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Dr. Mundo Build Guide by Decaf Bread
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This guide is not to promote any specific build. This build is for Mundo fans everywhere, as well as people who've never played Mundo and don't know how he works. Mundo's my favorite champion by far - his skill set facilitates you trolling the enemy team into victory, which is just a fun way to win :)
I ought to note here, this is my first guide on Moba. So please, critique me, argue with me, tell me you hate me, but if you're taking the time to read through this, comment! I want to know what people on here think of this guide - and I'm always open to criticism! :)
Let's meet Dr. Mundo!
If you know how to play Mundo, feel free to skip this chapter.
So, you just bought Mundo and you wanna know ho to use him? Or maybe you've had him for a while but never used him seriously? Maybe when you're reading this, Mundo's free, and you've decided to try him out...?
First off, good for you! Mundo's very fun, and you'll have fun playing him.
So what is Mundo? What does he do?
Dr. Mundo is ultimately a tank. He's a manaless champ who spends his health to activate abilities. His passive and ultimate give him a great deal of health regen, making him a very hard champ to take down. When you're playing Mundo, you might begin to feel weird, because you'll realize you haven't been to base since you last spawned. This is normal, Mundo rarely needs to go heal.
So what do you do with Mundo? He's a tank, so you're the support right?
NO. Or rather, only if you want to.
This is a common misconception about Dr. Mundo. He's not specifically a support; he's not specifically anything! Mundo goes where he pleases!!
....However, wherever Mundo pleases to go, he will ultimately end up supporting his teammates. The best Mundo doesn't rake in a lot of kills, he just never dies.
That's why it's hard to explain what Mundo does. It's not about what he does, but what he fails to do. Specifically, he seems to have a problem with death, he doesn't like to die.
So? Ready to get down to the nitty gritty and learn how to play an unkillable tanking machine?
Me too. Read on ;)
Pros // Cons
- "Death? what is death? Mundo does not understand death!!!"
- A flexible build that allows you to adapt to your opponents.
- GREAT escape potential!
- Plenty of trololololing opportunities.
- If your teammates try and help out even a little bit, your victory is assured.
- Can you say focus? Because I can. FOCUUUUUUUSSS!!!!!!
- Doesn't tend to dish out buckets of damage
- Same note: Doesn't tend to get a lot of kills
- Generally tends to be the unsung hero of the match *Mundo sad* :,(
- May cause big headedness and irrational decision making when not playing Mundo (Oh the times I've done this.....)
Basically put, you wanna get multiple pentakills while your opponents scream in terror? Mundo might not be the guy for you. Try Sona. But if you want to feel the frustration of your opponents as they toss life after life to you and your teammates in an attempt to kill you, then Mundo's your man.
Mundo and his amazing abilities.
Before I get talking about the statistical buffs you can give to Mundo and his abilities, let's take a look at what exactly they do. Let me break it down.
Passive: Adrenaline Rush
You heal 0.3% of your max health every second! That means in a mere 5 and a half minutes you can regen 100% of your health!! In essence, the passive merely connects more health and health regen, namely, more health = more regen. Good reasons to stack health right here!
Q: Infected Cleaver
Couple of points to be said about this -
- Your cleaver makes a distinct *Splat* sound when it hits something. Toss it in a bush to check for enemy champs.
- It's a skill shot that will stop when it hits a minion. Get good at tossing around minions to hit the enemy
- a 2 second long 40% slow? Use it to chase, use it to flee. A good tool in that regard.
- The damage scales of an opponents current health. That is to say, your cleaver does more damage to healthier champs. Keep this in mind when in the middle of team fights.
- You get a 'refund' everytime you hit something, and it has a very low cooldown. So don't be afraid to spam the heck out of it! Use it to last hit minions, check bushes, torment enemy champs. Any time you're near anything that can be killed, you ought to have this on cooldown, constantly. But on the same note, make sure you hit something every time you throw. This skill will drain you in early game if you miss with it a lot.
W: Burning Agony
Pretty simple; it's a toggle on - toggle off thing that creates a radius around you that damages anything inside. Basically it's like Sunfire Cape, but two of them at once!
"Oh, what's that Master Yi? You wanna fight? WELL BURN FOR IT."
Keep in mind, Burning agony damages you every second as well. The magic number is 30 - if your health regen is over 30 (which it will be by the time you get Force of Nature), that means Burning Agony is FREE and should ALWAYS be on. Unless you're all alone and trying to regen some health, the turn it off.
But having a free constant damaging spell isn't even cool enough for Dr. Mundo. So he made sure his W was even better by adding a 30% CC reduction whenever it's turned on! That's the real reason you leave this baby burnin'. Ain't no body gonna gank you while this is up, if you play your cards right!
E: Masochism
This is Mundo's ace in the hole - the reason why it's viable to stay in lane when over 90% of your health is gone. Sure, you'll regen it once your ult is off cooldown, but why risk staying in lane? This is the reason.
Consider the following situation. A big team fight just ended, eight people are dead and the survivors are you - sitting around 20% of your health left, and an enemy Rengar, who's at full health and Mia. Your teammates say "Dude, base so they don't ace you!" But before you do, consider that you have 80% of your health missing right now. Which means pressing E grants your champion 180 bonus AD. Your ult is almost ready to be used, you dont need to base. Take advantage of your low health, and ride a minion wave into a turret to knock it over or something. A pro Mundo would, in this situation, do everything he could to find Rengar, and kill him with this buff.
Another thing to know about this ability: It's effect lasts for 5 seconds, while it's cooldown is 7. This means that keeping E on cooldown all the time grants you the AD buff for 70% of the time. Spam it madly when you're in melee range of anything, as the cost is very cheap too.
R: Sadism
This is your ultimate get out of jail card. "Press R for mega health!" sums it up pretty nicely. But there's a couple extras about this you ought to know, namely, a 35% increase in movement speed. Basically, it's ghost that heals you too! :D
Because it only gives you high health regen, it's best used near the beginning of team fights. This way, you'll stay at top health despite mega focus, certainly long enough for you and you're 'mates to finish off the baddies!
The cooldown is pretty short for an ultimate, so don't be afraid to use it right when you spawn to get that movement speed to get you places. Don't be afraid to use it at all! Don't always keep it on cooldown though, make sure you have it up when you're harassing so you can escape with it!
Runes and Masteries Explained.
Let's begin with Masteries, because they're very straightforward.
Mundo is a tank. You will be successful with him if you do not die. Therefore, you should not feel bad dumping all your points in defense.
I could go through each mastery and why they're important. I won't do that. You're not dumb. But let me touch on two that are an absolutely must have for Mundo -
Juggernaut - Since Mundo is health based, anything that increases his health is good. But 10% reduction on disables? That's FANTASTIC! One of the things you'll notice with Mundo, is enemies will commonly waste abilities with crowd control and disables on you. And when I say waste, I mean it. Slows and stuns bounce right off your beautiful purple skin <3
Evasion - When in doubt, max out Evasion. Your second ability gives you 50% reduced crowd control, and this gives you some more. I cannot stress this enough - A Mundo with crowd control reduction will escape enemies, one without will get ganked (as impossible as that sounds.)
Alright, let's talk about Runes. I know I'm gonna take some flak for this, but yes, I will run 9 seals of Avarice every game >.<
Lot's of people don't agree with that. I don't mind :) but for now, lets save seals and Quints for last, since there are more options there.
Mark options
As a primarily defensive champ, marks don't have much to offer you. You might look to defensive marks and go for them, but to be honest the bonuses defensive marks offer you are so pathetic it's hardly worth it. "Oh, but that 31.23 health is gonna make a huge difference when I'm stacking Warmogs armor!!!" Please, gimme a break.
Anyways, here are some marks I consider viable to Mundo, and why.
Greater Mark of Destruction a nice little bundle of armor pen and magic pen is my first choice. Mundo deals magic damage with Burning Agony and Infected Cleaver, and he also gets a huge AD bonus from Masochism - so you'll end up harassing a whole lot more with these marks.
....unfortunately there aren't any other really 'good' options. If you REALLY feel Mundo isn't tanky enough (and trust me he is), go ahead and go for your choice of health marks. If you're going this route, I recommend the Greater Mark of Fortitude. While it pales in comparison to any health giving item, you can't argue against a Mundo with more health. I go for the flat rate, because it'll help you more early game. Both health marks are useless lategame.
Glyph options
Not many options here either. You basically have two choices - The Greater Glyph of Shielding and the Greater Glyph of Celerity
The Shielding gives you a pretty good decent amount of Magic resistance but honestly, your core build has so much magic resistance anyways it's not really needed.
I'd much rather take my 8.1% cooldown reduction - which doesn't seem like much, but keep in mind you also get 5.4% reduction from your masteries, meaning you only need to build into an effective 25% cooldown reduction to have the lowest cooldowns possible, and that's nothin' to shake a fist at!
