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Fact: MGMT is more famous than synth-pop duos regularly mentioned on music blogs usually get. Their debut album, Oracular Spectacular, sold over 500,000 copies in the States, and they went from unknowns to major-label signees to festival headliners. They're a big-tent band, pulling in fans across age brackets. But they don't get played on the radio, and they certainly aren't Lady Gaga famous. Or even Justin Bieber famous. But here's the question: Are they famous enough to become so jaded with that fame that they can sincerely create an album meant to refute their fame and shake off fans that came around after their first album?
That's what Andrew VanWyngarden and Ben Goldwasser have been claiming, in every promotional interview, their aim was with Congratulations, their sophomore album for Columbia. They didn't want to expand their fame but rebut it and disappear into their music. That's no joke meant to garner breathless NME blog posts. Congratulations shares nary a sonic smidgen with Oracular Spectacular, instead existing in a netherworld where mod-era psychedelia meets prog-rock and where the ecstatic heights of the band's debut don't exist.
Whereas Oracular Spectacular was an album that drew in crowds via its blissful singles ("Time to Pretend," "Electric Feel" and "Kids"), Congratulations is an album that demands listeners jump down MGMT's rabbit hole and enter into their trippy headspace. Dulcet surf-rock tones open the album via "It's Working," a meandering track that sets the table for MGMT's newfound mellow vibes. The mod-rock plundering "Song for Dan Treacy" continues the theme, and "Someone's Missing" adds (finally) the album's first recognizable chorus via its closing minute.
The main problem with MGMT's pop hook aversion here is that their take on Flaming Lips-lite prog-isms isn't captivating enough on its own without the bleacher-shooting choruses of Oracular Spectacular. From the 14 stylistic changes on the four-minute "Flash Delirium," to the spineless instrumental "Lady Dada's Nightmare," to the funhouse shlock of "Brian Eno," this is the sound of a band turning in on itself at a moment when it could conquer the world. But those songs are just a minor warmup compared to the self-indulgence of "Siberian Breaks," a 12-minute song that has more false endings than the last Lord of the Rings movie.
MGMT deserve some credit though: It's a daring move to be this against what you used to be. The irony is that no matter how many fans are going to be disappointed with Congratulations (and the early guess is "a lot"), as many probably would have written the band off if it had delivered Oracular Spectacular 2. While it's a testament to the members of MGMT that they, while signed to stuffy old Columbia, went this route with their sophomore album, we're still left with Congratulations — a disappointing, middling album from a band that once appeared to be better than this.
Band: http://www.whoismgmt.com
Label: http://www.columbiarecords.com
Audio: http://www.myspace.com/MGMT


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Pleasure Pier and Catalina Casino – A Great Combination – Speechless Sundays
Another gorgeous day on Catalina Island with the Green Pleasure Pier (isn't that a great name?) in the forefront and the Catalina Casino in the background.
I even got a little time in the beautiful blue water today while watching others play.

subset: commoncrawl


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Wood lamp
Pronunciation: wud
Definition: an ultraviolet lamp with a nickel oxide filter that only passes light with a maximal wavelength of about 3660 ?; used to detect by fluorescence hairs infected Microsporum audouinii, M. canis, var. distortum, or M. ferrugineum, producing greenish-yellow fluorescence. Also used to elicit coral-red fluorescence in erythrasma.
Search Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Examples: glitazone, GI cocktail, etc.


text:
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text:
Gavin Cooper of the Cowboys washes away blood coming from a head wound during the round nine NRL match between the South Sydney Rabbitohs and the North Queensland Cowboys at ANZ Stadium on May 2013 in Sydney, Australia. That's a real man!
The Burgess brothers, Sam and twins George and Tom, will put the disappointment of another brother, Luke, not being selected to one side to help England to glory in the Rugby League World Cup
Billy Slater Photos: NRL Rd 2 - Storm v Panthers
Stop Everything And Look At These Four Hot Rugby Player Brothers Rugby league is my other life. From left to right, Tom, Luke, Sam, George = the Burgess bros


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|Well since Quattro has taken over the Turn A, he gets that E-Save and Hit & Away for more spamming of MAP attacks.
Back at Ribbon's living room, Regene gloats, having shot Ribbons in the head in the previous episode, although it's rather short lived, because it turns out Ribbons can easily replace his body with another one. He promptly shoots Regene, though it seems his original 'death' released the lock on Elgan from stasis.
第58話: 革新
Stage 58: Innovation
Still reeling from the last battle, the team is scattered around the south end of the map.
Shit hits the fan, after much taunting from Ribbons and the Innovators, he summons his Gaga suicide army to deal with ZEXIS.
Saji returns with nutcase Louise in haul, fearing for the worst that she may never accept him again.
Sumeragi orders ZEXIS to deal with the grunts while she has the Ptolemy bumrush the Celestial Being with TRANS-AM.
Ptolemaios 2
…which doesn't bode too well either as their ship is boarded by Killer Automatons and Sumeragi's vengeful ex, Billy.
Outside, the team are still dealing with the Images, Vajra, and the Innovators. The despair causes Setsuna to awaken….
…into an INNOVATER
The GN particles dish the power of understanding (and nakedness) all around. Saji and Louise, Andrei and Peries, Marie and Alle, even Suzaku and Zero, finally come to grips with each other.
Even the Images get the point and piss off.
And not-dead Regene explains – Setsuna has undergone Innovation, making him the first genuine Innonvator.
Turn 1
SR Point: Defeat Gadessa and Garozzo by Turn 3.
Phew, after that wall of text, the mission finally starts, putting us up against a huge wall of Vajra, Ghosts, Gagas etc.
I have Basara power Quattro in the Turn A up to 150 morale.
He then proceeds to "Blaze a trail to the future"
Gaga reinforcements are infinite at this point, as long as you keep killing them down to less than 10 or so more will respawn at the north.
Quattro continues his rampage, using Awakens he manages to reach the Innovator duo, landing a Moonlight Butterfly on them.
These Gaga's tend to have a pretty high hit rate, even on those people with upgrades and Concentrate on, so drop a Confuse to make it easier.
With the 2 Innovaters being worn down after a few Moonlight Butterflies…
The gang goes in for the kill.
SR Point GET!
The Ptolemy finally exits the Celestial Being, chased by Gaga's
Saved by the Patrick!
Seeing an opening, Tieria makes a beeline for the Celestial Being to reach Veda, but the auttomated defenses prove a bit much for him to handle.
Cue Heero, showcasing his demolition skills.
Celestial Being, Veda
Tieria makes his way to Veda, where Ribbons awaits. Alas, Ribbons promptly goes to shoot Tieria in the head…
…but Elgan blocks the shot, mortally wounded in the process. As his final gift, he manages to reinstate control of Veda to Tieria.
Back outside, the Seravee activates itself remotely, deploying it's TRIAL field in an attempt to shut down the Gagas. Unfortunately, it seems the Seravee is doomed to get shot down in all forms of canon, failing before it can accomplish it's mission.
But again, MVP Heero saves the day, interfacing the Zero System with Veda, sending the Gagas packing.
Finally Ribbons himself shows up, ready to take matters in his own hands.
Here's the situation now. Ribbons has spawned at the very north end of the map, protected by a few Emprusses.
The guy is level 90 and packs one of the most BS map attacks in the game, so just save yourself the trouble and kill him in 1 shot.
First I have Heero hit Ribbons with a Souled TBC, bringing him down to 70K.
Time for Setsuna to shine. Then I spam Awaken several times on Setsuna so he can move into range for some Raiser Sword spam. After the first one, Ribbons is already at around 50% HP, which causes an event…
The bitch herself finally manages to merge herself into the Vajra Queen.
As she trash talks ZEXIS, Basara cuts her off with his singing. Simultaneously, Alto finally manages to bust Ranka out of the Battle Galaxy.
Grace kinda spawns on the west side of the map. I also start working on her with nearby units.
After 1 TBC, 2 Raiser Swords and a TRANS-AM, Ribbons bites the dust
He drops a Haro. His defeat also causes remaining Innovator forces to retreat.
Grace is the only remaining boss, at 190K+ HP and my team scattered, it may be a challenge bringing her down this turn.
Then again maybe not. I had to waste a ton of Awakens, but I drag the Sol Gravion, Shin Getter and Amuro there, and proceed to pummel her with Funnel Sunshine spam.
And finally, to end it, I haul Alto's ass there.
It takes 3 Enables, but he puts his new Durandal to good use, defeating grace with the power of pop idols!
Arranged Battle Scene
Destroying her also reveals her stash of idol discs.
Celestial Being, Veda
Dick for storyline translations
Yes, I know the AB only features the Gundam side of this stage. I'm planning Macross F x 00 Gundam finale video, but it will be my year long project for 2013. More details to come.
Also, I kinda wish I could've played this stage in the epic way depicted in the AB, but there's just way too much shit to kill and I don't want to sit around for 2+ hours blowing up Gagas and Ghosts.
Strategy Corner
This is the last chance for you to farm out kills for your team. In the first part of the stage, while Revive and Hilling are still alive, Gagas will continue to respawn when there are less then 10 of them on the map. Units with MAP attacks (especially the Turn A) are extremely useful for clearing out the grunts. Gagas also have a disturbingly high hit rate; use Confuse to bring it down, also note that if they hit you they self-destruct, wasting your ammo and HP.
Once Hilling and Revive are defeated, Ribbons appears at the north. He has 90K HP, and has a pretty wide range MAP attack that's extremely damaging. Don't go near him until you're committed to destroying him in a single turn. Setsuna should be able to take out huge chunks of his HP with Souled attacks, since he gets a nice damage bonus against GN Drive units. Once Ribbons is defeated, remaining Innovator forces retreat. Be sure to use Great Effort on the person getting the killing blow, since Ribbons is at level 90, he'll grant a huge XP bonus to whoever takes him down.
Finally, when Ribbons is less than 70% HP, Grace appears at the west. She has 289K HP, and a frontal MAP attack, so you can approach her at diagonal angles for a bit of safety. Upon her appearance though, the pink Vajra forces retreat, giving some relief (or stealing your kills whichever way you look at it).


