do You Have a Complaint?Submit a Complaint ►
There are no comments posted. Be the first to comment on this complaint
Do You Have a Complaint?
Add a complaint and spread the word. High volume complaints have a better chance to get their money back. Submit a report and join forces with others like you!Submit a Complaint Now
Business Profile Summary
Company Statistics
- Complaint Against Payrigid.com
- Complaints Filed: 8
- Reported Damages: $8,021.00
What is SBID?
SBID is a unique id code that identifies the user's computer and location. SBID is used to prevent fraudulent postings and help our community find users who create duplicate user accounts.


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Rose's Sundries on the Web
Tags45 aluminum Bavaria black and white book California chrome collectible collecting comic continental copper cotton embroidered flat floral Germany illustration Italy Japan jewelry linen lithograph Mexico National Park Oregon pink postcard print printed real photo scarf sheet silk tablecloth twin vintage vintage postcard vintage record vinyl Virginia Washington white border wood Yellowstone
Tag Archives: Culpepper
Listings 7.17.12
Vintage Landscape and Cityscape Prints Today! Link to Rose's Sundries on eBay for bids.
Posted in Sneak Peek @ eBay Listings Tagged book, Cedar Mountain, Culpepper, glendale, illustration, malvern hill, print, Virginia Comments Off on Listings 7.17.12


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For the past few years the authorities of Chiayi County, southwestern Taiwan, have paid bounties to citizens for brown anoles they collect. Every year the bounty per lizard has decreased and yet they spend their budget and the brown anole persists. This year is the same – a lower bounty – but with a slight difference; the green iguana is now also on the list. In theory, it would be ideal if the invasive lizards can be exterminated, but in reality, I am convinced, they will fail. The brown anole exists in southwestern and eastern Taiwan, and simply targeting them in one location will simply retard their dispersal to new localities (and even with the bounty in place, their distribution is extending). We recently published the results of a study in which we compared brown anole specimens from southern and eastern Taiwan, and we found that there are some variations, most likely due to adaptations to the local habitats (no surprise there!). What this means is that in Taiwan, if brown anoles can reach (either by natural dispersal or with the help of people) open disturbed habitats, with structures that can be used as perches, they will most likely adapt and establish new populations.
And then I wonder why is the brown anole singled out for extermination. Eutropis multifasciata, a relatively large invasive skink, also exists in Chiayi County. Due to its size, it has greater abilities than the brown anole to compete with and prey upon native lizards and arthropods, and yet, they are not on the list. People regard Hemidactylus frenatus, a very common gecko species in urban areas in central and southern Taiwan, as a native species, not realizing that it too is an invasive species.
My honest opinion is they have to accept that just like Hemidactylus frenatus, Anolis sagrei will spread in Taiwan and become a common sight in areas disturbed by humans. They will become (and in many ways already are) part of local ecosystems as competitors, predators and prey. Conservation efforts should thus rather be directed at the re-establishment and conservation of large areas of secondary forests in disturbed lowland areas of Taiwan. This would not only contribute to the conservation of native forest species, but such areas will also function as reservoirs for species like Japalura swinhonis that can compete with Anolis sagrei, as well as being barriers for its spread. People should also be encouraged to be more tolerant towards snakes, in particular non-venomous species such as Lycodon (Dinodon) rufozonatum rufozonatum, Lycodon ruhstrati ruhstrati, and Sibynophis chinensis chinensis, which can prey upon brown anoles. And, finally, an important part in the conservation efforts of native urban wildlife is to develop a better appreciation among the general public of native birds and lizards in urban gardens and parks, and to reduce the impact on these animals by their pets, especially domestic cats (Felis catus), which may prey on them.
Just for interest sake, here is a current list of exotic invasive lizards in Taiwan:
Anolis sagrei
Eutropis multifasciata
Hemidactylus frenatus
Iguana iguana
Lepidactylus lugubris
Physignathus cocincinus


