text: Impact of Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding African American Sexual Behavior on STD Prevention and Control in African American Communities: Unintended ConsequencesValentine, Jo A. MSWSexually Transmitted Diseases: December 2008 - Volume 35 - Issue 12 - p S23-S29 doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31818d3cc7 Review Abstract In Brief Author Information Article Outline Compared to whites, blacks experience significant health disparities for sexually transmitted diseases, particularly in the rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. To develop more effective interventions to control and prevent STDs, public health practitioners should better understand and respond to factors that facilitate sexual risk-taking behaviors and impede access to STD health care and make use of factors that promote sexual health. Legacies of slavery, racism, and economic or class discrimination leave many blacks suspicious of interventions aimed at improving the welfare of their communities. Sexual behavior, in particular, has been used to justify social oppression of blacks in the United States. Although efforts to engage affected black communities in improving STD health care delivery have been undertaken, bias, prejudice, and stereotyping continue to contribute to negative experiences for many blacks across health care settings, including those involving STD care. Implementing more effective interventions to reduce the disparate burden of bacterial STDs in black communities requires accessible and acceptable STD health care. Understanding and addressing the potential impact of both provider and patient attitudes can improve these service delivery outcomes. Barriers to STD care such as bias, stigma, shame, and attitudes regarding black sexual behavior and sexual risk can contribute to the persistent high rates of bacterial STDs among blacks. From the Division of STD Prevention, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Correspondence: Jo A. Valentine, MSW, Division of STD Prevention, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road MS E-02, Atlanta, GA 30333. E-mail: email@example.com. Received for publication April 28, 2008, and accepted September 9, 2008. Abstract Barriers to STD Care: Bias, Stigma, and Shame Bias in the Health Care Setting Stigma Shame Trust Attitudes and Beliefs About African American Sexual Behavio... Historical Perceptions of Black Sexuality Black Attitudes Regarding Sexual Intimacy and Infidelity The Impact of Partner Availability on STD Risk Black Attitudes About STD Risk Role of Religion in Understanding African American Attitude... Religion-Based Coping and STD Risk The Role of Religious Institutions in STD Prevention Implications for STD Prevention and Control Conclusions References "THE POOR RANKING OF America's black population in the indices of good health is a scandal of such long standing that it has lost the power to shock," wrote D. S. Greenberg in the Lancet in 1990.1 Recent national STD surveillance data illustrate this point.2 In 2005, approximately 68% of gonorrhea cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) occurred among blacks. Gonorrhea rates among black men were 24 times higher than among white men, whereas the rates among black women were 14 times higher than among white women. Almost 42% of chlamydia infection cases occurred among blacks. The chlamydia infection rate among black males was more than 11 times the rate among white males, and the rate of chlamydia infection among black females in the United States was more than 7 times higher than the rate among white females. Despite notable successes of the United States Syphilis Elimination Campaign in reducing the black:white disparity,3,4 the primary and secondary syphilis rates among blacks increased between 2004 and 2005 by more than 11%. The congenital syphilis rate for blacks in 2005 was almost 20 times (25.9 cases per 100,000 live births) higher than the rate among whites (1.3 cases per 100,000 live births).5 "It is utterly exhausting being black in America," Marian Wright-Edelman wrote in, The Measure of Our Success,6 and it is evident that STDs have contributed substantially to the burdens to which she alluded. The disparities in rates of bacterial STDs between blacks and whites lead unavoidably to discussions involving race and sex. To develop more effective interventions to control and prevent STDs, public health practitioners need to better understand and respond to not only individual behavioral factors but also the social factors (e.g., poverty, racism, racial segregation, and incarceration) that facilitate the incidence of sexual risk-taking behaviors and impede access to STD health care and health education.7–10 Practitioners also need to understand and make use of the protective factors at the individual and community level (e.g., family relations, community pride, emotional commitments, personal values) that can promote sexual health.11 The history of race relations in the United States often renders discussions of race and sex intimidating. Race relations in the United States remain complex and controversial, exacerbated by myths, misunderstandings, miscommunications, and mutual distrust especially in matters of human sexuality.12 Legacies of slavery, racism, and social discrimination leave many blacks highly suspicious of initiatives allegedly aimed at improving the welfare of their communities. Sexual behavior, in particular, has been used to justify oppression, resulting in denigration and segregation of blacks in the United States. "As long as black sexuality remains a taboo subject, we cannot acknowledge, examine, or engage these tragic psycho-cultural facts of American life," wrote Cornel West in his 1993 book, Race Matters. 13 The Institute of Medicine report Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care concluded that provider bias, prejudice, and stereotyping contribute to disparities in the health care experience.14 The resulting stigma and shame, although related, are distinct concepts; and the impact of stigma as a barrier to STD health care may be more significant than personal shame. Trust is crucial in the health care setting, but patients are not likely to trust health care providers whom they regard as indifferent, judgmental, or hostile, even if those providers look like them. As an example, for many blacks, the implicit and explicit messages about multiple partners can sound like an accusation of promiscuity and sexual irresponsibility that may not accurately reflect either their actual behaviors or their perceptions of their individual sexual experiences.15 Recognizing the significant role religion can play in shaping individual black attitudes about sexual behavior and risk for STDs enhances understanding of the factors associated with STD risk in these communities and can lead to effective interventions to reduce STD morbidity. For many public health programs, it has become standard practice to involve black community leaders and institutions in their community-based efforts,16 and throughout much of American history, black churches have been the primary providers of a variety of vital social services and advocacy when few other resources were available. Yet, less may be understood about the doctrinal differences among black churches that can either facilitate or inhibit STD prevention and control efforts. For a number of black churches, their religious dogma may not be compatible with STD prevention messages and may in fact lead to the same bias and stigma experienced by black persons in secular health care settings and to lead to personal shame or resistance to health care-seeking. Moreover, individual religion-based coping styles can either positively or adversely affect individual STD risk reduction and health care-seeking behavior by empowering individuals to be proactive about protecting their health or permitting them to be passive and resigned to risks and unhealthy outcomes. This paper will: (1) examine the impact of provider and patient attitudes regarding black sexual behavior on STD prevention and control activities; and (2) discuss the potential influence religion on black attitudes about sexual behavior, STD