text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|27 Feb 1996
|Filing date
|16 Aug 1993
|Priority date
|16 Aug 1993
|Fee status
|Publication number
|James Kick, William D. McConnell
|Original Assignee
|C.A.P.S., Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (95), Classifications (8), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a system and method for detection of aural signals, and more particularly to an alert system for use by audio impaired automobile drivers which is responsive to an alarm siren sounded by an emergency vehicle to warn the hearing impaired driver so he can take appropriate action. The invention further relates to traffic light pre-emption by which an emergency vehicle, by rounding its siren as it approaches an intersection, causes the light to stop other vehicular traffic while providing a right-of-way to the emergency vehicle.
Many individuals who are hearing impaired are fully competent to drive an automobile, truck, or other vehicle. And, many of these people do drive. In normal circumstances, the visual aids such as street signs, traffic lights, road markings, etc., enable these people to drive safely. One situation however, is particularly dangerous to these persons. That is the presence of emergency vehicles carrying out their tasks. Police cars, fire trucks, ambulances all have both warning lights and sirens. Also for non-hearing impaired drivers, driving a car with the windows rolled up with the air conditioner blower on high, and with the radio on, it is also difficult for such persons to hear emergency vehicle warning sirens. While such drivers may see the flashing lights these emergency vehicle use in a time of emergency, in many emergency situations, such drivers are not able to see an emergency vehicle approaching and take appropriate action to avoid injury to himself and others. Enough situations arise where the emergency vehicle's flashers cannot be seen by the hearing impaired driver (the vehicle is approaching from a side street, or from an approach ramp above or below the driver's field of vision) that tragic consequences result.
While the problem is understood, a solution is not obvious. In any alarm system, there are at least two goals which must be met. One is that the probability of detecting the dangerous condition is high. The second is that the probability of false alarms is low. For example, it would appear simple, at first glance, to have some type of audio sensor which is responsive to a siren and provide a light indication readily recognizable by the driver when the sensor picks up an approaching siren. However, there are many different types of sirens and they do not have common characteristics. A major difference between them is the time-frequency pattern of their audio output; e.g., their rising/lowering pitch over time. One siren, for example, has a smoothly rising and falling pitch with a 4-5 second cycle time. A second siren has the same frequency variations as the first, but a much shorter cycle time (1/3 sec.). A third siren cycles between two frequencies every one-half second, with a fourth siren doing this at an even faster rate. As a result, a simple pattern matching technique cannot be used.
A second problem is with the sensor itself, which is some type of microphone or other audio receiver. Some microphones work well for one siren but not others. Others work better in open areas, other in more confined urban areas such as downtown areas with tall buildings. In this latter regard, tall structures produce echoes, and their resulting acoustic effect, together with that caused by wind, trees, hills, automobile vibrations, etc. may cause the critical frequencies to be washed out. Other effects include in-band noise and harmonic distortions. With respect to wind, wind generated noise can obliterate all but the loudest siren noises; i.e., those sounds which are 95dB or less. Overall, there is a need for an alert system for the hearing impaired which is able to detect any siren in use, do so in any area where the driver may go, and do so quickly enough that the driver can take the correct evasive action.
Among the several objects of the present invention may be noted the provision of a system and method for detection of aural signals (e.g., a warning siren) for use by hearing impaired as well as normal hearing drivers of automotive vehicles; the provision of such a system employing digital signal processing technology to analyze and categorize received sounds to detect the presence of a siren; the provision of such a system which is portable, yet readily installed on a vehicle, and which provides a clear visual or other indication to the driver; the provision of such a system which provides an indication in ample time to allow the driver to take appropriate action; the provision of such a system which detects any of many different sirens (including WAIL, YELP, HYPERYELP, HI-LO, and PHASOR) used by different emergency vehicles; the provision of such a system which employs a microphone relatively immune to turbulence and which is installed so to be largely protected from vehicle vibrations; the provision of such a system employing a spectral averaging process to enhance the signal-to-noise of detected siren sounds to better obtain a warning and prevent false alarms; the provision of such a system which continuously examines different frequency bands to ascertain if a siren is in the vicinity of the vehicle; the provision of such a system which is reliable in operation which has a long service life, which is easy to install on a variety of vehicles and which is of relatively low cost; and, the provision of such a system which is adaptable for use on traffic signals such as stop lights whereby the stop light is responsive to the siren sound of an approaching emergency vehicle to stop vehicular traffic and yield right-of-way to the vehicle.
Generally stated, a system is provided for visually informing a hearing impaired or other driver of an automotive vehicle of the proximity of an emergency vehicle. This is done by detecting a siren being sounded by the emergency vehicle. A microphone unit receives an audible or aural frequency signal generated or transmitted by the siren. This signal is in one of a band of audible frequencies. In addition to detecting siren warning signals, the microphone unit may detect other audible frequency signals as well. A signal processor processes all received audible frequency signals. The processor includes an analog-digital converter for converting received signals to a digital signal. A digital signal processing (DSP) portion of the processor further includes an algorithm for analyzing the resulting digital signal for periodicity. A light indicator provides a visible signal to the driver of the proximity of an emergency vehicle. The indicator is illuminated when the analysis indicates a received signal corresponds with the sound made by an emergency vehicle siren. Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an aural signal detection system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a representation of an automotive vehicle with the system installed;
FIG. 3 is an illustration of a microphone/pre-amplifier installation on the vehicle;
FIG. 4 is a schematic of a pre-amplifier used with the microphone to perform initial signal conditioning of a siren signal;
FIG. 5 is a schematic of the signal processing and illumination control circuitry of the system;
FIG. 6 is a flow chart of the operation of the signal processing;
FIGS. 7A-7D illustrate autocorrelation processes performed by the signal processor for different type of sirens and noise to determine when a warning should be provided to the driver;
FIG. 8 illustrates a third step in the signal processing method of the invention;
FIG. 9 is a flow chart of a third step of the process;
FIG. 10 is a representation of a traffic intersection having a traffic light; and,
FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating use of the system with a pre-emptive traffic light controller to control traffic flow upon an emergency vehicle approaching the intersection and sounding its siren.
Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the drawings.
Referring to the drawings, an early warning system for visually informing hearing impaired or other drivers of automobiles (or other vehicles) is indicated generally 10. As indicated in FIG. 2, a hearing impaired or non-hearing impaired driver D may otherwise be fully capable of driving an automobile A or similar vehicle. A concern with these type drivers is their inability (due either to being physically hearing impaired or due to noise within the automobile) to hear a siren sounding the approach of an emergency vehicle. If the police car, fire truck, ambulance, etc., is in plain sight of the driver, the vehicle's flashing lights are probably sufficient to warn the driver so the driver can take appropriate action. However, if the vehicle is approaching from a cross street, where trees or buildings may block its view by the driver; or if it is coming up or going down a ramp, a driver may not be aware of its proximity until it is too late to avoid an accident. By providing a visual indication to the hearing impaired driver when system 10 detects a siren, potentially tragic consequences are avoided.
System 10 first includes a means 12 for receiving an audible (aural) frequency signal transmitted by a siren. It will be understood that there are a variety of sirens used by emergency vehicles and each siren has a separate set of frequency characteristics. Accordingly, means 12 includes a microphone 14 capable of receiving frequency signals throughout the audio frequency bands. Of course, the microphone will also receive other audio frequency signals. System 10 operates to distinguish any siren sound from the other received signals. Microphone 14 is installed on automobile A. Again as seen in FIG. 2, the microphone is installed on the exterior of the vehicle. A particular problem with mounting a microphone on the exterior is the excessive amount of wind turbulence noise which is generated when the vehicle is in motion, even when the vehicle is traveling as slowly as 10 mph. At normal street and highway speeds, wind generated noise obliterates all but the loudest sirens; i.e., sirens whose sound is greater than 95dB.
To provide an audio receiver compatible with system 10, it has been found best to place the microphone in a rear position on the vehicle; rather than, for example, on the roof of the vehicle. By positioning the microphone on the lower back window of the vehicle, there is not only less wind turbulence, but there is also less vehicle vibration pick-up than if the microphone is placed on metal portions of the car such as the trunk lid or rear bumper area of the automobile. Thus, as shown in FIG. 2, microphone 14 is located on the rear window W of the automobile. Further, as shown in FIG. 3, the microphone is installed in a housing or box 16 which is mounted on the rear window using, for example, suction cups 18. Though not shown, a dome may be placed over housing 16 to help reduce noise created by wind turbulence. An electrical cable 20 extends from the microphone to an electronics portion of the system. The cable is used to route power to the microphone, and the audio signals received by the microphone to a signal processing means 22 of system 10.
