text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|30 Aug 1988
|Filing date
|19 Aug 1987
|Priority date
|19 Aug 1986
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Hayo Giebel, Viktor Baumgartner, Ralf-Dietrich Tilgner, Hans Heinold, Manfred Kuhne, Hartmut Federle, Rudiger Arnold, Werner Rech
|Original Assignee
|B.A.T. Cigarettenfabriken Gmbh
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (24), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an apparatus for optical checking or monitoring of the surface of rod-shaped smoking articles and/or filter rods for the tobacco industry comprising a conveying means transporting the rods perpendicularly to their longitudinal direction, a light source for irradiating the surface of a rod disposed in the test location, a row of photoelectric transducers which simultaneously scan a line-shaped surface region in the longitudinal direction of the rod and an arrangement controlled by the production cycle for the detection, made by comparison, of surface faults from the output signals of the photoelectric transducer dependent on the reflection capacity of the line-shaped region of the surface.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Below the problems occurring in the optical checking or monitoring of rod-shaped smoking articles and/or filter tips or rods will be explained with reference to the monitoring of cigarettes. However, similar problems also arise with cigars, cigarillos or filter rods or tips.
In the production of cigarettes very close tolerances must be kept to for various dimensions, in particular the diameter and the length, in order to ensure the desired product quality as constant and defined as possible.
Various constructional forms of optical inspection means which can be used in the tobacco industry are known from German Offenlegunsschrift No. 2,542,082, German Auslegungsschrift No. 2,332,813, German Auslegungsschrift 2,451,199, U.S. Pat. No. 4,093,866, U.S. Pat. No. 4,149,089 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,812,349.
Whereas with these inspection apparatuses only a random monitoring of individual smoking articles is possible with apparatuses of the type of the present invention for optical monitoring of the surface of rod-shaped smoking articles and/or filter rods for the tobacco industry, as described in German patent No. 3,030,140, even with the present-day high production speeds of the order of magnitude of about 6000 rods per minute all the surface faults can be detected, i.e. not only fluctuations in the dimensions but also holes or dirt spots on the surface of the cigarette paper, changes in the contour, folds, and fluctuations in the location or exact formation of an imprint or stamp.
For this purpose the known apparatus comprises a conveying means, generally a transport drum, transporting the rods perpendicularly to their longitudinal direction and located at a suitable point in the cigarette manufacturing plant, a light source for irradiating the surface of a rod located in the test location, a row of photoelectric transducers which simultaneously scan a line-shaped surface region in the longitudinal direction of the rod, a memory unit for the image points of a plurality of adjacent scanning lines and two-dimensional integrators for the two-dimensional signal processing which also takes account of the manufacturing duty cycle.
A similar apparatus is known from German Offenlegungsschrift No. 3,420,470 in which on a first conveying means a first test zone portion is provided and on a second conveying means a second test zone portion. On each test zone portion at least two optical test means are aligned at different angles to the conveying plane and illuminate and scan adjacent axis-parallel peripheral portions of the rods running through the particular test zone portion. Each optical test means consists of a light source illuminating the axis-parallel peripheral portion of the rods and an optoelectronic sensor having at least one row of optoelectrical detectors for detecting the light reflected at the article surface. The peripheral regions of the rods concealed on passage through the test zone portion face the optical test means on passage through the second test zone portion so that in contrast to the apparatus according to German patent No. 3,030,140 the entire surface of a rod can be scanned.
However, detailed investigations with such an inspection apparatus have shown that there is still room for improvement. In particular, the accuracy is not satisfactory in detecting surface errors at the aforementioned high production speeds which meanwhile may be up to 8000 rods per minute.
The invention therefore has as its object to provide an apparatus for optical inspection or monitoring of the surface of rod-shaped smoking articles and/or filter rods for the tobacco industry of the category specified in which the aforementioned disadvantages do not occur.
In particular, an apparatus is to be proposed which even at extremely high processing speeds of about 8000 rods per minute and more detects with great accuracy all the surface faults occurring in practice.
The invention therefore proposes in an apparatus for optical checking or monitoring of the surface of rod-shaped smoking articles and/or filter rods for the tobacco industry comprising a conveying means transporting the rods perpendicularly to their longitudinal direction, a light source for irradiating the surface of a rod disposed in the test location, a row of photoelectric transducers which simultaneously scan a line-shaped surface region in the longitudinal direction of the rod and an arrangement controlled by the production cycle for the detection, made by comparison, of surface faults from the output signals of the photoelectric transducer dependent on the reflection capacity of the line-shaped region of the surface, the improvement wherein the light source comprising a single high-pressure lamp is connected via an optical fibre cable to a sensor block which contains a further optical system directing the light rays emerging from the optical fibre cable onto the line-shaped region of the surface of the rod as well as the row of photoelectric transducers; and the optical fibre cable is divided among at least two cross-section transformers with strip-shaped light exit regions, the light beams of which are directed from above and below respectively onto the line-shaped region of the surface of the rod.
Advantageous forms of embodiment are defined by the features of the subsidiary claims.
The advantages achieved with the invention are due to the matching of the individual components of the overall system, i.e. the illumination means, the row of photoelectric transducers also referred to as "camera" and the signal preprocessing and evaluation, to achieve optimum conditions so as to make the optical/electrical relationships such that even minor surface faults can be detected with great accuracy.
For this purpose firstly a single arc source is used, in particular a high pressure lamp with short arc. which has an almost point-shaped light emission region and thus from the light-production side itself guarantees high homogeneity. This white-light lamp is operated in perpendicular position so that compared with the hitherto usual constructions an extremely long life is obtained.
Another contribution to long life is a strong cooling with high air throughput through a "special air convection flue". For the actual light source is disposed in a two-chamber system, the inner primary cycle formed as flue being sealed, i.e. the air coming into contact directly with the whitelight lamp rises in the "flue" thus formed and is thereby circulated. This inner outwardly sealed primary cycle is surrounded by the secondary cycle which is connected to the environment so that via a fan a constant air exchange is effected and as a result the heat emitted by the highpressure lamp to the inner housing can be carried away outwardly.
This optical part of the light source is disposed in a cast housing so that a very stable and thus largely vibrationfree structure results.
The light emitted by the high-pressure lamp is reflected via a special concave mirror surrounding the high-pressure lamp onto a deflection mirror with IR filter to the exit; the special layer provided on the deflection mirror serves to cut out IR radiation and thus as heat sink.
A further IR heat filter is disposed upstream of the exit, viewed from the beam direction, so that the outwardly directed light practically no longer contains any IR radiation.
Thus, at the outlet provided in the cast housing a focused and thus concentrated beam appears without any IR component.
For safety reasons at the outlet a guard flap is provided which can be electromechanically actuated and pivoted into the beam path. This actuation can be either manual or automatic, for example on withdrawing the optical fibre cable still to be explained from the outlet of the housing of the light source.
Connected to the outlet opening of the housing of the light source is the already mentioned bundle of optical fibres which can have a length of about 2 m and is connected to the actual sensor block which contains a further optical part which directs the light emitted by the optical fibres onto the surface of the rod as well as a row of photoelectric transducers hereinafter referred to as "camera". This sensor block is constructed as unit and made up on a cast part which serves as optical bench and at the same time as part of the housing; this gives a compact structure which can be adjusted and adapted to the specific conditions. At the same time, thermal expansion, thermal dissipation, etc., are taken into account.
An optical precision bench ensures a high resistance to vibration of the optical part; in addition interchangeable objectives can be provided and the distance between camera and optical system can be varied as required, this being done with high precision.
The bundle of light waveguides or optical fibres connected to the actual light source is divided into four sub-bundles and subjected to a cross-sectional transformation so that on the one hand two substantially strip-shaped light exit regions are formed and on the other hand at the edge also two additional optical fibre bundles result which serve for corner illumination as will be explained below.
This gives a very homogeneous light distribution in the longitudinal direction of the rod in that the light leaving the two strip-shaped light exit regions of the two optical fibres is directed via a lens array, a cylindrical lens, a deflection mirror and a further cylindrical lens from above and below respectively onto a strip-shaped region of the surface of the rod. At the same time via deflection mirrors light from the two small optical waveguide bundles is incident on the end regions of the surface of the rod, giving a strong edge illumination which also contributes to homogeneous light distribution over the entire surface projection of the visible part of the rod.
The entire focal depth region of the camera is thus very uniformly illuminated so that in particular exact diameter measurements are possible.
The light focus point of the optical part should not lie on the surface of the rod since otherwise the structure of the optical fibre cross-sectional transformers, in particular defective glass fibres, and of the optical components are imaged. It has therefore been found to be expedient for the focus point of the illumination to lie somewhat behind the rod viewed from the beam direction.
The light reflected at the surface of the rod passes through a colour filter so that specific colours, for example the stamp imprint, can be cut out or emphasized when the surface of the rod is illuminated with multicolour light, i.e. white light.
Sub-ranges can also be filtered out by using correspondingly different filters. To achieve great flexibility here the colour filter should be interchangeable so that it can be adapted, for example, to specific cigarette brands.
The colour filter should be located as close as possible to the exposure plane, i.e. the surface of the rod, to enable sub-regions to be defined properly as well. To achieve the desired blurred filter transitions this colour filter must be provided in the vicinity of the optical part whilst the aforementioned basic filtering for the IR radiation takes place directly at the light source. The filtering out of the IR radiation is essential not only for thermal protection reasons but also because of the IR sensitivity of the camera.
The cylindrical lenses and the lens array or raster extending in the horizontal direction also contribute to the desired homogeneous light distribution for the illumination plane on the surface of the rod from the point of view of the camera. Each optical fibre cross-sectional transformer and the rear cylindrical lens seen in the beam direction can be adjusted for beam balancing whilst the front cylindrical lens, the lens array, the deflection mirror and the cylindrical lens at the light exit window are stationary.
The photoelectric transducer is formed by charge-coupled or CCD elements in a linescan camera, the video signals being read out linewise and controlled in accordance with the production duty cycle; this gives a constant illumination time, i.e. the reading out of the charges of the individual pixels from the linescan camera is in a fixed timer raster during which the remaining time up to the next line readout is variable, i.e. depends on the production speed. This makes possible a very exact diameter detection even when the conveying speed of the rods changes.
In a prototype of such an optical monitoring or inspection apparatus a total of 1024 CCD elements is provided so that the video signal can consist of a maximum of 1024 individual analog signals. These signals can either be processed altogether or in groups by combining pixels for example in four groups each of 256 individual pixel signals, giving a sort of "magnifying effect". For in this manner it is now possible to select specific regions of the surface and to process and scan them with high, i.e. maximum, resolution, as is necessary for example for inspecting the stamp imprint.
If such an extremely high accuracy is not necessary 1024 individual signals can be combined in groups, for example in pairs or in groups of four, and the further processing thereby carried out with correspondingly reduced accuracy.
The resolution in the transport direction is the same with all speeds because a rigid coupling is maintained between the line-cycle clock, i.e. 128 rows, and the production speed; as a result the image generated on the camera is always of constant brightness and constant size in the article transport direction.
The CCD camera has two video output channels, the image information being read image point by image point, i.e. pixel by pixel. The reading out of a line is done serially, the channel B reading out the signals of the odd pixels and channel A the signals of the even pixels offset in time. The further processing is also at least partially in two channels with a frequency each of 10 MHz so that a processing speed of 2�10 MHz results; consequently, compared with the hitherto usual constructional forms the processing speed can be considerably increased from the point of view of the camera.
It has been found expedient if in the longitudinal direction grazing light is incident on the surface of the rod because from possible shadows protrusions and thus surface faults can be detected. This can be done easily by appropriate design of the spatial layout of the deflecting mirrors.
The invention will be described in detail hereinafter with the aid of examples of embodiment with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a basic illustration of the mechanical and optical parts of an apparatus for optical monitoring or inspection of cigarettes,
FIG. 2 shows in the form of a block circuit diagram a view of the overall structure of this apparatus,
FIG. 3 is a vertical section through the light source,
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the sensor block with the CCD camera,
FIG. 5 is a block illustration of the CCD camera with the video signal flow,
FIG. 6 is a basic illustration of the signal processing,
FIG. 7 is a basic illustration of the signal preprocessing and evaluation and
FIG. 8 is a functional diagram of the computer referred to as "HVP II".
As apparent from FIG. 1 the apparatus 10 for optical inspection or monitoring of cigarettes comprises a so-called "linescan camera" which is indicated by the reference numeral 16 and includes a row of photosensitive elements arranged in a line, i.e. "charge-coupled elements" (CCD), a total of 1026 photosensitive elements guarantee an adequate resolution for the further processing.
In front of the row of photosensitive elements there is a schematically indicated objective lens 110 which permits focusing of the image on the photosensitive elements.
The cigarettes 11 to be monitored are supplied by means of a feed drum (not shown) to a transport drum 14 which is located at a suitable point in the cigarette manufacturing plant. For example as transport drum 14 a test drum for investigating the air impermeability of cigarettes may be used as is provided in some cigarette manufacturing machines.