risk reduction, and STD health care-seeking. Back to Top | Article Outline Barriers to STD Care: Bias, Stigma, and Shame "They're very good for what they do. They have a mystique about them that lends itself to negativity because of the staff and lack of staff. *** has a reputation so people stay away. Women asking questions. Not discrete. They stigmatize people. Women at the health department are jaded, complacent, not personal. They treat people like they're ignorant. I had to go to several desks to get to the right place. I had to wait a long time."17 Back to Top | Article Outline Bias in the Health Care Setting In the Institute of Medicine report Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, the authors concluded that although many socio-economic and structural factors contribute to health disparities among racial and ethnic minority groups, provider bias, prejudice, and stereotyping also contribute to differences in the health care experience.14 Patients from minority groups perceive higher levels of racial discrimination in health care settings compared to whites.18,19 Moreover, a number of studies have found that the social treatment blacks experience when accessing health care, particularly for STD treatment, impedes their willingness to seek care.20–22 To be prejudiced is to have an unjustified negative attitude about another person on the basis of that person's group membership (e.g., race, ethnicity, social class, or religion). Social science research suggests that many Americans harbor prejudicial attitudes toward members of other groups. "America has a race problem," Lerone Bennet, Jr. once wrote.23 America also has a sex problem, or at least a problem talking about sex, even in the STD clinic.24 Stereotyping has been defined as the process by which people use social categories (e.g., race, gender) in acquiring, processing, and recalling information about others. The stereotypes and attitudes that people bring to their interactions helps to organize and simplify complex or uncertain situations and give them greater confidence in their ability to understand and respond to a situation efficiently and effectively; so arguably, stereotypes may seem to be useful. However, this usefulness always comes with a risk. Stereotypes tend to be personally biased, they are frequently unreliable, misleading, and offensive14 and particularly unhelpful in the STD treatment or counseling encounter. For STD clinic patients, the consequences of negative health care provider biases can begin at the reception desk and continue into the patient's encounter with the health care worker. Measuring patient satisfaction only as it relates to treatment issues, convenience, and cost may be inadequate for a full understanding of the health care experiences of STD patients, especially if assessments fail to include experiences that entail making appointments and talking with clinic staff at the reception desk.25 One study found that STD patient respondents complained about front desk staff whose body language or remarks indicated that the clients were unimportant, deviant, curiosities, or even nuisances. In the words of a female STD clinic patient from the study, "I have had trouble with most of the white ladies. One of them said, 'Well, you must not care about yourself.' She said it in a real sarcastic, domineering voice. The other one was the one that screamed at me."25 Given these experiences, black STD patients may come to the clinic with their own set of biases and negative expectations. In the book, Black Rage, the authors described this tendency to be suspicious of or distrust institutions or agencies regarded as being "white" as healthy cultural paranoia that blacks have developed over generations in response to racism, oppression, and discrimination.26 In his or her encounter with the health care professional, whether that professional is black or white, a long history of negative experiences associated with race or class discrimination can have unfortunate effects.27,28 Back to Top | Article Outline Stigma "There is a stigma with doing outreach in the black community. They're not wanting to have anything to do with STDs, particularly in the black community."29 Prejudice and stereotypes can promote social stigmatization and create personal shame. Stigma has been defined as an attribute or label that sets a person apart from others, links the labeled person to undesirable characteristics, and represents socially shared knowledge understood even by the targets of the stigma.22 Stigma can be experienced in 2 ways: (1) enacted stigma—when people who are considered to be morally, socially, racially, or physically tainted are discriminated against by "normal" persons; and (2) felt stigma—the fear or experience of this type of discrimination.20 STD-related stigma can be so pervasive that it can impact STD clinic staff as well.30 In a paper published in the journal, Culture, Health, and Sexuality in 2005, the investigators note: "Stigma has long been associated with sexually transmitted infections in Western Societies. Syphilis, for example, has been stigmatized through attributions of sexual excess, immorality, and social deviance throughout history, and the association of syphilis and other STIs with sexual immorality continued even after antibiotics offered the promise of a cure early in the 20th Century."31 Although both black men and women encounter stigma when diagnosed with an STD, black women historically have borne more disgrace and even tragic physical consequences when it is believed that their sexually irresponsible behavior caused them to contract an STD.32 Even today some health care providers tend to hold women more accountable than they do men for both having multiple sexual partners and acquiring and transmitting STDs. Some female STD patients have reported being treated as "dirty" or "promiscuous," or "bisexual" based on the way they were dressed.33 This double-standard application for women is not unique to STD health care settings. It can be experienced in numerous interactions, including in religious settings. Back to Top | Article Outline Shame "I'm shy to talk to a doctor. Male doctors take stuff as a joke. I don't like male doctors. Things have happened in the past."17 Related to stigma is the concept of shame, which is defined as a negative emotion elicited when a person experiences failure in relation to personal or social standards, feels responsible for this failure, and believes that the failure reflects self-inadequacy rather than inappropriate behavior.20 Black STD patients have named several types of shame barriers to accessing STD health care: (1) fear of being seen or discovered, (2) reputation damage, and (3) embarrassment (feeling ashamed). For example, in 1 study, a black male respondent said, "Yeah, if you go into the clinic, all the rumors start. People would start to talk. Everyone at school would know (about the clinic visit) and talk about you. They'd be looking at you when you walk in (to school)." For some young men, it may be more threatening to be seen at an STD clinic by girls rather than by their male peers. As another young humans from the same study put it, "We had to go up to the desk in front of all the people. My boy was trying to keep it on the D.L. (down low) and he tried to say quietly 'Like I got a problem down there.' But you have to tell them out loud. You have to say you want to see a doctor and they ask you why. And there are people listening all around you."21 Stigma and shame are related but distinct concepts; and the impact of stigma as a barrier to accessing STD health care may be more significant than personal shame. Moreover, the problem of shame may not be easily resolved.34 A substantial body of social psychology research demonstrates a persistent resistance to changing long-held prejudices and social stereotypes, particularly for conditions or behaviors judged as the consequences of irresponsible behavior.20 Back to Top | Article Outline Trust Patients are not likely to trust health care providers whom they may regard as indifferent, judgmental, or even hostile; and trust is an essential element in a therapeutic alliance, which is needed in the STD health care