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118 Monuments About Slavery,
Serfdom & Emancipation
Click here for peace monuments related to the American Civil War (1861-1865).
Click here for monuments related to "Emancipator" Abraham Lincoln (1908-1965).
Click here for monuments related to former slave Frederick Douglass (1818-1895).
Right click image to enlarge.
Date? - St. George's Castle, Elmina (Ghana). Slave fort erected by the Portuguese in 1482. Captured by the Dutch in 1637 and by the British in the early 1870's. Now a popular historical site. Extensively restored by the Ghanaian government in the 1990's.
1920's - Cape Coast Castle Museum, Victoria Road, Cape Coast, (Ghana). "Built for the trade in timber and gold and later used in the trans-Atlantic slave trade." Swedish in 1653, then Danish, then British in 1664. Became the seat of the colonial Government of the British Gold Coast in 1844. First restored in the 1920's by the British Public Works Department." The Ghanaian government restored it again in 1957. Until 1993, part was used as a prison.
Date? - Maison des Esclaves / House of Slaves, Île de Gorée (Senegal). Frequently visited UNESCO World Heritage Site. Date? - Slavery Freedom Monument, Île de Gorée (Senegal).
N/A - Bunce Island Slave Castle, Sierra Leone River (Sierra Leone). "Where Sierra Leonean slaves skilled in rice cultivation destined for North America were held. Today little more than an abandoned set of ruins, crumbling stones clutched by ivy roots and overgrown weeds on a 500-metre strip of land in the muddy waters of the river. Opala has worked for 30 years on the links between descendants of slaves and their West African origins. 'Sierra Leone is the most frequent result for DNA tests in the U.S.,' he said."
1621 - West-Indisch Huis (West Indies House), centre of Amsterdam (Netherlands). Unintentional monument. "...was the former headquarters of the Dutch West-Indische Compagnie (West India Company or WIC), which was probably the largest single slave trader in history. The company was chartered in 1621, and provided with a monopoly on the African slave trade that lasted until 1730. This building was occupied from 1621-1647, a period which saw the first of 30,000 slaves arriving in Dutch Brazil [sic], arranged through the WIC.
About 1807 - Newton's tomb & Stained glass window depicting the 'Greyhound,' Parish Church of St. Peter & St. Paul, Olney, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire (England). One of a series of stained glass windows depicting the ship "Greyhound." John Newton [1725-1807], a one time slaver, underwent religious conversion & conversion to the anti-slavery cause. His near shipwreck on the 'Greyhound' which found refuge in Londonderry (Northern Ireland) in 1748 played a part in this process. He went on to write 'Amazing Grace.'" /// ". The Vicarage was occupied by John Newton as Curate from 1764 until 1780, when he moved to London, becoming Rector of St. Mary Woolnoth. A dormer window belongs to the study where he wrote Amazing Grace. The church contains Newton's pulpit & fine stained glass windows commemorating William Cowper [1731-1800] & Newton. In the churchyard are the graves of Newton & his wife Mary, with an interesting inscription describing himself as 'once an infidel and libertine, a servant of slaves in Africa...'" When was the window created?
1820 - Home of Elihu Embree [1782-1820], 142 Matthews Mill Road, Telford, Tennessee (USA). About 6 miles west of Jonesborough. Unintentional monument. Constructed about 1791. Was a hiding place for runaway slaves. Originally faced north. Upper image shows porch added to south side. Lower image shows basement once occupied by slaves. Privately owned.
Date? - "Thomas Embree Marker," Highway 353, near Telford, Washington County, Tennessee (USA). Points to home of Elihu Embree. Photo by EWL 05July2015. /// Lower image is "The Emancipator" (with introduction by Ella Pearce Buchanan & John F. Nash), Embreeville Publications, Jonesborough (1995), which contains reprints of Embree's newspaper.
Date? - "First Abolitionist Publications" marker, Jonesborough, Tennessee (USA). Honors Quaker Elihu Embree [1782-1820] who published the first newspaper in the USA dedicated entirely to the abolition of slavery. /// Lower image is grave of Elihu Embree, Embree Family Cemetery in Jonesborough. Embree died at age 38. Cemetery is "very overrun but can be walked."
1825-1828 - Nashoba Community, Wolf River, Germantown, near Memphis, Tennessee (USA). No longer exsits. Short-lived experiment of reformer Frances (Fanny) Wright [1795-1852] to train slaves for freedom. Click here for history of Wright, General LaFayette, New Harmony, Robert Dale Owen, etc. M
1950's - Nashoba Marker, Germantown, near Memphis, Tennessee (USA). The Nashoba Community was founded by Frances (Fanny) Wright [1795-1852], "a Scottish-born lecturer, writer, freethinker, feminist, abolitionist & social reformer, who became a US citizen in 1825, the same year she founded Nashoba as a utopian community to prepare slaves for emancipation, intending to create an egalitarian place, but it lasted only three years."
After 1852 - Grave of Frances Wright, Spring Grove Cemetery, 4521 Spring Grove Avenue, Cincinnati, Hamilton County Ohio 45232 (USA). "Wright's 'Views of Society & Manners in America' (1821) brought her the most attention as a critique of the new nation." Fanny did many remarkable things: She visited Monticello with the Marquis de Lafayette, lived in New Harmony, Indiana, lectured in New York City, published a newspaper in Cincinatti, freed slaves in Haiti, bore one child out of wedlock & lived at La Grange, LaFayette's estate near Paris (France).
1826 - Levi Coffin House, Fountain City, Indiana (USA). Unintentional monument. "It is speculated that 2,000 fugitive slaves had been at the house from 1826 to 1847. Levi & Catherine Coffin moved to Cincinnati, Ohio to open a warehouse that supplied free labor businesses, at the request of fellow abolitionists. The state government of Indiana acquired the house in 1967 & opened it to the public in 1970 after restoration." 1893 - "The Underground Railroad," Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio (USA). "Just as the nadir of race relations was beginning in the early 1890s, some artists such as Charles T. Webber [1825-1911], continued to show race unity & interacial solidarity. This painting shows some famous abolitionists & activists who were conductors on the underground railroad. That's Catharine White Coffin standing in the center with the elderly gentleman using a walking stick. Her husband Levi Coffin [1798-1877] is up high on the cart at the right. The Quaker abolitionist Hannah Haydock is on the far left with the children."
1840 - "The Slave Trade" by French painter Auguste-Francois Biard [1800-1882]. As of June 2007, it hangs at the entrance to the "From Slavery to Freedom" exhibit at the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio (USA). Painting shows a slave port and slave ship, but where?
1856 - Wilberforce University, Wilburforce, Ohio (USA). "A a private, coed, liberal arts historically black university (HBCU). Affiliated with African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. The first college to be owned & operated by African Americans." /// NB: Town & university "named for the English statesman William Wilberforce [1759-1833], who worked for abolition of slavery & achieved the end of the slave trade in the United Kingdom & its empire [in 1833]."
Date? - Slave Market, 122 East Bay Street (corner of East Bay & Broad Streets), Charleston, South Carolina (USA). Old Exchange Building & Provost Dungeon. "The SC headquarters of the Daughters of the Confederacy is upstairs today - I find it more than distasteful that this site is used for an organization which glorifies the War & its pro-slavery agenda instead of a museum to try to educate and work towards ending racial bigotry. The downstairs is still a market, but now for crafts, and is enjoyed by all Charlestonians, Black & White. Shouldn't there be a museum here somewhere to acknowledge the extreme suffering that occurred? We may have 'white-washed' the history of slavery from this place, but not from our psyche." About 1859 - Old Slave Mart Museum, 6 Chalmers Street, Charleston, South Carolina (USA). "What was then called Ryan's Mart." Built about 1859. Thomas Satterwhite Noble's 1867 Painting by Thomas Satterwhite Nobel.
1867 - "The Modern Medea," National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (USA). Painting of Margaret Garner by Thomas Satterwhite Nobel [1835-1907]. Portrays a tragic event from 1856 in which Margaret Garner, a fugitive slave mother, has murdered one of her children, rather than see it returned to slavery. (This event was the inspiration for Toni Morrison's novel "Beloved.") /// "Owned by Cincinnati manufacturer Procter & Gamble Corporation, the painting was presented as a gift to the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, where it remains on permanent display."
After 1871 - Pierre de Livingstone et Stanley / Livingstone-Stanley Monument, Mugere (Burundi). "12 km south of the capital Bujumbura, overlooking Lake Tanganyika. Marks location where explorer and missionary Dr David Livingstone and journalist and explorer Henry Morton Stanley visited and spent two nights on 25-27 November 1871."
About 1882 - "The Slave Market," location unknown (in private collection). By French artist Gustave Boulanger [1824-1888]. "Depicts an Ancient Roman slave auction & shows the marketing of seven young people, ranging in age from children to young adults, as slaves... The auctioneer eats his lunch with a very casual attitude."
1985 - Franklin & Armfield Slave Market (also known as Price & Birch), 1315 Duke Street, Alexandria, Virginia (USA). "Still stands at this location. It was rededicated as Freedom Place in 1985, and is now on the National Register of Historic Places. The slave pen was one of the largest exporters of slaves to the South. The general route for slaves going South would start at the Franklin and Armfield Pen, after which slaves would then be taken to Market Square, then to the river to board ships that would take them to New Orleans, where they were dispersed to other southern areas."
N/A - Bruin's Slave Jail, 1707 Duke Street, Alexandria, Virginia (USA). "Joseph Bruin used this brick Federal-style dwellling as his holding facility, or 'slave jail' for slaves awaiting sale to individuals and other dealers. Bruin purchased the large house in 1844. Harriet Beecher Stowe, in The Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1854), described how she employed her knowlege of Bruin's slave jail as background for her explosive 1852 novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. Currently used as business offices, and is not open to the public."
1939 - Somerset Place State Historic Site, Lake Phelps, State Highway 64, 7 miles south of Creswell, North Carolina (USA). "Over the life of the plantation [1785-1865], three generations of owners, around 50 white employees, two free black employees, and more than 850 enslaved people lived and worked on the plantation." Described on pages 82-83 of "A Traveller's Guide to the Civil Rights Movement" by Jim Carrier (2004).
N/A - Slave Cabins, Kingsley Plantation, Timucuan Ecological & Historical Preserve, Jacksonville, Florida (USA). "A fifth of a mile from the plantation home of Zephaniah Kingsley are the remains of 23 tabby cabins. Arranged in a semicircle, there were 32 cabins originally, 16 on either side of the road. This area represents the slave community, homes of the men, women, and children who lived and worked on Kingsley Plantation more than 150 years ago."
About 1849 - Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site, Dawn, near Dresden, Kent County, Ontario (Canada). "This humble house became a crucial link in the Underground Railroad when it was settled by Josiah Henson [1789-1883], who escaped slavery in Kentucky in 1830. His autobiography in 1849 inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe to pen Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852. Ner novel was credited by President Abraham Lincoln as a catalyst of the American Civil War." Date? - Harriet Beecher Stowe House, Hartford, Connecticut (USA).
1856 - Wilberforce University, Wilburforce, Ohio (USA). "A a private, coed, liberal arts historically black university (HBCU). Affiliated with African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. The first college to be owned & operated by African Americans." /// NB: Town & university named for the English statesman William Wilberforce [1759-1833], who worked for abolition of slavery and achieved the end of the slave trade in the United Kingdom & its empire.
1880's - Booker T. Washington National Monument, State Highway 122, 22 miles from Roanoke, Virginia (USA). "The property evokes an 1850's middle class tobacco farm, representative of Booker T. Washington's enslaved childhood at the Burroughs farm. Following the Civil War, a patriotic organization worked to raise funds to purchase the Isaac Potts house as an historic site. By the 1880's, the house was open to the public." Described on pages 54-55 of "A Traveller's Guide to the Civil Rights Movement" by Jim Carrier (2004).