The transport drum 14 needs only to fulfill the condition that the surfaces of the transported cigarettes 11 are at least partially exposed and can thus be subjected to the light from a light source 12 still to be explained. With the aforementioned test drum about 50% of the surface of each cigarette is exposed so that a proportion of the cigarette surface adequate for statistical evaluation can be scanned.
The cigarettes 11 are entrained by the drum in the direction of the arrow until they reach the point at which the surface of the drum 14 faces directly the objective of the linescan camera 16. At this point the drum surface is irradiated by a light source 12, the detailed construction of which is apparent from FIG. 3.
The light of the light source 12 reflected at the cigarettes 11 is incident through the objective 110 of the linescan camera 16 on the CCD elements so that it is converted to corresponding electrical signals whose amplitude depends on the intensity of the reflected light.
These analog video signals are subjected in processing electronics 18 to various transformations still to be explained so that in particular defective cigarettes 11 are detected and are ejected via an ejection means 28 provided on the cigarette making plant. Parallel thereto, images of specific selected cigarettes can be stored in an image memory 20 and displayed on a monitor 22.
Via a keyboard 24 combined with a display control data can be entered. A printer 26 serves as output unit and permits in particular the output of statistically relevant data.
FIG. 2 shows the overall configuration, i.e. a light source 30 which is connected via an optical fibre cable 32 which can be up to two meters long to a sensor block 34 which contains the linescan camera 16 and a further optical system still to be explained. This sensor block 34 is connected via a cable seven to ten meters in length to a computer 18 which is connected via a further cable seven to ten meters in length to the light source 30. The mains supply lead of the computer 18 is also shown in FIG. 2.
The computer 18 is also connected to a master computer for the overall cigarette production plant, to the cigarette making machine (not shown) and via a seven to ten meter long cable to the display 24 which displays specific selectable data, this being the rod length of a cigarette in the example illustrated in FIG. 2.
This "decentralization" of the apparatus 10 for monitoring the surface of cigarettes, i.e. the dividing of the apparatus into several components which are connected together via electrical or optical cables, permits flexible setting up of the individual components at suitable locations of the cigarette manufacturing plant.
The light source 30 shown in FIG. 3 has a housing 36 which is made as casting and which is formed integrally with a sealed inner housing 38. The housing 36 and inner housing 38 contain a through opening into which a socket 40 for connection of the optical fibre cable 32 is inserted.
At the upper side of the housing 36 there is a fan 42 for circulating or exchanging the air in the gap between the inner housing 38 and the housing 36.
In the outwardly sealed inner housing 38 in the region of the bottom thereof a holder 44 is provided for a short-arc high-pressure lamp or xenon lamp which is disposed in the vertical direction in an ellipsoidal mirror 48 in such a manner that the light generating point of the xenon highpressure lamp 46 is located in a focal point of the ellipsoidal mirror 48. As apparent in FIG. 3 a lamp holder 44 is disposed both above and below the xenon high-pressure lamp 46.
The ray path of the light emitted by the xenon high-pressure lamp 46 is indicated in FIG. 3 by the lines 50. It can be seen that the light emitted by the lamp 46 is reflected at the ellipsoidal mirror 48 upwardly to a deflection mirror 52 with IR bandpass filter and from the latter to the optical fibre cable 32. At the second focal point of the ellipsoidal mirror 48, which is located in the beam path illustrated behind the deflection mirror 52, a pivotable beam interruption plate 54 with an associated drive motor 56 is provided. By either manual or automatic activation the beam interruption plate 54 can be moved into the beam path to prevent light emergence from the inner housing 38 and thereby exclude any danger due to the highly concentrated light.
Disposed in the beam path between the deflection mirror 52 and the optical waveguide 32 there is a further IR filter 58 so that the light rays leaving the housing 36, 38 practically do not contain any IR radiation.
The planar deflection mirror 32 can be moved upwardly or downwardly by means of a drive means 60 as may be necessary for aligning the beam path with respect to the optical fibre cable 32.
As apparent in FIG. 3 the holder 62 for the ellipsoidal mirror 48 is secured on an encircling ring 64 at the inner face of the inner housing 38.
Whereas the air in the intermediate space between the inner housing 38 and the housing 36 is continuously replaced by ambient air by means of the fan 42 and thus circulated, the heat generated thereby being dissipated, the inner housing 38 is sealed as mentioned with respect to the outside; in said inner housing 38 there is a perpendicular hollow cylinder 66 adjoining the ellipsoidal mirror 48 at the top so that a sort of "flue effect" results; the air heated in the inner housing 38 by the heat generated by the xenon highpressure lamp 46 rises in the interior of the cylinder 36 and then flows in the gap between the wall of the inner housing 38 and the cylinder 66 downwardly until finally it flows through an opening 68 at the lower end of the ellipsoidal mirror 48 back into the ellipsoidal mirror 48 and there past the xenon high-pressure lamp 46 to cool the latter. The primary air flow path in the inner housing 38 resulting from this flue effect is indicated by the dashed arrows.
This light source 30 can be set up as independent constructional unit at a suitable point and connected via the optical waveguide cable 32 to the sensor block 34 which must be arranged with respect to the drum 14 in such a manner that the light emitted by the sensor block 34 and reflected at the surface of the cigarette 11 is incident on the linescan camera 16.
The structure of the sensor block 34 which is also formed as independent unit can be seen from FIG. 4. The optical fibre cable 32 consists of a great number of fine glass fibres which are divided into the two optical waveguides 69 and 70 shown in FIG. 4 which are introduced at the top and bottom into the housing 72 of the sensor block 34. Each optical waveguide 69, 70 opens into a cross-section transformer 74, 76, i.e. the incoming glass fibres of the optical waveguides 69, 70 are subjected to a cross-sectional transformation such that a strip-shaped light exit opening results which extends substantially over the width of the housing 72 of the sensor block 34.
In the beam path of the light emitted by the strip-shaped light exit regions of the two cross-section transformers 74, 76 there is in each case in series a cylindrical lens 78, 80, a lens array or raster lens 82, 84, a further cylindrical lens 86, 88, a deflection mirror 90, 92 which directs the strip-shaped beam downwardly or upwardly respectively, and a further cylindrical lens 94, 96 which concentrates the strip-shaped beam from above or below onto a strip-shaped region of the surface of the cigarette 11.
In addition, in FIG. 4 in the vertical centre between the two cross-section transformers 76, 74, i.e. substantially at the vertical height of the cigarette 11, on both sides two further optical waveguides 98, 100 branched from the cable 32 are shown and the light beams thereof are directed via corresponding corner deflection mirrors 102, 104 from the side onto the cigarette 11 and thereby ensure uniform illumination in the edge regions of the cigarette 11 which are always critical for homogeneous illumination.
The housing 72 of the sensor block 34 made as casting serves as optical bench for the adjustment of individual components. The light reflected at the cigarette 11 passes via a colour filter 106 secured by means of a holder 108 interchangeably in the housing 72 to the objective 110 of the linescan camera 16. The colour filter 106 is replaceably secured in the housing 72 so that the filter effect can be matched to the particular type of cigarette.
As indicated in FIG. 5 the linescan camera 16 consists of a single chip having in this case for example 1024 CCD elements, the necessary preamplifier and the drive electronics. The CCD linescan camera has two video output channels A and B, the analog video signals being read out picture element by picture element. The reading out of the picture elements of a row is serially, the signals for the odd picture elements on channel B and the signals for the even picture elements on channel A being output offset in time. For controlling this operation the three camera drive signals shown in FIG. 5 are necessary, that is a shift clock signal, a tranfer clock signal and an illumination clock signal. These control signals ensure the correct functional sequence for generating the analog video signals on the two channels A and B.
The video signals on the two channels A and B are connected via impedance converters 110, 112 to the cable 35 which is connected to the computer 18.
In the computer 18 the analog video signals on the two channels A, B are supplied via output amplifiers and (coaxial) cable drivers indicated schematically in FIG. 5 to an analog/digital converter ADC which forms from the analog video signals corresponding digital video signals.
The two analog/digital converters ADC have means for zero value alignment and signal standardization as usual in this field .
As apparent from FIG. 6 in which the basic principle of the signal processing is shown the analog/digital converters ADC are followed by buffers which operate by the "FIFO" principle and are designated by "FIFO". The digital video signals from the buffers "FIFO" are brought together in an averager AVER and then passed to the signal processing. The synchronization unit SYNC and a timer TIMER of the signal processing and the analog/digital converters ADC and the buffers FIFO are configured or controlled via an S4 control bus. The synchronization unit SYNC, which can be formed as sync board, performs the task of the control with respect to the outside, i.e. essentially for the linescan camera 16 and the machine interface, whilst the timer TIMER, which may be constructed as timer board, takes on the timing sequence and synchronization internally, i.e. essentially for the S4 control bus, the VME bus and the central processing unit CPU.
A further bus VIDEO BUS connected to the buffers FIFO and the averager AVER serves to derive the digital video signal from the preprocessing path and supply it to a service computer.
As already mentioned above, in the averager AVER the signal stream from the two channels A, B, that is from the two buffers FIFO, is combined and is made avaiable to the following signal preprocessing via the S4 control bus which is configured in a suitable manner. The S4 control bus is serviced from the S4 interface by the VME bus as apparent from FIG. 6.
The further signal flow, i.e. the signal preprocessing and evaluation, is apparent in FIG. 7; the digital video signals from the averager AVER are supplied to the signal preprocessing which consists of a first computer HVP I, a second computer HVP II, a further buffer FIFO and a special processor which are each activatd via the S4 control bus.
The function of the first computer HVP I is described in German patent No. 3,030,140.
The signal evaluation is performed via the central processing unit CPU, a serial input/output interface card SIO and the machine interface which "combination" supply the essential results, that is
statistics logs
stop machine
The second computer HVP II performs the summation of lines in the horizontal and vertical direction, the formation of region, location and algorithm being generated in the computer HVP II from the special processor.
The serial input/output interface card SIO serves the "periphery", such as the display panel 24, the μ terminal, the master computer and the service communication.
The basic principle of the signal preprocessing and evaluation is already described in German patent No. 3,030,140 so that to avoid repetitions reference is made to the explanations therein, in particular as regards the two-dimensional signal processing with the aid of two-dimensional integrators.
The reading out of the analog video signals from the CCD elements of the linescan camera 16 is controlled by the production clock pulse thus giving a constant exposure time; the reading out of the charges of the individual picture elements from the individual CCD elements is in a fixed time raster, i.e. the reading out period of each picture element is constant, whilst the remaining time up to the next row readout is variable, that is depends on the particular production speed.
As a result, even when the production speed is changed the diameters of the individual cigarettes 11 can be detected with great accuracy.
The second computer HVP II serves to evaluate the image in real time (FIG. 8). Byte-oriented data are processed at a data rate of 10 MHz, the nature of the processing/function being defined in a microprogram (MP) and the sequence of the functions dynamically controlled in the microprogram sequencer. As a result a cyclic image-synchronous operation is possible without host interaction.
The following functions are implemented and can be carried out simultaneously:
acquisition of an image from the data input "S3 input",
entry of an image in the image memory, alternatively to the aformentioned acquisitions, output from the image memory for processing,
summation via elements of a row,
summation via elements of several columns when the elements are arranged in a row,
output of an image to the output "S3 output",
output of the column/row sums to the output "S3 output",
output of control codes of the microprogram MP to the output "S3 output".
Separately from the processing the parameterizing and the function test are carried out via the S4 bus interface. The parameterizing includes
selection of a microprogram,
the determination of the MP sequence mode,
loading of the row check memories,
selection of one of these row check memories,
loading of the parameter memory.
The contents of the row check memories and the parameter memory define independent image parts on which the aforementioned processing functions are performed.
Thus, a set of a total of only four values, that is the start point in the X direction, the length in the X direction, the start point in the Y direction and the length in the Y direction, from the parameter memory defines one of several "windows", that is rectangular image fragments from the total representation. This window now acts on the image entry into the memory so that only a part of the offered image is transferred, or on the output so that only a part of the image memory is read out, or on the summations.
Superimposed on this control are the control signals of the row control memory which defines for each individual pixel whether it contributes to the sum, varying in accordance with the row and column summation.
The typical use of the computer HVP II is configured such that an image is written into the image memory and simultaneously evaluated, depending on the particular parameters. In the interval up to the start of the next image the output of the sums determined is carried out as well as the evaluation of further smaller windows.
In this manner a sort of "magnification" effect can be achieved in that not all the 1024 analog or digital video signals associated with the individual picture elements are processed but instead said digital video signals are combined to groups, for example four groups each of 256 digital video signals. Certain areas can be selected from these groups and displayed with increased resolution so that for example the filter or the stamp imprint can be very exactly checked.
The resolution in the transport direction is the same for all speeds because there is a rigid coupling between the row clock cycle, for example 128 rows, and the production speed, i.e. all the images and all the "windows" always have the same brightness and size.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|24 Nov 1987
Owner name: B.A.T. CIGARETTENFABRIKEN GMBH, ALSTERUFER 4, 2000
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:GIEBEL, HAYO;BAUMGARTNER, VIKTOR;TILGNER, RALF-DIETRICH;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004796/0479;SIGNING DATES FROM 19870715 TO 19870928
Owner name: B.A.T. CIGARETTENFABRIKEN GMBH, ALSTERUFER 4, 2000
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GIEBEL, HAYO;BAUMGARTNER, VIKTOR;TILGNER, RALF-DIETRICH;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 19870715 TO 19870928;REEL/FRAME:004796/0479
|1 Apr 1992
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|30 Aug 1992
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|3 Nov 1992
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19920830


