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Padraic Colum Poetry: British Analysis
(British and Irish Poetry, Revised Edition)
In nineteenth century British and American plays, a common character type was the "stage Irishman." This artificial Irish character was not very bright or sensitive. He tended to be a buffoon whose major interest in life was drinking. These plays revealed no understanding of the harsh reality of colonial rule and economic exploitation in rural Ireland. Until the very end of the nineteenth century, Catholics could not own land in Ireland, and farmers were forced to pay rent to absentee landlords. A desire for stability and a profound love of the land were deeply felt by Irish peasants. Padraic Colum expressed their feelings in a poetic voice that was authentic.
"An Old Woman of the Roads"
Colum's 1907 book Wild Earth includes some of his most admired poems. The very title suggests that generations of Irish peasants had resisted British efforts to suppress their culture and their Catholic faith. One of Colum's most famous early poems is "An Old Woman of the Roads." Its title refers to so-called tinkers, itinerant peddlers who traveled the roads of Ireland in their wagons and sold their goods. Because of their trade, tinkers did not develop roots in a specific village. In this twenty-four-line poem, which is composed of six four-line stanzas, the old woman speaks in the first person. She is a humble but proud woman with simple desires. She dreams of having a house with a hearth, heated by sod, in which she could have a bed and a dresser. She imagines that this house would also be her store, in which she could display her goods to eager customers. She is tired of endless traveling in her wagon, and she dreams of stability, which she associates with peace. Like almost all Irish peasants, she is deeply committed to the Catholic faith that gives her the strength to endure suffering with quiet dignity. In the final stanza, the old woman realizes that she may never have a house in this life, but she still dreams of paradise, where she will be "out of the wind's and the rain's way." As she travels the roads of Ireland, she prays to God "night and day."
As for other Irish peasants, God's presence in their daily lives and the resurrection are realities that she does not question. She is tired of the constant struggle to survive in abject poverty, but she never forgets that God loves her, and she believes that she will eventually return to her true "house" in heaven. With many different uses of the word house, Colum enables his readers to appreciate the quiet dignity and profound spirituality of ordinary Irish people. It is not at all surprising that "An Old Woman of the Roads" remains a poem beloved by generations of Irish readers and readers of Irish descent.
"A Cradle Song"
Another 1907 poem that has remained popular is...
(The entire section is 1162 words.)


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Did you miss last Saturday our Day of Infographics on our fanpage? Never mind. We have brought all of them together to this post, with a link to visualize the infographic on Pinterest. Ready to pin and repin? There we go!
1. Maximize the power of your tweets
Very often we use to find latest information about best times and days to tweet in order to succeed. If you are an usual SWIt's reader, you'll probably already know I'm not a big advocate of these kind of practices. On my opinion, it's your own experience with your followers what will better help you with best timings to tweet. I have to admit though this infographic can be very useful for you. Go straight to it by clicking up on the link number 1.
Back in the beginning of the week we launched a post together with our colleague Salvador Puig about the Tasty Placement's study. According to this report, what gets a better position on Google ranking is a content coming from a Google+ business page with more than 100 people in circles, followed by the amount of +1… Go up to the link number 2. if you want to get deeper on the study.
3. Let's calculate our engagement rate
SWIt's first post ever was about this matter: How to calculate the engagement rate coming from your activity on social networks. This infographic gives you those formulas we wrote about, including as well much more useful information about the companies with higher engagement rates. Are they a model to follow? As usual, go to the link number 3. to visualize the infographic.
4. Did you know… about Harry Potter?
Here we go! We can't say nothing about this infographic unless we want to be a spoiler! What we won't 😉 We finished our Day of Infographics with this one, which you can find going to the link number 4. Enjoy it!
And do not forget to be there next Saturday on our Day of Infographics on SWIt's fanpage! Also, follow the latest trends and info about social media via our Twitter or Google+ accounts, find new pictures and infographics on Pinterest or join our interesting conversations with other specialists on the fanpage and LinkedIn Group. I'll be waiting for you!

subset: commoncrawl


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About this activity
The purpose is to help the youths understand more about Scouting and Catholicism in other countries and how they may differ from Scouting and Catholicism in the United States.
The medallion and patch insignia of The International Catholic Conference of Scouting (ICCS) is offered to all youth in grades 6-8 in recognition of demonstrated awareness of Scouting in the Catholic Church throughout the world.
This is a temporary activity patch that is worn on the right pocket of the Scout uniform.
For a printable flier click here.
How to start
- Answer the requirements below.
- Have a parent or adult leader review the answers for correctness.
- After completing the requirements, a parent or Scout Leader will order the medallion/patch (Online).
A. Look up the definition of the word "Catholic" in the dictionary and write it out.
B. Plus, do any two (2) or more of the following:
- Correspond with a Catholic Scout in another country by e-mail or US mail.
- Help another youth earn his/her International Awareness Patch.
- Earn the "Citizenship in the World" Merit Badge.
- Earn the religious emblems proper to your rank or age.
- Learn about the life of the Patron Saint of Scouts and Girl Guides around the world, and discuss him with your counselor.
- Talk to someone who has experienced Catholicism in another country about what it is like to live as a Catholic in that country.
- View a video or movie on Scouting in another country (e.g., World Jamboree, World Youth Day).
- Learn how to say "Be Prepared" and how to do the Sign of the Cross in one foreign language.
- Visit the web sites of the World Organization of the Scouting Movement (WOSM) at www.scout.org and the International Catholic Conference for Scouting . (ICCS) at www.cics.org. Determine how many countries have a Scouting Program? Determine how many countries are members of ICCS?
Ordering of Recognition:
The answers to the questions should be reviewed by an adult for correctness. After completing the requirements, the participants will complete the (Online).


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HomeDecorLampsFloor LampsGrammy Reader Floor Lamp Pink by Lumisource
With its spotlight shaped head, the Grammy Reader Floor Lamp will make you feel like a star. The tripod legs add stability while the fully tiltable head can be positioned either as a reading lamp, or as an ambient spotlight. Available in a variety of attractive colors, the Grammy Reader is a perfect fit anywhere from the living room to a dorm room.


text: On Nov 2, 7:16 am, "lallous" <lall... at lgwm.org> wrote: > Hello, > > Is there is a way, using the Python C api, to install an exception handler > that: > - will be triggered when an exception occurs > - analyze the reason of the exception > - correct the situation and try again (something like exception handling on > windows where the exception handler can retrieve the registers > context->faulting instruction->fix situation if needed->restart execution > from the same point) Python has no concept of "retrying", at either the Python or C API level. You might be able to do something Evil in C to get this effect but I don't recommend it, it'll be fundamentally averse to how Python works and future versions are likely to break it. > Since I will be asked: "what are you trying to achieve?", this is what I > want: > > func_call("hello") <- no exceptions, good code: function is defined and > called properly > SomeUndefinedFunction("x", "y") <- undefined function call will trigger an > exception. I want my python/C exception handler to inspect the reason of the > exception, if it was a call to an undefined function call then redirect the > execution to a certain method, say: ExecuteByName("SomeUndefinedFunction", > "x", "y") > > I know if I create a small class with getattr hooked, what I want can be > achieved. I'd do it that way. There is ordinarily no way to hook into a plain function call like SomeUndefinedFunction() in Python; if you go around hacking up the interpreter to do that users will be highly confused and surprised. OTOH, hooking into attributes is pretty well-known. When a person sees attribute notation they know there's an opportunity to do weird stuff. When a strange function is called, they will be like, "oh, someone overrode __getattr__". > But can it be done otherwise (without using a class and instead relying on > exception handlers and correcting the exception)? Just forget about exception handling. If you REALLY insist on doing this, and I highly recommend against it, the best chance you have is to try to hook into the importing process and load a module that uses a custom dictionary object. Carl Banks


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Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA)
Came into Force October 2000 – Abogado de accidentes
Purpose is intended to implement article 5 of the Telecommunications Data
Protection Directive (No 97/66).
Communications As far as the interception of internal communications is concerned,
Interception unless there is (expressly or by implication) consent (by both parties to
the communication) to the interception, a criminal offence may be
committed. An employer can only lawfully intercept external
communications without consent if it complies with the provisions of the
Telecommunications (Lawful Business Practice) (Interception of
Communications) Regulations 2000, SI 2000/2699.
The Regs The Regulations create in effect a number of 'lawful purposes' whereby
employers can monitor and record communications between parties
without their consent, providing that the employer has made 'all
reasonable efforts to inform' every person who uses the
telecommunication system that their communication may be monitored.
Lawful Purposes they include:
1 creating records in case a dispute arises;
2 ensuring compliance with regulatory or statutory rules;
3 customer care;
4 prevention of crime and security against hackers;
5 investigating the unauthorised use of the telecommunications
Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA)
Came into force 1 March 2000
Purpose Under the DPA 1998, privacy attaches to 'collected personal data'.
What is covered? Protection covers both computer processed personal data if the data was
retrieved 'by reference to an employee' as well as paper-based personal
records stored in filing systems 'by reference to employees or criteria
relating to them'.
Personal Files There are wide-ranging rights for employees to receive copies of their
personal files, to ask for corrections or removal of inaccuracies and to be
told why personal information about them is being kept.
Personal Data The definition of 'personal data' appears to be wide enough to cover
appraisals and assessments.
References There is a specific exemption for confidential references.
Processing Data The DPA 1998 applies to the 'processing of the data'. This covers most of
The routine personnel tasks from the creation of personnel information
to its filing, retention and storage.
Safeguards The Act sets out, by way of stated 'data protection principles' some basic
safeguards and controls about data processing. As far as employees
are concerned, these safeguards and controls mean, among other
things, that personal data must:
i. be obtained only for specific and lawful purposes
ii. must be processed fairly and lawfully and
iii. must be kept accurate and up to date.
Sensitive Data There are additional and more severe restrictions on the processing of
'sensitive' personal data – this includes data about an employee's racial
or ethnic origins, political beliefs, physical or mental health, or sex life,
and the commission of offences.
E/ee obtaining details Employees have the right, upon request (and payment of a fee
up to £10), to be told (within 40 days) whether personal data
about them is being processed and, if so, to be told what the
data is, why it is being processed and to whom it is going.
If personal data on one employee contains personal data on
another, that employee's permission will be needed, or details
may be blanked out.
The Information Commissioner is responsible for freedom of information under the
Freedom of Information Act 2000, which is not due to be
fully in force until November 2005 and has responsibility
for the working and policing of the DPA 1998.
Also includes the publication of codes of practice to
assist those who have control of personal data.
Employment Code In October 2000, the Commission published the first part of the
Employment Practices Data Protection Code. The Code is designed to
assist employers comply with the Act.