1874 - "Former Slave Market Site," Anglican Christ Church Cathedral, Stone Town, Zanzibar (Tanzania). The sign reads: "You are now standing at the former slave market site. The world's last open slave market and notorious place, where slaves from East and Central Africa regions were bought and sold. // The trade in man [sic], women and children was stopped by decree from the Sultan of Zanziber One June 1873, following the appeal made by Dr. David Livingston in 1857 to the men of the great English universities of Oxford and Cambridge to liberate Africa from slavery. // The Cathedral Church of Christ was built by Bishop Edward Steere in 1874. The cathedral stands exactly on the site of the former slave market and the high altar marks the location of the old whipping post ! // Please purchase your ticket at the front gate to enable you to explore more about slavery and its abolition. // Enjoy your tour."
After 1874 - Slave Market, Zanzibar (Tanzania). "A monument dedicated to the memory of the inhuman situations which resulted from slavery. For ages, Zanzibar served as a transit port for African slaves going to Mauretania and the Arabic countries."
November 1835 - Wilberforce Monument, Queen's Garderns, Hull (England). "The column is 90 feet, and the statue on top is 12 feet tall, carved out of hard-wearing millstone grit. The statue was, in fact, an after-thought by the monument committee. It was sculpted by a Mr. Feort in Dock Street." Photo was taken in 1903. 1840 - Statue of William Wilberforce, Westmnster Abbey, London (England). William Wilberforce [1759-1833] was a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade.. Image shows Queen Elizabeth at the statue just before a service in March 2007 marking the 200th anniversary of the abolition of the slave trade.
1865 - Buxton Memorial Fountain, Victoria Tower Gardens, Millbank, Wesminster, London (England). "Commemorates the emancipation of slaves in 1834. Erected by Charles Buxton, MP, & dedicated to his father Sir Thomas Foxwell Buxton. Also to abolitionists William Wilberforce, Thomas Clarkson, Thomas Babington Macaulay, Henry Brougham & Stephen Lushington. Designed by Gothic architect Samuel Sanders Teulon [1812-1873]... Originally in Parliament Square, removed in 1940 & moved to its present position in 1957."
April 14, 1876 - Emancipation Memorial, Lincoln Park, East Capitol Avenue & 12th Street, Capitol Hill, Washington, DC (USA). Dedicated by Frederick Douglass & President Ulysses Grant. Sculpted by Thomas Ball. "Depicts Abraham Lincoln holding his Emancipation Proclamation and standing over Archer Alexander [1828-1880?] breaking the chains of slavery. Alexander was the last slave captured under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850." Right image shows this monument on the cover of "Standing soldiers, kneeling slaves: Race, war, and monument in nineteenth-century America," by Kirk Savage (1999).
1891 - Statue of John Bright, Broadfield Park, Rochdale (England). John Bright [1811-1889] was a "member of parliament for Rochdale, who fought to bring about the abolition of slavery and the slave trade." 1891 - Statue of John Bright, Albert Square, Manchester (England).
1893 - Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain, Piccadilly Circus, London (England). Statue on top is commonly called "Eros." Actually "the god pictured is Eros' younger brother, Anteros, who represents completed or returned love. Because of the fuss that was created because of its nudity & supposed frivolity, it was almost immediately re-named 'The Angel of Christian Charity.' The fountain is dedicated to the noted philanthropist & social reformer Lord Shaftesbury [1621-1683]. He reformed the lunacy, labor & child labor laws & was on the board of governors of the 'ragged schools' which educated the poor. Lord Shaftesbury is honored (under his given name of Anthony Ashley-Cooper) together with William Wilberforce [1759-1833] on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church on 30 July for his witness against slavery." /// This is "Monday's Monument" #119.
After February 20, 1895 - Grave of Frederick Douglass, Mount Hope Cemetery, Rochester, New York (USA). On February 20, 1895, "Douglass attended a meeting of the National Council of Women in Washington, DC. During that meeting, he was brought to the platform & given a standing ovation by the audience. Shortly after he returned home, Frederick Douglass died of a massive heart attack or stroke. His funeral was held at the Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church where thousands passed by his coffin paying tribute." Buried near Susan B. Anthony (qv).
1900 - Stephen Foster Statue, Carneige Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (USA). Includes a controversial rendering of slave "Old Black Joe" playing the banjo at the feet of the well dressed white composer Stephen Collins Foster [1826-1864]. By Giuseppe Moretti [1857-1935]. who also sculpted Vulcan (1904) in Birmingham, Alabama, and the Peace Monument (1927) in Nashville, Tennessee (qv).
May 1974 - Lucretia C. Mott historical marker, Pennsylvania highway 611 north of Cheltenham Avenue, Elkins Park, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania (USA). Text: "Nearby stood 'Roadside," the home of the ardent Quakeress Lucretia C. Mott [1793-1880]. Her most notable work was in connection with antislavery women's rights, temperance and peace." Said to be the most important woman abolitionist in America.
1895? - Frederick Douglass National Historic Site, National Park Service (NPS), 1411 W Street, SE, Washngton, DC (USA). Home of former slave Frederick Douglass [1818-1895]. Described on page 21 of "A Traveller's Guide to the Civil Rights Movement" by Jim Carrier (2004). /// Click here for all Frederick Douglass monuments.
1897 - Negro Building, Tennessee Centennial Exposition (now Centennial Park), Nashville, Tennessee (USA). No longer exists. "Largest-ever display of African-American life and achievement." From dedication speech: "Here...the world may see the other side of Negro life than 'Sam Johnson, the chicken thief.' Here it may see the healthful buds of Negro handicraft, Negro art, science, literature, invention... Here... the old master who followed Lee's tattered banners... down to Appomattox sacrifices his pro-slavery ideas, and builds a monument to Negro fidelity and industry; and here the Negro brings the product of his brain and hand in grateful testimony to the friendly feelings between us."
1906 - Wilberforce House & Statue, Wilberforce House Museum, 23-25 High Street, Hull (England). "Oldest anti-slavery museum in the world... Explores the history of slavery, abolition and the legacy of slavery today. The birthplace of slavery abolitionist William Wilberforce [1759-1833]."
1914 - "Abolition of Serfdom in Russia in 1861: Freedom for Labour… A Charter for the Nation." From the cycle "The Slavonic Epic", nr 19, by Bohemian Alfons Maria Mucha [1860-1939]. "Although the subject is one of the most contemporaneous to Mucha's lifetime, this was one of the first of the Slav Epic canvases to be completed. Mucha visited Russia in 1913 & discovered that the great Slavic nation & ally that he so revered was in fact besieged with poverty & suffering and significantly less advanced than the rest of Europe. When Tsar Alexander II came to the throne in 1855, he instigated a number of reforms, including the Emancipation Edict in 1861 which gave Russian serfs personal freedom. For Mucha, this reform was too long overdue to be of any virtue. Uncertain of how the reform will improve their condition, Mucha's subdued crowd of Russian peasants looks on anxiously as the official reads the edict. St. Basil's cathedral & the Kremlin beyond are barely discernible through the thick shroud of fog which captures the uncertainty of the moment. The distant sun is just palpable through the cloud & offers a faint flicker of hope for a brighter future. Again, Mucha includes the figure of a mother & child to express both the fear & hope associated with future generations." /// Where is this painting today?
1927 - Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia (USA). The quintessential recreation of a 18th-century British capital in colonial America. Uses "living history" to portray slaves as an essential part of society. Described on pages 68-69 of "A Traveller's Guide to the Civil Rights Movement" by Jim Carrier (2004). Visited by EWL.
1955 - "The Singing Mural," Ballroom, University Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (USA). By muralist Marion Greenwood [1909-1970]. Depicting the music, dance, and folklore of Tennessee from the Mississippi on the left to the Appalachians on the right. Minority students complained that the Black cotton picker is a slave. Mural vandalized on May 18, 1970. Has been covered since May 1972. Uncovered briefly March 15-17, 2006, when these photos were taken by the Knoxville News Sentinel.
1957 - DuSable Museum of African American History, Washington Park, 740 East 56th Place, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Includes permanet exhibit on Africa.
1965 - Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History (MAAH), 315 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan (USA). One of 27 US museums in "Museums for Peace Worldwide" edited by Kazuyo Yamane (2008).
Date? - Monumento ŕ Măe Preta / Monument to the Black Mother, Sao Paulo (Brazil). "Monument to black mothers. The monument is an homage to slavery and commemerates the end of slavery in Brazil."
1966 - South African Cultural History Museum, Adderley Street (the old Heerengracht), Cape Town (South Africa). Occupies former Slave Lodge completed in 1679 by the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in Dutch). Housed as many as 1,000 slaves. Converted to government offices in 1806 by the British. Now part of Iziko Museums of Cape Town.
Date? - Slave Memorial, Atorkor, Keta (Ghana). "Atorkor like many other places in West Africa was associated with the slave trade. Atorkor was part of what was formally known as the Upper Slave Coast. Because of its location on the Atlantic Coast it became a port for the shipment of captives procured from the interior. The monument was built a few years ago in memory of this unfortunate trade, with funds provided by a group of Anlo citizens in America." /// "...erected in one of Keta's excellent technical colleges to remember the hardships of the slave's journey. The memorial around the walls is a stark reminder of how the chiefs were tricked and bribed into allowing the westerners to take slaves from their tribes."
1970 - "Statue honoring Haitian unknown freedom fighter, Champs de Mars, Port-au-Prince (Haiti). Also called Negre Marron. Across from the Presidential Palace. Now surrounded by a hurricane refugee camp. /// "Uses the conch shell 'lambi/conque' to make the rallying call for freedom."
1970 - Sojourner Truth Library (STL), State University of New York (SUNY) at New Paltz, New Paltz, New York (USA). Named in honor of Sojourner Truth [c1797-1883], African-American abolitionist & women's rights activist, who was born into slavery in Swartekill (near Kingston), Ulster County, New York, but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826.
1972 - Statue of John Henry, Great Bend Railroad Tunnel, Talcott, West Virginia (USA). "The legend of John Henry, the "steel-drivin' man" who beat the newfangled steel drill in a contest of strength & then died from exhaustion, is probably based on a real person. The statue was erected in 1972 by the Ruritan Club, then refurbished & moved closer to the tunnel entrance in 2012. Many of the workers, like John Henry, were newly-freed slaves. The legend is about both power & weakness, about persistence, about man vs. machine &, ultimately, the dignity of labor – with an African-American hero." This is "Monday's Monument" #54.
1974 - African American Museum (AAM), Dallas Fair Park, 3536 Grand Avenue, Dallas, Texas (USA). "Only museum in the Southwestern US devoted to the preservation and display of African American artistic, cultural and historical materials. It also has one of the largest African American folk art collections in the US." A Smithsonian Affiliate.
1976 - Monument for Sojourner Truth, Stockade Historic District, Kingston, Ulster County, New York (USA). "A marker honoring the life of Sojourner Truth [c1797-1883] stands on the front lawn of the Ulster County Courthouse." Sojourner Truth [c1797-1883] was an African-American abolitionist & women's rights activist who was born into slavery in Swartekill (near Kingston), Ulster County, New York, but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826.
1976 - African American Museum in Philadelphia (AAMP), 701 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA). A bicentennial project. "The first major museum in the country devoted specifically to African-American history and traditions."
1977 - "The Passage to Freedom," near Talbot Hall, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio (USA). "Commemorates Oberlin as a major stop on the Underground Railroad, the secret route by which abolitionists helped slaves escape to freedom in the Civil War era. Cameron Armstrong (then a senior at Oberlin College) constructed the piece as part of a class art project."
1981 - California African American Museum (CAAM), Exposition Park, 600 State Drive, San Francisco, California (USA).
1981 - Kunta Kinte - Alex Haley Memorial, City Dock, Annapolis, Maryland (USA). Child friendly bronze statues of Pulitzer Prize winner Alex Haley and three children. "Only memorial in the USA that commemorates the actual name and place of arrival of an enslaved African. Consists of three distinct areas: The Alex Haley sculpture group, Compass Rose, and Story Wall." Note boats in harbor.
