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|toledo talk
|Discussing the news and events
in and around Lake Erie West
|northwest ohio & southeast michigan
|coffee is for closers
|19-Jan-2018 4:23 A.M.
New version of Toledo Talk
Topics started by "upso"
kids opening firehydrants to cool off... who do i call about this? - is there a specific city agency in charge of coming to open hydrants and closing them? i know it's not an emergency, but with the hydrants blowing our water pressure is dead. any suggestions would be much appreciated!
posted by upso to parenting at 05:22 P.M. EST on Wed Aug 01, 2007 21 comments
lucas count "art assist" program - im curious to see what people think about this. long story short, there are now low interest loans for purchasing art available to people in lucas county. i see this as benefiting artists, galleries and the community as a whole. what do you think?
posted by upso to art at 12:06 P.M. EST on Mon Jul 23, 2007 30 comments


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This course deals with the training of pallet truck operators and covers both stand on and pedestrian types of pallet trucks. It also covers Low Level Order Pickers or LLOPs machines.
According to the forklift ACOP training is still required for pedestrian pallet trucks even though they are not covered by the ACOP itself. Here is a quote from the ACOP.
"Operators of types of truck not covered by the ACOP text, for example pedestrian-operated trucks, 'stand-on' pallet trucks that do not lift materials for stacking, and straddle carriers, will also need training"
It is usual to conduct a short theory session followed by practical tuition and testing for these trucks. As far as I know, no accreditation body has yet devised a practical test for these machines so I have shown the one designed and developed by the now defunct Kwiksave group which is the one I used for many years.


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That's IT Microsoft! (360 dash rant)
By Sunjammer 29 Comments
I think it's pretty fantastic how Microsoft has continuously failed to apply any of the feedback they have received over the years regarding the Xbox 360 frontend. It started out bad but functional, and has become the modern portrait of bloat and design by committee. The crowning achievement of the previous iteration was hiding Mark of the Ninja, a Microsoft published game, behind so many steps of search and scan that people didn't realize it was available to buy, so we'll start there.
Mark of the Ninja was a highly anticipated game. It had generated a significant amount of buzz, and touched on the stealth genre, which rarely receives such lavish attention. It was on my calendar. On the day, I turn on the system, to discover ads for music, film, and DLC downloads for a game I didn't own. There was practically zero discoverability on launch day, requiring users instead to tab over to the games tab (no MotN there either), open the arcade tab, and pick it from there.
The previous dash apparently had no mechanism for delivering actual news, OR the news was curated in such a fashion that even Microsoft published games didn't bubble up to the dashboard front. As far as I can tell the latter is the case for almost every issue the 360 dash has had the past years: An emphasis on advertising over curating content tailored for the user.
It's really cool to go to the game DLC tab and "discover" nothing but advertised DLC for games I don't own you guys!
I can scarcely contain how distasteful I find the way Microsoft has handled the 360. Purchasing an expensive piece of hardware and accessories, purchasing video games at a premium - A "HD premium" of $60, one of the most self destructive things the games industry has ever done - and even paying a monthly fee for online play, Microsoft have milked the 360 userbase in a thoroughly disgusting fashion. It's the culmination of the corporate idea of "games as a service", taken to the darkest place where exactly nobody wins.
Sony offers actual games as part of its PlayStation+ service, an initiative that started out looking like an attempt at repeating the Microsoft cash grab, but has over time shown itself to be a legitimate boon to the users. Microsoft offers puny discounts (really, really puny discounts, like barely discounted DLC for age old games) and still drown you in a barrage of advertising.
Destructoid's Jim Sterling accurately summed up the abominable Kinect as being "built on a foundation of lies", and I don't feel off expanding that notion to Microsoft's entire console strategy. They have exploited every opportunity to squeeze a few extra bucks out of its user base, and their reasoning for doing so is wafer thin nonsense at best, and outright offensive at worst.
It doesn't make things better that the 360 dash, even with the most recent update, is pitiful stuff. It only takes a second to realize that the wide spread of tabs and "tiles" is hopelessly bound by the dogmas of Microsoft's Windows 8 push, and has little interest in actually servicing the user. Even the minute details, like the front-end language, for me, being in Norwegian and the system language being in English, drive the sense that the 360 dash is haphazardly bolted on top of something never intended to carry it. It's not only disrespectful to users who pay Microsoft richly for the privilege of using their games service, but actually disrespectful to the legacy of the Xbox 360 console, a system that has given us some truly amazing gaming experiences.
For me, the 360 will be remembered mostly for how Microsoft drove the user experience into the ground with advertising, and did their best to disconnect me, the owner, from the content running on the system.
I can only say I'm happy Sony and Nintendo still remember they are toymakers and gadgeteers, that they must remain so to stay alive, and that they still operate on the stage of history, and not the fumbling corporate cash grab to see who can get Netflix and Facebook on their "games console" first.
For a company that charges $40k for patch submissions you'd think they gave more of a fuck about their own QA.


