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And why is that important
And why is that important
peace LordReveal, venex.
I thought they just all grew up in Staten and made a group
when i heard the topic title i thought you meant that the clan has broken down, i guess you didnt mean that..Originally Posted by LordReveal
The 64 squares is symbolic because as RZA stated before in many interviews the number 64 is a very important one in life. Because u could say life itself starts off at 64. Everytime a sperm cell reaches the woman's egg, that very cell splits into 64 seperate cells. There are 64 squares in the chess board. This was all said by RZA, but let me add on to that. Chess is a game that reflects many a life struggle. It's competition, it's about survival, it's about knowing how to stratergize, how to position and move your men (or pieces) wisely, and even sometimes how to sacrifice. U must always stand firm and protect your square. In other words, u must always hold your own and always protect yourself on the ground that u stand on. Be on point. In the 5%, our lessons state that "T" stands for Truth of Square. I know many of u heard that term alot in Wu-Tang's lyrics. Truth of Square basically means that everytime you are on your square, always deal in truth. As in a circle, the square also is equal to 360 degrees (each angle, or point is 90 degrees. 90x4=360), therefore the squre is complete. However, when u don't deal in truth, not only with others, but as well as yourself, your not being complete thus you are off-point. Always be truthful (real) with yourself and others. REMEMBER: As it was said in the Wu-Tang Manual "Truth is the only light tha can stand by itself in the surroundings of darkness and yet be noticed shining in the square of the universe". This only means that those who are true (the light that shines) always stand out amongst those who are not (the darkness)
The Holy Temple Is The Mental
you obviously have no clue on 5%, study your math son. This thread actually makes sense, you just are on the right level.Originally Posted by Lesbian Nun
shaolinassassin, have you recieved the site I PM'ed you ?Originally Posted by ThaShaolinAssassin
Shaolin shadowboxin' and the wu-tang swordstyle...If what you say is true...The shaolin and the wu-tang could be dangerous!En garde, I'll let you try my wu-tang style...
Nice.....a thread where some actual knowledge is being dropped....gotta love it, P.E.A.C.E.
"I gotcha back, but you best watch your front,
cuz its the niggaz who front that be pullin stuntz."
yeah I am still on the first 10 but it is helping a lot I have already learned and try to study a couple hours before bed or in the morning every night. Thanks a lot man it will be with me for many months to come, it means a lot that you took the time to do it.


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Heartland releases new single for streaming on website today! Take a listen and let heartland know what you think by commenting on this post. Also, make sure you register for our email updates for more breaking news!
Absolutely love your new song! So beautiful and with such a special message as well. Can't wait to hear more!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
At the southern tip of India, in a narrow stretch of water where the seascape begins, is one of the region's geopolitical hot spots.
The waters between India and Sri Lanka are rich in history and mythology. According to Valmiki's Ramayana, there is only one point of connection between the two nations: the man-made bridge that Rama and Hanuman used to reach Sri Lanka and rescue Rama's wife Sita from the demon King Ravana of Lanka. This bridge was renamed the Adams Bridge by British cartographers at the beginning of the 20th century. The geographical stretch of water here, called the Palk Strait, has served as a rich fishing ground for fishermen.
The thirty-year war that devastated Sri Lanka has had many implications for the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India. Often, Indian central government policy highly influences popular Tamil Nadu party politics and vice versa, which has threatened Indo-Sri Lanka relations on many occasions. Post war Indo-Sri Lanka relations have been challenging and have sometimes threatened the sovereignty of Sri Lanka. For example, the recent announcements by Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalitha on claiming Katchatheevu island and establishing a separate state, "Eelam".
Despite this, the most pressing issue remains state sovereignty and the fishermen dispute. Chief Minister Jayalalithaa plays a pivotal role as a sympathiser of Tamil Nadu fishermen who encroach Sri Lankan fishing grounds, and also as a protector of the fisheries' business owners who own and operate mechanised industrial bottom trawlers. Indian fisherman ripped out the rich seabed using the bottom trawlers; a practice now banned globally. There is also evidence of a few Sri Lankan fishing boats being converted with this method; the justification being, if India can do it in Sri Lankan waters, why can't Sri Lankans themselves? The authorities should take strict measures to confiscate these trawlers as they destroy the rich biodiversity of the ocean.
The fishermen claim they are ignorant about the existence of the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL). There are reports that more than 3,000 Indian fishing boats engage in illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing in Sri Lankan waters. Both governments had met many times to resolve this dispute with arrests of fishermen from both sides. During Sri Lankan President Sirisena recent visit to India, Prime Minister Modi stated the need to find a permanent solution to the issue of fishermen straying into each other waters. As a solution, the issuing of licenses to a few Indian fishing trawlers with limited catch - to minimise mass scale fisheries and resource depletion – is on the anvil. A technical proposal will be drawn up and submitted to the Indian Government, according to Sri Lanka's Secretary of Defence. This method is not new - in 1976, the maritime boundary agreement between the two countries was to issue up to six permits to Sri Lankan vessels with 2,000 tons per year for three years at Wadge Bank, south of Kanyakumari. A recent newspaper reports the Sri Lankan Fisheries' Minister as having said, "At present 2,000 to 3,000 Indian trawlers fish in our waters. The aim is to reduce it to 250 and to issue license to them."
If these licenses are issued to the Indian mechanised bottom trawlers, there will be objections from Sri Lankan fishermen. If it is for ordinary fishing vessels, templates such as New Zealand's Quota Management System (QMS) could be looked at. In the past, when fisheries' resources in New Zealand were depleting, the authorities set up a QMS to allocate fishing vessels to demarcated zones inside the Exculsive Economic Zone (EEZ), with an annual quota that could be traded at an electronic trading market. If a fisherman had stocks left, he could trade with another. Sri Lankan fisheries officials studied this system in 2008.
The Sri Lankan fisheries association and its Indian counterpart could study a system like the QMS to resolve the issue, as the former has reservations about granting licenses to Indian trawlers to fish in Sri Lankan waters. A customised QMS and the creation of a joint fisheries association with a registered database of fishing vessels is an option. As it stands, the existing GPS device used by Indian fishermen, which indicates proximity to the IMBL with a beep, is of no use if the transponders are switched off to engage in illegal fishing. Any effort to resolve the issue will fail if certain standards are not followed and rule-breakers are not punished. In Malaysia, for example, if the transponders are switched off, the authorities automatically fine the fishermen.
There is still no legislation in Sri Lanka banning bottom trawling, and this should be taken up immediately to preserve the rich ocean ecology. The department of fisheries has currently stopped issuing licenses but this is not sufficient - introducing the right law is essential. In fact, this situation involving bottom trawlers has worsened this year in comparison to the last, with a serious increase in the number of boats. More than 50,000 Sri Lankan fishing families in the north have been affected and huge revenue losses are incurred everyday due to illegal fishing by Indian trawlers.
The Governments of India and Sri Lanka should come together to find a comprehensive and sustainable solution that takes into account both the challenging geographical space and the rich biodiversity in this area. If left alone in the present state, the issue could create a serious strain on the India-Sri Lanka relationship.
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Tel: 91-11-4100-1902 Email: email@example.com


text:
Valentine's Day with Jesus
Valentine's Day with Jesus
Jesus does not send perfume
To linger in the air
Instead, He sends salvation, sweet
To show how much He cares.
He doesn't bring me candy hearts
In boxes of delight
Instead He always lets me know.
I'm precious in His sight.
He doesn't pass out pretty cards
Trimmed in shades of red
Instead He gave His life for me
His precious blood was shed.
He doesn't hand out fancy gifts
Like we would send to mother
Instead He sends a message clear
To always love each other.
He doesn't give me teddy bears
That whimper, "Please be mine"
Instead He gave His heart to me
I wear it all the time.
He doesn't give me roses, pink
For all the world to see
Instead, He gave eternal life
That's good enough for me.
Author/Written By:
Marilyn Ferguson
Graphic is used with
the permission of:
"It is No Secret What God Can Do"


text:
Read the entire article by clicking on the link below. Here is the conclusion...What you are getting at the mall kiosk is home bleaching and you pay them to apply it yourself. MJ
McClatchy Tribune
SANTA ANA, Calif. -- Want to bring home a brighter smile the next time you shop at the mall?
Entrepreneurs at many malls are eager to sit you down at their new teeth-whitening booths for 20-minute treatments that typically cost $49 to $99.
Their businesses are part of a countrywide expansion of teeth-whitening kiosks, which dentists greet with reactions ranging from skepticism to outrage.
Some consumers who have sat at a kiosk for 20 minutes with a plastic tray full of peroxide gel in their mouths say they're happy with the results.
Others are unimpressed.
Read the entire article on Mall Bleaching by clicking here


text:
I went on a date with this guy and I've texted him two times the night we went out and a couple of days after. He hasn't replied or called me. In the texts I just asked him how he was and I know he has his phone because me and my friend prank called him last night.
Should I call him?