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Title: Caged Warrior
Author: Lindsey Piper
Genre: Paranormal Romance
Series: Dragon Kings (Book 1)
Publication Date: June 25, 2013
Format: Paperback, 380 Pages
ISBN-10: 1451695918 (Simon & Schuster)
ISBN-13: 978-1451695915 (Simon & Schuster)
Reviewed By: Kaitlin
Lindsey Piper's hotly anticipated debut series, The Dragon Kings, begins with a gritty, fiercely sexy tale of romance and rebirth.
The Dragon Kings, an ancient race of demons, were once worshipped as earthly gods. Centuries later and facing extinction, they fight at the whim of human cartels for the privilege of perpetuating their bloodlines.
After marrying a human, Nynn of Clan Tigony became Audrey MacLaren, banished from a life of distinction and power. But when Nynn gives birth to the first natural-born Dragon King in a generation, she and her son are kidnapped by a sadistic cartel scientist whose life mission is studying demon procreation.
Leto of Clan Garnis is a Cage warrior, using his superhuman speed and reflexes to secure the right for his sister to conceive. Within the Cages, he has no equal.
When torture unlocks Nynn's repressed powers, she is sent to the Cages, where Leto is charged with her training. He believes her a traitor to their people, while she sees him as no better than a slave. But for the sake of her son, Nynn must learn to survive. An undeniable connection turns antagonists to allies to impassioned lovers as they learn the high price of honor in their violent underground world.
Quick & Dirty: This novel confused me in general. It was intense but disappointing, and not my cup of tea.
Opening Sentence: Leto's eyes glimmered, as black and shining as the accents on his armor.
Excerpt: Yes
The Review:
Nynn is a Dragon King, one of few that make up a dying race with amazing powers. After being ostracized from the Dragon King Council and leaders, Nynn went into the human world and became Audrey, living a normal human life. Audrey had a husband, Caleb, and a son, Jack — the first naturally born Dragon King in a long time. This miracle turns bittersweet when a sadistic scientist kills Caleb, kidnaps her and Jack, and performs tests.
Soon Audrey is not needed to be tested on anymore, and she is sent to the cartels to fight other captured Dragon Kings. She begins to fall in love with Leto, her trainer of sorts, and discovers memories that were hidden and powers that were abstained.
Before I even flipped open this book, I checked out Amazon reviews, and after seeing four stars was pleasantly surprised. Unfortunately, this book did not fulfill my expectations.
There were a few main points that got on my nerves. One, it took forever and increasingly tested my patience as Nynn trains for her first fight in three weeks. Two, it was so confusing. I didn't understand that Dragon Kings were a "demon" race until I looked on Amazon, and I didn't get the whole cartel idea until halfway through. Three, some scenes were becoming more of a Fifty Shades of Grey situation and I just felt I needed to skip those. The colorful language didn't bother me, but the chapters I just described were uncomfortable and took up a surprising section of the book.
Nynn is a strong female chatacter, I'll give you that. The author's best job was at character building, and Audrey's fading into Nynn was subtle, but there all the same —- it made a powerful statement. Leto started to crave freedom more and more as the book went on. Little changes became bigger while the novel progressed, and that was good. Additionally, the writing style flowed well, but it didn't make up for the lack of excitement that made me lose interest.
A final thing, the only thing I really loved, was how determined Nynn was to rescue her son. That emotion was raw and beautiful. It was one thing that continued to stay constant and from the start and was my favorite thing about this book.
This also bored me because it wasn't engaging enough, and my brain kept wandering. As I daydreamed, I would miss something and have to backtrack a page or so to see what I missed. I also didn't understand a lot. I think the author was going for one of those "figure it out as you go along," but it didn't work for me, and I kept referring to Goodreads or good old Google to answer my questions. The story was dark in general, not particularly compelling, and with a few plot holes. I didn't enjoy this, and I had to force myself to read it. I wasn't very interested after I started getting bored, so even when the excitement rises the book was already ruined for me.
Still, other readers may enjoy the romance or the plot more than I did. Obviously some, seeing as forty people on Amazon rated from three to five stars (mostly 4). Maybe they're older, or maybe they're more patient, but I personally missed the point.
Notable Scene:
Even in her mind, she cried. The grief was more raw there. No inhabitations. No physical limit to how loud she could scream or how deeply sobs could wrack her body. No one to hear her, look at her, punish her for what could not be contained. Dr. Asher had used a scalpel. And he handed Hellix a whip.
The Dragon Kings:
0.5 Silent Warrior
3. Hunted Warrior (June 2014)
FTC Advisory: Pocket Books/Simon & Schuster provided me with a copy of Caged Warrior. No goody bags, sponsorships, "material connections", or bribes were exchanged for my review.
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Category Archives: Uncategorized
Saved by my past self
Wiped Arch, put on Ubuntu 14.04 on laptop. Everything works fine, except for the speaker makes nonstop whine/beeping sound after unplugging power cord. Went through a bunch of results that didn't help. The one that did was this one, and the … Continue reading
Compiling against manually installed packages
I'm trying to compile the openEphys GUI on Ubuntu 14.04. The program requires libhdf5 of version greater than 1.8.12. Unfortunately Ubuntu 14.04 only has libhdf5-1.8.11 in the repository. The openEphys wiki suggest compiling from source, but I'm afraid doing that might … Continue reading
Adding Matlab to launcher in Ubuntu
I screwed up my Matlab2013b installation on Ubuntu 14.04, so decided to re-install. Upgraded to Matlab2014b in the process. Installation was straight forward – download linux 64-bit from Mathworks site, install to /usr/local/MATLAB and have the installer make the symbolic … Continue reading
Ubuntu 14.04: Auto-mounting internal HDDs to named folders
I dual-boot Ubuntu 14.04 and Windows 7, though I've only used Windows once. Both '/' and windows are installed on my SSD. For data, I have two 2TB internal HDDs. The file-system is NTFS. By default, to access the data … Continue reading
Handy bash code
Rather than thinking about it every time, I'm collecting all my handy bash things. for file in $(ls|grep mp3) do ffmpeg -i $file ${file/mp3/wav}; done Takes all the foo.mp3 files, use ffmpeg to convert and output foo.wav for file in … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Tricks Leave a comment
R – Plotting boxplots, with multiple per point
Plotting this took me a while to figure out, after going through a bunch of posts. In my data, I have a control and an experimental group. Multiple measurements are taken for these groups at different time points. I want to … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Tricks Leave a comment
New Project: nRF24LE1
Nordic semiconductor makes probably the best commercial ultra-low power, high bandwidth radio transceivers. We have used the nRF24L01 2.4GHz chips in wireless headstages previously. I'm working on a new project that uses these transceivers. But since I'm too lazy to … Continue reading