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Before we Yanks all go our merry ways for the July 4 holiday, here's a quick reminder of this summer's must-see: Il trovatore from the Bayerische Staatsoper, which will be webcast live on Friday, July 5 starting at 1:00 PM EDT. La Cieca herself will hostess a livechat for this event featuring Jonas Kaufmann and Anja Harteros, in the controversial new production by Olivier Py.
Cher Public
Hysterical blindness
- Jamie01
What are the odds Anja cancels?
- Feldmarschallin
Bayerische Staatsoper TV
Die ersten Termine zu Staatsoper.TV in der Saison 13/14
01.12.2013 Die Frau ohne Schatten
28.12.2013 La Forza del Destino
- Feldmarschallin
I would be very careful to bet against her cancelling since so far this season at the BSO she has sung all her scheduled performances which were two Elsas, three Desdemonas and so far two Leonoras with two more of those scheduled and another Desdemona scheduled plus two Elisabettas in Don Carlos. So far she is 7 for 7 :)
- spiderman
That's not quite true, as she was originally scheduled for three Elsas and later realized she was required at rehearsals aat La Scala, so she cancelled Elsa #3 (though a month in advance or so …)
I am sure though she won't cancel Munich as she must have lost loads of money already this season because of her cancelations …
- Feldmarschallin
That last Elsa was cancelled way in advance of the ticket sales which are two months in advance. I believe that in July when the new program was announced and printed she already was only scheduled for the first two. Originally when the season was announced in March/April she was announced for all three but then shortly thereafter already on the website Haller appeared for the third Elsa.
- Feldmarschallin
Well Kaufmann certainly has guts and this two days before the video:
Schwanenritter-Überraschung: Sehr kurzfristig hat heute Jonas Kaufmann die Rolle des ?#LOHENGRIN für den erkrankten Klaus Florian Vogt übernommen! Und schon beginnt die Vorstellung
- 1003
I was there, before the performance, Bachler stepped up and everybody was like "nein!" then when he said substitute will be Jonas Kaufmann, the house went down with cheers. It looked like a very last minute substitution because there was no change on the
roles in the paper or anywhere on the house.
To do a understudy job 2 days before video
transmission of the role you first tried.
It's more nuts than guts.
- antikitschychick
well I'll be at ze beach basking under the floridian sun during this transmission but I hope to still catch it as its a fabulous cast and the production looks super interesting…Anja sounds amazing in this clip…omg…
also, I've concluded that I really must learn German as I've given up on the Germans ever REALLY opening themselves up to the world and provide subtitles in their PUBLIC vids for us 'uncultured yanks' (and the rest of the english speaking public, which is, ya know, half the world these days)…any who, the performances should be wunderbar so aint nothin else matter cuz :-D
- Milady DeWinter
Gott in Himmel! Meiner kishkes sind in der vervomitflingen mit diese regie-schiese. Ach!
Still, I may tune in just for the fun of it.
- armerjacquino
Cut out the middleman! Learn Italian!
- FragendeFrau82
English subtitles are available for the BSO livetv broadcasts.
- antikitschychick
Wunderbar!! Thanks for the info Fragen ????
Armer: I know spanish so Italian isnt a problem for me…my issue is with the interviews and the production info which was all in German so I have no idea what they be sayin'.
- antikitschychick
Those question marks were supposed to be a smiley face lolol :P
- FragendeFrau82
That's ok, akc! You are right, though, they provide no subs for features such as the video above. They sometimes have features during the intervals, but I can't remember if they have subs for those or not.
Caution: there have been a couple of broadcasts where the English subtitles didn't work. Fingers crossed for this one.
- Camille
Can this be watched via iPhone? I left my computer in NYC. Does anyone know?
- Quanto Painy Fakor
Their IPHONE version might only be available in Europe, but be sure you have unlimited internet access or wifi before you watch something as long as an opera that way.
"Stream für iOS (iPad/iPhone)
Mobile Geräte mit iOS wie iPad oder iPhone verwenden eine andere Technologie. Für diese Geräte bieten wir einen speziellen Live-Stream an, der über einen eigenen Link auf der Webseite abgerufen werden kann. Es kann jedoch sein, daß in seltenen Fällen z.B. eine ältere iOS Version die korrekte Wiedergabe verhindert. Wir bitten diesen Einzelfall zu entschuldigen.
Bitte testen Sie im Vorfeld die korrekte Funktion über unseren Testlink für iOS im Bereich Multimedia."
- Camille
Thank you, QPFster. I will do my best to follow instructions.
How are you these days? I hope all goes well with you.
Thanking you once again for all the wonderful things you have posted.
- Quanto Painy Fakor
The idea of a Leonora who can bearly see is so tantalizing. Reminds me of this scene for Leonora and Inez from an earlier production of the opera in California.
- Jungfer Marianne Leitmetzerin
In anticipation of Friday's Webcast of "Il trovatore" from München, I have just posted 34 excerpts from the opera recorded between 1903 (Francesco Tamagno) and 1976 (Joan Sutherland and Luciano Pavarotti) at my Mixcloud site. All of the artists performed their roles at the Metropolitan Opera. Some of the interpolations taken in the earliest recordings are quite, uh… I guess interesting might be the best word, but also fascinating in some cases. It took me forever to do the indexing (it runs just a bit over two-and-a-half hours), so I hope you all enjoy it! Just click on:
Be sure to check back every few days for new postings, and please let me know what you'd like to hear in the future.
Happy 4th of July to our American friends!
- mjmacmtenor
Thanks so much for the "Trovatorethon". I finally finished it this weekend. Some of my faves were the earliest excerpts. Loved Munzio's "D'amor…."! Lillian Nordica's version was fascinatingly demented in its ornamentation, seemed like she wandered in accidentally from the Lucia Mad Scene -- and this from a soprano who also sang Brunnhilde and Isolde.
- Jungfer Marianne Leitmetzerin
Dear mjmacmtenor, I can't thank you enough for your comment! In your honor, I will post Act I of "Tosca" from the opening night of the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, 15 October 1932. Muzio is Tosca. I hope you enjoy it! By the way, they only presented Act I as part of the opening night gala ceremony. As always, please check in at:
from time to time to see my latest posts.
I have more Muzio if you are interested (I LOVE that voice!). Just let me know! Tschüß!
- CruzSF
How interesting. If only one act of Tosca were to be presented, I wouldn't have expected it be Act I.
- laddie
Can someone comment on why this production is "controversial?"
- laddie
I listened to the entire recording and it was magnificent. ALEXEY!
- DonCarloFanatic
At a guess, naked people.
And what about that bed, huh? In bed with the woman he thinks is his mama?
- laddie
Thank you DCF. Can't WAIT to see it.
- Feldmarschallin
No Manrico is sleeping in the second act and Azucena crawls into bed with him but it is not a sexual act but a motherly act of how a mother would crawl into bed to comfort her son. Azucena then puts her arm around Manrico but he will have none of it and puts her arm away from him. Later in the next act we do see Leonora and Manrico in bed and here it is obviously a sexual thing but both are with clothes. Also Manrico is sort of a mamas boy in this production.
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This 3D Fractal Sci-Fi Image was created using Mandelbulb3D fractal software.
A re-imagining of the classic Sci-Fi story 'Forbidden Planet'. In the 23rd century, starship C-57D reaches the distant planet Altair IV to determine the fate
of the 20 year old 'Bellerophon' expedition.
The ship has set down among the gargantuan remnants of the Krell civilisation – formerly underground, but now partially exposed by erosion – a highly
advanced native race that mysteriously died out suddenly 200,000 years before. A large scouting party is now on the ground, and is about to spread out
in hopes of discovering some clue as to what may have happened to the Bellerophon and its crew.
It is very possible that some unexpected assistance may well be on the way….
Please use the 'Contact' page to enquire about print options for this piece.
Subscribe to receive email updates on new posts.