text:
Purpose: The purpose of the 4-H Dairy Project is to provide educational opportunities for youth to learn more about their dairy projects through various hand-on workshops and seminars.
Opportunities in 4-H Dairy Project include:
- Showing
- Clinics and workshops
- Dairy quiz bowl
- Dairy judging
- Dairy Management Tour
4-H Dairy Forms & Resources
–State Fair Guidelines
– Dairy ID Sheet Due: June 1
– Sheboygan County Fair Dairy Show Production Record Form Due: With County Fair Entry to your Club Leader
- 4-H Dairy Committee By-laws
- Dairy Managerial Agreement (not required, but encouraged for members to include in 4-H project record)
- Dairy Educational Credit Form
County Fair Related
- County Fair Barn Assignment Worksheet Due: August 11
- Farmerbud Entry Form Due: August 18
Sponsored by the Sheboygan County Holstein Association
- County Fair Best Dairy Educational Display Award
- Dairy Herdsmanship Scorecard (sample only)
Showcase of Champions Dairy Youth Recognition Program
Links of Interest
- Youth Livestock Safety
- Wisconsin Dairy Youth
- The American Guernsey Association
- The American Jersey Cattle Association
- American Milking Shorthorn Society
- Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders Association of the USA
- Holstein Association USA, Inc.
- Animal Premise Identification Is Required The Wisconsin Premises Registration Act requires anyone who keeps, houses, or comingles livestock to register their premises. Premises that are not currently licensed by the Wisconsin DATCP are required to register according to state law. For more information please visit the Wisconsin Livestock Identification Consortium
- Livestock Library
- PDCA Showmanship Evaluation Card
- Purebred Dairy Cattle Association
- Hoard's Dairyman


text:
Fill out these questions to generate your own silly mad libs letter instantly online! (Hint: a Verb is an action. An adverb usually ends in "ly" and describes an action (like slowly). A noun is a person/place/thing. An adjective describes a person/place/thing.)
Things (plural):
This is a silly online story that will be completed with your words. Please answer the questions below and click the generate button to read the story with your words included!
I had the best birthday ever! My mom baked my favorite dessert, a **Food** cake, and even put **number** candles on it to blow out. I invited all my friends, including my best friend **person**, to celebrate. My dad hired a(n) **Profession** to make balloon animals in the shape of **things**. Then we played an exciting round of pin-the-**thing** on the **Animal**. **Celebrity** won the **adjective** **thing** prize, but I came in a close second!
Paste your best PG madlib into the comments!


text:
OF Adam Eaton did not play Saturday because of a jammed left wrist. He probably will sit out Sunday's game as well.
LHP Andre Rienzo was optioned to Triple-A Charlotte following the game. In 14 appearances, 11 starts, this season Rienzo is 4-5 with a 5.87 ERA. The White Sox will call up a position player before Sunday's game.


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We offer a full range of car insurance policies including Comprehensive, Third Party Fire & Theft and Third Party Only options.
We've negotiated exclusive rates for young drivers with Ireland's major insurance providers. Find out more about the savings we can offer you.
Get quotations and cover, quickly, hassle-free and at anytime via our website, your mobile phone, or by email.
Go on, it'll only take a minute to get a Low Cost Car Insurance Quote!
Save up to 50% off your car insurance. At Coverinaclick.ie we are the young driver insurance experts. We've negotiated specially discounted rates tailored specifically for new, learner and student drivers. You can use our online system to get started on a provisional quote and then one of our specialist young driver insurance agents will call you to iron out the finer details.
We'll have you on the road with some extra cash in your pocket in no time!
Call now for a great quote on 0818911111.
The Young Driver Car Insurance Specialist
Coverinaclick.ie is Ireland's low cost car insurance website for young drivers. We offer cheap car insurance premiums without reducing your level of cover and still providing you with great customer service. We also specialise in car insurance for learner drivers.
By bringing our car insurance online we are helping to reduce the cost to you the policy holder without affecting the highest standards we have set our customer service teams. We have a team of dedicated young driver insurance experts who are waiting for your call to assist you in getting the policy benefits you want at the best possible price. We understand that every individual policy is different, you can fill out a 1 minute online quote form to get you opn your way.
Our customer service team are and always will be employed and based in Ireland. Coverinaclick.ie is proud to be a 100% Irish owed company and we hope to continue growing our Irish based work force. We fully believe in supporting Irish Jobs. We believe our car insurance customer support team are the best in the insurance business and that they will guarantee to get you the best available deal on your insurance quotes. To see what some of our customers are saying about us check out our testimonials.
Coverinaclick.ie is a trade name of City Financial Marketing Ltd a multi-agency intermediary regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland and a member of The Irish Brokers Association. Our aim is to be Ireland's largest car and home insurance provider. By providing you with access to over 20 insurance products we believe not only will we be saving you money but we will also be saving you your valuable time.
Let Coverinaclick.ie get the best value car insurance quote for you.


text:
About the App
- App name: bash
- App description: Bash (Bourne-again SHell) is a UNIX command interpreter
- App website: https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/
Install the App
- Press
Command+Spaceand type Terminal and press enter/return key.
- Run in Terminal app:
ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)" < /dev/null 2> /dev/null
and press enter/return key. Wait for the command to finish.
- Run:
brew install bash
Done! You can now use


text: Rosalind Eloise Howell August 18, 2009 By Randy123 Leave a Comment Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment Name * Email * Website Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Notify me of new posts by email. Hubbard Chapel is proud to provide outstanding service at very low prices. Our service team won top awards 4 years Row, We have our have our in house Cremation capabilities. We have complete and full indoor and outdoor Burial services, and an outstanding Military Honors Program, and Funeral Planning.


text:
PR Newswire
TAMPA, Fla., June 4, 2014
TAMPA, Fla., June 4, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- USA-based online car rental service provider, NationalTravelDeals.com (NTD), today announced the launch of its corporate giving program CarRentals4Kids.
The new program will donate $1.00 from every completed vehicle rental to Moffitt Cancer Center of Tampa in honor of Michelle Boyd DeJong, a marketing professional and business owner battling brain cancer. The program will continue throughout 2014 and the goal is to raise $50,000 or more annually. To help this cause enter code: "Fighter" upon making a reservation.
Jeff Stanislow, Partner, National Travel Deals, stated, "Michelle has supported our community for many years, especially Tampa's children. Even though she's fighting her own battle with cancer, her goal is much larger than obtaining her own win. She desperately wants to be involved with finding the cure, so that no one else has to suffer through this difficult diagnosis."
As an international car rental broker, NTD provides rentals in the United States (USA), United Kingdom (UK), Europe, Latin America, Australia and other worldwide locations. Through rental supply agreements and valued partnerships with major car rental companies around the world, NTD is able to deliver an online reservations experience that is cost-effective and most importantly, convenient. Contracts are negotiated with major car rental suppliers in advance and then NTD passes its savings on to the customer.
Michelle Boyd DeJong added, "I can't put into words how honored and ecstatic I am that a corporation such as National Travel Deals is stepping up and joining us in our fight to end cancer. Moffitt Cancer Center, where I'm currently being treated, has a tremendous research program geared toward pediatric cancer and finding the cure. I will do anything to support them in their efforts."
To learn more about National Travel Deals and their corporate giving program visit www.NationalTravelDeals.com.
About National Travel Deals (www.NationalTravelDeals.com)
National Travel Deals is a USA-based (Tampa, Florida) corporation that offers car rental services in 125 countries and more than 20,000 locations around the world. Through car rental supply agreements with major car rental companies and the Company's ability to negotiate discount prices through booking volumes, National Travel Deals is quickly becoming the price leader in online travel services.
SOURCE National Travel Deals


text:
Fidel Mauricio Ramírez Aristizábal, a gay Catholic activist and Other Sheep co-Coordinator for Other Sheep Colombia, is in Rome, Italy, attending the foundational meeting of the Global Network of Rainbow Catholics (GNRC).
BRONX, NEW YORK. by Rev. STEPHEN PARELLI. OCT. 1, 2015
Fidel says he's "ready to participate" and "what joy to be part of an historic event in favor of making the claim to LGBT rights in the Catholic Church. We representatives, from the various sectors of the LGBTI community [worldwide], will arrive and make our voices heard in the Synod of Bishops. No more invisible, no more persecution!"
In 2014, in Rome, "an international network of 13 organizations of/with LGBT Catholics met for the first time during the Family Synod." Now, these organizations this week in Rome, from October 1-4, are initiating "a global network of LGBTQI Catholics, their parents and families" and are billing it "the First Assembly of the Global Network of Rainbow Catholics, the foundational meeting of the new network." [See source for this paragraph.]
See Steve and Jose's August 2013 Other Sheep visit to Colombia by clicking here.