text:
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For any further Assitance you can mail us at email@example.com
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text:
The improved product mix in favour of high value, high margin radial and OTR tyres will benefit the company in terms of greater realisations and healthier margins.
Parvatha Vardhini C
Investors can consider buying the JK Tyres stock with a two-three year perspective. The company is the third largest manufacturer of tyres in India with a market share of 17 per cent. While the commercial vehicles segment brings in 75 per cent of the revenues, passenger vehicles chip in with the rest.
As is the case with most companies, bulk of these earnings (over 60 per cent) comes from the replacement market; exports contribute 14 per cent to the revenues.
Volume growth resulting from capacity expansion, increased demand from OEMs and an improved product mix in favour of radial and OTR (off-the-road) tyres suggest good earnings prospects. At the current market price of Rs 130, the stock trades at around a 5 times trailing 12-month (TTM) earnings. This valuation is at a discount to bigger players such as MRF and Apollo Tyres, which quote at about 10 times their TTM earnings.Demand Scenario
The replacement market has been the key driver of growth for the industry so far. But the buoyant trends in automobile sales in the past few years has enabled the company step-up its supplies to OEMs. JK Tyres is the exclusive supplier for the Swift, SX4 and the Zen Estilo from Maruti and the Logan from the Mahindra stable.
The company will also be supplying to the Nano. The success of the Swift and the SX4 and the potential market for the Nano will translate into higher revenues for the company.
Besides, the duty cuts on buses and trucks announced in the Budget, coupled with the possibility of a softer interest rate regime, may provide a fillip to the commercial vehicle industry, which has otherwise been reeling under a slowdown in the medium and heavy commercial vehicles segment. JK Tyres, a supplier to Tata Motors, Force Motors and Volvo is a likely beneficiary from this revival.Radial and OTR tyres
India has low levels of radialisation at less than 5 per cent for trucks and buses due to constraints such as higher costs and maintenance involved and poor road infrastructure. The fast improving highway infrastructure, the Supreme Court ban on the overloading of vehicles and the move towards a hub and spoke model are expected to indirectly rev-up the demand for radial tyres as they offer better fuel efficiency, have longer life and turn out to be cheaper in the long run.
The company already has the first mover advantage in the manufacture of radial tyres for commercial vehicles where its market share is around 80 per cent. To cater to this expected increase in demand, the company plans to increase its radial tyre capacity to 10 lakhs by FY-09 and 12 lakhs by FY-11.
Besides, the company is also increasing its capacity in the OTR segment. It has entered into a tripartite agreement with Bharat Earth Movers (BEML) along with Apollo tyres for the manufacture and supply of OTR tyres. The company will, thus, be able to ride on the construction boom to bring in higher revenues. The improved product mix in favour of high value, high margin radial and OTR tyres will also benefit the company in terms of greater realisations and healthier margins.Financials
For the quarter ended December 2007, net sales grew by 10 per cent to Rs 723 crores on a year-on-year basis and net profits, by 175 per cent to Rs 22 crore. EBITDA margins also improved from around 8 per cent to 10.6 per cent. But both profits and margins have declined marginally on a sequential basis. This can partly be attributed to the firm trends in raw material prices.Concerns
The reduction in Cenvat duty in the budget has been a welcome relief and the company has already announced price cuts to pass on the benefit to its customers. But with the reduction passed on, operating margins are likely to be under pressure due to firm trends in the prices of natural rubber and crude oil based raw materials. Any increase in prices pegged to increase in cost of raw materials could face resistance from its OEM customers. Net margins may also be affected from increased depreciation and interest costs due to ongoing capacity expansion.


text:
- 98 years old
- Year of birth: 1917
- Year of passing: 2016
To the family of Flora . what a beautiful person and it was pleasure to know her, I worked for the Volpe Company, and met Flora there in 1952, we remained friends for ever...my thoughts and prayers are with you all...
To the Romboli Family. Flora was a big part of my fathers life. She was not just a cousin but a friend and a great inspiration! She will be missed! God speed you fabulous and wonderful women! I will miss you??
To the Romboli Family,
Flora worked for my Dad and ever since I was a little girl I would always go visit her in her office. She was always so kind and always had a smile on her face. I loved to hear her laugh. Flora was always there for me when I needed someone to talk to. I will miss her.
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text:
Tagged: "how to record drums"
Drum Recording Ninja Workshop!
Want to learn how to record better drums? Want to learn how to tune your drums for better recordings? Do you have a limited budget or limited amount of channels?
Charlie's New Column On DrumMagazine.com
"Good Vibrations" Debuts! In his new column, "Good Vibrations", Charlie is going to show us how he works with drummers to get a great sound in the studio. Called "Good Vibrations", the new column is designed to give you a quick look at how you go for a particular sound to fit a session […]
Charlie Releases FREE Drum Miking eBook!
Record Awesome Sounding Drums! FullOnDrums' very own Charlie Waymire has released a FREE eBook titled "4 Twists On Minimal Drum Miking". With this eBook you'll learn 4 different minimal miking techniques that will teach you how to get great sounds with minimal microphones and gear.


text:
NBCUniversal Upfront 2016
NBCUniversal Upfront 2016
When NBCUniversal consolidated all of their network and cable channel upfronts into one big upfront event, they needed to go big. The central segment of the two hour event was called "Live," focusing on the excitement of live television, especially the Olympics. It included great music (some written by us), live dancers, live drummers, and soccer jugglers! We turned Radio City Music Hall into a full-fledged carnival! Aside from original music, Mixology Post provided music supervision, music editing, sweetening and remixing, sound design and surround mixing to create an immersive experience in Radio City's unique 4.1 surround setup. We also coordinated with the choreographer to provide pre-scores for the dancers for the pre-show video shoots, as well as support during the live event, including click tracks through ear pieces to sync the musicians, dancers and soccer jugglers.
IUCN World Conservation Congress – National Geographic
The International
Tribute Portfolio
This brand film for
NBCUniversal Upfront 2016
When NBCUniversal
NFL Team Bedding
The Spot: Northwest
© RK Music 2016


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SMM Orff Ensemble
Children, young people and adults are involved in the SMM Orff Ensemble, which regularly participates in the 9.30 a.m. Sung Mass and other special occasions. Members make music together using easy to learn melodies, simple chords, using xylophones and glockenspiels. Add singing, movement and rhythmic speech and there are ways for all ages to take part. Under the imaginative leadership of Kim Kendrick, the result is a multi-layered soundscape that helps us enter into prayer and engage the Faith. Kim is a trained Orff instructor on Faculty at the Royal Conservatory of Music.


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Srivastava, M., Sinha, U., Muniprakash, M., Mithran, A. et al., "Wear Resistant and Fuel Efficient Ni-Co Based Composite Coating for Engine Cylinder Application," SAE Technical Paper 2017-26-0165, 2017, https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-26-0165.
Automobile component particularly the engine cylinder is subjected to continuous wear during the running of the automobile specifically the two wheelers. Aluminium alloys are the material of choice due to their high strength/weight ratio. As aluminium alloys have poor wear and corrosion resistance, a uniform wear resistant composite coating is required on the bore of the internal combustion engine cylinder. There are several methods to produce composite coatings like chemical and physical vapour deposition, plasma spraying, metal infiltration, powder metallurgy etc. Ni-SiC coating commercially known as NIKASIL, is the most commercially used coating in automobile's/aero IC engines. However, SiC tends to react with the nickel matrix at temperatures above 400 °C forming a brittle nickel silicide which deteriorates the performance of the coating. Also, the synthesis of SiC particles utilizes high energy. Present study provides an oxide namely Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) reinforced Nickel-Cobalt based wear-resistant and fuel-saving composite coating replacing the existing NIKASIL coating used in automobile engines. The said wear-resistant coating was developed using simple electrochemical deposition method. The deposition conditions were optimized and the developed coating displayed a microhardness of 500 ± 30 KHN50gf. The wear loss of Ni-Co-YSZ coating was observed to be 6.7 × 10-7 mm3/m against EN31 hardened steel. A four-stroke automobile engine cylinder was coated with Ni-Co-YSZ coating and tested according to CS-22 standard up to the engine speed of 6500 rpm. The fuel flow in the Ni-Co-YSZ coated cylinder was nearly 10 % less compared to the uncoated engine cylinder. This shows that the Ni-Co-YSZ is a fuel-efficient coating.