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Sword fights are common elements in literature and drama. Everyone wants to include them because they rouse the audience to mountainous heights of tension. What if you have no idea how sword fighting works, though? Even worse, what if you deceive yourself into thinking that you do? Come on, you've seen The Princess Bride. Isn't that what sword fighting looks like? Not even close.
I am not a "master of defense" by any means, but I do know enough to speak with authority on this issue. I was a fencer for about 2 ½ years; I have read books on traditional swordsmanship focusing on medieval and renaissance eras, and have had some practice in them; I even did a thesis paper on what it would have been like to see a sword fight on an Elizabethan stage, including a live demonstration.
If you are considering including a sword fight in your novel but are worried about accuracy, have no fear. I have written this article to give you the basic foundation you need to write such scenes with confidence.
Coming to grasps with the basics
Sword types:
If we think of swords like we do animals, there are tens of thousands of species, numerous families, but only three kingdoms. To begin writing sword fights, it is only necessary to have a firm understanding of the three kingdoms and a basic idea of the sword family you will be writing about. The three kingdoms are: (to use my own terminology) hack and slash, thrust and slice, and transitional or multipurpose.
Hack and slash swords are the ones you normally think of, and include cavalry swords, two handed swords like the claymore or renaissance two hander, cutlasses, and numerous others. They are used according to their name. All or almost all strikes are made with the blade as opposed to the point. These swords are swung in an arc, rarely shot forward in a straight line.
Thrust and slice swords are comprised of a smaller group. To my knowledge, the only swords in this category are rapiers and small swords. These swords are thinner than hack and slash swords, but often just as long. These swords are held with one hand only, and are held out in front of the swordsman instead of to the side. Most attacks with thrust and slice swords are made with the point by stabbing the opponent. Often though, swordsmen would slice their opponent by drawing the blade across the opponent's skin. Thrust and slice swords are the best swords for duels, self-defense, or even a small skirmish, but are not suitable for battles.
Transitional or multipurpose swords are basically a compromise between the other two types. They can be used to hack or stab but are not specialized for either. These swords were often just early attempts to create a thrust and slice sword.
Sword chronology:
Suppose you really like the rapier and you are writing a fight scene in ancient Israel. Could you fit the two together? No; rapiers did not exist until about the 16th century. Here is a brief timeline of sword development to help you pick era-appropriate sword types.
- The fall: The first sword is mentioned.
- Ancient times – middle ages: Slashing swords were the most common. Some swords were designed to deliver a deadly thrust, but none were fine tuned for thrusting.
- 1500s: Thrusting weapons began to receive special attention and fine tuning, but were still in the early stages of development. Transitional swords were common.
- 1600s – 1800s: The use of hack and slash swords declined as thrusting and multipurpose swords took their place.
Commons Myths
Secret moves and silver bullets:
To summarize it, they do not exist. You may have read in some book about a swordsman having a secret move which only him and a few other select men knew how to do. This is merely fictitious. There are certainly tricky moves which may be rarely used or assemblies of common moves which are especially cherished by certain swordsmen, but there is no such thing as a secret move that only a small group knows about.
If an author claims his character had a secret move, which cannot be defended against and is sure to kill the opponent every time it is used, it can sound convincing, but there are only a limited number of basic moves you can do with a sword, and they are well known. The reality is, there are no silver bullets to sword fighting. It is like a game of chess. You win through strategy, not simple 1-2-3-and-you-win processes.
Dramatic pauses:
In movies or plays, there is often a point in a sword fight where the two combatants have their swords crossed and are grabbing each other's wrists while exchanging angry glares. This lasts about two seconds, and then the combatants withdraw and continue fighting. In real life, this never happens. When two swordsmen find themselves almost touching, they will either bring in a fist, or a dagger, or start wielding their sword differently to accommodate for the tight space. There are no pauses. Things keep up at the same lightning speed. Often, a combatant will have the opportunity to withdraw safely, but generally, the one who retreats first gets hit.
Spinning around in a circle before delivering your stroke lends extra strength to your blow and is a good idea:
While I have never conducted a scientific test on it, I personally believe that spinning around in a circle before delivering a blow actually reduces its power. Maximum power is obtained by stepping, lunging, or running forward while delivering the blow. Spinning around is also a bad idea since even a novice swordsman could easily stab you in the back before you had time to fully turn around.
Editor's Note: Light-saber-wielding cats are also widely considered to be a myth, though the jury is still out.
Important facts
- Sword fighting defies the standard learning curve. The untrained novice who picks up a sword actually has a better chance than someone who has been practicing for a couple of months, since his actions are almost always wild and unpredictable. When a student receives training, their chances will actually decline over the next few months, because they will be trying to operate by the rules, but will be very bad at it. You can never master the art of swordsmanship but it will only take about two years, maybe even less, for a natural to become dexterous at it if he has a good teacher. A complete novice could even become dangerously skilled in only a few months if he received some very condensed training, but even so, that is pushing it.
- A warrior can sustain many wounds without dying. One knight in the battle of Crécy sustained about 100 wounds and still survived. Most fatal wounds are cuts or stabs to organs that contain large amounts of blood, such as the heart or spleen. Wounds to the lungs are fatal because the lungs can fill with blood, drowning the wounded man. Any wound can become fatal if it gets infected. Stabs are harder to heal than cuts.
- A faint is a false attack intended to elicit a response from the opponent which will create an opening for the real attack.
- A parry is where a swordsman uses his blade to deflect his opponent's blade out of the way when he is being struck or thrust at.
Getting inside the mind of a swordsman
There are four factors that govern a sword fight: timing, distance, reaction time, and reaction ability. Reaction ability is what most people like to focus on. It is the "moves": doing such and such with your sword. This is only one part of the fight though.
Timing is crucial. If you start your attack after your opponent has started his, you will probably get hit. You may also find an opening in your opponent's defense, but wait long enough before attacking him that he can recover his defense. You also might try an attack on your opponent that would never work if anyone else did it, but will work for you because you can do it extra fast.
Distance is just as important. You may see your opponent's blade coming and move to block it in record time, but still get hit just because you were too close. Keeping a safe distance allows you to test your opponent's reactions without putting yourself in too much danger. For instance, I may stay at a distance from which I can just tap the end of my opponent's sword with mine. If he reacts suddenly when I tap it, I may move in and try it again, only this time, when he swings his sword to deflect mine, I will drop it under his and attack from the other side. His blade will be too far away to respond in time.
Even if you have good timing and distance, your attack may fail if your opponent has quick reflexes. You may have to move faster, or confuse him, so he doesn't react properly.
The final element is reaction ability. This is being able to respond to your opponents attacks or mistakes properly. This is where you do your "moves".
Generally, a swordsman will spend the first half of a fight trying to learn his opponent's style, and the second half trying to hit him. Some of what I have described here may be a little different if the scene is a large battle, since then you have to act in unison with everyone else in your division, and you probably have limited space.
I hope this will help anyone who is writing a sword fight scene to be able to proceed with confidence. If you find that you are still uncomfortable writing a sword fight, there are many guides to traditional sword fighting you may consult, though be warned: many contain gory sketches. I recommend Medieval Swordsmanship and Renaissance Swordsmanship, both by John Clements, as two excellent guides.
As you write your sword scene, remember to ask yourself what it's purpose is for the overarching story. Is it for character development? Does it resolve a major dilemma in your character's life? Is it to set the scene for a later event? If you find that your fight scene is just thrown in there and adds nothing to your story except excitement, you may want to consider throwing it out. You should also be cautious not to glorify violence or indulge in gore. If there is violence, it should lead to peace and victory. If there is death, it should lead to reflection. You should never write a fight scene just for the excitement of it.
So, what young swashbuckler will inhabit your story next?


text: DS/difficult child has had quite a few developmental "bursts" this past 12-18 months. He can pedal a bike, swing on his tush, pull on his pants and most shirts, attend to a handful of activities, and has worked really, really hard increasing his hand strength. I'm sure there's more good I'm missing at the moment. This has also been the hardest time with him so far. About this time last year his behavior crashed and he never recovered. It seems he's starting to crash again. I developed a BIP with the school psychologist after a few weeks of FBAs. We targeted aggressive tantrums, which is a large category but necessary. A few weeks with the BIP in mind, his tantrums did seem to decrease. At the same time, his cursing was increasing. Since we were focused on safety, I left the cursing on the backburner and that was a HUGE mistake. I tried decreasing the time between rewards, and his behavior started to get worse. I bumped back up the rewards and the behavior slightly decreased again. I tried decreasing again, and there's no motivation. Now, not only does he have major aggressive tantrums but once I get him safely restrained he's still got cursing, and started spitting again.


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Cooking Class - Global Cuisine - Spices of the World
Categorized as: Other
Event tags:
Event tags:
The world of spice awaits you in this class. We will use seasonings and herbs from all over the world that reflect the flavors of exotic and exciting cultures. Spices enhance the natural sweetness of food, and can make the difference between a bland meal and an unforgettable meal. $60 Hands On
Spiced Beets & Lentil Salad with Blue Cheese
Saffron Tagliatelle with Spiced Butter
Braised Chicken with Dates & Moroccan Spice
North African Spiced Carrots
Spiced Apple Choux FrittersVisit Event Website for More Info


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The KOHLER Mayfield Bottom Basin Rack in Black can protect the bottom of your Mayfield sink while you wash and rinse dishes. This rack creates a convenient workspace for simple sink tasks. Its fluid design can be easily cleaned and maintained.
- Stainless-steel construction
- For use with Mayfield sinks
- Fluid design lines for easy cleaning
- Creates a workstation for quick and easy sink tasks
- Black finish


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As promised, part 2 of my beautiful Long Island Vineyard wedding. There was a spectacular flaming sunset just in time for Stephanie and Charles ceremony. I had to shoot right into the setting sun, so it was not for "faint-of-heart" photographers. Trusting the impressive dynamic range of my trusted Canon 5D's, the images came out astonishing. (OK, so I'm ready for my vineyard wedding on a hillside at sunset!! Hint, hint call me out there from a hillside vineyard in California!! I'm ready). We quickly ran to the vineyard for a few couple portraits. I really had fun creating fine art photographs of these. Their reception was just full of country charm. With no need for a tent because of zero chance of rain, long tables were set up for their guests to dine under the stars. Thanks Stephanie and Charles for my first vineyard wedding!
So beautiful!
There is just so much inspiration from this wedding. I can't say enough about the shot of the ceremony - gorgeous. And the bride's veil is so fabulous. Great photography. Love it!
Okay... how hot is that light??? Can I just say how jealous I am? I'm JEALOUS!!! :-D Awesome location and venue too. Can't stop looking at that light though!!! :-D
This event is truly magnificent! The tablescape is amazing, the couple is gorgeous and the hanging lanterns really do the trick! Thanks for sharing.