Seal options
While Glyphs and Marks barley have any options, Seals have so many. Do you want the 174.96 extra health at level 18? Or the flat 48.15 that stays with you all game? What about 4.5% more health then you already have? Blimey, we haven't even talked about armor or mag-res!!! D:
Don't get any of those. And here's why:
Seals and Quints are the only runes that can increase your gold income per second. Sure, you could spring for that tiny bit of health that could give your champ an edge, or, you could invest into making some more money, allowing you to buy more expensive items sooner - ultimately giving you a better advantage.
Personally, I will always take Greater Seals of Avarice over any other seals. But don't feel like you have to be like me, you damn conformist! I mean, almost 200 health from 9 Greater Seal of Vitality is pretty dang good, even for late game.
My only word of advice? Avoid the Greater Seal of Endurance 4.5% more health may seem pretty good, but you need to have near 4000 health in order to get more health out of that then the Vitality seals. With Mundo, you might reach that. But not necessarily, and not always. Go for the Vitality seals if you are opposed to Avarice!
Quintessence options
Quintessences are unique in that they contain utility spells. I mean sure, you can go for more health, but even the big buffs from quintessences don't compare to your items. It's much better use of a Quint slot to give yourself some utility you can't get elsewhere.
Top utility Quints for Mundo:
Greater Quintessence of Transmutation - A mere 6% spellvamp might not seem like much, but with a mere 6% spellvamp, your Infected Cleaver is practically free as long as you hit something, and your Burning Agony's cost is cut nearly in half. Cheaper spells = more health for Mundo :D
Greater Quintessence of Swiftness - Mundo does well with a bit of move speed. It'll allow him to outrun even the most well planned ganks, and chase down the most stubborn of opponents. If you don't feel that you're going to be doing enough magic damage to warrant the spellvamp, go for these.
Greater Quintessence of Avarice - You might consider this a viable option if you chose to take Seals of Vitality. Don't take these AND Seals of Avarice, you really don't need that much gold per second, theres better things to do with your rune slots.
If you feel there are any runes that really belong on Mundo, please let me know. Especially Marks and Glyphs, there's such a small collection of them D:
Pregame Notes; Mundo's Core build
You will notice that there are a number of ways to customize Mundo's build. But no matter how you personalize, there are three items that are an absolute must have on any Mundo.
Mercury's Treads - These little guys are the boots of Tenacity. You know your Juggernaut and Evasion masteries? This little guy makes those really count. Your opponents can blind you, stun you, sleep you, whatever. It's not gonna last long with these guys on your feet, and even less if you happen to have Burning Agony active when they hit you!
Spirit Visiage - Mundo is all about healing himself. 15% more heal every time you do something heal-y, like, stand around and let your passive go to work or press R will really make a difference. The difference between Sadism with and without Spirit Visiage is tasteable!! Also, 10% more cooldown reduction means you only need 15% more to max that out. ALSO, it's mega cheap! Get Spirit Visiage early on, and you'll live longer!!!
Force of Nature - ALL DAT HEALTH REGEN UNGH. Oh, and guess what? Take that massive amount of Health regen Force gives you, and give it an extra 15%! That's right, Spirit Visage Procs Force! And as I've mentioned before, a bit of movement speed is always a plus, always.
Now, these are items I would assert that every and any Mundo needs to have, because they all have awesome passives. But they share something else too - a combined total of a whopping 131 magic resistance! You're going to think AP casters are so cute when they buy Rabadon's. You'll be laughing at them!
Now, does it make you invincible to them? Not quite, but close. But it's worth noting that going 1v1 with any champ that relies on AP is a win for you, every time.
Where do I lane with Mundo?
More then just a catch phrase. I argue that Mundo can fill any role efficiently - here's why
Top - Ulta survivability and harassing power will keep top lane in check. Wards help too, don't get ganked!! ;)
Mid - With the amount of Mag-res we've got here, Mundo is a great counter pick to any AP caster going mid.
Bot support - Wanna help your Ezreal get nice and fat fed? Mundo has enough harassing power to keep the enemy ADC and Support off your ADC's back so he can farm in peace, and help when possible. DONT GET TOO PUSHY DOING THIS. Two enemy champs means two enemy ults to deal with, you don't wanna be anywhere near their tower if your ADC isn't next to you!
Bot ADC - Oh, you went bot to support an ADC, but now you're down there laning with Soraka? NO BIG DEAL! Mundo has so much health and heals that any more amount of healing will help tremendously. You can use your Infected Cleaver like a ranged auto attack, or get in close with Burning Agony + Masochism. It all depends on how you're doing, and who you're up against.
If you're going this route, tell your support to farm with you, and keep them safe. They'll appreciate it, and you both will benefit more if you share the farm.
Jungle - Mundo is FAST jungler. I'm personally not the best jungler, but with Mundo I'm pretty decent. He counter-jungles so hard, even against strong enemy junglers like Lee Sin due to his escape prowess. And since he's manaless, you can give your teammates blue buff so they'll do better in their lanes.
I'm not going to talk about jungle Mundo in this guide, because I really don't make a good jungler. But know that it can be done very well o.o
In short, take "Mundo goes where he pleases." as literally as humanly possible. Anywhere you wanna put him, you can make it work if you're willing to adjust your play style a bit.
If you wanna argue against Mundo going mid - or anywhere really, let me know and we can discuss it! Or better yet, I'll play a game with you and show you! :D
Stuff to keep an eye on.
Now. There aren't a lot of things that Mundo can't handle. But there are a couple of champs that can harass Mundo pretty hard, and even take him down if not dealt with carefully.
For this section, keep in mind that a good portion of your game will be spent with very low health while you wait for your ult to be ready. This is the nature of a tank.
In light of that, and also in light of the high amounts of Magic Resistance you have, your worst enemies are burst-damage AD's. Namely....
Darius and Garen:
Without those pesky ults, you'd have nothing to fear from these two. But both ultimates are capable of cutting you down quicker then you imagine while your ult is on cooldown. Leave yourself more cushion then you think you need when dealing with either of these two.
I'm convinced Zed was made to counter Mundo. A passive that deals 8% of targets max health whenever that targets below 50%?? D:
DONT engage Zed alone if you're anything lower then 75% health. And even then it's risky, he will chew you up with that passive.
Madred's Bloodrazor:
Pffffffffffft as if Force of Nature doesn't take care of that. Moving on....
Oh ignite. The bane of Mundo's existence. 50% reduced heals is a mega downer, unless you happen to have a Quicksilver Sash! That removes the debuff completely, but to be honest, I rarely buy it. People say if you ignite Mundo during his ultimate, it's a guaranteed kill.
Ignite lasts for 5 seconds and cuts your heal in half. Your ult lasts 12 seconds. Essentially an ignite that hits you right in the middle of your ult will reduce it's effectiveness by 20%.
SO TUFF. All you need to do is play it safe, and keep an ear out for that ignite sound. Besides, if your heal is up, just press is asap when the ignites over and boom, good as new. :P
One last note here, and that's map awareness. It goes without saying, but keep an eye on your minimap! Base your decisions on the likelihood of an incoming gank, and be prepared when they try to gank you.
Summoner Spells
Summoner spells are mostly a thing of choice. What are you comfortable with? What do you wanna emphasize?
Personally I always go Heal and Flash, for the pure survivability of it. Heal may sound like a noob choice, but Mundo makes health last a long ways, and it's even proc'd by Spirit Visiage. Flash combined with your ult will make you even harder to kill, besides it's a good spell to have on hand when you need to dodge a skillshot or get out of Nunu's deathtrap ult.
Some other viable options:
Smite: If you're jungling.
Exhaust: I know it can be used to escape, but exhaust is so much more effective if you use if for offence. Wanna get more kills and gank harder? grab this guy. (Smite // Exhaust is what I take to the jungle.)
Ghost: Meh. You already have a ghost in your ultimate, and that has a longer cooldown. Easily surpassed by Flash on Mundo.
Ignite: Another offensive spell, if you want to go that route. Just keep in mind, Mundo does the defense - The longer Mundo lives the better he will be.
Revive: I know, I know, most people don't think Revive is viable. But imagine it - You're level 18. Full build, godmode time. You tank harder then you ever have before. It takes 4 of them to kill you, and you take 3 of them with you. A glorious battle and then.... instantly respawn. It's like having a second Mundo for the enemy to face while they're still bloody from your first fight!! Best paired with Gaurdian angel for maximum trololol.
(That's definitely a late game SS, but hell, it's kinda fun to play with you know >.<)
Early game; the "Pre-ult phase"
Ok, so you're in a game, level 1. Gettin' in your lane, gettin' ready to fight yadda yadda. Time to get in there and tank it up right?
You are still but a squishy little man-child until you hit level 6. levels 1-5 should be kicked out as quickly and safely as possible. Don't jepordize your game by getting over aggressive here, it can set you far behind your enemy.
Start with your boots and health potions. Try and stay in lane until you can afford a Heart of Gold. A bit of health and gold never hurt anyone, in fact getting this before you buy your upgraded boots will pay for your Force of Nature by the time you sell it. Of course, if you don't wanna deal with that, just go straight for the Spirit Visage.
