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I have decided to share my track record from this past year. By track record I mean; all my trades, all my losses and all my gains, along with this, I am going to share with you a graph of my performance relative to the SP500 plus a glimpse of my Sharpe Ratio.
The reason I am doing all this is simple, I want to build a track record for my (potential) future career within this industry. Also, I should note: This is only for educational purposes – I am not selling anything and do not manage anyone's money (at this time).
So, before we really get into the numbers of it all, I would like to reflect on how I performed this year. I finished up above 17%, which is great on the surface, but I believe I can do better, I would like to do better. So, here are some things off the top of my mind that I would like to improve upon during 2015.
- I had losses this past year and will always have them, it is apart of the business but the losses I did have could have been (somewhat) avoided. Specifically, I often placed trades when I should not have. The most prevalent example of this is when I had not traded for a couple weeks and then would allow my emotions subconsciously take ahold of me and force me into a trade that was not 100% aligned with my process I had built.
- Relative performance hurt me this year. I constantly would compare myself to the SP500, which is extremely damaging from an emotional perspective. I actually wrote a post about this previously, you could read more here: http://www.bencbanks.com/relative-performance-emotional-health/ I hope I can improve upon this in the future, I am sure I will always struggle with it to some degree though.
- Confidence. Every single trader can get better at this, doesn't matter who they are. My confidence definitely improved over the course of the year, but I am constantly looking to become even more confident (should be an unspoken goal).
- Patience. Another one of those unspoken goals, but nevertheless, should be mentioned. There were many times this past year in which I rushed a trade, got out too early or something along those lines. My goal for 2015 is to slow it down and trust in my process.
I am almost sure there are more than just these few things that I can (and should) improve upon when it comes to my trading but as I sit here and write, those are the ones that come to mind first.
At this point, if you are still on this post you are probably ready to see some numbers, well that is understandable and I am ready to share. Below are some screen shots from my excel document that tracks all my trades. I am not sharing with you the actual monetary gain or loss because that is irrelevant to you (so, please do not ask). However, the percentages are all accurate and I look forward to reading and replying to your comments!
(Please note: This information is as of 12:45 PM on December 30th 2014)
Above you will find every single trade I took in 2014, not a single one is missing. Even the ones I did not Tweet about are on here, all the mistakes can be seen, all the losses and all the gains are there for your viewing. If you click on the image it will pull up a bigger view of the image for easier viewing. On this spreadsheet; average purchase price, sale price and then the gross and net P/L (in percentage terms).
This next screenshot is showing my relative performance on a cumulative, monthly basis versus the SP500. Again, all my mistakes are here, if you look closely my performance took a dip in the last quarter of the year – that's unfortunate but doesn't matter in the scheme of things, it is about improving in the long run, not on a weekly or even monthly basis.
This is probably the most interesting of all the graphics you will see on this post. The graph above shows you my relative performance versus the SP500 on a monthly basis. Again, you can see my performance took a dip in the last quarter (reflected on this dip earlier in this post on 'Things I Can Do Better'). At the end of the day though, I finished about 5% better than the SP500.
Finally, but far from the least I have my Sharpe Ratio calculated above. I use the 3-month t-bill to calculate it, but raised it to the 1/12 power so it is now based on it's monthly return (that being the 3 month t-bill). My portfolio's volatility is far less than the SP500's, which is evident from the monthly returns listed above, my worst month coming in at around .70% and best coming in at 3.43% – this volatility is far less than the typical equity index, which I am proud of. My goal is slow, consistent but strong growth of my monetary capital.
Well, that is all I have for you today. As always, if you have any questions – I'll do my best to answer them, but the only way I can do that is if you send me an email. So, if there is something that caught your eye or you would like to learn more, send me an email. Otherwise, talk you soon and see you in 2015!


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Spastrin Side Effects
Generic Name: belladonna / ergotamine / phenobarbital
Note: This page contains side effects data for the generic drug belladonna / ergotamine / phenobarbital. It is possible that some of the dosage forms included below may not apply to the brand name Spastrin.
Applies to belladonna / ergotamine / phenobarbital: tablets
Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:
Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur while taking belladonna / ergotamine / phenobarbital:
Bloated feeling; clumsiness; constipation; decreased sweating; dizziness; drowsiness; dry mouth; excessive daytime drowsiness ("hangover effect"); feeling of a whirling motion; headache; lightheadedness; nausea; nervousness; tired feeling; trouble sleeping.
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); agitation; blue color of the fingers or toes; chest pain or tightness; cold or pale fingers or toes; confusion; diarrhea; difficulty focusing eyes; disorientation; exaggerated feeling of well-being; excitement; fainting; fast or irregular heartbeat; hallucinations; leg cramps or weakness; loss of coordination; loss of taste; memory loss; mental or mood changes; muscle pain; numbness or tingling of the hands, feet, or skin; pounding in the chest; ringing in the ears; seizures; severe headache; severe or persistent trouble sleeping; trouble urinating; unusual weakness; very slow breathing; vision changes; vomiting.
It is possible that some side effects of Spastrin may not have been reported. These can be reported to the FDA here. Always consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.
More about Spastrin (belladonna / ergotamine / phenobarbital)
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- Drug class: anticholinergics/antispasmodics
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Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided is accurate, up-to-date and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. In addition, the drug information contained herein may be time sensitive and should not be utilized as a reference resource beyond the date hereof. This material does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients, or recommend therapy. This information is a reference resource designed as supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill , knowledge, and judgement of healthcare practitioners in patient care. The absence of a warning for a given drug or combination thereof in no way should be construed to indicate safety, effectiveness, or appropriateness for any given patient. Drugs.com does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of materials provided. The information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. If you have questions about the substances you are taking, check with your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist.

subset: commoncrawl


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400 S.E Second Ave
Miami, Florida 33131
The complex is situated overlooking the Miami River at Brickell Avenue, just seven miles from Miami International Airport and two miles from the Port of Miami.
Interstate 95 provides both north and southbound exits directly into the facility and the Hyatt Regency, as does the adjacent Knight Center Station that provides direct access to both the Downtown Metro Mover and Miami-Dade County's Metro rail rapid transit system.
Take Metrorail ($2) to Government Center station. Proceed to the Metromover (FREE), Inner Loop for the most direct route. Take the Omni line and get off at Knight Center. Down escalators take you to the Tower lobby. Turn right off the escalator and proceed to the Knight Center/Hyatt Regency via the air-conditioned, covered walkway.
Directions from North and South of Miami
Once on the hotel drive valet parking will be on your left. For self-parking, bear to the right and take the next right into the Knight Center/ Miami Tower garage. Parking elevators will take you to the Miami Tower lobby that is connected to the Knight Center/Hyatt Hotel by an air- conditioned, covered walkway. Once you have entered the James L Knight Center you will be on the second floor of the facility with the Riverfront Hall and Hyatt Lobby. The JLKC Theater, administrative offices and Miami Conference Center are located on the third and fourth floors of the building.
Valet Parking is owned by the Hyatt Regency Miami and operated by Central Parking Systems. Please note that we do not validate or offer any discounted rates for valet parking.
Self-Parking Rates
The Miami Parking Authority charges a discounted rate of $15 for special events. Upon leaving the garage make sure to tell the parking attendant what event you attended for the discounted rate. Please note there is no in/out, each time you exit you must pay.


text: I don't know who still watches that channel but I happened to put it on at work this week and it is really interesting. A teenage girl who was chained to her bed each night died as a result of smoke inhalation from a house fire. The parents are on trial for her death. The most interesting part is that her parents defense is that she had Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) and they did what had to be done for her protection and the protection of the family. This afternoon they had a Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) expert from Michigan who gave the most compelling overview of our children on the spectrum. I wish I had been able to hear each word (work made that impossible) but she is not related to the case at all. Her overview of children in that realm was mindboggling. How I wish we all had access to that lady. She is the first fully informed person I have been exposed to. Should you all have time to watch tomorrow maybe, just maybe, they will replay her testimony and you'll learn some new things too. Evidently Michigan is a step ahead. DDD


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Most entrepreneurs step into the business world with a goal and then do what they must to achieve it. They possess the desire to become successful and the fervor to make their own future with the freedom and creativity that is lacked by the average 10-6 working world. The truth though is that less than 70 percent of the new businesses may not last for more than four years and those who make it struggle for up to 70+ hours without being able to take a break. Successful entrepreneurs use outsourcing to grow their business and thrive. Here are few top reasons to outsource:
- It is best to take on the tasks for which you are qualified and adept at and enjoy.
- The prime goal is to earn money. It is not worth wasting time and effort on something that is difficult to complete. It is far better to utilize the services of an effective support team that will be a relief and permit the focus on income producing activities.
- Save time and money. Consider contractors a profit center rather than an expense. Money is lost when the job is done by an inexperienced person, while a skilled worker will charge relatively less. Also, it saves time and it can be spent on activities that fetch more income.
- Reduce expenses and increase profits. If the capital can be used to make the business grow, then it is better to invest it accordingly rather than blocking it in payroll, benefits, recruiting and training costs, equipment and office space. Outsourced virtual professionals perform from their home offices and charge according to the active productive time (i.e. Virtual Personal Assistants).
- Freedom to generate and seek opportunities. Business management and administration work often retards ones creativity. Outsourcing alleviates you from this and provides the freedom and time to be original and concentrate on enhancing the business.
- Maintain a balance between work and personal life. This will ensure that you will eventually be able to spend time with family or to follow personal interests.
- Access to new skills and trained professionals. A virtual support team will provide an assortment of proficiency and the many professional will offer reference to other service providers.
- Peace of mind. Frequent communication and feedback ensures the peace of mind as one knows of the day-to-day details, customer and business lead follow-up, maintenance and marketing of the business will taken care of by the virtual support team.
Outsourcing gratifies the reason for starting a self owned business. The accomplishment and liberty characteristic to an entrepreneur depends on the capacity to focus on what you love and are best at and remove or outsource the rest.