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Art Lebedev doesn't work with those whose views conflict with his owns
Imagine you'd say this to your potential clients:
As a matter of principle, we don't work with private persons, political parties, religious organizations, jerk-offs, and those whose views conflict with ours.
We work the way we believe is right. We don't give a shit about corporate values all together.
Well, that's exactly what Art (Artemy) Lebedev posted on his website www.artlebedev.com/studio.
His studio is one of the best and well-known Design Studios in Russia. His impressive client list ranges from Microsoft, IKEA, Samsung and Nokia to Russian search engine Yandex and Alfa Bank.
This makes me wonder how he is able to attract those clients with such bold statements.Is it because of his uncompromising views, he is able to produce quality designs, that ultimately, land him those big clients and numerous awards?
Every designer at some point in their career will face the dilemma of going along with the client and producing mediocre designs, that they know they'll never be able to add to their portfolio, or telling them to f* off and do the job the way they think is right.
Art Lebedev clearly made his choice and it seems like it's working well for him.


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Dear Dory, Jakey, Bilbo and FS Bella,
We arrived and Wisconsin Gramma's house last night and went to bed early. No snuggling with Mama and Daddy though, they brought my room...BOO!! But I was a good boy and slept all the night through!! Guess what happened???
Not only did he bring toys....he brought HUMAN PUPPIES!!!! This is one my cousin I opening his presents....
Here I am wearing one of my pressies from Gramma. It is a light that goes on my collar so I can go for NIGHTIME WALKIES (hint, hint Mama)!!
I had such a good Christmas Part Deux
(that's part 2 ;-)). Mama is going to help me try and send you a movie of me and Cousin I playing for tomorrow!!


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Traveling Luck for Summers Ford, Arkansas, United States
Where is Summers Ford?What's around Summers Ford?
Wikipedia near Summers Ford
Where to stay near Summers Ford
The timezone in Summers Ford is America/Rankin_Inlet
Sunrise at 07:23 and Sunset at 17:28. It's Dark
Latitude. 36.4625°, Longitude. -93.5956° , Elevation. 284m
Weather near Summers Ford; Report from BRANSON, null 45.2km away
Weather :
Temperature: 13°C / 55°F
Wind: 3.5km/h South
Cloud: Sky Clear
Weather :
Temperature: 13°C / 55°F
Wind: 3.5km/h South
Cloud: Sky Clear
Satellite map around Summers Ford
Loading map of Summers Ford and it's surroudings
Geographic features & Photographs around Summers Ford, in Arkansas, United States
- stream;
- a body of running water moving to a lower level in a channel on land.
- Stony Point Branch (0.1km)
- Flat Rock Creek (1.7km)
- Brush Creek (1.8km)
- Marshall Branch (2.2km)
- Waxweed Run (2.8km)
- Clabber Creek (5.1km)
- Denny Spring Branch (5.5km)
- Denny Spring Branch (5.5km)
- Bee Creek (7.7km)
- Pine Creek (9km)
- cemetery;
- a burial place or ground.
- Marshall Cemetery (1.7km)
- Moreland Cemetery (2.4km)
- Carr Cemetery (3.9km)
- Grandview Cemetery (5.4km)