text:
A blank check for misconduct
If you're a death penalty supporter, Anthony Kirkland is Exhibit "A." Over a period of four years, he raped and killed two girls, 13 and 14, and two women, then burned or dismembered their bodies. There wasn't much to the trial -- Kirkland had made a full confession -- and the jury easily convicted him of the aggravated murder of the two girls, and sentenced him to death. (At the beginning of the trial, he had pled out murder in the killings of the two women.) On Tuesday in State v. Kirkland, the Supreme Court easily affirmed his conviction.
All seven justices agreed not only on Kirkland's guilt, but agreed that the prosecutor had engaged in numerous instances of misconduct in the penalty phase which "prejudicially affected Kirkland's substantial rights."
That's where the unanimity ended. Four justices decided that Kirkland should die nonetheless.
Murder cases arouse passions, and the prosecutor in Kirkland was highly aroused. His closing argument in the penalty phase was a What Not To Do list for prosecutors. Tell the jury that anything less than a death sentence isn't punishment at all? Check. (He told the jury that since Kirkland would spend the rest of his life in prison for the murders of the women, unless he was sentenced to death the murders of the girls would be a "freebie.") Make up stuff about what the last minutes of the victims would have been like? Check. Make up stuff about the victims? Check. (He gave a detailed accounting of the "tough childhood" experienced by one of the victims -- drug abuse by her mother, father in prison -- none of which had made its way into the record.) Argue that the circumstances surrounding the killings are sufficient "aggravating circumstances" in themselves that they outweigh any mitigating factors? Check.
The court agrees that "the state's closing remarks in the penalty phase were improper and substantially prejudicial," and thus finds "well-taken" Kirkland's proposition of law alleging prosecutorial misconduct.
And that's where the train goes off the rails. In capital cases, the court conducts an independent review of the death sentence, weighing the aggravating and mitigating factors itself to determine whether the sentence is warranted. The majority decides that its "independent evaluation of the capital sentence" can cure the ills in Kirkland's case.
Lanziger, O'Neill, and Pfeifer waste no time pointing out the problem with this. This is not a situation where a prosecutor made a few improper comments, and they were harmless in the broad context of the argument and the case. Here, the court had just held that the jury may well have come back with a life sentence if not for the prosecutor's improper comment; that's what "prejudicially affected Kirkland's substantial rights" means. How is that remedied by four justices deciding that they would have voted for death if they'd been on the jury. They weren't. In fact, if the jury had returned a life sentence, like the court just got done saying they could very well have, the court wouldn't be reviewing the case at all.
But the outcome is much worse than that. We all know that prosecutorial misconduct is a problem in death penalty cases, and others as well. We all know that where a prosecutor is found to have engaged in misconduct, even hiding evidence, there are rarely any consequences.
You think there might be some connection between those two statements?
Of course there is. And you've just had a ruling from the State's highest court that even where a prosecutor crosses the line, even if he engages in blatant misconduct, and even if the court finds that he did, there won't even be the consequence of his having to do the death penalty phase over again.


text: The Bangladesh Risk of Acute Vascular Events (BRAVE) Study: objectives and designRajiv Chowdhury, Dewan S. Alam, +27 authors Emanuele Di AngelantonioEuropean Journal of Epidemiology2015During recent decades, Bangladesh has experienced a rapid epidemiological transition from communicable to non-communicable diseases. Coronary heart disease (CHD), with myocardial infarction (MI) as its main manifestation, is a major cause of death in the country. However, there is limited reliable evidence about its determinants in this population. The… (More)


text:
1-10? Opinions?
Most Helpful Guy
damn girl, its a nice pic. not just cause of you, but like the way it was shot, and you look vibrant as fuck in it. the colors are on key.11|00|0
Most Helpful Girl
you are very pretty, I'd say a 911|00|0
1-10? Opinions?
damn girl, its a nice pic. not just cause of you, but like the way it was shot, and you look vibrant as fuck in it. the colors are on key.
you are very pretty, I'd say a 9
Have an opinion?
That picture is incredible ! There is a quality to it.
You look beautiful, fresh and approachable. A cool gal if there is one ! You look like you are respectful to people too. My first impression of you is very positive.
10!!! you have a very pretty face. But do smile. It makes women look happy. Love your eyes. I'd date you.
Gotta admit GAG got some Sexy people.
You want a Rate?
Ok Great, Ima rate you an 8.8
is it too late to get a Date?
(Sorry, couldn't help Rhyming lol) XD
10 because you have a very pretty face.
Holy shit
The eyes
The hair
The scarf
you look pretty, you have very beautiful eyes, but i got a question for you? How would you rate yourself because in the end that's the only thing that matters :) Sorry im not going to rate you with a number, you're not a number.
Wow. This picture is beautiful. You have such a nice face, a nice look. I love your eyes! You are so fresh and sexy, there's no need to give you a grade! Amazing.
Very cute 8 👍🏼
Oh wow, you are a really cute doll. (I mean that in a good way.) Very pretty.
MySpace angle/10
8 filler
Too much mascara / 10
you are very pretty
You are pretty and it is a great photo of you.
You look good.
Seven point seven five. lel
7 to 8.
Dont know bout the body though
I was going to rate you an 8 initially, but your gorgeous eyes made me bump you up to a 9.
nice pic... a strong 7 from me
You are pretty
You're really pretty.
Cute ! 7.5 /10 😘
Good 💁
So hot :D
7.5 I'd go for
you look healthy
also thanks for not doing that duck face. shits annoying.
an easy 10!
and i'm leaving several other thoughts in my head ;) haha
I would give you an 8/10
A very pretty and happy looking girl.
You are beautiful. Rating is not my thing.
Quite pretty ^_^
very pretty, and very nice colors;)
you're very pretty :) love your eyes :)
Cuuttee 6-7
7 or 8
Cute but average