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Coastal Charters Sportfishing is a full-time fishing outfit for serious fisherman, specializing in light tackle jigging and popping with artificial lures for bluefin tuna. Captain Dom Petrarca has been chasing big offshore tuna, sharks and other pelagics for over 20 years in and around the waters of Southern New England. Captain Diogo Godoi is joining the fleet alongside Captain Dom in the 2016 season. Both captains are operating fast and stable run-and-gun style center consoles (SeaVee 29B and Dusky 278FC). They will trailer to any of the available ramps in Southern New England, closest to the best fishing grounds. This maximizes your fishing time and decreases your transit times offering the best chances to hook that fish of a lifetime. Coastal Charters Sportfishing limits offshore trips to a maximum of 4 anglers and does not carry a mate, which decreases cost and allows more room for your fishing party. This also provides a much more hands on experience, getting you right into the action throughout the entire catch process, from hunting and hooking to landing or releasing. Coastal Charters Sportfishing offers both private and open boat trips, from April through late November. Offshore trips from 60 miles to the Canyons for both day and overnight are available based on conditions and season. These trips are usually 14-30 hours in length and pricing is custom.
Coastal Charters Sportfishing also specializes in inshore fishing trips for up to 4 anglers. This includes jigging for ground fish off Stellwagen Bank; spring squid, scup, and black sea bass; and spring and autumn blackfish. Early summer inshore fishing trips include striped bass, bluefish, and fluke. We also accommodate other non fishing excursions. Please send us some information about what type of trip you would like via email or call us directly so we can custom tailor the fishing trip of a lifetime for you and your group today.