Receiving means 12, in addition to the microphone further includes frequency sensing means 24. As shown in FIG. 4, means 24 includes a piezoelectric transducer 26 which is resonant at an audio frequency of, for example, 2200 Hz. Receiving means 12 also includes an inverted gain operational amplifier 28 to which the output of transducer 26 is supplied. Transducer 26 provides a signal to the inverting input of the amplifier through a filter capacitor C1 and a resistor R1. The amplifier includes a feedback resistor R2. A bias voltage level is applied to the non-inverting input of amplifier 28 through a voltage divider network comprising resistors R3 and R4, and a capacitor C2. The output of amplifier 28 is the input frequency signal to processing means 22. Both transducer 26 and amplifier 28 are installed in housing 16.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 5, signal processing means 22 includes an analog-to-digital converter 30 for converting received audio signals to a corresponding digital signal. As described hereinafter, once the conversion from analog to digital is complete, a digital signal processor 32 (referred to as "DSP") performs an autocorrelation of the resulting digital signal with itself. This process reveals periodicities within the received signal with respect to its frequency-time characteristics. A power supply 34 converts the 12 VDC automobile battery voltage to a 5 VDC level used by converter 30 and microprocessor 32. In addition, the processing means includes a crystal oscillator 36 which supplies a reference frequency input to the microprocessor to control the timing of operations it performs. This input is, for example, 16 MHz.
Microprocessor 32 is programmed to perform a two-dimensional autocorrelation process. The first steps in performing this process are shown in FIG. 6. This process not only improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the audio input to processing means 22, but also converts a two-dimensional spectrograph (i.e., frequency vs. time) to a one-dimensional 64 point array. First, the analog output audio signal from operational amplifier 28 is converted to a digital signal by converter 30. The resulting digital signal is then sampled at a rate of, for example, 16,000 samples/second by microprocessor 32. A data frame comprising 64 digitized, scaled samples is created by this sampling process. Conversion of the frame to the frequency domain is done using a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) such as a Goertzel DFT. The transform is used to determine the energy content of eight (8) audio frequency bands. These bands are each 200 Hz wide and extend from 400 Hz at the low end of the audio spectrum, to 2200 Hz at the upper end thereof. This range of bands covers the siren frequencies. On the 64th sample taken, a final frame magnitude calculation is made.
For the sampling and transform process, eight magnitude values, one for each band, are stored in an array. Next, the sampling and transform process is repeated to produce a second frequency domain data frame also containing 64 scaled samples. The values in the respective frame locations are then added together to produce a dual frame whose values represent a two frame spectral average of the digitized audio input signal. The advantage of this procedure is a significant increase in the signal-to-noise ratio; for example, a 1,414 ratio.
The resultant dual frame, which has 8 16-bit values, is now examined to locate the data bin within the frame having the peak data value. Once found, the peak value is used to establish a threshold by which the data can be scaled from a multiple bit (e.g., 16 bit) value, down to a single bit value. Compression allows use of low cost DSP's which have a small amount of random access memory (RAM) to store data. Now, for each eight values in the frame, a comparison is made to determine if the combination of the values equals the established threshold. If so, a binary "1" is assigned to that set of eight values. If not, a binary "0" is assigned. Upon completion of this comparison, the binary bits are concatenated into a single 8-bit byte. Pairs of these 8-bit bytes are then combined to form a single 16-bit word. A superframe F1-F4, see FIGS. 7A-7F, is now created in which this 16-bit word is stored in one of the superframe locations L. The above steps are repeated until 128 frames are collected, each frame including 64 two-byte packed words. This procedure has two advantages. First, there is a data compression of 16:1. Second, the byte packing halves the data memory required to store a superframe F in the microprocessor memory.
Once a superframe is created, a two-dimensional autocorrelation is performed using the superframe F data. First, microprocessor 32 unpacks the 64 two-byte packed words into 128 16-bit words. A copy of superframe F1-F4 is overlaid on an original superframe and the two are compared. The number of location matches are counted and that value is saved in a first location in an autocorrelation buffer B within the microprocessor.
Next, the copy of superframe F is shifted to the right one position and the matching locations are again counted. This value is saved in a second autocorrelation buffer location. This shifting, counting and storing sequence is continued until the duplicate copy is "wrapped" around to again be aligned with the first column of the original superframe. This means 64 shifts have occurred and a 64 point autocorrelation buffer has been created. FIGS. 7A-7D illustrate the above described steps with respect to various types of sirens, and noise. Three types of siren sounds (WAIL, YELP, and HYPERYELP) are respectively shown in FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7D. Noise is shown in FIG. 7C. The result of the autocorrelation for all for situations is graphically illustrated in each Figure. This graph represents a plot of the match values stored in the autocorrelation buffer within the microprocessor.
Referring to FIG. 7A, if the siren sound is a WAIL, the values stored in the autocorrelation buffer represent a straight line plot having a negative slope. As shown in FIG. 7B, if the siren sound is a YELP, the values stored in the buffer produce a series of peaks when plotted, the peaks occurring at a repetition rate corresponding to the cycle time of siren. The HYPERYELP siren sound plotted in FIG. 7D is similar to that of the YELP plot in FIG. 7B. The difference is that the peaks in the HYPERYELP plot are much closer together which is indicative of the shorter cycle time for this type siren. Lastly, the NOISE plot of FIG. 7C illustrates a typical kind of white noise situation in which, after an initial spike, there is no clearly defined peak, but rather a generally straight line having minor peaks and valleys.
Referring to FIG. 8, after the autocorrelation procedure is complete and the autocorrelation buffer filled, microprocessor 32 examines the data stored in the buffer to determine if it meets the criteria for one of the four conditions described with respect to FIGS. 7A-7D. First, the microprocessor determines if the buffer data meets the conditions for a YELP. To do this, the microprocessor establishes a peak threshold based on the maximum and minimum values in buffer B. For example, the threshold is set as:
with the distance between max. and min. exceeding a value of 75. In YELP processing, the position of the peak P is noted. This peak should occur between frame positions 26 and 40, the frame having 64 positions based upon the previous discussion. The range of positions 26-40 is important because it represents the range of positions for the repetition rate for known YELP sirens. If a peak is found within this acceptance range, a visual and audio indication is provided as described hereinafter. To insure that the peak is true peak, and not simply random noise, the microprocessor tests to verify that the cumulative vertical error from the first data point to the peak location is less than five times the difference between the maximum and minimum values used to establish the threshold. This test establishes that there is a smooth transition to the peak and not simply a random noise spike.
If a YELP is not detected, microprocessor 32 next determines if the audio signal is a WAIL. As noted, a WAIL is represented by a straight line of negative slope. To determine if this is so, the microprocessor calculates an error metric. It does this by summing the absolute value of the difference of each pair of data points in buffer B. A horizontal, straight line has a zero error value. For a diagonal line, the error value corresponds to the vertical distance between the maximum value and minimum value. WAIL detection is based upon a predetermined maximum allowable error value coupled with a threshold representing the distance between the maximum and minimum values.
After checking for a YELP or WAIL, the microprocessor next looks for a HYPERYELP. HYPERYELP detection involves a comparison performed on the data in buffer B. The comparison involves looking at the zero-crossing points of the periodically occurring spikes indicative of a HYPERYELP siren. The distance between each zero-crossing point (i.e., the change in slope from positive to negative which occurs at a peak) is noted, and these distance values are stored in period distribution array. The microprocessor then tests the array to ascertain the frequency distribution of the period. The array may, for example, be limited as to the range of frequency or period values which are allowable. These values are based on known HYPERYELP sirens. A HYPERYELP is considered to be occurring when two adjacent values are added and their sum exceeds a predetermine threshold value.
In addition to the above three types of siren sounds, microprocessor also checks to see if a mechanical wail siren sound is being made. It does this by checking for a horizontal, straight line. A straight line occurs when the mechanically generated wail has a constant frequency for an extended period of time. If the frequency changes over time, this is detected in the WAIL detection process described above. As with the WAIL process, an error test is made of the buffer B values. A mechanical wail is considered to occur when the cumulative error falls to a near zero value.
Referring to FIG. 9, the above described process is shown as a flow graph. Regardless of which type siren is sounding, if the above criteria for any of the four types of sirens is met, microprocessor 32 switches a transistor Q1 (see FIG. 5) into conduction, thus constituting a warning signal. Transistor Q1 now provides a ground path for a light emitting diode (LED) D1, and a tone generator or beeper B1. The LED is, for example, installed on the dashboard of the vehicle where it is readily seen by the driver. The LED therefore comprises light indication means for providing a visible signal to the driver of the proximity of an emergency vehicle so the driver can take appropriate action to avoid it. Further, the beeper may also be located on the dash so its tone is audible to a hearing capable person also riding in the vehicle.