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QUETTA: Balochistan Assembly has adopted a resolution on Monday against Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) chief Altaf Hussain's provocative speeches with majority.
The resolution condemned the 'self-exiled' MQM chief's spouts against Pakistan and its defense institutions.
It stated that Altaf Hussain spoke the language of Pakistan's enemies and made highly offensive, provocative and objectionable speeches against the national institutions which is equivalent to an attack on Pakistan's sovereignty.
The text of the resolution says that the people of Pakistan have repeatedly expressed their anger at these speeches and calls for suppression of such elements keeping the public sentiment in view.
The resolution demanded bringing back Altaf Hussain to Pakistan and take action against him under Article 6 of the constitution of Pakistan.


text:
May 12
May 12
Tags: conservative, democrats, Elections 2012, liberals, obama, Politics News, republican, Rush Limbaugh, Scott Walker, Scott Walker Recall, tea party, Tom Barrett, video, Wisconsin Politics, Wisconsin Recall, Wisconsin Recall Election, Wisconsin Recall Elections
This entry was posted on May 31, 2012 at 1:44 pm. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.
Posted in Conservative Videos DailyRushbo Tea Party by Dyno Rush Comments Off on Rush: Scott Walker Has Done Everything Obama Says Is Not Possible
Comments are closed.


text:
Related quotes
"Problems aren't out there, whatever is missing is what you are not giving, and whatever crisis you are hitting is a call for more of you to come out, for more of you to emerge. ~ Derek Rydall The font needs to be bigger to be more readable"
"Everyone is called, but most let it go to voicemail. What's worse, when the Universe tries to leave a message, it gets 'mailbox full.'"
"My ideas have undergone a process of emergence by emergency. When they are needed badly enough, they are accepted."
"As you become more rooted inside -- as you drink from this silent stream of life that runs beneath the surface of everything -- as you live from that depth of your own being more and more, then you'll be able to rise taller and stronger in this world; more than you may have ever thought possible."
"In this age of quick fixes and microwave mindsets, most of us want what we want, and we want it right now, whether it is instant download speed, instant riches, or an Oompa-Loompa, but just as you can't force the farm to produce a harvest, you can't force your seed of potential to grow until it is ripe and ready."


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Artist Anhia Santana is once again showcasing her twisted talent with her collection of distorted Rugrats prints.
Going by the alias 'Distorted,' Santana is no stranger to perplexing artwork. The Dominican artist has made a name for herself within the visual art scene for her use of various colors and dark imagery. This collection of prints features 90s toddlers and tots, the Rugrats, reimagined in an eerie light. The lovable Tommy and gang are illustrated to have one eye replaced with a symbolic spiral commonly used by the artist. These prints also include odd accents such as immensely long tongues and gloomy backdrops.
Santana explained that her cryptic work stems from past experiences. Refusing to let negativity consume her, Anhia Santana expresses herself through her art "no matter how ugly" it may seem to some.
Distorted 90s Cartoons
More Stats +/-
Aged 90s Cartoons
Iconic Inebriated Cartoon Drawings
Nostalgic Aged Cartoons
Toonified 8-Bit Retrospectives (UPDATE)
Hilarious Nostalgic Blogs
Anhia Santana Gives the Iconic Rugrats a Perplexing New Look
- By: Malika Renee ButssMay 28, 2015
References: shopdistortedd.bigcartel & twitter
References: shopdistortedd.bigcartel & twitter


text:
An unofficial West Somerset Railway web site
The work is licenced under a
Creative Commons Licence
. © David Aldred
Share this picture ...
HTML link for MySpace, Facebook, Blogs and Websites
A picture from www.wsr.org.uk
BBCode link for Forums and Discussion Boards
A picture from www.wsr.org.uk © David Aldred
GWR 0-4-2T no 1450 at Watchet on 5 October 2006.
© David Aldred
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This page is not from the official West Somerset Railway website
© Stephen Edge


text:
Okay, so I saw the guy I liked at the country store with his friends, and he was just leaving, and I pulled in right in front of him. (Actually my mom did, I was in the car with her.) We made eye contact for just a second, and he was on his skateboard, then when he got on it, he did a trick right in front of me. does that mean anything?
Did he try to show off?
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What Girls Said 2
Sounds like he was struttin' his stuff for you my dear...good thing he didn't fall off ...lol !
That could've been embarrassing !00|00|0
Oh yeah that would be really embarrassing!;)
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V. S. Corporation continues to serve Navi Mumbai. Its growth is attributed to the unwavering commitment to quality, service, transparency and integrity through every level within the organization.
Load More Properties
Real Estate Mumbai newsletters are the most interesting as they give you the latest market reports and research and bring you updated with the current market trends, demands etc.
Since 1993, Real Estate Mumbai assists you in finding residential and commercial properties on Rent or Sale in Mumbai.
Real Estate Mumbai services include Property Search, short listing properties, drafting leave and license agreements and providing relocation services in Mumbai.
3 BHK 2500 Sq.ft. in 10th Road, Juhu
2½ BHK 1377 Sq.ft. in Jogeshwari Vikroli Link Road , Andheri East
4 BHK 4000 Sq.ft. in 9, Bomanji Petit Road., Warden Road