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We have just finished our stay in two of the rooms here for a family wedding. We have had a great stay. Jenny has been a great help. A little too much furniture and a slightly musty smell stopped us giving 5 stars but we...More
Getting you more information on this room
Getting you more information on this room
"Ground floor rooms suited me, didn't have to drag suitcase upstairs."
"The studio with roof terrace would be an excellent choice for longer stays."


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Closeout Fest 2008…. wishing he stayed on the beach Not much too much to get but Ty smacked a turn or two and Kyber got some digi-footy. This weeks features: Peter Island's North Shore and the adventures on the "Red Rocket" – free boarding shananigens, Cane Garden Bay, Apple Bay Will we ever leave Tortola? […]
Entries from January 2008
Weekend Warriors
January 27th, 2008 · 7 Comments
Tags: Ben's blog
Full Moon Fever
January 24th, 2008 · 6 Comments
Today is our last day in the toxic oven formally called the boatyard. After two grueling weeks of sweating it out here in sauna-like cabin temperatures, we're all glad to be leaving the yard. You see, we had to keep all windows cracked and the door shut so our little Houdini cat wouldn't turn Chicken […]
Tags: Ben's blog
Life in the Boatyard
January 23rd, 2008 · 7 Comments
Picture a boatyard with weeds sprouting out of the dirt, chickens running from the occaisional cat or dog willing to give chase, and no real concern for pollution. I have worked in boatyards in the Bay Area, Santa Barbara, San Diego, Key West, and now even Rhode Island; I can assure you that none of […]
Tags: Tybur's blog
slideshow and video
January 19th, 2008 · 6 Comments
Here's a slideshow of images taken in Newport and Hampton. I'll include this video BUT only with a disclaimer: This footage is from the first kite session of this trip. The riding is sub-par, the video is handheld, and the lighting is overhead. I can assure you that what you're viewing here will end up […]
Tags: Ben's blog
winds return to Tortola
January 18th, 2008 · 11 Comments
The beach is empty because we're back at it in the water. Like a much needed prescription, Dr. Nature sent us a good dose of north-easterly winds. They arrived Wednesday and have continued to build and are currently blowing at about 24 knots. A little time was needed to reacquaint the kites with the wind […]
Tags: Ben's blog
Passage to the caribbean
January 16th, 2008 · 5 Comments
I awoke, sweating in my foul-weather gear, the pungent odor of cat urine filling my head. Through watery eyes, I glanced out into the gray light of a stormy morning and saw fifteen-foot waves break behind the boat. The anemometer was consistently reading thirty to forty knots, with gusts even higher, and our boat was […]
Tags: Natural Mystic
"painkillers", fiberglass dust, rooster wake-ups, and shipwreck nightmares
January 15th, 2008 · 3 Comments
There's only one way to beat the heat… the "painkiller". This fruity, frothy drinks consists mainly of rum. Add a little coconut milk, OJ, pineapple juice and ice, blend or better yet- it's more slam-able on the rocks. Top it off with a dash of nutmeg and… shazamm, your in flavor country. YES I know, […]
Tags: Ben's blog
Meeeow Meeow Haul Out
January 11th, 2008 · 4 Comments
Nanny Cay Marina/Boatyard is a good operation, they were ready to promptly haul us out at 7am sharp and it all went super smoothly and they took great care in making sure our boat was correctly chalked and no damage would occur to her. They were much more through and nicer to work with than […]
Tags: Natural Mystic
Peter Island Resort
January 11th, 2008 · 4 Comments
hey there, I just thought I'd post some shots I got while we moored off Peter Island Resort. Right now I'm dripping sweat, baking in the 95 degree, humid, windless, sunny afternoon. P-Kiddy is in a coma-like state due to the heat and his abundance of fur and fat. Seems we're both in the same […]
Tags: Ben's blog
Were Hangin In Here
January 10th, 2008 · 7 Comments
Well, we are a little more rested and starting to get into the relaxing atmosphere of the place, the BVI's truly are gorgeous and a sailors dream as there are so many anchorages, beautiful beaches and cool places to checkout. The "Baths" on Virgin Gorda (yes, translates to Fat Virgin, named by C. Columbus as […]
Tags: Natural Mystic


text: Bella Crib Bella is an elegant unisex collection incorporating flowing curves and one-piece corner posts with tapered feet. It is constructed of 100% solid wood and offers a timeless appeal. The collection is offered in two finishes: sumptuous linen and rich cocoa. The linen finish is accented by pearlescent silver metal pulls, which are imported from Italy, while the darker tone is balanced by solid wood knobs. GREENGUARD Certified (Children & Schools Certification Program) - low VOCs Meets all USA and Canadian Safety Standards Made in Canada 100% Solid Wood - European Beech High Resistance Finish Fixed Stationary Sides - no moving parts "Hidden" Hardware Wooden Mattress Spring with Three (3) Adjustable Heights Converts into a toddler bed, daybed, or double bed Dimensions: 56 W x 34 D x 48 H


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Texas GRES has an established roster of alumni working in real estate throughout the world. Alumni are loyal representatives of Texas Real Estate and provide active support to current GRES members.
class of 2015
Adam Burke
Haibin Chen
Michael Critchley
Richard M. Davidovich
Nicholas Drobot
Haijun Gong
Aaron Hobbins
Christopher Huck
John Douglas Jamieson
Charles Hunter Kingman
Peter S Mamone
Gabriela Mata Gutierrez
Nicole Nadvornik
Kerry Powers
Jonathan Probst
William T Shannon
Scott Sowanick
Christopher D White
Josh Allford
Paolo Boero
Logan Canter
Matthew Chao
Brett Clark
Lance Coplin
Rishi Desai
Xiaoping Ju
Masahiro Kudo
Rob Lekai
Matthew Lewis
Sam Maclin
Jordan McGhee
Leslie Olsovsky
Matteo Pacifici
Neel Patel
Bo Twumasi
James Vaughan