The LED remains illuminated so long as the microprocessor's continued processing of audio input signals identifies one of the four siren criteria previously discussed. If the siren stops, or the emergency vehicle moves away from the hearing impaired driver, so the siren pattern is no longer discernible, the microprocessor switches the transistor out of conduction. The LED goes out, and the beeper no longer emits a tone.
Lastly, the processing means includes a diagnostic port 38 for connection of an external test device (not shown) to the processing means.
Referring to FIGS. 10 and 11, another embodiment of the system of the present invention, as indicated generally 110, is used as a pre-emptive traffic signal controller responsive to the siren of an emergency vehicle for overriding a traffic light controller 100 so as to insure that the emergency vehicle has a green light to proceed through an intersection and to stop cross traffic. Controller 100 typically controls a traffic signal TS located at the intersection I of two streets, for example. System 110 includes a directional microphone unit 114 and signal processor 122 for each approach to the intersection. The microphone 114 and signal processor 122 are generally as previously described and thus will not be described in detail. As noted, microphone 114 is a directional microphone. Preferably, the microphone only detects the sirens of emergency vehicles approaching the intersection along the street with which the microphone is aligned. The output from each of the four processors 122 is supplied to a central processor unit 124. The central processor is, in turn, connected to traffic light controller 100.
As depicted in FIG. 10, various vehicles are approaching intersection I. Most of these vehicles are automobiles A; however, one is an emergency vehicle EV proceeding north bound on North and South Street. When the appropriate microphone/processor unit 114/122; i.e., the directional microphone searching for northbound emergency vehicle approaching the intersection from the south detects the siren sound, this information is relayed to controller 100 by central processor 124. Controller 100 is responsive to the input to command the traffic signal to provide a stop signal (i.e., a red light) to traffic in all the lanes approaching the intersection except that in which the emergency vehicle is traveling. As a result, the emergency vehicle is given the right-of-way through the intersection thus lessening the potential for accidents involving the emergency vehicle.
What has been described is an early alert response system for use by hearing impaired or other drivers of automotive vehicles. The response system is installed on a vehicle with a microphone of the system being installed on the outside. The microphone is located so to reduce both wind turbulence noise and vehicle vibration noise. The system is responsive to the presence of a siren sound to provide a clear, visual indication to the driver. A warning indication is provided the driver in ample time to allow him or her to take appropriate action. The response system detects any of many different sirens used by different emergency vehicles. A spectral averaging process is used to enhance the signal-to-noise of detected siren sounds to better obtain a warning indication and prevent false alarms. The response system continuously examines different frequency bands to ascertain if a siren is in the vicinity of the vehicle. The system employs state-of-the-art autocorrelation and analysis recognition techniques to distinguish between different siren patterns and noise. Any of four different types of sirens are recognizable based upon pattern recognition criteria unique to each. While described with respect to alerting hearing impaired drivers to the presence of emergency vehicles, the system, with minor modifications, is useful in other areas as well. The system could, for example, be installed at a traffic light to control the lights when a siren sounds an approaching emergency vehicle. In the medical area it can be used as a sleep apnea monitor to sound an alert when a child stops breathing. It can be used as a pool monitor to sound an alarm when a child or animal falls into an unattended swimming pool. It could acoustically monitor blood flow and sound an alarm when the flow is outside prescribed limits.
In view of the foregoing, it will be seen that the several objects of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results are obtained.
As various changes could be made in the above constructions and methods without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
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|Electroluminescent dashboard control circuit
|12 Aug 2003
|17 Feb 2005
|Stefan Gustavsson
|Electronic devices, methods, and computer program products for detecting noise in a signal based on autocorrelation coefficient gradients
|29 Aug 2003
|3 Mar 2005
|Dimitri Kanevsky
|Method and apparatus for computer communication using audio signals
|18 Oct 2004
|20 Apr 2006
|Trust Licensing, Inc.
|System and method for selectively switching between a plurality of audio channels
|21 Jan 2005
|27 Jul 2006
|Lawrence Kates
|Management and assistance system for the deaf
|16 Mar 2006
|20 Sep 2007
|James Plante
|Vehicle event recorders with integrated web server
|28 Aug 2006
|8 Nov 2007
|Drivecam, Inc.
|System and Method for Identifying Non-Event Profiles
|4 Dec 2006
|8 Nov 2007
|Drivecam, Inc.
|System and Method for Multi-Event Capture
|8 May 2006
|8 Nov 2007
|Drivecam, Inc.
|System and Method for Reducing Driving Risk With Foresight
|8 May 2006
|8 Nov 2007
|Drivecam, Inc.
|System and method for taking risk out of driving
|4 Dec 2006
|8 Nov 2007
|Drivecam, Inc.
|System and Method for Selective Review of Event Data
|4 Dec 2006
|8 Nov 2007
|Drivecam, Inc.
|System and Method for Wireless Delivery of Event Data
|9 May 2006
|22 Nov 2007
|Drivecam, Inc.
|System and Method for Reducing Driving Risk With Insight
|9 May 2006
|22 Nov 2007
|Drivecam, Inc.
|System and Method for Reducing Driving Risk With Hindsignt
|19 Oct 2007
|14 Feb 2008
|Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications Ab
|Electronic devices, methods, and computer program products for detecting noise in a signal based on autocorrelation coefficient gradients
|18 Aug 2006
|21 Feb 2008
|Drivecam, Inc.
|Data Transfer System and Method
|9 Nov 2006
|15 May 2008
|Smartdrive Systems Inc.
|Vehicle exception event management systems
|29 Jan 2008
|22 May 2008
|Lawrence Kates
|Management and assistance system for the deaf
|17 Jan 2007
|17 Jul 2008
|Toyota Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc.
|Method and system for locating a wave source within a defined area
|24 Nov 2008
|18 Jun 2009
|Wayne Harvey Snyder
|Device for the hearing impaired
|8 Dec 2006
|18 Jun 2009
|Smart Drive Systems, Inc.
|Vehicle Event Recorder Systems
|26 Feb 2009
|1 Oct 2009
|Villalobos Eduardo
|System and method for notification of presence of emergency vehicles
|9 Jan 2008
|30 Sep 2010
|Yuu KOYAMA
|Warning display system
|16 Apr 2010
|20 Oct 2011
|Empire Technology Development Llc
|Pedestrian safety system
|4 Nov 2011
|10 May 2012
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Traffic light preemption management system
|9 Mar 2012
|28 Jun 2012
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Traffic light preemption management system
|14 Mar 2014
|17 Sep 2015
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Audible alert analysis
|22 Jan 2016
|2 Jun 2016
|Google Inc.
|Method for Siren Detection Based on Audio Samples
|20 Oct 2016
|27 Apr 2017
|Ufirst Inc.
|Method and apparatus for alerting user to sound occurrence
|28 Nov 1997
|2 Jun 1999
|Wuerth Elektronik Pforzheim Gm
|Method of warning vehicle occupants of approaching emergency vehicle
|18 Dec 1998
|24 Jun 1999
|Sentec Corporation
|Emergency vehicle alert system
|30 Dec 1998
|15 Jul 1999
|Cobra Electronics Corp.
|Transportation information warning system
|11 Feb 2000
|17 Aug 2000
|Shai Jaffe
|Road safety devices
|U.S. Classification
|340/902, 340/906
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|27 Sep 1993
Owner name: C.A.P.S., INC., MISSOURI
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KICK, JAMES;MCCONNELL, WILLIAM DEAN;REEL/FRAME:006709/0057
Effective date: 19930805
|24 Jan 1994
Owner name: E.A.R.S. SYSTEMS, INC., MISSOURI
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:C.A.P.S., INC.;REEL/FRAME:006838/0178
Effective date: 19931201
|4 Mar 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|17 Sep 2003
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|27 Feb 2004
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|27 Apr 2004
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20040227


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- Talking Top Tens: Alexa HirschfeldAlexa Hirschfeld started Paperless Post at age 23 with her brother James, concepting and beta-testing a product that would soon reach over 85 million users and push the boundaries of design and self-expression in modern communication. Since then, Alexa has headed the tech company's product development and helped build it into the market's leading platform for online and paper stationery. As Paperless Post's President, Alexa oversees a team of over 50 product designers, technologists, and software engineers, and currently employs over 100 people in New York and London. Alexa has been named as one of Fortune's "10 Most Powerful Women Entrepreneurs"; Fast Company's "Most Influential Women in Technology"; and Forbes' "30 Under 30"; and in 2012, was named a New York Ventures Fellow from the New York City Economic Development Corporation. If you haven't check out Paperless Post yet you can do so at paperlesspost.com and be sure to follow them and Alexa on Instagram.