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Dec 10, 2002
|Filing date
|Sep 23, 1998
|Priority date
|Sep 23, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Christopher Edward Williams
|Original Assignee
|Auckland Uniservices Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (7), Classifications (9), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention comprises a method and apparatus for detecting neural injuries and predicting neurological outcome. In particular the invention is useful for detecting injuries to the immature cerebral white matter in preterm infants and for enabling rapid prediction of the development of subtle and severe lesions in the cerebral white matter of and neurological outcome for preterm infants.
Very premature infants have a markedly increased risk of neurological morbidity (Volpe, Prev. Med., 23: 638-645, 1994). A recent study using cranial ultrasonography revealed that only 2% of infants (at 23 weeks), 21% (at 24 weeks) and 69% (at 25 weeks) survived without severe abnormalities (Allen et al., New Eng. J. Med, 329: 1597-1601, 1993). White matter brain damage is a characteristic of these injuries. Patterns of damage range from subtle gliosis (telencephalic leukomalacia) through to severe cystic infarctions of the periventricular and subcortical white matter (Volpe, Prev. Med., 23: 638-645, 1994).
Histopathologic studies indicate some of these lesions develop prenatally, others postnatally. Poor neurological outcome is associated with the presence of these white matter injuries (Guit et al., Radiology, 175: 107-109, 1990). The severe periventricular lesions are strongly associated with cerebral palsy (Hoon, J. Perinatol., 15: 389-394, 1995).
Long term neurological outcome appears to be similarly compromised. In a group of less than 32 week old premature infants at the age of 9 years 19% were in special education, 32% were in a grade below the appropriate level for their age and 38% required special assistance (Hille et al., J Pediatr., 125: 426-434, 1994).
Similarly, another study has shown that in very premature infants about 5-15% develop major spastic motor deficits and an additional 25-50% exhibit developmental and cognitive disabilities (J. J. Volpe. Brain injury in the premature infant—Current concepts of pathogenesis and prevention. Biol Neonate 62:231-242, 1992).
The aetiology of these lesions is not completely understood (Armstrong, Semin. Perinatol., 17: 342-350, 1993), but are thought to occur secondary to various prenatal environmental and genetic factors (Lou, Brain Dev., 16: 423-431, 1994).
Cerebral hypoperfusion is considered to be a significant final common pathway in the pathogenesis of these encephalopathies (Lou, Brain Dev., 16: 423-431, 1994). Experimental and epidemiological studies generally support this hypothesis. For example, intrapartum acidosis and asphyxia in the premature infant carry a high risk of periventricular leukomalacia (Low et al., Am. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 162: 977-981, 1990). Also, both increased levels of hypoxanthine and prolonged metabolic acidosis in the neonatal period are associated with a high risk of periventricular lesions (Russel et al., Arch. Dis. Child., 67: 388-392, 1992; Low et al., Am. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 162: 977-981, 1990). In particular, periventricular lesions are probably caused by cerebral hypoxia-ischaemia following arterial hypotension (Iida et al., Pediatr. Neurol., 8: 205-209, 1992). Cerebral hypoxia-ischaemia may arise from problems associated with prematurity including respiratory distress syndrome, patent ductus arteriosis, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis. There is considerable variation in the pattern of lesions observed and a range of factors are likely to influence outcome, including gestational age and the severity and nature of the insult (Gluckman et al., Proceedings of The Alfred Benzon Symposium no. 37, Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1993). Other factors such as hypoglycaemia, infections or toxaemia are also likely to be important (Piekkala et al., Early Hum. Dev., 13: 249-268, 1986).
Current methods for assessing brain injury reveal damaged areas of the brain, but do not identify those premature infants at risk of suffering a neural injury. Brain damage assessed by neurological examination is of limited prognostic value, especially for those preterm infants on life support. Ultrasonography is also used and reveals lesions as white matter echodensities and echoluciencies, which are useful in predicting future handicap, such as cerebral palsy. However, this approach is less suitable for monitoring and detecting pathophysiologic events which may occur over several days, the knowledge of which could be used to minimise or avoid further injury.
Greater reliance needs to be placed on other investigations such as pathophysiologic measures (Hill, Clin. Invest. Med., 16: 141-148, 1993). Doppler cerebral haemodynamic measures have not been proven to be predictive of outcome (Shortland et al., J. Perinat. Med., 18: 411-417, 1990). In the more mature brain the EEG signal can be used to predict severe loss of the superficial neurons that generate this signal (Williams et al Ann Neurol, 31:14-21 1992).
Two patterns of white matter damage can occur: 'subtle' white matter damage which manifests as gliosis, impaired myelination, ventriculomegaly and is often termed telencephalic leucomalacia; 'severe' cystic infarctions within the perventricular and subcortical white matter. The former are associated with cognitive deficits and the latter lesions are strongly associated with cerebral palsy.
Histopathological studies indicate the timing of injury is variable—some may develop prenatally whereas many others appear to develop during the first postnatal weeks. However in surviving infants the timing of injuries is typically unclear and there are considerable problems with detecting when these white matter injuries occur (D. J. Murphy, M. V. Squier, P. L. Hope, S. Sellers and A. Johnson. Clinical associations and time of onset of cerebral white matter damage in very preterm babies. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonat Ed 75 (1 Special Issue SI):F 27-F 32, 1996). The inability to detect the onset of injury makes management difficult. For example, if a subtle or severe injury to the deep white matter could be rapidly detected, then the injurious factor could be corrected or treatment applied.
The invention provides a method and system for detecting white matter neural injury and predicting neurological outcome particularly in preterm infants.
In broad terms in one aspect the invention comprises a method for detecting white matter neural injury and predicting neurological outcome for a patient, comprising:
acquiring EEG signal(s) from the surface of the head of the patient, and
analysing the frequency distribution of the signal(s) to produce output information indicative of cerebral white matter injury for the patient.
Preferably the method includes comparing the analysed data with stored comparative spectral edge and neurological outcome information to produce information useful for managing the patient.
In broad terms in another aspect the invention comprises a system for detecting neural injury and predicting neurological outcome for a patient, comprising:
means for acquiring EEG signal(s) from the surface of the head of a patient, and
computing means arranged to analyse the frequency distribution of the EEG signals to produce output information indicative of cerebral white matter injury for the patient.
An electroencephalogram or EEG provides a record of electrical activity from the most superficial layers of the cerebral cortex recorded from electrodes on the scalp. This activity is the result of the rhythmic discharging of neurons under the electrode. The EEG signal provides information about the frequency and amplitude of the neuronal electrical activity and its temporal variation. We have found experimentally that loss of spectral edge frequency is highly predictive of deep white matter damage in the preterm foetus. By preterm or premature is meant infants born at less than 37 weeks gestation. The method and system of the invention also have application in detecting white matter neural injury in child and adult patients however.
The invention is further described with reference to the accompanying figures in which:
FIG. 1 is an overview of one form of system of the invention,
FIG. 2 is a schematic horizontal cross-sectional diagram of the brain showing where white matter injuries develop and the optimum placement of the EEG electrodes on each hemisphere for the detection of these injuries,
FIGS. 3a and 3 b are graphs of EEG spectral edge frequency recordings for human infants: FIG. 3a is a recording from a normal infant and FIG. 3b is a recording from an infant with cystic white matter lesions,
FIGS. 4a, 4 b and 4 c are graphs of cortical impedance for the preterm (0.65 gestation) foetal sheep over an 80 hour period following a 15, 22.5 and 30 minute cerebral hypoperfusion injury respectively,
FIGS. 5a, 5 b and 5 c are graphs of EEG spectral edge frequency over the same 80 hour period,
FIGS. 6a, 6 b and 6 c show EEG intensity taken over the same 80 hour period,
FIGS. 7a, 7 b and 7 c show the cortical impedance, EEG intensity, and spectral edge frequency plots each on the same axes, showing that the distinctive frequency response can be used to detect subtle (22.5 min) and severe white matter injuries (30 min),
FIG. 8 is a graph comparing the density of GFAP positive cells in the subcortical white matter following different durations of ischemic injury,
FIG. 9 is a graph comparing the density of TUNEL positive cells in the subcortical white matter following the same different durations of ischemic injury, and
FIGS. 10a and 10 b are illustrations of the diffuse glial (GFAP) reaction in the white matter of the parietal cortex following the 22.5 minutes of ischemia injury and from an age matched control, respectively.
As stated we have found that a lowering of the frequency distribution of the EEG activity, measured by a fall in spectral edge frequency of the EEG signals, is indicative of cerebral white matter injury. Typically the EEG frequency spectrum comprises signals in a 1 to 20 Hz range, with most activity between about 1 and 15 Hz. In the method and system of the invention, the EEG signals are analysed to determine the proportion of the intensity spectrum in the top 50%, preferably the top 30%, more preferably the top 10%, and most preferably the top 5% of the frequency range, and a reduction in this spectral edge frequency is indicative of cerebral white matter both subtle and severe white matter injuries and long term neurological outcome. FIG. 3a shows EEG spectral edge recording for a normal human infant, with EEG activity up to about 15 Hz. FIG. 3b shows EEG spectral edge recording for an infant with cerebral white matter cystic lesions, in which there was a loss of frequency with spectral edge activity above about 10 Hz. These distinctive frequency responses are similar to those that were observed in the preterm fetal sheep.
FIG. 2 is a schematic horizontal cross-sectional diagram of a preterm infant's brain showing the vulnerable developing white matter regions dorsal and lateral to the lateral ventricles. These regions may suffer 'subtle' injuries where gliosis occurs or develop more severe cystic lesions. Note that the overlying grey matter or neurons are typically spared from these injuries. FIG. 2 also shows the preferred EEG electrode placement with the system and method of the invention. A useful site is to record from the parasagittal region/fronto-parietal-occipital cortex that overlies the region where the white matter injury may develop as indicated in FIG. 2.
In the method and system of the invention a suitable conventional electrode, amplifier and patient isolation system is used to acquire EEG signals from the head of a subject patient such as an infant, which are then analysed in computing means comprising signal analysis software arranged to examine the upper portions or spectral edge of the frequency domain of the EEG signals, and to output the analysis as information indicative of neural injury and neurological outcome for the subject infant.
The system hardware may take any suitable form such as a personal computer including a dedicated data acquisition board to which a number of EEG electrodes are connected, the computer screen displaying the analysis graphically and/or as text. In another form an otherwise conventional EEG system may be arranged to process acquired EEG signals and analyse the signals according to the method of the invention, as a signal processing option on the EEG machine, and display and/or print the results. In a further form a system of the invention may comprise a smaller dedicated apparatus or instrument including EEG signal acquisition equipment, a computer section comprising an embedded microprocessor, data analysis software, and a display. In each case the results of the analysis may be displayed or printed for interpretation by a physician, or may be further processed against stored comparative information and displayed or printed in a form which is predictive of neurological outcome of the subject infant.
The EEG signals may be acquired from electrodes placed on the infant's head over the parasagittal region/fronto-parietal-occipital cortex. They may be acquired over a number of hours, or over one or more days, and may be averaged over such periods. They may be analyzed in the frequency domain for loss of EEG activity above about 10 Hz, or above about 8 Hz.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates one form of system of the invention. A set of EEG leads are applied to the head 100 of an infant as shown at 101. The EEG signals are filtered as necessary, amplified, and analogue-to-digital converted in block 104 and passed to data buffer 105. The digitised input signals data may also be compressed and stored. Data compression may involve averaging or time-to-frequency domain conversion. Standard computer-compatible data storage devices with a standard system for file naming and configuration may be utilised.
The intensity spectrum of the EEG signals in the frequency domain is obtained using fast Fourier transform techniques (FFT) or any other signal processing technique which enables the frequency content of the EEG signals to be examined and measures of the frequency distribution such as spectral edge frequency to be calculated. The preferred form system is arranged to carry out this analysis in the signal analysis module 106. The results may then be displayed for interpretation by a physician, but preferably the current and stored data for the patient may be analysed against stored comparative information on spectral edge frequency versus likely neurological outcome and analytical rules indicated by block 108, in expert analysis module 107 and the results displayed.
Optionally the system may make available expert advice having an inbuilt ability to predict outcome and/or to identify the pathological processes taking place through an advisor/help system. The system may also make available representative examples of pathophysiologic reactions which can be called up by a user contemplating the case under study.
Once a loss of EEG activity in the upper part of the frequency range in an infant is detected by the system and method of this invention, therapy against the development of white matter injury may be applied to the infant.
FIG. 1 also comprises a dataflow diagram and illustrates that digital signals are fed continuously into input data buffer 105, subsequently through the signal analysis module 106, and then through the expert analysis module 107, and to the display, or data storage device(s). The signal analysis module also performs artefact rejection, and data reduction.
User interaction with and control of the system in the preferred form system may be via a touch sensitive screen or a touch panel or keypad 109, on the front face of an instrument for example, a keyboard and/or a mouse, a separate hand held infra-red unit, or other convenient form of input device. The unit may include a printer port 113 or a built-in printer, or a network interface. Preferably the system is capable of storing and recalling data over a period of for example 3 days or more.
Preferably the system monitors each signal line in order to confirm that each channel continues to provide reliable results because (for example) attached electrodes can be detached or lose effectiveness in other ways. In the event of a problem the corresponding data is disregarded and a warning message is generated, and the system may also indicate to the user any detached or ineffective electrode.
The following description of experimental work further assists understanding of the invention:
In order to determine if any biophysical parameters were useful for detecting injuries within the immature white matter the following investigations were performed. Preterm 0.65 gestation foetal sheep were subjected to cerebral hypoperfusion injury for 15, 22.5 and 30 minutes. The cortical EEG and impedance of the foetal sheep was continuously recorded and the white matter analysed by histopathological methods for the presence of injury. At this gestational age, neurogenesis is largely complete (Barlow Russell McVeagh 1969 The foetal sheep: Morphogenesis of the nervous system and histochemical aspects of myelination. J Comp Neurol 135:249-262 Patterson D S P, Sweasey D, Herbert C N 1971 Changes occurring in the chemical composition of the central nervous system during foetal and post-natal development of the sheep. J Neurochem 18:2027-2040, and the cerebral sulci begin to develop and in man this occurs between 26 and 28 weeks. The cortical component of auditory and somatosensory evoked response becomes detectable at around 0.7 gestation, where as in man this occurs approximately 28 weeks of gestation (Hrbek A, Karlsson K, Kjellmer I, Olsson T, Riha M 1974 Cerebral reactions during intrauterine asphyxia in the sheep. II. Evoked electroencephalogram responses. Pediatr Res 8:58-63, Cook C J, Williams C E, Gluckman P D 1987 Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in the fetal lamb, in utero. J Dev Physiol 9:429-440. Cook C J, Gluckman P D, Johnston B M, Williams C E 1987 The development of the somatosensory evoked potential in the unanaesthetised fetal lamb. J Dev Physiol 9:441-456). Thus in terms of neural maturation the 0.65 gestation fetal sheep is highly comparable to the human between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation. During the 15 minute cerebral hypoperfusion injury an acute rise in cortical impedance (a measure of cytotoxic oedema) was measured, and a loss of spectral edge frequency in the EEG signal was observed—see FIGS. 1a, 2 a and 4. In FIG. 2 100% on the vertical axis represents normal spectral edge frequency and amplitude. These features rapidly resolved after the hypoperfusion injury.
Following the 22.5 minute injury, there was a prolonged decrease in EEG spectral edge frequency—see FIGS. 4b, 5 b and 7. Subsequently histopathologic analysis of the brain material showed gliosis in the corpus callosum and subcortical white matter which extended from the periventricular region dorsally and laterally. An equivalent type of 'subtle' injury is found in human infants, called telencephalic leukomalacia. The neurological outcome from this type of injury in humans is poor (Fujii et al., Pediatr Neurol., 9, 194-197, 1993). We believe that this loss of EEG spectral edge frequency is indicative of white matter injury.