While in lane, keep in mind that you can use your cleaver to farm. And do that!!! The more cleavers you toss, the better you'll get at last hitting with it, and once you've mastered that, it's not a stretch to start chucking it through dead and dieing minions to hit the enemy champ. Remember, it only hit's enemy minions. If an opponent is surrounded by friendly minions, cleaver away!!!
By the time you hit level 8, you ought to have Spirit Visage and Mercury's Treads. Now the fun begins. Because from here on, your health and regen powers will only go skyward, and you can use this to your advantage.
Once you have two of your three items, it's time for that peaceful farming Mundo to die, replace him with a mega cocky, super aggro salad tosser. Get all up in your opponents grill, and poke them as much as possible!!! You WANT your lane opponent to HATE you. You want to frustrate them to a point where they'll do anything to kill you.
You don't need to kill them, you really don't. Push them back, keep them away from your farm, and back them up all the way to their turret, but don't try and gank them. Not yet anyways. ;)
This aggro-y mindset will carry through the entire rest of the game. From this point on, your only job is to harass, harass, harass. As you continue to level up, you'll find it easier to harass and you'll be able to be more risky with it. If you start early, it'll be easier to keep going into late game as you snowball.
By the time you hit level 12 you oughta have Force of Nature. It might be slow going on the farming, so you might get held up - I'd say no later then 14. Once you come to lane after buying FoN, get that tower down, and head to mid lane. (if you're not there already)
Mid game; How can you adapt your build to go for gold?
At this point in the game, your build is mostly complete. You won't need to buy more items except for those rare times when you die. But at this point, there are any number of items to buy, depending on what your Mundo needs from you.
This is the standard mega tanky build that helps you be.... more tanky.
Warmogs Armor: is a staple of any tank, and especially on Mundo, where the health stacks and health regen increase his survivability dramatically.
Sunfire Cape: I know, Burning Agony is like wearing two of these so why bother? Well, why wear two when you can wear three!! Besides, it gives decent health and armor, and at this point you'll definitely be lacking in armor.
Frozen Heart. Yes, you're paying for 500 mana you're not gonna use. But it's aura is great, it has the most armor of any item after thornmail. ALSO, it get's your cooldown. Even though you don't use mana, this is definitely viable.
Those three items are your standard build, your vanilla. But you can't just buy the same thing every game, that's nonsense! So consider these items as well. It'll be up to you to decide which goes best with which team
Atma's Impaler. Do you have so much health that it's just unseemly? Bonuses from Atma's plus Masochism makes for a TON of AD. Besides, it gives more armor then Aegis, which is a plus.
Guardian Angel. Is it time? Time to trololol? The 750 health granted by this item after you 'die' is more then enough to escape, or even mount a counter attack.
Thornmail. This item shuts down ADC's. A must have if the enemy ADC is getting fat.
Zeke's Herald. Gives you a bit 'o health, a bit 'o lifesteal, and a bit 'o attack speed. More importantly, it gives you 15% cooldown reduction, meaning you now have max cooldown reductions once you pick this up. Your ADC will love you for it too <3
Those are the most viable options in my mind. I tend to go Sunfire before warmogs, but it depends on if I can get away without armor, I might switch the order. It's all up to you, anything you buy on this list will only improve your game. Make sure you prioritize Warmog's and Sunfire, however, as these give you the most advantages!
During this part of the game doesn't take a lot of thought. You toss a bunch of cleavers, leave that W burning, and spam E whenever your near a champ. Gettin' low on life? Press R. Gettin REALLY low on life? Heal! Need an escape? Flash! You have everything you need to harass multiple opponents right now.
A big thing to keep in mind, however, is help your teammates! Realistically speaking, all 5 of them can kill you. You cannot tank that hard. (sorry:3) So support your team in what they're doing, and encourage them to get aggressive. Offer to tank turrets with your bare skin, or charge into a massive 4v2 brawl so your buddies can get out while you take the focus. Just generally speaking, this middle phase should involve you being a polite gentleman to your allies, and a complete butt to your enemies.
Side note - A build you might want to consider.
Is the enemy team full of melee units that just love to get all up in your face? It doesn't happen often, but once in a blue moon, there will be enough melee to kill Mundo. To counter this, consider upping your ability power and spellvamp to turn Burning Agony into a pleasant health granting sauna for you, and a burning hell of torment for your enemies.
The build looks like this:
Hextech Gunblade
Will of the ancients
Rabadon's Deathcap
At this point your ability power is high enough and your spell vamp is high enough, that your burning agony will begin to heal you. A lot.
I'm gonna hold off on saying more about this build because I've only ran it once. It needs more testing, but let me just say it shreds anyone near you, 170 points of damage per second to each enemy in range! The more people near you the more you heal too, ranging from as low as 27 points every second (with one target) to 130 points every second when 5 enemies are around! Minions included! And all of this is on top of your regen from force of nature, too!
This has potential to be a guide in itself. I'm going to be doing lots of testing on this, expect updates!
Final thoughts.
I hope you learned something by reading this. Otherwise it was a waste of time, and I'm sorry. D:
Please, leave me a comment or two telling me how I can improve. I'm gonna try and add some pictures in later tonight, but for now all this typing is making me want to test that ability power build out some >.<
Happy Mundo-ing!!


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Wellness Essentials for Pregnancy is an advanced, science-based combination of vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids-incorporating 1 mg of folate. Current research suggests that omega-3 fatty acids support fetal development, a smooth pregnancy, and a positive mood. For added health benefits, Wellness Essentials for Pregnancy also provides a generous level of choline and an array of natural antioxidants that reflect that latest research in prenatal nutrition. Proper prenatal nutrition, including omega-3 fatty acids, is critical to maintaining the optimal health of both mother and child. Wellness Essentials for Pregnancy provides comprehensive nutritional support-from the moment the decision is made to have a child through the act of nursing-all in one packet daily.
These prenatal vitamins are freakin' expensive. Packaged in a jumbo jar with individually wrapped servings of daily vitamins for one month, it will cost you around $80 CAD. I started taking these on recommendation of a friend who got them from her Naturopath. There are 8 pills in each package that you are supposed to take every day. I split mine in half so it lasts 2 months. Partly because of the price but also because I found there was just too much in each serving. I'm not convinced all body sizes and metabolisms should have the same amount of vitamins and supplements. I was a buck 15 before getting pregnant and I don't see how someone 30lbs heavier should have the same dose.
In my case I knew it was too much because (sorry if TMI), it was causing florescent urine and I could taste the vitamins with every burp all day long. Gross! Cutting the dose in half made a huge difference and I've found that I've been very healthy throughout my pregnancy since I started taking these. I feel really great and have so far managed to avoid getting sick, which I think is largely thanks to getting all of my vitamins and supplements.
It is by no means a substitution for eating healthy, which I also do but I feel better knowing I'm getting an extra boost for my baby.
These reviews are the subjective opinions of ChickAdvisor members and not of ChickAdvisor Inc.


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This little girl taking a martial arts oath is the cutest thing everBack to Discover Home Meet 3-year-old Sophie – and the thing you need to know about Sophie is that she really loves martial arts. Little Sophie has gone viral after a video of her adorably reciting her student creed at Leeds Taekwondo was uploaded to YouTube.
via Breaking News


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- Do I need to install any software on my PC or mail server?
No, we filter all mail in the cloud before it even reaches your mail server or network.
- Do I get access to a quarantine to manage spam messages?
Yes, you can manage your spam quarantine from the mail filter console.
- Can I create custom rules for allow/deny lists or attachments?
Yes, you can create custom rules for inbound messages from the mail filter console.


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we are coming to zanzibar tomorrow and on most of the weather forecasts it shows mostly rain and thunder storms for about the next 10 days .is it really as bad as that now as we speak.
we are coming to zanzibar tomorrow and on most of the weather forecasts it shows mostly rain and thunder storms for about the next 10 days .is it really as bad as that now as we speak.
You are asking to see if you need an umbrela or you are just killing the time?
Dear Drago,
I think everyone reading this forum already knows that you had troublesome vacations in Tanzania, that you did not care much for Zanzibar (or at all). That you think it's dirty, run-down, too poor for your taste and lacks entertainment that you enjoy, and that you prefer Caribbean. I am sorry that you did not enjoy your time, and YES – negative opinions are also needed on the forums.
But there is no need to be offensive and rude to other people. If you don't want to help – just don't post!
redsnapper - + 1
Dear Redsnapper30,
I did not mean to be rude. To me it simply does not make sense to ask if the weather is really so bad if you will be there the very next day and there is nothing you can do about it. Or you may postpone your trip if weather is "really that bad"?
You are wrong about my vacation in Africa. I did enjoy it and exactly three things that went wrong could not change it. I travel long enough to know how to change bad things in my favor.
The worst one was Swala's (Rose's) screw up with Ndutu. Instead of loosing that day, I have asked my driver to go back to Gol Kopje (and paid additional $10 for some permit). We saw two cheetah near Kopje that looked like hunting. I have decided to wait for two hours (two Leopard cars came by but did not have patience to wait) and we actually saw cheetah killing the Thomson antelope. One of the highlights of my trip.