- Williams Cemetery (6km)
- High Cemetery (7.3km)
- Blackjack Cemetery (7.7km)
- Bunch Cemetery (8.2km)
- McGuire Cemetery (9.6km)
- populated place;
- a city, town, village, or other agglomeration of buildings where people live and work.
- High (4.6km)
- Grandview (4.9km)
- Polo (historical) (5.6km)
- Pleasant Ridge (6km)
- Carr Lane (7.1km)
- Freeman (historical) (7.7km)
- Urbanette (9.1km)
- Local Feature;
- A Nearby feature worthy of being marked on a map..
- Summers Ford (0km)
- Gum Bottom (1.5km)
- Barnett Bend (3.2km)
- Stewart Bend (3.8km)
- Prentiss Ford (historical) (6.9km)
- McCandles School (historical) (7.1km)
- Liberty Church (historical) (7.5km)
- church;
- a building for public Christian worship.
- Antioch Church (4.9km)
- Hill Church (7.2km)
- Blackjack Church (7.6km)
- Berkes Community Church (7.9km)
- Carr Lane Church (8.2km)
- Rock Springs Church (8.5km)
Accommodation around Summers Ford
- school;
- building(s) where instruction in one or more branches of knowledge takes place.
- Carr School (8.2km)
- Rock Springs School (historical) (8.5km)
- Urbanette School (historical) (9.1km)
- McGuire School (historical) (9.6km)
- cliff(s);
- a high, steep to perpendicular slope overlooking a waterbody or lower area.
- Stony Point (0.2km)
- Pine Bluff (4.5km)
- Gallion Bluff (5km)
- Gallion Bluff (5.1km)
- mountain;
- an elevation standing high above the surrounding area with small summit area, steep slopes and local relief of 300m or more.
- Brush Mountain (6.5km)
- Boat Mountain (8.2km)
- Ant Mountain (8.2km)
- Brushy Mountain (8.3km)
- administrative division;
- an administrative division of a country, undifferentiated as to administrative level.
- Cross, Township of (3.3km)
- Polo, Township of (4.6km)
- Kings River, Township of (9.1km)
- valley;
- an elongated depression usually traversed by a stream.
- Gallion Hollow (5.1km)
- Gallion Hollow (5.1km)
- building(s);
- a structure built for permanent use, as a house, factory, etc..
- Carr Lane Suboffice (6.3km)
- post office;
- a public building in which mail is received, sorted and distributed.
- spring(s);
- a place where ground water flows naturally out of the ground.
- Wood Spring (9.6km)
- reservoir(s);
- an artificial pond or lake.
- Fuller Lake (3.1km)
- dam;
- a barrier constructed across a stream to impound water.
- Fuller Lake Dam (3.1km)
Wikipedia entries close to
Summers Ford
- Arrow Point, Missouri city city o
- Berryville, Arkansas city city o
- Carroll County (Arkansas) adm2nd adm2nd
- Chain-O-Lakes, Missouri city city o
- Emerald Beach, Missouri city city o
- Oak Grove, Arkansas city city o
- Eureka Springs, Arkansas city city o
- Shell Knob, Missouri city city o
- Beaver, Arkansas city city o
- Blue Eye, Arkansas city city o
- Blue Eye, Missouri city city o
- Green Forest, Arkansas city city o
- Coney Island, Missouri city city o
- Beaver Lake (Arkansas) landmark lake
- Kimberling City, Missouri city city o
- Indian Point, Missouri city city o
Airports close to Summers Ford
Boone co(HRO), Harrison, Usa (56.7km)
Drake fld(FYV), Fayetteville, Usa (90.4km)
Fort smith rgnl(FSM), Fort smith, Usa (179.2km)
Cabool mem(TOX), Tobolsk, Russia (191.4km)
Waynesville rgnl arpt at forney fld(TBN), Fort leonardwood, Usa (238km)