- Talking Top Tens: Sally & Molly MillerSisters, bloggers and tastemakers, Sally and Molly were born 15 months apart and grew up in Kansas City, Missouri. Sally went to college in Texas and pursued a degree in Early Childhood Education. Molly later left home to pursue a degree in Interior Design at a university in Ohio. Influenced and inspired by many things, the two sisters found that their creative spirits needed a place to thrive. In November 2010, they created A Piece of Toast, a lifestyle blog that shares daily inspiration through posts of style, home, beauty, and much more. Follow Sally and Molly on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, and Pinterest for your daily dose of (trendy) Toast!
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subset: commoncrawl


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In the traditional sense it has acted as a switch station for multiple branches/extensions of the same phone systems, redirecting calls to the correct user.
Generally, medium and large companies utilise a PBX as part of their business telephone service, as it's much more cost effective than connecting an external telephone line to every single handset within the establishment.
There are a few key roles of a PBX system:
- To create connections between telephone users inside the organisation as well as with callers outside the organisation
- To keep the connection open for as long as is required and to close it correctly at the end of the call
- To provide metrics on the system including call statistics and metering related to the calls
- To allocate an extension to each and every user within the network
- Offer the option of a call answering menu as well as call hold options
- Provision of a voice mail box for each extension
- Transfer of calls in and out of the network
- You can port your existing number to an ITSP (Internet Telecommunication Service Provider e.g. iinet / Telstra / Engin, Westnet) and keep it wherever or whenever you move.
iVoice Hosted PBX
- Reducing costs
Until the introduction of IP based PBX systems, installing the required infrastructure was not only time consuming, but it was expensive and required IT professionals to manage and maintain it.
With iVoice's hosted PBX however, there is no infrastructure installed on your site and there is no requirement for you to hire a dedicated IT professional and no lag time waiting for the system to be installed.
The entire infrastructure you ever need is hosted by us. We route all calls through our cloud based PBX VoIP and direct them to you. All that needs be done on your side is to plug in the handsets to your network and allocate an extension to each user. And with our simple online interface, changing, adding or deleting extensions is simple.
- Increasing scalability
The iVoice PBX solution is a cloud based system and therefore any alterations to the existing configuration can be easily handled. You do not require a technician to come in and set things up. With a little training, you can make the changes you need to your system through an online dashboard portal.
Furthermore, costs associated with system growth are incremental compared to the cost of a traditional PBX. With our hosted VoIP solution, your capital costs are limited to the purchase of new handsets; there is no cost for a new PBX, expensive labour or other network infrastructure.
Factor in that our system can support up to 500 simultaneous calls, and you have peace of mind knowing your iVoice solution is completely scalable and affordable.
- Increasing portability
Perhaps best of all, our handsets are pre-installed with iVoice software and a unique IP, enabling them to be plug-and-play compatible. That is, plug your iVoice enabled phone into any Ethernet port or broadband network and the handset will instantly register on your office network.
In terms of opening a new office, the benefits are incredible. No phone infrastructure or waiting to have your line activated. Just plug in the phones and start making calls!
As a leading Australian business VoIP provider, we are confident that we have a hosted VoIP solution that will suit your requirement. Contact us today.


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Recent History
Galvanized Metal Wall Container - Large
$19.99 $11.99
Spice up your wall decor with our Large Galvanized Metal Wall Container, and free up some counter space, too! This decorative metal bin is just waiting for your creative touch. Whether you fill it with living plants and herbs, use it to hold kitchen tools, or create a fun office storage solution, you'll love the modern farmhouse look! Add our small version for a fun matching set.
- Rating
- 5
- Features
- Can be hung on a wall or place on a shelf or countertop
- For decorative use only
- Origin
- Imported
- Dimensions
- 9" x 4.75" x 11.75"


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Companies waste an estimated $6.6 billion on unused software in the U.S. every year. With more options than ever, finding the right software for your dealership can be a challenge. How can you cut through the clutter and make sure your software dollars are well-spent? Download your free step-by-step guide to successfully navigating the software jungle. DOWNLOAD GUIDE
This weeks highlighted book is "Little Red Book of Selling" by Jeffrey Gitomer. I selected this book based on a message I received through Facebook from one of my previous students.
This student has had a lot of success the first three months on the car business, was actually the Sales Consultant of the month in his store for November and December. January has not been as kind, and he reached out to find out what gems of wisdom I had to help him break out of his case of "the smarts" as he put it.
My response was that he needed to help himself before I could do anything to help him. Where was the process falling apart? Is it always the same issue? How many days data do you have? Is anyone watching you do your presentation? No good data in, no great answers to give back.
The first step to fixing anything is knowing what to fix. In my training I teach my students to create a worksheet documenting their traffic, demo rides, times working figures, and clients sold. We break the month down into thirds to analyze so we never get prolonged slumps. Once you find the weak points you can ask anyone who knows the process to watch and clearly tell you where you are differing from what we know is successful.
Slumps are for chumps!
Here are a few tidbits for dealing with breaking out of a slump, once you get to the heart of the process breakdown from the Little Red Book of Selling:
Get someone you respect to evaluate your presentation - Once you know what part of the process needs some revamping, simply ask any of your teammates to watch you perform in front of a prospective client and give feedback on how close to your documented process you are performing.
Spend 30 minutes a day reading about your positive attitude – First thing in the morning set aside some me time to read or watch something motivational. Sometimes it isn't just the process, it might be the feeling behind it.
Avoid negative talk and negative people like the plague - Negativity sucks energy and focus lack a black hole. Negative people derive comfort from keeping those around them down, and justify their lack of success by encouraging failure in those around them.
Lastly, great quote in the book "Kick your own ass!"
You cannot help others until you invest in yourself. That all starts with caring about your own motivation.
Grab this book and get selling! Remember leave the slumps for chumps!


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St. John's Episcopal Church is a vibrant parish in the heart of Youngstown, Ohio. We have been an important part of the area's history for more than 150 years, and we continue to be right in the middle of this region's redevelopment and resurgence. We are known in the Mahoning Valley for the annual Boar's Head and Yule Log Festival, but there is a lot more going on at this parish.
We reach out to our community through the Red Door Café and food pantry, and many other missions. We learn together through Montessori-based children's education, Sunday morning adult forum sessions, and collaboration with Youngstown State University. We worship together on Sundays, but also on many other occasions.
We are the daughters and sons of the immigrants who came to work in the steel mills, and we are also folks who have just moved to the Youngstown area. We work in assembly plants and at hospitals; we are YSU students and professors, teachers, medical professionals, software developers, and public servants. We are children and parents and grandparents. We are young and old. We are liberal and conservative. We are long-time parishioners and newcomers.
Above all, we are an excited, passionate, and talented group of people committed to proclaiming the good news of Jesus Christ in our community and in our world.
If you are passing through, we pray God will go with you on your journey. If you are looking for a church home, we would love to share the ministry of St. John's with you.


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Download PAID iPhone, iPad Apps for FREE (Limited Period)
How to Get $25 Worth of Paid iPhone and iPad Apps for FREE
Apple iPhone and iPad users are in for a treat today as some of the best paid iOS apps on iTunes have been made FREE to Download for a limited period. Developers of these highly useful and top-rated iTunes apps and games have temporarily removed the price tags from the apps in the hope to get more users to download and install them. We have handpicked top 7 paid apps that are currently available for free. However, it is not clear for how long the offer will last; so, act fast and download these iOS apps that are normally all paid, but are free downloads right now.
So welcome to the biggest list of paid iPhone and iPad apps of the month, featuring 7 awesome iOS apps that you would normally spend a combined $25 to download. If you download these now, each and every app on this list is completely FREE. So hurry!
Infinity Blade (Normally $5.99, Now FREE!)
Celebrate FREEdom and download the original Infinity Blade blockbuster FREE this weekend! Winner of the 2011 Apple Design Award, and more than 20 "Game of the Year" & "Top App" awards! Tons of NEW FREE CONTENT available now! This is the first mobile game powered by Epic's cutting-edge Unreal Engine 3 technology, Infinity Blade takes handheld gaming to new heights with gorgeous visuals, adrenaline-fueled battles and advanced character progression in a fully 3D castle realm. Download Infinity Blade
Modern Combat 5: Blackout (Normally $3.99, Now FREE!)
Modern Combat 5 is a very popular multiplayer game and is iTune App Store's Best of 2014 in 28 countries! The game requires an iPad 2 (or newer), iPhone 4s (or newer), or iPod touch 5th Generation. An Internet connection is required to play. Step into the action as the latest installment in the best FPS series raises the bar for shooters once more! Create a squad, add your friends and test your individual and team skills against other squads! Is single player your thing? Then step into a world on the brink of anarchy and shoot your way out of one dire situation after another to expose a lunatic who's trying to tear the world to shreds. Download Modern Combat 5: Blackout
MilkCrate (Normally $2.99, Now FREE!)