September 21, 1983 - Slave Memorial, Mount Vernon, Virginia (USA). "A gray, truncated, granite column which represents 'life unfinished' in the center of three concentric brick circles. The three steps leading up to the column are inscribed Faith, Hope & Love -- the virtues that sustained those living in bondage. ...approximately 50 yards SW of George & Martha Washington's tomb, on a bluff above the Potomac River. This sacred ground was used as a cemetery for slaves & a few free blacks who worked at Mount Vernon in the 18th & 19th centuries. Local folklore/tradition says that the bodies were buried with their feet towards the east (the river), symbolizing their desire to return to Africa. The graves were either unmarked or the markings did not survive... Adjacent to a 1929 Mount Vernon Ladies' Association marker noting the site of the slave burial ground."
1985 - Emancipation Statue, St. Barnabas roundabout on the ABC Highway (Barbados). "The work of Barbados' best known sculptor Karl Broodhagen. Symbolises emancipation in 1838 when over 70,000 Barbadians of African descent took to the streets singing: 'Lick an Lock-up Done Wid, Hurray fuh Jin-Jin (Queen Victoria). / De Queen come from England to set we free. / Now Lick an Lock-up Done Wid, Hurray fuh Jin-Jin.' Many Barbadians refer to the statue as Bussa, the slave who helped inspire a revolt against slavery in Barbados in 1816."
1985 - Tubman Museum of African American Art, History & Culture, 340 Walnut Street, Macon, Georgia (USA). Named in honor of Harriet Tubman [c1820-1913], "the courageous African American woman, known as the 'Black Moses,' who led hundreds of other slaves to freedom and served as Union spy, scout, and nurse during the Civil War." Formerly named "Harriet Tubman Center for Spiritual & Cultural Awareness." Mentioned by Tom Flores (2008).
January 11, 1990 - "Behold", Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site, Atlanta, Georgia (USA). 12-foot statue of Kunta Kinte from the novel Roots by Alex Haley. Kinte is performing a Mandinka ceremony for his first-born, Kizzy: "Behold, the only thing greater than yourself." Sculpted by Patrick Morelli. Dedicated by Coretta Scott King. There are other Alex Haley statues in Annapolis, Maryland, & Knoxville, Tennessee, and Haley homes in Henning & Clinton, Tennessee.
Date? - Freed Slave Statue, Juffureh, James Island (The Gambia). "James Island still holds the ruins of slave fort 'James,' outside Juffureh."
N/A - Village of Juffureh, James Island (The Gambia). The village to which Alex Haley traced his ancestor Kunta Kinte. Note Freed Slave Statue at left.
Date? - Monument to the Abolition of Slavery, Matanzas (Cuba). 60 miles outside Havana. Photo shows students from Fordham University.
Date? - Gateway of No Return, Ouidah (Benin). "A massive, arched gateway, some 50 feet high, stands alone on the edge of one of the loveliest beaches in West Africa. It is a striking - and in many ways a beautiful - structure, facing out across the Atlantic Ocean towards South America. Yet it is also bleak beyond words. Etched across the top of the arch are two long lines of naked, chained men disappearing into the sea."
After 1987 - Freedman's Memorial, Uptown, Dallas, Texas (USA). "$2 million monument tm. With accompanying historical notes & 16 pages of photographs." /// "Arranged like a travel guide. Provides historic reference to over 200 landmark homes, institutions, buildings & markers relating to the Underground Railroad." /// Charles L. Blockson is founder & curator of the Charles L. Blockson Afro-American Collection of rare texts, slave narratives, art & a host of other artifacts significant in African-American history at Temple University. /// Image on cover is detail of Harriet Tubman [1822-1913] from the Underground Railroad Memorial in Battle Creek, Michigan.
Sept. 19, 1990 - Concert Street Liverpool (England). One of 3 originals. Others in Belfast & Glasgow. 2007 Liverpool (England). Miniatures cast on 20th anniversary of the Slave Trade Act. 2007? Cotonou? (Benin). A former source of slaves. March 30, 2007 Richmond, Virginia (USA). On site of a former slave market.
1994 - Underground Railroad Memorial, near W.K. Kellogg Manor House, off of West Van Buren Street, Battle Creek, Michigan (USA). "The nation's largest monument to the Underground Railroad. The 28 foot long & 14 foot high bronze statue was made possible by the generosity of the WK Kellogg Foundation & Glenn A. Cross Estate. The lovely park like setting with flower-lined pathways showcases the beauty of the statue. A information kiosk is on site to provide information. Honors the men & women who operated the Underground Railroad. Foremost figures are Harriet Tubman [1822-1913] & Erastus Hussey [1800-1889], a local "conductor" of the Underground Railroad. (Sarah Hussey is one of the figures on the side of the memorial.) Harriet Tubman never came to Battle Creek." /// See paper by Anthony Patrick Glesner (1995). N.B.: Ed Dwight [b.1933] also sculpted the Alex Haley-Kunta Kinte Memorial, City Dock, Annapolis, Maryland, in 1981, "Gateway to Freedom," Hart Plaza, Detroit, Michigan, in 2001, & "Tower of Freedom," 100 Pitt Street East, Windsor, Ontario (Canada) in 2001.
February 1994 - "Hippocrene Guide to the Underground Railroad" by Charles L. Blockson. "A collection of letters, diaries & narratives of slaves who found freedom, including Henry 'Box' Brown, who nailed himself into a box & had it shipped to Phildelphia; William & Ellen Craft, who posed as master & slave & traveled openly out of the South; & a young woman who escaped with the help of Union soldiers by dressing as one of them. With accompanying historical notes & 16 pages of photographs." /// "Arranged like a travel guide. Provides historic reference to over 200 landmark homes, institutions, buildings & markers relating to the Underground Railroad." /// Charles L. Blockson is founder & curator of the Charles L. Blockson Afro-American Collection of rare texts, slave narratives, art & a host of other artifacts significant in African-American history at Temple University. /// Image on cover is detail of Harriet Tubman [1822-1913] from the Underground Railroad Memorial in Battle Creek, Michigan.
November 1995 - Porte du Non-Retour/Door of No Return, Ouidah (Benin). "The last place the slaves of Benin passed before entering the slave ships. The city is famous for its Slave Route, which traces the journey of slaves from the center of the city to the port." /// "Designed & ornamented by Beninese artist Fortuné Bandeira. Evokes the monumental Soviet aesthetics.Aims to mark the place where slaves were embarked to the Americas. Yves Appolinaire Pédč made the cement bas-reliefs onto the platform and the sculptures depicting the Egun-guns, while the artist Dominique Kouass conceived the four metal sculptures representing the families of captives. Although the bas-reliefs represent slaves in chains—very near to the stereotype—the text engraved on the plate identifying the monument does not mention slavery, slaves, or the Slave Route Project."
February 1998 - Alex Haley Statue, Alex Haley Heritage Square, Morningside Park, 1600 Dandridge Avenue, Knoxville, Tennessee (USA). Child friendly 13-foot bronze statue designed by sculptress Tina Allen depicting Pulitzer Prize winner Alex Haley, author of the novel Roots, who lived in nearby Clinton, Tennessee.
1980's - Alex Haley Home & Museum (plus historical marker & grave), 200 South Church Street, Henning, Tennessee (USA). "Built in 1919 by Will E. Palmer, the maternal grandfather of Alex Haley [1921-1992]. From 1921 to 1929, & during some subsequent summers, Haley lived here with his grandparents. It was on the porch of this house that Haley heard from his grandmother the family stories that inspired him to write Roots: The Saga of an Amerian Family, retelling tales of his African ancestors who were brought to America as slaves. The work won him the 1976 Pulitzer Prize, and the book was presented in an eight- part television adaptation in 1977. Haley is buried on the grounds" (lower right image).
After 1987 - Freedman's Memorial Arch, Freedman's Memorial Cemetery, Central Expressway & Lemmon Avenue, Dallas, Texas (USA). "$2 million monument to Freedman's Town, where freed slaves settled after the Civil War. Its cemetery had disappeared beneath white urban expansion in the 1950's. After utility crews rediscovered the site of an estimated 4,500 graves in 1987, the state began a partial re-interment and started building the memorial...The monument is truly multicultural. Artist David Newton created the bronze sculptures outside the entry, marked with granite arches and an iron gate. Poems are etched into a sunken circle at the memorial's center, and essays by Dallas schoolchildren grace the gate's outside pillars."
May 22, 1998 - Anse Cafard Slavery Memorial, Anse Cafard. Le Diamant (Martinique). Also called "Cap 110." "Commemorates the 150th anniversary of the emancipation of slaves in the French West Indies. Comprised of 20 large, hulking figures bearing stoic, brooding expressions, each 8 feet tall. Shoulders hunched & heads bowed, the figures stare out to the sea from what is an otherwise pleasant and breezy grassy field... On the night of April 7, 1830, a ship carrying a cargo of Africans sank in the rocky waters off the coast of Le Diamant. More than 40 would-be slaves, shackled together in the ship's hull, drowned. The tragedy is artfully memorialized by Martinican sculptor Laurent Valére. The statues, composed of cast concrete & sand, are arranged in a triangle in reference to the triangular trade. They're also standing at an angle of 110ş directly in line with the Gulf of Guinea."
1998 - Bristol Slave Trade Trail, Bristol (England). "This is a town trail with a difference. It aims to show you what the handsome squares and quaint buildings of a pleasant English city have to do with one of the ugliest and most destructive events in human history... the Transatlantic slave trade." Route available from Museum Shop, City Museum & Art Gallery, Queen's Road, Bristol.
October 3, 1998 - Statue of Tula, Bazjan Karpata & Sablika, near Holiday Beach Hotel, South Coast (Curaçao). Also called "Monument to End Slavery." Depicts Tula & rebel slaves. This is the site where Tula was executed on October 3, 1795.
1999 - Freedman's Memorial Arch, Freedman's Memorial Cemetery, Central Expressway & Lemmon Avenue, Dallas, Texas (USA). "$2 million monument to Freedman's Town, where freed slaves settled after the Civil War. Its cemetery had disappeared beneath white urban expansion in the 1950's. After utility crews rediscovered the site of an estimated 4,500 graves in 1987, the state began a partial re-interment and started building the memorial...The monument is truly multicultural. Artist David Newton created the bronze sculptures outside the entry, marked with granite arches and an iron gate. Poems are etched into a sunken circle at the memorial's center, and essays by Dallas schoolchildren grace the gate's outside pillars." /// This is "Monday's Monument" #124.
September 25, 1999 - Sojourner Truth Monument, Battle Creek, Michigan (USA). 12-foot high sculpture. Sojourner Truth [c1797-1883] was born into slavery & became an abolitionist & women's rights activist. /// Info courtesy of Mark Lambert, Cereal City Books, Battle Creek, Michigan, Nov. 23, 2011. N.B.: Tina Allen [1950-2008] also sculpted A. Philip Randolph (Boston, 1986), George Washington Carver (St. Louis), Martin Luther King Jr. & Charles Drew (Los Angeles, 1998) & Alex Haley (Knoxville, 1998).
2000 - "Freedom Schooner Amistad," New Haven, Connecticut (USA). La Amistad (Spanish for "Friendship") was a ship taken over in July 1839 by African captives being transported from Havana to Puerto Principe, Cuba. The Africans & the ship were later captured off Long Island by the US Revenue Cutter Service, La Amistad became a symbol in the movement to abolish slavery, and a US Supreme Court case over the status of the Africans took place in 1841, as importation of slaves into the US had been prohibited since 1808." "In 1998-2000, Mystic Seaport built a recreation christened "Freedom Schooner Amistad." The ship's mission is to educate the public on the history of slavery, discrimination, and civil rights. Her homeport is New Haven, where the Amistad trial took place. She also travels to other port cities for educational opportunities."
2001 - Jerry Rescue Monument, Clinton Square, Syracuse, New York (USA). By Sharon BuMann, "professional sculptor from Pennellville." "Commemmorates the rescue on October 1, 1851, of a fugitive slave by the name of Jerry (also known by the name of William Henry) by abolishionists... Jerry was eventually taken by wagon to Oswego, where he safely crossed Lake Ontario & into Canada."
October 20, 2001 - Gateway to Freedom, Hart Plaza, Detroit, Michigan (USA). Depicts a group of slaves on US soil looking towards Canada and freedom. Detroit was on the central route to freedom, the "underground railroad." Sculpted by Ed Dwight. A collaboration of "Detroit 300" & the International Underground Railroad Monument Collaborative.
October 20, 2001 - Tower of Freedom, 100 Pitt Street East, Windsor, Ontario (Canada). "Faces the Gateway to Freedom monument across the Detroit River and together are called the International Memorial to the Underground Railroad. A 22 foot tower with a bronze Flame of Freedom created by Denver based sculptor Ed Dwight. The monument honours the harrowing journey made by thousands in search of freedom and pays tribute to Ontario's role in the Underground Railroad."
June 2002 - Slavery & Civil War Museum, 1410 Water Avenue, Selma, Alabama (USA). An affiliate of the National Voting Rights Museum & Institute. Visited by EWL.
2002 - "Shared Past, Common Future," Nationaal Monument Slavernijverleden / National Slavery Monument, Oosterpark, Amsterdam (Netherlands). By Surinamese born artist Erwin Jules de Vries. "Commemorates the abolition of slavery in the Netherlands in 1819."