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VideoHive Make-Up 1461871
Stock Footage \ People
Photography \ Studio \ Making \ WomanModel \ Visage \ Posing \ Fashion \ Eyebrows
Stock Footage - Make-Up 1461871 by ivz @ VideoHive
Stock Footage \ People
Model making-up for photography in studio.
Looped Video: No; Frame Rate: 25; Resolution: 1920x1080; Video Encoding: QT PhotoJPEG; File Size: 56mb; Total Clip(s) Length: 0:11.
Sailing Boat; Aerial View; Walking; Beach Waves; Take-off; Brown Cows; Before Take-off.
Keywords: eyebrows, eyes, fashion, look, make-up, model, photography, posing, studio, visage, woman.


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PhenQ is the combination of active and natural ingredients. It doesn't contain any harmful chemical that can affect your health. If you are thinking about to use PhenQ, just order it with full confidence. It is clinically proved product for weight loss reduction. The safety of this product is it controls the hunger and suppresses your appetite. It is clinically proven that PhenQ accelerate your metabolism and helps your body to burn more fat. People who have used it claim that PhenQ is safe and efficient product that burn stored fat and reveal your hidden dream body. Unlike other diet pills PhenQ gives you efficient results in just couple of week. It is 100% natural and make you tension free about any adverse side effects.
PhenQ Avis: Everything you need to know about PhenQ
Every one wants to be a slim and fit body. PhenQ is definitely one of those weight loss recipes that are good in burning calories and increased metabolic rate. PhenQ is 100% safe product for weight reduction and make your body full of energy. It reduces weight in the most natural and elementary way. Under some precautions you should be consumed these pill after your physician's permission. It blocks the production of fat in the body to stops weight gain.
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There are some cautions before using PhenQ. You should avoid these pills, if you are under eighteen. People who are suffering with any other medication should concern their doctor before using it. Pregnant and nursing mother should avoid taking it. These are some precautions while using PhenQ. Another amazing thing about PhenQis it comes with money back grantee. If you are not satisfied with the result you can back this product. The people other than mentioned above can take these pills without any fear.


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Ever since Savitar was revealed as the speedster villain for The Flash Season 3, people have been wondering whether he really is the Speed Force god he claims to be, and how Team Flash could possibly defeat him. But since Barry threw the Philosopher's Stone deep into the Speed Force, we haven't heard a peep from Savitar — though we know he will soon return to kill Iris in the not-so-distant future.
And it looks like this future may be even less distant than we thought. Savitar returns in this leaked video from #TheFlash Season 3 set, showing Jesse Quick going up against the evil speedster.
There's a lot to glean from this brief clip, even though we can't hear what the characters are saying to each other. So let's explore what exactly is going on here, which episode this scene is taken from, and just where Jesse and Savitar are.
Savitar Takes Jesse's Speed
Before we begin, credit where credit is due: YouTuber Pagey did an excellent breakdown of the footage on his channel. However, there are a few things I think he may have missed, so let's start from the beginning.
As Pagey points out, it seems highly likely that this scene takes place in Episode 15 — entitled "The Wrath of Savitar" — seeing as Jesse will team up with the gang on Earth-2 in the upcoming two-parter. That would lead naturally into Jesse sticking around for another episode, though it's impossible to tell how she gets into this situation with Savitar.
In the leaked scene, Jesse and Savitar — who is now portrayed by an actor in a physical suit, rather than just CGI as before — seem to be mainly talking. However, the conversation doesn't seem to be going in Jesse's favor. Part way through the clip, in a section that seems to come from the end of the scene before the actors start over, Savitar lunges at Jesse and she makes to run away (possibly just doing the initial movement before the effects dept fill in her super-speed).
So what are the two discussing? Their conversation could be more of a confrontation, as in more leaked photos Jesse seems to be holding some kind of ancient weapon, which is possibly connected to the Philosopher's Stone.
As well as giving us a closer look at the very impressive Savitar suit, these photos also show Jesse lying on the floor — possibly after an attack by Savitar. Pagey speculates that this could be because Savitar has taken Jesse's speed, as the comic book version of this character possessed the power to do so. That would be a nice way to increase tension, wounding a character without killing her — and not to mention, with Team Flash obsessing over preventing the events leading up to Iris' death, it would be interesting for Jesse to get hurt in a way they could not predict.
Where Does This Take Place?
There's an intriguing moment as Jesse almost runs away, one which might reveal where in the multiverse this takes place. As the camera zooms in on Jesse, we catch a glimpse of what seems to be a volcanic eruption in the background, or perhaps a large yellow sun setting against a blood red sky.
This doesn't look like any Earth we know already, but it certainly seems familiar — is this the Earth that Cisco and Gypsy briefly crashed into during their fight in Episode 11?
Although fans have speculated that this might be the Darkseid-ruled planet Apokolips, this is pretty much impossible considering the way the multiverse portals work — they transport you to the same place on a different Earth, not halfway across the galaxy.
That being said, it seems most likely that this is an Earth that Team Flash haven't visited yet, and it would make sense for this location to be used again in later episodes, after this brief flash of foreshadowing. So is this where Jesse confronts Savitar? Without more information it's impossible to tell, but considering the set dressing in the leaked scene, the two placess certainly look similar — and that's unlikely to be an accident.
All in all, this leak looks like a really interesting development for The Flash Season 3, and we can't wait to see how it all plays out.
Tell us in the comments: Do you think Savitar will take Jesse's speed?
[Source: Pagey on YouTube]