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Japan Week, an annual showcase of Japan's many charms, will be returning to Grand Central Station from March 8 to 10. The centerpiece of the event, now in its sixth year, will be a Zen garden––complete with rocks, trees, and white sand––that is created overnight. The team behind this magical project is Yuri Ugaya (the garden designer), Kensaku Yamaguchi (a niwashi* Japanese gardener), and Tatsuhiko Kobayashi (also a niwashi Japanese gardener). Chopsticks NY sat down to talk with them about this garden project.
Could you explain the difference between a Western-style garden and a Japanese garden?
Ugaya: I think the biggest difference is that a Japanese garden calls up the imagination of the viewer. If you don't have some basic knowledge of Japanese garden design––enough to know that a rock formation can represent a waterfall, a rock might suggest an island, and wavy patterns created by white pebbles signify the ocean, for example––it might be hard to understand the theme of a garden, and your garden-viewing experience could end up being monotonous. Your imagination, however, can open up the world of the garden even without any prior exposure to Japanese design. You can imagine whatever you want when you look at a Japanese garden, and I think that's a very important part and the great charm of Japanese gardens. In order to express this charm, we use simple materials: rocks, sand, moss, trees, et cetera. Western gardens, best exemplified by French gardens, express beauty through extravagance, by adding colors and manipulating the shapes of trees. In contrast, the heart of Japanese gardens is the beauty of minimalism––how much you can sharpen and refine things. I want viewers to enjoy these differences.
I heard you are planning to reproduce the Zen garden from Ryoan-ji Temple in Kyoto.
Ugaya: The basic concept and appearance are similar to that of the garden, but we have arranged our version to add a little more impact for viewers. It's going to be about 40 by 20 feet, so it will be quite a big garden.
What are some of the challenges in creating such a big Japanese Zen garden indoors?
Yamaguchi: When it comes to karesansui (a "dry landscape" style used in China and Japan) or Zen gardens, rocks are the backbones. We had a very hard time finding rocks for the garden here. In Japan, when we drive on highways, we suddenly come upon interesting rocks on mountains, and we often use rocks we found this way. In a way, we shine a light on ordinary rocks. Here in the U.S., there is no such idea, and they don't sell rocks that we want.
Kobayashi: They sell stone materials for architecture, but the ordinary rocks and stones we want are not considered to have any retail value. But we really want those ordinary rocks! [Laughs] We love the way a rock sits, its expression, its rough surface, and its weathered texture, but it was hard to make people understand the nuances we enjoy.
Ugaya: We would say, "We want that weathered rock," and they would say with a laugh, "Oh no, that's not even for sale." They just laughed and didn't want to make deals. It's probably because they don't understand our aesthetic sense. We visited about 30 stone providers in three days, and finally we found one provider that carries interesting rocks such as ones with moss and ones in unusual shapes. This provider even had a rock that was cut by hand in the 1870s. At that point, I felt we finally encountered a person who could tell the story of rocks.
If even many stone professionals do not understand the Japanese appreciation of stones and rocks, perhaps it will be even harder for regular people to appreciate the garden.
Ugaya: That must be true. [Laughs] So we have given a story to our garden to make it easier for viewers.
What is the story going to be?
Ugaya: It's a story about Oyashima ("eight big islands") that is based on the story of Japan's origin, written in the oldest Japanese book, the Kojiki. According to the book, the gods Izanagi and Izanami stirred the ocean with a spear and created an island. They landed on the island and got married there. Then they generated eight islands, the beginning of Japan. We would like to express this story in the garden, allowing viewers to enjoy Japanese culture and understand our aesthetic sense.
How will you present the garden?
Ugaya: We plan to put trees in the back as a focal point, which can be seen from passersby on the walkway. I want people to think, "Oh there are trees in Grand Central Station. What's going on?" We will make it visible from three directions.
Kobayashi: Viewers can enjoy different views depending on which side they stand.
How about lighting?
Ugaya: The lighting plan is still under development, but we would like to spotlight one main rock that we think is most attractive. Also, we want people to see the sand patterns, so we will create deeper patterns to make them more visible. I believe there is no garden like this in the Western world––it can be enjoyed as an artistic piece.
When will you start setting up?
Ugaya: At midnight on the day of the event. We only have ten hours.
While you were doing research and looking for materials for this project, did you find anything you would like to use in a future project?
Yamaguchi: America is huge, and I am amazed that there are so many varieties of stones and rocks in the U.S., so many colors and textures. So I have begun to think about creating gardens using a variety of stones and rocks.
Kobayashi: In Japan, we don't always see stones as architectural materials, but I think it would be a good idea to make some patterns using various types of stones. It does not have to be a building but could be an interior piece like a countertop.
How about trees? Were they also hard to find?
Yamaguchi: Look at my face. It was so exhausting to find them! [Laughs]
Ugaya: We are going to procure all the materials for the garden locally. We believe that viewers will identify with the garden more if it's made with local materials. We would like to suggest to them that it is not so difficult to make a Japanese garden with easily accessible stones and trees.
Please pick your favorite Japanese garden.
Yamaguchi: I like gardens made by Mirei Shigemori, a gardener in the early Showa period (1926–1989). His style is described as "Eternal Modern," and he did not compromise himself just to follow traditions but constantly tried something new. The garden that I love can be seen at the Mirei Shigemori Garden Museum, but you need a reservation to see it. But you can see his garden in Tofuku-ji Temple without a reservation.
Kobayashi: My favorite garden, at the Sento Imperial Palace, also requires a reservation to see. What I like about the garden is the beautiful curved lines formed by the pond and land. It's an upscale garden designed in the Edo period (1603–1868), and it is elegant.
Ugaya: I recommend Koto-in inside Daitoku-ji Temple. The small garden really calms your mind. When you stand at the entrance, you'll see a beautiful stone-paved pathway surrounded by bamboo and maple trees. When you go inside, a space with moss, maple trees, and bamboo spreads out in front of you. And a tiny little stone lantern stands alone in the garden. The garden represents a quiet scene in a deep forest on a mountain, and the way in which the lantern is arranged is rather gallant. I have taken many of my clients, including visitors from the U.S., to the garden, and they seemed to be absorbed in the simplicity and overwhelmed by the atmosphere.
Speaking of a quiet atmosphere, we usually enjoy Japanese gardens in serene environments. Grand Central, however, has a lot of traffic and is noisy. How can you create a Zen garden there?
Ugaya: By creating a calm spot inside this busy, noisy area, I want busy New Yorkers to have a moment of relaxation. Just stop by and take some time to calm yourself. It's okay if it's just ten seconds, or if you like, you can stay there for 30 minutes, one hour, or more. I want New Yorkers to feel and enjoy the moment.
*Niwa means "garden" and shi means "expert," so niwashi is used to refer to a Japanese garden expert, someone who can create gardens as well as care for them.
(From left to right)
Kensaku Yamaguchi: Born in Miyazaki Prefecture, he started his career as a niwashi gardener. After working for a major landscape design company in Kyoto, he established his own company, Shougetsusha.
Yuri Ugaya: Born in Kyoto, she attended Doshisha University, Hyogo Prefectural Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy, and Niagara Parks School of Horticulture. She currently works as a garden designer and consultant in Kyoto.
Tatsuhiko Kobayashi: Born in Saitama Prefecture, this assistant TV director turned niwashi gardener worked for a major landscape design company in Kyoto. He resides in Kyoto and now runs his own company, Tatsuzouen.