subset: commoncrawl


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Featured Story
Statement from Simon Hoare, Conservative Party Candidate for North Dorset, following events in Manchester:
"It is nigh on impossible to express, in words which have not been used before, the sadness and outrage felt following last night's tragedy in Manchester. May the deceased Rest in Peace and the injured be comforted. To all of the emergency services, who face the horror on the front line our profound admiration and respect. To the people of Manchester who have opened their doors to provide refuge, to the cab drivers providing free transport: in those acts of kindness you reaffirm, for our whole nation, our values, our decency and our resolve.


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Don't miss out on a lower price on this hotel
Get an overview of this hotelHotel in Plano with free breakfast and outdoor pool
Popular property highlights
Situated in Plano, this hotel is within 6 mi (10 km) of Shops at Willow Bend, University of Texas at Dallas, and Arbor Hills Nature Preserve. Collin Creek Mall and Mary Kay Museum are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Hotel Features
This smoke-free hotel features an outdoor pool, a fitness center, and a spa tub. Free continental breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include a 24-hour business center, a meeting room, and laundry facilities.
Room Amenities
Rooms offer free WiFi and free wired Internet, flat-screen TVs with cable channels, and conveniences like refrigerators and microwaves. Guests will also find MP3 docks, premium bedding, and coffee makers.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us! Opens in a new window.
La Quinta Inn & Suites Dallas Plano West
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to an outdoor pool, La Quinta Inn & Suites Dallas Plano West provides a spa tub and a fitness center. Public areas are equipped with complimentary wired and wireless Internet access. Business-related amenities consist of a 24-hour business center and a meeting room. A complimentary breakfast is offered. Event facilities measure 650 square feet (60 square meters). This business-friendly hotel also offers laundry facilities, express check-out, and an elevator (lift). Complimentary self parking is available on site. A total renovation of this property was completed in August 2017.
La Quinta Inn & Suites Dallas Plano West is a smoke-free property.
- Conference space size (meters) - 60
- Elevator/lift
- Fitness facilities
- 24-hour business center
- Conference space size (feet) - 650
- 24-hour front desk
- Laundry facilities
- Free breakfast
- Spa tub
- Express check-out
- One meeting room
- Free self parking
- Number of floors - 4
- Free WiFi
- Outdoor pool
- Free wired Internet
- Smoke-free property
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Outdoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired Internet
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Premium bedding
- Air conditioning
- Free local calls
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Coffee/tea maker
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Desk
- Free wired Internet
- MP3 docking station
- Cable TV service
- Flat-panel TV
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Free WiFi
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary continental breakfast.
Nearby Things to Do
An outdoor pool and a spa tub are on site. Other recreational amenities include a fitness center.
If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-in time ends at midnight
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Kids stay free! Children 18 years old and younger stay free when using existing bedding.
- Rollaway/extra beds are not available.
- Free cribs (infant beds)!
- Pets stay free
- Up to 25 lb
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Hotel Name
- La Quinta Dallas Plano West
- La Quinta Inn Dallas Plano West
- Quinta Inn Dallas Plano West
- Quinta Dallas Plano West
- La Quinta Inn And Suites Dallas West Plano Hotel
- La Quinta Plano
- Plano La Quinta
- La Quinta Inn Suites Dallas Plano West
We should mention
Children 18 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.


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New 0.13-micron UltraSPARC III Cu 1200 officially announcedToday at SunNetwork 2002 Conference Sun Microsystems officially announced new 64-bit UltraSPARC III Cu 1200 made using 0.13-micron process technology and copper conductors.
Chips are produced by Sun´s traditional partner Texas Instruments. Due to the new process technology, the energy consumption of new 1.2 GHz UltraSPARC III Cu is reduced from 75 W to 53 W at 14% clock rate growth comparing to 0.15-micron 1.05 GHz predecessor.
Texas Instruments launched Sun UltraSPARC III Cu 1200 production in July. Volume shipments of ready systems are expected within 120 days. Currently TI is developing a prototype of new UltraSPARC IV, combining two UltraSparc cores on a single crystal. Besides, the company prepares for 90-nm process technology testing early in 2003, that will be supposedly used for making UltraSparc V.
ASUS Launches R9 200, R7 200 Series, Matrix R9 280X Graphics Cards
Apacer Launches SATA SLC-lite SSD solutions
ADATA Introduces a Stylish External HDD HC630
Samsung Introduces New Wireless Multiroom Speakers
WD Gives Consumers a Cloud of Their Own
Write a comment below. No registration needed!
Platform · Video · Multimedia · Mobile · Other || About us & Privacy policy · Twitter · Facebook
Copyright © Byrds Research & Publishing, Ltd., 1997–2011. All rights reserved.


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The b5.zip file you have requested: Skins / Skin Packs / Babylon 5 Skin pack - 1.69mb is not available. Perhaps try browsing all files for the game Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast and upload any files you want to share or are missing. This is the only information we could locate:
From the Author:
This pack contains a skin of John Sheridan, captain of space station Babylon 5. Actually the head doesn't look very well but I'm quiet happy with the body. This skin has CTF and BOT support.Additionally this pack contains Skins for the Jedi, the Jeditrainer and the Kyle model which make them wear the B5 uniform.
The uniforms look quite stunning and true to the series. If you're a Babylon 5 fan, you might want to check this one out! Note: Only the Sheridan skin has CTF/CTY and Bot support.
We recommend you return to the download list and browse the links from there. If the problem persists, contact us with the details.