text:
Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy exploring the fundamental questions, including the nature of concepts like being, existence, and reality.[1] It has two branches – cosmology and ontology. Traditional metaphysics seeks to answer, in a "suitably abstract and fully general manner", the questions:[2]
- What is there?
- And what is it like?
Topics of metaphysical investigation include existence, objects and their properties, space and time, cause and effect, and possibility. A central branch of metaphysics is ontology, the investigation into the basic categories of being and how they relate to one another.
There are two broad conceptions about what "world" is studied by metaphysics. The strong, classical view assumes that the objects studied by metaphysics exist independently of any observer, so that the subject is the most fundamental of all sciences. The modern view assumes that the objects studied by metaphysics exist inside the mind of an observer, so the subject becomes a form of introspection and conceptual analysis. Some philosophers, notably Kant, discuss both of these "worlds" and what can be inferred about each one.
Some philosophers, such as the logical positivists, and most scientists reject the entire subject of metaphysics as meaningless and unverifiable, while others disagree and think that it is legitimate.
The word "metaphysics" derives from the Greek words μετά (metá, "beyond", "upon" or "after") and φυσικά (physiká, "physics").[3] It was first used as the title for several of Aristotle's works, because they were usually anthologized after the works on physics in complete editions. The prefix meta- ("after") indicates that these works come "after" the chapters on physics. However, Aristotle himself did not call the subject of these books metaphysics: he referred to it as "first philosophy." The editor of Aristotle's works, Andronicus of Rhodes, is thought to have placed the books on first philosophy right after another work, Physics, and called them τὰ μετὰ τὰ φυσικὰ βιβλία (tà metà tà physikà biblía) or "the books [that come] after the [books on] physics". This was misread by Latin scholiasts, who thought it meant "the science of what is beyond the physical".
However, once the name was given, the commentators sought to find intrinsic reasons for its appropriateness. For instance, it was understood to mean "the science of the world beyond nature" (φύσις - phýsis in Greek), that is, the science of the immaterial. Again, it was understood to refer to the chronological or pedagogical order among our philosophical studies, so that the "metaphysical sciences" would mean "those that we study after having mastered the sciences that deal with the physical world" (St. Thomas Aquinas, Expositio in librum Boethii De hebdomadibus, V, 1).
A person who does, or is doing, metaphysics is called a metaphysician.[4]
There is a related use of the term, equating the metaphysical with the non-physical: "Metaphysical healing" means healing by means of remedies that are not physical.[5]
Metaphysics in scienceEdit
Prior to the modern history of science, scientific questions were addressed as a part of metaphysics known as natural philosophy. Originally, the term "science" (Latin scientia) simply meant "knowledge". The scientific method, however, transformed natural philosophy into an empirical activity deriving from experiment, unlike the rest of philosophy. By the end of the 18th century, it had begun to be called "science" to distinguish it from philosophy. Thereafter, metaphysics denoted philosophical enquiry of a non-empirical character into the nature of existence.[6]
Metaphysics continues asking "why" where science leaves off. For example, any theory of fundamental physics is based on some set of axioms, which may postulate the existence of entities such as atoms, particles, forces, charges, mass, or fields. Stating such postulates is considered to be the "end" of a science theory. Metaphysics takes these postulates and explores what they mean as human concepts. For example, do all theories of physics require the existence of space and time,[7] objects, and properties? Or can they be expressed using only objects, or only properties? Do the objects have to retain their identity over time or do they change?[8] If they change, then are they still the same object? Can theories be reformulated by converting properties or predicates (such as "red") into entities (such as redness or redness fields). Is the distinction between objects and properties fundamental to the physical world or to our perception of it?
Much recent work has been devoted to analyzing the role of metaphysics in scientific theorizing. Alexandre Koyré led this movement, declaring in his book Metaphysics and Measurement, "It is not by following experiment, but by outstripping experiment, that the scientific mind makes progress."[9] Imre Lakatos maintained that all scientific theories have a metaphysical "hard core" essential for the generation of hypotheses and theoretical assumptions.[10] Thus, according to Lakatos, "scientific changes are connected with vast cataclysmic metaphysical revolutions."[11]
An example from biology of Lakatos' thesis: David Hull has argued that changes in the ontological status of the species concept have been central in the development of biological thought from Aristotle through Cuvier, Lamarck, and Darwin. Darwin's ignorance of metaphysics made it more difficult for him to respond to his critics because he could not readily grasp the ways in which their underlying metaphysical views differed from his own.[12]
In physics, new metaphysical ideas have arisen in connection with quantum mechanics, where subatomic particles arguably do not have the same sort of individuality as the particulars with which philosophy has traditionally been concerned.[13] Also, adherence to a deterministic metaphysics in the face of the challenge posed by the quantum-mechanical uncertainty principle led physicists such as Albert Einstein to propose alternative theories that retained determinism.[14] A. N. Whitehead is famous for creating a process philosophy metaphysics inspired by electromagnetism and special relativity.[15]
In chemistry, Gilbert Newton Lewis addressed the nature of motion, arguing that an electron should not be said to move when it has none of the properties of motion.[16]
Katherine Hawley notes that the metaphysics even of a widely accepted scientific theory may be challenged if it can be argued that the metaphysical presuppositions of the theory make no contribution to its predictive success.[17]
Rejections of metaphysicsEdit
A number of individuals have suggested that much or all of metaphysics should be rejected. In the eighteenth century, David Hume took an extreme position, arguing that all genuine knowledge involves either mathematics or matters of fact and that metaphysics, which goes beyond these, is worthless. He concludes his Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding with the statement:
If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence? No. Commit it then to the flames: for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion.[18]
Thirty-three years after Hume's Enquiry appeared, Immanuel Kant published his Critique of Pure Reason. Although he followed Hume in rejecting much of previous metaphysics, he argued that there was still room for some synthetic a priori knowledge, concerned with matters of fact yet obtainable independent of experience. These included fundamental structures of space, time, and causality. He also argued for the freedom of the will and the existence of "things in themselves", the ultimate (but unknowable) objects of experience.
Wittgenstein introduced the concept that metaphysics could be influenced by theories of Aesthetics, via Logic, vis. a world composed of "atomical facts".[19][20]
In the 1930s, A. J. Ayer and Rudolf Carnap endorsed Hume's position; Carnap quoted the passage above.[21] They argued that metaphysical statements are neither true nor false but meaningless since, according to their verifiability theory of meaning, a statement is meaningful only if there can be empirical evidence for or against it. Thus, while Ayer rejected the monism of Spinoza, he avoided a commitment to pluralism, the contrary position, by holding both views to be without meaning.[22] Carnap took a similar line with the controversy over the reality of the external world.[23] This logical positivist school is now generally considered to have run its course, with AJ Ayer in particular saying "it was false" when asked what was wrong with it during a television interview.[24][25]
Arguing against such rejections, the Scholastic philosopher Edward Feser has observed that Hume's critique of metaphysics, and specifically Hume's fork, is "notoriously self-refuting".[26] Feser argues that Hume's fork itself is not a conceptual truth and is not empirically testable.
Some living philosophers, such as Amie Thomasson, have argued that many metaphysical questions can be dissolved just by looking at the way we use words; others, such as Ted Sider, have argued that metaphysical questions are substantive, and that we can make progress toward answering them by comparing theories according to a range of theoretical virtues inspired by the sciences, such as simplicity and explanatory power.[27]
History and schools of metaphysicsEdit
Hindu philosophyEdit
Samkhya is an ancient system of Hindu philosophy based on a dualism involving the ultimate principles of consciousness and matter.[28] It is described as the rationalist school of Indian philosophy.[29] It is most related to the Yoga school of Hinduism, and its method was most influential on the development of Early Buddhism.[30]
The Sāmkhya is an enumerationist philosophy whose epistemology accepts three of six pramanas (proofs) as the only reliable means of gaining knowledge. These include pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference) and śabda (āptavacana, word/testimony of reliable sources).[31][32][33]
Samkhya is strongly dualist.[34][35][36] Sāmkhya philosophy regards the universe as consisting of two realities; puruṣa (consciousness) and prakṛti (matter). Jiva (a living being) is that state in which puruṣa is bonded to prakṛti in some form.[37] This fusion, state the Samkhya scholars, led to the emergence of buddhi ("spiritual awareness") and ahaṅkāra (ego consciousness). The universe is described by this school as one created by purusa-prakṛti entities infused with various permutations and combinations of variously enumerated elements, senses, feelings, activity and mind.[37] During the state of imbalance, one of more constituents overwhelm the others, creating a form of bondage, particularly of the mind. The end of this imbalance, bondage is called liberation, or moksha, by the Samkhya school.[38]
The existence of God or supreme being is not directly asserted, nor considered relevant by the Samkhya philosophers. Sāṃkhya denies the final cause of Ishvara (God).[39] While the Samkhya school considers the Vedas as a reliable source of knowledge, it is an atheistic philosophy according to Paul Deussen and other scholars.[40][41] A key difference between Samkhya and Yoga schools, state scholars,[41][42] is that Yoga school accepts a "personal, yet essentially inactive, deity" or "personal god".[43]
Samkhya is known for its theory of guṇas (qualities, innate tendencies).[44] Guṇa, it states, are of three types: sattva being good, compassionate, illuminating, positive, and constructive; rajas is one of activity, chaotic, passion, impulsive, potentially good or bad; and tamas being the quality of darkness, ignorance, destructive, lethargic, negative. Everything, all life forms and human beings, state Samkhya scholars, have these three guṇas, but in different proportions. The interplay of these guṇas defines the character of someone or something, of nature and determines the progress of life.[45][46] The Samkhya theory of guṇas was widely discussed, developed and refined by various schools of Indian philosophies, including Buddhism.[47] Samkhya's philosophical treatises also influenced the development of various theories of Hindu ethics.[30]
Realization of the nature of Self-identity is the principal object of the Vedanta system of Indian metaphysics. In the Upanishads, self-consciousness is not the first-person indexical self-awareness or the self-awareness which is self-reference without identification,[48] and also not the self-consciousness which as a kind of desire is satisfied by another self-consciousness.[49] It is Self-realisation; the realisation of the Self consisting of consciousness that leads all else.[50]
The word Self-consciousness in the Upanishads means the knowledge about the existence and nature of Brahman. It means the consciousness of our own real being, the primary reality.[51] Self-consciousness means Self-knowledge, the knowledge of Prajna i.e. of Prana which is Brahman.[52] According to the Upanishads the Atman or Paramatman is phenomenally unknowable; it is the object of realisation. The Atman is unknowable in its essential nature; it is unknowable in its essential nature because it is the eternal subject who knows about everything including itself. The Atman is the knower and also the known.[53]
Metaphysicians regard the Self either to be distinct from the Absolute or entirely identical with the Absolute. They have given form to three schools of thought – a) the Dualistic school, b) the Quasi-dualistic school and c) the Monistic school, as the result of their varying mystical experiences. Prakrti and Atman, when treated as two separate and distinct aspects form the basis of the Dualism of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad.[54] Quasi-dualism is reflected in the Vaishnavite-monotheism of Ramanuja and the absolute Monism, in the teachings of Adi Shankara.[55]
Self-consciousness is the Fourth state of consciousness or Turiya, the first three being Vaisvanara, Taijasa and Prajna. These are the four states of individual consciousness.
There are three distinct stages leading to Self-realisation. The First stage is in mystically apprehending the glory of the Self within us as though we were distinct from it. The Second stage is in identifying the "I-within" with the Self, that we are in essential nature entirely identical with the pure Self. The Third stage is in realising that the Atman is Brahman, that there is no difference between the Self and the Absolute. The Fourth stage is in realising "I am the Absolute" - Aham Brahman Asmi. The Fifth stage is in realising that Brahman is the "All" that exists, as also that which does not exist.[56]