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Waystolift your super savings
Relying on compulsory contributions alone will not provide a comfortable retirement, writes John Collett.
Relying on compulsory contributions alone will not provide a comfortable retirement, writes John Collett. Having enough money in retirement will not only give you the freedom to enjoy some of life's more pleasurable luxuries, it will also liberate you from the drudgery of work and the misery of financial worries.But bumbling along with compulsory super contributions alone is not going to be enough to ensure this lifestyle for baby boomers whose retirement years are on the horizon.Terrible investment returns during the past few years and only having the benefit of compulsory super contributions for part of their working life means most are in a tight spot.While most have never changed their asset allocation, the executive director of Dixon Advisory, Nerida Cole, says those who have done best since the onset of the global financial crisis changed their asset allocation to better protect their capital and produce a more stable income stream.Smarter asset allocation can add 1 per cent or 2 per cent a year to returns, she says. That might not sound like much but an extra 1 per cent a year over 10 years can add tens of thousands of dollars to retirement savings, Cole says.The most recent national figures released for the ASFA Retirement Standard show that a home-owning couple looking to achieve a comfortable retirement needs about $55,000 a year.Assuming the couple receives a part age pension, the lump sum needed to fund that income from age 65 is $510,000. For a single person, about $40,000 a year is needed, or a lump sum of $430,000."Most people spend more time planning their next holiday than they do their retirement," the chief executive officer of the Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia, Pauline Vamos, says. "The message for anyone worried about their retirement savings is to plan ahead."Many people, especially those on higher incomes, would want to save more, as the definition of a "comfortable" retirement does not allow for too many of life's luxuries.SALARY SACRIFICESalary sacrifice is the single most-powerful way to accelerate retirement savings. It's when contributions are made from pre-tax pay. For someone on a marginal income-tax rate of 30 per cent, for each dollar of pre-tax pay sacrificed, 85? goes into super because of the 15 per cent tax on contributions. If the employee were to receive the dollar in their hand, they would receive only 70? because of the 30 per cent income tax.They are effectively redirecting money from the hands of the tax man into their super. The tax savings are even greater for those on higher marginal income-tax rates and when tax levies such as those for Medicare are taken into account. For those earning less than $37,000 a year, there is no tax advantage from salary sacrificing because they have a marginal tax rate of 15 per cent (or zero for those on less than $6000).The government has plans, not yet passed by Parliament, to refund the 15 per cent contributions tax from July 1 this year for those earning less than $37,000.The first step is to do a budget so they can work out how much they can realistically salary sacrifice into super, a director at the Professional Super Advisers, Kevin Smith, says.The technical services director at Multiport, Philip La Greca, says a pay rise is a good opportunity to start, or increase, salary-sacrifice contributions.A director of Strategy Steps, Louise Biti, says lower-income earners should take advantage of the co-contribution scheme this financial year as it will be less generous next financial year.Under the scheme, the government matches after-tax super contributions dollar for dollar. However, the maximum that can be contributed is $1000 over the financial year for those with a taxable income up to $31,920.The government contribution reduces to zero at an adjusted taxable income of $61,920.From July 1 this year, the government plans to lower the matching contribution to 50? for each dollar contributed, with a maximum contribution of $500 instead of $1000. The cut-off threshold will be reduced to $46,920.ASSET ALLOCATIONHaving decided to salary sacrifice income into super, the toughest decision is where to invest the money.Most big super funds have at least a dozen investment options. There will be options that invest in a single asset class, such as Australian shares or fixed interest, and three or four diversified options that spread money across several asset classes.Default options, where most people have their money, are usually labelled as "balanced" options but have at least half their money in shares. Some balanced options have a much higher exposure to shares.The median-performing balanced investment option produced a return of minus 1.9 per cent last year and over five years to the end of last year, the median-performing balanced option produced an annual average return of 0.3 per cent."Not all balanced funds are the same you really need to know what is in it," Smith says.While a high exposure to shares may be appropriate for someone in their 20s or 30s with decades to go until retirement, for someone in their 50s, the exposure to shares may be too high, he says.SuperRatings data shows "capital stable" options have a five-year average annual return of 3.2 per cent, outperforming the 0.3 per cent return of balanced options during the same period.Capital stable options are more conservative than balanced options, with higher exposures to defensive assets, such as cash and fixed interest.Those investing in their funds' Australian shares option would have experienced an average annual return of minus 1.3 per cent over five years and minus 9.6 per cent over one year. International shares options returned an annual average of minus 6.1 per cent over five years and minus 6.7 per cent over one year.In selecting the best investment option, investors need to work out how much they are likely to need to save, how much investment risk they are prepared to take and how long they have to invest, Smith says.DO THE SPLITSMost people are not in a position to make significant salary-sacrifice contributions to their super until their children have moved out of home and the mortgage is much smaller or paid off.The maximum pre-tax income that can be contributed to super for those over 50 is $50,000 for this financial year. The salary-sacrifice cap includes the 9 per cent superannuation guarantee charge. So someone over 50 on an income of $100,000 a year can contribute a maximum of $41,000 of pre-tax pay into their super this financial year.But from July 1 this year, the government intends to lower the maximum cap on salary-sacrifice contributions to $25,000 to match the cap for under 50s. However, the government also intends to leave the cap at $50,000 for those over-50s who have less than $500,000 in their super.Industry observers say it's likely the start date for the changes will be delayed. The technical services manager at Super IQ, Fabian Bussoletti, says anyone worried about hitting the caps could consider splitting super contributions with their partner.Some people are already thinking about splitting as a strategy for keeping their super balances below the $500,000 limit. Bussoletti says even if the rule changes do not eventuate, nothing is likely to be lost by splitting.Financial planners say there could even be advantages. For example, a split with an older spouse could allow the couple to access tax-free super earlier as no tax is paid on super withdrawals from the age of 60.Under the splitting rules, only concessional contributions, such as the 9 per cent compulsory super and salary-sacrifice contributions, can be split with a spouse. The rules allow up to 85 per cent of the previous financial year's concessional contributions to be transferred to your spouse's account. Those thinking of splitting have to be careful because there are age limits and other restrictions on who can split.TRANSITION TO RETIREMENTA popular strategy for the over-55s is called transition to retirement. Pre-tax income is salary sacrificed into super and then some of this is drawn back as a pension. This swaps income tax for the 15 per cent contributions tax on super.Usually, the strategy is worked so the after-tax income is the same as before the transition-to-retirement strategy was implemented. However, the strategy involves significant costs that are not usually accounted for in brochures promoting the strategy.For a start, it requires the services of a financial planner and their fees. Further, two superannuation funds are needed - an accumulation fund and a pension fund - and there is a doubling of fees, unless its done inside a self-managed super fund.Even though the transition-to-retirement rules allow those who are over 55 to employ the strategy, it is most effective for the over-60s because they pay no tax on superannuation withdrawals.The founder of the consumer website superguide.com.au, Trish Power, says the strategy can be a good one as long as the costs do not outweigh the benefits.Benefits of financial controlSelf-managed superannuation funds (SMSFs) give investors greater flexibility and control over their investment strategy and allow a broader range of investments than can be made, such as direct property and collectables. SMSF fund trustees can control the timing of tax events, such as the realisation of capital gains or losses.Opinions vary on the minimum needed make the costs of running a SMSF worthwhile. The technical services director at Multiport, Philip La Greca, says there are likely to be "clear cost advantages" in having a SMSF for amounts from $300,000.Responsibility for SMSFs is with the trustees.Funds should only be started by those prepared to put in the time and effort required to run a fund. Investors contemplating starting their own fund also need to ask themselves what they may be giving up.The founder of the consumer website superguide.com.au, Trish Power, says, for example: "The majority of people get a better deal with insurance through a large fund."That's because insurance bought through a large superannuation fund is bought at wholesale, or "group", rates and is generally cheaper than individuals can buy on their own. Big funds generally offer death and total and permanent disability insurance with automatic acceptance. Trustees of SMSFs buying an individual policy may have to undertake a medical examination. Power says some SMSF trustees keep their large funds ticking over, just to have the insurance cover.
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Bah! Kids today don't know who Andy Rooney was, but several generations of Americans, including my own, grew up watching him complain about things every Sunday at the end of 60 Minutes. His name became synonymous with the word "curmudgeon," and he was funny. When I adopted the moniker "Indie Rooney" for my own attempt at a curmudgeonly series of humorous essays about indie music, my intent was surely understood. By anyone over thirty!
Andy Rooney and the music world didn't intersect much, but they did at least once, notoriously, when Kurt Cobain committed suicide. Andy's essay the following Sunday was full of judgment and vitriol toward the singer and his fans. It was not pretty. He was not exactly wrong, but he also wasn't right, and the public's reaction resulted in one of the rare on-air apologies of his long career.
An old man can be forgiven for not understanding a young person's perspective, and I for one — an old man and Nirvana fan myself — don't hold it against him. You can't spend several decades expressing your opinion in public without ruffling a few feathers. You also can't do it without being able to admit when you're wrong.
I'll leave it to others to describe the man's extraordinary career and his impact on writing, journalism, culture, and humor. I will say that even if I hadn't watched 60 Minutes in many years, it was nice to know Andy Rooney was still around, doing his thing. It's sad now that he isn't.


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Today's extract is about Lilian Ngoyi.
The year is 1945. A 34-year-old widow works at a sewing machine in a sweat shop. She supports two children and an aged mother.
And Lilian Ngoyi thinks: "The more we pray, the more poor we are."
She joins the Garment Workers' Union, then the ANC in 1950. As president of the ANC Women's League, she tours Europe and attends conferences. But her year of destiny comes in 1956. Ngoyi marches to the Union Buildings at the head of 20 000 women.
Ngoyi shows the apartheid rulers that a woman's resolve can be as hard as granite. She sings: "Wathint' abafazi, wathint' imbokodo. [If you strike a woman, you strike a rock.]" Those words still echo across South Africa.
She was the first woman on the ANC national executive committee. A banning order put her under house arrest in Mzimhlophe, Soweto. Ngoyi supported herself for 20 years by sewing. She died of a heart ailment on March 13 1980.
More than 2 000 mourners wore ANC colours at her funeral. In 1994, soon-to-be-president Nelson Mandela cast the first ballot of his life. He said that he was casting it for those who did not live to see democracy – including Lilian Ngoyi.
. Buy the book for R90 at CNA, Exclusive Books, Spar, Makro or takealot.com
Want to win Know Your Nation Volume One? Tell us how many women marched to the Union Buildings and SMS the keyword NATION2, followed by your answer, name, surname, email address and physical address to 34217. Winners must collect their prize from the Know Your Nation offices in Rosebank or from Media24 in Auckland Park.


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Competition amongst contests
This article analyses the allocation of prizes in contests. While existing models consider a single contest with an exogenously given set of players, in our model several contests compete for participants. As a consequence, prizes not only induce incentive effects but also participation effects. We show that contests that aim to maximize players' aggregate effort will award their entire prize budget to the winner. In contrast, multiple prizes will be awarded in contests that aim to maximize participation and the share of the prize budget awarded to the winner increases in the contests' randomness. We also provide empirical evidence for this relationship using data from professional road running. In addition, we show that prize structures might be used to screen between players of differing ability.
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|Date of creation:
|Feb 2008
|Contact details of provider:
| Web page: http://www.econ.upf.edu/
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Form, Alignment, Mindfulness and Function in Practice.
in Mona Vale, NSW organised by Yoga and Health Collective Mona Vale
in Mona Vale, NSW organised by Yoga and Health Collective Mona Vale
Masterclass #1 Foundations
In our yoga practice, we organize our experience of the asanas in a very unique personal way that includes reference to the physical, emotional and mental sheaths of the body - we practice using our own postural, movement, and mental habits. This first masterclass will show you how mindfulness can help you self study and unveil those habits so you can access higher levels of consciousness and therefore a richer asana experience.
In this class we will examine your body consciousness and presence and explore how to develop techniques that allow relaxation of your superficial muscles without loosing strength in your postural muscles.
Masterclass #2 Inversions
In the Inversion class you experience acutely how your mental and physical habits travel with you. How insecurity and tension influence your practice. Technique, alignment and form are the anchors, not only for our mind space but also to grant us freedom in movement. The subtle balance created through strengthening and aligning the deep postural muscles of the shoulder neck and spine is unique in inversion. To access this level one must learn to be spacious and relaxed. Experience the alertness in Sirsasana (Head stand), the more tranquil state in sarvangasana (Shoulder stand) and the intense awareness in Adho Mukha Vrksasana (Hand stand).
One workshop $95
Both workshops $150
Bookings essential 9997 2121
2 Saturdays over 2 weeks
September 19th and 26th
1.00 - 4.00 pm


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Missouri History Museum
5700 Lindell Blvd.
St. Louis, MO 63112
Use this area to add maps and directions to your business so that your customers can find your physical location.
Lindell and DeBaliviere in Forest Park, St. Louis, Missouri, (314) 746-4599 All content © 1999-2012 Missouri History Museum. St. Louis, Mo.