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We offer Dome Fountain in Delhi/NCR that add glory to a romantic evening through their enchanting water sounds and soothing lights effects. These are best options for various establishments to make it a décor item thus enhancing the surroundings. We offer these waterfalls in various sizes and also in custom specifications thus meeting the varied needs of our clients.
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To ensure quality of the products, we conduct diverse quality tests at all stages and thus our products are quality assured. Hailing from New Delhi(India), our company is engaged for years in providing the best grade products in the industry.
Green View Irrigation Systems
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We are manufacturer and supplier of Colored Ring Jet Fountain. .the offered product is manufactured as per the international quality standards, this is widely acknowledged for its attractive look and captivating musical sound waves. This fountain helps enhance the interior and exterior of company, hotels, malls, airports, etc. Also, we provide this in both, standard and customized options as per the requirements of o
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This type of fountain is mostly required by clients now a day. It is stylish in term of design. It enhance the beauty of the surrounding. It is provided with fascinating lighting pattern which offer an aesthetic appeal to the place. This fountain is also has strong water pump to ensure uninterrupted water emission at regular intervals. It is installed near park, public place, outside of house, and garden for cooling
Aqua Fountain Pool
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Aqua Fountain Pool
Plot No. 48, X-block, Gopal Nagar Extension, Najafgarh, New Delhi, Delhi - 110043, India


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LAS VEGAS, N.M. (KRQE) – The New Mexico couple on trial for animal abuse, that outraged people around the world, may have caught a huge break because of a police mistake. It was a mistake that had a judge declaring a mistrial Wednesday.
"Hubble" the dog and his four chain mates were rescued from a Las Vegas, New Mexico home in 2015.
Hubble was the worst off. The pup ultimately died after a major effort to save him.
This week Hubble's supporters hoped to finally see Alex Alirez and Panchita Maes found guilty for the dog's death. But those chances have been quashed, at least for now.
A mistrial was declared Wednesday morning.
Prosecutors in the San Miguel District Attorney's Office wouldn't go on-camera but said when Las Vegas police were testifying in court, police mentioned an audio recording and a police report that prosecutors didn't know about.
The defense didn't know about the evidence, either. Prosecutors said LVPD told them they thought that evidence was handed over.
Prosecutors say they plan to re-try Alirez and Maes, but a new trial date has yet to be set.
Each was charged with one count of extreme animal cruelty for Hubble and four counts of animal cruelty for the other dogs.
The case triggered such outrage that thousands of people signed an online petition urging police and the DA's Office to go after the couple.
No one had been prosecuted for animal cruelty in Las Vegas in at least a decade.


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"Lavender is the soul of Provence" Jean Giono
The color, the texture, and the fragrance of a lavender field summarize for many the essence of Provence. You can reach the beautiful lavender fields by car, by bike or on foot. The lavender blooms from around the last week of June to the start of August when it is harvested. It is commonly at its peak in early July, but this depends on the rainfall in the year. In July to August months you can enjoy the Sunflowers and Lavenders together. Other than visiting Lavender fields you can also visit lavender farms and distilleries, go to lavender festivals at Sault and Valreas, and purchase lavender products like oil, essences, perfumes, soap, etc.
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Stuart Scott passed one year ago today, which brought a sadness to the sports world and general population. He's been provided many tributes and people will never forget the sports anchor legend. Today, his daughters (Taelor and Sydni) provide us with their own tribute as they remember and celebrate the great man that he was.
They come together for an emotional video where they share memories about their father. They partnered up with Dear World for this special project. Check it out below:


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Most likely someone has hit you up with the hot prospect of Surge365 and you're trying to see if it is legit or not.
Good for you! (Or, you've jumped in and you're having second thoughts) I can help!
Here's how it's working on you so far….
- You got a personal invite by word of mouth.
- You got an EZ Button and plugged that baby in.
- You didn't get the button, but you got in through the website.
Catch your breath and let's peel this thing apart for a few minutes.
(Btw, my friend Brad has found away to avoid the common pitfalls of MLM Travel…give him a listen in the video)
Website: They can be found at www.surge365.com (No, don't go there, let me tell you some things first)
Launch: Though the website displays an initial date of October, 2014, the launch of Surge365 was achieved on May 2, 2015 in a convention in Reno, Nevada.
President: James Tackett, worked with Avon, Herbalife, Oriflame, and Primerica to name just a few. He owns Success Partners (hosts the marketing and training videos related to Surge365)
Relationship: Surge365 is identified as "365Surge Back Office Pro Travel Network." PTN COO Jessica Henderson has recognized a lot of potential and suggests a re-invention in travel service networking.
Essential Category: Surge365 is a MLM Travel network with deeply discounted travel bookings as the background appeal.
Reason To Buy: You can save money on travel costs and so can your friends you kindly tell
Reason To Tell Others: Your friends see the value and want to do the same. This produces an income for you and for them. [click to continue…]


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It's been a while since I gave away some of my own work.
Now is your chance to win a new, signed hardcover of my science thriller Petroplague, a "compellingly written, technically literate" thriller that's "in the top five on my best of 2011 list" according to reviewers. All you need to enter is an email address. You'll get the fabulous ScienceThrillers newsletter only 4 times per year. And once you're a subscriber, you can enter all my future giveaways, too.
In Los Angeles, the car is king. What if a villain too small to see took it away–forever? UCLA graduate student Christina Gonzalez can't let this happen, but is the damage already done?
ScienceThrillers is pleased to offer a raffle of a hardcover copy of Petroplague, signed by author Amy Rogers, MD/PhD.
Earn additional entries by tweeting and Facebooking about the giveaway and the book.
Don't want to wait? Order Petroplague copies personally signed by the author at the lowest price anywhere by using the PayPal "Buy signed copy" button at the right side of this page.