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I thought this would be fun...What Choo are you wishing for?
We don't really celebrate
Way too many occasions to try to find cards & gifts for and so it's just another day to me
Oh come on...any day is a good day to have an excuse to buy a Choo. Wouldn't it be great to have a National Choo Day. LOL
If I were to wish for one....it would be a burgundy Carolina I saw it in person recently and the color was beautiful!
None of the new releases do it for me. I still haven't paid for my Turquoise Maddy, so I'm laying off the Choo for awhile. I can't wait to see my visa bill this month
If I had the $$$, I'd buy that Red Riki that is on eBay now...
I have to say, I agree with robynbenz. It's just another day. It's become so commercialized I find it annoying. The most special gifts to receive are those given for no reason at all.
I would have to say a "Black" Saba.
Oh I know...those received for no reason are special; but I have a daughter that has autism and she 's every holiday...we try to make each holiday special in our family; because it makes her so happy. She is our .
Oh, wow what a small world...I also have a daughter with autism. She is 6 years old. She loves everyday and thinks everyday should be a holiday...LOL She is our little miracle...our angel. She surprises us everyday with something new.
I think something exotic would be nice!:shame: But we don't really celebrate either. Sigh.
I would loooove the Carolina in wild cat print but I'm trying to be good & save $$$
We don't really make a big deal of Valentines. But if I had to wish for a Choo, it would be the Roxie in black drummed leather. Me likey!
No celebration here either. For me to have a day where I don't want to divorce my husband is like a Valentine's Day, what can I say .
Wow, we are a non celebratory sort aren't we? I too fall into that category as I tend to think any day is a good day to shop! I actually tend to let my DH off the hook for the Hallmark holidays!
no real celebrations here either but in my dreams a black maddy!!! but it is soo not happening as i am still paying for my sand mahala...


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Forever Artic Sea = Super Omega-3 Natural Fish & Calamari Oils with Olive Oil
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New and improved Forever Artic Sea now contains a proprietary blend of DHA-rich Calamari Oil, ultra-pure Omega-3 Fish Oil and High Oleic Olive Oil. This unique blend is exclusive to Forever Living and provides not only 33% more DHA per day, but creates the perfect balance of DHA and EPA for optimal health and wellness.
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Latest posts by Katalin Hidvegi (see all)
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text: Human Rights Observatory US Supreme Court Rejects Appeal on Gay Wedding Discrimination The U.S. Supreme Court has rejected an appeal from a photographer who objected to taking pictures of a same-sex wedding. The high court's denial Monday leaves in place a decision by the supreme court in the western state of New Mexico. That court ruled Elane Photography violated the state's anti-discrimination law when it refused to take pictures of a lesbian couple's commitment ceremony. The co-owner of the photo studio, Elaine Huguenin, said taking the photos would...Read complete article© Voice of America - Monday, April 7, 2014


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Are you in a legal jam? Find a Lawyer, Bail Bondsman or Private Investigator on JammedUp.
An Illinois man who managed to evade murder charges when prosecutors neglected to grant him a speedy trial was fatally shot on Monday night after he posted bail.
Kamari Belmont, 23, was in a car about a mile away from a county jail when an SUV pulled up next to him, and a gunman began shooting –striking him in the back and torso.
The SUV crashed, and the suspects fled the scene.
Belmont was hit multiple times, and he died after he collapsed in the street.He was released from jail after his friend posted $100,000 bail on Monday.
Belmont was charged with robbery and murder for the shooting death of 40-year-old Sorrell Marshall back in 2015, according to the New York Daily News reported.
He was originally charged with attempted murder, and the charges were enhanced to murder one year later.
The charges were ultimately dropped in January after prosecutors waited too long to put him on trial, court records indicated.
Michael Johnson, Belmont's lawyer, said he doesn't believe his client's death was gang-related, but always encouraged him to get out of the neighborhood upon his release.
"I told him, once he gets out to get out of the neighborhood," he told the newspaper. "Unfortunately, this isn't the first time I've seen this."


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This is my dooney and burke a considering selling it. Not sure yet
Is that the lilac? That is a pretty hard color to find. Cute!
why are you considering selling it? It is a cute little bag!
Yes, i like it!
oh why sell it in this perfect season for pink bags? spring and summer are BEGGING that bag to be used
keep it! It's pink and cute!
That is a really cute bag! I would keep it.


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DOI: 10.1051/ndata:07208
Re-evaluating low-energy neutron-deuteron elastic scattering using three-nucleon theoryJ.P. Svenne1, L. Canton2, K. Kozier3 and L. Townsend4
1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, and Winnipeg Institute for Theoretical Phyiscs, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada
2 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Padova e Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italia
3 Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, ON, K0J 1J0 Canada
4 Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
Published online: 21 May 2008
Using a well-established nucleon-nucleon interaction that fits the NN scattering data (Bonn potential), and the AGS form of three-body theory, we perform precise calculations of low-energy neutron-deuteron scattering. There appear to be problems for this system in the ENDF/B-VI.8 (ENDF/B-VI.5 through VI.8) data library, which persist in the newest version, ENDF/B-VII.0. Supporting experimental data in this energy region are rather old (>25 years), sparse and often inconsistent. Our three-body results at low energies, 50 keV to 10 MeV are compared to the ENDF/B-VII.0 and JENDL-3.3 evaluated angular distributions. The impact of these results on calculated reactivity for various critical systems involving heavy water is shown.


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Posted by on March 28th, 2016Stored in Erkan travels, Erkan's habitus, Featured
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You are here: Home » Erkan's habitus » Erkan travels » My dear readers. Here is the poster that includes my "newspaper collection" exhibition.
I have been collecting newspapers since 2002 as we have had road trip with friends around Houston. Thanks to my librarian and dear friend Vildan Orancı, a selection from this collection became an exhibition for the Library Week. It will be exhibited for 2 weeks in our library at Santral Campus…
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COPYRIGHT © 2009 SIMON NORTHDESIGNED by SIMNOR WEB DESIGN


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17May 2016
A Great Interview with David Levinson
Posted by Lee Goldberg / in On Other Blogs, The Writing Process / 2 comments
The good folks at the Classic TV History blog are doing God's work. They've just done their second, in-depth interview with TV writer-producer David Levinson, whose many credits include THE BOLD ONES: THE SENATOR, SARGE, CHARLIES ANGELS, HART TO HART, NIKITA and scores of other shows. It's a long, detailed, terrific interview filled with fascinating […]


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I love every aspect of fashion shows from the designers to the models to the styling to the speakers. I've auditioned for modeling roles several times now, as I really enjoy being on stage. I've never gotten the part though because they've always either been looking for an adult, or looking for someone significantly taller than me. I'm okay with this, but I've always wanted to walk a real runway!
The guest speaker for the second night of Tucson Fashion Week 2014 was Emmy Award-Winning Stylist & Best-Selling Author David Zyla. He is famous for so many things, it's hard to pick just a few to list.
Before he made his presentation, he picked out (and "stalked" according to him) the five "best dressed" people of the evening. Imagine my utter SHOCK when I was called to come and walk the runway! Talk about a dream come true! I was told that my green dress was perfect for my coloring and that my archetype is the Mysterious Mermaid, according to David's book "Color Your Style: How to Wear Your True Colors." I've since read this book, and I highly recommend it to anyone interested in fashion, coloring, and style.
To find out more about what that all means and what archetype you are, you'll just have to buy David Zyla's book!
Here I am with David Zyla. Yes, I got his autograph!
Tags: David Zyla, Teagan Bentley


text: Human Rights Observatory Explosions in Boko Haram Territory Hit Maiduguri Witnesses say there has been a new attack in Maiduguri, capital of Nigeria's Borno state, where the Boko Haram militant group is active. Reports say three blasts struck the town within a short time Saturday, killing at least 10 people. At least one blast hit a busy fish market, where a suicide bomber on a three-wheeled vehicle detonated his explosives. Another bomb went off at a commercial center. A VOA reporter says a group of young vigilantes have barricaded major roadways,...Read complete article© Voice of America - Saturday, March 7, 2015