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Your wedding day is most certainly one of the most important days of your life! There's only one chance to make it perfect and get documentation of every second. We at Hoot Media pride ourselves in knowing where we should be and making sure we capture every moment with you and your spouse. We want everything to be as perfect as you imagined and will work with you before, during rehearsal, during the entire event, and afterwards to make sure we exceed your expectations. But weddings aren't just about photographs to us, we care about the people. The relationships we form and the experience we provide are just as important as the images we deliver. We love what we do and have fun doing it, so keeping it simple just comes naturally to us. We want to be the easiest decision you make for your wedding plans, so you can relax and simply enjoy your wedding day. We offer half day and full day package prices or we can discuss hourly rates as well.
Call today to learn more or book your appointments, the calendar is filling up fast!
Wedding packages can be arranged to personally fit your needs for your wedding, although most people choose to go with our Hoot Package which includes all the best a wedding day has to offer!
Since we are a small company, we can only accept 25 weddings per year to ensure that all of our couples receive the very best we have to offer in terms of service and products! We suggest booking as early as you can to ensure we can be available for your wedding date!
We expect to be there as you are preparing for the day, throughout the ceremony, and to capture the major events at the reception (cake cutting, garter toss, toasts, bouquet toss). Other charges hourly may apply depending on how long you would want us to stay at the reception beyond the 8-10 hour time frame for the day.
Photo Booths – $350
Engagement Photos – $300
Bridal Portraits – $300
Styled Bridal Portraits – $575 (includes Hair, Makeup, and 16×20 Gallery Canvas)
Styled Bridal Boudoir Session – $575 (includes Hair and Makeup and 5×7 Mini Album)
Custom Save the Date Cards – $50 per 25 cards
Custom Thank You Cards – $75 per 25 cards
Additional Custom USB of Digital Images – $150
DVD of Images from Photo Booth when not included in a package – $200.00


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First Tutors enables you to find a local welsh tutor in Waltham Forest and anywhere in the UK. Private welsh tuition is an excellent way to bolster confidence while increasing grades and doesn't have to be dull! Please use our service to find Waltham Forest welsh tutors and select which best meets your needs.
First Tutors is the best place to find the top Waltham Forest welsh tutors for your needs, enabling you to find a local Waltham Forest welsh tutor for any subject including GCSE English, A-Level Maths or even university Economics. We also help with language tuition, so if you want to learn German, take a Greek course or prepare yourself for Spanish life, we can help - and all in Waltham Forest! Our search will order welsh Waltham Forest teachers in your area according to their welsh lesson costs and distance from you.
If you are a Waltham Forest welsh teacher wishing to offer your local welsh tuition services in Waltham Forest or the UK, please register with First Tutors or find out more about what we offer here. Home welsh tuition is a fantastic way to re-affirm your own welsh knowledge while helping someone else, all in the Waltham Forest area!


text: The Clinical Nurse Specialists' Use of Collaborative Governance to Improve Compliance With Hand Hygiene Practices in the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU)Johnson, Marquet MSN, RN, ACNS-BC, PCCN, CCRNClinical Nurse Specialist: November-December 2011 - Volume 25 - Issue 6 - p 294-298 doi: 10.1097/NUR.0b013e318233f198 Feature Article Abstract Author Information Despite many efforts on the local and national levels to improve compliance with hand hygiene practices such as hand washing, compliance among healthcare workers remains low. This article will discuss the clinical nurse specialists' use of a collaborative governance structure to provide peer-to-peer education and accountability for hand hygiene compliance in the medical intensive care unit. The author reports no funding or conflicts of interest. Correspondence: Marquet Johnson, MSN, RN, ACNS-BC, PCCN, CCRN, (firstname.lastname@example.com). © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.


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Ideally located in a peaceful village at 5 min from Vilamoura, this caracter and cosy property boosts all typical algarvian features.
The house has many different living areas; separate dining room, large kitchen and still several rooms that could be converted into extra accommodation..
The garden has a completely independent annex which can be used as a studio/workshop.
The well mantained garden is fully fenced, offers privacy, various terraces, and a wonderful heated pool with salt treatment
Great investment for an trully unique property !


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I have this guy that I've been talking to you for a while to schedule is really hectic is going to school working and lately we haven't hung out that often and then when he finally text me and then he stops texting back. Has he lost interest or is he still interested or just and tired
Most Helpful Girl
Give him a day or so and then ask him about it. Right now, I'm in a spot where I can definitely see both sides of the situation. My guy is busy for 12 hours a day, and half the time he's available, I'm not. Add in some serious distance between us, and you have a recipe for not much "us time". However, we both make it a priority to talk to each other every day, even if it's just 10 minutes at midnight. That's just what works for us.
On the other hand, my best friend and I can go a couple days without saying much at all. It's not that we don't care about each other, it's just how we are. She knows I'm an introvert and can keep to myself if she's busy for a day or two, and sometimes that's just what happens. We both know that we'll talk again soon.
What really matters is that you and this guy are both happy with how much you talk and see each other. Right now, at least 1 of you isn't happy. Talk to him and see if y'all can work out a way to talk a bit more. Even if you can't, at least he knows how you feel about it, and you'll get a better idea of whether he's interested or not.11|00|0
This is brand new there aren't any titles with us yet. We knew each other for six years before anything happened between us. He responded when i texted him that if he was free next week if dont get a respnd ill take it as a no. Andi had fun hanging and talking to him. By him texting back his schedule does it mean that he is still interested


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The Oswego State women's lacrosse team is off to its best start in nine years. The Lakers are currently 4-1 after winning both games during their spring break trip to Florida.
So far, the squad has posted wins against Utica College and Morrisville State, adding to its previous victories in Florida against Springfield College and St. Joseph's College.
Oswego State head coach Brandi Lusk said she is not the least bit surprised by the Lakers' phenomenal start.
"I expected it," she said. "I know their potential."
The Lakers opened the season on March 1 with a 10-6 win over Utica College. The Lakers scored six second-half goals to down the Pioneers.
A week later on March 7, the Lakers lost a tough game against R.I.T., 9-7, after having three of their goals disallowed.
Oswego State bounced back against Morrisville State the next day, scoring a season-high 17 goals while only giving up six.
The victory sent the Lakers to Florida on a high note. Once there, they faced Springfield College on March 16.
Goals from Lindsey Eggers and Erannan Shattuck helped propel the Lakers to a 5-4 win.
At the time, Springfield was 4-1 and averaging close to 13 goals per game. Lusk said she was pleased with the Lakers' defensive effort.
"Number one, we had decent scouting reports, but number two, we were just mentally prepared for that game. We knew what we needed to do with Springfield," Lusk said.
"They were all right-handed players. We pushed them to the left-hand side. They had tall players, so we tried to make sure our match-ups were spot on. It worked for us. We played real well."
The Lakers followed up that win with a victory against St. Joseph's the following day.
Oswego State struggled against the Golden Eagles in the first half despite entering halftime holding a 6-5 lead over its conference opponent.
Lusk admitted that after the game against Springfield, she expected her team to come out of the gate a bit flat against St. Joseph's.
"I knew deep down that that game would start off a little sloppy just because of the intensity of the game before," she said.
"So playing as hard as we did against Springfield, I knew that going into St. Joseph's, we would make some mental mistakes because of being tired, and certainly we did."
The Lakers turned things around in the second half, scoring nine goals and cruising to a 15-10 victory.
"We started to play our game," Lusk said. "Most of the girls on the team got in. We started scoring. Once we shook it off, that we were tired, we were able to push through it and do what we came here to do."
The Lakers have developed a potent offense, based on the variety they have on that side of the field. Three players have recorded at least 10 points this season through the first five games.
Sophomore attacker and last year's leading scorer, Erannan Shattuck, has set the tone for the Laker offense, having tallied 18 points so far this season, scoring nine goals in addition to tallying nine assists.
Sophomore co-captain Esther Gabriel currently is tied for the team lead in goals with 10, along with newcomer Emily Lange.
"If [Shattuck] wants to score four goals and they want to double team her, then we got [Lange]," Lusk said.
"If they want to guard Emily then we've got [Mackenzie Kjerstad]. If they want to guard Mackenzie, then we've got [Becky Guess]. At any given time, we have nine different players who can score."
"They don't have to just guard two of us to shut us down. They literally have to shut down our entire offense for us to not play."
The Lakers have also been strong on defense, surrendering only 35 goals this season. Only once, against St. Joseph's, have they given up double digit-goals.
"We have a really strong defense this year," sophomore midfielder Jayme McCreary said.
The Lakers played its first home game on Thursday against SUNY Canton and will start SUNYAC play against Fredonia at home on Saturday.
In light of the success the team has had so far, Lusk said she believes this is the year the Lakers will compete for a spot in the SUNYAC tournament.
"I know we have talent," Lusk said. "And this is the year I know this program is going to do some special things."