encounter.35,36 A useful definition of trust is an expectancy held by a person or a group that the word, promise, verbal, or written statement of another person or group can be relied upon and reflects an expectation about the future.37 Trust facilitates communication and the exchange of critical information. Unfortunately, there is a long legacy of black distrust of health care providers and government institutions, beginning with the era of slavery when slaves were used for medical experimentation and extending until now in the age of AIDS, when many blacks continue to believe that the AIDS virus is a manmade weapon of racial warfare against them.38 In the development and delivery of STD services for black patients, in particular, it is helpful for providers—at all levels—and patients to set aside attitudes and beliefs that stereotype and stigmatize and thereby hinder the health-care relationship. However, although all parties should strive to accomplish this, it is perhaps more reasonable to expect that providers assume greater responsibility for improving the health-care relationship.39 Back to Top | Article Outline Attitudes and Beliefs About African American Sexual Behavior and Risk for STDs Historical Perceptions of Black Sexuality During the years of slavery in the United States, blacks were commonly depicted as subhuman. Their sexual behavior was viewed as primitive and instinctual, devoid of much human emotion or attachment.40 Although these attitudes and beliefs contributed to the justification for slavery by dehumanizing blacks; ironically, the institution itself created the very conditions that undermined committed relationships among slaves, disregarding slave marriages and families, and selling them apart for economic gain or punishment. Slavery allowed the raping of black women and the use of them as breeders, and it emasculated black men and reduced them to studs.41 In the book, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America, the authors write, "In 19th Century thought sexual control helped differentiate the middle class from the working class, and whites from other races." They note that for white men that there was a moral double-standard that condoned their sexual transgressions, whereas for white middle class women, there was an elaborate ideal of femininity that emphasized their innate sexual purity as a means of controlling male excess. According to the authors women, who did not—or could not—achieve this ideal of purity were considered fallen and if they were poor, they could be arrested for crimes against chastity.42 At this time, not only were blacks poor, but a majority of them were not even considered fully human, entitled to little legal or moral rights. By the beginning of the 20th century, legal slavery had ended and blacks had attained citizenship. Yet some noted physicians were still publishing in scientific journals that black men could not control their sexual behavior, using such terms as furor sexualis for black men, a term comparing black male sexual behavior to the acts of aggressive bulls and elephants; and building on the moral double-standard, these physicians went on to report that black women were morally inferior to black men and that these low or absent moral standards made black women susceptible to STDs. In the words of 1 physician from that time, "The black men love to frolic with the women; and the women love to frolic with the men; so they frolic."43 In contemporary popular culture, black sexuality began to include depictions of black men as sexual "supermen" and at times harkened back to the past to describe them as sexual predators. For black women, there was still a tone of impugned moral character in descriptions that labeled them as uninhibited "sexual expressionists," and often worse.44 Now in the age of HIV/AIDS, the black woman is frequently depicted almost as a victim of her black male partner's proclivity for multiple sexual partners or his denial and deceit about his having sex with other men.45,46 As challenging as some of the perceptions of black heterosexuality have been, the challenges associated with black same-sex sexual behavior are usually laden with more controversy and confusion.42,47 In his book Beyond the Down Low, Keith Boykin discussed "the DL" not simply as a matter of black men who engage in same-sex sexual behavior, denying or concealing their sex lives but rather as a consequence of failing to engage in difficult conversations about black sexuality in general. He noted that much of the dialogue in the black community has served only to further an ongoing unhealthy debate between black men and women that "demonizes bisexuality, dis-empowers women, and misdirects public resources and attention."48 Moreover, overwhelming societal pressure relating to the stigmatization of blacks, compounded by the additional stigma of societal attitudes toward same-sex sexual behavior, contributes to increased sexual risk taking.49,50 What so many of these attitudes and beliefs seem to convey is the common theme that blacks do not have the power to exercise control over their own sex lives; yet at the same time have only themselves to blame for the high rates of STDs in their communities. One early 20th century physician warned, "The gravest problem to be faced in dealing with the black is not his or her industrial future or right to social equality with the white humans or woman. It is the danger to the public of his or her contagiousness and infections from the standpoint of physical and moral disease."44 A professor from New York also writing at this time asserted, "Hospital records show that practically all male city blacks indulge in promiscuous behavior and carry with them venereal disease."44 In Norman Mailer's "The White Black" published in 1959, the author seemed to encourage whites to imitate the hip black male and his lack of sexual inhibition, as demonstrated in black music at that time which for Mailer symbolized sexual orgasm. "While Mailer seems to be advocating that other whites imitate this style, giving up the pleasures of the mind and giving into the pleasures of the body, it was only another way of saying black men were not very intelligent."51 As recently as 1992, in a textbook entitled, Marriage and the Family, the author in referring to a study examining biologic determinants of adolescent sexual behavior, writes, "In the U.S. the sexual activities of white males, and of blacks of both sexes, are a close reflection of the level of testosterone in their bloodstreams for any given period. Thus for these groups, early puberty predicts early sexual involvement. White females, however, are far less responsive to hormone levels and are far more responsive to the societal rules and psychological considerations."52 Back to Top | Article Outline Black Attitudes Regarding Sexual Intimacy and Infidelity "It means pleasure time. If I had a main squeeze, it would mean something else. It would mean caring. I wouldn't be going through the motions for fun if I had a main partner."17 For many blacks, the implicit and explicit messages regarding multiple partners and STD risk can sound like a charge of irresponsible promiscuity, one that may not accurately reflect their individual sexual experience, as there are other social factors, such as disease burden in their social networks that also places them at increased risk for STDs.53 In a study aimed at improving understanding of how young black adults select their sex partners, the investigators found that female participants described their partners only as romantic partners, meaning partners who are respectful, honest, kind, and monogamous. The male participants, however, described 2 distinct types of sex partners: romantic partners and sex-only partners. Whereas the young men expected their sex-only partners to have multiple sex partners, they expected their romantic partners to be good girls (e.g., monogamous).54 One young woman from the study reported having sex both for intimacy and emotional support, "Sometimes a woman feels as though if they not getting the care that they need at home, they'll look for it in a humans …. They feel as though just because he had sex with me that made me feel good."55 