text:
Darren Fletcher was delighted to see Antonio Valencia get on the scoresheet for Manchester United in their 3-0 victory over Everton.
As the direct replacement for Cristiano Ronaldo, Valencia has been cajoled into increasing what was a minimal goals output at Wigan.
He only scored seven for the Latics last season and, including the deflected effort against CSKA Moscow that UEFA have credited him with, the Ecuador international now has four for United.
He is also starting to impose himself on games, with his forceful running unhinging a disappointing Everton outfit who seemed intent on containment.
"Antonio is a top-class player," said Fletcher. "He is getting used to the way we play and he was in the groove again.
"He is a really strong physical lad who can get goals. We have seen that in training and I believe he is going to get a lot for Manchester United."


text:
Visual Studio Express – FREE DOWNLOAD!
Looks like someone was listening to me 🙂
The Visual Studio 2005 Express Edition products are now available for free download, and will be for 1 year. If you download it now your copy will not expire. They've promised 1 year of free downloads, but I'm hoping that after 1 year they'll decide just to keep them free (heck, I think they should be on the Windows disc to begin with!).
Oh, and SQL Server Express Edition is FREE and will always be free.
Comments are closed.


text: In a message dated 9/26/02 9:17:40 PM Eastern Daylight Time, John writes: "If you're interested, the site is www.performancemotorcars.com They appear to be a Worldpac distributor, with some pretty darned good prices." That's right, they're another Worldpac marketing "partner". Their pricing is dependent on their monthly volume and how little profit they're willing to take on any individual sale. Word is there are still a lot of little billing/shipping/ problems as yet unresolved, and they're hampered by the lowly paid parts pullers in their warehouses. If you want to maximize the chances of getting the right part every time, dealing with a remote reseller isn't exactly the best way to go about it. The only hands on these guys have is on their keyboards............ John I think some of the Quattro (and other) list favorite venders get some parts through Worldpac; except that they either warehouse some themselves, or have them shipped to them, repacked and checked, then shipped out again. My personal favorites for aftermarket parts are: Scott Mockry http://www.sjmautotechnik.com Rod at http://www.thepartsconnection.com I'd also like to plug some of the guys sourcing or developing performance parts for Audis... Tom Demrovsky http://www.euro-car-service.com Keith Anderson http://www.andersonmotorsport.com Ned Ritchie http://www.intendedacceleration.com Keith/Bruce http://www.audiconnection.com Good dealer for Audi-only stuff: Carlsen Audi in CA-- (800) 523-2408 (is it still Didi you should ask for?) There's lots of others I use; these are the first to mind, though. ____________________________________________________ Chris Miller, Bolton MA USA, c1j1miller at aol.com '91 200q20v ==> http://members.aol.com/c1j1miller/index.html ____________________________________________________


text:
Barbie is ready to go to the beach today. This is a different bathing suit than the first one I posted (Barbie's Bathing Suit). This one is also made of woven fabric as it is from a vintage pattern 1963. The bathing suit is more like a little play suit in comparison to the slick lycra/spandex suits we now wear!
The tote is the same as for the Barbie's Coat and Purse
There are five pattern pieces to print. Remember to print so that your printer does not resize (print Actual Size or similar).
Instructions for saving and printing jpg or pdf files are here.
Download pdf file of Barbie's Bathing Suit, Coverup, and Tote
Instructions for Sewing Bathing Suit, Coverup (Jacket), and Beach Tote
*The bathing suit is made of woven fabric (1963).
1. BODICE Line bodice, RIGHT SIDES TOGETHER, matching centers. Stitch along upper and back edges. Trim seams, trimming away corners:
2. SHORTS Line shorts in same manner. Stitch leg and back extension edges above circles. Trim seams, clip along curves:
3. Turn bodice and shorts right side out, press. Baste together along raw edges and dart lines. Join seam, RIGHT SIDES TOGETHER, stitching through all thicknesses. Press seam open.
Join dart seam on lining side, folding on solid lines and stitching together along dotted lines. Trim to 1/8″ from stitching:
4. Gather along upper edge of shorts along lines indicated:
5. Join seam at waist, RIGHT SIDES TOGETHER, matching centers and adjusting gathers evenly. Press seam toward bodice:
6. Join center back seam to circle; clip left seam edge to circle. Join crotch seam matching centers. BACK CLOSING Turn under right back edge on center line. Lap backs, matching centers; fasten with 2 snaps:
7. Join center back seams for cover-up and also for lining.
Pin lining to cover-up, RIGHT SIDES TOGETHER, matching center back seams, outer edges even. Stitch un-notched lower edges of jacket and sleeve sections as shown. Trim seams:
8. Turn jacket right side out , press; baste raw edges together. Stitch neck edge along seam line; then slash to circle as indicated:
9. Join center back seam; press open.
Join hood to neck edge of jacket, RIGHT SIDES TOGETHER, matching center back seams and circles. Stitch again just outside seam; press seam toward hood.
Join entire underarm seams in jacket and sleeves, clop at inner corner on line indicated.
Open out one edge of bias tape. Stitch to front edges of jacket and hood in 1/4″ seam, right side of tape against lining and INSIDE of hood, turning in ends of tape. Trim seam.
Turn tape to OUTSIDE, press. Slipstitch free edge and ends flat to position:
10. Edge-stitch curved handle edges of bag. Stitch POCKET, then FLAP to purse along lines indicated:
11. Fold purse, WRONG SIDES TOGETHER , edges even; stitch sides and bottom close to edges:


text:
Kukla's Korner Hockey
Tavares Slumping
by Paul on 12/29/09 at 08:15 AM ET
Comments (0)
from Dan Martin of the NY Post,
Garth Snow never doubted whom he would pick with the Islanders' top selection over the summer and John Tavares has made the Islanders' GM look good for much of his rookie season.
Lately, however, the young center has seen his production slip significantly, as Tavares only has one point in his last eight games.
But that's not a cause for concern for Snow.
"He's 19 years old," Snow said of Tavares, who has 28 points (16 goals, 12 assists) in his first 40 games in the NHL heading into tonight's match against Columbus at the Coliseum. "Any time a young guy is going to come out of juniors or college hockey into this league, it's not going to be a seamless transition."
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Paul Kukla founded Kukla's Korner in 2005 and the site has since become the must-read site on the 'net for all the latest happenings around the NHL.
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text:
News Letter
Click below to sign up for our quarterly news letter:
Sign Up for a News Letter
Our organizational news and updates can also be seen below. Palouse RTPO and Seweda provides joint news letters
and can also be seen on
website as well:
April 2015
Make your Opinion Count:
Send your
Comments/ Suggestions
Palouse Regional Transportation Planning
Organization (PRTPO)
Serving Asotin, Columbia, Garfield and Whitman Counties
Board and Committees
Contact staff
Public Participation Policy
Title VI Non Discrimination Policy
Unified Planning Work Program (UPWP)
Public Meetings & Events
What does RTPO do?
Regional Demographic
Community Links
News letter
Regional Transportation Plan
Transportation Improvement Program
Transportation Alternative Program (TAP)
Regionwide Airports
Freights and Highways
Rail lines
Public Transportations
Regional Ports
Complete Streets Policy
Funding Resources
Traffic Counters Program
Local Comp Plan Review
Current studies
Transportation Services Plan (CPT-HSTP)
Safe Routes to School Program
Regional Freight Study
Other Previous Studies


text:
item key: 1049705Previous item 77/3826 Next item
034K Kits for drawing by pebbles (canvas) Camomile (Lasko)
The kit contains: kit of patterns with a glue basis, pebbles with numbers by colors, a conversion key of numbers by colors, a tweezer.
The work can carry out by rows (like beadwork) and by colors (like embroidery by threads). It is easier to carry out in the second way. It is more convenient to glue on staggered-order, and then insert pebbles inside, in that way they lay down exactly.
Size: 42.5x42 cm


text:
Puppy: No Puppies
Profile: Proud owner of two, 3 year-old males dogs. [MY] Boyz... Enzo: A way too smart black German Shepherd/Rottweiler crossbreed with rust/tan rottie markings; An abnormally large vocabulary, notoriously stubborn attitude, and although he listens to commands, he will not do so silently & w/o "talking back/arguing" throughout the entire process. Using vindictive to describe his nature is not nearly "humanizing" him, for it is not until [after] I deny his nudging request for my not-yet-empty plastic water bottle, that he stops, looks around the apartment for my purse to steal personal items from it...he then makes a point to come back into the room to show me and run out again, forcing me to get up and chase after him. A wise-guy by waiting for me to make the bed and arrange ALL the pillows before he dives in headfirst, flips them all off & returns to the surface with a satisfied ear-to-ear grin. When he's tired of my homework taking away from "his" time, a quick push of my laptop lid w/ his nose puts an end to that assignment...and before I can react, all 100+lbs of him casually ends up, literally, in my lap and on top of whatever notebook/texts I was involved in. Best of all, he's absolutely hilarious & falls asleep every night right up against me, head tucked between my arm and side. Then there's Jook, an emotionally sensitive brindle pocket Pit bull that follows me with every move I make...literally. I can always count on his nose to be there to connect with my right hand during every step I take, resulting in the sway of my arms. He rarely makes noise, unlike his adopted brother, with barking only when you hold his toys hostage, or have a treat and demand it...even then he huffs out 3 or 4 fake silent "barks" before the real thing. Gentle on his paws, he is quiet around the apt., unlike Enzo's bull in a China shop-like demeanor, he surprises even me at times popping up along side of me when I though I left him asleep in the bed. He is a little doctor, the first to be there if you cut yourself to make it better; and if you're sitting, then he's standing on his back legs behind me w/ each of his front paws on my left and right shoulder, holding my head still and rapidly licking my ear, face and hair trying to get to wherever I'm 'hurt'. When my bad day gets the best of me and manages a tear or two, Jook is immediately aware, curling around my pillow, & laying his chin on top of my head before I even let the 1st 'sniffle' out. Yupp...that is a brief description of MY Two Boyz...did I mention I LUV them? :) haha
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It's a tough time right now. This hurricane just keeps bearing down on us. There is some talk of it making a turn. I pray it does…right out into open water!
I couldn't sleep last night. I think I got about 3 hours. I'm so anxious. I'm trying to "let go", but it's tough. We went and got lumber to board up windows today. Got to Lowe's at 4:30 this morning then went to Home Depot too. At HD we thought we'd be in a long line and end up with nothing. At Lowe's it was a short line, but they didn't have plywood…and didn't know when of if they'd get it.
We got a tip to drive about 20 minutes north to Sanford and when they opened at 7, we got our lumber and left by 7:35. Whew!
Of course we paid tolls and they lifted the tolls just 30 minutes ago! D'oh!
Now it's time to get back outside and start drilling.