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According to the recent State of the Android Mobile Web report, India is home to the largest number of Opera Mini users in the world. In the last year, Opera Mini users on smartphones in India increased by 136.6%, constituting 19% of the total Opera Mini users in India. Opera Mini users on Android increased by 62% in this period, constituting 12% of all Opera Mini users in India.
As per the report, the top 3 categories of domains based on data usage are social networking, search and cricket. Some 21.7% of all data used by Opera Mini's Android users is for Facebook, followed by Google at 5.8% and ESPNcricinfo at 1.7%. With 67% of Opera Mini's Android users in India using the browser to access Facebook from their mobile devices, the majority number of webpages viewed are also from Facebook.
The report found that almost 50% of the top hundred domains visited by Opera Mini's Android users are related to news and information, search, price comparison and e-commerce. The Opera Mini browser has proven extremely handy when users are looking for information.
The report revealed that Samsung tops the list of Android devices used to access the web via Opera Mini. In all, 9 out of the top-10 Android handsets are from Samsung. A further breakdown of the top-100 Android devices of Indian Opera Mini users confirms Samsung's leading position, with a 31% market share, followed by Sony at 23% and Micromax at 15%.
According to the report, each of the top-10 Android devices cost less than Rs. 10,000, with the exception of the Samsung Galaxy S2, which ranks last. A mobile device packed with a smart operating system and multiple features, all while fitting within an average users' budget, is proving to be a good deal for users.
As per the report, among Opera Mini users, the number of webpages viewed by an Android user is 29.5% higher than the monthly page views by an average user. Opera Mini compresses webpages by up to 90% before sending them to the device, as a result webpages open faster and users save on data costs. Data compressed for an Android user is 127% higher than the data compressed for an average user. Higher usage and compression rates clearly indicate that Opera Mini users on Android browse more and save more money than an average Opera Mini user.


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So I decided to complete the rest of the card with cutting dies.
I used a few different materials with my dies. The Tree is cut out in felt, a was kindly gifted some felt earlier this year, and been trying to use it on various projects
Only so many of my cutting dies will work with the felt, and this lovely big tree is one of them.
I used card, glitter card and mirror card for the other elements, really liked the contrast.
Creative Expression Dies, Austrian Collection - Vienna
Lea'bilities Wafer thin Die - Christmas Tree Set
Lea'bilities Wafer thin Die - Reindeer Set