Following the 30 minute injury a secondary rise in impedance occurred with nonrecovery of spectral edge associated with severe white matter cystic infarction see FIGS. 4c, 6 c and 7. Spectral edge activity in the EEG signal was permanently reduced to only around 50% of normal—see FIG. 5c. We believe this long term loss of spectral edge frequency is indicative of low long term neurological outcome. The term given to the equivalent type of white matter injury in the human infants is periventricular leukomalacia.
FIGS. 6a, 6 b and 6 c show a transient loss of EEG intensity in each case. At the onset of diminished blood perfusion there was a rapid loss of EEG intensity and while the recovery time to return to pre-injury EEG intensity was longer in the 30 minute injury compared with the 15 minute injury, the final outcome for the 3 durations of injury was the same.
FIG. 7 clearly demonstrates that both white matter gliosis and cystic infarction was associated with a prolonged loss of EEG frequency as indicated by the spectral edge data. In contrast the measures of the intensity (or similar measures such as power or amplitude) of the EEG were much less useful for detecting these white matter injuries following an insult.
FIG. 8 is a graph comparing the density of GFAP positive cells in the subcortical white matter following different durations of ischemic injury. The density of these cells was determined in the frontoparietal cortex dorsolateral to the external angle of the lateral ventricle. There was only a mild (non significant) response in the 15 minute group. There was a marked increase in the number of GFAP positive cells in the 22.5 minute group (p<0.05). After the 30 minute injury, the GFAP response was less than the 22.5 minute group. This lesser induction in the 30 min group reflects the presence of extensive cell death within the same region. Kruskall Wallis ANOVA on ranks. The marked increase in the number of cells (GFAP) after the 22.5 min injury is indicative of a 'subtle' injury to the white matter tracts.
FIG. 9 is a graph comparing the density of TUNEL positive cells in the subcortical white matter following the different durations of ischemic injury. The density of these cells was determined in the region dorsal and lateral to the external angle of the lateral ventricle. There was a significant increase of TUNEL positive cells only after the 30 minute injury. This cell loss reflects the development of a severe or cystic white matter lesion.
FIGS. 10 and 10b are illustrations of representative examples of the diffuse glial (GFAP) reaction in the white matter of the parietal cortex following the 22.5 minutes of ischemia injury and from an age matched control. Note that the GFAP positive cells in the 22.5 minute group have a morphology typical of hypertrophic or reactive astrocytes (lower left). Brown stain is GFAP immunoreactivity. Bar=100 μm. This reaction is typical of a 'subtle' white matter injury.
Thus, we believe that loss or reduction of activity in the upper portion or spectral edge of the EEG frequency domain particularly in the immature brain is predictive of neural dysfunction, while EEG intensity is not. Furthermore, nonrecovery of spectral edge frequency is predictive of the type of neural injury that has occurred.
The foregoing describes the invention including preferred forms thereof. Alterations and modifications as will be obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be incorporated within the scope hereof as defined in the claims.
|Cited Patent
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|The Regents Of The University Of California
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|Biometrak Corporation
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|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Diagnosing brain conditions by quantitative electroencephalography
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|Dec 14, 1993
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Determining the nature of brain lesions by electroencephalography
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|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Method and apparatus for determining brain activity including the nature of brain lesions by electroencephalography
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|Aspect Medical Systems, Inc.
|Cerebral biopotential analysis system and method
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|Williams; Christopher Edward
|Brain damage monitor
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|New York University
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|Williams, et al, "Outcome after Ischemia in the Developing Sheep Brain: and Electorencephalographic and Histological Study", Annals of Neurology, vol. 31, No. 1 Jan. 1992, pp. 14-21.
|Citing Patent
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|Publication date
|May 6, 2002
|Aug 16, 2005
|Tru-Test Corporation Limited
|Processing EEG signals to predict brain damage
|Mar 21, 2006
|May 6, 2008
|Omegawave, Llc
|Distributed apparatus and method for non-invasive measurement of functional state and adaptive response
|Mar 28, 2008
|Dec 22, 2015
|The London Health Sciences Centre Research Inc.
|EEG monitor of fetal health
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|Processing EEG signals to predict brain damage
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|Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.
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|Biogenesys, Inc.
|Use of quantitative EEG (QEEG) alone and/or other imaging technology and/or in combination with genomics and/or proteomics and/or biochemical analysis and/or other diagnostic modalities, and CART and/or AI and/or statistical and/or other mathematical analysis methods for improved medical and other diagnosis, psychiatric and other disease treatment, and also for veracity verification and/or lie detection applications.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 5, 2002
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The Final Ingredient in Your Pets Health
By Inna Shekhtman
Your pet is part of your family and you want to see them live a longer and healthier life! You buy or make great food that that will help your pet thrive, you ensure they get regular exercise and socialization, and you have a great veterinarian that supports your goals and decisions. Now you have to navigate the world of food safety: How can you ensure that the food that you buy is safe for your animal companion and the rest of your family? How is safety implemented and regulated in the pet food processing industry? What should I do once I bring food home? Is real (raw) food for dogs and cats less safe that highly processed food?
The subject of food safety has received a lot of attention in the media, the industry and the pet community in recent years. It is encouraging to see new educational initiatives to create more consumer awareness and transparency around the subject of safety in pet food! However, food safety has also become a marketing tool with buzzwords like "clean", "human-grade", "certified" and "premium" that appeal to emotions rather than speak to functionality or effectiveness. Furthermore, since the emergence of commercial raw pet food, the subject of food safety has also been used to polarize the industry by suggesting that feeding fresh food to pets poses a higher risk than processed food.
Food safety is not an option; it's not a political tool or a marketing tool. It's a necessity and my hope is that as the real food revolution grows, food safety will become a culture in the industry and in our homes!
How do I know if the food that I am buying is safe?
In short, you don't.
In Canada, the human food supply is one of the safest in the world. However, when it comes to pet food, the regulatory system of pet food in Canada is mostly based on trust. When a pet food is made in Canada, and sold in Canada, the government simply trusts the pet food manufacturer. There are NO legislated manufacturing practices or standards to follow. There is NO inspection or verification.
In the US, in theory, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates pet food. In practice, limited resources and the need to prioritize human safety have led the FDA to effectively cede federal oversight to the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). A private organization with no regulatory authority, the AAFCO can't enforce its voluntary guidelines, which emphasize nutritional requirements over sourcing. So while the association establishes such standards as minimum protein levels, it's not strict regarding where that protein comes from.
So how do you decide which manufacturers you can trust and which foods are safe? No food safety system or food handling practices can guarantee zero risk. However, companies that are aware of food safety risk and actively work to build a safety culture and processes will go much further in reducing these risks for consumers. Here are some questions you can ask a manufacturer:
- Are all the ingredients used in the products human-grade? Do they come from facilities that are certified and inspected by the CFIA, FDA or other regulatory agency? Personally, I believe that all ingredients in a pet food should be good enough to be consumable by humans. The world of "pet ingredients" has way too many grey areas to provide any assurance with regards to safety or quality.
- Where do the ingredients come from? Are they from Canada, US or overseas? And if ingredients are overseas, how well regulated is the food ingredients in the source country? Try to avoid products that include ingredients from countries with poor food safety records.
- What kind of food safety systems and protocols does the company have in place? Make sure the company is committed to a culture of food safety and has a clear system in place to manage the risks.
- Are they certified or inspected by any independent body to verify that these systems and protocols are being followed?
Is processed pet food (canned or kibble) safer than raw pet food?
One of the concerns raised about the trend of feeding raw unprocessed food to pets is that the bacteria in raw meat can hurt your dog or other members in the household, especially those with weakened immune systems. Yes, raw meat can contain bacteria and it might hurt your pet if they already have a compromised immune system or other health problem. Yes, your pet may shed bacteria in their poop and if you grab their poop, you can get sick.
Should we as consumers be aware of this risk? Absolutely!
Are these risks unique to raw pet food? No, they are not! ALL pet food can contain bacteria that can be harmful to pets and humans and all pets can shed bacteria in their feces, regardless of what they are eating! While FDA and other regulatory bodies continue to claim that raw presents a risk of contamination, it understates the risks of the same contaminations in hundreds of thousands of pounds of kibble and treats that occur annually. For example, according to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), in 2008 a contaminated dry pet food caused 79 cases of Salmonella in humans across 21 states.
In my opinion, real food movement for pets (raw pet food) has actually done a service to the pet industry by making the pet food safety conversation front and center for consumers! The bottom line is, whatever you feed your pet: use common sense and good food handling practise (more on this to come in the next section). And please don't lick your pet's poop, grab it with your hands, or lick your hands after handling it.
On the other hand, we know that fresh minimally processed foods help us thrive and are better for us than food that is heavily processed. Fresh food is certainly not risk free and all food, including vegetables, can get contaminated with bacteria such as salmonella, E.coli, etc. but these risks can be managed and reduced with good food safety systems in industry and in the home. Our choice of foods should be based on what's best of the body and not based on fear – and the same goes for our pets.
In addition, most healthy pets are naturally less affected by bacteria than the human family members – after all they do groom their own rear ends and eat and roll in all kinds of unsightly things (including feces of other animals) without any ill effects. So focusing on keeping your pet's digestive system healthy with quality fresh food and probiotics is the best way to support this natural mechanism.
Basics of Pet food safety at home
Stick to the basic rules of sanitation and food handling for your pet's food:
- Do not buy or keep food past its expiry date.
- Inspect the food before severing it to your pet – if it looks or smells different or off, do not use it.
- Wash your hands, your pet's bowl, and any other surface that came in contact with the food with soap and hot water for 20 seconds after each meal to disinfect. Yes, even if you are feeding kibble you should follow the same food safety procedures as with raw meat to avoid risk of illness!
- Do not leave food sitting in your pets bowl for prolonged periods of time. Discard any uneaten food after 15-20 minutes.
- And of course, wash your hands and other contact surfaces after handling what comes out the other end.
In general, use the same common sense and food handling practices as you would for your own food. If you need a refresher, check out the FDA consumer tips page: https://www.fda.gov/food/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm255180.htm
Raw (meat) pet food safety basics
The risks associated with raw proteins are contamination and spoilage and these do not end at the store! Handling these products with the caution and attention they deserve is our personal responsibility once we bring them home, to assure the safety of our entire family, especially your pets because they thrive on meat diets.
What causes food spoilage?
There are several naturally occurring catalysts that can cause meat to spoil.
Bacteria: Meat has naturally occurring microorganisms on its surface including molds and bacteria. The bacteria break down the fats and proteins in the meats, causing it to spoil. This breakdown begins immediately after slaughter – and while it can be slowed down by lowering the temperature of the meat, it cannot be reversed or halted. In contrast, exposure to light or heat will speed up that process.
Mold: Another cause for meat spoilage is mold. Mold likes moist, warm places with lots of food sources — meat makes a great home for a mold colony. Mold can spoil meat by spreading over the surface in fuzzy or colorful patches that change the taste and texture of the meat.
Oxidative Rancidity: Improper packing techniques can cause a chemical reaction in the meat called oxidation. The fats in the meat react with oxygen molecules and cause the meat to go rancid, producing discoloration and a rotten, sour smell and taste.
Here are the key components of any good household food safety strategy:
- Separation
Keeping raw meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs from other foods in your grocery shopping cart, grocery bags, and refrigerator to avoid cross-contamination.
2. Handling
Wash your hands, preparation surfaces and utensils that come in contact with raw meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs with soap and hot water to sanitize.
3. Storage
For frozen products, store in the freezer until ready to use. Generally, food will not spoil in the freezer, but it will degrade in quality. For fresh or thawed products, store in the refrigerator for a limited period of time, to avoid spoilage. The "Danger Zone" for bacteria growth is between 40 and 140 °F — temperatures where bacteria multiply rapidly.
Vacuum sealing slows down the growth of aerobic, spoilage bacteria and fungi by reducing the food's contact with atmospheric oxygen. Therefore, food quality, good texture and appearance last longer when the food is vacuum sealed.
How long can you store meat, poultry, and seafood in the refrigerator?
4. Thawing
If you are purchasing frozen raw food for your animal companion, you are likely going through the daily ritual of thawing the food before serving. As soon as raw meat begins to thaw and becomes warmer than 40 °F, bacteria that may have been present before freezing begin to multiply at exponential rates. For this reason you should never use hot water to thaw raw food (not to mention it will get cooked) or leave raw food on the counter at room temperature for more than two hours. Even though the center of the package may still be frozen as it thaws on the counter, the outer layer of the food could be in the "Danger Zone," between 40 and 140 °F — temperatures where bacteria multiply rapidly.
There are two methods of safety defrosting your pets raw meal: in the refrigerator and in cold water.
Refrigerator Thawing
Planning ahead is the key to this method because of the lengthy time involved. Allow for a full day to thaw the meal if it's a flat-pack – more if the food is in a block. A large frozen item like a turkey requires at least a day (24 hours) for every 5 pounds of weight. Even small amounts of frozen food — such as a pound of ground meat or boneless chicken breasts — require a full day to thaw. When thawing foods in the refrigerator, there are variables to take into account.
- Some areas of the appliance may keep food colder than other areas.
- Food will take longer to thaw in a refrigerator set at 35 °F than one set at 40 °F
Cold Water Thawing
This method is faster than refrigerator thawing but requires more attention. The food must be in a leak-proof package or plastic bag. If the bag leaks, bacteria from the air or surrounding environment could be introduced into the food. The bag should be submerged in cold tap water, changing the water every 30 minutes so it continues to thaw. Small flatter meal package of 1-2 lbs — may thaw in an hour or less.
5. Freezing and re-freezing
Home freezers are designed to keep food frozen, not to freeze food from room temperature. This means that even small portions of fresh food can take days to fully freeze, compromising the quality of the food. Avoid freezing or re-freezing things in your home freezer. If you must do so, allow as much space around the package as possible for air circulation.
Before we end, some food for thought … Most foodborne illness is caused by bacteria. For many years, we have been led to believe that our food and environment needs to be sterile to avoid illness. And for many years we bought this message and waged the war on bacteria with chemical disinfectants and other modes. More recently, we have begun to appreciate the balance of nature when it comes to bacteria and the importance of nurturing a balance of bacteria in our body end environment rather than focusing on elimination. There are thousands of bacteria strains in the air, on surfaces and even in our own body. Not all of these bacteria are bad – in fact the majority of them play an essential role in building the immune system and keeping us healthy and safe.
Food safety is not black and white. There is much that we are still learning about food safety in industry and in the home. If food safety is to become a culture, it first needs to be a conversation – one that re-examines all our preconceived notions and looks at what makes the most sense for our pets and for our entire family to thrive!
- http://wwwualberta.ca/news-and-events/newsarticles/2017/january/dry-pet-food-can-cause-salmonella-infection-in-people
- http://truthaboutpetfood.com/lets-get-the-facts-straight-fda
- https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrthtml/mm54744a2.htm
- https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/safe-food-handling/the-big-thaw-safe-defrosting-methods-for-consumers/CT_Index
- http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2118871/How-keeping-children-clean-wreck-immune-systems.html