Top 10 Best App for Vinyl Collection by AppCrawlr. Featured on TheVinylFactory and WaxTime. Get info on the spot! Prices, tracklists, ratings, descriptions, discography & label info, are all accessible! Tired of buying records with awesome album art that you end up hating? Check out audio samples on YouTube while you dig! Find something you need? Add it to your collection or wantlist from the app. Want to buy? Tap the market listing to purchase on Discogs. Like jumping around between labels, artists, and other related projects? Now you can! Want to share? Recommend albums to friends through iMessage/Email/Facebook/Twitter. Download MilkCrate
Sesame – Recipe Manager (Normally $4.99, Now FREE!)
Open Sesame and you pull together every recipe you've ever wanted to cook. Sesame scours the web to help you find your favorite recipes, store them, use them, adapt them, shop and even share them via your mobile device. It's like walking around with your very own digital recipe collection right there at your fingertips. It's fast: In just a few taps, you can find exactly what you're looking for, saving you masses of time pouring over endless recipe books and magazines. Download Sesame
Pics2Mov (Normally $1.99, Now FREE!)
With Pics2Mov, anyone can make a cool video easily and quickly. When your precious memories are too good to be kept as a still photo, when you want to share your everyday events as single themed memories, and when you want to keep your loving child's memories as they grow, have a go at making an HD video with various music. You can share your precious moments using our easy and concise interface. Download Pics2Mov
Say Play (Normally $2.99, Now FREE!)
Play any song in the world by just saying its name. Join the 15,000 music lovers who already discovered the future of playing songs. Say Play uses a powerful voice search and plays your desired song immediately.
1. Just say a name of a song (for example: "Blackbird by The Beatles")
2. Say Play will find your song and play it
3. Swipe to the left to remove a song from the songs history Download Say Play
VidLab (Normally $1.99, Now FREE!)
"VidLab is the most fun you'll have with video on an iPhone"! VidLab is a multi-track, multi-clip video editor that allows you to easily create beautiful & fun videos & photo stories by adding text, artwork, music, video & sound effects, overlays, voice-overs & more to your videos! Download VidLab
DISCLAIMER: These apps were free at the time this list was created. If you click on an app download link but see a price listed next to the app instead of the word "free," then it is no longer free and the offer has ended. If you still go ahead to download the app, you will end up being charged.


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Universities for Accounting
Read real facts related to Universities for Accounting, offering different programs and courses in accountancy. All around the world, there are numerous universities that cater to all types of students. A university can cater to local and international students and … Continue reading
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16" x 24" 4 Mil Heavy Duty PE Bags - 500 on a Roll (1 Roll) [PR41624]
Buy 1 pack of 1 for $145.00
1 pieces @ $145 each = $145.00
Buy 3 packs of 1 for
each and save 7%
3 pieces @ $135 each = $405.00
Buy 6 packs of 1 for
each and save 14%
6 pieces @ $125 each = $750.00
Buy 10 packs of 1 for
each and save 21%
10 pieces @ $115 each = $1150.00
Our 4 Mil poly bags on a roll provide an easy way to package heavy products. Loose, larger bags are difficult to store and manage. PR41624 is our roll of 16" x 24" 4 Mil Heavy-Duty PE Bags and provides a perfect packaging solution for artwork, frames, collectibles, toys, electronics, industrial parts, and more. This roll contains 500 perforated bags that are easily stored and dispensed. Made with twice the tensile strength as traditional poly bags, these heavy-weight bags are puncture resistant for abrasive or sharp-pointed items and have a durable bottom seam for added strength. The 4 mil polyethylene plastic protects your products from scratches, handling, and dust, and works well for shipping of items.Product Details:
- Pack Quantity: 500
- Color: Clear
- Thickness: 4 mil
- Material: PE (Polyethylene)
- Outer Dimensions: 16" x 24"
- Closure: Open-ended
- Food Safe: Yes
- Engineered to provide three times the impact and twice the tensile strength of traditional low-density polyethylene bags
- Wound on 3" core and manufactured with a durable bottom seal
- Heavy-duty thickness provides protection and puncture resistance for sharp-edged objects
- Ideal for shipping and packaging large or bulky items
- Perforated for easy tear off
- Easy storage and dispensing
The most popular use is for packaging and storing frames.
This product works well with the following:
- Frames
- Artwork
- Collectibles
- Books
- Electronics
- Auto parts
- For a larger version of this bag see PR42028
- For a version of this bag that is 24" wide, try PR42436
- For a BOPP, Flap Seal Bag this size, consider B1624
- For our full line of Bags on a Roll, click here
- Sizes indicates the opening side as the first dimension
- Bag dimensions have +/- 1/16" size tolerance
- Custom printing and sizing available (Visit our customs page for more information)
|Additional Info
|Bags on a Roll
|Pack Quantity
|Color Description
|4 mil


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At Around the Yard, we specialize in the complete design and installation of water irrigation systems for both residential and commercial applications. With your new Rain Bird irrigation system your yard will be lush and green, the envy of all your neighbors. For your peace of mind, we provide a 3 year limited warranty on our sprinkler systems.
Our irrigation specialists repair all brands of sprinkler systems as well as do annual fall blow outs to ensure your system doesn't get any damage. Call Around the Yard today, for your free estimate.
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David Leyonhjelm refuses to apologise for video of him abusing police
He made headlines earlier this week over the row on gun laws and now Liberal Democrat Senator David Leyonhjelm is in the spotlight once again.
There have been calls for Senator Leyonhjelm to apologise after a video surfaced showing him telling protestors at a Queensland rally that he would be happy for police to "lie on the side of the road and bleed to death"
While there has been public outcry over the angry outburst the senator has come out today and defended his words, saying: "In the context, they (the comments) were appropriate".
Senator Leyonhjelm was speaking out against the proposed bikie laws in Queensland, which saw huge crackdowns on bikie groups and crime, when the video was recorded.
The footage shows him at a rally for Queensland's Vicious Lawless Association Disestablishment law, where he also said police were on a "collision course" with the public.
It's not the first time the Senator has spoken out against police either. Last year, he criticised police for their treatment of football fans.
"There is a saying amongst them that all cops are bastards," Senator Leyonhjelm said then. "The cops have earned that label, they have to un-earn it."
His comments are in stark contrast to most politicians and indeed the general public, many of whom see our police force as heroes.
Despite calls for an apology, it seems Senator Leyonhjelm is standing by his words.


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The sheriff's department of Madison County, Mississippi, methodically and often brutally targets black residents with a coordinated system of checkpoints and unconstitutional searches, the American Civil Liberties Union alleged in a federal lawsuit filed Monday.
These alleged tactics have left the black community of Madison "under a permanent state of siege," the suit says.
In an 86-page complaint, the ACLU of Mississippi and the law firm Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP accuse the Madison County Sheriff's Department of abusing its power to uphold racial segregation and oppression in Mississippi's wealthiest county.
"For Black residents, Madison County is a Constitution-free zone where their right to equal protection under the law and against unreasonable searches and seizures is nonexistent," Jennifer Riley-Collins, executive director of the ACLU of Mississippi, said in a statement.
Madison County is approximately 57 percent white and 38 percent black, according to the 2010 Census. The population remains starkly divided along both racial and economic lines, however, with "predominantly Black towns, neighborhoods, and business districts and predominantly white towns, neighborhoods, and business districts," according to the suit.
Read the entire article here
Read the full ACLU suit here
Read more Breaking News here
Our annual Gathering celebrates the legacy of America's Black Holocaust Museum founder, Dr. James Cameron. In his honor, we bring together people from all corners of Greater Milwaukee for learning and fellowship.
The theme of this year's event is "Let's Face It: How Communities Remember and Repair Racial Trauma."
MORNING SESSION: Open to Organizational Sponsors and the Public. Attendees see a sneak preview screening of the new documentary Always In Season. Immediately following the film, there will be an audience talkback with the film's director. She will be joined on stage by experts from around the country and Greater Milwaukee who will briefly introduce their communities' commemorative projects, then take questions and comments from the audience.
AFTERNOON SESSION: Open to Organizational Sponsors Only. Members of our co-sponsoring organizations attend the Founder's Day Luncheon and Keynote Address, followed by intimate Roundtable Discussions with experts from across the country sharing restorative experiences from their communities.
All event proceeds provide essential funding for the community education programs of the Dr. James Cameron Legacy Foundation, including America's Black Holocaust Museum.