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Op-Ed: Veterans throw away medals in Chicago anti-NATO protest
Anne Sewell
May 20, 2012 in
- Watching the Chicago anti-NATO protest live was a very moving experience. Part of the protest included veterans throwing their medals away, including Scott Olsen.
Video streaming by Ustream
The video above is a clip from the protest, taken on livestream by Tim Pool of
, who was also the
whose video footage cleared Alexander Arbuckle in his recent trial. Arbuckle had been accused of disorderly conduct in the Occupy Wall Street protest early on New Years' Day.
There are varying reports of the number of people involved in the full NATO protest, with numbers from 10,000 to 50,000 to 75,000 being quoted on Facebook in the overall protest. No way at present to know the true number but I doubt the numbers were quite that large.
In the video you can see a section of the protest where veterans first introduce themselves to the crowd, then throw their medals away, many apologizing to the people of Iraq and Afghanistan for what they have done. They denounce the "war on terror" as a false flag war.
Scott Olsen, the veteran who was hit in the head with a tear gas canister and badly injured in Oakland, was among the veterans. It was good to hear him able to speak normally again.
A girl of Afghan nationality, whose parents were forced to leave their home country and now live in Canada, gave a very moving speech about the villagers, women and children murdered in Afghanistan.
The protesters were located on Cermak close to Michigan.
Unfortunately shortly after this moving event, hundreds of riot-gear clad police moved in with the 2 LRADs (long range acoustic devices) and threatened the people to disperse to the west.
Apparently CNN are saying that a protester caused the police to move in, but having watched the whole thing live, I can say that this definitely does not appear to be the case. The protesters may have made a bit of noise, but otherwise all was peaceful.
At one stage journalists were donning cycle helmets to protect themselves from possible police violence.
Some arrests were made of people who refused to disperse, but unfortunately Tim had to move away from the main crowd at that stage. He then reported that cell phones are going down, so communications were getting spotty.
Reports were heard that the riot police were preparing their gas masks, and many cries for "medic!" were heard in the crowd, with at least three people with their heads covered in blood, including at least one journalist.
Fox news
reported that the "march was no longer peaceful". Of course, the protesters had still done nothing and it was the police who were not "peaceful".
The police kettled the protesters in with barricades, with constant loud announcements in English and Spanish telling people to move to the west. Officers from the SWAT team were spotted by the reporter.
The last I saw at 1.30 am Spanish time, 6.30 pm Chicago time, protesters were being moved along. Hopefully I will have more news tomorrow morning and more protests are planned for tomorrow.
To follow the live cast click
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Linguistics is the study of language. And language is, if you think about, a beautiful and very intricate system. It has all sorts of rules or conventions that allow us to communicate with each other. Without these rules, no-one would be able to understand each other. I want to take a look at a central concept in linguistics: 'signs'. For what exactly is a sign? Probably all kinds of associations with road signs and the like pop into your mind. But when used in a different context, a religious context for example, it can refer to 'a sign from above'; a message from God. In other words: the notion of 'sign' is multi-interpretable.
There is something very peculiar about signs. Something that a man called Ferdinand de Saussure pointed out: the inevitable – but utterly arbitrary – connection between 'signifiers' and 'signifieds'. But what does this mean? And why is this connection both inevitable and arbitrary at the same time? Let's take a look at that.
According to De Saussure, a sign consist of two parts: (1) a concept or meaning (the signified) and (2) a sound image (the signifier). The signified is your mental image of – let's say – a tree. When you hear the word 'tree', you immediately think about a big green thing standing in a park. That's the conceptual level of language. The other is the phonetic level or the sound image of 'tree'. When you write the word tree, you write a 't','r', 'e' and 'e'. And when you pronounce these letters in your head, the meaning or concept of a tree immediately arises. De Saussure claims that every sign we know of (whether it is a road sign or a sign from God) consists of these two parts: the thing representing and the thing being represented.
Now De Saussure points out the following: the connection between the word 'tree' and the concept (or mental picture) of a tree is utterly arbitrary. It is just because the English community has chosen to take the word 'tree' to stand for the mental image of a tree that this connection – or sign – exists. The concept of a tree could have just as easily been called 'worm' or 'water'. You can see this arbitrariness at work when comparing different languages. The Dutch word for a tree is 'boom', yet it still refers to the same mental image as the English word 'tree'. It's a convention. Nothing more, nothing less.
Furthermore, De Saussure claims that the fact that we know that 'tree' refers to the mental image of a tree is because we also know what other terms refer too, and where the word 'tree' doesn't refer to. By that he means that we can understand the meaning of a word only in relation to other words. It is only because we know that the word 'branch' refers to a specific part of a tree that we obtain the mental picture of what the concept of a tree looks like. If we wouldn't have mental images of ranches or leaves, and all the other parts making up a tree, we wouldn't know what a tree would be.
So now you know that the connection between a "word" and a "concept" is arbitrary but necessary for the mental image to exist. We can "choose" the connection between the word "tree" and the mental image "tree", but it nevertheless has to exist for us to grasp the mental image of a "tree". Because our mental image of a "tree" only exists in relation to other words referring to other mental images.
This observation made me ask the following question: if we wouldn't have the "phonetic sound" (the tones you hear when a word is uttered) of the word "tree" resonating inside of our heads, would that imply that we wouldn't know what a "tree" was? In other words: if we wouldn't have the word "tree", or any other word referring the the mental image "tree", would that imply that we wouldn't know what a "tree" – in our every day conception of it – was? That we wouldn't know what that big green thing standing in the park was?
Maybe animals can clarify this issue. Cats – for example – don't seem to use words like "food" to refer to a mental image of "food". However, they still are able to distinguish "food" from "non-food". That is, when I put down real food in front of my cat, he runs straight to it. He doesn't do this when I put a television in front of his nose. So he must have some "system of thought" that makes the concept of "food" different from the concept of "television". The real question is: is this "system of thought" purely based on unconscious, intuitive and impulse driven forces – like "the smell of food" – that trigger him into moving towards the food, or does the cat have a "sound image" connected to his "mental image" of food that allows him to differentiate "food" from "non-food"?
I don't know, but I find it pretty fascinating to think about.
But what do you think?


text:
About Us
Uptown Radio is a one-hour, weekly news magazine and podcast modelled after NPR's All Things Considered. It is produced entirely by the students of the Radio Workshop, the most advanced audio course at the Columbia Journalism School. Uptown Radio is the school's longest-running continuous webcast, having been webcast live each Friday at 4pm from February through May since 1996. Uptown Radio contains original feature reports as well as interviews and newscasts in service of the listeners in New York City and the world beyond. The program is also offered as a podcast and is heard on WBAI 99.5FM on Mondays mornings at 5am.
With 21 reporters covering the city, national and international beats, Uptown Radio offers original journalism and high quality radio production comparable to that heard on the best public radio stations. The Uptown Radio newsroom is directed by Professor Daniel Alarcon, novelist and co-founder and Executive Producer of Radio Ambulante, and Kerry Donahue, director of the radio program and former executive producer at New York Public Radio. Additional reporting and production supervision is provided by adjunct instructors Sally Herships of Marketplace and Matt Collette of WNYC Studios.
For information about Columbia's radio program, email Kerry Donahue at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Easy kale recipes to try at home Kale is one of the greens that your body will simply fall in love with at first bite. From it being high...
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C-7-9, Sunway Nexis, No. 1, Jalan PJU 5/1, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
Village Grocer Holdings Sdn Bhd (1047859-P)


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If you click on their ad, text link, or product picture link and buy something, we get a small commission. None of these companies pay us in any other way.
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Maintaining this site does takes time and effort so supporting my affiliate advertisers is a WIN-WIN-WIN for you, me and them. Thank you very much!


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As colleagues, we create a culture that helps team members reach their personal and professional potential.
At QVC, our people are our most important resource. That's why we're committed to helping them thrive—both as individuals and as part of a team that shares a common set of values we call The QVC Difference. By collectively supporting Personal Enrichment, Diversity & Inclusion, and Safety & Wellness, we build trust, community, partnership—and a state of well-being.
Together, we're making QVC a great place to work.
That's just one of the ways we're Together for Better.
QVC provides a number of programs to help team members reach their aspirations by developing and maximizing their talents, including:
Additionally, QVC offers a package of Total Rewards—a highly competitive and comprehensive mix of pay, health insurance, flexible work arrangements, length of service recognition, and much more. Some highlights include:
At QVC, we celebrate the uniqueness of every team member. As part of The QVC Difference values, we're committed to genuinely accepting our colleagues, both personally and professionally. By respecting individuality and supporting different communication styles, we attract and retain the finest talent—and foster an atmosphere where our associates can do work that's both rewarding and rewarded.
An intrinsic part of The QVC Difference is cultivating the safest possible workplace for our team. We make sure that our health and safety initiatives are harmonized across the organization. And everyone is accountable: leadership teams champion and take ownership for safety while encouraging all associates to voice concerns and act as additional stewards of safety. As a result, team members enjoy enriching jobs in a safe, secure environment.
QVC also provides a comprehensive health care plan, as well as additional programs and products through The Good Life initiative that supports well-being. Benefits include:


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Charity Scraps Claims Linking Pryor Cashman To Bloom Ponzi
The suit against Pryor ended just over two months after its January filing, when the Alexander Dawson Foundation filed a notice of discontinuance saying it did not intend to move forward.
Though the charity claimed Pryor's litigation group chairman Donald Zakarin knew of Bloom's Ponzi scheme — which netted $20...
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text:
Journal of mathematical behavior. Sunan : AYŞEGÜL DURMAZ Makale taraması. Temalar : . 1- Problem çözme 2-Matematik ve teknoloji 3-Teoriden pratiğe , somuttan soyuta 4-Pedagojik alan bilgisi 5-Kesirler 6-Orantısal akıl yürütme 7-İspat 8-Matematik eğitimi araştırmaları
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Sunan : AYŞEGÜL DURMAZ
Makale taraması
The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, Volume 22, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 213-216,Gary E Davis
The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, Volume 24, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 135-169Susan Magidson
The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, Volume 22, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 37-53Dorothy Y. White


text: A collaborative musical effort with the incredible Renee Dunaway. She handles the vocals/lyrics and I handle everything else. We released our one and only CD in 2007. But I recommend the remixed and remastered MP3s. Songs from Vasoverga have played on various television shows all over the world (surprisingly). You can hear samples (and purchase) on iTunes, Amazon, and CD Baby.


text:
Not bad for a cheaper lipstick. The colour is very subtle, as expected, which looks nice. It just adds a little something. Doesn't last terribly long however, it quickly goes with any drink or food consumption.
Do not purchase this product. It smells awful and doesn't last for the price they charge. It dried my lips right out and left them chapped and cracked.
While I love the colour of this lipstick, I cannot stand the strong, perfume-y scent of it - there is something extremely unnatural about it. While with some lipsticks, the scent fades away after application, it is not the case with this product. I can smell it on my lips all day, and taste it to an extent. It is nauseating and as a result, I am unable to wear this product.
This is one of my favourite nude lipsticks ever! It is the perfect pinky/nude/mauve! It goes with every makeup look and is great for everyday or even special occasions. It really compliments my light-medium skin tone. I feel it would look good on many skin tones. It's really a special colour and I although I have many pinky/nude lipsticks, this one is different from the rest. It's also very creamy and lasts for a decent amount of time. I will always have this colour in my collection!
I've become very fond of L'Oreal's lipsticks, particularly the Color Riche Serum and I've recently been trying some of the Color Riche lipstick colors to expand on my collection. Within the shade Fairest Nude 800 I've found a veritable gem; this is a gorgeous and very sophisticated nude! I've been looking a long time for my ideal nude and this one is thus far the closest I've ever come. My skin tone is fair and cool toned and this shade really compliments it. I can pair it with smokey eyes for an evening look or with a more natural day look to add a bit of elegance. It compliments my green eyes marvelously and it easy to apply. The consistency is a smooth and buttery that has just a tad bit of shine (nothing particularly flashy) but no sparkles, glides on nicely. There's a light flowery scent to the lipstick but I find it enjoyable and it fades very rapidly. The packaging is sleek, nice enough that I don't mind taking it out in public but not overly high end either. Price is quite reasonable as well.
These reviews are the subjective opinions of ChickAdvisor members and not of ChickAdvisor Inc.


