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Check out Bari Musawwir's all new blog from this past weekends event in Fargo, North Dakota. Bari gives us a great inside look at his time in Fargo, where he got a chance to interact with many great fans, read to children at a local library, and drive El Toro Loco in three big events at the Fargo Dome.
Back in late 2010 when I got my first glimpse of my 2011 Advance Auto Parts Monster Jam Schedule of events, my eyes immediately focused on Fargo, North Dakota! Why you ask? Well its simple, being that I live in Orlando, Florida, I thought to myself, I better start looking for some winter clothes pretty quickly, if I'm going to have any shot at making it through the sub zero temperatures of Fargo. I checked the weather in the week leading up to the Monster Jam at the Fargo Dome, and much to my surprise the weather was actually supposed to warmed up to a the mid to high 20's at night and low 30's during the day for the duration of my stay. When I arrived in Fargo Thursday afternoon I had to head straight to my Display at Casey's General Store in Dilworth, Minnesota, which was about 15 minutes away from the airport in Fargo. I arrived around 3:15pm and my Crew Travis and Scott were already there with EL Toro Loco, signing autographs, taking photos, and doing Monster Jam Prize drawings. I got a chance to meet some die hard Monster Jam fans throughout the entire time inside the store. The Casey's General Store staff was great to work with, and we had a blast. They told me I couldn't leave without getting a Casey's General Store temporary tattoo, and before I knew it they had it plastered on my neck!
Once we had given everything away at Casey's we headed back to the dome to drop off the trailer inside, to let the Crazy Bull sit inside and warm up before unloading it the next morning. I went to get checked in at the hotel, and then met the gang for dinner at Laddy's Grill. There we met up with the tech crew and some of my fellow competitors, Mike Vaters with Black Stallion, Trey Myers with Iron Warrior, and Candice Jolly with Monster Mutt Dalmatian. It's always a good time to share stories and jokes before all the Monster Jam action starts.
Friday morning I caught up with my team mate Rod Schmidt and his Family and we headed out for an awesome breakfast at Perkins. Once we were stuffed we made our way back to the hotel to hang out for a bit. I decided to see if there were any hobby shops around town to go and visit. It's always fun to see what cool finds you might come across when your somewhere other than your local hobby shop. I ended up at Hobby Hut where they had a small selection of RC trucks, but a wide variety of all sorts of different hobbies from plastic models to train sets.
After returning from my hobby shop outing, I figured I would make my way to the stadium to check out El Toro Loco and the track layout. I decided to continue my aluminum polishing ritual that I started in Little Rock, and was able to get the motor and exhaust pretty shinny on the old Bull. Before I knew it, it was time to go do some media for the local news and head to the local public Library to read to some eager children! Candice Jolly, promoter Heidi Irvin, and myself made our way to the library around 3:30. Once we reached the library I did a quick news interview, and then we walked into a room full of kids that were waiting for me to read to them. Ironically the book that I chose out of the four to pick from was named Truck Town Smash Crash by Jon Scieszka. The kids loved the book as it had a reoccurring punch line of "Smash and Crash" every few pages, and I was able to get them to participate in saying it with me when it was time. I will tell you why this book has some significance to my weekend shortly.
After I finished the book, Candice and I took photos and signed autographs with the kids, and then we headed back to the Fargo Dome to get ready for our drivers meeting. Once the meeting concluded we had about an hour to chill out before we made our way back onto the show floor, where we drew numbers out of a hat with veteran announcer Scott Heaton to decide our racing bracket line up. I picked out number 4 in the 8 truck field which had me face off against number 5, Trey Myers and Iron Warrior in Round 1. But before racing started we kicked the show off with a wheelie contest. I went out 3rd and was able to grab the lead with a score of 22, until Nitro Circus and Bounty Hunter were able to score 24's respectively. My team mate Rod Schmidt went out last, which is no easy task, because by then the cars are smashed down pretty good. Rod was able to bring home the win for our team with a 26!
In the last match up in round 1, I was able to take out Trey and Iron warrior. I moved on to round 2, to face Cam McQueen and Nitro Circus. He was able to get by me after I took a bad bounce which caused me to have to make a wide turn in the final lap. Cam would go on to win in the finals over Dawn Creten in Scarlet Bandit. After racing I set my sights toward freestyle. I wanted to go out and announce my presence right off the bat. I stormed out of the pits, hammer down all the way across the floor, and lined up for the biggest jump on the floor and aired out El Toro pretty good.
After that it was game on, I tried to keep up as much momentum as I could from move to move, and was able to take the lead with a 21. I was pretty happy with the run, as I held the lead for a few trucks until Candice Jolly laid down a great run and scored a 24. It was World Finals Veteran Jimmy Creten in Bounty Hunter who would show us all how it's done scoring a 28 for the Friday night freestyle win!
Saturday we had a full day planned with a pit party at 11:30 am and two shows, One at 2pm and then again at 7:30pm. I had a great time meeting all the great Monster Jam fans at the pit party. We got things started with the wheelie contest where I scored a 28, second only to Rod and Grave Digger who won with a perfect 30! I ended up drawing Jimmy Creten in Round 1 and I gave it my all , but Jimmy is just on another level, a level that I hope to be on one day. Jimmy went on to take out my team mate Rod and Grave Digger in the Finals.
Once racing was over I set out to see if I could match, if not better the freestyle run I did the previous night. Well I did just that. I felt so good about the run, I made the last corner and saw the countdown clock winding down to zero, and my first thought was to just stop and call it good. Well something else inside me said man just go hit that last jump for the fans, so I did. Well this is the point where the truck and track were out to teach me a lesson. I hit the jump square and straight but as soon as it left the ramp, I knew when I hit the ground I was going to have my hands full. While in the air, I had time to think, "Ok Mr. BAM how are you going to get yourself out of this predicament?" The truck landed hard on the right side, and rebounded back to the left side, so I decided to gas on it thinking the front wheels were on the ground, so I could power out of the rebound. Well before I knew it I had gained too much speed on just the left rear tire, which sent the truck into a sideways one wheel slap wheelie. It came back on all four wheels for just a split second, but by that time I was so crossed up that the truck's momentum just flipped it on its side in the blink of an eye. It happened so fast, and I was just along for a wild ride. Thanks to our great safety equipment and ISP seat, I emerged from the truck with nothing hurt but my pride. I never have any intentions on rolling the truck, especially with one more show to go later that evening. Remember earlier when I said I would tell you why the title of the book I read to the kids at the library was ironic, well this is exactly why. I "Smashed and Crashed" pretty good. Once I saw that I had broken a horn off the Crazy Bull, I went and grabbed it off the floor and a sharpie from announcer Scott Heaton and told him "Scott I'm going in the crowd to give this to a lucky fan". I autographed the horn and set out for the stands to find an El Toro Loco fan. That was a blast, just hearing the crowd's reaction lifted my spirits.
While I was in the stands, the track crew and dirt crew proceeded to move the wounded Bull off the track, only to have the front axle come completely off the truck. At that moment I thought "Oh wow, how are we going to fix this before the next show?" The true talent, experience, and dedication of our team was about to be put to the test. We devised a plan led by my veteran crew chief Travis Howard and Scott Bennett to get it back together. After the show was over I got a chance to look at the extent of the damage, and it was pretty devastating to say the least. We got some much needed help from some members of the tech crew, Trey Myers from Iron Warrior, as well as Alex and Squirt from the Monster Mutt Dalmatian and Nitro Circus team. After we did the post show autograph session, my team mate Rod Schmidt and myself were hands on as well. We were able to bring the tractor trailer in the building to make it a lot easier to get the parts we needed which saved a lot of the time it would have taken to run parts back and forth. Once they got the front axle re-attached, two new shocks on the driver's side front corner, and the drive shaft in, I thought to myself, "Wow, this is incredible how much work the guys got done in about 2 and a half hours."
As the doors opened and the early fans started to come in, Travis pulled the semi outside, and Scott fired up the big bull and tested the RII radio, steering, and brakes and pulled the truck over into the pit spot! For me that was a huge victory for us to even make it back, so I was determined to put on a good clean show for the fans, but still keep the truck together. After the power rush intro's, I got the feel of running the truck around without the front clip and new shocks. I went out 3rd in the wheelie contest and scored a 17. In racing I drew red hot Cam McQueen and Nitro Circus, who was having a great weekend. I was leading the race up to the last turn when I tried to go around the turn a little too fast, and ended up looping it around too tight, and I got into the turning van, handing him the win. In Freestyle, I could tell the truck was landing harder with the spare shocks on so, I went out to try and put in a good clean run, and ended up taking the lead with a 21 and finishing 3rd behind Nitro Circus and the winner Grave Digger.
After getting back to the hotel, I was able to watch some video footage of my rollover, and was able to see exactly what the truck was doing from the outside, and compare it to what I felt behind the wheel. This helped me learn what I did wrong, or could have done differently. You have just a split second to make a proactive decision on what to do. I learned that I may have gotten a little too ahead of myself with the throttle, and next time I will give the truck a moment to take a set on its own, and then see if I need to help it out with the throttle. A lot of the veteran drivers just said I took a bad bounce and there wasn't too much I may have been able to do to save it. Nonetheless, I have a good idea of what to do if I'm faced with that type of situation again, and I'm sure I will be sooner or later. I'm looking forward to my next Advance Auto Parts Monster Jam this weekend in Denver, CO at Pepsi Center, home of the Denver Nuggets. And speaking of the Denver Nuggets if you're in town on Thursday evening, come on over to the Pepsi Center, myself and El Toro Loco will be on hand for a display at the Nuggets game as they do battle with the Dallas Mavericks! For more information on the Denver Monster Jam visit: http://www.monsterjam.com/Tickets/2011/02/12/Denver,_CO/
Bari Musawwir