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Xolile Mngeni
Extradited UK businessman accused of murdering wife appears in SA court
A United Kingdom based businessman - Shrien Dewani charged with kidnapping, murder, robbery and obstructing the course of justice, has made a brief appearance before a South African court. more
10 Apr 2014 00:00 South Africa
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 17, 2009
|Filing date
|Dec 19, 2003
|Priority date
|Dec 19, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Zhenhua Mao, Bharat Chahar
|Original Assignee
|Conocophillips Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (90), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (24), Classifications (44), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to silicon/carbon composite materials that are useful as electrode active materials in batteries. More particularly, the present invention relates to carbon-coated silicon particles that find particular use as electrode materials, as well as methods for the manufacture of said carbon-coated silicon particles.
Synthetic graphites are widely used as standard negative electrode materials in lithium ion batteries. Other carbonaceous materials are also widely used in such batteries due to their efficiency and reasonable cost. Lithium ion batteries are primarily used as power sources in portable electronic devices. Compared to other classes of rechargeable batteries such as nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride storage cells, lithium ion cells have become increasingly popular due to relatively high storage capacity and rechargeability.
Due to increased storage capacity per unit mass or unit volume over similarly rated nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride storage cells, the smaller space requirements of lithium ion cells allow production of cells that meet specific storage and delivery requirements. Consequently, lithium ion cells are popularly used in a growing number of devices, such as digital cameras, digital video recorders, computers, etc., where compact size is particularly desirable from a utility standpoint.
Nonetheless, rechargeable lithium ion storage cells are not without deficiencies. These deficiencies may be minimized with the use of improved materials of construction. Commercial lithium ion batteries which use synthetic graphite electrodes are expensive to produce and have low relatively lithium capacities. Additionally, graphite products currently used in lithium ion electrodes are near their theoretical limits for energy storage (372 mAhr/g). Accordingly, there is a need in the art for improved electrode materials that reduce the cost of rechargeable lithium batteries and provide improved operating characteristics, such as higher energy density, greater reversible capacity and greater initial charge efficiency. There also exists a need for improved methods for the manufacture of such electrode materials.
Silicon has been investigated as an anode material for lithium ion batteries because silicon can alloy with a relatively large amount of lithium, providing greater storage capacity. In fact, silicon has a theoretical lithium capacity of more than ten times that of graphite. However, pure silicon is a poor electrode material because its unit cell volume can increase to more than 300% when lithiated. This volume expansion during cycling destroys the mechanical integrity of the electrode and leads to a rapid capacity loss during battery cycling. Although silicon can hold more lithium than carbon, when lithium is introduced to silicon, the silicon disintegrates and results in less electrical contact which ultimately results in decreased ability to recharge the storage cell.
Continuous research efforts in solving silicon volume expansion problems have yielded limited results. Silicon/carbon composite particles or powders have good cycle life compared to mechanical mixtures of carbon and silicon powders made by milling or other mechanical methods. Thin film silicon-coated carbon particles or carbon-coated silicon powders are potential replacements for graphite powders as the anode material for next generation lithium ion batteries. However, chemical vapor deposition methods typically used to apply silicon coatings or carbon coatings have intrinsic shortcomings that include slow deposition rates and/or expensive precursors for deposition. Vapor deposited silicon films may be extremely expensive relative to the cost of bulk silicon powders. Therefore, another method of manufacturing coated silicon particles is needed.
The present invention provides processes for the manufacture of the silicon/carbon composite materials. The silicon/carbon composite materials comprise coated silicon particles that are combined with coated carbon particles; wherein the resulting silicon/carbon composite particle is further coated with a layer of oxidized, carbon residue-forming material. These carbon-coated silicon/carbon composite particles are useful in the manufacture of electrodes in electrical storage cells, particularly in rechargeable lithium ion electrical storage cells.
The compositions of the invention provide high capacity and high efficiency carbon-coated silicon/carbon composite particles that can be derived from a wide variety of carbon sources. In a further aspect of the invention, the silicon/carbon composite particle may be coated with multiple layers of carbon residue forming material. In a still further aspect of the invention, the coating layer(s) of the composite particle may be optionally carbonized.
The compositions of the present invention provide carbon-coated silicon/carbon composite particles with substantially smooth coatings. Additionally, the compositions feature good powder flowability, which is particularly beneficial during the handling or manufacturing steps necessary to form these materials into useful electrodes or into other articles not specifically described herein.
In further aspects of the invention there are provided methods for the manufacture of such carbon-coated silicon/carbon composite particles. The carbon-coated powders prepared in accordance with the invention not only increase charge efficiency but also provide excellent processability for electrode fabrication. In a yet further aspect of the invention there are provided methods for the manufacture of electrical storage cells, particularly rechargeable batteries that include said carbon-coated composite particles. A still further aspect of the invention relates to the use of said carbon-coated composite particles in electrical storage cells, particularly in rechargeable batteries.
These and other aspects and features of the invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention and preferred embodiments thereof.
The present invention provides processes for the manufacture of silicon/carbon composite particles, which particles exhibit improved operating characteristics when used as electrodes in electrical storage cells, particularly in rechargeable electrical storage cells. Generally, the process contemplates combining coated fine silicon powders with coated carbonaceous particles to form a silicon/carbon composite particle and further coating the composite particle with a layer or layers of carbon residue-forming material.
More specifically, particles of a carbonaceous material substrate are coated with a fusible, carbon residue-forming material. Particles of fine silicon powders, which have been coated with a fusible, carbon residue-forming material, are embedded onto the coated carbonaceous particle to form a composite particle of silicon and carbonaceous materials. The silicon/carbon composite particle is further provided with at least one coating of a fusible, carbon residue-forming material. The coated silicon/carbon composite particle is thereafter stabilized by subjecting said coated composite particle to an oxidation reaction using an oxidizing agent. The stabilized coated composite particle is thereafter carbonized.
While it is possible to embed uncoated silicon particles onto a coated carbonaceous substrate material, it is preferable that the silicon particles be coated prior to embedding the silicon onto the carbonaceous substrate material to achieve an enhancement in cycling ability and mechanical strength over that of composite particle comprising uncoated silicon powder.
The silicon/graphite composite particle may be further coated with additional layer(s) of carbon residue-forming material following stabilization or optional carbonization.
It is preferable to apply a coating onto the carbonaceous particle prior to applying the silicon particles. It is preferable to embed coated silicon particles onto the coated carbonaceous substrate. Alternatively, uncoated silicon particles may be embedded onto the coated carbonaceous substrate. Further, it is preferable to coat the silicon/carbon composite particle to enhance the mechanical strength of the composite, resulting in longer lasting silicon composite electrodes. Preferably, the process provides carbon-coated silicon/carbon composite particles having substantially smooth coatings. Optionally, the composite particles may be coated repeatedly with carbon residue forming material to further increase the mechanical strength of the particles.
In the preferred embodiment, particles of carbonaceous substrate material are required for the practice of the invention. These may be obtained from a variety of sources, examples of which include petroleum and coal tar cokes, synthetic and natural graphite, or pitches as well as other sources of carbonaceous materials that are known in the manufacture of prior art electrodes, although these sources are not elucidated here. Preferred sources of carbonaceous materials include calcined or uncalcined petroleum cokes as well as synthetic graphite. Preferred sources of carbonaceous materials also include calcined or uncalcined, highly crystalline "needle" cokes. Particularly preferred sources of carbonaceous material include natural graphite and flake coke. Thus, preferred carbonaceous materials are either graphitic materials or materials which form graphite on heating to graphitization temperatures of 2200� C. or higher.
Fine particles of such carbonaceous substrate material are conveniently provided by milling, crushing, grinding or by any other means that can be used to provide a pulverant carbonaceous substrate material having particles of dimensions that are suitable for use in the formation of electrodes. Although the principles of the present invention are believed to be applicable to carbonaceous substrate particles of varying sizes and particle size distributions, preferred carbonaceous substrate particles having average particle sizes up to about 50 μm, more preferably from about 1 to about 30 μm.