Buddhist philosophyEdit
In Buddhist philosophy there are various metaphysical traditions that have proposed different questions about the nature of reality based on the teachings of the Buddha in the early Buddhist texts. The Buddha of the early texts does not focus on metaphysical questions but on ethical and spiritual training and in some cases, he dismisses certain metaphysical questions as unhelpful and indeterminate Avyakta, which he recommends should be set aside. The development of systematic metaphysics arose after the Buddha's death with the rise of the Abhidharma traditions.[57] The Buddhist Abhidharma schools developed their analysis of reality based on the concept of dharmas which are the ultimate physical and mental events that make up experience and their relations to each other. Noa Ronkin has called their approach "phenomenological".[58]
Later philosophical traditions include the Madhyamika school of Nagarjuna, which further developed the theory of the emptiness (shunyata) of all phenomena or dharmas which rejects any kind of substance. This has been interpreted as a form of anti-foundationalism and anti-realism which sees reality as having no ultimate essence or ground.[59] The Yogacara school meanwhile promoted a theory called "awareness only" (vijnapti-matra) which has been interpreted as a form of Idealism or Phenomenology and denies the split between awareness itself and the objects of awareness.[60]
Modern Western philosophyEdit
Process metaphysicsEdit
There are two fundamental aspects of everyday experience: change and persistence. Until recently, the Western philosophical tradition has arguably championed substance and persistence, with some notable exceptions, however. According to process thinkers, novelty, flux and accident do matter, and sometimes they constitute the ultimate reality.
In a broad sense, process metaphysics is as old as Western philosophy, with figures such as Heraclitus, Plotinus, Duns Scotus, Leibniz, David Hume, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, Gustav Theodor Fechner, Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, Charles Renouvier, Karl Marx, Ernst Mach, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Émile Boutroux, Henri Bergson, Samuel Alexander and Nicolas Berdyaev. It seemingly remains an open question whether major "Continental" figures such as the late Martin Heidegger, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, or Jacques Derrida should be included.[61]
In a strict sense, process metaphysics may be limited to the works of a few founding fathers: G. W. F. Hegel, Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, Henri Bergson, A. N. Whitehead, and John Dewey. From a European perspective, there was a very significant and early Whiteheadian influence on the works of outstanding scholars such as Émile Meyerson (1859–1933), Louis Couturat (1868–1914), Jean Wahl (1888–1974), Robin George Collingwood (1889–1943), Philippe Devaux (1902–1979), Hans Jonas (1903–1993), Dorothy M. Emmett (1904–2000), Maurice Merleau Ponty (1908–1961), Enzo Paci (1911–1976), Charlie Dunbar Broad (1887–1971), Wolfe Mays (1912–), Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003), Jules Vuillemin (1920–2001), Jean Ladrière (1921–), Gilles Deleuze (1925–1995), Wolfhart Pannenberg (1928–), and Reiner Wiehl (1929–2010).[62]
Later analytical philosophyEdit
While early analytic philosophy tended to reject metaphysical theorizing, under the influence of logical positivism, it was revived in the second half of the twentieth century. Philosophers such as David K. Lewis and David Armstrong developed elaborate theories on a range of topics such as universals, causation, possibility and necessity and abstract objects. However, the focus of analytical philosophy generally is away from the construction of all-encompassing systems and toward close analysis of individual ideas.
Among the developments that led to the revival of metaphysical theorizing were Quine's attack on the analytic–synthetic distinction, which was generally taken to undermine Carnap's distinction between existence questions internal to a framework and those external to it.[63]
The philosophy of fiction, the problem of empty names, and the debate over existence's status as a property have all come of relative obscurity into the limelight, while perennial issues such as free will, possible worlds, and the philosophy of time have had new life breathed into them.[64][65]
The analytic view is of metaphysics as studying phenomenal human concepts rather than making claims about the noumenal world, so its style often blurs into philosophy of language and introspective psychology. Compared to system-building, it can seem very dry, stylistically similar to computer programming or mathematics. Despite, or perhaps because of, this scientific dryness, it is generally regarded as having made "progress" where other schools have not. For example, concepts from analytical metaphysics are now routinely employed and cited as useful guides in computational ontologies for databases and to frame computer natural language processing and knowledge representation software.
See alsoEdit
- ^ Metaphysics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).
- ^ What is it (that is, whatever it is that there is) like? Hall, Ned (2012). "David Lewis's Metaphysics". In Edward N. Zalta (ed). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2012 ed.). Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
- ^ In the English language, the word comes by way of the Medieval Latin metaphysica, the neuter plural of Medieval Greek metaphysika.[1] Various dictionaries trace its first appearance in English to the mid-sixteenth century, although in some cases as early as 1387.[2]
- ^ Random House Dictionary Online – metaphysician
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Metaphysics". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Peter Gay, The Enlightenment, vol. 1 (The Rise of Modern Paganism), Chapter 3, Section II, pp. 132–141.
- ^ Shoemaker, Sydney. "Time without change." The Journal of Philosophy 66.12 (1969): 363-381.
- ^ Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^ Koyré, Alexandre (1968). Metaphysics and Measurement. Harvard University Press. p. 80.
- ^ Brekke, John S. (1986). "Scientific Imperatives in Social Work Research: Pluralism Is Not Skepticism". Social Service Review. 60 (4): 538–554. doi:10.1086/644398.
- ^ Lakatos, Imre (1970). "Science: reason or religion". Section 1 of "Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programs" in Imre Lakatos & Alan Musgrave, Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07826-1.
- ^ Hull, David (1967). "The Metaphysics of Evolution". British Journal for the History of Science. 3 (4): 309–337. doi:10.1017/s0007087400002892.
- ^ Arenhart, Jonas R. B. (2012). "Ontological frameworks for scientific theories". Foundations of Science. 17 (4). doi:10.1007/s10699-012-9288-5.
- ^ Hawking, Stephen (1999). "Does God play dice?". Retrieved September 2, 2012.
- ^ See, e.g., Ronny Desmet and Michel Weber (edited by), Whitehead. The Algebra of Metaphysics. Applied Process Metaphysics Summer Institute Memorandum, Louvain-la-Neuve, Éditions Chromatika, 2010 (ISBN 978-2-930517-08-7).
- ^ Rodebush, Worth H. (1929). "The electron theory of valence". Chemical Reviews. American Chemical Society. 5 (4): 509–531. doi:10.1021/cr60020a007.
- ^ Hawley, Katherine (2006). "Science as a Guide to Metaphysics?" (PDF). Synthese. Springer Netherlands. 149 (3): 451–470. doi:10.1007/s11229-005-0569-1. ISSN 0039-7857.
- ^ Hume, David (1748). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. §132.
- ^ Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1922), Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
- ^ Wittgenstein, Ludwig. "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus". Major Works: Selected Philosophical Writings. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2009.
- ^ Carnap, Rudolf (1935). "The Rejection of Metaphysics". Philosophy and Logical Syntax. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
- ^ Ayer, A. J. (1936). Language, Truth and Logic (PDF). Victor Gollantz. p. 22.
- ^ Carnap, Rudolf (1928). Der Logische Aufbau der Welt. Trans. 1967 by Rolf A. George as The Logical Structure of the World. University of California Press. pp. 333f. ISBN 0-520-01417-0.
- ^ Hanfling, Oswald (2003). "Logical Positivism". Routledge History of Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 193f.
- ^ "Ayer on Logical Positivism: Section 4". YouTube. 6:30.
- ^ Feser, Edward (2014). Scholastic Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction. p. 302. ISBN 978-3-86838-544-1.
- ^ Chalmers, David; Manley, David; Wasserman, Ryan (2009). Metametaphysics. Oxford University Press.
- ^
"Samkhya", Webster's College Dictionary (2010), Random House, ISBN 978-0-375-40741-3, Quote: "Samkhya is a system of Hindu philosophy stressing the reality and duality of spirit and matter."
- ^ Mike Burley (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-64887-5, pages 43–46
- ^ a b Roy Perrett, Indian Ethics: Classical traditions and contemporary challenges, Volume 1 (Editor: P Bilimoria et al.), Ashgate, ISBN 978-0-7546-3301-3, pages 149–158
- ^ Larson 1998, p. 9
- ^
- Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-8153-3611-2, pages 245–248;
- John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-3067-5, page 238
- ^ John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-3067-5, page 238
- ^ Michaels 2004, p. 264
- ^ Sen Gupta 1986, p. 6
- ^ Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957, p. 89
- ^ a b Samkhya - Hinduism Encyclopædia Britannica (2014)
- ^ Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0503-3, pages 36–47
- ^ Dasgupta 1922, p. 258.
- ^ Mike Burley (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-64887-5, page 39
- ^ a b Lloyd Pflueger, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-3232-9, pages 38–39
- ^ Mike Burley (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-64887-5, page 39, 41
- ^ Kovoor T. Behanan (2002), Yoga: Its Scientific Basis, Dover, ISBN 978-0-486-41792-9, pages 56–58
- ^ Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0503-3, pages 154–206
- ^ James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8, page 265
- ^ T Bernard (1999), Hindu Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1373-1, pages 74–76
- ^ Alex Wayman (1962), Buddhist Dependent Origination and the Samkhya gunas, Ethnos, Volume 27, Issue 1-4, pages 14–22, doi:10.1080/00141844.1962.9980914
- ^ Andrew Brook. Self-Reference and Self-awareness. John Benjamins Publishing Co. p. 9.
- ^ Robert B. Pippin. Hegel's concept of Self-consciouness. Uitgeverij Van Gorcum. p. 12.
- ^ F.Max Muller. The Upanishads. Wordsworth Editions. p. 46.
- ^ Theosophy of the Upanishads 1896. Kessinger Publishing Co. p. 12.
- ^ Epiphanius Wilson. Sacred Books of the East. Cosimo Inc. p. 169.
- ^ Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade. The constructive survey of Upanishadic philosophy. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 198.
- ^ Warren Mathews. World Religions. Cengage Learning. p. 73.
- ^ Alfred Bloom. Living in Amida's Universal Vow. World Wisdom Inc. p. 249.
- ^ Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade. The constructive survey of Upanishadic philosophy. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 203.
- ^ Ronkin, Noa; Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition, page 1
- ^ Ronkin, Noa; Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition, page 5
- ^ Westerhoff, Jan; Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction (2009), Conclusion
- ^ Lusthaus, Dan, Buddhist Phenomenology
- ^ Cf. Michel Weber (ed.), After Whitehead: Rescher on Process Metaphysics, Frankfurt / Paris / Lancaster, ontos verlag, 2004, p. 46.
- ^ Cf. Michel Weber (ed.), After Whitehead: Rescher on Process Metaphysics, Frankfurt / Paris / Lancaster, ontos verlag, 2004, p. 45.
- ^ S. Yablo and A. Gallois, "Does Ontology Rest on a Mistake?", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 72, (1998), pp. 229–261, 263–283 first part
- ^ Everett, Anthony and Thomas Hofweber (eds.) (2000), Empty Names, Fiction and the Puzzles of Non-Existence.
- ^ Van Inwagen, Peter, and Dean Zimmerman (eds.) (1998), Metaphysics: The Big Questions.
- Assiter, Alison (2009). Kierkegaard, metaphysics and political theory unfinished selves. London New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-9831-1.
- Butchvarov, Panayot (1979). Being Qua Being: A Theory of Identity, Existence and Predication. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press.
- Crane, T and Farkas, K (2004). Metaphysics: A Guide and Anthology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199261970.
- Gale, Richard M. (2002). The Blackwell Guide to Metaphysics. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Gay, Peter. (1966). The Enlightenment: An Interpretation (2 vols.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Harris, E. E. (1965). The Foundations of Metaphysics in Science. London: George Allen and Unwin.
- Harris, E. E. (2000). The Restitution of Metaphysics. New York: Humanity Books.
- Heisenberg, Werner (1958), "Atomic Physics and Causal Law," from The Physicist's Conception of Nature
- Kim, J. and Ernest Sosa Ed. (1999). Metaphysics: An Anthology. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.
- Kim, J. and Ernest Sosa, Ed. (2000). A Companion to Metaphysics. Malden Massachusetts, Blackwell, Publishers.
- Koons, Robert C. and Pickavance, Timothy H. (2015), Metaphysics: The Fundamentals. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Le Poidevin R. & al. eds. (2009). The Routledge Companion to Metaphysics. New York, Routledge.
- Loux, M. J. (2006). Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
- Lowe, E. J. (2002). A Survey of Metaphysics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Tuomas E. Tahko (2015). An Introduction to Metametaphysics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Further readingEdit
- The London Philosophy Study Guide offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: Logic & Metaphysics.