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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Voices from the museum: Qualitative research conducted in Europe's national museums
|Dodd, Jocelyn
Jones, Ceri
Sawyer, Andy
Tseliou, Maria-Anna
|First Published:
|Linköping University Electronic Press
|Linköping University Interdisciplinary Studies, 17, 2012, p 275
|This study presents the findings from interviews and focus groups carried out at six European national museums with visitors and minority groups. It looks at the connections that can be made between national, European and minority identities and how these frame very different experiences of the national museum. Whilst visitors were, on the whole, convinced that national museums represented a shared, collective identity, the inclusion of minority groups in the research revealed a discernible dissonance between the majority of visitor's views and the views of minority groups. Despite collectively forming a substantial section of the European population, minority experiences were largely absent from national museums, a situation that is rarely recognised by museum visitors. Personal and national identity was especially complex and important to minorities because they were constantly negotiating their relationship with the dominant culture, but the silence in national museums and lack of recognition of their contribution to national society only confirmed their status as "Other" when they wanted to belong. In response, this study calls on national museums to be more conscious of unheard voices and experiences, and be more actively aware that national and European identity is continually evolving, fluid and dynamic. The challenge for national museums is to embrace these elements and to become places of dialogue not didacticism, of exploration not certainty, and of inclusion not silence. National museums are valued as important and authoritative institutions by their visitors but they need to harness this authority more responsibly and proactively if they are to enhance national and European understanding. The report is produced within the three-year research programme, EuNaMus – European National Museums: Identity Politics, the Uses of the Past and the European Citizen, coordinated at Tema Q at Linköping University (www.eunamus.eu). EuNaMus explores the creation and power of the heritage created and presented at European national museums to the world, Europe and its states, as an unsurpassable institution in contemporary society. National museums are defined and explored as processes of institutionalized negotiations where material collections and displays make claims and are recognized as articulating and representing national values and realities. Questions asked in the project are why, by whom, when, with what material, with what result and future possibilities are these museums shaped.
|Series/Report no.:
|EuNaMus Report;No 6
|Publisher Version
|Copyright © The Authors, 2012
|Appears in Collections:
|Reports, School of Museum Studies
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|linux kernel <firstname.lastname@example.com>
|Re: Feasibility study: Linux on core 0, using other cores as worker cores. Octeon II
|"Maciej W. Rozycki" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
|Tue, 19 May 2009 17:16:54 +0100 (BST)
|firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com
|Alpine 1.10 (LFD 962 2008-03-14)
On Tue, 19 May 2009, linux kernel wrote: > This might seem as an unusal feasibility question, but I would like to > discuss this here at LKML to hear you views on this matter. > The idea would be to build a IBM cell blade lookalike architecture, > using full blown linux on core 0, using the other cores as worker > threads. > Possible target CPUs are Octeon II with 32 cores or more. > > The main goal for this would be to reduce interrupt latency for worker > cores, having them run possibly bare-bone with an IPC method between > core 0 and worker cores. probably DMA and HW IRQs. > > Is there an existing system design in the kernel already that I can > expand/use ? Perhaps expanding/porting the cell blade IPC method. > What would you guys think would be the most efficient approach(and > perhaps would be acceptable to the LK maintainers for merging at a > later stage :) ) ? I'm not sure if there is a ready to use implementation available anywhere, but what you've described is one of the proposed use models for the MIPS 34K core. Of course the method of communication would differ. You may want to search the Internet to see if you can find anything relevant. Since the Octeon is a MIPS architecture implementation too I've cc-ed the linux-mips list, where you might be able to get additional responses; also about the 34K. Maciej
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What is a Functional Resume?
Definition: Functional Resume
The most common type of resume is in chronological form and lists job experience starting with your most recent position. Another type of resume is the functional resume, which lists experience and skills in a nonchronological format. A typical functional resume includes a section highlighting qualifications and elaborating accomplishments; another section with places of employment, job title, and dates employed; and other sections with education and community service participation.
Functional resumes are most often used by job hunters with gaps in employment history, and they're sometimes used by people hoping to change careers or those who have had many different types of jobs. Dates of employment are still included on the functional resume, but the hope is that an employer will see past any gaps because the applicant's skills are a good match with the skills required for the open position.


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There are many days I feel completely powerless.
Romans chapter 5 assures me "at just the right time , when we were still powerless, Christ died for the ungodly.. Very rarely will anyone die for a righteous man, though for a good man someone might possibly die. But God demonstrates His own love for us in this: While we were still sinners, Christ died for us. (Romans 5:6-8) NIV
In as much as I feel powerless, God's love never fails. My friends pain in her husband's determined self destruction is palpable. I ache as she aches, yearning for the day when he returns to his senses. Yet, I am powerless to physically help her suffering. However, my spirit rises in power to the glory of our great Savior, Jesus Christ. As I call to Him to wrap His immeasurable arms around her this day and consume her with His strength.
It is the only power who can help her at just the right time.
God demonstrates His love for my family; a dear aunt and uncle who dedicated their lives supporting their family. A daily witness of self-less sacrifice providing love and security for their children and grandchildren. I grieve as the family grieves when that blanket of protection fails and loss occurs, in spite of every valiant effort.
How we torture ourselves with our powerlessness. We must cling to the knowledge that in our sin and our family's sin Christ died for us. His shed blood is the payment for that sin. In spite of an overwhelming heaviness that suppresses the breath and constricts the heart. It's still pumping blood. Air inflates and deflates lungs that aren't capable of expressing the blackness.
The agony of powerlessness is the beginning of trust.
Trust in the blood that was shed by the One who feels the same blackness and pain of loss. The psalmist says in Psalm 139 "Where can I go from your spirit? Where can I flee from your presence? If I go up to the heavens, you are there; if I make my bed in the depths, you are there." (vs8) "Surely the darkness will hide me and the light become night around me, even the darkness will not be dark to you; the night will shine like the day, for darkness is as light to you. (vs. 11-12)
Please know, we are not powerless in prayer. As Paul so relied on fellow believers to carry him through, so we too can offer prayer to suffering friends and family. 2 Corinthians 1:10-11 says, "He has delivered us from such a deadly peril, and he will continue to deliver us, as you help us by your prayers. Then many will give thanks, on our behalf for the gracious favor granted us in answer to the prayers of many."
Yes, friends! In our powerlessness, defeat, overwhelming grief, and in spite of our ungodly ways we can hold fast to the One who redeems! In continual prayer, may God Bless you.