According to findings from this same study, young men have sex to feel wanted, and for them, sex provides both physical and emotional benefits. The study also suggests that for some young black men having multiple sexual partners can also be an expression of hyper-masculinity, which serves to compensate for a lack of financial adequacy.55 Although human sexuality theories generally assert that women will seek mates who can provide for them and help them achieve reproductive success, it is also important to note that for both black women and men sexual intercourse can have additional important meaning. In even the most disadvantaged communities, sexual intercourse is often regarded as having vital psycho-social significance and not simply an act of primal entertainment. Failure to understand and appreciate these important aspects of black sexual relationships is likely to lead to interventions that are less effective at reducing STD risk or promoting sexual health. If they were to contract an STD, blacks, like many Americans, would likely experience the usual reactions such as shame, sadness, and anger. Nevertheless, they, like other Americans, are often willing to risk these reactions in order to experience the physical, emotional, and social benefits of the sexual relationship. Much research on blacks of various ages reveals that they are aware of STD risks, and that they do consider those risks when developing a personal pragmatic approach to sex in their social environment, including the use of condoms. However, it is also important to note that emotional attachment, or a sense of being in a committed relationship, can reduce their use of condoms and other risk-reduction behaviors even when they are aware of the potential for disease transmission.55,56 Back to Top | Article Outline The Impact of Partner Availability on STD Risk Numerous studies have described the absence of black men in black communities due largely to high levels of incarceration and violence in disadvantaged neighborhoods.57 This scarcity of eligible male sex partners can lead women to place fewer demands on their male sex partners for fear of losing them and an increased tolerance for male sexual infidelity.5,58 In a recent study examining the sexual assertiveness of low-income black women, the researcher found that study participants often engaged in sex out of fear of being left, rather than out of desire, and they concluded that these women were less likely to practice risk reduction.59 How likely is it that such a woman in this situation would comply with STD clinician advice and refuse to have sex with her partner until he is treated? Which relationship is likely to be more valuable to her? In another study, researchers found that although a black woman may doubt her partner's sexual fidelity or know he is having sex outside their relationship, she may accept this as long as she maintains main-partner status and is considered the wifey with all of the perceived emotional benefits. Simply put, the benefits of main-partner status outweigh the understood STD risk. As 1 black female participant explained, "Like, as long as I don't see nothing, hear nothing, like that, then that way I'll feel like I'm being respected. You know if he's out doing other things, then as long as I don't know about it, see it, or whatever, then I'll say, 'Well, he's respectful as far as I know.'" However, the researchers also found that as tolerant and forgiving as the wifey may be of her male partner's sexual activities, she did not regard the women who engaged in sex with him so forgivingly,55 demonstrating once again that the double-standard by which black women, like other women, have often been judged, persists, even among their peers. Back to Top | Article Outline Black Attitudes About STD Risk "You get it if the person isn't clean."17 A number of studies suggest that for many blacks, STD risk is associated with being unclean and dirty. Respondents in one study for example, described syphilis as a disease of "filthy" people.60 It is perhaps understandable why blacks might tend to reject the implications of high STD rates in their communities. Would they need to assume that most of the filthy people in America live in black neighborhoods? Believing that their communities are being stigmatized or penalized, or otherwise unfairly blamed for the high rates of bacterial STDs in the United States, many blacks, who already in large part do not trust the veracity of such things as government reports when it comes to how black communities are described, may simply choose to disregard or dispute the threat.61 Perhaps they will convince themselves that it cannot happen to them, believing that it only happens to people who have sex with "everybody and anybody without protecting themselves," as 1 black community member put it.17 Back to Top | Article Outline Role of Religion in Understanding African American Attitudes About Sexual Behavior and Risk for STDs Religion-Based Coping and STD Risk Religiosity has been defined as an organized system of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols, whereas spirituality generally refers to a transcendent relationship to some form of higher power.62 Religion has had an enduring role in black life. Even blacks who do not regularly attend organized church services often will have a well-developed faith-based framework by which they hold themselves and others accountable.63 This framework of religious beliefs and values provides a worldview for interpreting life's events and experiences, particularly when it involves adjustment to loss, anxiety, pain, or suffering.64 Religiosity and spirituality provide an important coping framework in the lives of many blacks, whether they regularly attend church services. Religion-based coping styles, such as working in accord with a Higher Power, have been associated with positive health outcomes; paradoxically, religion-based styles that encourage passively waiting for divine intervention have been associated with negative health outcomes.65 Both styles could have important implications for STD prevention and control. For example, the collaborative coping style could empower an individual to take a more a proactive approach to protecting his sexual health such as consistently using condoms. In 1 study conducted among black adolescent females, greater religious involvement was found to be a protective factor for STD/HIV risk by increasing (1) self-efficacy to communicate with partners about sex, STDs, HIV, and pregnancy; (2) self-efficacy to refuse unsafe sex; (3) positive attitudes towards condom use; and (4) the delay of sexual debut.66,67 Conversely, a more passive approach for coping that emphasizes accepting fate could discourage individuals from taking responsibility for their health and thereby result in underutilization of available services.68 In a study exploring the interdependence of culture and psychosocial issues as barriers to breast cancer control for black women, the researchers identified the phenomenon that they labeled as the persona of not exploring the unknown69 in other words, the black women in their study believed that what was not addressed would not happen or would eventually disappear, perhaps by divine intervention. The researchers concluded that the art of pretense and denial as illustrated in the concept of not knowing provides various levels of comfort for some black women. Such a coping style could deter or delay health care seeking for an STD infection, especially if a woman risks learning not only that she has an infection but also risks having to openly acknowledge her sex partner's infidelity. Back to Top | Article Outline The Role of Religious Institutions in STD Prevention For much of American history, black churches have been the primary community advocates and providers of a wide variety of vital social services when few other resources were available. Although a number of studies suggest that organized churches may be less effective at reaching black men, at least for black women, church attendance and religion have been found to have a positive effect on health, including avoidance of alcohol use, lower rates of cancer, and use of Pap smears.62 In a study of