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|3 Oct 2000
|Filing date
|19 Feb 1997
|Priority date
|11 Mar 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Johann Locher, Ulrich Graf
|Original Assignee
|Kaba Schliesssysteme Ag
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (21), Classifications (14), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to an identification medium with a passive electronic data carrier, a system with identification media and a method for initializing an identification medium.
Identification media are known for various applications, e.g., as access cards for specific areas of a company (electronic code), for time management, as access media for the use of equipment, e.g., data systems, and also as credit/debit card systems for procuring services. For each independent application an independent medium is required, e.g., in the form of a card or an electronic code. A new application which a user wishes to implement requires an additional new medium. Thus, a user wishing to use various applications must carry a corresponding number of individual media. This is both costly and cumbersome and there is also a risk of losing or forgetting one of the numerous media or cards and then not to have it available when required.
An object of the invention is to overcome the inadequacies and restrictions of the hitherto known solutions and to provide an identification medium with which several independent applications can be used with a single medium. The handling is simple and contactless and reliably operates in a hands-free manner. The security of the transmitted data must be guaranteed also with respect to faults, losses, including attempted fraud and the independence of the different applications must be so secured that no undesired influencing of other applications is possible. It also can include additional applications added subsequently on the same identification medium.
The invention is described in greater detail hereinafter with reference to embodiments in the attached drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of an identification medium according to the invention with a segmented application data field AD;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an associated decentralized read and write station WR;
FIGS. 3a and 3b are schematic side elevation and top plan views, respectively, of an identification medium with a large-area antenna;
FIGS. 4a and 4b are layouts of data organizations with a common data field and segmented application data field with several application segments;
FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of data organization of an application segment with a segment header SCDF and application data field SADF;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of data organization of an application segment with an implemented stamp;
FIG. 7 is a diagram of the association between organization levels and an implemented stamp;
FIGS. 8a and 8b are diagrams of the hierarchical authorization concept A of the system for all identification media and all associated read and write stations with organization levels;
FIG. 9 is a diagram of the link between the organization level and data organization;
FIG. 10 is a diagram of the uncopiable production of identification media;
FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the function and sequence of communication between an identification medium and a read and write station;
FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating the function of a shadow memory in the application data field;
FIG. 13 is a diagram of a common cash segment as an application segment in ADF;
FIG. 14 is a diagram of an example of data organization with a common cash segment;
FIG. 15 is a diagram of the system compatibility of segmented and unsegmented identification media;
FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system with several independent applications with several read and write stations and several segmented identification media;
FIG. 17 is a diagram showing an example of a system used at a holiday location with several independent applications; and
FIGS. 18a, 18b and 19 are illustrations of examples of identification media which can be carried as identification carriers on a personal bracelet.
FIG. 1 schematically shows an identification medium IM-S according to the invention with an integrated passive data carrier MI whose operating energy is supplied by a read and write station WR and received by a high frequency (HF) antenna 45. Data carrier MI has a highly integrated special chip (ASIC) with a processor 41, a data store 42 (e.g., in the form of an EEPROM) as well as control electronics 43. The control electronics and processor control the entire external and internal data exchange, encode the transmission data and decode the received data and contain the entire high frequency part for supplying antenna 45, including the clock preparation and synchronization for receiving energy and data from transmitting station WR.
Antenna 45 can have a relatively large-area construction, as shown in FIG. 3b, so that there is a relatively large communication range R for all applications or application segments S1, S2, S3.
Arrow 20 illustrates the HF communication with read and write station WR, shown in FIG. 2. Data carrier MI contains an invariable system program with security functions such as check sum control CRC and encrypting code 52. Data store or memory 42 contains several independent application segments S1, S2, S3 for freely available applications of independent users or licensees (SSC). As will be explained hereinafter, memory 42 has a data organization with a common data field CDF which contains invariable, uncopiable master data with a unique record number 44, with a segmental application data field ADF, in which can be written or entered several independent applications (App1, App2, App3) in application segments S1, S2, S3, each application segment containing a segment identification. For all the identification media IM-S and all the associated read and write stations WR is fixed a hierarchical authorization system A with which each identification medium IM-S must be initialized and with which is ensured the mutual uninfluenceability of all the independent applications with their application segments S1, S2, S3 (FIGS. 8 and 10). As a result of this construction, the identification carrier according to the invention cannot be read out or modified with respect to any application and is also not hardware-duplicatable.
FIG. 2 diagrammatically shows an autonomous read and write station WR, functioning in a decentralized manner, associated with identification media IM-S for the contactless communication with media IM-S. The read and write station has a security module SM-S, a separate transmitting and receiving antenna 54, a power supply and an additional interface to a master computer 75. Security module SM-S contains all the communications functions with data carriers MI or an associated application segment of the identification medium. This comprises HF preparation, encrypting and checking of the data for correct transmission, checking of the read and write authorization, an identification medium or application segment through the read and write station and communication with a master computer. The security functions comprise encoding and decoding the data, identifying the data carrier MI and the relevant application segment, as well as the calculation of check sums (CRC) for error-free data transmission. The communication sequence between identification media IM-S and read and write stations WR will be explained hereinafter with reference to FIG. 11.
FIGS. 3a and 3b show in two views the structure of an identification medium IM-S with a data carrier MI and an antenna 45. These elements are preferably constructed in one piece and for this purpose are, e.g., placed on a printed circuit 46. As is apparent from FIG. 3, the antenna area can be made relatively large, so that for all the applications and application segments of an identification medium IM-S, particularly good communications characteristics can be achieved. These are in particular a large range R of up to several decimeters and a large solid angle range W, in which communication can take place, and an extensive independence of the relative positioning of the identification medium and the associated read and write station WR. Because it is possible, with a single identification medium IM-S according to the invention, to replace numerous hitherto individual identification media each having only one application, the multi-identification medium IM-S can be given a correspondingly greater degree of complication, e.g., having a large antenna and further characteristics improving communications and range. In addition, naturally a considerable cost saving is also achieved.
FIGS. 4 to 6 illustrate the data organization of memory 42 of segmented identification media IM-S according to the invention. Preferably, variable memory 42 as an EEPROM has at least a 256 byte storage location. As a function of requirements, i.e., in accordance with the number and size of application segments S1, S2, S3, etc., which must be housed in an identification medium IM-S, it is also possible to use a larger memory, e.g., with 1 Kilobyte, 4 Kilobytes, etc. The memory size of each application segment is advantageously freely selectable, so that as a function of needs and up to the filling of the entire memory capacity, one application after the other can be entered in each identification medium IM-S.
FIG. 4a shows a data organization with a segmented application data field ADF, which has three application segments S1, S2, S3 of different sizes. These three segments correspond to three independent applications App1, App2, App3 of three independent users or licensees with licensee numbers SSC1, SSC2 and SSC3. In the case of the hitherto known, unsegmented identification media, a separate medium IM1, IM2 and IM3 was necessary for each application.
The example of FIG. 4b shows a data organization of an identification medium IM-S, which has an independent application App2 of a licensee SSC2, which has more than one application segment (application segments S2.1 and S2.2). In principle, licensee SSC2 within the framework of application App2 can also fix certain connections between the segments S2.1 and S2.2 at a lower organization level OL2. This will be explained hereinafter referring to FIGS. 7 to 10. Here again, applications App1, App2 and App3 are completely independent of one another.
FIG. 5 shows a data organization of an application segment S1 with a segment header SCDF1 and an application data field SADF1. In the segment header SCDF are established valid information and conditions for the particular segment(S1). Data field SADF1 is freely available for the application. Each application segment has in segment header SCDF a user number SSC, as well as read and write conditions for the application segment. Preferably, the following read and write conditions are established:
WRP=write-protect; this establishes the number of write-protected bytes in the memory.
WRC=write condition, which determines which read and write stations may read and write the identification medium, these only being read and write stations containing a corresponding launch data set.
RD=read disable, which means a read protection, i.e., establishing where the data carrier may and may not be read.
With these conditions, each identification medium IM-S establishes to and from which stations it can read or write. Each application segment advantageously also contains an indication of the segment length LEN and a check sum control CRC of this application.
On launching a read and write station WR associated with the identification media IM-S, within the framework of the authorization system A by means of a special launching medium, a launch data set is entered in read and write station WR containing the authorization to process an identification medium corresponding to said launch data set. Each launch data set begins with the user number SSC, corresponding to the independent application, and the launch data set also establishes these read and write conditions. Thus, an un-launched read and write station WR cannot read and write a protected identification medium.
FIG. 6 illustrates the implementing of the stamp of each segment, e.g., application segment S1. The implementing of said base data is explained in greater detail referring to FIGS. 7 to 9.
The necessary implementing of the stamp is further illustrated in FIG. 7. The length of the implemented stamp increases proportionally to the organization level OL. Here, e.g., the stamp increases by 1 byte if the organization level OL increases by one stage, e.g., from OL2 to OL3.
FIGS. 7 to 9 illustrate authorization concept A valid for all identification media and all associated read and write stations of the system with the hierarchical organization levels and the necessary transmission of stamps, with which the general maintaining of the system rules is ensured.
FIGS. 8a and b illustrate the hierarchical authorization concept A, which applies to all data carriers MI and to all read and write stations WR, as well as to all authorization data carriers AMI and programming stations WRI of the system and which has hierarchical organization stages or levels OL0, OL1 OL2, OL3, OL4, etc.
The highest stage, organization level OL0, corresponds to the system stage, i.e., the owner or licensor 10 of the entire system.
The next lower stage OL1 corresponds to different, independent users or licensees 101, 102, 103, etc. of the system, e.g., different firms, corporations, municipalities, etc. This stage also corresponds to different independent applications, i.e., each independent licensee and each independent application is allocated an SSC number, which differentiates the same from all other SSC numbers.
The next lower stage OL2 corresponds to different uses 101.1, 101.2 of a user 101, e.g., different subsidiaries of a company 101.
The next stage OL3 corresponds to different areas of a use, e.g., areas 101.11 of subsidiary 101.1 and areas 101.21, 101.22 of subsidiary 101.2.
The next stage OL4 corresponds to different subareas of 101.21, 101.22, etc.
This hierarchical authorization system ensures that different independent applications App1, App2, App3, etc. cannot mutually influence in any way independent users 101, 102, 103, but a user, e.g., 101, can freely establish the organization in his area, i.e., as from OL2. This is illustrated by the separation lines 70 in FIG. 8. This guarantees that no misuse of any nature is possible from this side because, e.g., applications of 101 are not generally authorized in 102 and 103.
With each downward step of an organization stage OLn to OLn+1 in this authorization system, the powers of the data carrier are limited, so that they only apply downwards, i.e., for organization stages with a higher number.
For this purpose, in the application segments of a specific organization stage all the fixed-written data of the higher organization stage are necessarily entered, i.e., quasi-inherited, as is illustrated in FIG. 9. For each lower organization stage OLn+1 an additional memory part is fixedly written in the memory 42 and simultaneously all the data of the higher organization stage OLn are taken over. Thus, successively e.g., 10, 101, 101.1, 101.11 are entered in the memory parts of organization stages OL0, OL1, OL2, OL3. Whereas, as explained hereinbefore, in known unsegmented identification media, an independent medium IM was required (monomedia) for each independent application (101, 102, 103, etc.), it is now possible in the manner shown in FIG. 8b to combine several, randomly selectable, independent applications on a single identification medium IMS (multimedium). For example, more than 100 independent applications or licensee numbers SSC can exist and in the segmented identification medium IM-S, it is in principle possible to receive a randomly large number of such independent application segments, provided that the storage capacity of the medium allows it.
This authorization principle is made clear by FIG. 10 which illustrates the production or initialization of identification media with data carriers MI. All the data carriers or identification media of the system must be produced as a slave medium 72 using a master medium 71 (as authorization data carriers AMI) and a special programming read/write station WRI. To a new and as yet unwritten identification medium or an application segment (here, e.g., S2) of the system must necessarily be transmitted an unerasable stamp 71 for the application S2 to the slave medium 72 and is, so to speak, inherited or implemented. This takes place in accordance with the rules of hierarchical authorization system A. The identification medium produced (as slave medium 72) is also initialized by the master medium 71 as the authorization data carrier AMI. This initialization is the prerequisite for the authorization for use of application segment S2 and identification medium IM-S in the system. Only initialized identification media and application segments are authorized as valid by the read and write stations WR of the system. Each authorization medium AMI contains a user number SSC, so that it can only initialize and write application segments with the same user number SSC.