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Reviews & Community QA
Supergoop! Daily Correct CC Cream SPF is rated out of 5 by 20.
Rated 1 out of 5 by PearlLady from I thought I finally found my SPF; NOT! I live in Texas, sweating is a given here with 9-10 months of heat & high humidity. Saw presentation but I never heard it mentioned if your going to sweat or swim to use an SPF that's made for water. I read the very small print once I received the product. Darn shame it was perfect color and texture but as soon as I got out side I looked in mirror in my car & noticed product running down my chin. So now it will cost me the S&H twice. I swear. I been buying less and less with each disappointing purchase.
Date published: 2016-09-29
Rated 2 out of 5 by Scrappyma from GOING BACK This doesn't cover skin color inperfections at all. Doesn't work for me at all. Back to Bare Minerals.
Date published: 2016-06-13
Rated 5 out of 5 by philodendron from Great Purchase I saw the end of one of Shawn's shows and she was speaking about this product. Went to read about it and what other users had to say. Sounded good to me. I have used all different CC Creams, from drug store brands to higher price ones. I have never been happy with any of them, till now. It is so easy to put on, looks so natural, makes your skin look great, easily blends, love the texture, etc. I cannot say enough about this CC Cream and no more changing brands for me. I am 100% satisfied and love how you only need a small amount. Happy with the SPF as well. Try it and you won't be sorry.
Date published: 2016-03-30
Rated 5 out of 5 by newmommync from BEST CC EVER! I love this stuff! I had been using another extremely popular brand CC cream that QVC sells for the last year or so. And really loved it. But felt like I needed to try something new. Did a little research on QVC and found this stuff. I was nervous trying a brand that I had never heard of before. But stop the presses... THIS STUFF IS AWESOME!!! The last cc cream felt heavy and had a very wet touch to the face. But this stuff just like melts into your skin and it doesn't feel like it is coated with anything. I have never gotten so many compliments on my skin as I have since I started using this. I am now a lifelong user of this stuff. I do use a good concealer to cover my red spots (cheeks and chin). Set it with a translucent powder and I am good to go. I no longer have that "makeup" feeling throughout the day. But my face looks the best it has in years!
Date published: 2016-01-26
Rated 5 out of 5 by missreenie from Best CC cream I've tried several cc creams, most of which have little coverage, but this cc cream has the best coverage of ANY I've tried. It matches perfectly and lasts all day! Really think this brand has been underestimated because of another brand's popularity, but this one is better! Really glad I tried it...it's become my go to make-up!
Date published: 2016-01-23
Rated 5 out of 5 by oohmmy from the BEST EVER I recvd a sample of this in a tanning package. I thought this will never wrk for me! OMGAAAHHHH this the best I have ever worn. Goes on smooth, easy and light. LOVE IT!
Date published: 2015-12-11
Rated 5 out of 5 by ckm from This knocks it out of the park! I discovered Supergoop Daily Correct CC Cream SPF inside the QVC Beauty Summer Must-Haves 6 piece collection. What a find! By the way the whole collection is awesome. The size in the collection is only 3 ml but it is enough to find out that this is fabulous. Just like the other five star reviewers said, this goes on easily, blends well, covers flaws and it doesn't feel like you are wearing anything. I tried IT Cosmetics Your Skin But Better CC+ Cream in a test tube kit and it was nice but I put it on the back burner while I looked around more. This Supergoop I knew right away it was for me & I will be ordering another larger size. If you like this you will probably like MDSolar Sciences Broad Spectrum SPF 50 UVA-UVB sunscreen. I have been using this under my make-up and I love it. No color tint just a sunscreen.
Date published: 2015-09-11
Rated 5 out of 5 by WenDoll10girl from Great CC cream for sensitive skin This is not only great for my sensitive skin, but it is a mineral suncreen with a high SPF and blends nicely with my skin tone. It is also cruelty free and made in the U.S. In short it has everything I want and need from a sunscreen and CC cream combined. I will keep repurchasing this product. Great quality.
Date published: 2015-07-14


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Welcome back Mr. Coffee.
Back in July of 2013 I had to lay my Mr. Coffee to rest after many years of good service.
I was given another brand that I tried to embrace but the brewer just could not perform
like my trusted Mr. Coffee maker. The biggest thing was the new one just would not brew
the coffee or tea water hot enough.
Anyways, after a couple months of struggling I gave the new one away to my security guard
buddy who works nights and bought another Mr. Coffee. Now all is good in my kitchen.
Mr. Coffee is back in my kitchen!
Welcome back Mr. Coffee.


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Thank you Hosta
A neighbour has very kindly given me this plant, could someone tell me what it is please? She couldn't remember.
Had not noticed the ignore feature Hostafan, very useful. Don't worry, I'm not going to be deterred from using the forum over a couple of uninformed comments, it can be a fantastic source of information for a relatively young gardener who's peers aren't bitten by the gardening bug yet. Instagram is a brilliant support tool to a website like this allowing gardeners to see more of the design aspects of other gardens in support of the practical advice given on here. ✌🏼❤
Do any of you here have instagram? Just got it and wanting to follow like minded people for garden ideas and find new plants. My username is theyorkshiregarden. Follow me or let me know your usernames on here if you have instagram :)
Made.com does some nice garden furniture. Used them a few times now and in my opinion they are great. Not expensive for what you get either.
Caffeine is a plant growth inhibitor, It is BAD for your gardens.
Hello everyone, I would like a nut tree approximately 3m/4m tall for my tennis court sized garden, it would be positioned against a south facing wall, and i live in west yorkshire.
Does anyone have any suggestions on the variety i should be looking at?
Wipe your windows with a cloth with some fairy liquid on, it'll stop them steaming up, works for me 👍🏼
Haha, didn't think that would be so controversial. I will not try them... I promise...
Just read somewhere that they are edible, have any of you tried it? Is it worth trying or are they just horrible?


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By: Diane Turnbull, central area manager of Start Making A Reader Today
For 24 years SMART, Start Making A Reader Today, has partnered with schools around the state, engaging community volunteers to read one-on-one with Pre-K through third-grade children, helping to strengthen literacy skills and encourage a love of reading. SMART has steadily grown to become Oregon's largest volunteer literacy program. Together, with support from communities and schools around the state, SMART is improving the reading capacity of Oregon's children.Visit www.GetSMARToregon.org or call 1-877-598-4633 to learn more.
There are many benefits to volunteering for a good cause in your community. When we volunteer, we are focused on the opportunity to help others. Certainly, we all receive a sense of satisfaction when we help someone perhaps less fortunate than ourselves, but there is so much more to be gained from volunteering your time.
As the area manager for Start Making A Reader Today (SMART) in Central Oregon, volunteers often tell me they are "doing it for the kids." What I find interesting is, in talking to them after a few volunteer sessions, they begin to realize how much the volunteer experience is enriching their own lives.
The Corporation for National and Volunteer Service states, "Research has established a strong relationship between volunteering and health: those who volunteer have lower mortality rates, greater functional ability and lower rates of depression later in life than those who do not volunteer."
So, why wouldn't you volunteer? For some the question might be more about where to volunteer. You can start by asking yourself what are the most important issues facing our community and which is of the greatest concern to you. If you are moved by the plight of those who arehomeless, you could consider volunteering at your local homeless shelter or a local church that provides meals for the homeless.
If you feel deeply connected to the needs of children in your community, perhaps you could finda volunteer opportunity at the local Relief Nursery or as a Big Brother or Big Sister. If you have children or grandchildren at local schools, your presence in that school will let your children know that school is important just because you are there.
For many of us there is a time factor. Our lives are so full of work, family, recreational, spiritual and personal pursuits we wonder where we could possibly incorporate a volunteer position into our routine. Most organizations utilizing volunteer support understand this. At SMART, we have a range of volunteer opportunities and time commitments from one hour a week to as much as 10 hours a week. All you really need to do is talk to the volunteer coordinator at any organization you are interested in supporting.
Getting involved for your personal benefit and the good of the community is easier than you may think. Here in Central Oregon our best resource for finding volunteer opportunities is Volunteer Connect. The Volunteer Connect website will guide you through the process of finding the right opportunity for you. Check it out today and be involved tomorrow! www.volunteerconnectnow.org.


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409 Maine St, Poland, ME 04274Request info Add to list
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409 Maine St is aretail property for lease in Poland, ME. The property currently has 1 retail space for lease and is marketed by Keller Williams Realty.
Near the new Oxford Casino! Colonial Farmhouse with attached apartment with 3 car garage detached. Zoned for commercial/business with possibilities such as hotel, bed and breakfast. In the lakes region of Poland and centrally located to Portland, Lewiston/Auburn and Norway/Paris areas. On busy Route 26. More land available.
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AstraZeneca Wins Seroquel Suit, But Court Punts Warning Issue
Plaintiff Kay Patteson had argued to U.S. District Judge James E. Boasberg that the learned intermediary doctrine, which shields drugmakers from failure-to-warn claims if they apprised a plaintiff's physician of the product's risks, should not apply to AstraZeneca. Patteson relied on the so-called...
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Down the street from Shimmie Horn's Washington Jefferson Hotel is a wonderful
Mexican restaurant and bar, Arriba Arriba. Located at 762 Ninth Avenue at 51st Street in Hell's Kitchen, you will be in for a real treat when you walk half a block west from the Washington Jefferson to enjoy authentic and delectable Mexican cuisine.
Arriba Arriba specializes in great drinks, amazing food, and a lively, fun atmosphere. Try their famous frozen margarita, with a sumptuous Mama Burrito while enjoying the live DJ to keep everyone there in a great mood. Staying at Shimmie Horn's Washington Jefferson? Then just saunter on over to Arriba Arriba for an unforgettably exciting dining experience.