July 27, 2002 - African American Slavery Monument, Rousakis Plaza, River Street, Savannah, Georgia (USA). "11-12' high. Depicts a black family caught in a tight embrace with broken shackles at their feet. Inscription by poet Maya Angelou: "We were stolen, sold and bought together from the African continent. We got on the slave ships together. We lay back to belly in the holds of the slave ships in each others excrement and urine together, sometimes died together, and our lifeless bodies thrown overboard together. Today, we are standing up together, with faith and even some joy."
August 2004 - National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, 50 East Freedom Way, Cincinnati, Ohio (USA). Interprets the Underground Railroad and "pays tribute to all efforts to abolish human enslavement and secure freedom for all people." Described on pages 348-349 of "A Traveller's Guide to the Civil Rights Movement" by Jim Carrier (2004). One of 27 US museums in "Museums for Peace Worldwide" edited by Kazuyo Yamane (2008). to see Wikipedia article.
October 14, 2004, & April 19, 2005 - Lincoln Presidential Library & Museum, Springfield, Illinois (USA). Displays all aspects of Lincoln's life & presidency, includind the emacipation of American slaves.
June 25, 2005 - Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture, 830 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland (USA). "Sharing the courageous journeys toward freedom and self-determination made by African American Marylanders." A Smithsonian Affiliate.
2005 - Unsung Founders Memorial, University of North Carolina, Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, North Crolina (USA). "This memorial in honor of the slaves on whose back the greatness of US society was built is situated in a prominent location on one of the main university lawns... The fact that this is 'allowed' to be exhibited so prominently is a sign that the caucasian mainstream US is willing to come to terms with its past. It's a small step, yet nevertheless a step in the right direction."
2005 - Museum of the African Diaspora (MOAD), 685 Mission Street, San Francisco, California (USA). Permanent Exhibitions: * CELEBRATIONS: RITUALS AND CEREMONY * MUSIC OF THE DIASPORA * CULINARY TRADITIONS * ADORNMENT * SLAVERY PASSAGES * THE FREEDOM THEATER * AFRICAN ORIGINS MAP
2005 - "Captured Africans," St. George's Quay, Lancaster (England). "Inaugurated in September 2002, STAMP (Slave Trade Arts Memorial Project) was an ambitious arts education outreach project which culminated in a permanent memorial to Lancaster's role in the slave trade in 2005." Lancaster was the UK's 4th largest slave port.
2006 - "Underground Railroad Bicycle Route," Adventure Cycling Association. "Exploring the route to freedom" from Mobile, Alabama (USA) to Owen Sound, Ontario (Canada).
March 25, 2007 - Wilberforce House, High Street, Kingston upon Hull (England). "Birthplace of William Wilberforce [1759-1833], the famous abolitionist & MP who was most influential in the abolition of slavery, which became his life's work. Like the nearby Blaydes House & Maister House, formerly a Merchant's house with access to quayside on the River Hull. Part of Hull's Museum Quarter incorporating the Nelson Mandela garden (qv). Now a museum which re-opened on 25 March 2007 after a two-year Ł1.6 million redevelopment, in time for the 200th anniversary of Wilberforce's Act of Parliament abolishing the slave trade in the British Empire. The new exhibition has a broad focus on the history of slavery in addition to materials relating to the life & work of Wilberforce. The front garden contains a statue of Wilberforce which underwent a Ł10,000 restoration to preserve it in 2011. Adjoining the site is the University of Hull's Wilberforce Institute for the study of Slavery & Emancipation which conducts research into historic & contemporary forms of slavery."
2007 - "Gift of Cain," Fen Court, off Fenchurch Street, London (England). " Incorporates 17 cylindrical granite columns erected before a granite platform." Marks the bicentenary of the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade. Sculpted by Michael Visocchi who worked with Lemin Sissay, whose poem combines stock exchange jargon with the Biblical story of Cain & Abel and referecnes to William Wilberforce [1759-1833]. Unveiled by Desmond Tutu. John Newton [1725-1807] preached in the nearby church of St. Mary Woolnoth. Info courtesy of Valerie Flessati (2012). This is 1 of 45 monuments in her "Peace Trails through London," page 15.
August 22, 2007 - International Slavery Museum, Liverpool (England). Has three main galleries: Life in West Africa, Enslavement and the Middle Passage, and Legacies of Slavery. One of ten "musuems for peace" in the UK (vs. more than 200 in the USA).
October 2007 - Swing Low: A Memorial to Harriet Tubman, Harriet Tubman Square, 122nd Street, St. Nicholas Avenue & Frederick Douglass Boulevard, New York City, New York (USA). Former slave Harriet Tubman [1820-1913] was an abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the American Civil War.
2008 - Slavery Memorial, Place du Général Catroux, 17th arrondissement, Paris (France). Dedicated to Thomas Alexandre Dumas, the General-in-Chief, French Army. (Dumas was the son of a slave & the first general of Afro-Caribbean descent to serve in the French army.) The artist's name is Driss Sans-Arcidet, alias Musee Khombol.
Septembrer 24, 2008 - Slave Memorial, Church Square, Cape Town (South Africa). "Collaborative work with Wilma Cruise. Eleven granite blocks. Their common 'foot print' represents our common humanity; their different heights represent growth, and the importance we attach to the youth of South Africa; they too need to be able to read the texts engraved on the surface of the blocks. The two blocks on the raised plinth are engraved with the names of the enslaved... The other nine blocks are engraved with words from the slave period in South Africa, 1652 to 1834-8... Thus the memorial is characterized by silence — silence in the face of the abomination that was slavery... Their weighty presence elicits the memory of the slaves that were sold, tortured & suffered at Church Square."
October 31, 2008 - Last Slave Hut in Barbados, Rock Hall Freedom Village (Barbados). Newspaper headline: "How Screwed Up Is This Place? Barbados Government Workers Accidentally Demolish Last Slave Hut - After Being Informed Not To By Member Of Parliament."
March 2012 - Memorial to the Abolition of Slavery, Quai de la Fosse, Nantes (France). On the Loire riverfront in the center of the city, this memorial, designed by Wodiczko + Bonder, is a metaphorical & emotional evocation of the struggle for the abolition of slavery. With the aim of being above all historic, the project still continues into the present & proposes a physical transformation & symbolic reinforcement of 350 meters of the coast of the Loire. This working memorial includes the adaptation of a pre-existing underground residual space, a product of the construction of the Loire embankments & port during the XVIII, XIX, and XX Centuries..." /// "Thousands of small glass plates litter the ground, like the many slave ships which left Nantes during the 18th & 19th centuries originating in the deportation of 550,000 prisoners to American colonies. Huge panels of glass slice through the slab like giant blades. The insistent lapping of The Loire river allows time for meditation."
September 27, 2014 - Slavery Memorial, Front Green, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (USA). "Granite and ductile cast iron. Recognizes Brown University's connection to the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the work of Africans and African-Americans, enslaved and free, who helped build our university, Rhode Island, and the nation."
December 7, 2014 - Whitney Plantation, 5099 Highway 18, Wallace, Louisiana (USA). 35 miles west of New Orleans. "Visitors [are] in agreement that they [have] never seen anything quite like it. Built largely in secret & under decidedly unorthodox circumstances, the Whitney had been turned into a museum dedicated to telling the story of slavery — the first of its kind in the United States."
July 10, 2015 - Confederate Battle Flag , State House, Columbia, South Carolina (USA). Permanentlhy removed from capitol grounds following murder of nine Blacks at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, SC, on June 17, 2015. /// Followed, later in 2015, by a decision of the City of New Orleans to remove three Confederate monuments.
March 25, 2015 - "The Ark of Return / L'Arc de Retour," United Nations Headquarters, New York City, New York (USA). "Constructed completely from white marble. Resembles a ship -- a reference to the cramped, inhumane slaving vessels that transported African people as human commodities between continents. Inside the gargantuan structure lies a prone figure draped in white. Underneath, the words "Consider the legacy" are etched in the marble. On the outside are sketches that include maps of the triangular slave trade, slave ships & diagrams of the inside of the ships used to carry slaves." Designed by Haitian-American arthitect Rodney Leon. Dedicated "Ŕ l'occasion de la Journée internationale de commémoration des victimes de l'esclavage et de la traite transatlantique des esclaves" by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon & General Assembly President Sam Kutesa.
December 12, 2013 - "Warehouses Used in the Slave Trade," 122 Commerce Street, Montgomery, Alabama (USA). Outside the Equal Justice Initiative building (once a slave warehouse). One of a series of markers for slavery & lynching by The Equal Justice Initiative (EJI). Bryan Stevenson seen in image. December 12, 2013 - "Montgomery's Slave Traders," 300 Water Street, Montgomery, Alabama (USA). Outside Union Station. "Describes the slave trade both by ship & by train." One of a series of markers for slavery & lynching by The Equal Justice Initiative (EJI).
December 11, 2015 - "Lynching in America," Brighton, Alabama (USA). One of a series of markers for slavery & lynching by The Equal Justice Initiative (EJI). July 31, 2016 - "Lynching at Letohatchee," Letohatchee, Lownes County, Alabama (USA). One of a series of markers for slavery & lynching by The Equal Justice Initiative (EJI) -- this one for 14 documented lynchings in Lownes County. SLAVERY 2016 MARKERS
September 24, 2016 - National Musuem of African American History & Culture (NMAAHC), Smithsonian Institution, The Mall, Washington, DC (USA). Under discussion since 1915. Architectural design announced April 14, 2009. "Memorializes & honors the victims of slavery & provides their descendants a concrete place for remembrance & reflection. A place of refuge & introspection for all people to contemplate the past, present & future with the hope of finding answers & hope." Described on page 14 of "A Traveller's Guide to the Civil Rights Movement" by Jim Carrier (2004).
January 12, 2017 - Reconstruction Era National Monument, Beaufort County, South "Carolina (USA). "Commemorates a post-Civil War community of freed slaves [the Penn Center]" & possibly the Brick Baptist Church, the Robert Smalls house, the site at the Naval Hospital in Port Royal (where the Emancipation Proclamation was read publicly to great fanfare on New Year's Day 1863), and the old firehouse in downtown Beaufort." /// One of 5 new national monuments decreed at the same time by outgoing President Barak Obama under the Antiquities Act of 1906.
March 11, 2017 - Hariet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitors Center, Church Creek, Eastern Shore, Maryland (USA). "A $21 million project that commemorates Tubman's journey, from slave to Underground Railroad 'conductor' &, later in life, Civil War scout, spy & nurse. Sitting on 17 acres, the center will be part of the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway, a 125-mile self-guided driving tour that wends through 36 significant sites along the Eastern Shore." A partnership of the National Park Service & the Maryland State Park Service, the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center. "Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park is a new park contained within the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Monument."
April 26, 2018 - Memorial to Peace and Justice, Montgomery, Alabama (USA). A national memorial to victims of lynching & a museum that explores African American history "from enslavement to mass incarceration" will be situated within 150 yards of one of the South's most prominent slave auction sites & the Alabama River dock & rail station where tens of thousands of enslaved black people were trafficked. To be built & operated by The Equal Justice Initiative (EJI) (headed by Bryan Stevenson). Will contain high-tech exhibits, artifacts, recordings & films, as well as comprehensive data & information on lynching & racial segregation [&] will connect the history of racial inequality with contemporary issues of mass incarceration, excessive punishment & police violence." /// Right image shows sites of 4,075 racial terror lynchings of African Americans in 12 southern states between 1877 & 1950. MUSEUMS BLACKS 2018 RIGHTS
Future - US National Slavery Museum, 1320 Central Park Boulevard (Suite 251), Fredericksburg, Virginia (USA). Designed by C. C. Pei. "Will offer 100,000 feet [sic] of permanent and temporary exhibit space. Exhibits will take visitors on a journey through time, beginning with Africa as the cradle of civilization through the Middle Passage on slave ships, to the slave resistance movement, the Civil War and the continuing struggle for equality today." Please email your comments & questions to geovisual at comcast.net. Thank you.
Return to Peace Monuments main page.