Particles of silicon are required for the practice of the invention; such particles may be used alone or in conjunction with the carbonaceous substrate material. The purity of the silicon may be of ordinary industrial strength, i.e., 97-98 wt. %. Although the principles of the present invention are believed to be applicable to silicon particles of varying sizes and particle size distributions, preferred silicon particles having average particle sizes up to about 50 μm, more preferably from about 0.03 to about 20 μm.
According to steps in the inventive process, the silicon particles, carbonaceous substrate particles and silicon/carbon composite particles are provided with a fusible, carbon residue-forming material as a coating material. Preferred for use as coating materials are carbon residue-forming materials that are capable of being reacted with an oxidizing agent. Preferred compounds include those with a high melting point and a high carbon yield after thermal decomposition. Exemplary useful coating materials include heavy aromatic residues from petroleum, chemical process pitches; lignin from pulp industry; phenolic resins; and carbohydrate materials such as sugars and polyacrylonitriles. Especially preferred for use as coating materials are petroleum and coal tar pitches and lignin that are readily available and have been observed to be effective as fusible, carbon residue-forming materials.
It is to be understood that the carbon residue-forming material provided as the coating for the carbonaceous, silicon or silicon/carbon composite particles, as the case may be, may be any material which, when oxidized and then thermally decomposed in an inert atmosphere to a carbonization temperature of 850� C. or an even greater temperature forms a residue which is "substantially carbon". It is to be understood that "substantially carbon" indicates that as the residue is at least 95% by weight carbon, it is also preferred that the carbon residue-forming material form at least 10%, and preferably at least 40% and more preferably at least 60% carbon residue on carbonization, based on the original mass of the carbon residue-forming coating for the carbonaceous substrate, silicon or silicon/carbon composite particle.
It should be understood that the coatings used for one type of particle may vary significantly from the coatings used for another type of particle. By way of non-limiting examples, the carbon residue forming material provided as a coating for the carbonaceous substrate particles may be composed of a completely different carbon residue forming material as that provided as a coating for the silicon particles or for that provided as a coating for composite particles. Further, subsequent coatings provided for composite particles may be composed of carbon residue forming materials that differ from coatings applied to the carbonaceous or silicon particles, or from the previous coatings on the composite particles.
Any organic compound that can be oxidized and then thermally decomposed to yield carbon residue can be used as the coating material. However, in coating processes in which the organic compounds are dissolved in solvent, aromatics compounds that include various molecular weights are preferred because of the mutual dissolution of the compound with the solvent. Preferred compounds include those with a high melting point and a high carbon yield after thermal decomposition (e.g., petroleum and coal tar pitches).
Any useful technique for coating the carbonaceous, silicon or composite particles may be used. By way of non-limiting examples, useful techniques include the steps of: liquefying the carbon residue-forming material by a means such as melting or forming a solution with a suitable solvent combined with a coating step such as spraying the liquefied carbon residue-forming material onto the subject particle, or dipping the particle in the liquefied carbon residue-forming material and subsequently drying out any solvent.
A particularly useful method of forming a uniform coating of a carbon residue-forming material by precipitating the material onto the surface of the carbonaceous, silicon or silicon/carbon composite particles is provided according to the following process. First, a concentrated solution of the carbon residue-forming material in a suitable solvent is formed. The solution of carbon residue-forming material is prepared by combining the carbon residue-forming material with a solvent or a combination of solvents. The solvent should be compatible with the carbon residue-forming material and should dissolve all or a substantial portion of the coating material. Solvents include pure organic compounds or a mixture of different solvents. The choice of solvent(s) depends on the particular coating material used.
Suitable solvents for dissolving the carbon residue-forming material include, e.g., benzene, toluene, xylene, quinoline, tetrahydrofuran, naphthalene, acetone, cyclohexane, and tetrahydronaphthalene (sold by Dupont under the trademark Tetralin), ether, water and methyl-pyrrolidinone, etc. When petroleum or coal tar pitch is used as the carbon residue-forming material or coating material, e.g., solvents such as toluene, xylene, quinoline, tetrahydrofuran, Tetralin, or naphthalene are preferred. The ratio of the solvent(s) to the carbon residue-forming material for the carbonaceous, silicon or composite particle in the solution and the temperature of the solution is controlled so that the carbon residue-forming material completely or almost completely dissolves into the solvent. Typically, the solvent to carbon residue-forming material ratio is less than 2, and preferably about 1 or less, and the carbon residue-forming material is dissolved in the solvent at a temperature that is below the boiling point of the solvent.
Concentrated solutions wherein the solvent-to-solute ratio is less than 2:1 are commonly known as flux solutions. Many pitch-type materials form concentrated flux solutions wherein the pitch is highly soluble when mixed with the solvent at solvent-to-pitch ratios of 0.5 to 2.0. Dilution of these flux mixtures with the same solvent or a solvent in which the carbon residue-forming material is less soluble results in partial precipitation of the carbon residue-forming coating material. When this dilution and precipitation occurs in the presence of a suspension of carbonaceous, silicon or composite particles, the particles act as nucleating sites for the precipitation. The result is an especially uniform coating of the carbon residue material on the particles.
The coating layer of the subject particle, whether carbonaceous substrate, silicon, or silicon/carbon composite, can be applied by mixing the particles into a solution of carbon residue-forming material directly. When the particles are added to the solution of carbon residue-forming material directly, additional solvent(s) is generally added to the resulting mixture to effect partial precipitation of the carbon residue-forming material. The additional solvent(s) can be the same as or different than the solvent(s) used to prepare the solution of the carbon residue-forming materials.
An alternative method to precipitation would require a suspension of carbonaceous substrate, silicon or silicon/carbon composite particles be prepared by homogeneously mixing the particles in the same solvent used to form the solution of carbon residue-forming material, in a combination of solvent(s) or in a different solvent to a desired temperature, preferably below the boiling point of the solvent(s). The suspension of the target particles is then combined with the solution of carbon residue-forming material causing a certain portion of the carbon residue-forming material to deposit substantially uniformly on the surface of the particles.
The total amount and morphology of the carbon residue-forming material that precipitates onto the surface of a particle depends on the portion of the carbon residue-forming material that precipitates out from the solution, which in turn depends on the difference in the solubility of the carbon residue-forming material in the initial solution and in the final solution. When the carbon residue-forming material is a pitch, wide ranges of molecular weight species are typically present. One skilled in the art would recognize that partial precipitation of such a material would fractionate the material such that the precipitate would be relatively high molecular weight and have a high melting point, and the remaining solubles would be relatively low molecular weight and have a low melting point compared to the original pitch.
The solubility of the carbon residue-forming material in a given solvent or solvent mixture depends on a variety of factors including, for example, concentration, temperature, and pressure. As stated earlier, dilution of concentrated flux solutions causes solubility to decrease. Since the solubility of the carbon residue-forming material in an organic solvent increases with temperature, precipitation of the coating is further enhanced by starting the process at an elevated temperature and gradually lowering the temperature during the coating process. The carbon residue-forming material can be deposited at either ambient or reduced pressure and at a temperature of about −5� C. to about 400� C. By adjusting the total ratio of the solvent to the carbon residue-forming material and the solution temperature, the total amount and hardness of the precipitated carbon residue-forming material on the carbonaceous, silicon or composite particles can be controlled.
The suspension of carbonaceous substrate, silicon or silicon/carbon composite particles in the final diluted solution of carbon residue-forming material generally has a ratio of solvent to carbon residue-forming material of greater than about 2; and preferably greater than about 4. It would be understood by one skilled in the art that the specific solvent to carbon residue-forming pitch ratio at the conclusion of the coating process depends on the carbon residue-forming material and solvent selected for the process. On one hand, it is desirable to use as little solvent as possible because of the cost of solvent, while on the other hand, enough solvent is required so that the particles can be dispersed in the solvent.
Upon completion of the precipitation step, the coated particles are separated from the mixture of solvent, particles, and carbon residue-forming material using conventional methods, such as, for example, centrifugal separation, or filtration. The particles are optionally washed with solvent to remove residual pitch (or other carbon forming residue forming material) solution and dried using conventional methods.