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Calpain-Mediated Impairment of Na+/K+–ATPase Activity During Early Reperfusion Contributes to Cell Death After Myocardial Ischemia
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Na+ overload and secondary Ca2+ influx via Na+/Ca2+ exchanger are key mechanisms in cardiomyocyte contracture and necrosis during reperfusion. Impaired Na+/K+–ATPase activity contributes to Na+ overload, but the mechanism has not been established. Because Na+/K+–ATPase is connected to the cytoskeleton protein fodrin through ankyrin, which are substrates of calpains, we tested the hypothesis that calpain mediates Na+/K+–ATPase impairment in reperfused cardiomyocytes. In isolated rat hearts reperfused for 5 minutes after 60 minutes of ischemia, Na+/K+–ATPase activity was reduced by 80%, in parallel with loss of α-fodrin and ankyrin-B and detachment of α1 and α2 subunits of Na+/K+–ATPase from the membrane–cytoskeleton complex. Calpain inhibition with MDL-7943 during reperfusion prevented the loss of these proteins, increased Na+/K+–ATPase activity, attenuated lactate dehydrogenase release, and improved contractile recovery, and these beneficial effects of MDL-7943 were reverted by ouabain. The impairment of Na+/K+–ATPase was not a mere consequence of cell death because it was not altered in hearts in which contracture and cell death had been prevented by contractile blockade with 2,3-butanedione monoxime. In these hearts, concomitant calpain inhibition preserved Na+/K+–ATPase content and function and attenuated cell death occurring on withdrawal of 2,3-butanedione monoxime. In vitro assay showed no detectable degradation of Na+/K+–ATPase subunits after 10 minutes of incubation with activated calpain. Thus, we conclude that calpain activation contributes to the impairment of Na+/K+–ATPase during early reperfusion and that this effect is mainly mediated by degradation of the anchorage of Na+/K+–ATPase to the membrane cytoskeleton.
Reperfusion of cardiomyocytes after prolonged ischemia may lead to immediate necrotic cell death that results in a characteristic pathological pattern known as contraction band necrosis.1 Elevated and oscillating cytosolic Ca2+ concentration plays a key role in reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte necrosis by inducing excessive contractile activation,2 enzyme activation that leads to cytoskeletal and sarcolemmal fragility,3 and by favoring mitochondrial permeability transition.4 One of the main determinants of Ca2+ overload during reperfusion is additional Ca2+ influx through sarcolemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) operating in reverse mode,5,6 which, in turn, is a consequence of increased cytosolic Na+ concentration.7
Cytosolic accumulation of Na+ during previous ischemia,8 and additional Na+ entry through Na+/H+ exchanger and Na+/HCO3− cotransporter associated with rapid correction of acidosis9,10 and gap junction–mediated propagation of Na+ overload from adjacent cells,11 has been shown to contribute to increase cytosolic Na+ concentration in cardiomyocytes during early reperfusion. However, there is also evidence indicating that impaired Na+ extrusion through the Na+/K+–ATPase may play an important role.12–15 Na+/K+–ATPase activity is highly dependent on myocardial energy, but previous studies have shown that an inadequate energy recovery cannot satisfactorily explain this impairment in cardiomyocytes showing ATP-dependent hypercontracture.16,17 The mechanisms of this Na+/K+–ATPase failure during reperfusion and contribution to Ca2+ overload and cell death have not been completely elucidated.
Na+/K+–ATPase is a transmembrane heterodimer protein composed of α and β subunits. The cytoplasmic domain of α subunit interacts with ankyrin,18 a protein that connects the Na+/K+–ATPase to the fodrin-based membrane skeleton.19 In a recent study, Mohler et al demonstrated reduction in overall protein levels of α1 and α2 Na+/K+–ATPase subunits in cardiomyocytes from mice heterozygous for a null mutation in ankyrin-B.20 Moreover, studies in an epithelial cellular line of renal tubule have suggested that the dissociation of the fodrin–ankyrin complex contributes to the loss of Na+/K+–ATPase polarity after ischemia.21
α-Fodrin and ankyrin are known substrates of calpains, a group of nonlysosomal Ca2+-dependent proteases. Previous studies have demonstrated activation of calpain and degradation of both proteins during reperfusion.22,23 Recently, we have shown, in isolated rat hearts subjected to global ischemia, that inhibition of calpain prevents degradation of structural proteins, including fodrin and ankyrin, by a mechanism that was associated with reduced sarcolemmal fragility and cell death during reperfusion.3
The present study tested the hypothesis that activation of calpain during reperfusion results in proteolysis of ankyrin and fodrin, proteins that form the structural complex that maintains the stability of the Na+/K+–ATPase, resulting in loss of pump activity and, consequently, in Ca2+ entry through reverse mode of NCX, which leads to reperfusion cell injury.
Materials and Methods
Isolated Heart Preparation
The experimental procedures conformed to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH Publication No. 85-23, revised 1996) and were approved by the Research Commission on Ethics of the Hospital Vall d'Hebron.
Male Sprague–Dawley rats (300 to 350 g; Harlan Iberica, Barcelona, Spain) were anesthetized by IP injection of sodium thiopental (150 mg/kg). The hearts were perfused at constant flow (10 mL/min) in a Langendorff apparatus with a modified Krebs–Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (in mmol/L: 140 NaCl, 24 NaHCO3, 2.7 KCl, 0.4 KH2PO4, 1 MgSO4, 1.8 CaCl2, and 11 glucose) equilibrated with 95% O2–5% CO2 at 37°C. Left ventricular pressure was monitored as previously described.5
Ischemia-Reperfusion Studies
Importance of Na+/K+–ATPase Activity for Myocardial Recovery
After 30 minutes of normoxic perfusion, hearts were subjected to no-flow global ischemia for 30 minutes followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion and allocated to receive 1 of the following during the first 10 minutes of reperfusion (n=6 per group): (1) the inhibitor of Na+/K+–ATPase ouabain at 150 μmol/L; (2) the inhibitor of NCX KB-R7943 at 10 μmol/L (Tocris Ltd); (3) 150 μmol/L ouabain+10 μmol/L KB-R7943; or (4) no drug. In a second set of experiments, hearts were allocated to the same groups of treatment, but ischemia was extended to 60 minutes (n=6 per group).
Effect of Calpain on Na+/K+–ATPase Activity
In 18 hearts submitted to 60 minutes of ischemia, the calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 (Calbiochem) at 10 μmol/L or its vehicle (DMSO) was added to the perfusion media during the 10 minutes before ischemia and the first 10 minutes of reperfusion. To demonstrate that any effect of calpain on Na+/K+–ATPase activity was not a mere consequence of its previously described effect on cell death,3 in 2 additional groups, reperfusion-induced hypercontracture was blocked with the reversible contractile inhibitor 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM). Hearts receiving MDL-28170 or its vehicle were perfused with 20 mmol/L BDM during the first 5 minutes of reperfusion (n=18). Four hearts from each group were frozen in liquid nitrogen after 5 minutes of reperfusion for Western blot analysis and determination of calpain and Na+/K+–ATPase activities, and, in 5 additional hearts, reperfusion was prolonged for 30 minutes for measurement of left-ventricular pressure (LVP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. To confirm the contribution of calpain to the impaired recovery of Na+/K+–ATPase activity during reperfusion, in an additional group, MDL-28170–treated hearts were perfused with 150 μmol/L ouabain during the first 10 minutes of reperfusion (n=4).
Calpainolysis of Na+/K+–ATPase In Vitro
Proteolysis of Na+/K+–ATPase α subunits, α-fodrin, and ankyrin-B by calpain was examined in the particulate fraction of normoxically perfused hearts obtained as described previously.24 Samples were incubated with 1 μg of rat recombinant m-calpain (Calbiochem) in the presence of 10 mmol/L CaCl2 at 25°C for 5, 10, 30, 60, or 120 minutes. Proteins were analyzed by Western blotting as described below.
Quantification of Cell Death
LDH activity was spectrophotometrically measured in the coronary effluent throughout the reperfusion period.5 Because the whole hearts were used to determine enzyme activities and protein contents in cytosolic and membrane fractions, an additional series of experiments was performed for histological analysis. This series included control and MDL-28170–treated hearts (n=5 per group) and 2 hearts treated with 20 mmol/L BDM and reperfused for 5 or 30 minutes. In these hearts, epicardial electrocardiogram was continuously recorded. Hearts were sliced, and 1-μm histological sections were stained with Masson's trichrome. The remaining slices were incubated with triphenyltetrazolium chloride to quantify necrosis.5
Na+/K+–ATPase Activity Assay
The ouabain-sensitive Na+/K+–ATPase activity of heart homogenates was determined as described previously.24 Generated inorganic phosphate (Pi) was assayed using an ammonium molybdate spectrophotometric assay.25 Ouabain-insensitive ATPase activity assayed in the presence of 2 mmol/L ouabain was subtracted from the value observed in its absence to estimate ouabain-sensitive Na+/K+–ATPase activity.
Calpain Activity Assay
Calpain activity was measured by fluorometry (Gemini XS, Molecular Devices) using Suc-Leu-Tyr-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (Suc-Leu-Tyr-AMC) (Calbiochem) as substrate, as previously described.3 AMC release was monitored over 30 minutes at 25°C using excitation and emission wavelengths of 380 nm and 460 nm, respectively. The calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 at 10 μmol/L was used to determine the specificity of the assay.
Western Blot Analysis
Frozen hearts were homogenized in buffer containing (in mmol/L) 20 Tris-HCl, 140 NaCl, 1 EDTA, 10 sodium azide, 250 sucrose, 0.5 phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 0.1 dithiothreitol (pH 7.3). For calpain, fodrin, and ankyrin analysis, cytosolic and membrane fractions were separated as described previously.26 The detachment of Na+/K+–ATPase from its cytoskeletal anchorage was analyzed by differential distribution in Triton-soluble and -insoluble cytoskeletal protein fractions as described.27,28 In a parallel experiment, samples from normoxic hearts were stimulated before cellular fractionation by the addition of Ca2+ in the presence or absence of recombinant m-calpain. Control was performed by adding 10 μmol/L MDL-28170.
Proteins were separated by electrophoresis on a 7.5% SDS gel, transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane (Hibond ECL, Amersham), and immunoblotted with antibodies against α1, α2, and α3 (Upstate Biotechnology) Na+/K+–ATPase subunits, α-fodrin (Affiniti Research Products), ankyrin-B (Ab-1, Oncogene Research Products), and m-calpain domain I (Calbiochem). Protein bands were detected by chemiluminescence (SuperSignal West Dura Extended Duration Substrate, Pierce) and quantified using a charge-coupled device system (Image Reader LAS-3000, Fujifilm) and image analysis software (Image Gauge, Fujifilm). Equal protein load was confirmed by Ponceau staining.
Statistical Analysis
Differences between groups were assessed by 1-way ANOVA. Changes along time were assessed by repeated-measures ANOVA. Significance was set at a probability value of 0.05. Results are expressed as mean±SEM.
Impairment of Na+/K+–ATPase Activity Exacerbates Lethal Reperfusion Injury
To investigate the role of Na+/K+–ATPase on the mechanisms of cell death during myocardial ischemia/repefusion, isolated rat hearts were subjected to 30 or 60 minutes of global ischemia and reperfused in the presence of different treatments.
At the end of the equilibration period, LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and LV developed pressure (LVdevP) were 5.8±0.6 and 108.1±6.9 mm Hg, respectively, without differences between groups.