The Foundation advances the work of civil rights pioneer, Dr. James Cameron, by preserving and sharing the African American experience as part of American history and culture, promoting interracial dialogue, and fostering repair and reconciliation.
Investment Requested $10,000
Investment Requested $5,000
Investment Requested $1,000
These opportunities are specific to the format of Gathering 2017 and may not be repeated in future years. Join the conversation and help Milwaukee learn from other communities' strategies for promoting racial repair and reconciliation.
Exclusive Sponsorship – Investment Requested $2,500
Exclusive Sponsorship – Investment Requested $2,500
Exclusive Sponsorship – Investment Requested $1,500
Limited Inventory, 24 – Investment Requested $300
Thanks for joining with other organizations and individuals to invest in repair and reconciliation!
This event is funded in part by a grant from the Wisconsin Humanities Council, with funds from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the State of Wisconsin. Any views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this project do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities. The Wisconsin Humanities Council supports and creates programs that use history, culture, and discussion to strengthen community life for everyone in Wisconsin.
Johnny Ruffin reached into his wallet and pulled out $35…defiantly displaying most of the money he had to his name for anyone to see.
About 10 minutes earlier, Ruffin explained his financial plight to a Milwaukee Municipal Court judge who had none of it, telling him that he must pay $120, the last of the $1,200 in fines and fees that he had amassed over the last decade for various minor traffic and drug offenses.
"Tickets have just built up. I have been paying since 2005 and I still can't believe I'm not caught up… every time I pay $60, $60, $60," he said, adding that he doesn't know how he'll find $120.
The 35-year-old black man is no saint. But the two-time felon has been trying to make amends by working a full-time job at a gun factory and routinely making payments to the court system to avoid jail time, despite claiming that the amount he was told he still owed is inaccurate.
"A lot of the stuff they got me on wasn't even me…" he said. "I'm locked into the system until I can get it all cleaned up. I'm going to be stuck for awhile. I'm chalking it up to the system."
Ruffin's situation is emblematic of the financial entanglement many poor black men have gotten themselves into with the city's municipal judicial system, according to local experts who say the system criminalizes poverty by levying monetary penalties, driver's license suspensions and ultimately jail time on defendants who do not have the means to pay their citations.
"This is a part of the cycle of poverty," said John Pawasarat, director of the Employment and Training Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
"It's a pretty irresponsible way to do business if you're a public body dealing with the citizens in your city. These people are on the fringe and this is the last thing they need," said Pawasarat…
Despite the rampant poverty that grips Milwaukee's inner city, citations that carry a relatively hefty fine are one of the city's methods of choice to punish offenders for non-criminal infractions.
For instance, a disorderly conduct citation carries a fine of at least $200, which could amount to two-thirds of a weekly pay check for an individual who earns $7.25 an hour, the minimum wage for a full-time job. Defendants who are found guilty must pay a fine or face a suspended driver's license or jail time.
According to court data obtained by NNS…the Milwaukee Police Department writes a disproportionate number of citations in some of the city's poorest areas. Although only 12 percent of Milwaukee residents live in two of the city's poorest ZIP codes…people in those ZIP codes received 17 percent of the 430,000 tickets written from 2011 to 2014.
The disparity in citations by income is also illustrated by comparing the number of tickets written in the 53206 ZIP code, where half the residents live in poverty, to the number written in the 53215 ZIP code, a predominantly Hispanic neighborhood where about a third of residents live in poverty, the same as the citywide average. Police wrote about one ticket for every four people in 53206 compared to one ticket for every 11 people in 53215 in 2014.
A typical day at the Milwaukee Municipal Court…begins when dozens of defendants…travel up to the courtrooms. Once on the second floor, they file through a security checkpoint, where they place their metal items into a plastic bin and walk through a metal detector…
Moments later those assembled in the Branch 2 courtroom rise to their feet as Judge Derek Mosley strolls in and takes his seat in front and high above the court. For several hours, he and two other judges work their way through a long docket of cases, hearing the constant drumbeat of financial despair on the part of many defendants.
"I get it. I get it," Mosley said, back in his chamber… "It starts with jobs. The problem we have is that the individuals getting cited probably wouldn't be getting cited if they had employment… and were stakeholders in the community…"
With this in mind, judges try to incentivize employment by waiving fines for defendants who come back to court with proof that they got a job or enrolled in school.
"The court is not going to get any money, but who cares?" Mosley said. "It reduces recidivism because (employed defendants) don't come back. I have no control over bringing businesses to Milwaukee…but I can try to get people to jobs to better themselves."
Some violations directly involve victims…while others are victimless crimes… Mosley said he tries to strike a fine balance between fairness for poor defendants and justice for victims, many of whom are also poor and minority.
"When I get an assault and battery from the 53206 ZIP code, the defendant and the victim look exactly the same," Mosley said. "I look at the back of the ticket and look at the victim (many of whom) are black or Mexican and poor. It's hard for me to tell the victim of an assault and battery that (the defendant) lives in the 06 zip code and I have to help them out."
Even if defendants do not plan to fight their cases, Mosley implores them to come to court, where they can make arrangements to pay their obligations and where he can reduce fines and demerit points…
He said, however, that defendants typically fear the court system and believe that if they show up, they will be taken into custody if they have a municipal warrant against them.
"We have a policy in municipal court that if you walk in, you will walk out," Mosley said, noting that judges will lift all warrants against individuals if they pay $20 toward their fines, regardless of how much they owe…
Police and local lawmakers have begun to address some of the city's citation practices for minor, nonviolent infractions. Police officials have said they've made a concerted effort not to ticket for minor traffic offenses over the last few years, decreasing the overall number of tickets written by 46 percent from 2011 to 2014. In addition, the Milwaukee Common Council significantly slashed the fine for possessing a small amount of marijuana.
"One of the issues that continues to come up is the injustice many people feel who live in communities that are overly policed and where ordinances and laws are stringently enforced," said Ald. Ashanti Hamilton… "We have pretty much criminalized where you live and what you look like."
The intersection between race, poverty and the local judicial system has been a concern of the Justice Initiatives Institute…which recently published a report examining defendants who were jailed after they failed to appear in court and pay their fines.
The report examined the economic and demographic characteristics of defendants processed through a courtroom in the county jail separate from the main court facility in the Milwaukee Police Department, from 2008 to 2013. It studied 26,000 defendants, most of whom were arrested on a municipal warrant after not paying a citation and spending two or three days in jail on each occasion, earning time served, which reduces the amount of money owed for a fine.
The study found about 85 percent never paid anything on their citations; about two-thirds of those jailed did not have a job. Of those who were employed, 40 percent worked low-paying jobs. Black men had seven times as many cases associated with citations as white men.
"The trends in the unemployment rates in Milwaukee mirrored the trends in how people were appearing in our study. When the unemployment rates went up, the number of people in our study…was going up. So it's linked to poverty," said Marilyn Walczak…
According to court officials, the city's jailing policy changed in May 2012. Before the change, defendants for the most part were eligible to be released on a recognizance bond when the first warrant was issued for not paying their fines. When subsequent warrants were issued, they were held until they paid a cash bond. Now defendants are eligible for a signature bond the first three times they are taken into custody on a warrant for not paying their fines…
The city spent more than $10 million to jail the 26,000 defendants for not paying about $5.7 million they owed from 2008 to 2013…
The court itself earns a profit each year, according to a cost-benefit document drafted by the city's budget office in November 2014. The document showed that the court earned a net of between $1.5 and $2.8 million each year from 2009 to 2013, although that does not take into account several direct and indirect costs such as expenses associated with paying for collections, bailiffs and city attorneys.
"Our revenue goes into the city's general fund," Islo said, noting that the money from citations helps fund city departments that do not generate revenue on their own.
The city's Judiciary and Legislation Committee recently passed a resolution asking for the State of Wisconsin to allow the city to apply a surcharge on each municipal fine. The funds would pay to store data from police-worn body cameras, which officials expect to cost $1.7 million.
"The people you are taking the money from… very often do not have the financial resources to pay their fines," said Chris Ahmuty, executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union of Wisconsin…
State law allows for defendants to apply for an indigence determination and makes available community service and alternative sanctions rather than monetary penalties to those who cannot pay.
But very few defendants take advantage of these alternatives. In the impoverished 53206 ZIP code, only 723 defendants who received 41,900 citations from 2011 to 2014 were offered and agreed to alternative sanctions…
"I have seen instances in Milwaukee where people are not advised and…no effort is made to communicate with them about their ability to pay or alternatives [available] to them if they can't pay," said James Gramling, a former Milwaukee Municipal Court judge…
Another sign that defendants do not know their rights is that only 994 of 434,463 citations written were adjudicated in a court trial from 2011 to 2014. Part of the reason for this may be the wording on the citation itself…
The citation doesn't make it clear that defendants have the right to appear to contest the charge against them, added Walczak…
"When you are first given a ticket, it says that you don't have to appear," she said. "But what that means is that if you want to admit you're wrong and pay the ticket, you don't have to appear and you can just send your money in. But I don't think people understand that."