substance abuse interventions, the role of religion was important for (1) spiritually-oriented individual counseling; (2) referral or facilitating referral for professional services; (3) serving as advocates for people negotiating with formal institutions; and (4) providing assistance with resolving practical problems related to drug use.63 In keeping with that tradition clearly, black churches can be important partners in efforts to prevent and control STDs in black communities. For many public health programs, it has become standard practice to involve black religious community leaders and institutions in their community-based activities, and this is increasingly true for STD programs also.70 Black churches have long been the primary providers of a wide variety of vital social services and advocacy when few other resources were available. However, it is important to understand and respect the doctrinal differences among black churches that can either facilitate or impede STD prevention and control efforts. For a number of black churches, their religious dogma may not be compatible with STD prevention messages and may in fact lead to the same bias and stigma experienced by black persons in secular health care settings. Lay health advisors, who come from affected communities, including from local churches, may be accepted as credible STD health information agents; but as with any intervention, these advisors should be carefully recruited and trained to deliver these services.20 Black churches are first moral institutions,71 with many different levels of knowledge, different values and beliefs, and different available resources.28 Different denominations have different social missions; and a number of these religious institutions have taken conservative positions and actions when it comes to human sexuality.42 Although many black churches have been leaders in public health, compassionately embracing drug and alcohol abusers or persons living with HIV/AIDS, other churches in black communities have expelled members for reasons associated with sexual behavior (e.g., out-of-wedlock pregnancy, homosexuality). A recent New York Times article "For Some black Pastors, Accepting Gay Members Means Losing Others," illustrates this point: "The debate about homosexuality that has roiled predominantly white mainline churches for years has gradually seeped into black congregations, threatening their unity, finances, and in some cases, their existence."72 In 2006, NC researchers, seeking to understand the role a group of black churches might play in reducing the STD risk among their female members, found a considerable unwillingness of the pastors to participate in the assessment. The researchers concluded that before seeking to involve churches in public health intervention activities for health promotion and disease prevention, it is critical to understand (1) the black women who attend the church, (2) the current clergy messages regarding sexual risk, and (3) the feasibility of using churches to provide STD prevention messages.73 Back to Top | Article Outline Implications for STD Prevention and Control When the latest CDC STD surveillance report highlights the disparate STD rates among blacks compared to whites, what might Americans in general think? Are negative historical images being reinforced? When a health department staff person randomly stops an black citizen on the street and offers him a syphilis test, on the basis of health department surveillance data that identify his community as a high morbidity area or a hot zone, will that citizen regard it as a benevolent act by the health department and accept the service or perceive it as racial profiling74 and refused the test? Blacks have long resisted negative perceptions of their sexual selves. "Superficial critics, who have had contact only with the lower grades of black women, claim that they are more immoral than other groups of women," wrote Elsie Johnson McDougald in 1925. Despite protest and substantial evidence to the contrary, these negative perceptions of black sexual behavior have persisted in much the same way as the STD disparities. Through the years, particularly since the Civil Rights movement, perhaps the words have changed; rarely might a public health professional use the term promiscuous in counseling an black STD patient – although a church-based educator might – what is implied by the term casual partners? Is it another way of conveying the same meaning—to frolic as it were?75 Many blacks reject information and interventions at both the community and individual levels that neither effectively relay an understanding of the applicable social history nor incorporate the cultural context. Obviously, these are not the intended outcomes of such efforts as the publication of the national surveillance reports, the implementation of street-based screening, or the conducting of the partner notification interview. Back to Top | Article Outline Conclusions For most of American history for blacks, the attitudes and beliefs associated with their sexual behavior have proven injurious to their place in American society. Sexual prejudice and stereotyping have led not only to social stigma and shame but also to civil legislation designed to segregate and alienate.76 Blacks know this history and experience its residual consequences even today. In addition to individual risk taking behaviors, social and economic factors such as poverty, unemployment, low levels of education, drug and alcohol use, and commercial media messages have increased the risk77; and long-held myths, prejudices, stereotypes, and misconceptions have misinformed STD intervention development and delivery and have affected how blacks respond to these interventions.78 Yet there are signs of better times. Real partnerships between public health professionals and affected black communities, including religious institutions, are increasing.79 Engaging and involving affected black communities as active partners in designing and delivering STD prevention and control efforts can provide a critical means of facilitating and improving communication between affected communities and STD programs, and in the process begin to restore, build, and maintain trust.80,81 Moreover, as informed and empowered consumers of STD services, black community members can also better hold STD health care and information providers accountable for quality services.82 Implementing more effective strategies for reducing the disparate burden of bacterial STDs in black communities requires not only that STD health care and health information be accessible, but that it also be acceptable. The complex history of race relations in the United States complicates the efforts to effectively intervene with black communities to reduce STDs. In the past and the not-so-recent past, the disparate burden of STDs in black communities and the public health response has mostly been described and designed reflecting perspectives outside the affected communities. Consequently the subjective implications of the objective data and the well-intended programs have often been missed or at least not effectively addressed. Add to that gender, sexual orientation, and social class bias, stigma, and shame, and the task may seem too daunting to undertake, and yet it is too important to disregard. Understanding and addressing the potentially negative consequences that stem from both provider and patient attitudes and beliefs is critical. The health of American citizens depends upon it.Back to Top | Article Outline References1.Byrd MW. Race, biology, and health care: reassessing a relationship. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1990; 1:279–297. Cited Here... 2.Hallfors DD, Iritani BJ, Miller WC, et al. Sexual and drug behavior patterns and HIV and STD racial disparities: The need for new directions. Am J Pub Health 2007; 97:125–132. Cited Here... 3.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Together We Can. The National Plan to Eliminate Syphilis from the United States. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2006. Cited Here... 4.Berman SM, Cohen MS. STD treatment: How can it improve HIV prevention in the south? Sex Transm Dis 2006; 33:S50–S57. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 5.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2005. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2006. Cited Here... 6.Wright-Edelman M. The Measure of Our Success. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 1992. Cited Here... 7.Funkhouser SW, Moser DK. Is health care racist? ANS Adv Nurs Sci 1990; 12:47–55. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 8.Thomas JC. From slavery to incarceration: Social forces affecting the epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in the rural south. Sex Transm Dis 2006; 33:S6–S10. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 9.Adimora A, Schoenbach V, Martinson F, et al. Social context of sexual relationships among rural African Americans. Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28:69–76. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 10.Romer D, Black M, Ricardo I, et al. Social influences on the sexual behavior of youth at risk for HIV exposure. Am J Public Health 1994; 84:977–985. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 11.Boyd-Franklin N. Black Families in Therapy: A Multi-Systems Approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 1989. Cited Here... 12.Bernard J. Marriage and Family among Negroes. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966. Cited Here... 13.West C. Race Matters. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1993. Cited Here... 14.Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, eds. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine National Academy Press, 2002. Cited Here... 15.Lenoir CD, Adler NE, Borzekowski DL, et al. What you don't know can hurt you: Perceptions of sex partner concurrency and partner-reported behavior. J Adolesc Health 2006; 38:179–185. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 16.Hatch J, Moss N, Saran A, et al. Community research: Partnership in black communities. Am J Prev Med 1993; 9:27–31. Cited Here... | PubMed 17.Division of STD Prevention and Baltimore City Health Department. Talk to me: Rapid Ethnographic Community Assessment Report. Centers for Disease Control, 1999. Cited Here... 18.Chevannes M. Access to health care for black people. Health Visit 1991; 64:16–17. Cited Here... | PubMed 19.Smyser M, Ciske S. Racial and ethnic discrimination in health care settings. Seattle King County Public Health Special Report, 2001. Cited Here... 20.Fortenberry D, McFarlane M, Bleakley A, et al. Relationships of stigma and shame to gonorrhea and HIV screening. Am J Public Health 2002; 92:378–381. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 21.Lindberg C, Lewis-Spruill C, Crownover R. Barriers to sexual and reproductive health care: Urban male adolescents speak-out. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs 2006; 29:73–88. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 22.Emlet C. Measuring stigma in older and younger adults with HIV/AIDS: An analysis of an HIV stigma scale and initial exploration of subscales. Res Soc Work Pract 2005; 15:291–300. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 23.Dalton HL. Racial healing: Confronting the fear between blacks and whites. New York, NY: Anchor Books Doubleday, 1995. Cited Here... 24.Eng TR, Butler WT, eds. The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Institute of Medicine National Academy Press, 1997. Cited Here... 25.Lichtenstein B, Bachman L. Staff affirmations and client criticisms: Staff and client perceptions of quality of care at sexually transmitted disease clinics. Sex Transm Dis 2005; 32:281–285. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 26.Cobbs G. Black Rage. New York, NY: BasicBooks Publishing, 1980. Cited Here... 27.Fuller RW. Somebodies and Nobodies: Overcoming the abuse of rank. Br Columbia, Canada: New Society Publishers, 2004. Cited Here... 28.Eiser AR, Ellis G. Viewpoint: Cultural competence and the African American experience with health care: The case for specific content in cross-cultural education. Acad Med 2007; 82:176–183. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 29.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Syphilis Elimination Listening Tour April–June, 2005, Summary of Findings. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2005. Cited Here... 30.White G, Mortensen A. Counteracting stigma in sexual health care settings. Internet J Adv Nur Pract 2003; 6:1–8. Cited Here... 31.Lichtenstein B, Hook EW, Sharma AK. Public tolerance, private pain: Stigma and sexually transmitted infections in the American deep south. Cult Health Sex 2005; 7:43–57. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 32.Byman B. Out from the shadow of Tuskegee. Fighting racism in medicine. Minn Med 1991; 74:15–20. Cited Here... | PubMed 33.Cunningham SD, Tschann J, Gurvey JE, et al. Attitudes about sexual disclosure and perceptions of stigma and shame. Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78:334–338. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 34.Valdiserri RO. HIV/AIDS stigma: An impediment to public health. Am J Public Health 2002; 92:341–342. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 35.LaVeist TA, Nickerson KJ, Bowie JV. Attitudes about racism, medical mistrust, and satisfaction with care among African American and white cardiac patients. Med Care Res Rev 2000; 57(suppl 1):146–161. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 36.Doescher M, Saver B, Franks P, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in perceptions of physician style and trust. Arch Fam Med 2000; 9:1156–1163. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 37.Petersen LA. Racial differences in trust: Reaping what we have sown? Med Care 2002; 40:81–84. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 38.Whetten K, Leserman J, Whetten R, et al. Exploring lack of trust in care providers and the government as a barrier to health service use. Am J Public Health 2006; 96:716–721. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 39.Benkert R, Peters RM. African American women's coping with health care prejudice. Western J Nur Res 2005; 27:863–889. Cited Here... 40.Lombardo PA, Dorr GM. Eugenics, medical education, and the public health service: Another perspective on the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. Bull Hist Med 2006; 80:291–316. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 41.Staples R. Exploring Black Sexuality. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2006. Cited Here... 42.D'Emilio, John, Estelle B. Freedman Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1997:57–58. Cited Here... 43.Myers NJ. Black Hearts: The Development of Black Sexuality in America. BC, Vancouver, Canada: Trafford Publishing, 2003. Cited Here... 44.Wingood GM, DiClemente RJ, Bernhardt JM, et al. A prospective study of exposure to rap music videos and African American female adolescents' health. Am J Public Health 2003; 93:437–439. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 45.Miller M, Serner M, Wagner M. Sexual diversity among black men who have sex with men in an inner-city community. J Urban Health. 2005; 82(suppl):26–34. Cited Here... 46.King JL. On the Down Low: A Journey into the Lives of Straight Black Men Who Sleep with Men. New York, NY: Broadway Books, 2004. Cited Here... 47.Millett G, Malebranche D, Mason B, et al. Focusing "down low": Bisexual black men, HIV risk and heterosexual transmission. J Natl Med Assoc 2005; 97(suppl 7):S52–S59. Cited Here... 48.Boykin K. Beyond the Down-Low: Sex, Lies, and Denial in Black America. New York, NY: Carroll and Graff, 2005. Cited Here... 49.Stokes JP, Peterson JL. Homophobia, self-esteem, and risk for HIV among African American men who have sex with men. AIDS Educ Prev 1998; 10:278–292. Cited Here... | PubMed 50.Kraft JM, BeekerC, Stokes JP, et al. Finding the "community" in community-level HIV/AIDS interventions: Formative research with young African American men who have sex with men. Health Educ Behav 2000; 27:430–441. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 51.Staples R. Exploring Black Sexuality. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2006:122. Cited Here... 52.Broderick CB. Marriage and the Family. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992. Cited Here... 53.Johnson EH, Jackson LA, Hinkle Y, et al. What is the significance of black-white differences in risky sexual behavior? J Natl Med Assoc 1994; 86:745–759. Cited Here... | PubMed 54.Andrinopoulos K, Kerrigan D, Ellen J. Understanding sex partner selection from the perspective of inner-city black adolescents. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2006; 38:132–138. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 55.Sibthorpe B. The social construction of sexual relationships as a determinant of HIV risk perception and condom use among injection drug users. Med Anthropol Q 1992; 6:255–270. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 56.Carey M, Gordon C, Morrison-Beedy D, et al. Low-income women and HIV risk reduction: Elaborations from qualitative research. AIDS Behav 1997; 1:163–168. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 57.Thomas JC, Thomas KK. Things ain't what they ought to be: Social forces underlying racial disparities in rates of sexually transmitted diseases in a rural North Carolina county. Soc Sci Med 1999; 49:1075–1084. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 58.Thomas JC. From slavery to incarceration: Social forces affecting the epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in the rural south. Sex Transm Dis 2006; 33:S6–S10. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 59.Whyte J. Sexual assertiveness in low-income African American women: Unwanted sex, survival, and HIV risk. J Community Health Nurs 2006; 23:235–244. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 60.Padgett P. Folk constructions of syphilis in an African American community in Houston, Texas. Cult Health Sex 2002; 4:409–418. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 61.Bogart LM, Thorburn S. Are HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs a barrier to HIV prevention among African Americans? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 38:213–218. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 62.Holt C, Haire-Joshu D, Lukwago S, et al. The role of religiosity in dietary beliefs and behaviors among urban African American women. Cancer Control 2005; 12(suppl 2):84–90. Cited Here... | PubMed 63.Sexton R, Carlson R, Siegal H, et al. The role of African American clergy in providing informal services to drug users in the rural south: Preliminary ethnographic findings. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2006; 5:1–7. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 64.Brown DR, Lawrence EG. Religious involvement and health status among African American males. J Natl Med Assoc 1994; 86:825–831. Cited Here... | PubMed 65.Holt CL, McClure SM. Perceptions of the religion-health connection among African American church members. Qual Health Res 2006; 16:268–281. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 66.McCree D, Wingood G, DiClemente R, et al. Religiosity and risky sexual behavior in African American adolescent females. J Adolesc Health 2003; 33:2–8. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 67.Ellison C, Levin J. The religion-health connection: Evidence, theory, and future directions. Health Educ Behav 1998; 25:700–720. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 68.Green BL, Lewis RK, Wang MQ, et al. Powerlessness, destiny, and control: The influence of health behaviors of African Americans. J Community Health 2004; 29:15–27. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 69.Guidry JJ, Matthews-Juarez P, Copeland VA. Barriers to breast cancer control for African-American women: The interdependence of culture and psychosocial issues. Cancer 2003; 97(suppl 1):318–323. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 70.Coyne-Beasley T, Schoenbach VJ. The African-American church: A potential forum for adolescent comprehensive sexuality education. J Adolesc Health 2000; 26:289–294. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 71.Paris Peter J. The Social Teaching of the Black Churches. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1985. Cited Here... 72.Banerjee N. New York Times. March 27, 2007. Cited Here... 73.McKay J, Petersen R. Reducing African American women's sexual risk: Can churches play a role? J Natl Med Assoc 2006; 98:1151–1159. Cited Here... | PubMed 74.Weitzer R, Tuch SA. Perception of racial profiling: Race, class, and personal experience. Criminology 2002; 40:435–456. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 75.Washington H. Medical Apartheid. New York, NY: Doubleday, 2006. Cited Here... 76.Sollorrs W. Interracialism. New York, NY: Oxford Press, 2000. Cited Here... 77.Farley TA, Kahn RH, Johnson G, et al. Strategies for syphilis prevention. Sex Transm Dis 2000; 6:305–310. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 78.Dula A. African American suspicion of the healthcare system is justified: What do we do about it? Camb Q Healthc Ethics 1994; 3:347–357. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 79.Lewis YR, Shain L, Quinn S, et al. Building community trust: Lessons from an STD/HIV peer educator program with African American barbers and beauticians. Health Promot Pract 2002; 3. Cited Here... 80.Moseley C, Valentine J, Foust E. Lessons learned from syphilis elimination in Guilford county. Health Promot Pract 2002; 3:188–196. Cited Here... | CrossRef 81.Robertson A, Minkler M. 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The Lake City Community Center is sporting a shiny new paint job this week. Home Depot in Shoreline supplied all the paint and materials as well as their own expert volunteers who helped run the project. Community volunteers stepped forward to help too, including volunteers from the Lake City Lions Club, Lake City Toastmasters, and two center supporters, Denise from Dancin' with Denise (line dancing) and Nancy Cubbage, the center's resident mosaic art instructor.
Wednesday the center was taped and prepped. Thursday was a hive of activity as the whole bottom floor interior was painted. Painting was completed by Thursday night – just in time to surprise attendees at tonight's Fright Night celebration.
If you'd like to stay informed about volunteer opportunities like this & other community announcements, please sign up for the Lake City Neighborhood Alliance (LCNA) email alert list at lcna-seattle.org.

subset: commoncrawl


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Military Justice League – Stands Behind Using "In God We Trust" In Their Logo
December 2, 2013 — Fort Worth, Texas. CEO and Founder, Tim Klund stated that Military Justice League was formed to give back and support those who need help in regards to our military, military charities and military communities. That's why having "In God We Trust" is an important part of our logo. It was used by our country's founding forefathers and is a part of our guiding principles today.
"Our model creates fundraising events and brings together corporations, professional sports athletes, and celebrity friends. We love it that returning military and some of our wounded warrior heroes participate in these events so the general public can meet and interact with the people they are raising funds, said Klund."
About MJL's Membership Program: The membership offers discounts and benefits exceeding $1200 for only a $6.99 monthly fee and a one-time sign-up fee of $14.99. This program allows MJL to donate to individuals, families and military charities. Thousands of dollars have already been donated in 2013 to many deserving real life heroes. Membership in the Military Justice League is open to anyone who wants to help us support our United States military men, women and their families.
For more information or to join today, visit the Military Justice League online at www.militaryjusticeleague.com or www.mjlheroes.com. Like Us on Facebook at www.facebook.com/militaryjl
Phone: 817-308-5476


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Download Story apk 1.0 free for Android smartphone
Posted by CreativeMobile in Entertainment | June 20, 2015 | 0 Comments
Apk file size: 6.8 MB
Story Tales is a wonderful read for both young people and older readers. The stories are charmingly retold.