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By Our Reporter
Settle your bills the easy way using flexipay. Click here to find out how
The Miss Tourism Uganda pageant has received a huge financial boost from Radiant Cosmetics ahead of their launch this year.
Radiant Cosmetics has boosted the pageant with a sponsorship package of Ugx 130 Million, in a deal that will see this year's winner walking away with a BMW Mini Cooper.
"Miss Tourism has been in operation for almost four years but it has never gotten such a boost. We are very grateful to Radiant Cosmetics for the continuous support they have given to us for all these years," said Allan Kanyike, Head of Operations Miss Tourism Uganda.
The official launch of Miss Tourism Uganda will happen on Friday, April 28 at the Uganda Museum. The grand finale will take place on September 22 at the Kampala Serena hotel.


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Check out this delicious Grilled Mushroom Noodle Bowls recipe from Tara's Multicultural Table. This is a lighter healthier recipe, great after for after the Holiday.
RECIPE FROM: Tara's Multicultural Table
3 eggs
1 tablespoon soy sauce
1 tablespoon rice vinegar
Mushroom Broth:
1-liter water
1 cup dried shiitake mushrooms
2 tablespoon white miso
Grilled Mushrooms:
2 cloves garlic, crushed
1 teaspoon honey
1 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce
1 teaspoon soy sauce
1/2 teaspoon sesame oil
1/2 teaspoon Sriracha
For serving:
8 ounces uncooked noodles, ramen or soba
1 c fresh spinach
2 green onions, thinly sliced
Sesame seeds
To make the eggs: Place the eggs in a small pot and cover with water. Bring to a boil and cook for 13 minutes total (from placing the eggs on the stove in the cold water). Remove the eggs from the water and peel when cool enough to handle. Place in a small ziplock bag and add the 1 tablespoon soy sauce and rice vinegar. Refrigerate for 30-60 minutes before using.
To make the mushroom broth: In a medium pot, bring the 1-liter water to a boil. Add the dried mushrooms and remove from heat. Allow to sit for 30 minutes. Right before serving, remove the dried mushrooms and bring the broth back to a boil. Stir in the miso.
To make the grilled mushrooms: In a small bowl, whisk together the garlic, honey, sesame oil, Worcestershire sauce, sriracha, and soy sauce. Halve the button mushrooms (or quarter the larger ones) and toss in the bowl with the sauce. Allow to sit for 30 minutes and preheat the grill (outdoor or indoor grill pan). Thread the mushrooms on small skewers and grill until darkened. Brush with leftover sauce, flip, and grill the other side until darkened, 3-5 minutes per side. Brush with more sauce.
To assemble the noodle bowls: Bring a large pot of water to a boil and cook the noodles until just tender. Drain and divide among serving bowls. Top with the hot mushroom miso broth. Cut the boiled marinated eggs in half lengthwise and arrange among the bowls. Add the spinach leaves (sliced if desired) and mushroom skewers. Garnish with green onions and sesame seeds. Serve immediately.