In control hearts submitted to 30 minutes of ischemia, ouabain-sensitive Na+/K+–ATPase activity measured 5 minutes after reperfusion was slightly reduced (76.4±15.2% of values obtained in normoxic hearts, P=not significant [NS]). In these hearts, reperfusion induced an increase in LVEDP with a peak of 98.2±4.1 mm Hg 3 minutes after onset, and LVdevP recovered to 35.4±3.3% of its initial value after 30 minutes of reperfusion. LDH release during this period was 12.5±1.0 U/30 minutes per gdw (Figure 1A). Addition of ouabain to the perfusion buffer during the first 5 minutes of reperfusion was associated with a marked increase in peak LVEDP (134.1±8.1 mm Hg, P=0.003), reduced contractile recovery (5.2±2.2% of preischemic value, P<0.001), and a larger LDH release (43.2±6.3 U/30 minutes per gdw, P<0.001). Addition of the NCX blocker KB-R7943 at 10 μmol/L to the ouabain buffer reverted the detrimental effects of ouabain on peak of LVEDP (P=0.012), functional recovery (28.3±6.4% of preischemic value, P=0.007), and LDH release (19.2±2.2U/30 minutes per gdw, P=0.005). Hearts reperfused with 10 μmol/L KB-R7943 alone showed no significant differences in LVP or LDH release compared with control hearts (Figure 1A).
In control hearts subjected to 60 minutes of ischemia, ouabain-sensitive Na+/K+–ATPase activity was markedly reduced after 5 minutes of reperfusion (16.4±7.5% versus basal values, P<0.001). Reperfusion was followed by a more marked increase in LVEDP (peak of 137.2±6.8 mm Hg), poorer recovery of LVdevP (5.8±2.7% of its initial value after 30 minutes of reperfusion), and more severe LDH release (58.5±7.4 U/30 minutes per gdw), as compared with hearts submitted to 30 minutes of ischemia (Figure 1B). The reduction of Na+/K+–ATPase activity was not the consequence of cell death because it was not attenuated when myocyte integrity was preserved during initial reperfusion by preventing reperfusion-induced contracture with the infusion of the contractile inhibitor BDM (Figure 2A). Addition of ouabain to the reperfusion buffer caused no significant additional deterioration of LVEDP, LVdevP, or LDH release. Addition of KB-R7943 to the ouabain-containing buffer reduced peak LVEDP (114.2±3.9 mm Hg, P=0.002), increased LVdevP (25.1±4.7%, P=0.005), and attenuated LDH release (32.4±5.6 U/30 minutes per gdw, P=0.018). Hearts reperfused with 10 μmol/L KB-R7943 alone showed no significant differences in LVP or LDH release compared with hearts coperfused with ouabain (Figure 1B).
Loss of Na+/K+–ATPase Anchorage to Membrane Cytoskeleton
Western blot analysis of α1 and α2 subunits of Na+/K+–ATPase in the Triton insoluble fraction of control hearts subjected to 60 minutes of ischemia revealed a significant loss of both isoforms, principally α2, after 5 minutes of reperfusion and a marked increase in the soluble fraction (Figure 3A), indicating dissociation from its cytoskeletal anchorage. As in previous studies,24 we were unable to detect α3 isoform by Western blot in our model. Analysis of the structural proteins α-fodrin and ankyrin-B showed a marked increase in the 145/150-kDa fragments resulting from degradation of α-fodrin and a decrease in the 220-kDa isoform of ankyrin-B (Figure 3B).
Inhibition of Na+/K+–ATPase Activity in Reperfused Myocardium Is Related to Calpain Activation
In control hearts reperfused after 60 minutes of ischemia, calpain activity was increased after 5 minutes of reperfusion (13.5±0.4 pmol AMC/min per mg protein versus 7.2±0.5 pmol AMC/min per mg protein in normoxically perfused hearts, P<0.001). This activation correlated with translocation of calpain from the cytosol to the membrane fraction without apparent autolysis (Figure 2D). Stimulation of calpain proteolysis in vitro in homogenates from normoxically perfused hearts increased the proportion of the soluble fraction of α subunits of Na+/K+–ATPase to levels comparable to those observed in hearts subjected to reperfusion (see Figure I in the online data supplement available at http://circres.ahajournals.org).
The perfusion with the calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 attenuated calpain activation (8.5±0.9 pmol AMC/min per mg protein, P=NS) and improved recovery of Na+/K+–ATPase activity (P=0.019) (Figure 2B). Western blot analysis showed a marked attenuation in the translocation of calpain to the membrane fraction (Figure 2D) in the degradation of α-fodrin and ankyrin-B (Figure 3B) and in the cytoskeletal detachment of α1 and α2 subunits of Na+/K+–ATPase (Figure 3A) measured after 5 minutes of reperfusion. These effects were associated with a 55% reduction of LDH release (P=0.038), less myocardial necrosis as evaluated by triphenyltetrazolium reaction (30.8±4.1% versus 52.4±5% in control group, P=0.010), markedly reduced extent of contraction band necrosis (online Figure II), and better functional recovery after 30 minutes of reperfusion (25.3±5.7% versus 7.4±3.4% in control hearts, P=0.027). Treatment with MDL-28170 did not prevent the occurrence of reperfusion-induced arrhythmias but reduced their duration during the first 5 minutes of reperfusion (182±19 s versus 249±15 s, P=0.024; online Figure III). The better recovery of Na+/K+–ATPase activity measured in samples from hearts treated with MDL-28170 was confirmed in intact hearts by the addition of ouabain to the medium during the first minutes of reperfusion. Perfusion with ouabain almost completely reverted the reduction of LDH release (49.5±4.3 U/30 minutes per gdw, P=NS versus control hearts) and the improvement in functional recovery (3.2±2.2% of its initial value after 30 minutes of reperfusion, P=NS versus control hearts) achieved with MDL-28170. The improvement of Na+/K+–ATPase activity in hearts treated with MDL-28170 was not a consequence of reduced cell death because treatment with BDM during the first 5 minutes of reperfusion had no effect on calpain and Na+/K+–ATPase activities (13.0±0.7 pmol AMC/min per mg protein and 15.1±9.6% of basal values, P=NS), despite the marked protective effect of MDL-28170 on LDH release while BDM was present (73% reduction, P=0.009) (Figure 2).
Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the loss of fodrin, ankyrin, and Na+/K+–ATPase from the cytoskeleton during reperfusion was not modified in hearts receiving BDM during the first 5 minutes of reperfusion and that the loss was prevented by MDL-28170 (Figure 3).
Restoration of contractile activity on withdrawal of BDM led to a rapid increase in LVEDP (Figure 4) and massive release of LDH (71.4±11.2 U/30 minutes per gdw versus 62.0±9.5 U/30 minutes per gdw in control hearts, P=NS) (Figure 5). In hearts treated with BDM and MDL-28170, calpain activation was attenuated as in hearts not receiving BDM (8.9±0.6 pmol AMC/min per mg protein, P<0.001); Na+/K+–ATPase activity increased (50.8±9.6%, P=0.030) and resulted in a further reduction of LDH release during BDM infusion (Figure 2B). In these hearts, functional deterioration and LDH release associated with removal of BDM from the reperfusion buffer was clearly attenuated (Figures 4 and 5⇓).
Incubation of Na+/K+–ATPase With Calpain In Vitro
Western blot analysis of α1 and α2 subunits of Na+/K+–ATPase and of the known substrates of calpain, fodrin, and ankyrin from samples of normoxically perfused hearts incubated with rat recombinant m-calpain demonstrates that fodrin and ankyrin were importantly degraded after 5 minutes of incubation with calpain. Bands corresponding to α1 and α2 subunits also decreased in the presence of calpain, although much more gradually. The reduction was significant only after 30 minutes of incubation in the case of α1 and after 1 hour in the case of α2 (Figure 6).
Previous studies have shown that Ca2+ influx through reverse-mode NCX contributes importantly to cardiomyocyte hypercontracture and death during the first minutes of reperfusion,5,6 that increased cytosolic Na+ is the key determinant of reverse activity of NCX,7 and that impairment of Na+/K+–ATPase may delay Na+ recovery.12 The present study confirms that Na+/K+–ATPase activity is impaired during early reperfusion after prolonged ischemia and demonstrates for the first time that (1) this impairment is associated with a reduction in the amount of Na+/K+–ATPase protein associated with the membrane–cytoskeletal complex and that both can be prevented by calpain inhibition; (2) the effect of calpain activation on Na+/K+–ATPase is not a mere consequence of a detrimental effect on cell survival mediated by other mechanisms (such as sarcolemmal fragility), because it is still observable when cell death is prevented or delayed by inhibition of reperfusion-induced hypercontracture; and (3) the effect of calpain on Na+/K+–ATPase may be explained by calpain-mediated degradation of the anchorage that fixes Na+/K+–ATPase to the membrane cystoskeleton (ankyrin), and the membrane cytoskeleton itself (fodrin), thus causing a loss of Na+/K+–ATPase anchorage. Altogether, these results demonstrate that calpain activation induced by increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentration during the initial minutes of reperfusion causes an impairment of Na+/K+–ATPase that results in further Ca2+ gain through reverse-mode NCX, thus closing a vicious circle that can eventually lead to cardiomyocyte death.
Impairment of Na+/K+–ATPase During Early Reperfusion After Prolonged Ischemia
Previous studies have shown a decrease in Na+-pump activity in isolated rat heart subjected to ischemia/reperfusion.14,15 The present study confirms the reduction in Na+/K+–ATPase activity during the first minutes of reperfusion and relates its severity with the duration of preceding ischemia. In hearts subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia, a near-complete reactivation of Na+/K+–ATPase occurred within the first 5 minutes of reperfusion. As in previous studies,13,29 inhibition of Na+-pump activity in these hearts with ouabain markedly increased enzyme release and loss of functional recovery. In hearts reperfused after 60 minutes of ischemia, a severe inhibition of Na+/K+–ATPase activity and extensive cell death were observed, and, consistently with previous results,5 inhibition of NCX during the first minutes of reperfusion attenuated cell death and improved functional recovery. Overall, these results indicate that impaired Na+/K+–ATPase activity during the first minutes of reflow contribute to Ca2+ overload in reperfused myocardium, leading to ventricular arrhythmias, to stunning, and, more importantly, to cell death.
Recent studies have described alterations in Na+/K+–ATPase isoform gene expression mediated by oxidative stress30 and an important reduction in the abundance of α2, α3, β1, and β2 isoforms and, to a lesser extent, α1 subunit in isolated rat hearts subjected to ischemia/reperfusion.15 However, the exact mechanism of reduced myocardial Na+/K+–ATPase activity during the initial minutes of reperfusion has not been previously elucidated. Our results agree with previous studies in demonstrating a significant decrease in the protein levels of α1 and, to a greater extent, of α2 isoform attached to the cytoskeleton.
Role of Calpain
Calpain remains inactive before reperfusion because of the acidic pH and increased ionic strength in ischemic myocardium.31,32 However, there is solid evidence documenting calpain activation and degradation of structural proteins during myocardial reperfusion.3,22,23 The present study confirms these previous results, shows that calpain activation is an early event during reperfusion, because it is observed as early as 5 minutes after flow restoration, and supports the hypothesis that activation of the enzyme requires its association to the cell membrane independently of its autolysis.33 The observation that inhibition of calpain with MDL-28170 prevents the cytoskeletal detachment of α1 and α2 subunits of Na+/K+–ATPase in reperfused myocardium and attenuates the reduction in Na+-pump activity indicates that calpain activation is involved in both phenomena. This result is further supported by the fact that the increased extractability of α subunits observed in reperfused hearts is reproduced in vitro in homogenates from normoxically perfused hearts in which calpain activity had been stimulated.
Loss of Na+/K+–ATPase During Reperfusion Is Not a Mere Consequence of Cell Death but Causes It