Zanzibar is definitely not worth the visit but again... We have rented a car and went from Nungwi to Makunduchi, from Chwaka to Bububu. We had great wood oven baked pizza in Jambiani, watched local weeding party in Makunduchi, paid 10,000 shillings ticket for wrong parking at Darajani Market, watched fishermen while drinking cold beer in those nice pubs next to Hilton... However, we have missed to visit what seems to be an interesting restaurant on the rock across Chwaka (thanks to good Zanzibar's tourist information practices).
There are no positive and negative opinions. There are only opinions and mine is that some things are great and some are not that great or are even bad.
My opinion is that TA has been hijacked by people doing soliciting. It is not positive nor negative opinion. It is just a statement that I think is correct. You may agree or may not agree.Edited: 11:59 am, January 15, 2013
I'm planing a trip to Zanzibar at the begining of June, I know it is consider a "low season", is it possible to travel there at this time? is it rainy? what are the temperatures at this time of the year?
No one can predict weather this far out with any accuracy. However, know that when it rains there it typically doesn't rain for long, and within 15 minutes you don't know that it rained. All it does is make it more humid.
Thanks karl
Of course no one can predict the weather this fur ,I just wanted to know the typical weather for this season in Zanzibar.
Do you know the typical temperatures for this season? (around 20oC?)
typical Zanzibar weather within 27-30 degrees...June is cold but not less 15 degrees.
redsnapper +2


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Krishna IVF Clinic is a multilingual, state-of-the-art IVF Lab and Fertility Clinic that offers personalised care with latest technology needed to manage infertility & reproductive disorders.
Andrology is the branch of medicine that deals with men's health, particularly to fertility problems. The male infertility is multi factorial and specific diagnostic tests are required to evaluate the cause of infertility. Our laboratory offers a wide variety of tests that helps in the treatment of fertility issues.
- Semen analysis-CASA
- Sperm DNA Fragmentation
- Sperm aneuploidy.
- Hormone evaluation.
- Sperm function tests.
Semen analysis is a part of the initial diagnostic work up of the infertile couple. This show the facts that male factor is contributing to infertility or not. Sernen parameters are being related with passing years. Normal semen can reported abnormal if not correctly collected and handled.
Semen Analysis by SCA-Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA):
Semen analysis is the most common laboratory investigation used for evaluation of male infertility. It is also performed after vasectomy as a part of birth control program. Semen analysis gives the quality and quantity of the sperm like semen volume, sperm count, sperm motility and sperm morphological characteristics which is very important to assess the preliminary cause of infertility. Sperm count, motility, and morphological assessment of spermatozoa have been performed manually with light microscopy. This method of analysis gives variable results between laboratories. The use of computer assisted semen analysis (CASA) enhances the randomness, objectivity, repeatability and accuracy of the procedure and additionally allows identification of subtle characteristics of spermatozoa, which cannot be detected by visual evaluation. Sperm morphometry has been claimed to be one of the strongest indicators of semen quality. The male genetic material that has to be transmitted to their offspring is located in the head of the sperm. As a result the shape of the head reflects the perfect coiling of the DNA and its impact on fertility problems.
At krishna ivf we use 'Sperm Class Analyser' CASA System (Computer Assisted Semen Analysis ) , the advantages of the CASA are subjective errors in assessing the sample are avoided , sperm motility can be assessed quantitatively , allows the handling of many samples and allows users to manage . store and analyse results over a period of time .
here we assess the following parameters in semen :
- Motility Concentration
- Morphology
- Vitality
- DNA fragmentation
- Aniline Blue
IUI Processing :
They are various techniques used for semen preparation based on the type of sample ( sperm rnotility , count and morphology). Various techniques are
1. Swim -up ,
2. Density Gradient
3. Double Wash & swim up
Semen Freezing
Andrology Lab Technician
Mr. A.Ramana
Andrology Lab Technician
Ramana completed his B.Sc. and DMLT Course. He was working as Andrology Lab Technician at Krishna IVF Clinic since 18 years.
Mrs. N.Maithili
Andrology Lab Technician
Maithili completed her Medical Lab Technology course. She was working as Andrology Lab Technician at Krishna IVF Clinic since 15 years.
Mr. R. Ramesh
Andrology Lab Technician
Ramesh completed his B.Sc. and DMLT Course. He was working as Andrology Lab Technician at Krishna IVF Clinic since 8 years.
Mrs. V. Sivani
Andrology Lab Technician
Sivani completed her M.Sc(Micro Biology) and Medical Lab Technology course. She was working as Andrology Lab Technician at Krishna IVF Clinic since 4 years.


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Paul Hunt teaches private swim lessons for beginners to advanced in NYC and NY metro area. He will support you in achieving your individual swimming goals, whether you're interested in conquering your fears of the water, learning the basics of swimming, strengthening techniques, training for a triathlon, iron man, or a long distance open water swim. He will develop an individualized plan to target your strengths and goals.
Private lessons are offered in 30 minutes to 1 hour sessions, according to your schedule.
Swimming should be fun! Feel free to invite friends or family members to join you for a semi-private lesson.
Rates for 1/2 hour session (Price per person):
- 1 Private Lesson: YMCA Members: $79 | Non-members: $100
- 8 Private Lessons: YMCA Members: $360 | Non-members: $487
- 12 Private Lessons: YMCA Members: $466 | Non-members: $630
Semi-Private (2 people)
- 1 Semi-Private Lesson per person: YMCA Members: $69 | Non-members: $90
- 8 Semi-Private Lessons per person: YMCA Members: $318 | Non-members: $360
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video analysis and SWIM STROKE correction
- High quality filming of your stroke from above and below the water.
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Whether you want to become a stronger swimmer, more competitive triathlete or just become more comfortable in the open water, this program is for you.
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** Adults only and must be 18 years old.
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Where: TBD
Level: Intermediate / Advanced Swimmers Only
Requirements: Swimmers must be able to complete a minimum non-stop 250 yards swim.


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3 Ways to Sleep Like a Baby
I am a thinker, sometimes, to much of a thinker and sometimes that keeps me up way past my bed time. This is especially true in times where I am really stressed, it always seems that the more stress, the less sleep. Which then creates more worry, which creates even less sleep.
The sleep better articles all said similar things, get exercise, eat right, leave out the caffeine. They all told me what to do, but not how to do it. After much experimentation, I came up with a few things that usually help me get to sleep at a reasonable time, and sleep like a baby.
1. Get Productive Exercise.
It seemed like every article I read listed "exercise" as a sleep aid, but to me running on a treadmill for 30 minutes only gave me 30 more minutes to stress out. It did not make me tired 30 minutes earlier. What I found was if I did something that kept my body moving and kept my brain engaged, I couldn't stress. Things like gardening, house cleaning, reorganizing the closets, and power washing the house kept both my brain and my body engaged.
It also had the side effect of having accomplished something very visual. I could see my cleaner house and the flowers that I planted. There was no more mold on the siding and I wasn't afraid to open the closet door. These positive visual effects combined with the exercise it took to create them, made it much easier to sleep at the end of the day.
2. Train Your Sleep Routine
My day job takes me away from home at least 16 days a month. So I have had to come up with ways to have similar routines no matter if I am in a hotel in a strange city or at home snuggled up next to my husband. My routine is pretty simple, pray silently and always keep my head covered. Praying gives me the chance to say thank you for all of the good things, ask for help with where I struggled and give God the struggles I can not change. Covering my head gives my body a physical signal that says "Night-night time!
This routine works no matter where I am, but like Pavlov's dog, I had to train my body to respond how I wanted it to. This took time, but not as much as I thought, after about 2 weeks I started noticing my body reacting to the prayer plus head covering. Nowadays I can barely make it through the prayers before I am drifting off to sleep.
- Create a routine that includes a mental and physical element.
- Prayers, meditation, or journal writing all work well to engage your brain.
- Head coverings, masks, or your favorite pj's all work great as a physical cue to your brain that it is night-night time.
3. Keep Technology Out of the Bedroom!
Bedrooms are for two things, neither of them requires any type of technology.
I know you want to check your Facebook just one more time, or just catch the end of this episode of House Hunters. The problem is, there is another episode on after this one and your friends and family are going to keep posting things on Facebook.
Unplug and let your brain rest! Facebook will be there tomorrow and what house the couple on House Hunters buys really doesn't matter in the grand scheme of things. Keep TV's, computers and phones out of the bedroom.
These three things have helped me sleep during even the most stressful times in my life. There are still a few nights here and there where my brain is stuck on WHEEE, but for the most part, these tips have helped me create a good sleep routine no matter where I am.