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This post is SO overdue, but I I wanted to wait until I had the time to truly devote to it. Sharon and Corey's Old Hollywood wedding is one I will always remember and will forever hold dear to my heart. It is very rare to come across a bride like Sharon. She is a little firecracker of energy and excitement. It is impossible not to smile and laugh when she is around. She also has the biggest heart and was such a dream to work with on designing her big day.
When we started with creating the design, we knew we wanted to do a classic Old Hollywood style wedding to compliment the famous Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. It was a perfect fit considering the ballroom is where the first ever Academy Awards were held. It also wouldn't be Sharon's wedding, if we didn't glam it up with gold glitter. I did have to keep the glitter/gold contained a bit – I think if Sharon had her way we would be showering gold glitter from the walls! Outside of the glam, we needed to make it personal. There isn't a single item, from the menus, to the guest book where we didn't ask the question " How can we make this more personal, How can this represent Sharon and Corey"
I am obsessed with this wedding. It was my last wedding before having Callie ( I was suuuuper pregs ) and my last wedding in California before moving HQ to Chicago. It was such good one to end on and I credit that to the team I got to work with. First off, these pictures…. wow… Brian Leahy – you outdid yourself. I can't thank you enough for capturing all the details so beautifully. My good friend and fellow designer – Kristeen Labrot created the best printed pieces… I showed her one mood board and she nailed it instantly. The flowers from Heavenly Blooms were to die for!! So much of our designed relied on her capturing our floral vision. It was just such a fun night… hard not to be with one of the best live bands around. And did I mention my first Hora?!?! I can't want to get back to California so Sharon and I can have another date at Magnolia Cupcakes and reminisce on all the wonderful memories from the day. Ok – enough talking – enjoy these gorgeous photos.
Thank you Sharon and Corey for choosing me. I wish you nothing but the very best.
Stacey Lynn Design
Debois Entertainment – Live Band- Traffic Jam