Because inhibition of calpain activation is associated with reduced cell death, the possibility exists that preservation of Na+/K+–ATPase observed in hearts treated with calpain inhibitors is a mere consequence of increased cell survival rather than its cause. To rule out this possibility, we analyzed Na+/K+–ATPase during initial reperfusion in the presence of BDM. BDM is a reversible inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase and reduces the myofibrillar sensitivity to Ca2+. Through these mechanisms, BDM reduces cross-bridge force production and allows a complete blockade of contractile activity.34 BDM has been consistently shown to prevent hypercontracture and sarcolemmal rupture during the initial minutes of reperfusion.1,2,35,36
Hearts reperfused for 5 minutes in the presence of BDM, in which LDH release and contraction band necrosis were importantly reduced, showed calpain activation, reduction of Na+/K+–ATPase activity, and loss of anchorage of α subunits of Na+/K+–ATPase similar to those observed in hearts reperfused for the same period in the absence of BDM, indicating that these phenomena were not consequences of cell death but preceded it. Interestingly, inhibition of calpain with MDL-28170 in hearts reperfused in the presence of BDM resulted in a significant additional reduction in LDH release, suggesting that calpain activation may contribute to cell death by mechanisms independent of hypercontracture.3
Although prolonged (30 minutes) infusion of BDM limits final infarct size,1,35 infusion of BDM during the first 5 minutes of reperfusion does not prevent the occurrence of hypercontracture and extensive cell death on withdrawal of the drug.36 In the present study, withdrawal of BDM after 5 minutes of reperfusion was immediately followed by a rapid rise in LVEDP and LDH release and development of contraction band necrosis. However, deterioration associated with BDM withdrawal was markedly attenuated in hearts receiving MDL-28170.
Ankyrin, Fodrin, and Na+/K+–ATPase As Calpain Substrates
Ankyrins contain an N-terminal domain that possess a well-characterized binding site for the cytoplasmic domain of the α subunit of Na+/K+–ATPase18 and a central fodrin-binding domain.19 The interaction of ankyrin with fodrin mediates the linkage of Na+/K+–ATPase with the fodrin-based cytoskeleton and stabilizes Na+/K+–ATPase at the plasma membrane. Recently, a decrease in overall protein levels of α1 and α2 Na+/K+–ATPase isoforms has been demonstrated in cardiomyocytes from mice heterozygous for a null mutation in ankyrin-B, which results in a 50% reduction in ankyrin measured by immunoblot.20 These results highlight the importance of the association of Na+/K+–ATPase with the ankyrin-fodrin complex. The results of the present study could be explained by the calpain-mediated proteolysis of the membrane–cytoskeleton complex at the ankyrin-fodrin interface. However, our results are also consistent with proteolytic activity of calpain on Na+/K+–ATPase subunits. In fact, when the amino acid sequences of Na+/K+–ATPase α1 and α2 subunits were subjected to a PEST find analysis (http://www.at.embnet.org/embnet/tools/bio/PESTfind), 3 possible PEST regions (Pro, Glu[Asp], and Ser/Thr) for α1 and 2 for α2 were identified as potential cleavage sites for calpain.37
In our study, in vitro incubation of the particulate fraction obtained from normoxically perfused hearts with calpain showed a partial degradation of α1 and α2 subunits after 30 minutes of incubation. A previous study showed degradation of Na+/K+–ATPase in postmortem brain and no effect of calpain on Na+/K+–ATPase proteolysis in vitro.38 The mechanism responsible for the proteolysis observed in postmortem samples was not identified in this study. A prominent role of direct proteolysis of α subunits by calpain in the loss of the α isoforms during reperfusion appears to be unlikely for several reasons. First, our in vivo results indicate that reperfusion induces a dissociation and redistribution of Na+/K+–ATPase from the membrane–cytoskeletal complex without apparent protein loss by proteolysis. Second, fodrin and ankyrin decreased in parallel with α1 and α2 subunits, and this decrease was pronounced as early as 5 minutes after reperfusion onset. Third, in in vitro experiments, proteolysis of ankyrin at 5 minutes after starting the incubation with active calpain was more pronounced than that observed in reperfused hearts, whereas the loss of the bands corresponding to α1 and α2 subunits was not significant until 30 minutes of incubation.
Degradation of ankyrin could result in the loss of ankyrin-binding proteins other than Na+/K+–ATPase α subunits, with potential effects on intracellular Ca2+. Mohler et al20 demonstrated reduction in the levels of NCX in cardiomyocytes with a null mutation for ankyrin-B, and, more recently, Bano et al39 described the cleavage of NCX3 by calpain in homogenates from brains subjected to ischemia. However, a significant role of altered NCX1 function in myocardial reperfusion injury seems unlikely. In fact, pharmacological inhibition of NCX1 during initial reperfusion has consistently been found to protect myocardium against reperfusion injury after prolonged ischemia,5,6 indicating that, in contrast to what happens with the Na+ pump, NCX1 remains active during the initial minutes of myocardial reperfusion following prolonged, severe ischemia and that this activity, in the reverse "Ca2+ in" mode, is detrimental to cell survival.
This study supports the hypothesis that the inability of the cell to resume Na+/K+–ATPase activity during early reperfusion because of calpain-mediated detachment of the enzyme from the sarcolemma contributes significantly to Ca2+ influx through reverse mode of NCX and plays a critical role in reperfusion-induced cell death. The study proposes calpain-dependent detachment from the membrane–cytoskeletal complex of α subunits of Na+/K+–ATPase as a new mechanism for explaining the impairment of its activity that occurs during early reperfusion in hearts subjected to prolonged ischemia (Figure 7). Calpain inhibition largely reduces cell death. The fact that calpain inhibition protects less than direct downstream inhibition of reverse mode of NCX, may reflect the fact that Ca2+ overload built up during prior ischemia, altered Ca2+ handling by sarcoplasmic reticulum and/or mitochondria,2 and determinants of Na+ overload others from Na+/K+–ATPase malfunction are important determinants of Ca2+ overload in reperfused myocytes. It cannot be ruled out, however, that calpain-independent mechanisms contribute to Na+/K+–ATPase dysfunction during reperfusion.
This study was partially supported by grants CICYT SAF 2002-0559 and FIS-RECAVA. We appreciate the excellent technical work of Maria Angeles Garcia.
Original received May 17, 2005; revision received July 29, 2005; accepted August 1, 2005.
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Garcia-Dorado D, Theroux P, Duran JM, Solares J, Alonso J, Sanz E, Munoz R, Elizaga J, Botas J, Fernandez-Aviles F, Soriano J, Esteban E. Selective inhibition of the contractile apparatus. A new approach to modification of infarct size, infarct composition and infarct geometry during. Circulation. 1992; 85: 1160–1174.
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Piper HM, Abdallah Y, Schafer C. The first minutes of reperfusion: a window of opportunity for cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Res. 2004; 61: 365–371.
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Inserte J, Garcia-Dorado D, Ruiz-Meana M, Agulló L, Pina P, Soler-Soler J. Ischemic preconditioning attenuates calpain-mediated degradation of structural proteins through a protein kinase A-dependent mechanism. Cardiovasc Res. 2004; 64: 105–114.
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Halestrap AP, Clarke SJ, Javadov SA. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening during myocardial reperfusion–a target for cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Res. 2004; 61: 372–385.
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Inserte J, Garcia-Dorado D, Ruiz-Meana M, Padilla F, Barrabes JA, Pina P, Agullo L, Piper HM, Soler-Soler J. Effect of inhibition of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger at the time of myocardial reperfusion on hypercontracture and cell death. Cardiovasc Res. 2002; 55: 739–748.
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Blaustein MP, Lederer WJ. Sodium/calcium exchange: its physiological implications. Physiol Rev. 1999; 79: 763–854.
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Vandeberg JI, Metcalfe JC, Grace AA. Mechanisms of pHi recovery after global ischemia in the reperfused heart. Circ Res. 1993; 72: 993–1003.
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Tani M, Neely JR. Role of intracellular Na+ in Ca2+ overload and depressed recovery of ventricular function of reperfused ischemic rat hearts. Possible involvement of H+-Na+ and Na+-Ca2+ exchange. Circ Res. 1989; 65: 1045–1056.
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Ruiz-Meana M, Garcia-Dorado D, Hofstaetter B, Piper HM, Soler-Soler J. Propagation of cardiomyocyte hypercontracture by passage of Na(+) through gap junctions. Circ Res. 1999; 85: 280–287.
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Imahashi K, Kusuoka H, Hashimoto K, Yoshioka J, Yamaguchi H, Nishimura T. Intracellular sodium accumulation during ischemia as the substrate for reperfusion injury. Circ Res. 1999; 84: 1401–1406.
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Nawada R, Murakami T, Iwase T, Nagai K, Morita Y, Kouchi I, Akao M, Sasayama S. Inhibition of sarcolemmal Na+,K+-ATPase activity reduces the infarct size-limiting effect of preconditioning in rabbit hearts. Circulation. 1997; 96: 599–604.
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Elmoselhi AB, Lukas A, Ostadal P, Dhalla NS. Preconditioning attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced remodeling of Na+-K+-ATPase in hearts. Am J Physiol. 2003; 285: H1055–H1063.
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Siegmund B, Koop A, Kliethz T, Schwartz P, Piper HM. Sarcolemmal integrity and metabolic competence of cardiomyocytes under anoxia-reoxigenation. Am J Physiol. 1990; 27: H285–H291.
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Jordan C, Puschel B, Koob R, Drenckhahn D. Identification of a binding motif for ankyrin on the alpha-subunit of Na+,K(+)-ATPase. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270: 29971–29975.
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Mohler PJ, Schott JJ, Gramolini AO, Dilly KW, Guatimosim S, duBell WH, Song LS, Haurogne K, Kyndt F, Ali ME, Rogers TB, Lederer WJ, Escande D, Le Marec H, Bennett V. Ankyrin-B mutation causes type 4 long-QT cardiac arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Nature. 2003; 421: 634–639.
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Woroniecki R, Ferdinand JR, Morrow JS, Devarajan P. Dissociation of spectrin-ankyrin complex as a basis for loss of Na-K-ATPase polarity after ischemia. Am J Physiol. 2003; 284: F358–F364.
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Yoshida K, Inui M, Harada K, Saido TC, Sorimachi Y, Ishihara T, Kawashima S, Sobue K. Reperfusion of rat heart after brief ischemia induces proteolysis of calspectin (nonerythroid spectrin or fodrin) by calpain. Circ Res. 1995; 77: 603–610.
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- Calpain-Mediated Impairment of Na+/K+–ATPase Activity During Early Reperfusion Contributes to Cell Death After Myocardial IschemiaJavier Inserte, David Garcia-Dorado, Victor Hernando and Jordi Soler-SolerCirculation Research. 2005;97:465-473, originally published September 1, 2005https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000181170.87738.f3
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- Calpain-Mediated Impairment of Na+/K+–ATPase Activity During Early Reperfusion Contributes to Cell Death After Myocardial IschemiaJavier Inserte, David Garcia-Dorado, Victor Hernando and Jordi Soler-SolerCirculation Research. 2005;97:465-473, originally published September 1, 2005https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000181170.87738.f3Permalink:


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Looking for a good book for a gift? Or to find something to make as a gift (though I'll admit time is getting tight for that)?
Here are some new books to inspire you.
Creative Knitting: A New and Expanded Edition
Little Christmas Decorations to Knit and Crochet
More Than a Dozen Hats and Beanies
Nicky Epstein: The Essential Edgings Collection
The Spinner's Book of Yarn Designs
Vogue Knitting: The Ultimate Hat Book
What to Knit When You're Expecting
If you know of any books that are coming up that are not on the list, please drop me a comment. Though, of course, this list is not meant to be complete, so I'm sure there are plenty missing.
(And, please, if you're thinking of buying any of these books, please consider using the links here at Knitting Scholar–I'll get a couple dollars from Amazon.com to go toward the cost of this site. My grateful thanks go with every order!)


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Court FAQ's
On this page you'll find frequently asked questions and additional information about the following subjects pertaining to the City of Nogales Court.
Basic Information: Includes details about the Court Location, changing court dates, seeing a Judge, etc.
Administration: Includes information about records and jury duty
Bail Sanctions and Civil Fines: Details fine amounts including parking and traffic violations and additional information about court appearances, etc.
Collections: Questions about the Judicial Enforcement Unit (Collections) at the City of Nogales Municipal Court.
Basic Information
Yes, here's the link to the online portal. http://www.nogalescitycourtpayments.com/
The Nogales Municipal Court does not grant extensions of any kind over the phone
Yes, they will need your name and date of birth.
Yes please call 1-855-741-7787
If you have a criminal case and you fail to appear, it may result in a warrant being issued for your arrest and incurring additional fees. If you have civil charges and fail to appear, your driving privileges may be suspended and you may incur additional fees. You may either file a written motion to continue a court date or come in during the courts' walk-in hours.
Changes of court dates will not be handled over the phone. You may file a written motion to continue a court date or come in during the courts' walk-in hours. See about scanning in motion to continue here.
Walk-in hours are between 8:30 - 11 a.m. and 1:30 p.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday excluding holidays. Warrants may be quashed Monday through Thursday during Walk-in hours.
An abstract is the paperwork the court provides to the Motor Vehicle Department that lifts the request to suspend the driver''s license. An abstract is produced when all sanctions/fines/fees are paid in full. Abstracts are valid only from the specific court that requested the hold to be placed on the driver''s license. Nogales Municipal Court can only issue an abstract on cases filed in Nogales Municipal Court. You may obtain an abstract from the court to take to MVD for immediate clearance or the court will send an abstract to MVD through our normal course of business.
777 North Grand Avenue in Nogales, Arizona located 2 blocks south of the Highway 82 turnoff to Patagonia.
Please allow at least 10 days from the date the ticket is issued for the officer to file the citation with the court. If you do not have a copy of your ticket with you, the court has no means of knowing what you were charged with. If you have a copy of your ticket, there may be some items we can handle for you that will not require you to come to court again or you can handle by mail. Please call the court at (520) 285-5667 for specifics. (Child safety seat, proof of insurance, etc.)
Your request must be put into writing and there will be a research fee of $17.00 that will need to be paid before the court can begin the research (A.R.S. 22-404B). The court will then research the court documents/records for your request.
Follow the instructions that are on your summons form. You may also contact the Court Clerk/Jury Commissioner's Office at (520) 285-5669
You may request one postponement of you service for up to 120 days. This can be done by calling the Court Clerk/Jury Commissioner's Office at (520) 285-5669.
Please call the Court Clerk/Jury Commissioner's Office at (520) 285-5669. Excuses are not granted on the basis of religion or moral beliefs, status or business proprietors, or profession. Excuses may be granted for those who do not read, write or understand English and for those who suffer from a severe physical or mental illness.
The law states (A.R.S. Section 21-236) that an employer shall not refuse to permit an employee to take leave of absence from employment for the purpose of serving as a juror or dismiss an employee because of juror service. However, an employer is not required by law to pay employee's their regular salary or wage when on jury service. Please check you employer's policy.
No, we're not the same. The Justice Court is located at 2160 North Congress Drive. Their phone number is (520)375-7761.
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After your court appearance you must go to JEU. You will be required to undergo a financial review process. You will need to complete the financial application and then go thru a screening process with one of the JEU representatives to discuss possible payment arrangements. Payment arrangements are not guaranteed. When payment arrangements are established there will be an additional $20 assessed for the time payment fee.
If you do not pay in full or appear at JEU the day the fines/fees are imposed the court may issue a warrant for you arrest on criminal charges and assess an additional $100.00 warrant fee. On civil charges, the court may send a default notification to MVD requesting suspension of your driving privileges for each violation and an additional $50.00 default fee will be assessed to each violation.
It is possible that your payments may increase to accommodate the additional fines/fees assessed. The increase will be determined during the financial screening process with a JEU representative.
If you are unable to make you scheduled payment, you must appear at JEU no later than 5pm on your payment due date to request a financial review for a possible extension. You will be required to by complete a new financial application and undergo the financial review process. You must appear in person to request an extension on your payment arrangements. The court requires all defendants appear in court and sign all applicable documents.
Each time an extension is requested a new financial application must be completed but the requirement may be waived. This enables the court to understand what circumstances have changed since the last financial review and why the extension is being requested.
You must appear at JEU to complete a financial application and go thru the financial review process. In the event you skip a payment and do not work out an acceptable extension with the court, you run the risk of a warrant being issued for your arrest or having your driver's license suspended.
You must pay in full or appear in court before a Judge before the warrant is canceled.
You must pay in full or appear in court before a Judge to receive a clearance for your driver's license suspension.
Anyone can drop off your payment for you. The payment must be received by 5:00pm on the specified due date.