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Book railway tickets from Armavir at Pilot.ua.
Our service of booking and buying tickets on the train from Armavir will perfectly suit you for these reasons:
- in our database you can find only в the real and complete availability of railway tickets on the station Armavir;
- for your convenience there is a carriage plan in a booking form so that you can easily check empty seats and choose the best one for you;
- our system enables you to compare costs of railway tickets from Armavir among the different trains and types of carriages;
Only updated information about timetable for the trains that pass Armavir
Below you can find the whole list of available trains from Armavir including information about the number of a train, its' route, frequency and time of departure and arrival.
Oleksandriya Krasnoarmiysk Kiev g Krasny lyman Chaplyne Dniprodzerzhynsk-pas. Kharkiv Mezhova Rostov Horlivka Ilovaysk Taganrog Dnepropetr
Book railway tickets from Armavir at Pilot.ua - it's convenient, easy and fast.


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PS4 Won't Require Always Online Connection, Breaking Up Sony, Leaving Behind Modern Warfare, Last of Us 20 Min Gameplay Video And More
Good news Sony fans and those with crappy internet. The PS4 will not require an always online connection to play games. PS4 architect Mark Cerny has said that "the PS4 is not a permanent connection system but the experience is richer if you are". All we need now is Microsoft to come out and say the same about the Xbox One.
Infinity Ward is saying adios to the Modern Warfare brand. If you can recall a time when we actually got excited by a new Call of Duty release. That was the time when Call of Duty 4: (The first And Only Real And Sooo Not Milking The Franchise) Modern Warfare was announced and subsequently released to critical acclaim. I also took the liberty to expand the title a bit. That was when Modern Warfare toppled Medal of Honor.
So, why is the upcoming Call of Duty called "Ghosts" and not "Modern Warfare [add one to previous MW game]"? The studio has said it was "not a hard decision, but a long decision" to say farewell to the Modern Warfare moniker.
Except, five years from now, they'll say the same about Call of Duty: Ghosts 5.
Does the word "The Last of Us" and "20 minute gameplay footage" in the same sentence cause your eyes to bulge? Save yourself the trouble and instead watch it below:
If you enjoyed Dragon Age: Origins but thought that Dragon Age 2 was just a glorified FedEx courier quest, you may want to take a look into Dragon Age 3: Inquisition. BioWare may very well be going back to what made Dragon Age so engrossing in the first place and the game has been spotted for Xbox One. But if you're anything like me, you'll know that the PC version is the way to go.
Do you know when something needs defending? It's when that something falls below expectation (hint, the Xbox One reveal event). Just Cause studio founder has defended the reveal event saying that it allows Microsoft to "focus entirely on gamers at E3."
Sony is considering splitting their company into two – one to focus on entertainment and the other to focus on electronics.
Finally, in PC gaming news, the awesome Metro: Last Light is "significantly outselling" the first one. That's to be expected if you put hard work in and the game turns out better than its predecessor.
Bye for now!


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The Secret Crafter #176 - "No image, just words" (Spotlight card of the week!)
Little Darlings #18 - "Pearls"
Creatalicious #31 - "Lace"
pretty card love the lace thanks so much for joining us at little darlings this week
hugs sara x x
Your card is simply beautiful! I love the simple and clean style with the Gorgeous blue flower, and that it´s beautiful inside too =)
Have a great day!
Beautiful creation, thank you so much for sharing your lovely work with us at the Secret Crafter Saturday Challenge this week
Hugs Kate xx
ps I have candy if you are interested :)
Beautiful card Anne and I love your pins!
Thank you for the lovely comment on my blog today.
Edna x
Your card is beautiful. Thank you for joining the Creatalicious Challenges.
Hugs, Audhild
Wonderful creation
Thanks for joining us at Secret crafter Saturday challenge this week and good luck!
Very nice card and very classy !SvarSlett
Så koselig at du besøker bloggen min.
Jeg setter utrolig stor pris på at du tar deg tid til å
skrive en kommentar. Tusen takk!!
Thanks for visiting my blog. Your comments are really appreciated, thank you!!
|Dette innholdet er foreløpig ikke tilgjengelig via krypterte tilkoblinger.


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Unwitting Victim Of Police Identity Theft Conspiracy!
Southern Oregon restaurateur Miguel Espinoza received an unpleasant surprise on August 1, 2002. Mr. Espinoza was informed that during a routine examination of his liquor license, Medford City Council obtained a copy of his criminal record, stating Mr. Espinoza had been convicted of the crime of criminally negligent homicide three months before.
Obviously someone had made a terrible mistake, Mr. Espinoza thought. Clueless as to the cause for such a mix up, Mr. Espinoza appeared before City Council in an effort to get things straightened out.
City Council informed Mr. Espinoza that his liquor license had been revoked. The local newspaper printed articles referring to Mr. Espinoza as a convicted killer. Facing financial ruin, Mr. Espinoza had to sell his formerly popular eatery in Medford. The clientele disappeared. No one wanted to eat at his restaurant anymore. No one wanted to believe the police had made a mistake. Even close family members became convinced that he was guilty – it was all right there on paper.
Lt. Mike Moran of the Medford Police Department, present at the August 1st City Council meeting, found it "apparent that there was some discrepancy with the information that had been put on Mr. Espinoza's record … met with Mr. Espinoza and his wife after the City Council meeting, and found that they had contacted an attorney but had not contacted the police in regards to this erroneous information … fearful in part because of the information being wrongfully attributed to Mr. Espinoza in the first place."
Upon examination of court records, it was discovered that Mr. Espinoza's criminal record had in fact been replaced by that of convicted felon Franklin Eugene Crews. Mr. Espinoza's criminal history shows that he has the same FPN as that which appears on the conviction record of Franklin Eugene Crews – 5263026.
By the time local authorities acknowledged this mistake however, it was too late for apologies. The damage to Mr. Espinoza's family, business and reputation had been done.


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General Motors Seeks To Have Disabilities Introduced In Next Bellwether Trial
(Response available. Document #77-160713-009B.)
GM says in its response to a motion to exclude evidence that it is entitled to put forth evidence...
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How much should dentures cost?
In the country's current economic state, we want to make sure that what we are buying is worth it. When purchasing dentures, the price changes depending on the quality and level of customisation, as well as the materials used in their creation. When looking to buy dentures, you will need to decide on a realistic budget. Make sure to keep in mind that a good set of dentures will last several years if taken care of properly.
Clinics often offer a number of options, from cheap and basic dentures to pricey customised ones. The main difference between these is the amount of appointments needed to fit them, with custom dentures taking several more than basic ones. There is usually also a difference in the shapes and sizes available, as well as choices of material.
It can be difficult to justify your purchase if you do not know exactly what you are buying. By working out exactly what you expect from your dentures, you can decide which option fits you best. Your clinical dental technician (CDT) can also offer you advice on your choice. If you don't understand any of the price differences, you can always ask them – it is often due to differences in the materials or the making process that add to the quality of the denture.
Ultimately, you get what you pay for when it comes to dentures. Always ask the advice of your dentist so they can suggest the best option for you as well, so you do not end up paying too little or too much for dentures necessary to your oral health.