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text: Isolated Vertical Diplopia as the Initial Manifestation of Presumed Pretectal and Anterior Hypothalamic GerminomasMoon, So Young MD; Kim, Ji Soo MD; Choi, Kwang-Dong MD; Park, Seong-Ho MD; Hwang, Jeong Min MD; Park, Minsoo MDJournal of Neuro-Ophthalmology: June 2005 - Volume 25 - Issue 2 - p 105-108 doi: 10.1097/01.WNO.0000165314.44815.F1 Original Contribution Abstract Author Information Article Outline Abstract: A 21-year-old man with a 5-month history of diplopia caused by isolated vertical ocular misalignment had normal laboratory studies, including brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Eight months after the onset of diplopia, he reported dry mouth, polydipsia, polyuria, and absent sweating. Examination now disclosed light-near dissociation of the pupillary responses, convergence-retraction nystagmus, and upgaze palsy. MRI revealed enhancing suprasellar and pretectal masses presumed to be germinomas. Two years after brain irradiation and systemic chemotherapy, no lesions are apparent on MRI and hypothalamic dysfunction has partially resolved. In a young patient with isolated vertical diplopia and normal brain imaging, one should consider an early pretectal syndrome and inquire after manifestations of hypothalamic dysfunction. Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (SYM, JSK, K-DC, S-HP, JMH), College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (MP), Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam-si, Korea. This work was supported by Korea Research Foundation Grant (KRF-2004-003-E00202). Address correspondence to Ji Soo Kim, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Korea; E-mail: email@example.com Abstract CASE REPORT DISCUSSION REFERENCES Intracranial germ cell tumors arise mostly in midline structures, particularly in the suprasellar and pineal regions, and are usually diagnosed between ages 10 and 21 years (1). Suprasellar tumors tend to be located around the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and optic chiasm, causing autonomic, endocrine, emotional, and visual dysfunction. In most series (2), approximately 90% of pineal region tumors have presented with manifestations of increased intracranial pressure, and approximately 50% have manifestations of a pretectal syndrome. Although synchronous lesions in the suprasellar and pineal regions have been reported in 13% to 16% of germ cell tumors (3), a detailed description of the sequential development of anterior hypothalamic and pretectal syndromes in a patient with germ cell tumors is not available. We report a patient who presented with a 5-month history of diplopia and an examination that disclosed isolated vertical ocular misalignment. All diagnostic studies, including brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), were negative. Within 1 month, he manifested hypothalamic dysfunction and a full pretectal syndrome. MRI now showed pineal and hypothalamic region masses. Back to Top | Article Outline CASE REPORT A 21-year-old soldier was referred for evaluation of vertical diplopia that had been present for 7 months. The diplopia developed gradually and remained unchanged over a few months before the visit. He denied head trauma and other past medical history was unremarkable. Neuro-ophthalmological examination showed normal visual function, pupils, and eyelids. There was no head tilt. He showed a right hypertropia that increased in left upward gaze and changed into a left hypertropia in left downward gaze. The right hypertropia did not change on tilting the head to either side. He also had incyclotorsion of the OD. Measurement of the subjective visual vertical revealed leftward tilt with both monocular (right: −5.3°, normal range: −3.4° to 2.8°; left: −6.3°, normal range: −3.3° to 2.7°) and binocular (−5.4°, normal range: −3.0° to 2.2°) viewing (4). The titer of acetylcholine receptor antibody was mildly increased at 1.45 nmol/L (normal range 0-0.2 nmol/L). However, repetitive nerve stimulation and intramuscular neostigmine tests were normal. Thyroid function and antibody tests were also normal. Review of the MRI, performed 2 months before the visit (and 5 months after diplopia onset) showed no abnormalities (Fig. 1A-C). FIG. 1 One month later, he reported dry mouth, polydipsia, and polyuria (8 L/day). Also, he said that he did not sweat even after strenuous exercise or a hot bath, with body temperatures elevating up to 40°. However, he showed normal piloerection in the cold. Vital signs were normal without orthostatic hypotension. His ocular misalignment pattern was unchanged. Now both pupils were dilated at 8 mm in dim illumination with no constriction to direct light but a brisk constriction to a near target. The water-deprivation test documented central diabetes insipidus, which was controlled with oral vasopressin. The sympathetic skin response, Schirmer test, cold pressor test, and cardiovascular autonomic function tests were normal. One month later, convergence-retraction nystagmus and upgaze palsy developed. Repeat brain MRI revealed enhancing lesions in the suprasellar and pretectal areas consistent with germ cell tumors (Fig. 1D-F). As part of the evaluation for these brain masses, chest computed tomography was normal. Imaging of the spine was not performed. Complete blood counts were normal. Serum adrenocorticotropic and growth hormones, alpha-fetoprotein, and human chorionic gonadotropin were normal. Pituitary hormones were decreased, including serum testosterone 0.28 ng/mL (normal: 1.6-8.8), thyrotropin 0.05 μIU/mL (normal: 0.4-4.1), and cortisol 1.8 μg/dL (normal: 5-25). Prolactin was elevated at 32.4 ng/mL (normal 1.6-14.9). Lumbar puncture showed a normal opening pressure with 2 lymphocytes/mm3 and 10 red blood cells/mm3. Cerebrospinal fluid glucose, alpha-fetoprotein, and human chorionic gonadotropin were normal. However, protein was mildly elevated at 61.2 mg/dL. Cytology showed a few lymphocytes and monocytes without malignant cells. Biopsy of the lesions was not performed because of the small size and risky location of the lesions and the strong presumption that these were germinomas. He received chemotherapy with bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin, followed by 4500 cGy irradiation to the whole brain. Six months later, the MRI lesions had disappeared and had not reappeared on repeat MRI 14 months after therapy (Fig. 1G-I). A mild upgaze palsy, light-near dissociation of the pupillary responses, and convergence-retraction nystagmus persisted. He continued to receive hormone replacement with levothyroxine, desmopressin, and prednisolone for residual pituitary-hypothalamic dysfunction. Back to Top | Article Outline DISCUSSION Our patient presented with vertical diplopia and typical findings of anterior hypothalamic and pretectal syndromes eventually developed. Even though pathologic confirmation was not available, a diagnosis of germinomas seems reasonable in view of the typical findings on MRI (3), the rapid resolution of the lesions after radiation and chemotherapy (5), and no recurrence over a 2-year follow-up period. Our patient showed normal heat production in a cold environment but abnormal heat dissipation in a warm environment. He also had central diabetes insipidus. These manifestations can be explained by understanding the anatomy and physiology of the hypothalamus (Fig. 2). Body temperature is regulated by a hierarchical neuronal network of thermoregulatory pathways extending from the hypothalamus and limbic system to the peripheral sympathetic nerves (6). The preoptic anterior hypothalamus and septal areas are important in integrating central and peripheral information for thermoregulation (7). Temperature-sensitive neurons in the anterior hypothalamus monitor the temperature of the blood passing by them, and activate anterior heat dissipation or posterior heat production mechanisms as necessary to maintain body temperature within physiologic range. Stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus and preoptic area induces sweating and cutaneous vasodilatation, which in turn lower body temperature (8). By contrast, stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus causes cutaneous vasoconstriction and shivering, which increases body temperature. Therefore, bilateral lesions of the anterior hypothalamus give rise to heat dissipation failure in warm environments. In our patient, anhidrosis involved the whole body (9), with a normal sympathetic skin response, which suggested anhidrosis of central rather than peripheral origin. The isolated anhidrosis without other sympathetic abnormalities is consistent with selective involvement of the anterior hypothalamus (9). FIG. 2 Bilateral anterior hypothalamic lesions also cause diabetes insipidus by destroying the supraoptic nuclei (Fig. 2). Bilateral lesions of the posterior hypothalamus may result in failure of body temperature regulation in both warm and cold environments because the lesions would involve not only the areas concerned with production and conservation of heat but also the fibers descending from the more anterior heat dissipation areas. The central diabetes insipidus and heat dissipation deficit with normal heat production, observed in our patient, were consistent with an anterior hypothalamic syndrome. The accompanying hormonal abnormalities suggest additional involvement of the hypothalamopituitary axis. Our patient initially presented with vertical diplopia and later had other signs of a pretectal syndrome, including light-near dissociation of the pupillary responses, convergence-retraction nystagmus, and mild upgaze palsy. The pretectum contains various structures involved in vertical and torsional gaze, vergence eye movements, and pupillary responses (10,11). Pineal tumors are the underlying lesions in approximately 9% of pretectal syndromes (10). In view of the right hypertropia, incyclotorsion of the OD, and leftward tilt of the subjective visual vertical, the vertical diplopia seems to have represented incomitant skew deviation associated with a leftward ocular tilt reaction (12). Pretectal lesions may give rise to a contralesional ocular tilt reaction by involving the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (13). In our patient, the acetylcholine receptor antibody was mildly but confoundingly elevated. The specificity of acetylcholine receptor antibody is known to be more than 99% (14). However, false-positives have been reported in non-myasthenic diseases (14). A notable feature of our case is that it took as long as 9 months to develop the full features of the pretectal syndrome from the time the patient first noted diplopia. Moreover, 5 months after the diplopia began, the only finding on examination was vertical ocular misalignment and the brain MRI showed no abnormalities. The initial MRI seemed to have failed to detect microinfiltration by the tumor. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no previous report of intracranial germ cell tumors presenting with isolated vertical diplopia without pertinent abnormalities on MRI. Germinomas are generally quite sensitive to radiation therapy (4000 to 6000 cGy), which offers excellent long-term palliation if not cured. In six patients with visual disturbances from suprasellar germinoma, radiotherapy was effective without recurrence of the symptoms during follow-up periods ranging from 2 to 7 years (15). Recently, to reduce the volume and dose of radiation therapy, and to prolong the survival of patients with non-germinomatous tumors, chemotherapy has been combined with radiotherapy in the management of intracranial germ cell tumors (16).Back to Top | Article Outline REFERENCES1. Styne DM. The therapy for hypothalamic-pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1993;22:631-48. Cited Here... 2. Donat JF, Okazaki H, Gomez MR, Reagan TJ, Baker HL Jr, Laws ER Jr. Pineal tumors. A 53-year experience. Arch Neurol. 1978;35:736-40. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 3. Liang L, Korogi Y, Sugahara T, et al. MRI of intracranial germ-cell tumors. Neuroradiology. 2002;44:382-8. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 4. Kim JS, Moon SY, Kim KY, et al. Ocular contrapulsion in rostral medial medullary infarction. Neurology. 2004;63:1325-7. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 5. Watne K. Tumors in the pineal and supra-sellar region. A review of clinical manifestations and managements. J Neurooncol. 1986;4:17-21. Cited Here... 6. Mathias CJ, Bannister R. Autonomic failure: a textbook of clinical disorders of the autonomic nervous system, 4th edition. London: Oxford University Press; 1999. Cited Here... 7. Nolte J. The human brain: an introduction to its functional anatomy. 5th edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2002. Cited Here... 8. Hardy JD, Hellon RF, Sutherland K. Temperature-sensitive neurones in the dog's hypothalamus. J Physiol. 1964;175:242-53. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 9. Cohen J, Low P, Fealey R, Sheps S, Jiang NS. Somatic and autonomic function in progressive autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:692-9. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 10. Keane JR. The pretectal syndrome: 206 patients. Neurology. 1990;40:684-90. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 11. Sharpe JA, Kim JS. Midbrain disorders of vertical gaze: A quantitative re-evaluation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;956:143-54. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 12. Brandt T, Dieterich M. Different types of skew deviation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54:549-50. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 13. Halmagyi GM, Brandt T, Dieterich M, Curthoys IS, Stark RJ, Hoyt WF. Tonic contraversive ocular tilt reaction due to unilateral meso-diencephalic lesion. Neurology. 1990;40:1503-9. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 14. Somnier FE. Clinical implementation of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56:496-504. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 15. Isayama Y, Takahashi T, Inoue M. Ocular findings of suprasellar germinoma: long-term follow-up after radiotherapy. Neuro-ophthalmology. 1980;1:53-61. Cited Here... 16. Matsutani M. Clinical management of primary central nervous system germ cell tumors. Semin Oncol. 2004;31:676-83. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef © 2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.