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such an amazing shooting ! Http://Fashioneiric.blogspot.comColine ♡
Absolutely beautiful.
Stunning! I can't get enough.
Gorgeous! Love her Modern Trousseau gown too... ;)
I quite seriously obsess over your work, please stick around to do my bridals even though I have yet to graduate high school.
Could you please tell me where the bridal gown is from?
It is a Modern Trousseau 'cassidy' gown- if you are in utah they are available at Alta Moda Bridal in Salt Lake


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Get inside the mind of an opinionated house cat, as Scooter offers a tour of his private world. Hear about battles with the water dispenser. Get the feline perspective on indoor tornadoes. Learn about food bowl guardians. Get tips on how to deal with strangers and more! Includes a dozen color photographs of Scooter the Cat. [Picture Book (Rated G for all audiences) 24 pages full color | written and illustrated by Terri Branson | Released in 2013 by Dragonfly Publishing, Inc.]
Bookwire is a mobile app for your iPhone that gives you the ability to scan a barcode
or enter ISBN, access book records and add titles to wish lists.


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The "Dubai Harbour" will also feature a cruise ship port and a terminal that can accommodate 6,000 passengers at a time, a government statement said.
Home to Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest tower, Dubai said the new project will include a 135-metre (443-foot)lighthouse featuring a hotel and observation deck.
We're on a mission to show you the real Middle East.
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The marina will expand Dubai's yacht capacity by around 50 percent from its current 3,000 berths, the statement said.
The project will be located off the upmarket Dubai Marina neighbourhood and next to the man-made Palm Island.
Traditionally a sleepy fishing town, Dubai has evolved into a regional business hub and an attractive tourism destination, thanks to huge investments in luxurious resorts and shopping malls.
Dubai attracted 14 million tourists in 2015.


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Personal Care Services
We understand the challenges that a family faces when a loved one is unable to perform basic daily living activities without assistance. You want to be there every minute, but it's just not possible.
That's why Always Accurate offers Personal and Companion Care Services. Our compassionate and trustworthy caregivers are available to assist with dressing, eating, grooming, light housekeeping and many more activities to help with daily living. We're here to give you peace of mind, knowing that your loved one is in good hands.
Other Personal and Companion Care Services include:
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Household Services
When daily household tasks become more difficult for you or a loved one as a result of a an illness or injury, disability, or simply part of the aging process, a little extra care and support can make a world of difference. Our household care service provides the support necessary to help maintain an independent living environment.
Household Services Include:
- Performing light housekeeping (laundry and ironing, garbage removal, dusting, organizing)
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- Organize bills
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Berlin, Jan. 17 (Reuters): The Berlin Film Festival will grapple with the serious theme of the worlds refugees this year, but hopes that more stars will turn up to add glamour to the event.
The Berlinale is one of Europes top three film festivals. Director Dieter Kosslick said he hoped to strike a balance between entertainment and political awareness in the 10-day festival which opens on February 6 on the theme Towards Tolerance.
We recognise that the problem of refugees is becoming worse. Its a theme worldwide and is reflected in film and it will feature prominently here, Kosslick said in an interview today. The festival has already announced that 19 movies will compete for the coveted Golden Bear, including the German film Distant Lights set on the German-Polish border, Slovenian entry Spare Parts about human trafficking and Senegals Madame Brouette about the struggle of a single mother.
Steven Soderbergs Solaris, Spike Lees The 25th Hour, Spike Jonzes Adaptation and Stephen Daldrys The Hours are among the others in competition.
Around 400 films will be sandwiched between the opener Chicago and the finale, Martin Scorseses Gangs of New York, both of which have bigger budgets than last years pairing.
On the one side, we are showing intelligent entertainment. On the other, its a politically engaged programme, including looking at refugees worldwide, people who live in difficult social situations, said Kosslick, in his second year in the job. Berlin ranks behind Cannes and alongside Venice among Europes film festivals. Kosslick promised the competition would attract a galaxy of stars, something critics say it lacked last year.
The potential is that every film playing will bring their lead roles, but Ive learned you must be very cautious when talking about who will come, he said.
You can say theyre here, when theyre on the red carpet, but not before. However, I can say that it will be full of stars.
Kosslicks potential guests includes Nicolas Cage and Meryl Streep in Adaptation, Julianne Moore and Nicole Kidman in The Hours and George Clooney for his role as an actor in Solaris and as director of Confessions of a Dangerous Mind.
Edward Norton will feature in The 25th Hour, Kevin Spacey and Kate Winslet in the joint British-American production The Life of David Gale.
The French film Petites Coupures pairs Daniel Auteuil and Kristin Scott Thomas. Kosslick is an unabashed fan of German productions but plans to give less emphasis to home-made films than last year when four were in the competition. In the past German filmmakers have complained about being left out in the cold.


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