Walczak also blames the fact that there is no online form designated solely for defendants who want to apply for an indigence determination. There is a form to apply to make installment payments. In addition, an informational pamphlet available in court makes no mention of alternative sanctions for people who are indigent, although a third of the city's residents live in poverty.
Court officials "don't take time to fairly and aggressively determine ability to pay. They put the burden of that on the defendant," she said. "If the (defendant) doesn't bring it up in court, they don't bring it up."
Read the full article here.
Read more Breaking News here.


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The Grants to States Program
The Grants to States Program is the largest grant program run by IMLS; it provides funds to State Library Administrative Agencies (SLAAs) using a population-based formula set by the law. SLAAs determine goals and objectives for the funds in their statutorily required five-year plan (see below). For more information, see the Grants to States program overview.
"Our three major priorities are to advance libraries as community anchor institutions, help libraries build digitally inclusive communities, and support early childhood literacy programs. We encourage Idaho librarians to meet the needs of patrons who come to the library for informal learning through virtual sources and print materials, as well as those who access library resources remotely."
-- Idaho Commission for Libraries
Read the Idaho Commission for Libraries interview with IMLS.
The Grants to States Program
The Grants to States Program is the largest grant program run by IMLS; it provides funds to State Library Administrative Agencies (SLAAs) using a population-based formula set by the law. SLAAs determine goals and objectives for the funds in their statutorily required five-year plan. For more information, see the Grants to States program overview.
Project Examples
Special Populations
Through a Special Populations Project, the Idaho Commission for Libraries targeted underserved tweens, teens, and mid-life adults and sought to find new and effective ways to engage them through library services. As part of this project, 66 school and public libraries hosted Teen Read Week events and 44 hosted Teen Tech Week events. The Make It at the Library program reached 3,585 teens/tweens and 1,120 families, and it enabled the transformation of libraries into places to gather, explore, discover, and collaborate. Another program under this project involved library staff training on related programming and VolunteerMatch, which resulted in improved volunteer matching and connections for the library community. In addition, eight library staff served on the Mid-Life Adult Advisory Committee, which completed eight community assessments and created a webpage for the target audience.
IMLS Funds: $97,143
Read To Me
To address reading and school readiness, the statewide Read to Me Project provides information, training, technical assistance and resources for Idaho libraries and their community partners. As part of the project, the Idaho Commission for Libraries trained and provided resources for 36 libraries participating in My First Books, including 27,900 developmentally appropriate books for over 3,000 children. It also provided support for Idaho Family Reading Week, in which 119 public and school libraries participated. The project included a two-day early literacy outreach training for 72 library staff, as well as resources for five Idaho libraries to host Child Care Reads Workshops for 206 child care providers. Every Child Ready to Read Workshops at 17 libraries reached 363 parents and 508 children, and 25 libraries hosted Fun with Math and Science Workshops that served 440 parents and 970 children.
IMLS Funds: $439,968
Other project(s) featured through IMLS media include:
- Idaho Commission for Libraries' Transforming Life After 50 project (in partnership with California State Library, Oregon State Library, and Washington State Library) Transforming Life After 50: Public Libraries and Baby Boomers
Search the Awarded Grants Database for additional details about awards in this state.
View the IMLS funding by state report - Idaho (PDF, 943KB) with additional information about all IMLS funding for this state (FY 2011 – FY 2016).
Five-Year Plan Highlights
Lifelong Learning
General Services and Initiatives
- Offer programs to foster college and career readiness.
- Expand our Mid-Life Adults Program that targets lifelong learning interests of adults who are over 50 years old.
- Serve youth from birth to eight years and their parents and caregivers, including those with limited literacy skills, through Read to Me programs, family and early literacy programming and training, summer reading programs, and programs for English language learners
Online Learning
- Offer workshops that teach 21st century skills to the public.
Information Access
Access to E-Resources
- Coordinate, support and promote training in the use of our networked library services, Libraries Linking Idaho (LiLI), and our digital repository (STACKS).
- Encourage the use of current and new technologies to support access to information and services.
Economic and Employment Development
Job Seekers
- Target job seekers for our digital literacy programs.
- Coordinate and support public and private partnerships in the interest of job seekers.
Business Resources
- Coordinate and support public and private partnerships in the interest of small business development.
Institutional Capacity
Continuing Education
- Offer staff training in 21st century skills, including the use of emerging technologies.
- Offer training and support in designing and providing services that eliminate barriers to access.
- Offer staff training to meet the leadership needs of our expanded Mid-Life Adults Program that targets adults who are over 50 years old.
Marketing and Market Research
- Advance libraries as community anchor institutions.
- Demonstrate the role of libraries in the education process and promote the role of teacher-librarian and community outreach efforts.
- Reach out for public and private partnerships for our expanded Mid-Life Adults Program that targets adults who are over 50 years old, and include staff training and outreach for public and private partnerships in this effort.
- Coordinate and support the development of public and private partnerships for other programs and initiatives of mutual interest.
Human Services
Special Services for Special Needs
- Serve individuals who are unable to read regular print, hold a book, or turn pages due to a temporary or permanent physical limitation through the Talking Book Service and coordinated outreach, and the promotion of programs and services, including new formats, for their special needs.
IMLS Data Collection
State Library Administrative Agency Survey
The State Library Administrative Agency Survey (SLAA) provides descriptive data about state library agencies for all fifty states and the District of Columbia.
Public Libraries Survey
The Public Libraries Survey (PLS) provides national descriptive data on the status of public libraries in the United States and its territories. Data are collected from more than 9,000 public library systems with over 17,000 public library outlets. Explore state-level profiles to find and compare totals on key data such as numbers of libraries and librarians, revenue and expenditures, and collection sizes.


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Welcome! Willkommen! Добро пожаловать ! Bienvenido! An Ukrainian Adventure - How an Austrian went to Ukraine for Post Graduate Study. Dipl.-Ing. Peter Anzenberger panzenberger@h tl-grieskirchen.at www.htl-grieskirchen.at. Who I am. Born: 1960 Married with Ukrainian wife, 1 daughter
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Dipl.-Ing. Peter Anzenberger
Oracle GmbH (Vienna), EGOS (Innsbruck),
WIFI (Linz, Graz), CCIT (Vienna)
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A Red Bird Plant Fav: Tete a tete Daffodil win's our garden heart for this week's #FridayPlantHappyHour sip.
Here's the #healinggarden boost:
– engages the senses (sniff that!)
– keeps you timed with nature's clock (early spring song sung!)
– enlivening color of yellow blossom (hope! courage!)
– encourages positive memory associations (tie a yellow ribbon 'round that old oak tree…)
As seen here by this photo taken by Phil Chester Photography of our #thriveoutsidefeelgoodinside Showcase Garden at Yard, Garden & Patio Show in 2013, we used this favorite darling daff to induce happiness and cheerfulness for our garden visitors.
Outfitting your garden with purpose helps boost your sense of self, recharges your batteries and puts a twinkle in your eye. [tweet that!]
Your turn::
How does color and fragrance affect you in nature? Are there certain colors that you are drawn to (or need more of) or smells that cast a happy spell over you?
Need help selecting and styling your outdoor space, purposefully so that you are guaranteed to #restoreoutdoors? Drop a question in the comments below. And let's see what Red Bird can do to help you #GetYourBloomOn.


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Operation: Duisburg - Operation Hurricane
Date: 14 October 1944 (Saturday)
Unit: No.425 RCAF Squadron (Alouette)
Type: Handley Page Halifax III
Serial: MZ674
Code: KW-N
Base: RAF Tholthorpe, Yorkshire
Location: Bracht, Germany
Pilot: Fl/Lt. Jean Galipeau, DFC J/36436 RCAF PoW No.8369 Stalag Luft 4 Sagan and Belaria
Flt/Eng: P/O Francis Harvey Eade, C/95153, RCAF Age 21. Killed
Nav: F/O Dell Alfred Butler, J/36829 RCAF Age 34. Killed
Air/Bmr: F/Sgt. Charles Frederick Williamson, RCAF PoW No.1088 Stalag Luft 7 Bankau-Kreulberg
W/Op/Air Gn: P/O Leonard Hunter Hogg, J/95085 RCAF Age 21. Killed
Air/Gnr: F/Sgt. Joseph Omer Bazinet, RCAF PoW No: Unknown. Stalag VIJ Fichtenhain bei Krefeld, Germany. Wings awarded December 1943 at Mont Joli, Quebec
Air/Gnr: Sgt. Joseph Leo Marcel Pare, RCAF PoW No.1077 Stalag Luft 7 Bankau-Kreulberg
Air/Gnr. P/O Charles Maurice Crabtree, J/85152 RCAF Age 23. Killed
Air Chief Marshall Sir Arthur Harris had been given a directive which became known as Operation Hurricane to 'demonstrate to the enemy in Germany generally the overwhelming superiority of the Allied Air Forces in this theatre . . . the intention is to apply within the shortest practical period the maximum effort of the Royal Air Force Bomber Command and the VIIIth United States Bomber Command against objectives in the densely populated Ruhr.'