text:
The History Of Herodotus Volume 1 of 2
Page: 183132. Then Demokedes having healed king Dareios had a very great house in Susa, and had been made a table-companion of the king; and except the one thing of returning to the land of the Hellenes, he had everything. And first as regards the Egyptian physicians who tried to heal the king before him, when they were about to be impaled because they had proved inferior to a physician who was a Hellene, he asked their lives of the king and rescued them from death: then secondly, he rescued an Eleian prophet, who had accompanied Polycrates and had remained unnoticed among the slaves. In short Demokedes was very great in the favour of the king.
133. Not long time after this another thing came to pass which was this:—Atossa the daughter of Cyrus and wife of Dareios had a tumour upon her breast, which afterwards burst and then was spreading further: and so long as it was not large, she concealed it and said nothing to anybody, because she was ashamed; but afterwards when she was in evil case, she sent for Demokedes and showed it to him: and he said that he would make her well, and caused her to swear that she would surely do for him in return that which he should ask of her; and he would ask, he said, none of such things as are shameful.
134. So when after this by his treatment he had made her well, then Atossa instructed by Demokedes uttered to Dareios in his bedchamber some such words as these: "O king, though thou hast such great power, thou dost sit still, and dost not win in addition any nation or power for the Persians: and yet it is reasonable that a man who is both young and master of much wealth should be seen to perform some great deed, in order that the Persians may know surely that he is a man by whom they are ruled. It is expedient indeed in two ways that thou shouldest do so, both in order that the Persians may know that their ruler is a man, and in order that they may be worn down by war and not have leisure to plot against thee. For now thou mightest display some great deed, while thou art still young; seeing that as the body grows the spirit grows old also with it, and is blunted for every kind of action." Thus she spoke according to instructions received, and he answered thus: "Woman, thou hast said all the things which I myself have in mind to do; for I have made the plan to yoke together a bridge from this continent to the other and to make expedition against the Scythians, and these designs will be by way of being fulfilled within a little time." Then Atossa said: "Look now,—forbear to go first against the Scythians, for these will be in thy power whenever thou desirest: but do thou, I pray thee, make an expedition against Hellas; for I am desirous to have Lacedemonian women and Argive and Athenian and Corinthian, for attendants, because I hear of them by report: and thou hast the man who of all men is most fitted to show thee all things which relate to Hellas and to be thy guide, that man, I mean, who healed thy foot." Dareios made answer: "Woman, since it seems good to thee that we should first make trial of Hellas, I think it better to send first to them men of the Persians together with him of whom thou speakest, to make investigation, that when these have learnt and seen, they may report each several thing to us; and then I shall go to attack them with full knowledge of all."


text:
- 63 years old
- Date of birth: Aug 19, 1948
- Date of passing: Mar 9, 2012
|Let the memory of Alan be with us forever
"The only thing we take with us is love"
"it's been over a year now, since i found you! everyday i wish we would have found each other sooner! i know one day that we will be together again and than we will be together ever! thank you for giving me a big brother and my sisters! its awesome know where i am from and that i finally have things in common with my brother and sisters! love you
always your diamond girl!"
"Is there any canteenas up there with shots of tequila?I hope so.Then we can do it again!I'm keeping an eye on Helen for you.I miss laughing with you.You made her so happy. Until we meet again,Blessing to all your loved ones.They miss you"
"I just read my tributed that I wrote 2 years ago- you are sorely missed by me and your family"
"I can't believe it's been 2 years already. Time sure does fly by. Thinking of you. You are not forgotten. Can you guide Jay & I through this whole pool fiasco? You would be the first person that I would call to come help. Oh and to help fix Gage's car and mom's car too. I know it had to be you that sent her an angel yesterday to rescue her and help fix the mustang. We love you forever and always."
"Marissa is creating a leaf for you, to place on her family tree. Has us thinking about you <3"
"Happy Birthday Al! I wasn't ready for you to leave us! We have gained your daughters since you left us. I believe that you brought them to mom. Missing you so much. I love you. LANI"
"i know that we weren't in each other life's much. i missed you and still do. i really wish we would have had the time to really get to know each other. you were always in my heart. everyday you were in my thoughts and will be for the rest of my life."
"It's been 6 long months without you and my heart still hurts. I know you are an angel watching over us, but I would rather you would have stayed and been my angel here."
"Today is your birthday-you would have been 64 years old. I am sad that we didn't get to carry out all the plans we had for retirement, like traveling across the country in a Rv-stopping and spending time wherever we pleased. I know you are at peace and carrying out whatever God's plans for you are on the other side-but this doesn't stop me from missing you!! Love you always-Helen"
"It's getting close to your birthday. You would have been 64 years old. They say time heals all wounds but I really don't think they know what they are talking about. I miss you so much you were my love and my life."
"You accepted me for me right away..no questions. You called me "Mr. Jaayy" and "Bud" no matter if you were joking around or when you were serious. That meant that even if you didn't fully understand..you respected me..no questions asked. I am still looking forward to our ride. See you on the other side Dad. I love you, Jay"
"We all know I didn't get a chance to be really close but I do have some memories worth having because you were there! Thanks for all the help you gave and the love you shared. Rest in peace sweet prince!
Until we all meet again!"
"I think of you everyday! You still give me reasons to giggle! I know that you hear me talking to you, listening to my rants & raves & asking you for your opinions. You were a man to me that you didn't have to be, You were my Dad. The love & Support you showed me will never be forgotten and neither will you! I feel like you left us too soon, but in my heart I know that you are still with us"
"Sweetheart you were the breath I take, You were my knight in shining armor, My Champion, Your walk on this earth was not long enough. but your footprints on this earth will be etched in my memory, forever."
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 2, 1990
|Filing date
|Jun 12, 1989
|Priority date
|Jun 13, 1988
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Daniel Muessli
|Original Assignee
|Skyline Holding Ag
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (15), Classifications (9), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention concerns a lamp for illumination purposes including at least one low pressure discharge tube, a standardized base intended to be screwed or introduced into a socket connected to an electricity distribution network, an electronic circuit for transforming the low frequency of the distribution network into high frequency for energizing the tube and an intermediate element arranged between the tube and the base.