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Samsung TouchWiz vs. Stock Android: which is better?
It's been awhile since we've taken a look between different types of Android and quite a bit has changed. We've seen the rise of Android 4.4 KitKat on the Google side of things that brings a bunch of technical changes and some visual ones too. As well, manufacturers such as Samsung, HTC, and Sony have been busy optimizing their own customized ROMs to the newest versions of Android. Today, we'll take a look at stock Android and compare it to Samsung's Touchwiz.
For clarity sakes, we will be looking at the latest version of Touchwiz on a Samsung Galaxy S5 and stock Android on a Nexus 5. For comparisons sake, both devices are running Android 4.4.2. As well, just so that we don't have to continually identify which is which, Touchwiz will always be the left hand screenshot and stock Android will be on the right.
Lock Screen
Both stock Android and Touchwiz has a relatively simple lock screen. The notification strips on both systems are transparent and in stock Android you'll get a an unlocked ring menu. With Touchwiz, you simply swipe across the screen to unlock the device. When touching the Touchwiz screen, small little visualized bubbles appear and follow your finger which gives a somewhat playful touch, but may not be to everyone's liking. Stock Android is clean and doesn't offer any special effects. Both versions support widgets for the lock screen and they can be activated in your Settings.
Home Screen
The Google Now Launcher, which is pre-installed on the Nexus 5, is a big boost from previous launchers found on stock Android. Not only did it receive a revised look, but you can now create more than just give home screens on your device.
Samsung's launcher looks a little bit more elaborate than its stock Android counterpart. Offering more options than the Google Now launcher, you can quickly add or remove home screens at will, customize which of your home screens is your home page, and you can even remove or move the Google Search bar. As well, Google Now doesn't take up a home screen itself, but rather is accessed by holding down the Home button.
App Drawer
Samsung's App Drawer can be used as a genuine, personalized app database. The default view can be changed to three options: customizable gird, alphabetical gird, or alphabetical list. In addition, apps can be sorted into folders and can be disabled or uninstalled directly from the App Drawer.
The Google Now launcher only displays apps in an alphabetical grid with no other options for sorting being available. If you want to search for apps, this is done by the Google Search box on the home screen. As well, apps can be uninstalled from the App Drawer by long holding the app in questions and then dragging them to the top of the screen.
Notification Bar
Both approaches are similar when it comes to the Notification Bar: swiping down from the top of the display will bring up the notifications bar. Swiping down with two fingers will bring up your Quick Settings. In the Notification Bar, Samsung offers some quick options which can be customized. This is completely absent in stock Android. As well, Samsung has thrown in some of their own software to the Notification Bar with its Quick Connect that allows to connect rapidly to other Samsung devices. As well, S Finder is much like Google Search and can be used to find files, e-mails, contacts, and other information on your smartphone.
The Quick Settings, by default, are quite filled in on Touchwiz. Unfortunately, by itself, you cannot customize Quick Settings on Stock Android. However, there are various mods and custom ROMs that can be installed that will enable this type of customization.
Recently Opened Apps
When you open up the Recently Opened Apps in Touchwiz, you have the option to see your RAM usage and also a Collapse All link that will close all open programs. In stock Android, unfortunately, you have to pick and choose each and every app that you want to close by swiping it to the side.
While Google is continuing to pursue a darker design for its stock Android platform, Samsung has chosen a more colorful approach. Instead of having everything in an organized list, Touchwiz offers you're a colorful grid view for the settings. While the grid menu itself might be different, it can be switched into a list mode which is much more similar to the organized look of stock Android. As well, with Touchwiz, you can specify favorite settings so that you can quickly access the ones you use all the time quickly.
Additional Functions
Samsung's Touchwiz offers some enhancements over Stock Android. This is most notable when you take into account the Quick Connect option in the Notification Bar (see above), Restart option in the Power Button menu, or the multi window options to simultaneously display apps that are currently running.
Samsung's Touchwiz based on the 4.4.2 version of Android offers more customization options than stock Android. For some, this may be worth the extra bloat that often comes along with manufacturer ROMs over stock Android. If you enjoy more customization options at this expense, Touchwiz might be the solution that you're looking for. If you enjoy the pure nature of stock Android, you can always console yourself with the fact that most of the customization that is missing can be added in via third party apps or modules.
8 comments
No doubt Samsung Touchwiz is far better than Stock android. It is customisable and handy.
So my apologize for my ignorance to this topic, but I have a Samsung S5 Active, and I downloaded the Google now launcher, does it utilize features for both Touchwiz and Stock Android
I don't have a Google Nexus Device (I have a Samsung J5) so I don't have to be concerned Stock Android better or not..? but the Samsung Touchwiz better because Samsung recently add more future.and One more thing Samsung best future add theme Store in Samsung devices I really like it so I'd like Stock Android...
I have the Note 2 and still love it. No lag, beautiful display and find many of Touchwiz features well executed.
I don't have a Samsung (I have a Motorola) so I don't have to be concerned IF Samsung decides to eschew Android for TouchWiz for all of their future releases ... which I could see happening IF Samsung loses its last case with Apple without Google stepping in to end things
I would prefer stock android over touchwiz .. Touchwiz is too much laggy lots of bloatware .. stock android is smooth bloatless and you'll get latest and greatest updates sooner than any other device...
Samsungs Touchwiz has always been ahead of stock Android..
Sterling, this article is so timely for me. I've been waiting to see if there will be a new Nexus 10 announcement on the 25th. However, the new Galaxy Tab S has caught my attention! That display looks exceptional. I've never had a Nexus device and wanted that experience, but if there is only a Nexus 8, I have to find Plan B. Thanks to your article, I won't be wondering what I 'missed' in a non-Nexus device. (I do know I won't get updates as quick, but that's my only trade off).