On the morning of 14 October, the RAF was detailed to mount a daylight attack on Duisberg to be followed by a second attack that night. Additionally that night, the RAF targeted Brunswick while the American Eighth Air Force concentrated a daylight raid against targets in the Cologne area.
At 06:05 hours F/L Galipeau and crew took off as part of a force of 1,013 aircraft of Bomber Command for the first of the attacks on Duisberg. After being airborne for three hours and approaching the target, the Halifax was hit in the starboard wing setting it on fire. Despite the crews' efforts to put out the blaze the aircraft became uncontrollable upon which Captain Galipeau gave the order to bale out.
The following is his account of the loss during an interview held on 29 May 1945 upon his release as a PoW:
'The operational flight was my 20th. Everything was normal until we reached Germany. When about twenty miles or so from the target (around nine o'clock in the morning) there was a fair amount of flak. I saw about five big explosions ahead of me in the air which I thought might have been aircraft exploding. Then I saw two Halifaxes spinning down, one in flames. By that time we were at the bombing run. Just after we released the bombs we received a direct hit in the starboard wing by flak, the shell just going through without exploding. The two starboard boost gauges showed 6 ½ pounds boost after that but the r.p.m. were still okay. Then the Mid-Upper spotted the fire in the wing and told me so. The engineer told me one tank was draining fast. After that I tried to feather starboard propellers without success. We could not put out the fire. I told the crew we might have to bale out. The only other thing which I could do was to take a chance and dive the aircraft a bit in hopes of blowing out the flames. Although this was a very dangerous thing to do I decided to try it but the effort was not successful. By that time one of the tanks which was on fire was almost drained. I expected the aircraft to blow up at any time so reduced the speed to about 160 m.p.h. and told the crew to do an emergency bale out so as to be out as soon as possible. The two starboard props were just windmilling and made the aircraft hard to control and we were losing height fast. After I saw the Bomb Aimer leaving I checked the intercom to see that everybody was out. Having no answer I started to get out of my seat. I looked back and there was quite a bit of smoke in the aircraft. I could not see anyone so I baled out. I saw the aircraft go in a spiral and enter a thin layer of cloud (after my chute was open). I went through the clouds after which I saw two or three other chutes. When I got down fairly close to the ground the Germans opened up fire on me with light machine pistol and rifle. I spilled air out of my chute and luckily enough I reached the ground without being hit. I was captured immediately on reaching the ground. The WOP handed me my chute. Out feet first. Fell back on loosening quick release and became unconscious.'
F/L Galipeau enlisted in Ottawa in 1940, a month before his 23rd birthday for General Duties. Quickly rising through the ranks he remustered for aircrew in March 1942 and was posted to No.4 Manning Depot at Quebec City. Sent to No.3 ITS Victoriaville in January 1943 he graduated that April and was immediately posted to No.11 EFTS at Cap de la Madeleine, Quebec. Upon graduation in June, he attended No.13 SFTS at St.Hubert, Quebec graduating and earning his commission that October. Arriving in England at the end of that month Galipeau joined 425 Squadron and was promoted to Flying Officer in April 1944. That September he was promoted to Flight Lieutenant being shot down one month later after completing 19 sorties with a total of 90 operational hours.
His recommendation for an award from W/C Hugh Ledoux, Commanding Officer of 425 Squadron reads as follows:
A pilot of a Halifax bomber Flight Lieutenant Gallipeau (shown right) has exhibited outstanding skill in operations over the numerous targets assigned to him. On October 4th 1944, Flight Lieutenant Gallipeau's crew were detailed to bomb a submarine base in Bergen, Norway. On the run in to the target the flak was very heavy. Despite these adverse conditions a successful bombing attack was driven home. Immediately on leaving the target the starboard outer engine failed and had to be feathered. The aircraft was flown on three engines for five minutes when the starboard inner engine also failed and losing considerable height Flight Lieutenant Gallipeau ordered his crew to prepare for ditching. Undaunted by this engine trouble the pilot turned off course and headed for the coast of Norway. After two attempts to restart either of the engines he was successful in bringing into play the starboard outer engine. The pilot immediately turned towards home gaining height until the starboard outer engine stopped again. Displaying remarkable determination, Flight Lieutenant Gallipeau succeeded in restarting the starboard outer engine two more times after it had stopped. In this way he was able to land his aircraft on an emergency field without loss of life and without damaged to the aircraft. His cool courage and superb airmanship under these adverse flying conditions were a source of encouragement to the remainder of his crew. His outstanding gallantry and dogged determination in the face of danger are highly commendable. In recognition of this officer s exceptional presence of mind and good judgement I highly recommend that he be awarded the immediate Distinguished Flying Cross.
After the war, Galipeau served with the RCAF for a further 7 years retiring in 1952.
Left: Obituary 1988 for Fl/Lt. Galipeau Centre: F/Sgt. Charles F. Williamson Right: P/O Charles M. Crabtree
Halifax MZ674 "Nobody's Baby"
This nose art story begins on a Halifax production line and a new batch started 13 May 1944. Two days later Halifax Mk. III, serial MZ674 is delivered to No. 426 [Thunderbird] Squadron of the RCAF and flies her first operation on 17 May 44. The aircraft has received the code letters OW-W and is flown on a number of operations by the Officer Commanding "B" flight, S/L B.D. Patterson from Calgary, Alberta. His log book shows he flew Halifax MZ674 on eleven dates, [beginning 17 May 44] which included seven operations, the last to Boulogne on 15 June 1944. During this period of time he had nose art of a Wolf painted on this Halifax, with words "Willie the Wolf from the West" [Calgary].
In mid-June 1944, No. 426 Squadron begin to re-equip with new Halifax Mk. VII aircraft, and serial MZ674 is transferred to No. 425 [Alouette] French-Canadian Squadron on 16 June 44. The original S/L Patterson nose art of Wolf remains, however the new 425 crew give her a new name "Nobody's Baby".
Clarence Simonsen
P/O. Francis Harvey Eade, Reichswald Forest War Cemetery, Germany. Grave 9 A 1. Son of Matthew Henry and Edgarita (nee Harvey) Eade of Timmins,
Ontario, Canada.
Further details: Enlisted 1941. Eade Lake, District of Cochrane, Ontario was named after P/O Eade in 1958.
F/O. Dell Alfred Butler, Reichswald Forest War Cemetery, Germany. Grave 31 A 2. Son of Alfred Celestial and Martha Jane (nee Moore) Butler, husband of Mary (nee Wright) Butler of Cochrane, Ontario, Canada.
P/O. Leonard Hunter Hogg, Reichswald Forest War Cemetery, Germany. Grave 31 A 2. Son of Leo Sebastian and Jessie Thompson (nee Gray) Hogg of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
P/O. Charles
Maurice Crabtree, Reichswald Forest War Cemetery, Germany. Grave 9 A 2. Son of Maurice and Edith Evelyn (nee Liddell) Crabtree of
Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Further details: After graduating with a BA from the University of Toronto, Charles enisted in the Armoured Corps taking an officers cource at Brockville before remustering into the airforce. Crabtree Island in the Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, Ontario was named after P/O. Crabtree in 1960.
Researched and written by Colin Bamford for Aircrew Remembered and dedicated to the families of all those aboard Halifax MZ674. With thanks to the daughter of Fl/Lt. Jean Galipeau, DFC, Nicole Sicotte for photographs and obituary clipping.
Chorley, W.R. Royal Air Force Bomber Command Losses of the Second World War Volume 5 1944. Midland 2007
Middlebrook, M. & Everitt C. The Bomber Command War Diaries. Midland 2011
425 Squadron Operations Record Book, National Archives AIR/27/1838
Airforce Association of Canada
University of Toronto Torontoensis 1942. Toronto Students Administrative Council 1942.
Halifax MZ674 "Nobody's Baby" by Clarence Simonsen from "Lest We Forget" Pierre Legacé blog.
At the going down of the sun, and in the morning we will remember
them. - Laurence
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© Aircrew Remembered 2012 - 2018 Last Modified: 01 May 2015, 22:29