During the last several years efforts have been made to replace incandescent lamps by low pressure discharge tubes, the term "replace" here being understood to mean a direct interchangeability. There thus have been proposed fluorescent tubes having a standardized base for instance of the screw-in or bayonet type which can be directly inserted into a standardized socket. Since such a tube may not be directly connected to the network, if only because of the high voltage necessary to trigger the arc in the lamp as well as the necessity to limit lamp current following triggering, the low pressure lamps commercially available are far bulkier and heavier than the incandescent lamps which they are supposed to replace As evidence thereof one may read with interest the patent document GB-A-2 072 942 which describes an example of a low pressure lamp including a heavy inductive ballast enclosed within a translucent housing comprising two U formed fluorescent tubes. The entire structure is terminated by a base of the type E 27 which is screwed directly into a socket of the type which may also receive an ordinary incandescent lamp.
In order to minimize the difficulty presented by the weight and partially that of the bulk, there has been proposed an electronic circuit which transforms the low frequency of the distribution network (sole energization of the lamp in the above-cited document) into a high frequency for energizing the tube. This is the case in the example of the lamp shown on the drawing in FIG. 1 which illustrates a lamp sold by the Osram Company under the registered trademark "DULUX EL" The energization at high frequency (on the order of 35 kHz) enables a reduction in the size of the passive components such as that of the current limiting inductive ballast. Thus, the lamp 1 shown on FIG. 1 includes a fluorescent tube 2 and a base 3, tube and base being united by an intermediate element 4. The tube is of a well-known type such as described for instance in the patent document GBA-2 050 046. The intermediate element 4 in addition to mechanically coupling the tube to the base contains an electronic circuit for raising the energization frequency as well as a ballast and a starter for limiting the current in the tube and respectively triggering the arc. The intermediate element likewise contains an arrangement for eliminating radio-frequency parasitic noise. This latter arrangement mainly includes a double self coupled by a ferromagnetic core arranged in series with the energization of the electronic circuit. Such double self, although not reaching the weight and bulk of the ballast employed for direct energization from the network, nevertheless occupies a relatively substantial volume which necessitates an intermediate element 4 of relatively large diameter in any case double that exhibited by the base.
Efforts have been made to further diminish the bulk of the intermediate element 4. Such is the case for the fluorescent lamp described in the international patent application WO 88/03 702. Here the energization circuit for the tube is entirely confined within the standardized base of the lamp However, this energization lacks an electronic frequency converter and the lamp is energized at the frequency of the distribution network (50 or 60 Hz). The ballast is a simple capacitor shunted by a high value resistor. As example, one may cite the value of 2 μF for the capacitor and 150 kΩ for the resistor. The inventor of the lamp described in document WO 88/03 702 indicates moreover that a transistorized electronic ballast is highly fragile and occupies substantial volume which leaves one to conclude that it will not be capable of being housed in the lamp base. It will be shown in the description to follow that this conclusion is not correct and that it is perfectly possible in the present state of the art and with a good margin of security to confine an electronic energization circuit within the lamp base. On the other hand, the arrangement suggested in the last cited document includes several difficulties. It exhibits initially a very low power factor (cosφ substantially less than 0.2) which can be compensated only by a large volume self which in any case would be impossible to place within the base. Numerous countries will forbid the sale of such a lamp if the power factor is not compensated Furthermore, the ballast capacitor typically of two μF must withstand almost the entire network voltage This requires a large volume capacitor, one which in any case would be provided for energization at 220 VAC and which may not be placed within the lamp base without assuming risks inacceptable in certain countries where safety regulations must be observed to avoid prohibition of sale.
To overcome the difficulties as mentioned and to provide a low pressure discharge lamp of greatly reduced dimensions, the illumination lamp in accordance with the invention in addition to providing an electronic circuit which transforms the low frequency of the distribution network into high frequency, is characterized in that at least the electronic circuit is entirely contained within a standardized base.
The invention will now be explained with the aid of the description to follow given by way of example and referring to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 shows a discharge lamp according to the prior art and which has been described in the introduction to this description;
FIG. 2 is a view of the discharge lamp according to the invention presented in a first embodiment thereof;
FIG. 3 is a view along arrow III of figure 2;
FIG. 4 is a top view of the lamp of the invention along the arrow IV of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a partial view of the discharge lamp of the invention according to a second embodiment thereof;
FIG. 6 shows to an enlarged scale the interior of the lower part of the lamp shown on FIG. 2;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the electronic circuit showing the energization of the lamp according to the invention, and
FIG. 8 is a detail drawing showing how the electronic components of the schematic of FIG. 7 are placed on a printed circuit
FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 are assembled views of the discharge lamp according to the invention. Such lamp 5 includes a low pressure discharge tube comprising two branches 6 and 7 coupled by an isthmus 8. This tube, realized for instance in accordance with the already cited document G-A-2 050 046, contains as is well known mercury vapour at low pressure and its internal wall is coated with a fluorescent substance. The lower parts of the branches 6 and 7 are introduced into an intermediate element 9 into which they are sealed. A standardized base 10 of the E�type including a metallic shell 11 with screw threads and a central electrode 12 is fastened in any suitable manner to the intermediate element 9. This base is intended to be screwed into a socket likewise standardized, such socket being coupled to an electric distribution network furnishing for instance 220 VAC/50 Hz. The lamp such as described further includes an electronic circuit transforming the low frequency of the distribution network into high frequency for energizing the tube. In accordance with the invention, this electronic circuit is entirely contained within the interior of the standardized base 10.
More specifically and according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, FIGS. 2 and 3 show that the intermediate element 9 exhibits a cylindrical form of which the outer diameter and the height are substantially equal to the diameter and height respectively of the base 10.
FIG. 5 which is a partial view of the lamp according to the invention shows that the invention is not limited to the use of a screw type base E27. Here is shown a base 13 of the bayonet type B22d including a smooth metallic shell 14 provided with two studs 15 and a central electrode 16. This base 13 is secured to an intermediate element 9 similar to that described above, such element bearing a tube not shown.
FIG. 6 shows to an enlarged scale the interior of the lower part of lamp 5. On this figure will be found branches 6 and 7 of the discharge tube, the intermediate element 9 and the base 10. The figure shows that the end 17 of the branch 6 of the discharge tube is sealed by means of cement 18 to the interior of the intermediate element 9. This is likewise the case for the end of branch 7 which does not appear on the drawing In a well known manner, the end 17 is shut off by a constriction 19 and includes a filament 20 forming one of the electrodes of the tube. The filament is borne on wires 21 and 22 which traverse the glass of the tube. Another filament is arranged in the same manner at the end of branch 7 and the wires coming out from this other filament are referenced 23 and 24. Intermediate element 9 also includes an interior annular groove 25 in which is accommodated the enlarged flange 26 exhibited by the base 10. The intermediate element 9 and base 10 are fixed relative to one another by means of glue or cement 27 which is placed in groove 25.
FIGS. 2, 3 and 6 show that the lamp is formed by a tube having two branches 6 and 7. In this case one may improve the appearance of the lamp in interrupting the cylindrical form of the intermediate element by two inclined surfaces 28 and 29 which open in the form of a roof in the direction of base 10. Such an arrangement lightens considerably the general form of the lamp. Also, to a certain extent the surfaces 28 and 29 enable an easier grasping of the lamp when it is to be introduced into its supporting socket.
Returning now more specifically to FIG. 6, it will be seen that the intermediate element (preferably formed of insulating material, for example ceramic) contains a current limiting element L and a starter C7. The starter C7 is connected between the outputs 22 and 23 of the tube and is located between the constrictions of branches 6 and 7. The limiter element L is located to the front of the figure and is connected in series between the output 21 of branch 7 and a point 29 of a printed circuit 30 which will be described subsequently. The output 24 of tube 7 is connected to a point 31 of the same printed circuit.
In the base 10 of the lamp is placed according to a basic characteristic of the invention the electronic circuit generally designated by 32. The main task of this electronic circuit is to transform the low frequency of the network (50 or 60 Hz) to high frequency for energizing the discharge tube. FIG. 6 clearly shows that circuit 32 is entirely contained in the standardized base 10 (here of the type Edison E27). The electronic circuit 32 includes a printed circuit 30 exhibiting the form of a disc (see also FIG. 8), the diameter of which is substantially less than the inner diameter of base 10. Onto this disc are vertically mounted the electronic components such as the transistor T1, the diode D6, the resistor R4 and the capacitors C2 and C4 which alone are visible on figure 6 and which form a portion of the total schematic shown on FIG. 7. Electronic circuit 32 is connected to the energizing network by conductor 33 which is soldered to the electrode 12 of base 10 and by conductor 34 which is soldered to the shell 11 of the same base 10.
FIG. 8 shows the details of how the electronic circuit 32 is organized. This circuit comprises a printed circuit 30 as already mentioned. The electronic components are all with a single exception located on one face of the printed circuit and in FIG. 8 face the observer T designates the transistors with their terminals B, C, E, D the diodes, DR an inductance, C the capacitors and R the resistors. The printed circuit 30 provides conductors on both faces. On FIG. 8 only the conductors printed on the opposite face appear in mixed traces (references 35) so as not to overcharge the drawing. At the center of the figure is located resistor R1 The wire which emerges therefrom bearing reference 33 on the side of the observer is directly connected to electrode 12 of the base as already shown on FIG. 6. To area 36 is soldered wire 34 which connects the printed circuit to the shell of the base, this wire being shown on FIG. 6. The outputs of components which provide connection wires situated on the side of the printed circuit traverse directly openings through the disc 30. This is the case for instance of transistors T1 and T2 and capacitors C2, C3 and C4. On the other hand the resistors R2, R3 etc. and the diodes D1, D2 etc. all show a connection wire which is folded along the component before being soldered onto the printed circuit. This is the case for instance for diode D6 and resistor R4 each showing a wire referenced 37 and 38 respectively.