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The Florida Sterling Council's Examiner program prepares and develops qualifies individuals to serve as Examiners in the Sterling/Baldrige Performance Excellence Criteria. Leadership Development candidates receive the same training to learn how to assess an organization against the standards of excellence, but are unable to commit the time to serve as Examiners throughout the assessment cycle.
Examiners continue to develop or refine leadership skills such as: business acumen, critical thinking, communication skills, Lean Six Sigma application, measurement performance, analytical skills, KPI alignment to goals, and project management.


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Zakya H. Kafafi Director, Division of Materials Research (DMR) National Science Foundation email@example.com 2010 WISE Career Development Conference, A&M University, College Station, TX. Women in Science and Engineering Research & Education: Looking Back, Racing Forward. Outline of My Talk.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Zakya H. KafafiDirector, Division of Materials Research (DMR)National Science Foundation
2010 WISE Career Development Conference, A&M University, College Station, TX
Shirley Ann Jackson
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Women in Science and Engineering Research & Education: Looking Back, Racing Forward
Maria Klawe
Harvey Mudd College
Drew Gilpin Faust
Harvard University
1994 – 2004
BA Psychology, Univ of Pennsylvania
Ph.D. Psychology, Columbia Univ
* Many of the 20th century's big breakthroughs—Social Security, the Green Revolution, the discovery of
DNA, and family planning—can be traced to early funding from the Rockefeller Foundation
As of 1994, there were 22 women and 252 male faculty
A Study on the Status of Women Faculty in Science at MIT
Committee Chaired by Nancy Hopkins
% Women Faculty in the School of Science at MIT
Status and equitable treatment of women faculty in the School of Science
Statistics on Female Undergraduates at MIT
The Percent of Female Undergraduates at MIT stayed below 5%
over the first 60 years of the last century and increased by almost
an order of magnitude from 1966-2006
Difference in treatment among tenured faculty!!
Brown University
Drew Gilpin Faust
Harvard University
Shirley Marie Tilghman
Princeton University
Amy Gutmann
University of Pennsylvania
Princeton Univ
Susan Hockfield
Amy Gutmann
Univ of Pennsylvania
Drew Gilpin Faust
Harvard Univ
Mary Sue Coleman
Univ of Michigan
Type of Institution 1986 2006
Doctorate-granting institutions 4% 14%
Master's institutions 10% 22%
Baccalaureate institutions 16% 23%
Associate's institutions 8% 29%
Special Focus institutions 7% 17%
American Council of Education, 2007, American College President Study, Washington, D.C. Note: institutional types based on the Carnegie Classification 2005
Do women presidents fall under the same characteristics of a typical men president?
Let's take a look at the careers of some women university presidents
Did they follow similar career paths to
those of men university presidents?
– Theoretical Computer Scientist
July 2006 – Present
"I've been painting and drawing for as long as I can remember. I found it hard to
choose between a career in art and a career in math/science. I eventually opted
for math/science, because I thought it would be easier to do art on the side than
math/science on the side."
"I took a number of fine arts courses while in university but was quite discouraged by
the attitude of the faculty toward students majoring in science (they felt science students
shouldn't be allowed in courses for those majoring in fine arts). As I became a professional
mathematician and then a computer scientist, it became clear that also being an artist would
diminish my credibility (already in question because of being female), so I kept my painting
secret. When I turned 40, I decided to come out of the closet and I hung several of my paintings
in my office as well as in my home."
"Today, I show paintings whenever I try to recruit students to engineering. I want them to know
that many leading engineers and scientists are artists, musicians, dancers, or writers.
Engineering and science are creative disciplines. It shouldn't be surprising that the creative
energy, passion, and talent cross into other areas. I can't imagine living without painting. It's a
form of expression of ideas and emotion that I cannot express through any other medium."
Husband: Dr. Morris A. Washington – Physics Professor at RPI
They have one son, AlanSHIRLEY ANN JACKSON
in the United States
July 1999 – Present
– Historian of Medicine and Science at Harvard University
July 2007 – Present
In October 2007, upon her appointment as Harvard's new president, Drew,
was given a brown manila envelope that had been entrusted to the
University Archives in 1951 by James B. Conant, Harvard's 23 president,
and to be opened in the 21st century. It was addressed to "My dear Sir"…
"One of the things that I think characterize my
generation – that characterizes me, anyway, and others
of my generation – is that I've always been surprised by
how my life turned out,"… I've always done more than
I ever thought I would. Becoming a professor – I never
thought I would have imagined that. Writing books – I
never would have imagined that. Getting a Ph.D. – I'm
not sure I would have even have imagined that. I've
lived my life a step at a time. Things sort of happened."
Amazingly, they did not "plan or dream to become university presidents"
They seized the opportunity, when it occurred
They chose this path to make a difference and to show that they can do the job
At the same time, their spouses did not sacrifice their careers, and did not become high-profile volunteers, who served as informal leaders
Their Career Paths
What struck me is the similarities among such a diverse group
of women, in terms of their education, career paths,
leadership styles, and philosophies.
Women have earned approximately half
of S&E bachelor's degrees since 2000
Women earned increasing numbers of doctoral degrees
throughout the period in both S&E and non-S&E fields
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, special tabulations of U.S. Department of Education,
National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, Completions Survey, 1989–2007.
Ultimate Goal
To Develop a Diversified Materials Research & Education Workforce
May 18-20, 2008
University of Maryland Conference Center, Adelphi, MD
Goal: Understand key issues of gender equity in MSE departments
and develop strategies to foster an inclusive workplace environment
* Held at the annual meeting of University Materials Council
* Sponsors: NSF (DMR & ENG), DOE-BES,UMC, and UIUC MSE department
Diane O'Connell, Strong Force: The Story of Physicist Shirley Ann Jackson, 2006
Same resources
Same salaries
Same other material benefits
Received good support from their departments in their scientific endeavors
Felt included in departmental activities and intellectual networking
Junior women faculty, who have children, felt that demands of family are a potential obstacle to success in their careers
Committee did not collect data
No apparent difference in treatment among untenured faculty!!


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Barcelona looked in a relaxed mood ahead of their Champions League Last 16 second-leg clash against Arsenal.
Barca were so relaxed in fact that they even had time for fun and games with three kids that crashed their training session this morning.
Arda Turan was filmed throwing one of the kids in the air along with Dani Alves and Pique before giving him a cheeky kick up the backside.
According to Mundo Deportivo two of the kids were from Ecuador while the other was from Uruguay.
Turan could make his Champions League debut for Barcelona against Arsenal on Wednesday after missing the first leg due to suspension.
The Turkish international winger has been registered in the Champions League squad and is expected to make the team.
Turan started for Barcelona in the 6-0 win over Getafe providing an assist and scoring a bicycle kick against the Madrid based side.
Barcelona are in great form going into the Arsenal game unbeaten in 37 games and have won all 15 matches in which Turan has featured this season.


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Podcast: Play in new window | Download
This weeks episode is a recording of the Advanced Scrum session that I (@ryanripley) presented at the Path to Agility Conference 2017.
For the past ten years Ryan Ripley has worked on agile teams in development, ScrumMaster, and management roles. He's worked at various Fortune 500 companies in the medical device, wholesale, and financial services industries.
Ryan is great at taking tests and earned the PMI-ACP, PSM I, PSM II, PSE, PSPO I, PSD I, CSM, CSPO, CSP, and CAL 1 agile certifications. He lives in Indiana with his wife Kristin and three children. Ryan blogs at ryanripley.com, hosts the Agile for Humans podcast available on iTunes, and is on Twitter @ryanripley.
In this episode you'll discover:
- How coercion keeps people from adopting Scrum and Agile practices
- Why sometimes it's uncomfortable to be a Scrum Master
- When responsibility can help a team improve performance
- What make Scrum so difficult for large organizations
Slides from the talk:
Eric Ries defines a startup as an organization dedicated to creating something new under conditions of extreme uncertainty. This is just as true for one person in a garage or a group of seasoned professionals in a Fortune 500 boardroom. What they have in common is a mission to penetrate that fog of uncertainty to discover a successful path to a sustainable business.
Question: What are your thoughts about this episode? Please leave them in the comments section below. You can leave a comment by clicking here.
Want to hear a podcast about the getting started with speaking at technical conferences? — Listen to my conversation with Don Gray, Tim Ottinger, Amitai Schleier, and Jason Tice on episode 32. We discuss how to write a compelling abstract, what track reviewers are looking for in a submission, and how to give yourself the best change of getting selected.
One tiny favor. — Please take 30 seconds now and leave a review on iTunes. This helps others learn about the show and grows our audience. It will help the show tremendously, including my ability to bring on more great guests for all of us to learn from. Thanks!
This podcast is brought to you by Audible. I have used Audible for years, and I love audio books. I have three to recommend:
- Agile and Lean Program Management by Johanna Rothman
- The Lean Startup by Eric Ries
- Rolling Rocks Downhill: The Fastest, Easiest, and Most Entertaining Way to Learn Agile and Lean by Clark Ching
All you need to do to get your free 30-day Audible trial is go to Audibletrial.com/agile. Choose one of the above books, or choose between more than 180,000 audio programs. It's that easy. Go to Audibletrial.com/agile and get started today. Enjoy!