According to an inventive step of the process, the silicon/carbon composite particle is produced by co-precipitating pitch onto a mixture of uncoated fine silicon powder particles and coated, relatively coarse carbonaceous particles simultaneously, thereby effectively embedding silicon particles onto the coating layer of the relatively large carbonaceous substrate particles. The resulting silicon/carbon composite particle is thereafter coated with pitch.
Alternatively, the silicon/carbon composite particle may be produced by separately coating silicon particles and carbonaceous substrate particles with pitch in separate containers; thereafter the coated particles are mixed together in a solution of pitch and solvent to embed the coated silicon particle onto the coated carbonaceous substrate particle.
According to a further step of the invention process, the coating layer of the silicon, carbon and silicon/carbon composite particles are rendered partly or completely infusible, preferably by oxidative stabilization. The coating of the particles are stabilized by subjecting said particles to an oxidation reaction using an oxidizing agent under appropriate reaction conditions. Generally, only mild-to-moderate reaction conditions are required. Typically, contacting the coated particles with an oxidizing agent at mild conditions and activating the oxidizing agent at elevated conditions satisfactorily perform the oxidation reaction. Contact with the oxidizing agent can occur at ambient temperatures (approximately 20� C.) or at moderately elevated temperatures (up to approximately 400� C.). Activation of the oxidizing agent would typically occur at moderately elevated temperatures up to 400� C. Preferably the temperature of the oxidation reaction is maintained below the instantaneous melting point of the coating material so as to insure that melting point of the coating material is not exceeded during the oxidation reaction.
According to a further step of the inventive process, the stabilized coated silicon, carbonaceous substrate particles or silicon/carbon composite particles may be optionally carbonized. The degree to which the surface of the coating is rendered infusible by stabilization is dependent upon the type of pitch used as well as the solvents or combination of solvents used. Further, if multiple layers of coating are desired, it is preferable to apply additional layers of coating following stabilization or carbonization. The final coating on a composite particle with multiple coatings is preferably carbonized.
The stabilization step of the current invention is carried out to render the surface of the coating layer infusible to the subsequent carbonization. Oxidative stabilization allows the smooth surface produced in the coating process to be preserved in the coated composite particles of the instant invention, as the oxidative stabilization renders the surface of the coating infusible to the subsequent processing steps.
Heat treatment of the stabilized coated particles is desirably conducted in a controlled manner in order to minimize fusion of the particles. One skilled in the art will recognize that highly stabilized, infusible, coated particles can be heated relatively aggressively and quickly during carbonization. In contrast, relatively mildly stabilized coated particles require slower heating in order to avoid excessive melting of the coating and fusion of the particles. Use of a fluidized bed during stabilization and heat treatment is especially beneficial in preventing clumping and fusion of the coated particles.
With regard to the temperature required to insure carbonization for coated particles, desirably this is achieved by raising the temperature in a controlled manner from a starting temperature, usually ambient temperature, to the final carbonization temperature which falls within the above-identified range of about 400� C. to about 1500� C., preferably within the range of about 800� C. to about 1300� C., and more preferably within the range of about 900� C. and 1200� C.
With regard to the atmospheric conditions for the carbonization process for the stabilized coated particles, the atmosphere may be ambient air up to about 850� C. but an inert atmosphere is preferred at temperatures above about 400� C. Ambient air is an acceptable atmosphere when the oxygen is largely displaced during heating or during heating under vacuum. Suitable inert atmospheres include nitrogen, argon, helium, etc., which are non-reactive with the heated coated particles.
It is understood that during the heating of the coated particles, particular attention must be paid to ensure that neither the temperatures attained during this heating process, nor the rate of the temperature rise during any part of the heating process be such that the instantaneous melting point of the coating on the particles is exceeded. More simply stated, the thermal degradation of the coating is to be effected by a controlled temperature rise wherein the process temperature is maintained at or below the instantaneous melting point of the coating where said melting point is generally increasing with time during the process. In view of this requirement, preferred heating processes are those that exhibit slower rates of temperature rise.
The most preferred aspects of the invention result in the provision of a smooth coating upon the silicon/carbon composite particles. Preferably the stabilization of the coating of the silicon/carbon composite particle is followed by controlled heating of the coated stabilized silicon/carbon composite particles so as to effect carbonization of the coated particles with little or no clumping or self-adhesion of the individual particles. The desired results are coated particles with little or no broken fracture surfaces of the type which are characteristically formed when the separate particles fuse and must be crushed or broken apart in order to provide a free flowing powder. Such fracture surfaces are desirably minimized or avoided, as they are believed to contribute to low electrochemical efficiency when the particles are used as an anode material in rechargeable electrical storage cells, particularly in rechargeable lithium ion batteries.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the inventive process taught herein, the carbon residue forming material is provided in a fluid form. It has been observed by the inventors that when the carbon residue forming material is precipitated from a liquid, a smooth coating forms at the interface of the individual carbonaceous particles and the surrounding liquid. A smooth coating is retained when subsequently carbonized.
Although less advantageous, when the carbon residue-forming coating is supplied as a solid, it is desirably fused on the surface of the particles in order to form a smooth coating thereon. Especially preferred embodiments of the present invention produce a free-flowing powder of coated particles after the carbonization, which particles exhibit little or no fusion among the particles, but can generally be broken into a free-flowing powder by simple mechanical agitation, such as by use of a stirring rod, or by rubbing between the thumb and forefinger. Where some fusion may have occurred between particles, and mechanical agitation is used to separate these particles which may result in the formation of new fracture surfaces, in the preferred embodiments of the invention these fracture surfaces do not comprise more than 10%, preferably no more than 2% of the total surface area of the particles. Such are considered as being substantially smooth coatings.
A preferred aspect of the present invention is in the pitch coating process, or carbon residue-forming material coating process. This coating process provides uniform carbon residue-forming coating on particles regardless of particle size. The coating can be accomplished in a number of ways but it is especially advantageous to precipitate the coating material in the presence of a suspension of the targeted particles, whether silicon, carbonaceous substrate material or silicon/carbon composite particles. This coating method yields a uniform coating of controlled composition and produces a loose particle powder, so that the pitch-coated particles do not agglomerate and no further milling process is required in the subsequent process steps.
Another preferred aspect of the present invention is in an oxidation reaction that is carried out on the coated particles prior to carbonization of the coating. The oxidation reaction is believed to provide certain technical benefits. First, it is believed that the reacted coated particles are relatively infusible following oxidation, which is particularly desirable in view of subsequent process steps, and subsequent handling of the particles. Second, it is believed that the reacted coated particles are endowed with a surface which yields high efficiency when used as an electrode, particularly when the reacted coated particles are used in an anode material in a rechargeable storage cell, particularly in a rechargeable lithium ion cell.
A further aspect of the invention contemplates the use of coated silicon or coated silicon/carbon composite particles in electrodes, particularly anodes, of electrical storage cells, particularly in rechargeable batteries. According to this aspect of the invention, there is contemplated a method for the manufacture of an electrical storage cell which comprises the steps of: incorporating into an anode of the electrical storage cell silicon materials comprising silicon/carbon composite particles having a coating layer formed of an oxidized, carbon residue forming material.
According to this aspect of the invention, the coated silicon/carbon composite particles produced from the processes described above are formed using the conventional techniques into electrodes, particularly anodes. While not described with particularity herein, it is contemplated that known-art manufacturing techniques for the assemblage of such electrodes, as well as known-art devices which facilitate in the formation of such electrodes can be used. A particular advantage which is obtained by the use of the coated particles taught herein lies in the fact that due to their coating, they rarely fuse together thus resulting in a flowable powder.
Aspects of the present invention, including certain preferred embodiments are described in the following Examples.
Material Preparation