subset: commoncrawl


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In a somewhat rare occurrence, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit is split right down the middle on whether to rehear a union's challenge to the constitutionality of Indiana's Right to Work Act. The Court voted 5-to-5 Tuesday on whether to rehear the appeal en banc. The even split means the three-judge panel's decision from September, 2014 upholding the statute under the United States Constitution stands.
The 2014 decision upholding the constitutionality of the statute was a 2-1 split with Chief Judge Diane Wood writing in dissent. Wood, who obviously voted in favor of rehearing the case en banc, was joined by Judges Richard Posner, Ilana Rovner, Ann Williams and David Hamilton. Voting against rehearing en banc were Judges Joel Flaum, Frank Easterbrook, Michael Kanne, Diane Sykes and John David Tinder.
The case was brought by the members and officers of the International Union of Operating Engineers Local 150. They argued in their petition for rehearing that the court's ruling was contrary to several U.S. Supreme Court and Seventh Court rulings regarding the National Labor Relations Act's pre-emption of this subject area and that the statute also constituted an "unconstitutional taking of union property."
The union's next decision is whether to appeal the 7th Circuit's decision to the United States Supreme Court.


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When you hear the name Kristin Chenoweth, there's little doubt that you'll either think of the woman behind April Rhodes, a frequent Glee guest star, or the originator of the role of Glinda the Good Witch in Broadway's Wicked. She is, however, a huge player in the world of voice acting, which may not be too surprising for some, but only further highlights what a versatile actress she is.
At just 4'11", it's clear that #KristinChenoweth's voice is stunningly bigger than her compact frame, yet she has never let that hold her back. A Broadway veteran, Chenoweth has appeared in the previously mentioned Tony Award-winning Wicked, for which she was nominated for her role as Glinda, and won a Tony in 1999 for her role in You're A Good Man, Charlie Brown. She's also appeared in 12 voice roles, with a few more on the way. What makes her such a huge hit as a voice actor, though?
3. Her Humor
With every voice role she plays, it's clear that Kristin Chenoweth is having a good time. Whether it was as Gabi, the potentially poisonous tree frog from Rio 2, or as little Kilowatt in Space Chimps, there was no mistaking that Chenoweth was enjoying herself immensely. Truth be told, shouldn't that be what everyone expects to have in a job?
2. Her Skill As A Singer
Kristin Chenoweth's skill as a vocalist is not to be denied; one need only listen to her sing "Popular" or "For Good" from Wicked to realize that the woman has serious singing chops. Whether it's in Rio 2 where her character Gabi serenades the sleeping Nigel or as Miracle Grohe in the series finale of Sit Down Shut Up, Chenoweth proves that her incredible singing voice can shine in any medium.
1. Her Innocence
Sure, Chenoweth has played a recovering alcoholic in Glee, an ambitious political reporter in The Good Wife, and a racist, competitive mom in Hairspray Live!, but whenever she plays an animated character, she is innocence — even when she plays a "villain." Fifi from The Peanuts Movie, for instance, isn't nasty or mean; she is an innocent damsel in distress. In Space Chimps, Chenoweth's Kilowatt was sweet and kind. There's a certain innocence that Chenoweth brings to every voice role, and it's incredibly endearing.
What's Next?
As far as voice roles go, Chenoweth will be playing Princess Skystar in My Little Pony: The Movie, due out later this year, and has been recently announced for the role of Mouse in The Star, a film about the heroes of the first Christmas. She is, of course, also busy with her role as Easter in Neil Gaiman's American Gods and is set to play Josephine in Micah The Asshole Ghost. She's also very occupied with her ongoing music career, as she's currently touring across the United States for a series of concert appearances.
Whatever Chenoweth has planned next, it's certain this powerhouse will continue to make her presence known in every media form she's conquered.
Here's Kristin Chenoweth and #AnnaKendrick singing "For Good" from Wicked in Trevor Live!
What other voice actors and actresses do you admire?


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Tuesday, December 6, 2011
Revving up
Day 1 - One word
Encapsulate the year 2011 in one word. Explain why you're choosing that word. Now, imagine it's one year from today, what would you like the word to be that captures 2012 for you?
The word is "coping." I went back to work full-time January 4, 2011 to a company in the midst of major transition, including dealing with lawsuits and fraud allegations against senior members of my department. S. still gets up at least once a night at nearly 18 months, and even though J. gets up with her, I'm permanently exhausted. It often feels like life is a horrible, crushing routine of joylessness and domestic drudgery that never ends.
The terror and excitement of finding out I was pregnant with twins in late July slid into a nightmare as I miscarried one on my friend's wedding day, then found out six weeks later the second had died weeks before. I kept on going to work and parenting S. because I didn't know what else to do, and those things aren't really optional. But I feel a kind of dreary misery now, like I'm soaked to the bone in a cold muddy wilderness, just picking up one foot after the other while I dream of earlier, happier times.
It's been a shitty year. I don't have a special word for 2012, only a hope that I'll achieve something better than simply coping with my life.
Day 2 - My children will do it differently
If you could choose one thing that your children will do or experience in a different way than you have, what would it be and why?
I'd like S. to experience life unafflicted by guilt every time something brings her pleasure. While I'm not looking to raise a complete hedonist, there must be something more moderate than my childish inquiry to my mother about whether eating sugar was "unChristian" (since I enjoyed it, I knew it must be wrong).
But more than anything else, I would choose that S. be spared from the bullying I experienced. It changed me permanently, and not for the better. On top of my worry for S. herself, I'm not sure I can handle re-living it through her and I hope I don't have to find out.
3 comments:
I really hope my kids don't have the issues I have had during my life, and good health.ReplyDelete
I'm SO glad you are joining in the reverb11 goodness! It has been a good discipline in taking stock of what is happening in your life, the good and the bad. So sorry for your loss and for your sense of just making it as opposed to really being able to enjoy your year. Here's to a much more joyful 2012 coming your way!ReplyDelete
I can't even imagine what you've been through and I won't pretend I understan. I don't want my kids to have my issues either or be raised in some of the ways I was. Yes, we should not feel guilty every time we enjoy something. There is nothing Biblical about that anyways. God doesn't want us to feel that way. I pray 2012 is a more joyful year for you.ReplyDelete


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Okay. I'm going to say something weird. Ready? Here goes.
It's hard for me to believe I haven't always existed.
Like, there was a time (a LOT of time!) in which I wasn't born. I didn't exist.
I feel so real and alive (I am, and I am!), so how is it possible that there was a time in which I was neither thing!?
I know it's true, obviously. It just blows my mind.
Me, a person with deep thoughts and genuine emotions and dreams and hopes and fears and a heart that beats and pumps blood through my body… I haven't always been! I wasn't. And then I was.
Only God could do that- create us from nothing. And He chose it all- the date and time and location of our birth.
And it might seem irrelevant because everyone has a birthday and was born in a place and so how is my birth-date and location of birth significant at all? But it is. He says it is.
None of it is accidental or by chance. It was planned. Purposed. It matters. I matter.
We didn't choose to be here. We didn't will ourselves into existence. Our parents didn't even will us into existence because how many parents who struggle to get pregnant would have children if it was a matter of WANTING them?
We, humanity, really has very little to do with it.
So why do we think it all depends on us now?
I didn't always exist.
It's not up to me to hold it together.
I didn't always exist.
And when I think about that, how I came to be through none of my own doing, I realize how fragile life is- how we're here one day and gone the next. And again, not (hopefully!) by our own doing.
Our days are numbered. It's all in His hands. It has always been. He who tells the night to fade into day; He who tells the leaves to fall; He who keeps the world spinning on its axis; He who numbers our days.
And as real as this seems, as real as I feel, there's more.
I haven't always been and this world won't always be. And that doesn't have to be scary. Rather, it's a reflection of the God who is working all things together for good- the God who has a plan.


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How to QSL to
I no longer accept QSL cards via the bureau. With both e-QSL and LoTW available I feel that these are easy ways to confirm a contact. Cards can be printed from e-QSL. If you would like a card for contacts please send direct.
I will process direct QSL cards in February 2017 when next at home.
If sending direct, please ensure envelopes are at least 160mm x 115mm.
Direct QSL's should be sent to:
Mike Gloistein, GM0HCQ QSL Manager
For all direct QSL's please enclose a SASE (for the UK) or a self addressed envelope with either an IRC or 2x $1 notes (as postage in the UK has now increased and the exchange rate is so poor) to cover my postal costs. Cards sent direct without either of these will not be QSL'd .
I am always delighted to receive SWL reports and am happy to QSL as above.
All logs are also on e-QSL and LotW and are updated to:
GM0HCQ/MM to 1st November 2015
LoTW has been updated to 20th April 2016
The following are examples of my current QSL cards:
The current GM0HCQ and VP8CMH /MM QSL card. Used with effect from June 2012.
The VP8ROT QSL card, kindly supplied by Marc, ON5FP
The VP8SGK QSL card, kindly supplied by "The French Polar Team" Antarctic Challenge.
If you would like to make a donation to the running of this website and the cost of QSL cards, you can do so via the link below. Thank-you.


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I love it when I read a story that plays with the established standards, but still manages to have that air of truth and authenticity about it. Unsuitable, the upcoming release from Ainslie Paton, is one of those books. It's a book that will make you laugh, make you cry, make… Read more »
Author: Ainslie Paton
Floored by Ainslie Paton: Review
I made a grievous error in starting Floored on a break at work last Friday. Why was this erroneous, I hear you ask? I'll tell you why – Floored was so freaking good that it was nigh-on impossible to put down. Here are my thoughts on Floored: I said in a tweet last Friday,… Read more »