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March Almuni Meeting
Posted March 10, 2003 at 02:21:04 PM by Bean
Dooley, Joe Miller, Joe Dirtass, Caleb, me.
Met at Charlies for free appemmetizers around 6:30. The fried mushrooms were so good that I was forced to eat around 30 of them. Got a PJ Tweety, asked for grilled onions AND regular onions... only recieved grilled onions. I was upset, but ate the burger nonetheless.
After everyone finished eating, we decided to return to Dooley's Hautian garage, fire up the kerosene heater, and play beerpong. We only played one game, but it was long. Final score was Me & Caleb 30, Dooley and Dirt 28. Joe Miller documented the game with multiple cameras, and pictures will be posted shortly.
After pong, Dooley passed out. We markered on him and Dirtass put his Dirtass on his head for a few pictures. We then left and had Amy drive us to a bar that had kareoke. We soon found out that no bars have kareoke on Friday night.
Ended up at the Moose Lodge. We were the only ones there I think. We got free sloppy joes, $1 beers, and a few shots of something. the jukebox sucked... took it like 2 hours to get to Calebs Billy Joel selections. Killed time by playing pool and shuffelboard.
Shortly after the shots, my recolection of the night becomes choppy. I know that Dirtass and I ended up back at Dooleys, locked out. We made noise outside until the indian let us in. Slept on the couch.
Went to Charlies for omlettes the next morning. They were darn good. Drove back to Indy to enjoy the 60 degree Saturday.
Dooley ended up with a broken finger and a red ear. A few of us had our minds erased.
Charlies refuses to put more that one type of onion on a tweety, but their omlettes are really good. The Moose Lodge is party central. And by "party central", I mean "like drinking at my grandma's."
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Are you wondering how you can build a better blog? 7 Days to a Better Blog Challenge by @BrandiJeterRead More
"How Do You Share Your Posts?" #BloggerQuestions
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Some choose Floorsave because of our customer service and the fact that we go over and above to ensure clients are happy.
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Floorsave import and manufacture most of our products which ensures great quality and a great price, every process if checked from wood selection to manufacture so we can guarantee quality on every sale.
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Question about Samsung HCM5525W 55" Rear Projection Television
Hi, this looks like an excellent forum for techs. I am a big DIY, but never attempted TV repair. Well here's my problem:
I just adopted a TV from a friend, and it is messing up on me. It starts up just fine (maybe a little green tint, but almost not noticeable). However after 30 minutes (around 45 minutes), the tv clicks and the tv gets all hazy. I'm including some pictures so you can see the difference between my startup case and the case where it gets hazy. If you have somewhere I can start, I'll gladly attempt it on my own. Let me know if there is any safety concerns I should be worried about as well. Thanks!
Posted by ETdoFresh on
Oh yes, here's the info on my TV:
Model No.: HCM5525W
AVC 1209 60Hz 230W
I know the pictures are not as professional as I would like to have taken them (with my cheap little digital camera). But I think it got the issue for the most part.
UPDATE: Now it is really intermittent. It almost never goes back to clear anymore. Just a green artifacts all along objects on the screen. Hope you can see it in the pic above. Thanks! - ET
Thanks justuscc, I'll give that a shot and let you know how it goes. I googled it, and one of the first featured sites had it for $7.99 each, where I payed a total of $22.93 for two chips with shipping and 6-month warranty.
I got it here:
Well, I bought the STK392-040 as recommended by justuscc, and i'll try replacing that. But as I wait for this product to ship, i decided to take out the board. I'm having some trouble taking it out b/c 2 wires don't unplug, but that is besides the issue. I was looking on the board, and I notived this:
Two things look like crushed plastic... I'm not sure if this is "normal" or something that may have fried. What does this look like to you?
But closer shot maybe:
Just added some more comments. Someone please check them out! Thanks!
Last thing (I hope, haha). Any idea how to take the wires off this little black box?
Far view
Close View
FINALLY! It's fixed! Here's my part list and my procedure:
- Phillips Screwdriver
- Soldering Iron and Solder
- Desolder pump (Solder ******)
- STK392-040 x 2 (2 Convergence ICs) $7.99ea
- 100K POT x 2 (2 Variable resistors that are 25% and 0.3W) 2 for $1.00
- Take off bottom back panel (where all the input connections are)
- Unplug all cables from center board (remember/jot down what goes where)
- Unscrew and take out the center board from television (there was one wire I couldn't remove, so I had to set the board just outside the television to work on it).
- Unscrew STK392-040 from heat sink and remove heatsink
- Desolder both STK392-040 and both burnt/fried resistors (RR402S and RR471S)
- Solder new STK392-040 in, and solder two new POTS... set RR402S close to 100K and RR471S close to 50K
- Put everything back, turn on TV.
- Run "Perfect Focus" once, and enjoy!
PS - If screen seems to big (doesn't fit in the TV frame, mess with the variable resistor settings). I believe RR471S was the size of the screen, and RR402S was the trapoid of the screen, but unsure.
Thanks for your help justuscc and fixya.com... i would have had no idea where to start without y'all! Here are some more pictures! YAY!
Overall picture of the center board pulled out
Old and new convergence ICs
Old burnt grey resistors and new blue resistors on board
Everything works, thanks to the techs that helped me!
- Ack, forgot the last tech, but started with an O i believe, so, thanks OCHU (sorry, thats the name I'm giving :)
One last comment, I tested the variable resistor with a multimeter, and it looks like they are still absolutely fine! I thought they were burnt, but I think welcomejee is right, it looks like one is set at 97.1K and the other is at 48.6K. So just becuase they look all messed up, it probably really is just glue.
These are two variable resistors has some glue on it for protection, means NOT to adjust it as already adjusted in factory.
now regarding pulling two wires, one thick wire can be pulled ( not in all cases) as shown in below picture. Push it and rotate it. If this not works, don't pull it force ly. just go to other end of this wire and try this method.
LOL, my drawing isn't good :P
Posted on Oct 11, 2008
Do you hear any wierd sound when its hazy ? Try muting the TV and see.
From your description it sounds to me like voltage fluctuations.
If not externally, it might be internally.
Since this happens after a while, I believe this problem should be associated with a capacitor.
There should be a faulty capacitor inside which needs to be replaced. This is safe to be done by a technician.
And yea, it does not sound safe to use the TV when this happens.
if you still want to go by "DIY".
Try opening the TV and look for any burnt capacitor inside.
Posted on Oct 02, 2008
Well in most cases it is two IC`S the part number is STK392-040 these parts are soldered into the board. good luck
Posted on Oct 02, 2008
SOURCE: I have freestanding Series 8 dishwasher. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. How can this be resolved
a 6ya Technician can help you resolve that issue over the phone in a minute or two.
Best thing about this new service is that you are never placed on hold and get to talk to real repair professionals here in the US.
click here to Talk to a Technician (only for users in the US for now) and get all the help you need.
Posted on Jan 02, 2017
Tips for a great answer:
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Tator Tot Casserole
Desiree Wilmoth
Got this recipe from a women I work with and we all loved it. I am thinking of trying to substitute frozen hash browns for the tator tots to see how that works.
★★★★★ 1 vote5
15 Min
45 Min
- 1 1/2 lb
- hamburger
- 2 can(s)
- cream of mushroom soup
- 2 c
- cheddar cheese, shredded
- 1 can(s)
- french cut green beans
- 1 can(s)
- whole kernal corn
- 6 slice
- american cheese
- 1 pkg
- tator tots
How to Make Tator Tot Casserole
- 1Heat oven to 350 degrees F, grease a casserole dish, open and drain green beans and corn
- 2Brown hamburger and drain
- 3Mix hamburger, 1 cup shredded cheddar, and 1 can of cream of mushroom soup
- 4Cover 1/2 of casserole dish with green beans and the other 1/2 with corn. (You can mix both together if you like. I keep separate incase someone doesn't like one of the vegtables.)
- 5Spread hamburger mixture over the vegtables. Be careful and try not to move veggies while spreading.
- 6Place american cheese slices over top of hamburger mixture
- 7In a bowl mix tator tots, remaining shredded cheddar and cream of mushroom soup.
- 8Spread tator tot mixture over top
- 9Baked uncovered 45 minutes or when golden brown.
About Tator Tot Casserole
Course/Dish: Beef, Casseroles
Other Tag: Quick & Easy