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 24, 2007
|Filing date
|Nov 12, 2002
|Priority date
|Sep 29, 1992
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Frank Bartels, Wulf Bachtler, Stephen T Dunne, Joachim Eicher, Bernhard Freund, William B Hart, Christoph Lessmoellmann
|Original Assignee
|Boehringer International Gmbh
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (47), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (3), Classifications (36), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/472,169 filed Dec. 27, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,362 which is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/303,670 filed May 3, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,676 which is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/661,741 filed Jun. 11, 1996 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,911,851 which is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/128,021 filed Sep. 29, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,143.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an atomising nozzle and to such a nozzle with a filter, notably to one which produces a spray of fine droplets suitable, for example, for the administration of a medicament by inhalation, to the production of such nozzles, and to a spray generating device incorporating such nozzles.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is known (e.g. from WO 91/14468) that fluids can be caused to form very fine droplets on being forced through narrow nozzles at high pressure. WO 91/14468 proposes to manufacture the necessary nozzles using methods such as those known in the manufacture of spinning nozzles. These nozzles are produced, for example, by boring through a thin metal plate with a tungsten-carbide needle. An important area of application for the equipment according to WO 91/14468 is the production of aerosols for inhalation therapy. Demanding requirements are imposed among other things, on the fineness of the droplets; it has been found during numerous investigations that a considerable number of droplets must have a size less than 6 μm in order that a sufficient quantity of the medicine can reach deep enough into the lungs. For safe treatment the individual pieces of equipment must each produce the same droplet spectra, since only then is it certain that the given dose of the medicine will be delivered to the lungs in the desired way.
With the mechanical production of nozzles there are sometimes disturbing deviations from nozzle to nozzle, possibly due to the walls of the nozzles being of varying degrees of roughness. It is, amongst other things, difficult to produce double nozzles, like those shown in FIG. 8 of the afore-mentioned WO 91/14468, with the necessary accuracy. In addition, it is not an easy matter to obtain nozzles of changing cross-section using known methods, possibly with a view to accelerating or slowing down the flow of fluid in the nozzle, or to provide impact elements or vortex-generating devices.
In PCT Application No GB91/00433, there have been described methods and devices for forming sprays of fine droplets from a fluid without the use of pressurised propellant gasses, notably for the formation of sprays of a fluid medicament which have a mean droplet size of less than 10 micrometers for inhalation by a user so that the droplets of medicament can penetrate into the lower lung. In PCT Application No GB91/02145, there have been described methods and devices by which the formation of such sprays can be optimised by inducing secondary flows in the stream of fluid when it passes through the nozzle aperture.
In the preferred form of such methods and devices (for example, as shown in
The very fine droplets required for the application of a medicament to the lower lung are achieved by the use of fine aperture size nozzles and high pressures, typically with nozzle apertures of less than 20 micrometers and pressures in excess of 300 bar.
The nozzle apertures required to achieve such fine droplets can be formed in a number of ways, for example by punching a hole in a metal plate and part closing up the hole to achieve a fine aperture with a rough rim which causes the secondary flows in the fluid stream as it passes through the nozzle aperture. However, the techniques used to form the nozzle aperture either require accurate machining of components on a microscopic scale, which is expensive and time consuming and does not give consistent results, leading to rejection of components during quality control assessment prior to use or to inconsistent operation of the device. Furthermore, the need to be capable of enduring the very high pressure surge, possibly as high as 600 bar, when the device is actuated requires the use of mechanically strong components. Again, this adds to the cost of the device.
In PCT Application No GB91/02147 there has been described a form of construction which incorporates an integral one way valve and filter in the nozzle assembly to prevent air being sucked into the device through the discharge nozzle when the piston is being retracted to draw the metered dose of fluid from the reservoir and to prevent blockage of the fine nozzle aperture by solid particles entrained in the fluid. In a preferred form of such a construction a cylindrical plug is a push fit in a chamber immediately upstream of the nozzle orifice to provide an annular passage between the internal wall of the chamber and the radially outward wall of the plug. This annular passage has a radial dimension equal to or less than the nozzle aperture and thus provides a fine filter to remove solid particles which might otherwise block the nozzle aperture. The fine annular passage also imposes a flow restraint on the movement of fluid which is overcome by the high pressure generated when the piston is driven on its forward, or discharge, stroke to allow fluid to flow outwardly through the nozzle aperture. The flow restriction, however, prevents fluid from flowing back into the device as the piston is retracted. This reduces the risk of contamination of the fresh fluid drawn into the pressure chamber from the reservoir with air or fluid from the nozzle assembly downstream of the plug. Again, such a device must be manufactured from metal to be able to withstand the pressure surge as the device is operated and thus requires high precision machining of components which is expensive.
An object of the invention, therefore, is to provide a device and a method for the manufacture of a nozzle which reduces the above problems and is capable of being made with a high degree of accuracy at low cost.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a nozzle with one or more nozzle outlets for the atomisation of fluids, consisting of at least two plates which are connected together, possibly by an intermediate layer, wherein at least a base plate has a grooved structure which connects the intake side of the nozzle to the nozzle outlet(s).
An embodiment of the invention can thus provide a nozzle (also referred to herein as a nozzle assembly) which is composed of two or more plates; at least one of which, a base plate, is formed with grooves which join an intake side and atomiser nozzle outlets provided on an oppositely disposed side, whilst another plate (the cover plate), which will normally be unstructured, is placed upon the structured side of the base plate and is joined firmly thereto. A nozzle assembly consisting of three layers can consist, for example, of a structured silicon plate, a flat silicon cover plate and a thin glass plate therebetween. Of course the functions of the base and cover plates can be reversed with a structured cover plate overlying an unstructured base plate.
The cavities in the nozzle assembly are usually of rectangular cross-section. However, a large number of variations is possible if the nozzle assembly is manufactured by way of the method described hereinbelow and related methods known to those skilled in the art. By using different etching methods, it is also possible to produce base plates with grooves of other cross-sections if so desired.
If the cover plate is structured in addition to the base plate, then it is possible to obtain other cross-sections, e.g. cross-sections of approximately circular shape. When both the base plates and cover plates are structured, both plates are usually given identical structures. Other variations are possible if the base plate and cover plate are structured in different ways but adapted to cooperate with one another.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a spray generating device comprising a nozzle assembly for forming the spray of droplets from a stream of fluid fed to it by a means for generating a flow of fluid, which nozzle assembly comprises:
It is preferred that the fluid flow conduits each incorporate one or more narrow bore portions which have transverse dimensions and a transverse cross-section which is less than that of the fluid outlet(s) and which act as filters to protect the outlet(s) against blockage by solid particles in the fluid. The narrow bore portions also provide a flow restriction in the conduits which act as one way valves of the type described in PCT Application No GB 91/02147.
Preferably, the first member is a substantially planar member and the channel(s), fluid inlet(s) and fluid outlet(s) are formed in a face of said first member with the longitudinal axes of the channel(s) and of the inlet(s) substantially parallel to the plane of said face and the plane of the outlet aperture substantially normal (perpendicular) to the plane of the first member; and the said second member is a second generally planar member which is preferably of substantially the same planar shape and size as the first member.
The means for connecting the fluid conduits of said first member to the flow generating device is preferably provided by locating one or more of the fluid inlet(s) at an edge of the first or second members and providing means by which the first and/or second members can be mechanically connected to the flow generating device, for example by being a sealed push fit into the fluid outlet of the flow generating device. Alternatively, a third member can be provided which is secured to a second face of either the first or the second member and which is provided with a fluid conduit adapted to be put in fluid flow communication with the means for generating the fluid flow. For example, the third member can carry a spigot which is a push or other fit in the outlet to a pump mechanism of the type described in PCT Application No GB91/00433 and which has a bore which communicates with the fluid inlet(s) in the first member. The bore of the spigot can act as the cylinder of the pump mechanism in such a device.