The conductors printed onto disc 30 include metallic points pierced with openings into which are soldered the conductors of the various electronic components. This is the case for instance of metallic points 39 and 40 which receive respectively the components R8 and D4, such points being pierced by openings 41 and 42 respectively According to an embodiment of this invention, it will be noticed that the piercings 41 and 42 are not at the center of the metallic points 39 and 40, but are displaced relative to such centers, this in order to avoid short circuits between adjacent solderings. FIG. 8 further shows other places where such an arrangement is practised. Thus when one proceeds to soldering the components, either by hand or by machine, there will be no solder bridges between points which must remain insulated from one another
In spite of the relatively large number of components in the electronic circuit, it is seen that the judicious arrangement of such components relative to one another enables housing the entire circuit within the standardized base of the lamp. The components are prepared ahead of time in respect of the lengths and folds of the connecting wires, preferably by means of a machine. They are then arranged on the disc 30 by means of a robot specifically developed for this purpose. One thus may obtain an inexpensive module, this being most important for a mass produced product.
FIG. 7 is an electronic schematic of the circuit corresponding to the placement illustrated on FIG. 8. The electronic circuit 32 is entirely confined to the interior of base 10 shown on FIG. 7 by a frame formed of mixed traces. Terminals 11 and 12 represent respectively the metal shell and the central electrode of the base. Points 29 and 31 represent the connection terminals of the outputs of the electronic circuit, such outputs being coupled to the intermediate element 9 (also shown on FIG. 7 by a frame formed of mixed traces) in which is found the current limiting element L, starter C7 and the ends of the discharge tube. Said tube emerges from the intermediate element 9 with its branches 6 and 7.
In its general principle, the schematic of FIG. 7 is well known. From the state of the art such as practised in the case of the Osram lamp discussed above in respect of FIG. 1 or in the lamp of the Philips Company which bears the denomination "PLC 20 Electronic". The circuit generally includes an oscillator comprising two transistors T1 and T2 reactively coupled by an element formed of three windings LR1A, LR1B and LR1C wound around a common core. This element is shown on FIG. 6 by the reference LR and is located on the solder side of disc 30. It is thus not shown on FIG. 8, except by a certain number of the connection points referenced 43 at which end up the inputs and outputs of windings which may be wound on a ferrite torus. The oscillator already known furnishes a frequency generally in the range between 30 and 40 kHz and energizes the discharge tube. Its operation will thus not be herein described in detail.
The oscillator is energized by direct current by means of a Graetz bridge formed of diodes D1 to D4. To avoid reinjection of low frequency harmonic components into the network, the Graetz bridge energizing the lamp in accordance with the invention is connected to the network via a resistance R1, R2 arranged in series between each of the inputs 44 and 45 of said bridge and the inputs 12, 11 of said network, a capacitor C1 being arranged in parallel with the lines of the network. Typically, according to the invention, resistances R1 and R2 have a value of 15 Ω and capacitor C1 a value 33 nF.
In order to avoid reinjection into the network of radio frequency signals originating in the oscillator, the Graetz bridge energizing the lamp according to the invention is followed by a filter in π including an inductance DR in the horizontal branch (typically 820 μH) and a capacitor C2, C3 +C4) in each of its vertical branches (typically 2.2 μF. and 2.2+2.2 F.). Thanks to this filter, parasitic components are rejected below the level allowed by international standards (in particular German standards VDE 0875 part 2) in the radio frequency band extending from 0.01 to 30 MHz. This last arrangement furthermore enables elimination of the heavy noise eliminating arrangement mentioned hereinbefore in respect of the Osram lamp DULUX EL. It also enables utilization of capacitors C2 to C4 of smaller diameter instead of a single more voluminous capacitor as employed in the prior art.
The lamp the realization of which has been given here as example includes a tube having two branches 6, 7. The invention is not limited to two branches and the tube could likewise have four for instance. In such case it will be possible with equal luminosity to diminish the overall length of the lamp, thus to approximate the length of an incandescent lamp. In such case the intermediate element 9 would exhibit an essentially cylindrical aspect without inclined surfaces as has been described above.
The description which has just been given of the lamp in accordance with the invention gives assurance that it is perfectly possible in contrast to previously held ideas to contain an electronic energization circuit entirely within the base of the lamp. Such an arrangement permits one to offer a lamp of reduced volume and weight. The cost thereof is likewise minimized with reference to known lamps and this among other reasons because of utilization of machines enabling automatization of the assembly
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 11, 1978
|Nov 6, 1979
|Westinghouse Electric Corp.
|Compact fluorescent lamp unit having integral circuit means for DC operation
|Nov 26, 1979
|May 26, 1981
|Westinghouse Electric Corp.
|Composite base and ballast member for compact single-ended fluorescent lamp
|Nov 5, 1985
|Jan 2, 2001
|Herman J Engel
|Electrical adapter for use in connection with fluorescent lamps
|Apr 25, 1985
|Jul 28, 1987
|Truman Aubrey
|Adaptors for fluorescent lamps
|Feb 7, 1986
|Aug 25, 1987
|Lumalampan Aktiebolag
|Arrangement in electric discharge lamps
|Oct 21, 1985
|Sep 22, 1987
|Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft Fur Elektrische Gluhlampen Mbh
|Single-ended fluorescent lamp-base combination
|Oct 10, 1986
|Aug 2, 1988
|Lumalampan Ab
|Fitting for compact electric discharge lamps
|Mar 2, 1987
|Aug 15, 1989
|Nilssen Ole K
|Self-ballasted screw-in fluorescent lamp
|Dec 23, 1981
|Jan 20, 1983
|KEREKES, B�la
|Low consumption lamp
|Nov 10, 1987
|May 19, 1988
|Pierre Alain Dumas
|Fluorescent discharge tube with capacitive ballast, standardized cap, forming a compact assembly
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 4, 1991
|Feb 4, 1992
|Gte Products Corporation
|Compact discharge lamp unit and method for manufacturing same
|Mar 4, 1991
|Aug 11, 1992
|Gte Products Corporation
|Starting and operating circuit for arc discharge lamp
|Aug 26, 1991
|Aug 25, 1992
|Gte Products Corporation
|Starting and operating circuit for arc discharge lamp
|Sep 5, 1990
|Feb 23, 1993
|Applied Lumens, Ltd.
|Fluorescent lamp assemblies
|Sep 1, 1992
|Nov 16, 1993
|Gte Products Corporation
|Starting and operating circuit for arc discharge lamp
|May 31, 1994
|Aug 13, 1996
|Cho; Sung H.
|Adapter, fitting into an incandescent socket, for receiving a compact flourescent lamp
|May 17, 1995
|Oct 29, 1996
|Cho; Sung H.
|Ballast device for compact fluorescent lamp
|May 13, 1996
|Dec 30, 1997
|General Electric Company
|Compact fluorescent lamp and ballast arrangement with inductor directly between lamp ends
|May 27, 2005
|May 29, 2007
|International Rectifier Corporation
|Dimmable fluorescent lamp package
|Apr 18, 2007
|Dec 15, 2009
|International Rectifier Corporation
|Dimmable fluorescent lamp package
|Oct 2, 2003
|Jul 13, 2010
|International Rectifier Corporation
|Compact fluorescent lamp package
|Oct 2, 2003
|Jun 10, 2004
|Ribarich Thomas J.
|Compact fluorescent lamp package
|May 27, 2005
|Oct 6, 2005
|International Rectifier Corporation
|Dimmable fluorescent lamp package
|Apr 18, 2007
|Aug 16, 2007
|International Rectifier Corporation
|Dimmable fluorescent lamp package
|Sep 8, 2005
|Jun 18, 2009
|Kazuhiro Fujikawa
|Junction field-effect transistor
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 12, 1989
Owner name: SKYLINE HOLDING AG,, SWITZERLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MUESSLI, DANIEL;REEL/FRAME:005088/0944
Effective date: 19890526
|May 10, 1994
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 9, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 9, 1994
|Surcharge for late payment
|Mar 31, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 26, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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Wordless Wednesday – Autumn Stars!
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Our Range
Revitalise your house with our range of impressive home improvements. Ensure your home has a modern feel both outside and in, from your conservatory roof, to your kitchen worktops to the glass in your windows. Our range uses only high quality materials and we have a professional and experienced team to carry out your individual designs. The services we offer allow you to create your own look, whether you are having an orangery installed or you are looking for new bi-folding doors. Here at Phil Coppell Limited we want to bring you a fantastic variety of enhancements for your home to make sure it is a space you can enjoy all year round. Update your home with any of the services you see below and start the hassle-free process today.