text:
GraphicRiver Green Leaf Logo 10983001
Category: Logo Template | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Green Leaf Logo 10983001
Logo Template \ Nature
Drop \ Water \ Liquid \ Life \ Letter \ Leaf \ Logo \ Nature \ Pure \ Resource \ Plants
Logo Template - Green Leaf Logo 10983001 by exe_design @ GraphicRiver
Logo Template \ Nature
Layered: No; Graphics Files Included: Photoshop PSD, Transparent PNG, Vector EPS, AI Illustrator; Resolution: Resizable; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Font used.
- Barkentina 1
Files included.
- vector file
Keywords: blue, clean, company, corporate, drop, eco, ecology, energy, environment, flora, forest, foundation, fresh, g, garden, green, juice, leaf, letter g, life, liquid, logo, natural, nature, organisation, plants, pure, resource, water, water drop.


text:
Baracouda faces nine at Sandown
BARACOUDA is one of ten entries for the Tote Scoop6 Sandown Hurdle tomorrow. The dual Stayers' Hurdle winner will carry top weight of 11st 12lb in the grade three event, with his rivals between 1lb and 26lb out of the handicap. The Tote make Baracouda 8-15 favourite, with Mistanoora (5-1) and Ballylusky (6-1) the only other runners quoted shorter than 14-1.
Jim McGrath, part-owner of Ballylusky, said yesterday: "It is terrific to see a horse like Baracouda running in a handicap. All the great hurdlers like Night Nurse, Monksfield and Comedy Of Errors ran in handicaps from time to time. If he runs up to his best, he should win."
OFFICIALS at Wetherby have called an inspection for 1pm today to…