A nozzle assembly in accordance with the invention can readily be formed as a laminated unitary construction from components which have had the appropriate channels, inlets and outlets pre-formed therein by laser, chemical etching, photo-resist or other surface engraving techniques well known in the micro-forming art to achieve simple but accurately reproducible components having substantially flat opposing faces. These components can be secured together by diffusion bonding, adhesion, welding, clamping or other suitable techniques for securing them together in sealing engagement, optionally with sealing rings or other sealing interfaces between the members by simple assembly techniques.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a nozzle assembly comprising:
Preferably, the fluid inlets, the fluid outlets and the connecting channels are formed wholly in the first face of the first member and the second member is a cover member secured over said first face to provide the wall forming the conduits. However, the second member can be provided with part or all of the connecting conduits, as when the second member is provided with the channels and the first member provides the closing wall for those channels. Similarly, the second member can be provided with part of the inlets and/or outlets formed therein. For example, the first and second members can have mirror image halves of the inlets, outlets and conduits cut in the opposed faces thereof whereby securing them together forms the desired whole inlets, outlets and conduits.
For convenience, the invention will be described hereinafter in terms of a first member which has the whole depth of the inlets, outlets and channels formed in the first face thereof and the second member has a substantially flat face which provides a wall to complete the inlets, outlets and conduits.
The fluid outlet(s) act as the spray generating means of the nozzle assembly. These can therefore be simple fine bore orifices which can have rough, polygonal or other cross-sections or edges, as described in PCT Application No GB 91/02145, to form a spray of droplets from a stream of fluid passing through the outlet aperture. Thus, the aperture can have a triangular, squared or other regular or irregular polygonal shape, preferably having a maximum to minimum aperture dimension of from 1:1 to 10:1. The lip of the aperture can be rough, as when the aperture is formed by an electro-sputter erosion technique in which material is removed from the first member by striking an arc between the member and an electrode. However, it is preferred that the aperture have a sharp lip thereto over which the fluid flow changes direction sharply to achieve the secondary flow in the mainstream of the fluid flow. Typically, the change in direction will be equivalent to at least 5%, preferably from 10 to 30%, of the total flow changing direction through 90�. Preferably, the change in direction occurs sharply, notably within an axial distance of less than five, preferably less than one, diameters of the width of the flow. Such change in direction, or secondary flow, can also be achieved by forming the aperture with an axially inwardly directed lip as opposed to an externally directed lip, for example where the aperture diverges along the line of flow and has an equilateral triangular plan shape with its apex directed against the intended line of flow of the fluid through the aperture. Alternatively, two channels can intersect within the plan area of the first member to form a turbulent flow in a single channel leading to the fluid outlet aperture located at the edge of the first member.
Alternatively, the change in direction can be caused by forming a flap or partial obstruction to the aperture whereby at least part of the flow of fluid through the aperture is subjected to a sharp change in direction by the flap or obstruction. Such a flap or obstruction acts on from 10 to 80% of the effective cross-section of the flow. Other forms of secondary flow generators are described in PCT Application No GB 91/02145 and the subject matter of that application is incorporated herein by this reference.
Where the fluid outlet is formed so as to generate the spray by means of the secondary flow caused by the shape and configuration of the outlet, we have found that satisfactory sprays can be produced with flow generating devices which generate a pressure low as 25 bar where comparatively large droplets are required, for example from 30 to 150 micrometers mass median droplet size. However, when droplets with a mass median size of less than about 20 micrometers are required, it will usually be necessary to use a flow generating device which generates a pressure of at least 50 bar, typically 100 to 400 bar.
The droplet size will also be affected by the nozzle aperture size. Thus, in general we have found that it is desirable to use apertures with maximum transverse dimensions of less than 500 micrometers, for example 50 micrometers or less. Where fine droplet sized sprays are required, the maximum transverse aperture dimension is preferably less than 30 micrometers. Such dimensions correspond to cross-sectional areas of from 5 to 2,500, eg. 10 to 500, square micrometers. Where coarse sprays are required, the aperture size can be to 100 micrometers maximum transverse dimension.
As indicated above, the desired spray can also be formed by causing two or more jets of fluid to impinge upon one another or for a single jet to impinge on a fixed impinger. In this case it is not necessary that the nozzle aperture cause any significant amount of secondary flow and a smooth lipped substantially circular, squared or rectangular aperture can be used. In order to produce an acceptable jet, it is preferred to use a flow generating device which generates a fluid pressure of from 50 to 400 bar and an aperture with a maximum transverse dimension of from 5 to 100 micrometers. Where two impinging jets are used, it is preferred that the line of flight of the jets include an angle of from 60 to 150�, preferably about 90 to 120�, at the point of impact and that the impact occur from 25 to 500, eg. from 30 to 100, micrometers from the plane of the edge of the first member at which the fluid outlets are located. Where a jet of fluid strikes a fixed impinger, it is preferred that this be located in the line of flight of the jet at a point before the jet begins to break up into separate droplets, typically less than 1000 micrometers downstream of the fluid outlet and that the surface of the impinger be angled to the line of flight of the jet so that the impinger is self cleaning and does not retain a significant amount of fluid thereon. A suitable form of such a self cleaning impinger is described in PCT Application No GB 92/0668.
Embodiments of the invention are described hereinafter in terms of the use of two fluid outlets to form twin jets of fluid which impinge upon one another to form a spray of droplets.
The fluid outlets are fed with fluid under pressure from the fluid flow generating means via the fluid inlet and the conduits formed in the first member. The fluid inlet is conveniently provided by a simple circular or other shaped chamber in the first member which is in direct fluid flow communication with the flow generating device via inlets at the edge of the first member or via a spigot or other means by which the nozzle assembly is mounted on the flow generating device. As indicated above, this spigot can form part of the pump mechanism of the flow generating device and can be carried by a third planar member which is mounted on the opposed face of the first member to that carrying the second member. However, the first member could be formed with the spigot formed integrally therewith, for example as a metal or other tubular projection from the second face of the member.
Embodiments of the invention will also be described hereinafter where a third member carries the spigot protruding therefrom.
A single fluid inlet chamber in the first member typically receives all the fluid fed to the nozzle assembly and distributes it to the fluid outlet(s). If desired, the fluid inlet chamber can be elongated in one or more directions to assist uniform flow of the fluid to the fluid outlets. For convenience, the invention will be described hereinafter in terms of a single generally circular inlet chamber.
The inlet feeds fluid via one or more conduits to the fluid outlet(s). As stated above, these conduits are formed by etching, engraving or otherwise forming suitable channels in the face of the first member, for example by inserting fine wires or ablatable material filaments into the interface between the first and second members so as to form depressions in the opposed faces of the members and then removing or burning away the wires or filaments to form the channels and outlets. The channels will typically have a generally squared cross-section since they are in general formed by the removal of material uniformly across the whole width of the channel.
As stated above, it is particularly preferred than the channels have one or more portions which are narrower than the aperture of the fluid outlet so that these portions act as filters to prevent solid particles which might block the fluid outlets from reaching the outlet in a manner similar to the fine bore passages described in PCT Application No GB 91/02147. Such a fine bore portion of the conduit preferably has cross-sectional dimensions which are from 10 to 80% of those of the fluid outlet. It is also preferred that the fine bore portion of the channel cause a pressure drop of from at least 0.5 bar in the flow of fluid through the portion of the channel so that the narrow bore portion inhibits withdrawal of fluid from the channel during retraction of any pump mechanism used to generate the flow of fluid through the nozzle assembly. Preferably, the pressure drop is the minimum required to prevent return flow of fluid and air from the nozzle to the flow generating device and yet does not deleteriously affect free flow of the pressurised fluid through the channels and the fluid outlet(s). The optimum flow restriction can readily be determined for any given case, but will usually achieve a pressure drop of from 1 to 3 bar or more.
Whilst the channels may communicate directly with a fluid outlet, it is preferred that the narrow bore portions of the channels be located between the fluid inlet and a plenum chamber which feeds fluid to the fluid outlets. Such a plenum chamber aids uniform distribution of the flow of the fluid to the outlets where more than one outlet is used, for example where two outlets are used to form two jets of fluid which impinge upon one another. The plenum chamber may also be configured so as to assist the formation of secondary flow in the fluid as it flows to the outlet(s), for example by incorporating curves or other wall configurations for causing swirling in the fluid flow.