The silicon powder used in this example had an average particle size of 5 μm (from Johnson Matthey Company ). The pitch used for the coating layer was a petroleum pitch from Conoco, Inc. that was approximately 27% insoluble in xylene. The procedure for coating pitch on silicon powder is as follows. First, 20 grams of the silicon powder was mixed with about 100 ml of xylene so that silicon particles were uniformly dispersed in xylene in a glass flask. Concurrently, 14 grams of the pitch was mixed with an equal amount of xylene in another flask so that the pitch was completely dissolved in xylene. Both the solutions were heated to approximately 110� C. and the pitch solution was added into the silicon solution while being continuously mixed. The resulting solution was then heated to 140� C. and continuously stirred for about 15 minutes. The solution was removed from the heater and the solution gradually cooled to ambient temperature (˜25� C.). While the solutions were mixed and cooled, the insoluble pitch precipitated out of solution and coated uniformly onto the silicon particles. The resulting solid particles in the solution are pitch-coated silicon powder. The powder was then separated from the liquid by filtration and washed with 50 ml of xylene.
The pitch-coated silicon powders were then dried under vacuum at ˜100� C. The total weight of the dried powder was about 23.8 g, resulting in a 16 wt % pitch coating on the silicon. The powders were then transferred into a tube furnace and heated at 1� C./minute to 300� C. and heated further for 10 hours at 300� C. under a reduced air pressure (typically ˜−22″ Hg). During such heat treatment (stabilization), the weight of the pitch on silicon particles increased by about 5%. Following stabilization, the powders were heated at 5� C./minute to a temperature higher than 1150� C. in nitrogen gas for 2 hours. Typically, the weight of the stabilized pitch decreased by about 25% during carbonization. Based on the amount of initial pitch prior to stabilization, the overall weight of the pitch decreased by about 20% or about 80% of the pitch remains as carbon coating after carbonization.
The resulting powder was then evaluated as the anode material for a lithium-ion battery, as described below in the section "Evaluation of Electrical Capacity".
Evaluation of Electrical Capacity
The electrical reversible capacity and the coulombic efficiency of the powder particles according to Examples 1-3 as well as Comparative Examples were evaluated by the following techniques.
A uniform slurry was formed by thoroughly mixing powder (5 grams) with 3.82 grams of a solution containing 0.382 grams of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, ex. Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc.), 3.44 g of 1-methyl-pyrrolidinone (NMP, ex. Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc.), and 0.082 grams of acetylene black (having an effective surface area of 80 m2/g, ex. Alfa Aesar). The slurry was then manually cast utilizing a doctor blade to form a thin film having a loading of about 6 mg/cm2 onto the rough side of an electrodeposited copper foil (10 μm, ex. Fuduka Metal Foil & Powder Co., Ltd.). The cast film was then dried on a hot plate at approx. 100� C. and pressed to a desired density (approx. 1.4 g/cm2) with a roll press. A disc having an area of 1.6 cm2 was then punched out from the film and weighed to determine the exact amount of the mass on the copper foil. Subsequently this disc was further dried under vacuum at a temperature of 80� C. for approximately 15 minutes and transferred into a sealed box without exposing the disc to ambient air. The sealed box was filled with ultra-pure argon gas having oxygen and moisture levels of less than 1 ppm.
Subsequently the disc was cast as the positive electrode in the manufacture of a standard coin cell (2025 size) which was subsequently used as the test cell. The other electrode of the test cell was a foil of pure lithium (100 μm, ex. Alfa Aesar). A two layer separator was used in the test cell: a glass mat (GF/B Glass Microfibre Filter, Whatman International Ltd.) was used as the first layer on the composite Carbon/silicon powder and a porous polypropylene film (available as Celgard� 2300, ex. Celgard Inc.) was used as the second layer on the lithium foil. The electrolyte of the test cell was a 1 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC)/diethyl carbonate (DEC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC) solvent mixture (40/30/30) (purchased from EM Industrial). Test cells were produced utilizing the component described above according to conventional techniques, although the samples of powder particles were varied to ensure that at least one sample coin cell was produced incorporating a powder particle sample according to either one of the demonstrative examples, or according to one of the comparative examples. These powders were tested as the anode material in a coin cell configuration of carbon/separator/lithium metal at room temperature (˜25� C.). Two or three cells were made for each sample; the reported charge capacity and charge efficiency were the average value of the cells.
The capacity and charging efficiency of a specific powder particle sample was determined according to the following protocol. Utilizing a standard electrochemical test station (Model BT-2043, Arbin Instrument Corp.), an assembled test cell was first discharged (equivalently alloyed with lithium) at 0.5 mA (approx. 52 mA/g) to a given voltage on the first cycle. Thereafter, the assembled test cell was charged (de-alloyed) at 0.5 mA to 1.5 volts during which time the charge passed during charging was used to calculate the specific capacity of the composite powder, while the ratio of the total charge passed during charging to the total charge passed during discharging was used to determine the charge efficiency.
Twenty grams of a natural flake graphite powder (average particle size 5 μm from China) were coated with 10 wt % petroleum pitch according to the procedure as described in Example 1. The coated graphite powder was stabilized, carbonized, and graphitized at 3000� C. in argon. Concurrently, a silicon powder (average particle size 2 μm, purchased from Johnson Matthey company) was coated with 10 wt % pitch as described in Example 1, stabilized, and carbonized at 1050� C. A mixture of the coated natural graphite powder and the coated silicon powder were combined in the proportion of 6 parts coated graphite and 4 parts of coated silicon powder and coated with 15 wt % solution of the same pitch using the same method. After stabilization in air, the resulting composite powder was carbonized at 1050� C. in nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting graphite/silicon/carbon composite particle powder has morphology as shown in
The composite powder was then evaluated as the anode material for a lithium-ion battery, as described above in the section entitled "Evaluation of Electrical Capacity". The cycling potential window was between 0.09 and 1.5 volts. The results are shown in
Twenty grams of a natural flake graphite powder (average particle size 5 μm from China) were coated with 7 wt % petroleum pitch according to the procedure as described in example 1. The coated graphite powder was stabilized and carbonized at 1200� C. The coated graphite powder was mixed with the coated silicon powder as described in Example 2, in the same proportions. The mixture was then coated with 15 wt % pitch as described in Example 1 and stabilized. Subsequently, the resulting composite particle powder was coated again with 10 wt % pitch, stabilized, and carbonized at 1050� C. in nitrogen atmosphere. The material was evaluated as the anode material for Li-ion batteries in the same manner as described previously. The capacity and efficiency of this material are shown in
To compare the carbon-coated silicon powder with uncoated silicon powder at the same carbon coating level, electrodes were made by adding 20% graphite to uncoated silicon and 7% of the same graphite to the carbon-coated silicon. The graphite used was natural graphite based composite graphite powder.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 26, 2004
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text:
Kathy Bechtel is an escapee of the 9 to 5 routine. With a Master's degree in electrical engineering and an MBA, she worked for close to 20 years as a telecommunications engineer and technical marketing guru, first for Bell Labs, and then for a small but successful start-up in the semiconductor industry. Strict 9 to 5 schedule, too many meetings, lots of travel and stress. She left the business entirely in 2002, and pursued a long held interest in cooking – so she went to culinary school. A year later, she graduated first in her class. Since then, she have dabbled in catering, personal chef, and a variety of other outlets for her culinary skills, but hadn't found the right fit. "I did strike up a relationship with a well-known chef and restaurateur, Jody Adams of Rialto. I have (and continue to) assist her in private dinners, charitable events, and have traveled with her many times, most often to Italy, but also to Paris, NYC, and Washington DC".
It has always been clear to Kathy that the restaurant business was not for her: it would be back into a very stressful, highly scheduled environment. In addition to cooking, she was also quite a fitness and outdoor activity buff; skiing, hiking, biking, golf, yoga, weight training – She needed her daily fix, and couldn't see how that worked with a 12 hour day in a restaurant.
Recently, the perfect opportunity arose. During her travels with Jody, she travelled to Italy with her on a couple of bike trips with a company that is now no longer in business. "I met a freelance guide who led the trips, and earlier this year we elected to join forces to offer very unique active vacations in Northern Italy". He takes care of the recreational side – be it a biking trip, hiking, skiing, or walking. He is also a 9 to 5 escapee, an ex-army ranger who headed up the recreational programming for Europe for the US Army out of Vicenza Italy for 15 years. He now wanted to offer private active adventures that could be designed around the specific fitness goals, cultural interests and desired leisure activities of our clients. He needed a partner who could bring a strong food and wine background to his programs, to add cooking classes, wine tastings, and explorations of regional Italian foods to the tours; a partner who could market the tours in the US, and a partner who could assist with the fitness side – who could ski, bike, hike, in Italy, several times a year. Her perfect new job!
Kathy now has an outlet for both her culinary explorations and her need for an active lifestyle. They have had several very successful bike tours this past summer, and are working on additional bike trips, hiking trips, and ski trips for the next season.