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White Hall, Arizona (PressExposure) April 12, 2008 -- In todayâs fast paced world MCJ Global Ventures LLC identified a need to help increase the efficiency of the millions of people out there who daily struggle with deadlines and schedules and often have to spend considerable time looking all over town or the net for tools and materials related to their varied projects.
myoldhandtools.com was created to save time for the working man or woman, be they professionals or do-it-yourselfers. The focus of this site is to make available, hand tools, power tools, how-to-books and plans all from one site. myoldhandtools.com is in its infancy and will be expanding based on the feed back from clients.
myoldhandtools.com will be show-casing some old hand tools to perhaps bring back memories of days gone by for the seasoned clients.
Press release distribution by pressreleasepoint (http://www.pressreleasepoint.com)


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When we wish to surf pages on the net, we usually write the URL in the address bar for each of them starting with http:// or https://. What makes the web address different while using any one of them, keeping the entire address same besides this and where lies the difference? Let us understand what each of these, http and https stands for followed by their difference.
HTTP or Hyper Text Transfer Protocol symbolizes how information is transferred in to and fro direction between the client machine and the web server. Here, protocol signifies the language in which the information is transferred. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol transmission would take place over PORT 80, via a wire. When you write http:// in the address bar, it indicates that the website you are visiting is lacks security features, enough to caution you, not to share confidential information across the net. The information transferred to the website can be available to third party making it vulnerable.
HTTPS or Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure is a safe and secure way of transferring information from the client machine to the web server. The 'S' in the end is what makes HTTPS different from HTTP, tagging it with extra security. HTTPS Protocol was brought forward by Netscape and was introduced as an inbuilt feature into Netscape's browser. PORT 443 is used in HTTPS while interacting with TCP/IP, instead of PORT 80 as used in HTTP.
While we use http, for surfing normal websites, https, on the contrary is used while logging into online shopping sites where the credit card information is disclosed to maintain the security of information passed. The first page that you encounter while entering https in the address bar is "You are about to view pages over a secure connection." The moment you type https, the interaction with the website is made secure where no third person can have an access to the details you put forward, there.
For this reason, you need to be careful that you never enter your bank or login details into any http website. The risk factor is maximum for such websites to be given your sensitive information across.


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35 Bisbee Court, Santa Fe, NM 87508Request info Add to list
To view building contacts please sign in with your Pro account or create a pro account.
Camille K.
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Building Details:
• Year Built: 2006
35 Bisbee Court is an industrial property for lease in Santa Fe, NM.
NM Commercial Advisors is proud to announce its listing at 35 Bisbee Court, Santa Fe, NM 87508. The property is located at the south end of Santa Fe, just
off of NM State Highway 14 and near two on-off ramps to I-25
Buyers will be pleasantly surprised by the flexibility of the space. It offers workspace, office and warehouse. The building is divisible into 6 units which can be divided or combined as desired. It is zoned for any light industrial or warehouse use. Overall building height is 22'. Fully sprinklered.
Each unit has two gas area heaters and one evaporative cooler, front and rear man doors, overhead door (9' X 12'), separately metered gas and electric. The building's water and sewage are City of Santa Fe. Units 2 and 7 each have ADA compliant washrooms.
Rainwater is recaptured and recycled. There are 10 offices or 9 offices and a break room. Waste dumpsters are on site.
Outdoor area: The site includes a common outdoor area. Shielded from hwy. 14.
Location: On state route 14 three miles from its intersection with Interstate 25. Route 14 continues to become Cerrillos Road, a major route into Santa Fe proper. The property is in the Bisbee Court Industrial Park with excellent access and parking for vehicles of all sizes. There is a small retail strip nearby.
Parking: The lot size incorporates 6/7th's ownership 1.198 acres and contains 27 auto parking places and ample truck parking. There is a loading dock for two over the road trucks.
Request Property Information
Please describe your commercial real estate requirements. We'll introduce you to local properties that match your criteria.


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"The blackberries are dripping from the trees" F remarked as we headed out on a Sunday afternoon walk. The brambles have intertwined themselves with the branches of the wild cherry saplings and boast clusters of lush, shiny, intensely black, berries that parade a range of tart, earthy, and cloyingly sweet fruits that muddle together in a pastry crust to create the central dessert at our Christmas celebration. I already have the bag stashed away in the freezer and daily add to the frozen berry collection as the little boys abandon their containers of berries on the kitchen counter, their bellies aching from the sweet, juicy, goodness that lines our driveway.
But there are only so many frozen blackberries you can use and, after my 90 lb cherry extravaganza earlier this summer, I am not feeling inclined toward canning just now. That leaves a 1 mile stretch of road with bushels of blackberries and I feel sad when I think of them shriveling up on their vines. The only thing to do is enjoy them now, fresh, and often. Every walk takes a little more time, budgeting for the inevitable "berry break," and I am often reminded of one summer not so long ago, as C and I were preparing to move from here to Colorado when our last few afternoons were spent nibbling blackberry hand pies in the afternoon with cups of strong coffee while the baby slept and C studied for entrance exams. 3 years later, we are back in the Pacific Northwest (indefinitely) in the same house with an almost 4 yr old who is now an over eager berry picker. Today, we also had 19 egg whites that had to vacate the fridge and the brother visiting from the Midwest deserved a proper farewell. After all, he ran the Crater Lake Marathon this weekend and survived the flu that hit up all but 1 of the household in the last 10 days. Thus was born the Blackberry Tumble: a wedge of angel food cake topped with a dollop of softly whipped cream and a spoon of macerated blackberries.
I followed the Food Networks recipe for angel food cake nearly to a T, including the part where you pulverize your granulated sugar into a powder, but then realized I didn't have cake flour and used unbleached all purpose flour instead. . .friend, I could not tell the difference, the cake was springy and tender, everything I could have hoped for. A teaspoon full of sugar whisked into 3/4 of a cup of heavy whipping cream cut the sweetness of the cake. As for the blackberries, we used a generous 3 cups of freshly picked berries, the zest of half an orange, and sugar to taste. We gently stirred the three ingredients together, allowing the berries to release a bit of their juice and then spooned it generously on top of our cake slices. Their tart-sweet flavor and deep purple color balanced out the composition in what was a pleasing end to a Monday evening and a sweet farewell.
Safe travels brother!


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First Tutors enables you to find Cheshire religious studies teachers in your local area. Our service showcases Cheshire religious studies teachers offering popular subjects like English, Maths and Biology, but also less common subjects such as Psychology. Entrance exams, SATs, GCSEs and A-Levels home religious studies tuition are all catered for throughout Cheshire. Please search for Cheshire local religious studies teachers near you and select which best fits your needs.
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First Tutors is the best place to find, through one search, the most suitable Cheshire religious studies teacher for your needs, whether you are looking for home religious studies tuition to compliment your child's religious studies education, your own online religious studies education or you are seeking adult / casual religious studies education.
Our search will order Cheshire religious studies tutors in your area by their charges and distance from you. Our subjects include, but are not limited to, English, Maths and French from primary level right through to GCSE, A-Level and even degree level tuition.
If you are a Cheshire religious studies tutor wishing to offer your home religious studies tutoring services in Cheshire or anywhere else across the UK, please register with First Tutors or find out more about what we offer here.


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Planes that fly in air mostly have flat wings that hold them in air. Can a curled wing plane fly in air? Let's make an experiment to find out! What will happen if we replace the flat wings of a plane with hoops and see how a plane with hoops can fly in air?
- 1 Drinking Straw
- Stiff paper, File card or Index card
- Scissors
- Tape
- Take a sheet of stiff paper and cut it into 3 pieces. Each piece measuring 5 inch long and 1 inch wide.
- Take one piece of stiff paper and curl it to overlap its end edges and tape them together to form a small hoop required for glider.
- Take two other pieces of stiff paper and tape their end edges together to make a long strip. Curl this long strip to overlap its two end edges and tape them together to form second hoop of larger size.
- Tape the two hoops that you made in previous steps with straw. One hoop at one end of straw and other hoop at its second end. Straw should be kept inside of the hoops at the time of taping and make sure that both hoops are aligned.
- That's it! Your glider is ready.
When you want to launch your hoop glider, just hold it in the middle of straw and throw it in air like you do with a paper plane.
NOTE: Both hoops should be on the top when you hold the straw and smaller hoop facing should be in the direction of your throw at the time of launch.
Two hoops in this glider are used to keep the straw balanced in the air while flying. Small size hoop keeps the glider from turning and big hoop creates air resistance which keeps the straw leveled. Since both hoops have different weight so you may be thinking why the glider does not turn over? Actually due to gravity lighter and heavier objects fall at same speed that's why glider maintains its upright position.
- Try to change the length of straw and see what happens.
- Find out! What happens, when number of hoops is increased? Try using first 3 hoops than 4.