The nozzle assembly finds use on a wide range of fluid flow generating devices, such as pressurised gas or aerosol type dispensers in which fluid is caused to flow out of a container by the expansion of a propellant gas. However, the nozzle assembly is of especial application in forming a spray from a flow of fluid generated by a manually operated pump mechanism, thus avoiding the use of a propellant gas. The pump mechanism may be of the type described in PCT Application NO GB 91/00433. The nozzle assembly is mounted by any suitable means upon the outlet from the pressure chamber of the pump, for example by a screw, bayonet, push or other fit, and receives the metered dose of the fluid when the spring or other energy source is released and the pressure within the pressure chamber rises. Other forms of fluid flow generator may also be used, provided that they can achieve the required pressure rise to discharge the fluid through the fluid outlet(s) as a spray with the desired mass median droplet size.
As indicated above, the channels, the fluid inlet, the plenum chamber and the fluid outlets are all formed in one face of the first member, although the fluid inlet can extend through the thickness of the first member to communicate with the fluid flow generating means. Such a design readily lends itself to fabrication by selectively removing the necessary material from the required areas of the surface of the first member by etching or engraving techniques which can be accurately controlled to form the very fine features required for the present invention. Such techniques are known and used in the formation of channels and nozzle outlets in the manufacture of ink jet printer heads, see for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,915,718 and European Application No 0397441, and in general comprise the application of a mask to a photo-resist or chemically etchable material; sensitizing the material and removing the material in the required areas by application of a suitable etching material. Alternatively, the channels can be formed by burning away the material using a laser or by striking an arc between the member and an electrode. Other methods for forming the features on the surface of the first member may be used, for example milling or fine engraving of silicon, ceramic or metal plates.
Such techniques can be used to remove accurately controlled amounts of material from accurately defined selective areas of the surface of the first member to form, within reason, any desired shape of channel, fluid outlet or other feature. Such techniques are especially applicable to planar surfaces and it is therefore preferred that the surface of the first member in which the features are to be formed is substantially flat. However, they may also be applied to curved or irregular surfaces so that the surface of the first member need not be flat if desired.
The components of the nozzle assembly for use in the present invention thus readily lend themselves to manufacture by such techniques from a wide range of materials which are conventionally used in such techniques, for example photo-resist plastic, silicon, ceramics, metals. Such materials can be produced to a high degree of accuracy and are often strong enough to resist the stresses due to the high pressure rises imposed upon the nozzle assemblies without the need for supporting framework or other structures. Furthermore, being substantially flat members, the first, second and third members can readily be secured to one another in sealing engagement. Thus, metal, silicon or ceramic plates can readily be bonded together by pressure welding or by diffusion bonding in which an interface of a suitable metal, for example gold, is located between the opposed faces of the member and bonding caused by the application of heat and pressure. Such diffusion bonding has the advantage that little distortion of the shape of the channels and other features in the face of the first member is caused, thus preserving the accuracy of the features once formed.
Alternatively, the first and second members of the nozzle assembly can be secured in position by the use of adhesives, conventional ultra-sonic or other welding techniques or by mechanically clamping the components together. If desired, sealing rings or gaskets can be located between the opposing faces to ensure a fluid tight seal. However, where the faces of the members are sufficiently flat, this will usually not be necessary and the adhesive or metal diffusion interface between the opposed faces will ensure an adequate seal.
If desired, the assembled nozzle assembly can be located within a supporting housing or the like to impart the necessary strength to the assembly to withstand the high pressures generated by the devices of our PCT Application NO GB91/00433.
In particular, the nozzle assemblies according to the invention are preferably manufactured by means of the following steps:
The grooved finish is preferably produced simultaneously for a plurality of nozzle assemblies over a large surface area in a parallel manufacturing process, and then the base and cover plates are joined in one step (i.e. a batch process). Thereafter, the composite structure is divided into individual tiles or chips, and the inlet and outlet openings of the nozzle assemblies are opened up.
There are special advantages with this type of manufacture. The batch manufacture first of all makes it possible to produce individual component parts which are particularly cheap, and which could only be produced using serial processing methods at considerably greater expense. The batch manufacture secondly guarantees a specific constant quality for all parts which can be reproduced repeatedly under the same processing conditions, a quality which is never subject to gradual change, as would be the case in serial processing methods due to wear of the worktool(s).
Also, the position and placement of the parts in the process are determined likewise by the overall design, and does not therefore have to be altered by time-consuming sorting- or handling machines.
Thus, the present invention relates to new, highly effective nozzle assemblies and methods which can be used to produce large numbers of these nozzle assemblies so that they are of constant high quality; in addition, a filter—possibly a multi-staged filter—can be integrated in the nozzle assembly.
The materials and methods which can be used according to the invention produce nozzles which excel through a number of advantages:
The nozzle assemblies according to the invention can be very small in size, so that the dead volume is very small, and therefore when the nozzle members are used in the therapeutic domain (production of inhalation aerosols) the dead volume accounts for only a small fraction of the quantity of fluid to be diffused.
Surprisingly, the provision of shallow grooves means that no problems result with transportation of the fluid, despite the fact that small flow cross-sections are likely to give problems with the boundary layers.
The nozzle assembly of the invention thus offers a simplified design which does not required expensive and time consuming machining of components and which enables components to be made reproducibly to a high degree of accuracy and which can readily be assembled to form the nozzle assembly.
The invention also provides a method for producing a nozzle assembly for use in a spray generating device of the invention, wherein the fluid outlet(s), the fluid inlet(s) and the connecting channels are formed in the face of the first member by selectively removing material from that face; and securing a second member upon the said first member whereby the face of said second member opposed to said first member co-operates with the said fluid outlet(s), fluid inlet(s) and said channels to form the fluid flow paths for said nozzle assembly.
The invention will be described in more detail hereinafter, by way of example only, in terms of a number of exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIGS. 14,15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 relate to yet further examples of nozzle outlet designs for a nozzle assembly in accordance with the invention;
It has been found that in the case of individual nozzle outlets like those in
In the arrangement shown in
To improve the atomization, the nozzle outlet can also be designed in such a way that it is somewhat longer and is provided with a region of reduced thickness, into which region an air channel or air channels open so that—as with a water-jet pump—air is carried into the jet of fluid.
It has been found that a favourable droplet, or particle size, is typically obtained if the narrowest cross-sectional surface area of the nozzle outlet, or outlets, is between about 25 and 500 μm2. When the grooves in the base plate are, for example, 5 μm in depth, it is possible for the nozzles to be kept to a comparable width and typically their width-/breadth ratio is between about 1:1 and 1:20. Relationships outside these regions are also possible. The skilled person can, if necessary, optimize the appropriate nozzle outlet dimensions by carrying out tests as the characteristics of the fluid to be sprayed, as the surface tension and the viscosity are also relevant to a certain degree. The specific characteristics of the fluid to be sprayed need to be considered in particular when that fluid includes an organic solvent or an oil rather than a watery fluid, of the type for which the present device is primarily, but not exclusively, intended.
To exclude the possibility of blockage of the filters, even over long-term use, the filter can also be designed so that it is of zig-zag, meander-like or arcuate configuration. Thus, a greater number of through passages (of constant size) is formed. In addition, if so desired, instead of a one-or two-staged filter it is possible for three-staged filters to be provided with respectively narrower through passages. In each case, however, it must be ensured that a sufficiently high pressure is available at the nozzle despite the reduction of pressure in the filter system.
The cross-sectional shape of the nozzle outlet or the sum of the cross-sections of the nozzle outlet can be varied within further boundaries. At a given pressure, the cross-section of a slitted nozzle outlet can be considerably greater than the cross-section of a square or round nozzle outlet, without the droplet spectra being impaired. The cross-section of the nozzle outlets or the sum of the cross-sections is usually between 5 and 2000 μm2, preferably between 20 and 1000 μm2 and in particular between 25 and 500 μm2. This also applies when two or more parallely orientated nozzle outlets are provided.
When, also, in particular in the case of very narrow or very flat nozzle openings, surface edge effects play a large role, the skilled person needs to take account of the knowledge of the physics concerning hydraulic cross-section in the determination of the arrangement of the nozzle outlets and the choice of the dimensions therefor.