FIG. 11 shows the communication 20 between a read and write station WR with security module SM-S and a data carrier MI or an application data field S2 of identification medium IM-S. The necessary electromagnetic HF field energy (e.g., with a carrier frequency of 13 MHz) is transmitted together with the modulated information from read and write station WR to data carrier MI. At the latter, the field energy is collected by antenna 45 and used for the operation of passive data carrier MI, as well as for transmitting the encoded information to the WR. A particularly rational performance of this information transmission involves the carrier frequency modulating in one direction, e.g., from read and write station WR to data carrier MI, by pulse modulation and in the opposite direction (from MI to WR) by load modulation.
FIG. 11 illustrates an interception-proof sequence of the communication between read and write station WR and an application segment S2 of identification medium IM-S. As soon as an identification medium enters the field of a read and write station WR, there is an automatic start of the sequence for synchronizing WR and IM-S.
For each new identification process, read and write station WR produces new initialization data 51 (e.g., in the form of random numbers) and transmits them to identification medium 20.1. Thus, there is a linking of initialization data 51 with a fixed-stored encrypting code 52 of the identification medium. The encoded result (a code word) is then transmitted back to read and write station 20.2.
This information is then decrypted in security module SM-S and a check is made 53, i.e., decoded with the encrypting code 52 also stored in WR, and is compared with the original random initialization data 51. On the basis of this result, the WR can establish what type of medium is involved.
Subsequently and without interruption, there can be synchronized communication 20.3 between read and write station WR and the application segment S2 of identification medium IM-S.
Using this method, the clock generators and code generators of WR and IM-S are synchronized. After the communication process with an application segment has been concluded or broken off, each new communication (with the same or a different application segment) must again start with new initialization data 51. A recording of the transmitted data and a subsequent feeding back into the field is consequently impossible, because the original initialization data 51 are no longer valid. It is therefore impossible to produce copies of functioning identification media.
In addition, the transmitted data are checked by a CRC check, i.e., by a check sum control, in which, e.g., useful data are linked with master data of data carrier MI. Thus, faulty data transmissions are substantially excluded. This is particularly important if sensitive data or value changes are entered by an authorized read and write station in an application segment and where newly entered data must be checked prior to their acquiring validity. Thus, this communication sequence ensures that there is no interception of the communication which can be misused for producing fraudulent application segments on the identification media.
FIG. 12 shows as a further security element a shadow memory in the application memory ADF. If a communication process between identification medium IM-S and read and write station WR is disturbed or interrupted, where new sensitive data are entered in the data carrier, it is important that no sensitive data are lost or undesirably modified. Therefore, such a communication process with sensitive data should either be performed completely and correctly or an incomplete or incorrect data transfer must be canceled as a whole. Such a disturbance or interruption of a communication process can in particular occur if the identification medium is removed from the transmitting area R of the read and write station during the communication process. By means of a shadow memory shad in the identification medium, it is ensured that each communication process is either completely entered or is not entered at all. First, the old data in the ADF or in a segment are transmitted into the shadow memory and checked. When the old data are correctly present in the shadow memory, the new data are transmitted by the read and write station into the application segment and checked there. If the transmitted new data are complete and correct, they remain in valid form in the application segment. If the new data have not been correctly and completely transmitted, all the new data in the application segment are erased and once again the old data are written back from the shadow memory into the application segment. Subsequently, the communication process can be repeated in the same way until the new data have been correctly and completely entered in the application segment of the identification medium.
FIG. 13 shows as an important application example a common cash segment as an application segment Scash in the identification medium to which other authorized application segments S1, S2, S3 are to have access. Access to the application segments takes place by means of a system code in a reference area Ref. Each segment also has a segment reference area Ref1, Ref2, Ref3. Thus, the common cash segment Scash at an associated read and write station can be charged as a money charging station in accordance with a paid in sum. This credited sum on the identification medium IM-S can be successively used up at different stations of application segments S1, S2, etc. The individual sums are charged to the corresponding application segments S1, S2, etc. The deductions on the side of the identification medium IM-S consequently correspond to the settlements on the side of application stations WR.
FIG. 14 shows an example of a data organization of a common partial segment Scash with a segment header SCDF, a reference area with a system code SC, a shadow memory shad, the cash segment cash and the check sum controls CRC with respect to said areas.
FIG. 15 illustrates the system compatibility of segmented identification media IM-S (multi) and unsegmented identification media IM (mono) with respect to the associated read and write station WR with corresponding security modules SM-S (multi) and SM (mono), as well as with the associated programming read and write stations WRI with security modules MSM-S (multi) and MSM (mono). As can be gathered from FIG. 15, the system is upwardly compatible, i.e., mono-identification media can be additionally processed or produced by segmented security modules SM-S of the read and write stations and security modules MSM-S of the programming stations. Thus, in the system with segmented media IM-S can also be used unsegmented media IM, or an existing system with mono-media can be additionally equipped with multimedia IM-S. The securing of this compatibility takes place by the data organization in the system data field SDF of the segmented identification media IM-S.
FIG. 16 schematically illustrates a system having several independent applications, here with segmented identification media IM-S, which have a random number of combinations of application segments from S1 to S20. The independent applications App1 to App20 correspond to independent licensees or users with numbers SSC1 to SSC20 and they correspond to the application segments S1 to S20. The associated decentralized and autonomously operational read and write stations WR have launch data sets for one or more applications S1 to S20. Read and write stations WR are additionally connectable to a master host computer 75. Into this system are also incorporated unsegmented identification media IM, as shown by the example with S20. This corresponds to the system compatibility according to FIG. 15.
FIG. 17 shows as an example a system in a geographical region, such as in a vacation region, with independent users SSC1 to SSC5 with corresponding independent applications and application segments S1 to S5. Applications S1 and S2 are two different mountain railway and ski lift regions which are managed by the corresponding railway companies as users SSC1 and SSC2.
Application S3 is a public bus, swimming pool, sports facilities, parking garages and a hotel, which are managed by the municipality as SSC3.
Application S4 is various shops, which are managed by an association of individual owners as user SSC4.
Application S5 consists of telephone and postal services controlled by the PTT as user SSC5.
Application segment S5 has its own cash segment, whereas segments S1 to S4 have a joint cash segment Scash.
Here, a segmented identification medium IM-S according to the invention can, in principle, have random combinations of segments S1 to S5 and the individual segments, corresponding to the establishment of the corresponding user, can again be freely structured (cf. FIG. 8).
Another example is a system with various companies as independent users. Application segments can be available to in each case one company or the employees thereof. Other application segments can be jointly operated by two or more companies, e.g., for a common infrastructure and equipment, while further application segments can be available to outsiders as well as to company employees, e.g., a personnel restaurant or a swimming pool, and different use prices can be established for different users.
The identification medium can be additionally combined with a personal encoding function, in order to be able to satisfy particularly high security requirements in specific applications. For this purpose, use can, e.g., be made of a PIN code or biometric data codes. Personal biometric data, such as, e.g., fingerprints or finger, hand and head geometries can be established and compared with corresponding codes 33 stored in data carrier MI (FIGS. 1, 3b and 18b) for the purpose of personal identification and verification of an authorized user.
The identification media IM-S can be implemented in various, per se known forms, e.g., as cards. However, they can also be combined with another element, e.g., with a personal article, such as a bracelet, which is always worn by a person. As a result of this combination or connection of identification medium and carried or worn personal article, it is ensured that the identification medium is always carried and therefore always available to the authorized person when it is required. As opposed to this, cards can be forgotten in pockets of clothing.
FIG. 18 shows an example of a portable identification carrier 1 as an identification medium IM-S in two views 18a, 18b. The identification carrier is interchangeably fixed in a suitable position to a personal bracelet PA worn on arm 11. The identification carrier consists of a separate, flat carrier element 1 and a detachable fastening device 3, which allows replacement of personal bracelet PA. Carrier element 1 contains the passive, integrated electronic data carrier MI with processor, electric circuit and memory, as well as an antenna 45 surrounded by a dielectric 4, here on both sides by a dielectric covering layer. Antenna 45 (here in the form of an antenna loop) has at least partly open antenna radiating surfaces FAO, which are not covered by electrically conductive parts or electromagnetically opaque material of the personal bracelet. An illustration is provided in FIG. 19. For optimum adaptation to the roundness of arm 11 and the bracelet, the data carrier can be easily bendable and is advantageously made from flexible material, e.g., plastic. Fastening device 3 is connected in one piece to carrier element 1 and comprises, e.g., one or two bands 8 with, in each case, opposite, inter-connectable ends. Carrier element 1 is fitted beneath bracelet PA, i.e., between arm 11 and the bracelet. The ends of bands 8 surround bracelet PA, so that, facing arm 11, they can be closed together over bracelet PA. The length of the closure is adjustable in such a way that it can be adapted in optimum manner to different cross-sectional circumferences of personal bracelet PA and for this purpose, e.g., positive closure elements are placed on the ends of bands 8 (FIG. 19).
FIGS. 18a and 18b illustrate an example of fastening devices with Velcro� hook and loop fasteners 15 at both band ends of a wide, central band 8. On one band end is fitted loop part 15.2 of the Velcro� hook and loop fastener and the counterpart, i.e., hook part 15.1, is located on the other band end. The lengths of these two Velcro� hook and loop fastener parts 15.1 and 15.2 is chosen in such a way that it is possible to achieve a maximum length change DL of the fastener, adapting to personal bracelets PA of different sizes. The Velcro� hook and loop fastener allows a particularly simple and practical replacement of personal bracelet PA. Using a suitable design of material and position of the two hook and loop fastener parts 15.1 and 15.2, it is possible to achieve secure closure or fastening, which does not open under normal conditions of use.
In the view of FIG. 18b, in the cross-section for personal bracelet PA, the structure of the carrier element is shown with a data carrier MI, as well as with a flat antenna 45, which can, e.g., be applied as an air loop or winding to a printed circuit. On either side of the antenna is applied a dielectric covering 4, which has a thickness D1 of, e.g., preferably at least 0.5 mm and which can, e.g., be 0.5 to 1 mm.
In another construction, carrier element 1, e.g., together with fastening device 3 as an elastic fastener, can form a clamp embracing bracelet PA. In a further variant there is a fastening procedure using four elastic tabs, which are fitted as a fastening device to the corners of the carrier element and can be clipped onto personal bracelet PA. Carrier element 1 and fastening device 3 can also be constructed as two separable and firmly attachable parts. Another variant is formed by ferrite antennas in place of loop antennas, e.g., in the form of a flat ferrite rod with electric winding, whose axis is parallel to forearm 11
Various positions are possible with respect to bracelet PA. Carrier element 1 can be placed below the bracelet, on the top of the bracelet or laterally alongside the bracelet.
FIG. 19 shows an example with a wristwatch 21 as a personal bracelet PA, which positions carrier element 1 below the bracelet and alongside watch 22 and which is fixed by a band 8 as the fastening device. Here again there are relatively large, open antenna radiating surfaces FAO not covered by bracelet PA.
______________________________________LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS______________________________________1 Carrier element3 Fastening device4 Dielectric, cover5 Closure of 38 Bands of 310 System owner, licensor101, 102 Independent users, licensees101.1, 101.2 Uses of 10111 Arm, wrist15 Velcro fastener15.1 Hook part15.2 Loop part20 Communication HF signals20.1, 20.2, 10.3 Communication sequence21 Wristwatch22 Watch33 Personal biometric encoding functions41 Processor42 Memory43 Control electronics44 Master data with unique record number45 Antenna46 Printed circuit (IC) chip51 Initialization data (random numbers)52 Encrypting code in MI53 Decrypting in WR54 Antenna WR70 Separation line71 Master medium72 Slave medium75 Master computerApp1, App2 Independent applications (SSC)MI Data carrierAMI Authorization data carrierWR Read and write stationWRI Programming read/write stationCRC Check sum controlA Authorization systemOL0, OL1, OL2 Organization levelW Solid angle range for communicationR Communication rangeIM Identification medium (mono), unsegmentedIM-S Identification medium (multi), segmentedSM Security module of WR (mono)SM-S Security module of WR (multi), segmentedMSM Security module WRI (mono)MSM-S Security module of WRI (multi)S1, S2, S3 Application segmentsCDF Common data fieldSDF System data fieldADF Application data fieldSCDF Segment headerSADF Segment application data fieldSSC User number, licensee numberWRP Write protectWRC Write conditionRD Read disableLEN Segment lengthScash Common cash segmentcash Cash segmentRef Cash segment referenceshad Shadow memorySC System code - launch data setD1 Thickness of 4DL Length change of 3FAO Open antenna radiating surfacesPA Personal bracelet______________________________________
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|U.S. Classification
|235/492, 235/380, 235/382
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|22 Jan 1998
Owner name: KABA SCHLIESSSYSTEME AG, SWITZERLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LOCHER, JOHANN;GRAF, ULRICH;REEL/FRAME:008930/0567
Effective date: 19971110
|24 Mar 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|28 Mar 2008
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|30 Mar 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12