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T?picos. A import?ncia do estudo da luz Natureza e propriedades da luz O Espectro eletromagn?tico Radia??o do corpo negro Quantum O efeito fotoel?trico e os f?tons A natureza dual da luz
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Seven Seller Slip-ups That Send Buyers Packing
Sure it's a sellers' market, but that doesn't mean it's a fool proof market.
Sellers who approach the market like a cocky kid who thinks he or she knows it all will soon learn the real estate world isn't his or her oyster.
If you want to sell your home quickly for the maximum sales price, consider these pearls of wisdom to avoid common seller mistakes.
Mistake No. 1: Pricing your property too high - Every seller wants to get the most money for his or her product. Listing with an excessively high price is a mistake.
A high listing price will simply alienate some buyers before they even see your property. Other buyers could expect more than your home really has to offer.
Over-priced properties tend to take an unusually long time and sell for a lower price than a similar home that's priced right.
Mistake No. 2: Mistaking refinance appraisals for market value - In a refinance, lenders often estimate the value of your property at a higher level than the home is worth to encourage refinancing.
It's a good idea to ask your real estate agent for the latest comparable market analysis, based on similar, recently sold properties in the same community.
Mistake No. 3: Forgetting to "showcase" your home - No matter how many times sellers hear this advice, no matter how simple it is to achieve, there's widespread neglect when it comes to getting a property ready for sale.
A poorly maintained home with neglected décor and an unorganized appearance will turn away buyers and slash thousands of dollars off the selling price.
Mistake No. 4: Trying to "hard sell" while showing - Buying a house is an emotional and difficult decision.
Give prospective buyers time and space to examine your property. A home tour or open house event is not the time for pressuring prospective buyers.
Point out subtle issues, but be friendly, be hospitable, be available and be receptive to questions, but only if the potential buyer asks.
Mistake No. 5: Trying to sell to lookers - A prospective buyer who shows interest because of a "for sale" sign likely isn't really interested in your property.
These buyers are more likely six to nine months from really taking the plunge. They are more interested in learning what's available, rather than looking for a home to buy.
Your real estate agent can distinguish between the looky-loos and real buyers by determining a prospective buyer's savings, credit rating, and purchasing power.
If your real estate agent can't make this distinction, and you have to investigate on your own, consider finding a new real estate agent.
Mistake No. 6: Not knowing your rights and responsibilities - It's crucial you are aware of all the details in your real estate contract.
Real estate contracts are legally binding documents and can be complex and confusing, but failing to sweat the details could cost you thousands of dollars in repairs and inspections.
Mistake No. 7: Signing a contract with no escape - You have a right to a contract that allows you to fire your real estate agent - and hire another - if the original agent fails to do the job as promised.
Source: Realtytimes.com
To access all the Incline Village and Lakeshore Realty listings please click here. You can also contact us by email or call us at 775-831-7000. If you are in Incline Village, please visit us at 954 Lakeshore Blvd. Incline Village, NV 89451.


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He didn't show a lot of emotion, Spittal said, but if he could strike you and hit you, he would. Cohost asked most of the questions, but Favre, who played with Eagles coach Pederson, complimented Wentz. He's a powerful run blocker and stout pass protector. Tuesday, Aug. Anyone can NHL Jerseys Cheap donate things for the silent auction or for a door prize. But Breslow's effectiveness declined after that season, and he spent much of 2016 the minors. ahead of Canada the Group B standings with the Canadians playing Latvia later Thursday evening.
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He brought perspective.


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Got a transfer from job or resigning to set up a new business in new place; whatever may be the reason shifting to a new place is a cumbersome process. It not only is a time consuming process but can be heavy on your pocket if not done wisely. While many expenses are surely unavoidable, but lot other expenses can be kept at minimum if proper planning is done.
We need to properly plan a budget for moving which should include all the process, from packing in carton to hiring trucks and then to finally settling in new place. At new place you might not be aware of surroundings and thus need to keep some basic things handy, especially if you have kids. This will save you from getting into panic mode. Here are few ideas which you can implement while moving out of your house and remain tension free:
1. Throw the unused items
When packing things throw away all those items which you haven't used for more than 2 years; these are the things which are of no use and taking them with you means picking up garbage. Anyhow the packaging companies will charge you basis of weight and amount of cartons. Similarly, the furniture which you currently own might be too bulky for the new house. Take its measurement; if it exceeds the size of room in new house, sell it off. It will never fit in. Remember you will get more money in current city since you have time to bargain in comparison with new city where you will have to hurry up.
Book your packaging company in advance after looking out all options. Keep searching for the best company considering who can offer you best pricing. Booking it in advance will help you choose the best option otherwise last minute bookings will cost you more. Also, confirm with them for any extra charges before signing the contract. For example, they might add extra cost if your new house is high-rise apartment or if miles exceed then had been anticipated.
3. Gather cartons
No matter how many cartons you have you would need more at last minute. Therefore, ask friends or shopkeepers to give you some extra moving supplies. BE sure to pack all important documents and papers properly in a waterproof bag. Similarly, pack each glass item individually or in between clothes. They might crack while moving and you wouldn't want to see a tea set in pieces when you are unpacking. Try places like dollar stores or discount chains to gather boxes, packaging tapes or markers.
4. Labeling
Write properly over the cartons the things they contain. No matter how good your memory is, the transfer exertion will take a toll on your brain. Once you reach your new home it would be really difficult to find the correct item easily. And if you will open them all at a time it might take a toll on your health.
5. Transfer of records
You will need to complete lot of paperwork before shifting to new place, like notify post offices, banks about change of address. If you have membership of some clubs which is transferable, make sure to resale it or else they might have some refundable fees which you can collect. Be sure to transfer the insurance record of your car from current city to new city.
Nancy Rorie is a blogger who writes for led lights manufacturer in China and also maintains his own blog on home improvement and interior designing tips.


text: After my tragedy a couple of weeks ago with my gucci tote that I sold to some buyer who emailed me after auction close that they "changed their mind", i relisted....the bag sold again to someone that APPEARED to be legit. They had lovely feedback from other sellers. Now, when I go to send an invoice, it works, however it shows that this user is no longer registered. Does this mean I got Screwed AGAIN!!!??? If I have to relist this a third time I am going to throw my computer out the window!


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(Society and Self, Critical Representations in Literature)
On These I Stand: An Anthology of the Best Poems of Countée Cullen is a collection of the formerly published poems for which Countée Cullen wanted to be remembered. Written during the 1920's and 1930's, these poems are from such works as Color (1925), Copper Sun (1927), The Ballad of the Brown Girl (1928), The Black Christ and Other Poems (1929), and The Medea and Some Poems (1935). Cullen also includes six new poems on subjects ranging from a tribute to John Brown ("A Negro Mother's Lullaby") to the evolution from birth to death ("Dear Friends and Gentle Hearts"). Cullen maintains the style of classical lyricists such as British poet John Keats in this collection, using rhymed couplets, ballads, or sonnet forms.
Color emphasizes racial themes and shows the influence of ideas associated with the Harlem Renaissance. There are religious overtones in some of the poems about the burden of racial oppression. The speaker recognizes a loss of faith but laments the racial prejudice against more religious blacks in "Pagan Prayer." Cullen's Simon the Cyrenian transcends his race by helping Christ bear the cross in "Simon the Cyrenian Speaks." The poem for which Cullen is widely known, "Yet Do I Marvel," questions the value of God's decision to give creative talent to a black person, whose talents are ignored.
Cullen joined other Harlem Renaissance writers in...
(The entire section is 472 words.)


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Potato and Basil Cream Soup
If you like it, save it!
Save and organize all of the stuff you love in one place.Got it!
If you like something…
Click the heart, it's called favoriting. Favorite the stuff you like.Got it!
Author Notes: Creamy and full of flavour. —Rita Coelho
Serves 4
- 1 pound Potatoes
- 1 piece Onion
- 1 piece Celery
- 2 teaspoons Ginger
- 1 piece Garlic
- 1 liter Water
- 1 bunch Basil
- 1 tablespoon Olive oil
- 1 dash Salt
- 1 dash Pepper
- Place the potatoes, onion, celery, ginger, garlic and water in a saucepan and cook until the potato is soft.
- Add the fresh basil.
- Grind and season with salt, pepper and olive oil.


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Hello everyone,
My name is Bill and I have been in Alaska since my parents drug me up here in1966. I have owned some sort of bike since I was 17. In 1975, I owned a water buffalo and had planned to take a road trip to what we call "outside" or "the lower 48". Instead, friends talked me into getting a BMW for the trip, so I went to the local dealer and bought a 1975 R90/6. I am glad I did. The bike ran flawlessly for that 10,000 mile trip. Anyway, I got married and started having kids and in1983 the bike sat in the back yard being neglected for the next 25 years. In 2008, a friend suggested I get it running, so I took it to the shop in the fall and it was ready by spring. I forgot how much I liked to ride. I have been gradually replacing all the rusted parts and it is now almost completely restored. Last summer I made the ride from Fairbanks to Homer. Upon getting back home I had to put a half quart of oil in the engine. I had never had to do that before. So at 85,000 miles I had the engine rebuilt and the bike still runs great. Last fall I picked up a used 2005 R1200GS. The new bike handles the dirt roads like it was made for it. I made the run to Dawson in June with the GS and plan on doing it again next year. Although the brakes and suspension on the new bike work a lot better, I think the old bike handles the twisties better. A couple years ago I joined the local airhead club, what a great bunch of guys and I have just joined the MOA.
Two weeks ago I bought a 1988 R100RT in Indiana and plan on leaving the bike outside. I am no spring chicken and in a couple years plan on becoming, what we call a "snowbird". Meaning during the colder winter months in Alaska, going south to someplace warmer. Hopefully someplace I can ride in Jan and Feb. Two weeks ago I had to put the bikes away for the winter and I am anxiously awaiting April when I can start riding again.


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This is not your average pot pie: the filling is packed with chorizo, corn, potatoes and cilantro, all nestled into a flaky butter crust for a spicy weeknight dinner.
For the Crust:
Combine flour and salt in medium bowl. Add butter and use pastry blender to work it into the dry ingredients until it's the size of small peas. Add water and stir until it comes together into stiff dough. Add more water 1 teaspoon at a time, if needed, but it is okay if the dough is a little crumbly. Wrap in plastic wrap and chill in fridge for at least 2 hours.
For the Filling:
Heat skillet over medium heat. Cook chorizo until browned, about 5 minutes, stirring often. Remove from skillet and set aside. Drain off any drippings.
Melt butter in skillet and add onion. Cook until translucent, about 3-4 minutes. Add garlic and cook for one minute more. Add flour and whisk until it forms a thick paste. Add stock a little at a time, while whisking constantly, until it is all incorporated and smooth.
Add potatoes, corn and cilantro. Season with salt and pepper. Bring to a boil and cook for about 5 minutes.
To assemble pot pie, roll chilled crust out on lightly floured surface about 11 inches wide. Butter 9-inch pie dish and add filling. Place crust on top of filling. Tuck edges under and crimp as desired. Cut a few small holes in the crust to allow the filling to vent.
Place pot pie on parchment or foil-lined sheet pan and bake at 400°F for 30-35 minutes until crust is browned and filling is bubbling through vents. Allow to cool slightly before serving.