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Chiz affected with the comments from Heart Evangelista's parents
Senator Francis "Chiz" Escudero made an admission that he was hurt by the allegationsmade by the parents of his girlfriend Heart Evangelista.
During a press conference held in Naga on Thursday, Escudero confessed his love for Evangelista, saying the ordeal they are currently in is "matindi at masakit."
"Bago ito, masaya at maayos kami ni Heart, pero sa nangyaring ito, malaki ang epekto sa kanya. Mahal ko si Heart pero matindi itong pinagdadaanan namin, masakit," he said.
As a parent, Escudero said he is trying hard to understand Evangelista's parents.
"Pilit ko iniintindi ang parents ni Heart, parent din ako pero hindi ako naninira sa ngalan ng anak ko. Kahit gaano karami pera nila, hindi lisensya para yurakan ang pagkatao ko," he said.
"Nadadamay ang mga anak ko pati nanay ko, lumalabas na parang hindi ako pinalaki ng maayos," he added.
Escudero, who is hoping for a re-election in the May polls, said he is hoping that people would just stop meddling in the issue.
Earlier, Evangelista's parents, Cecile and Rey Ongpauco, held a press conference on Tuesday to officially let their daughter and Escudero to reconsider their relationship.


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text: I felt like I was visiting the wild wild west, or in this case the wild wild east during my travels in Iraq. Travelling from city, to city through the desert with nothing around except dusty roads brings out the feeling of adventure like no other place I have been. Iraq is still undiscovered and waiting to be explored. If you love off the beaten path and adventure as much as I do, then Iraq travel may be just the place you are looking for. I wouldn't suggest hopping on the next plane to Baghdad. In fact the only safe area to travel in Iraq is the region of Kurdistan. While I was casually passing through, I had an amazing time and was able to do some fantastic charity work as well with some refugees. If you have Iraq travel on the brain then check out these 7 reasons why you MUST travel to Iraq before everyone else does, in no particular order of course. Reason #1: The people If I had to choose just one reason to visit Iraq then this would be it. Travel in Iraq is all about the people. I have been to my fair share of countries and experienced surprising amounts of hospitality, but nothing will ever compare to my time spent in Iraqi Kurdistan. Anyone you approach will be friendly and happy to speak to you. English is surprisingly widely spoken, and the Iraqis will jump at the chance to practice. I can't even begin to list all the individual acts of kindness from strangers I experienced during my Iraqi travels. Everyone will want to know why you are there and what you think of the country. The people of Kurdistan are proud and they represent their country well with the way the welcome outsiders. While you travel through Iraq, have dinner with a local and try to pay; see what happens! I was lucky enough to make friends with a random Iraqi businessman who I ended up hanging out with everyday I was there. He took me to lunch, we hung out in his gold store, and I am happy to say that I walked away with a new favourite facebook friend 😉 Reason #2: The price of Iraq travel will shock you (in a good way) You may ask yourself "how much does it cost to travel to Iraq?". The answer: not a whole hell of a lot! When I travelled to Iraq I used an even exchange rate of 1000 Dinar equals 1 Dollar, to keep it simple. For exact exchange rates check out XE.com. Food is the biggest bargain. You will often be offered free food as you walk through the streets. This happened to me when I was checking out some Iraqi street food and ended up having a very strange experience. The man running the truck invited me inside, and we had a somewhat of a strange photo shoot. For must see pictures have a look at the link above. When you do have to pay for a meal you can expect the bill to be under 2000 Dinar, and the food is delicious. Surprisingly, alcohol (if you can find it), is also remarkably inexpensive. As an example a 1L bottle of Jack Daniels is about 8000 Dinar. The markets are cheap for items ranging from sneakers to gold watches. You don't even need to bargain as the people are honest and are not looking to rip you off. But it never hurts to try and shave a few Dinar off the asking price! Travelling in Iraq will not leave you broke by any means. But remember there are no ATM's, so bring cash! Reason #3: If you like smoking cigarettes you will love Iraq, you can smoke anywhere.. literally anywhere. I am not a smoker. But my friend who I was travelling in Iraq with was. When you travel in Iraq, no where is off limits to light a up a cigarette. It actually became a running joke to see where it was acceptable to smoke. Here are just a few examples of where smoking is acceptable; in elevators, hotel lobbies, children's toy stores, any kind of taxi, and in the corner store while you buy more cigarettes. If you work as a cook, it's ok to smoke while you cook the food. Also, in the gold shop with my Iraqi business man friend, and, well you get the idea. I will also mention a pack of cigarettes cost less then $1. This is a smoker's paradise, and it almost made me want to start just to fit in. Or maybe not. Reason #4: Iraq travel is perfect for those who love undiscovered countries So you love off the beaten path you say… Well this is about as far off the track as you can get. While I was in Iraq, I never saw another tourist. From the time I made the overland trip from Turkey to Iraq using local transport, until I was flying out with Atlasjet, my travel buddy and I were the only foreigners around. Travelling in Iraq will bring you well off the beaten path and into the land of the unknown. This is shown with the people, the honesty, the fair prices, and the non existent harassment. Unfortunately with tourists often come problems, and as there are little to no tourists in Kurdistan Iraq it is untainted and the people are happy to have you there. Reason #5: Do some good and help out the disadvantaged people Travelling in Iraq can be a selfless act. Like anywhere, there are those who have and those who need. When you look at a country like Iraq, the gap between these two groups widen and those who need, really need. While I was in the border town of Zakho, I was lucky enough to be able to team up with my travel buddy Paul and help out some refugees. We brought a bunch of toys with us from Turkey and handed them out to refugee children. You can read about us handing out toys to refugee children here if you'd like. There are endless opportunities while travelling through Iraq where you can help out the less fortunate; and let me tell you first hand, it's a rewarding experience. Reason #6: Iraq has some very interesting cites to explore People have inhabited this region for thousands of years, and have left behind proof of this with old buildings and the like. Beyond the history aspect, the cities are fantastic just wander around in. When you travel in Iraq, don't just focus on what you are told to see by a guide book. Get out into the city and just cruise. Walk through the mazes of markets, the narrow old streets, all the while saying to yourself "wow, I am actually walking around the streets of Iraq!" While I stayed in Erbil I put together a little list of 4 unusual ideas (this also includes the story of my lunch with the Iraqi businessman) that I personally experienced, have a look and see for yourself. Reason #7: To say that you have travelled to Iraq! This, straight up, is your claim to fame. When people ask what the most interesting country you have been to, you can casually answer "oh, well, I was just in Iraq not too long ago", as you take a sip of your drink and look away as if it's no big deal. This may sound a bit pompous, and it is. But hey, you just went to Iraq! You deserve a little praise for your bravery. You might as well let everyone know, like I just did by writing this article! If Iraq travel is something you are on the fence about, I hope this will help you decide. Just remember that it is still Iraq and there is always a war going on of some kind it seems. Check the news. If you go and get kidnapped, it's not my fault 😉 How many people have Iraq travel on their bucket list? Leave a comment and let me know what you think or if I have missed anything! Like this post? Help out and share it!TweetEmail 18 Responses Alejandra November 19, 2014 Would you say it is say for a female solo traveler to go to Kurdistan? Alejandra recently posted…Why is everyone moving to Playa del Carmen? And why we should too. Alex November 19, 2014 From my personal experience I would say yes it is safe, but in the end it a decision you need to make. I know of other solo females that have done this just fine. From what I saw they are polite people and I really wouldn't expect any harassment Fizza December 17, 2015 I'm going to Iraq from Pakistan and wanted to see who else has traveled to Iraq! I'm so glad to see how great you thought it was! I'm totally looking forward to it now 😀 Paul November 22, 2014 I love reason 3!!!! Alex: I am still in Iran, but my iPhone is dead. So no whatsapp and also no FB (is blocked here). My aim is to arrive in Yerevan late next week, get my Indian visa and get my iPhone fixed. 18th is still a date. Take care and enjoy Berlin & Amsterdam Alex November 22, 2014 Sounds goods man! Im thinking I will go straight to Goa via Mumbai. Message me when you get your phone fixed. Safe travels Norman March 30, 2015 I find it kind of sad that the current state of events made countries like iraq, iran or higher up the cacasus quite undesirable! There is such a rich culture and the food, like you already pointed out, is just so exquiste. So it's a real delight to read from that place – and not another "how i traveled thailand on a budget" report! Norman recently posted…Jūnihitoe – My outstanding kimono fashion experience in Japan Alex March 30, 2015 Hi Norman! You wont find any how to travel to Thailand on a budget posts here! I loved Iraq and hope to make it to Iran if they ever ease the visa restrictions for Canadians. Ciaran August 6, 2015 Hi Alex, I'm currently in Iran and planning to go to Kurdistan in a few days. Like Iraq the people in Iran are amazing too. Its hard to do anything on your own here, everybody wants to help. Really looking forward to Kurdistan after reading this. Ciarán Alex August 11, 2015 Thanks, I'm sure you will love it. I wish I was able to travel to Iran but can't on my Canadian passport. One day! Have fun Abdul April 15, 2015 Hi Alex, Found your blog in NOMAD fb group. I enjoy read your experience in iraq. Was thinking of crossing the country before for my future overland asia to Europe plans, but then the news of isis doing harm in northern iraq made me rethink my plan. Btw, is it still unsafe to leave kurdistan region to Baghdad? Alex April 22, 2015 Hi Abdul, Not sure about Bagdad as Iv never been. Im not even sure they would let you through the check point to be honest! diana June 11, 2015 I think that girls have no travel solo there. I have never been to Iraq, just to Kurdistan (Turkey) and on the border with Syria some truck drivers wanted to sell me to a prostitution (as there are still lots of girls trying to escape from different countries and crossing the borders in hope of better future and being too naive). So after such experience I prefer to have company being around. For sure Alex, you are not alone traveling where nobody wants to go, I am like you, need to discover, need to proof that it's not like media says….. . Maybe one day in not touristic place we will meet by accident. So enjoy and super nice future trips ! Ryan June 16, 2015 I went to Iraqi Kurdistan almost exactly two years ago. Although I hate to be pompous, Reason #7 certainly does ring true! Being able to answer the "weirdest country" question with "Iraq" is always a great way to keep a conversation flowing in an interesting direction. I'm very happy that I had the chance to go before this whole ISIS debacle. Even now, I don't think I'd hesitate to make a return trip. Thanks for the pictures – my biggest regret is not having taken more in Erbil. The market area around the citadel and fountains is amazing! Diako July 3, 2015 If u ever came back to kurdistan i will guide you to place's that blow your mind and i will do it for free so you don't have to use a taxi because I am travelling alot just like you and i will be glad to travel with you.. Vinh N September 13, 2015 I am planning visit Kurdistan by the end of next year from Iran! Can't wait! Vinh N recently posted…10 Things I Have Learnt After My Trip To Egypt Alex September 28, 2015 Great! Have a blast! Mdf October 31, 2015 Is there any travel agency to make tours from Erbil to the border of Iran on the same day?Is there any travel agency to make tours from Erbil to the border of Iran on the same day? Visas processed for a European citizen? Thanks, beautiful journey and good gesture with kids refugees Alex December 10, 2015 Im sorry but I actually dont know the answers to your questions. I just go with the flow usually. A good google search may help. Good luck!