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Hey everyone! Yay for titles with no relevance whatsoever! I've decided to do a meme in the spirit of things recently, listing my top 6 (because I was too lazy to think of 10) favourite items/activities with regards to fashion. Why only fashion? Because none of you needs to know that all I do is play Super Mario and Left 4 Dead all day instead of blogging diligently like I ought to. Or that I own an impressive collection of zombie-related literature and survival guides. Well, now you know, but don't judge okay!
I.Bracelets! I have so many of them that I can make arm guards when I wear them all at once. Sometimes Arissa and I would stack them all together and play some sort of weird accessory Jenga when we are bored. I prefer metal bracelets or leather cuffs with metal detailing. I am not really a fan of charm bracelets.
II. DIY! I am absolutely useless at the more feminine crafts of knitting, crocheting or embroidering. What I lack in these however, I try to make up for it with sewing, shredding and cutting. That being said, if any of you have something you want to suggest to us for DIY, please please go ahead and ask!!
III. Chains. Chain detailing, chain bracelets, chain bags… We have enough chain necklaces combined to put Mr. T and Givenchy to shame, I swear.
IV. With what seems like a contination of above, chunky necklaces! I absolutely adore those with a metric shitton of useless junk dangling off it.
V. Hair accessories. Practically a religion for me. I never feel that an outfit is complete unless I do my hair, and my hair is rarely complete without a hair accessory. I have so many hats, hairbands and clips it's not even funny.
VI. If hair accessories are a religion, then shoes must be the holy grail.
- Hong Kong Disneyland!
I had the oppurtunity to travel to Hong Kong Disneyland over the weekend as a star guest.


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Question about 2002 Volvo S60
Good Day,
I have a 2002 Volvo S60 and the interior electrical components are having a regular fit! Please help...
I am having problems with both left and right front power windows and power locks (will not respond to switch control). Front left window will sometimes not respond unless I toggle the children lock switch, right front window works once in a lifetime. Both front left and right power locks do not respond to switch. Rear windows and locks work fine on command.
Yesterday, after turning car off and removing ignition key, the interior fan began to operate on itself, could not get it to shut-off until I placed key in ignition and opened switch again. After turning ignition off and removing key again, could hear small fan inside central console still operating. Removed apropiate fuse...
Today, replaced fuse and started car, could not get heating/cooling fans to work. Had to remove neg cable from battery (for more than 1 hour) when re-connected, fans worked as normal...
Could all this misshap be credited to one source or may I be having a series of problems. Is there anywhere on the web where I could see a layout of interior relays (under dash next to steering column) to figure out what relays does what?
Thank you for your time and attention.
Posted by willmuench on
At first, A/c blower would not shut off even after engine is turned off and key removed from ignition. Removal of fuse only way to get it to quit. This is A/C blower pushing air out the dash vents -- not the engine fan running.
A/C blower now sometimes will not come on even when car is running and fuse in place. When running, blower will usually not run on "high." Switching car on and off occasionally helps temporaily alleviate both problems, but not always.
Wife said blower/AC came on when she was driving yesterday with the fuse removed !
May or may not be associated with various bulb failure (including on one occasion a low beam headlight) warning lights which appear on dash. Upon investigation bulb is indeed found to be non functioning but within a few days warning message goes out and bulb is working again. In addition to a headlight this has happened with marker lights and back-up lights.
What in the world is going on here?
For windows, try to clean the relay from the engine compartiment, may be is an imperfect contact. About the interior fan is normaly, at volvo s60, because it has a sensor, and the fan start to clean your ventilation sistem. It runs only 7 minutes, than it's stops. you don't have to wory. Sorry for, my english, but i'm from Romania. I hope you understand
Posted on Aug 21, 2008
SOURCE: I have freestanding Series 8 dishwasher. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. How can this be resolved
a 6ya Mechanic can help you resolve that issue over the phone in a minute or two.
Best thing about this new service is that you are never placed on hold and get to talk to real repair professionals here in the US.
click here to Talk to a Mechanic (only for users in the US for now) and get all the help you need.
Posted on Jan 02, 2017
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The call of the canyon : a romance of the Arizona canyons / Zane Grey.
Electronic resources
View other formats and editions
Record details
- Publisher: [Old Saybrook, Conn.] : Tantor Media, 2007.
Content descriptions
|General Note:
| Downloadable audio file.
Title from: Title details screen.
Duration: 7:42:50.
|Participant or Performer Note:
| Read by John Bolen.
|Summary, etc.:
| Carley Burch, a beautiful young woman must leave her glamorous high society life of New York to follow her fiancé, Glenn Kilbourne, to the rugged Wild West. She braves fierce ruffians, brutal elements and lack of civilization in an attempt to reclaim him. Glenn, suffering from shell shock and the betrayal of his country following World War I, had moved west to recover. He then fell in love with the West and his perspective on life was changed forever. Glen now finds his previous high society life repulsive. Can Carley adapt to the rigorous life of the West? Will she be able to convince Glenn to return to his "home" in New York? Will she be in time before a rival temptress steals Glenn away?
|System Details Note:
| Requires OverDrive Media Console (WMA file size: 110868 KB; MP3 file size: 217286 KB).
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Search for related items by subject
|Arizona > Fiction.
|Western stories.


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the worlds most private search engine
the worlds most private search engine
how do you know theyre not "Spying" on you?
what makes them different?
We do it for the people.
why do u got to take all my post in a negative direction? maybe...just maybe...if you clicked the link i provided(i know thats alot, but it gets harder) then you click where it says privacy(this is where it gets really hard) you can then READ the companies policy. I know thats alot harder then coming in here and trying to fuck up my thread, but i think you can do it.
im using this shit right now looking up videos and it gives me alot of shit the other search engines censor(free movies)
lol lim jus saying
they can tell you anything they want who checks to see theyre telling the truth?
but go ahead bro
We do it for the people.
tinfoil hat nut job!
hahahaha sorry I couldnt help it
what stops them from just bs'ing, drawing in the cookoos who fear the gov watching them, and now they have you all in one place?
The earth is a very small stage in a vast cosmic arena. Think of the rivers of blood spilled by all those generals and emperors so that in glory and in triumph they could become the momentary masters of a fraction of a dot.
People are too stupid to effectively conspire to do anything, but not too stupid to come up with conspiracy theories.


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Word mark
Logo design: Yellow, gold ; One predominant colour
The European Union Trademark for this logo was filed on 24.09.1999 for goods and services in class(es) 1, 5, 20 and 21 at the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO). The current status of the trademark No. 001328756 is 'application refused'.


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Reviews: Zesh
WSO 666965: Offline Mobile Predator System – Sell Mobile Websites Easily, Using My Predatory Preselling Tricks
September 6, 2012
You get what you pay for with this WSO. It's cheap, so don't expect too much detail. The author could put this together without actually doing any of it, which is what I suspect is the case here. Continue reading
September 4, 2012
Basically this WSO just rehashes the 2 basic ways to make money from Fiverr: 1) Setup your own gig on Fiverr, and 2) Outsource a service to Fiverr wherby it only costs you $5 and you charge someone else a whole lot more. Continue reading
August 17, 2012
A "theoretical" WSO sold at a cheap price via blind sales copy with a no refund policy. One star for the unflogged idea, one star for the cheap price. Continue reading


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Dreezy coming straight of Chicago never disappoints! She is back after signing to Interscope two years ago and receiving a Common co-sign. Although she dropped an EP entitled From Now On in December and was on Jeremih's "Body," the fans are patiently awaiting more.
That day is here now, and she got none other than Gucci Mane on the track too. Let's hope this means she's dropping another project sometime soon. Check out "We Gon Ride" below:


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Category Archives: That Just Ain't Right
RUSD Word of the Month
Prof. Gloria Ladson-Billings, a UW-Madison professor, says that RUSD's teachers should start being more culturally relevant in the classroom. In an attempt to help our teachers get in touch with our communities, I will be assisting them with an occasional … Continue reading
Posted in RUSD Vocab Words, That Just Ain't Right 1 Comment
What Dickert needs for Christmas
Honestly. You can't have a multimillion dollar spending hike with falling home values, failing businesses and double digit unemployment. Our mayor is about to run this town further into the ground… if that's possible. My point is, even though SimCity is … Continue reading
Posted in Politics and Lunatics, That Just Ain't Right 2 Comments
This seems to be the only industry in Racine that was not hurt by the recession
Posted in That Just Ain't Right 1 Comment


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Feeling movement...
View Single Post
January 17th, 2006, 03:09 PM
Mega Super Mommy
Join Date: Jul 2005
Location: Salem, MA
Posts: 4,091
AWwww you guys are lucky.. I'm overweight, and I didn't feel my baby until about 20-21 weeks.. I had like one or two "twinges" before then, but I tell ya, I was really starting to get worried about it all.
I still don't seem to feel it as much as other people. For some girls, it apparently even HURTS.. I mean, I do feel it, but not constantly like alot of girls in the Feb DDC describe.. I WISH I felt it that much.. it's so entertaining!!![/b]
I'm so glad you said you dont feel it as much as some of the other ladies in your DDC.. because thats how I am too. I DO feel him every day but I think it is less than some of the others in my group. I didnt really start feeling him until about weeks 22 or so.
My boys are beautiful and look forward to meeting the new member of our family
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