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LET'S PLAY!! Have a happy weekend at Lan Kwai Fong Carnival 2016 (19-20 Nov).
Thank you all of you who have visited our booth in Lan Kwai Fong Carnival 2016 during these 2 days! Hope you all enjoy our game and see you again in the future!
VR Monster Awakens in LKF 2016
Our new jackets!
So many people queuing up…
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- 1 Tidy It or Change It: Why Septic Tank Pumping is Important
- 2 Setting up septic system with excavator at building site in Rhome TX.
- 3 Just what occurred to my septic tank system?
- 4 What is the average cost of septic tank pump out in Texas?
- 5 What is the cost to remove a septic tank in Rhome TX?
- 6 The worth of sewage-disposal tank upkeep.
- 7 Obtaining one of the most from your septic system inspection.
Tidy It or Change It: Why Septic Tank Pumping is Important
Setting up septic system with excavator at building site in Rhome TX.
Appropriate septic tank upkeep will certainly maintain your system operating correctly, preventing an expensive new installation.
All too often, we get phone calls from property owners who have never ever pumped out their septic system. By the time they call, the damage has currently been done.
Just what occurred to my septic tank system?
When you are handling back-up right into your house from a stopping working septic tank, there is no simple solution.
In some cases Roto-Rooter or hydro jet cleansing of the drainfield lines supplies short-term relief. Once the sludge congests the drainfield, the only permanent remedy to the trouble is installing a brand-new system. Rhome TX
Sewage-disposal tank pumping is a must
On a regular basis cleansing your sewage-disposal tank is the key to the life of your septic tank.
The purpose of the sewage-disposal tank is to divide the wastewater from the solid waste and also enable only the wastewater to enter the soil absorption field.
What is the average cost of septic tank pump out in Texas?
Larger solid waste works out to the base of the container and also becomes sludge. The lighter waste rises to the leading and becomes scum. The wastewater is drawn from the middle of these two layers. Rhome TX
In time these layers enlarge to the factor where they integrate. As soon as this happens, sludge as well as scum leave the tank and get in the soil absorption area, which causes your dirt as well as drainfield to block. (See representation).
What is the cost to remove a septic tank in Rhome TX?
This is generally a slow-moving process, as well as you will not understand it's occurring till your drainfield clogs to the point of failure as well as begins to back up. After this point, cleaning up the septic system typically does not fix the issue and a brand-new system may need to be mounted. Rhome TX
The worth of sewage-disposal tank upkeep.
Septic tanks should be cleaned every three to 5 years, relying on the dimension of the storage tank and the number of residents in the house. Don't wait up until it's far too late!
While regular upkeep guarantees you get rid of solids from your septic tank, it's additionally an opportunity for the solution professional to check the storage tank's parts for any type of problems. Because most sewage-disposal tanks are hidden, the only time you could examine these things is when the container is pumped out. Rhome TX
Obtaining one of the most from your septic system inspection.
You cannot fix what you can't see. Jumping on a routine maintenance routine could assist protect against troubles with your system. What parts should the service technician examine?
Inlet and also electrical outlet baffles/tees: Make sure they exist as well as not obstructed with origins. Missing out on or damaged baffles/tees can lead to major troubles with the system. Rhome TX
Origins: Roots from trees and also plants can go into container from a number of places, such as the access cover( s) of the tank, inside or around the baffles, or at the joints of the container. Origins that go into the container via the lid could be removed at time of pumping. Failing to do this can lead to blockages as well as back-ups.
Dividing wall surface: This wall surface separates the container into 2 areas, keeping sludge trapped in the very first compartment and protecting against solids from leaving the container to the absorption location. Most dividing wall surfaces are made from concrete and also are very sturdy. Nonetheless, plastic walls are not sturdy and can end up being loosened and loss or lean in the tank. A fallen or leaning dividing wall can trap solids in the storage tank, stopping them from being gotten rid of throughout pumping and compeling the house owner to have the container pumped extra regularly.
Many tanks are installed in a top and bottom section, as well as it's generally from the joint of those areas that containers leak. Sometimes the liquid level may not be low when the pumper arrives, yet as pumping starts water that is filled in the soil gets in the tank through small openings– one more indicator of a leak.
Fluid level: The typical operating degree in the container goes to the electrical outlet pipeline, approximately a foot from the top of the container. If the fluid level is over the outlet pipe, this suggests the drainfield is not accepting wastewater, or is approving the wastewater at a slower rate than regular.
Backflow: Heartburn from the drainfield could indicate a lack of correct autumn from the tank to the drainfield, and also could suggest the fluids are not percolating underneath the drainfield. Rhome TX
Employing a sewage-disposal tank cleaning company.
A word of caution: Not all septic companies are equivalent. Some companies might just drain one area of a two-compartment storage tank; some could just pump out the liquids as well as leave the solids in the container.
As a home owner, you are responsible for hiring a company that takes care of your wastewater in a lawful way. Make certain your pumper checks the above items each time the tank is pumped and also takes care of the wastewater in an authorized manner.
Septic Tank Pumping Rhome Texas
how much is a septic pump <<<<|>>>> septic maintenance


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Thanks to Lonely Planet's new travel guide exclusively for honeymoons, couples now have an essential resource to help them get started in the planning process for this long-dreamed of life event.
Tag Archives: Island
What you need to know about the lifted travel embargo to Cuba
Do you want to travel to Cuba? Here are some important things you'll need to know before you plan your trip.
Snuggle up to these amazing and romantic island getaways
Whether you're planning a proposal or you're looking to rekindle the spark in a long-term relationship, there's nothing quite like a beach to bring out the romantic in us.
10 things you need to know about the Turks & Caicos
When I think of the Turks & Caicos, the thing that comes to mind is the breathtaking color of the water – a deep, clear turquoise. Once you've seen it, you'll know what I mean. In fact, the water is one of the main reasons many tourists choose to visit the Turks & Caicos.
Top 9 things you'll want to do in Maui
Since Maui is a dream destination for so many honeymooners, I thought I'd share a few of this island's most enchanting experiences.
Wondering what you can do there? You can…
Is Jamaica on your honeymoon wish-list? If not, it should be!
Jamaica is a top choice for honeymooners looking to relax yet have fun in a vibrant,
tropical paradise. Much of its appeal comes from it having so much to offer visitors with a
variety of interests.
How to choose your perfect type of honeymoon
Your honeymoon is the vacation of a lifetime, one in which you'll celebrate your new life together as a married couple, and, ultimately, fall even more in love. But deciding what type of honeymoon you want to have isn't easy! So here are some suggestions to get you started.
Incredible Honeymoon Cruises: Windstar
Are you planning a cruise for your honeymoon? With so many new ships at sea each year, it can be difficult deciding which cruise is best for you. But don't worry – we've got you covered!
3 perfect honeymoon destinations
When you think of your "perfect" honeymoon destination, do you imagine palms swaying in a gentle breeze, moonlit strolls along the beach, and romantic candlelit diners? Many people do. No wonder beach destinations are so popular with honeymooners!
Tips for Western Caribbean travel
The Caribbean means different things to different people. To some, it's a place to bask under sunny skies as you relax beneath a palm tree, sipping your favorite cocktail. To others, it's a place to fulfill an endless fascination with water sports. Others still enjoy floating from island to island on a cruise liner, when all you have to do is show up.


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Kolhapur Municipal Corporation Recruitment 2016 :: Junior Engineer, Superintendent & more : Kolhapur Municipal Corporation (KMC) issued a job notification to recruit 24 Junior Engineer, Superintendent and more vacancies through www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in 2016 2017 officially at Kolhapur, Maharashtra. Candidates who are searching government jobs in Kolhapur (Maharashtra), they can utilize this latest Kolhapur Municipal Corporation employment notification. Eligible candidates should apply online application form against Kolhapur Municipal Corporation Recruitment notification. Eligibility details like educational qualification, age limit, Pay Scale, exam date, selection process, last date, syllabus and more information mentioned below.
Kolhapur Municipal Corporation (KMC) Jobs 2016 – 17 Vacancy Details
No.of Vacancies : 24
Type of Job : Government/ Private
Year : 2016 2017
Official Web Portal : www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in
Jobs at : Kolhapur Municipal Corporation (KMC)
Location : Kolhapur, Maharashtra
Name of the Post :
- Executive Engineer – 01
- Hydraulic Engineer – 01
- Deputy Hydraulic Engineer – 01
- Deputy Town Planner – 01
- Assistant Engineer (Mech) – 01
- Junior Engineer (Civil) – 10
- Junior Engineer (Electrical) – 01
- Pesticides Officer – 01
- Environment Officer – 01
- Law & Judiciary Officer – 01
- System Manager – 01
- Superintendent – 04
Eligibility Detail of Kolhapur Municipal Corporation 2016 Vacancy
Educational Qualification : Applicants should possess Engineering or its equivalent qualification from any government authorized university/institution. (refer notification)
Age Limit : Candidates age as per announcement.Upper age limit is applicable as per govt norms to reserved category candidates..
Selection Process : Applied candidates selection based on their performance in conducted written examination, interview, certificate verification.
Salary : Final selected candidates will earn appropriate monthly payment from Kolhapur Municipal Corporation.
How to Apply Application for Kolhapur Municipal Corporation 2016 Recruitment : Eligible candidates go through official website www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in for online application form and submit last date of Kolhapur Municipal Corporation Junior Engineer, Superintendent more vacancy.
Instructions to Apply Online :
- Visit official website of Kolhapur Municipal Corporation www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in
- Choose Online Apply Link
- Now full fill application form as per instructions and attach necessary certificates.
- Finally choose Submit option.
- Take a copy of printout for further reference.
Kolhapur Municipal Corporation Junior Engineer, Superintendent Syllabus, Exam Pattern : Candidates who want to know the Exam Syllabus & Pattern they should visit main site.
Remember Dates :
Application Submission Last Date : 03-11-2016
Date of Written Test : Updated Soon
Doubts and more information applicants pleased to visit below mentioned official notification for recent employment (Sarkari Naukri) news.
Official Links :
Click to Download Kolhapur Municipal Corporation Recruitment 2016 PDF Notification : http://www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/pdf/FinalCllas1_2_Recrumant-Add18_10_2016-doc.pdf
Click to apply Online Application Form 2016-17 : https://maharecruitment.mahaonline.gov.in/MR/MahaRecruitmentHome.aspx
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