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We're a campaigning agency with Purpose! We combine the latest digital with years of campaigning and community engagement experience to help you create change
Based in Aotearoa New Zealand, we're a team of strategists, technologists, organisers, developers & storytellers who harness the latest technologies and tactics to build collective power to make change.
Case studies


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Sorry! This item is unavailable.
But we found some similar items...
Lacy bird bowl in key lime
I pressed vintage lace into the clay whilst it was still soft to create intricate pattern and texture in the surface of this little bird, and added fresh lime glaze to the imprints.
The underside is unglazed with a little fabric texture.
There are many uses for the little bird. Keep it by your bed to keep earrings safe, use it as a little soap dish or put a little candle in it at night.
The colour and texture inside are so pretty you might decide to keep it empty for decoration.
It measures approx 3.5 x 4 inches and is 1.25 inches tall.
(9 x 10 x 3cm)
I have made a couple of these, so the one you will receive is unique. It may vary very slightly because each one is handmade, but I promise that it will be extremely similar to the one in the main picture and equally pretty!
Shipping & delivery
This item will be posted to you by Prince Design UK within 3 days of receiving payment.
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Returns Policy
You have 14 days, from receipt, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item.
Unless faulty, the following types of items are non-refundable: items that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements; items which deteriorate quickly (e.g. food), personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken.


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Unit 2
How often do you exercise?
go to the movie 1. 去看电影 ___________________ 2. 运动 ____________________ exercise 3. 看电视 ____________________ watch TV read English books 4. 读英语书 ___________________ 5. 上网 ___________________ use the Internet 6. 购物 ____________________ shop How often 7. 多久一次 ____________________ 每天 8. every day ____________________
一周一次 9. once a week ______________ 一周两次 10. twice a week ______________ 11.three times a week ______________ 一周三次 12. three or four times a week 一周三到四次 ______________ 一个月一次 13. once a month _______________ 一个月两次 14. twice a month _______________
翻译: 1. 周末你通常做什么事情?我通常踢足球。 What do you usually do on weekend? I usually play soccer. 2. 周末他们做什么事情?他们经常去看 电影。 What do they do on weekend? They often go to the movies.
Read the conversation and match the activity with the 2d right time. Wednesday dance lesson and Friday
piano lesson play tennis Tuesday
2d Role-play the conversation.
Jack: Hi, Claire, are you free next week? Claire: Hmm…next week is quite full for me, Jack. Jack: Really? How come? Claire: I have dance and piano lessons. Jack: what kind of dance are you learning? Claire: Oh, swing dance. It's fun! I have class once a week, every Monday. Jack: How often do you have piano lessons? Claire: Twice a week, on Wednesday and Friday. Jack: Well, how about Tuesday? Claire: Oh, I have to play tennis with my friends. But do you want to come? Jack: Sure!
3.How come ? 为什么呢? 这是英语中的一个口语,相当于汉语的 "为什么"、"怎么会"等,既可以独立使用, 也可在后接句子,来询问事情的缘由或状况。 例如: How come the sky is blue today? 今天天怎么会这么蓝?
A: I didn't even eat lunch today. 我今天甚至没吃午饭。 B: Really? How come? 是吗?怎么会呢?
Hi, Claire, …
Hmm, ...
1. --What do you usually do on w_________? eekends --I often watch TV. 2. --How often does she shop? nce wice --O_____ or t_____ a week. 3. Grandpa is pretty healthy because xercises he e_________ every day. 4. Animal World is my favorite TV rogrammes p___________.
5. The weather here is so cold, ardly I can h______ stand it. 6. These two pictures have
differences no __________(区别). Although 7. ________ (虽然) Mr. White is very old, he goes to work every day. healthy 8. Do you have a ________(健康) lifestyle?
Keep a weekend diary showing what you do on weekend. You can write down what you do from the time you get up until you go to bed.


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Founder of Frank Dale and Stepsons with his stepfather, Ivor Gordon has died at the age of nearly seventy-eight. He applied for a Rolls-Royce apprenticeship at Jack Barclay Ltd, aged 16, where he said he made more money as the teaboy than his actual wages.
Ivor became an authority on all things Rolls-Royce and was contacted by the factory for advice on restoring a 1938 Phantom III. The business became the main interest in his life. He had a collection of the marque with his brother John, famously driving his Phantom II through East Berlin on a rally. Ivor put thousands of miles on his Bentley R-type Continental, using it daily in the summer until recently. He was a lifelong member of the RREC and BDC.
Frank Dale and Stepsons, founded in 1946, has now been handed over to a younger, enthusiastic team but Ivor is fondly remembered. He is survived by his wife Primrose Gordon. Our condolences go to the family.


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The internet needs fewer customers, fewer products and more hippies.
There are two groups of people leaving Twitter at the moment: interesting celebrities who've taken enough shit, and angry nerds who don't like the direction Twitter is going at the moment. Neither party is leaving in droves, but it's a steady trickle that might easily be a drove's scout party.
The nerds' complaints are generally that Twitter has started to act more like a business and less like it gives a damn, which it is and doesn't. It's pushing for users to point their eyeballs at the profitable bits of Twitter rather than just the interesting ones, and seems willing to shut down anything that tries to work around that aim. That's a completely reasonable position for Twitter to take — remember that if you haven't paid for a service, you're not a customer but a product — but it's a bit of a kick in the teeth to the early-adopting developers and users who invented Twitter phone apps, replies, mentions, hashtags, URL shorteners, image hosting services, retweets, search, and basically everything else that makes Twitter different from Google Reader. Things the community felt it owned, Twitter took for its own. And it's not the first plantation owner in the digital sharecropping economy to do so.
But that's the problem: Twitter is a business, and probably so is your calendar, email, newspaper, address book, photo album, to-do list, notebook, social network, blog, RSS reader, backup, and map. There's always the risk that any one will suddenly vanish, or become something you don't like, or something nobody likes but that's incrementally more profitable. That's why so many websites look like this:
That's not for the users. Nor are "frictionless sharing", competitions you enter by spamming your friends, articles you can't read without sharing them, 'toolbars' full of adverts, overlaid and interstitial adverts, automatically-playing audio adverts, articles split across five pages, or big-name websites running adverts that are obviously scams. But that's the reality of a free internet. The alternative is the 'premium' services: ad-free, deliberately nice to use, but the pricing is arbitrary and ridiculous (£10 will get you five weeks of the Times' iPhone app or two years of the Guardian's) and most of them are liable to dick you about for a bit then get bought out and shut down by Google or Twitter anyway, because they don't care about you either. They just have a slightly better motivation to keep you on-side. For now.
There have been two notable attempts to build a 'people's' Twitter, free of these problems. The first was to launch an 'open' protocol, OStatus, which is decentralised: the system can run on several servers, and users on one can follow users on another. It's more of a faff than using regular Twitter but it's more robust to meddling commercial interests. The second is App.net, which launched with a $50 one-year membership fee and a promise never to shut developers out of their API. The users are paying, the developers are paying, and advertisers are not. You're a customer, not a product, with all the rights that brings.
I think these are both useful steps in a good direction, but neither solves the problem: open protocols aren't immune from death-by-committee, basically all OStatus users rely on a free but commercial server such as identi.ca to host their feed, and App.net is still run by a small, unaccountable group. In both cases, we're not so far from the position as we were in with Twitter, but with an iota more power against a more-apparently benevolent dictator. That doesn't feel like a long-term solution to me. I remember when everyone thought Google was warm and fuzzy.
Moreover, they feel like very techie solutions, when meatspace has had the tools to solve the problem for years: co-ops. In a co-op, you're neither customer nor product: you're a member. An owner, on equal terms with the people who set it up. A customer co-op can't easily screw its users, because it is its users. I don't think it's entirely a coincidence that the Co-operative Bank didn't seem to miss a stride when the financial sector melted down that time (you remember).
If enough users were willing to buy into a service with centralised resources but distributed control and ownership, they'd have no need to submit to any other interest. These .coop services wouldn't suffer from centralisation because the service couldn't do anything without its users' permission, and nor could it refuse to do anything its users wanted from it. The users want 300-character messages? OK. They want to give free accounts to the unwaged? Done. They want to vote off an unpopular user? Depends on the rules they'd voted in for themselves previously. It's open to abuse, but if anyone knew of a better system I would hope we'd be using it to run countries.
This might even go some way to protecting beleaguered celebrities. If a loud minority of trolls are making the network unpleasant for well-liked and popular users, then the service has an interest in altering its rules or functionality to remedy that, if only so everybody else can enjoy their chatter. Twitter, on the other hand, is happy to lose the engaging semi-famous as long as Justin Bieber and Kim Kardashian are on hand to drip-feed their absurd fanbase their little snippets of nothing.
It would be harder to set up something like this than something like App.net: as well as all the technical difficulties, you'd have all the organisational difficulties of setting up what is quite a complex decision-making process (and eventually a majority of users are likely to ask for something superficially reasonable but technically impractical). There are organisations already out there to help co-ops get started, though, and people make them work all the time. There are a lot of details that need to be worked out before anything could get off the ground, but I think this is the model best able to replace the obnoxious-but-free/pretty-but-expensive dichotomy for those types of people no longer satisfied with it.
Who are, I think, the sorts of people most likely to join co-ops.


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text: I have $75 taken out of check for UPS stock and roughly $75 taken out for 401k. Thinking about doubling up on the 401k and stopping the the stock purchase. The stock has seemed to flatline although it does pay dividends. While the 401k is now climbling up. Any thoughts?