In the nozzle assembly of
The second set of channels 63 debouch into a plenum chamber 65 cut into the top face of plate 61. If desired, the chamber 65 can be cut through the thickness of plate 61, but it is preferred to form chamber 65 within the thickness of plate 61 as shown. Chamber 65 is preferably configured so that the first channels 62 exit from opposed corners of the chamber 65 and a septum 66 of the material of the surface of plate 61 can be retained between the channels 62 to aid changes in direction of flow of fluid within chamber 65 and to direct the flow into the first channels 62.
A second plate member 70 is shown overlying but detached from the first plate member 61. When this second plate 70 is secured to the top face of plate 61 it provides the top faces to the channels 62 and 63 so that they form two groups of conduits which form the nozzle outlets 62 and the filter bores 63.
A third plate member 80 is also shown detached and underlying plate 61. Plate 80 carries a fluid inlet spigot 81 by which the nozzle assembly can be mounted on the outlet of a pump or other fluid flow generating device 100. The spigot 81 has an internal bore 82 which is in register with the inlet 64 in plate 61 and can form part of the pump mechanism of the flow generating device as indicated above. The exterior of spigot 81 can carry screw thread or other means (not shown) by which the spigot is secured to the pump or other flow generating means 100.
The plates 61, 70 and 80 can be formed from any suitable material, for example a photo-resist glass, ceramic or plastic or a metal, and the features in plate 61 formed by removing material from plate 61 in the desired locations by a conventional chemical etching process. Alternatively, the features can be formed by removal of material using a laser. Since the features are formed on the exterior of a substantially flat member, there is no need for complex machining of components or assembly of sub-components.
The plate members present opposed substantially flat faces to one another and can readily be bonded or otherwise secured to one another using any suitable technique, for example by ultra-sonic welding, by adhesion or by clamping them together using a metal surround which is crimped into position.
In operation, fluid at pressure is delivered to the bore 82 of spigot 81, from which is flows through inlet chamber 64 in plate 61, through the filter channels 63 to the plenum chamber 65 and thence to the nozzle channels 62. The fluid exits from the two nozzle channels as jets of fluid which impinge on one another to form a spray of fine droplets.
By applying the fluid at a pressure of at least 40 bar to nozzle channels having a mean diameter of about 10 micrometers, droplets with a mean droplet size of less than 10 micrometers were produced.
The nozzle assembly could be manufactured repeatedly to close tolerances and samples of the nozzle assembly repeatedly performed to give the same droplets sized spray.
Accordingly, from a further aspect, the present invention provides a nozzle and filter assembly characterised in that it comprises:
Preferably the nozzle assembly is connected to means for supplying first set of channels with fluid.
In the alternative forms of plate 61 shown in
In the alternative form shown in
In the alternative shown in
In the alternative shown in
In the modification of the device of
As indicated above, the depth and width of the channels formed in the first plate depend on the application of the nozzle assembly. For instance, when the nozzle assembly is used to spray hair sprays, the total cross-sectional area of the fluid outlet channels is typically 1500 square micrometers. If a single channel is used, this will be typically 40 microns deep by 40 microns wide. To achieve the required particle size of typically 40 micron mass mean diameter using such a nozzle assembly, fluid at a pressure of between 30 and 150 bars is used.
If the nozzle assembly is used to spray lung deposited drugs for administration by inhalation, then typically the total cross sectional area of the outlet channel (e.g. 62) will be between 30 and 200 square micrometers. If a single outlet channel (e.g. 62) is used, this will typically be 10 microns deep by 10 microns wide. The operating pressure required to achieve a spray with a mass median droplet size of less than 6 micrometers will be between 100 and 400 bars.
The nozzle assembly of the invention may be used in other applications where a simple, rugged device is required, for example in fuel injection systems for internal combustion engines, where a group of spray nozzles would typically be used either formed in one plate assembly or using a number of plate assemblies.
A method of manufacture of a nozzle assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the invention comprising a grooved base plate and an unstructured cover plate will now be described. It will be appreciated that the method to be described can readily be modified for producing nozzle assemblies where the cover plate is structured instead of or in addition to the base plate and/or where an intermediate plate is structured.
In particular, in the method to be described, the nozzle assemblies are manufactured using the following steps:
The base plate is preferably structured in per se known manner using a light optical lithographic technique in conjunction with an ion-supplemented reactive dry etching technique. The heights of the structures are between 2 and 40 μm, usually between about 3 and 20 μm, preferably between about 4 and 14 μm and particularly between 5 and 7 μm. The material used for the base plate is preferably a mono-crystalline silicon since this is cheap and available in a condition (i.e. in wafers) in which it is sufficiently flat and parallel and of low surface roughness, and it can be joined to the cover plate without the additional application of adhesives or other materials during the subsequent joining process. In order to produce a plurality of nozzle assemblies in parallel, a plurality of structure base plates are formed on a wafer of silicon.
It will be appreciated that materials other than silicon can undergo structuring, and these can also be firmly joined to the cover plate in the subsequent joining process. Such materials are gallium-arsenide or metals such as aluminium or nickel-cobalt-alloys, for example, which can likewise be joined properly to a glass plate.
A thin layer of silicon is thermally oxidised on the surface of the wafer W (
The oxide layer structured in this way then acts as a mask for etching the grooves, which may be 5-7 μm in depth, in the silicon. When this is done, the oxide layer is also slowly removed (
At the end of the structuring process, U-shaped or rectangular box-shaped grooves are formed on the silicon plate, but these grooves can be of any geometric surface shape in the plan view.
With structuring of the base plate, other etching methods can be used to achieve a number of variants to give other shapes of groove which result in end products with nozzles of varying opening cross-section. Thus, for example, trapezoidal grooves can be produced by over-etching or under-etching in the appropriate way. These etched forms can be produced both by isotropic dry etching methods and by isotropic wet etching methods. If anisotropically acting etching methods (both with reactive ion plasma and also with wet chemical media) are used it is possible to produce nozzles of triangular cross-section from V-shaped grooves in mono-crystalline base plates. The geometric shape of the grooves can also be altered by combining etching techniques with coating techniques. Virtually any geometric shape can be produced.
After structuring, the silicon plate is cleaned and the rest of the silicon dioxide is removed by the wet-chemical method. The silicon plate is then joined (
An alkali borosilicate glass such as Pyrex, for example, (#7740 Corning) or Tempax (Schott) is suitable for anodic bonding of silicon and glass. The glass plate is placed on the structured silicon plate and is contacted with an electrode. The entire composite structure is heated to temperatures of between 200 and 500� C. (preferably to about 450� C., because up to this temperature the thermal expansion coefficients are still close to one another and at the same time the alkali ions are sufficiently mobile for a fast bonding process) and a negative voltage of about 1000 V is placed between the silicon plate and the glass plate. Due to this voltage, the positively charged alkali ions move through the glass to the cathode, where they are neutralised. At the point of transition between the glass and the silicon, a negative spacial charge is formed in the glass which causes electrostatic drawing together of the two surfaces, and also results in a durable chemical bonding being formed between the glass surface and the silicon surface by means of oxygen bridging bonds.
In this connection, it is also particularly advantageous to use glass as the cover material for reasons of quality control, since it is easily possible to visually detect the efficiency of the bonded connection and also defects or foreign particles which lead to malfunctions of the component part.
However, other cover materials other than glass can be used. With high temperature loads it is possible to optimise the thermal expansion coefficients of the composite member if silicon is used both for the base plate and for the cover plate. For the joining process, a thin glass layer is applied to the two plates, e.g. in an evaporating- or sputtering method, by means of which the bonding process can then be carried out. In this case, a visual inspection can be made using infra-red viewing apparatus.
After the bonding process, the composite structure (see
During the separation stage, particularly high revolutionary speeds are needed (usually more than 30000 revs/min) in order to avoid expulsion at the side walls and edges of the nozzle member. Such expulsion could cause undesirable changes to the cross-section to the geometric shape of the outlet.
After dividing them up, the nozzle assemblies are cleaned and are fitted inside appropriate holders.
Although illustrative embodiments of the invention have been described in detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various changes and modifications can be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
For example, although various embodiments of the invention are described separately herein, it will be appreciated that features from the various embodiments may be combined as appropriate in yet further embodiments.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 21, 2008
|Certificate of correction
|Dec 22, 2009
|Certificate of correction
|Jan 18, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 15, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8