text:
Milk Cup: Spanish teen to star for Liverpool
Liverpool have brought the player tipped to become the next big name in Spanish football to the Milk Cup this week.
Striker Sergi Canos is believed to be one of the hottest talents to emerge in Barcelona's famed La Masia academy in years.
Coming through the youth ranks, 16-year-old Canos has delighted coaches and supporters alike wherever he has played. He rattled in goals for fun when he turned out for the Barcelona Cadete A side and Spanish youth teams.
"Liverpool beat a number of top clubs to sign the youngster and we are excited that he is going to be involved in the tournament," says chairman Victor Leonard.
"Our Premier competition has a quality feel to it with SC Corinthians from Brazil also expected to challenge for honours, along with Manchester United, Chile's O'Higgin's FC, CSKA Moscow and Mexico's Club America."
Also in the Reds' squad at the week-long international youth tournament is Pedro Chillivas, another emerging Spanish player.
Returning after featuring with the Junior squad last year is Seyi Ojo, who was signed from MK Dons two years ago for an undisclosed fee reported to be in six figures. Liverpool had to beat off major competition from Chelsea to sign the then 14-year-old attacking midfielder.
Left winger Harry Wilson, who has been at Anfield since he was nine, was a star of the side at last year's Milk Cup.
He has all the hallmarks of typical left winger with a great touch, ability and acceleration with the ball at his feet. He has represented Wales in the Victory Shield and at U-17 level and last season featured for Liverpool's U-18s and was a regular face in the U-16 side.
Defender Tom Brewitt has already made his mark here! After playing in last year's event, he returned to Dungannon to score England's opening goal in a 5-0 U-16 Victory Shield win over Northern Ireland at Stangmore Park.
Anfield boss Brendan Rodgers, who conducted the Milk Cup draw in Belfast earlier this year, is clearly someone who subscribes to the theory that if you are good enough you are old enough.
He handed Jerome Sinclair a senior debut as a late substitute in a League Cup tie at West Bromwich Albion last September.
In doing so, Sinclair made history as the youngest player to wear the colours of Liverpool at a fresh 16 years and six days.
Liverpool start their Premier bid with a game against County Armagh at Institute's Riverside Stadium in Drumahoe tonight while Manchester United should attract a crowd at Ballymena Showgrounds against the boys from County Antrim.
California-based Strikers FC South Coast are also hoping to be in the mix in their sixth appearance here and will be competing in both the Premier and Junior sections.
"Every year without fail, we look forward to returning to the Milk Cup," says manager Vishtap Farhadi. "It is the highlight of our season and probably the best professional youth tournament in the world.
"It provides the best opportunity for our young players to showcase their talent against the giants of Europe, Latin America and Asia. It also develops our players mentally – they get to glimpse at what it takes to be a professional player".
This year, the Premier side have been handed a challenging draw including a tie against Manchester United on Tuesday, while the Juniors will encounter a broad range of styles against sides from England, Northern Ireland and Japan.
"In my experience there is nothing more exciting for our players and staff than to play against Manchester United in the Milk Cup. As the most supported club in the tournament there is always a special atmosphere playing against them and it is even more special to play at Coleraine Showgrounds."
Strikers face TuS Altenberge at Broughshane this afternoon. The German side have competed in the Milk Cup on two previous occasions, following up their 2004 appearance in the Junior Section with a memorable run in the 2006 Premier event, defeating Mexico's Cruz Azul and Sheffield United en-route to the semi-final.
Coach Dietrich Schulze-Marmeling is hoping for more of the same this year: "The Milk Cup is a fantastic event, and well-known in Germany. Borussia Dortmund, Bayern Munich, Werder Bremen and Hertha Berlin have all competed in it, but only ourselves and Bayern Munich have made it to the final four.
"For many of the boys it will be the highlight of their youth career, and they are very excited.
"My eldest son Kieran, who was born in Newry, is one of our coaches. He played in both 2004 and 2006, so he has told them exactly what to expect."
Belfast Telegraph


text:
Contact Us
The Kawarthas
981 Highway 7 East (just east of Peterborough)
Otonabee (Peterborough), ON K9J 6X7
Tel: (705) 741-1900
Fax: (866) 277-6826
Monday – Friday: 9:30AM – 5:30PM
Saturday: 9:00AM – 4:00PM
** Holiday Hours
70 King Street East (across from Victoria Park)
Cobourg, ON K9A 1K9
Tel: (905) 372-5900
Monday – Friday: 9:00AM – 5:00PM
Saturday: 9:00AM – 4:00PM
** Holiday Hours
Kingston & Quinte
271 Dalton Ave. (between Division & Sir John A.)
Kingston, ON K7K 6Z1
Tel: (613) 544-5575
Fax: (866) 277-6826
Monday – Friday: 8:30AM – 5:30PM
Saturday: 9:00AM – 4:00PM
** Holiday Hours
Ottawa, Carleton Place
& Lanark County
11384 Highway 7 (1 min west of Carleton Place)
Carleton Place, ON K7C 3P1
Tel: (613) 253-5575
Monday – Friday: 9:00AM – 5:30PM
Saturday: 10:00AM – 2:30PM
** Holiday Hours
Sunday: By appointment (we are pleased to accommodate you)
Get in touch!
Please email us using the form below and we will get back to you as soon as possible.
Holiday Schedule
Friendly Fires is closed on all statutory holidays (Christmas, Boxing Day, New Years, Easter Friday, Family Day, Canada Day, Labour Day, Thanksgiving) as well as the Civic Holiday in August. If the holiday falls on Sunday, then Friendly Fires is closed the following Monday. In addition, reduced showroom hours will apply between December 24th and December 31st.