This is a delightful collection of Amazing stories tales books from Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, Mauritania and other countries along the west coast of Africa,Japan,india,arabia and America.
This Applications contains more than 1000 short stories about different animals like leopards, tigers and elephants. There are also stories about various trees and plants.
- Many kinds of stories for example :
+The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
+The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
+Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
+The Arabian Nights
+Japanese Fairy Tales
+English Fairy Tales
+The Book of A Thousand Nights and a Night
+The Enchanted Island of Yew
+The Wind in the Willows
+The Heroes, or Greek Fairy Tales for my Child
+The Frog Prince and Other Stories
+The Adventures of Pinocchio
+Grimms' Fairy Tales
+Mother Goose in Prose
+American Indian Fairy Tales
+American Fairy Tales
+Ozma of Oz
+West African Folk Tales
+Railway Children
+The Adventures of Reddy Fox
+The Story of the Middle Ages
+Bed Time Stories for Aidan Christopher
+Mother West Wind's Children
+Little Men
+Stories of Great Composers for Children
+Little Wizard Stories of Oz
+The Road to Oz
+Little Bear
+Nine Unlikely Tales for Children
+Adventures of a Brownie as Told to My Child
+The Magic City
+Kayray's Storytime
+The Goody-Naughty Book
+The Tale Of Daddy Long Legs
+David and the Phoenix
+Anyhow Stories: Moral and Otherwise
+Cat Tales
+The Wonderful Adventures of Nils
+The Fairy Ring
More ...
Stories will be updated, so do not miss the latest updates!
** All books are in the public domain **
** Features **
- Best collection of sound best stories
- Quick access to playing songs
- Stop playing when someone is calling you
- The support of the application for both mobile phone and the Tablet mode.
Thanks for trusting and using.
Hope you have a relaxing and useful time.
Downoad it Now. Enjoy it !
CreativeMobile part of our Entertainment and have average installs from 50 to 100. Last Update June 20, 2015. Google play rating is 89.6296. Current verison is 1.0. Actual size 6.8 MB.


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Take Action Project (TAP)
TAP is a project-based learning (PBL) curriculum that guides students through the process of taking informed and effective action on a science-related issue of their choice. Developed by California middle level educators Sue Boudreau and Karen Snielsen and others, the curriculum emphasizes critical-thinking and workplace skills. Students complete their chosen PBL projects within a traditional school schedule, taking about 20 lessons spread over a semester. Boudreau describes how she implements the curriculum in her classroom, providing a useful model for interested educators to follow, in the blog at http://bit.ly/1ICAozK (click on TAP Curriculum in the list of categories).
"Freebies for Science Teachers". NSTA Reports. Summer 2015. Volume 27, No. 1.
If anyone checks this out let me know how they are 🙂
Posted on July 5, 2015, in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.


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Mobile game studio release new arcade-style, space-shooter game, Broadside
CARDIFF, U.K. - APRIL 11, 2017 - Lost Games, the independent game development studio, announce the release of Broadside, an intergalactic, faction-based space-shooter game. In this space adventure, players will take part in spatial warfare between three warring factions. They will engage in frantic skirmishes, whilst upgrading their vessel and competing for high scores.
Peter Morrish, project manager for Broadside, said " Broadside will feature a twist on the classic arcade space shooter game. Players will be given the choice to choose between three unique factions, each with both ship and weapon upgrades".
"It will feature three playable factions, upgradable weapons and a vast map to explore and scavenge. Also, the full game experience does not require any in-app purchases" said Morrish.
In Broadside, the player is able to take control of a variety of different spaceships as they suit up and participate in an intergalactic conflict between three warring factions.
Broadside hosts beautiful 2D graphics, easy to pick up and play controls, and a local high score leader board. Ultimately, players must defeat enemy ships, upgrade their weapons and work with their ally faction in order to survive.
For more information, please visit http://www.lostgamescardiff.co.uk/broadside-1
About Lost Games
Lost Games is an independent game development studio based in Cardiff, United Kingdom. They specialise in crafting amazing games for mobile devices. The studio was established in 2013 at University by fellow students and consists of four core members: Nilesh, managing director; Peter, project manager and designer; Ross, lead artist and designer; and Dave, lead programmer.
The team were able to secure investment from Studio Nesh and have subsequently gone on to achieve their dream of making games. Lost Games' philosophy is to provide gamers with great-looking, interesting and, most importantly, fun mobile gaming experiences.
Lost Games debut title was Hold the Line, a real-time lane-based strategy game, which was released in 2016. They have been working on their brand new title, Broadside, and pursuing exciting, new projects since then.
Website: http://www.lostgamescardiff.co.uk
Peter Morrish
Project Manager
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Monday - Friday, 8.30am - 4.30pm
In order to establish the cause of for your symptoms, one or more of the following investigations may be required:
X-rayThis is an initial examination to diagnose fractures or bone and joint abnormalities. The results of the X-ray, along with the clinical examination, may lead to further imaging procedures. UltrasoundThis technique uses high frequency sound waves to produce dynamic images particularly useful for diagnosis of soft tissue pathology of tendons, ligaments and joints of the foot and ankle. Colour Doppler studies, which identify blood flow, can indicate the severity of any inflammation that may be present and are performed as part of the ultrasound examination. Ultrasound examinations are also useful to evaluate how structures behave during movement of the joint in real time. Ultrasound is the method of choice for most image guided injection treatments.
MRI ScanThis uses a powerful magnetic field and radio waves to produce images that show abnormalities in the bone marrow, joints, ligaments, muscles and tendons.
CT ScanComputerised tomography uses x-rays and computer software to construct cross sectional (slices) images that can then be reconstructed to provide 2D images in any plane and 3D images. This examination is particularly useful for fractures and bone or joint deformities in the foot and ankle.
© Spire Healthcare Group plc (2018)


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We're really looking forward to connecting with our readers and supporting their sites/blogs! If you head to the contact page, details on how to submit entries are written. You can either comment below or email- we check each regularly! Here are the upcoming competitions:
- To win a card from us, sent to you, email us with your name, address (don't worry- we'll bin it once we've sent the card!) and no more than 100 words saying why you love our blog! Make sure to leave a link to your blog, so we can check it out and do what we can to boost the veiws1 The deadline for this is the 26th, and the prize will be sent on the 27th! In the card, you will have some of our top advice for your blog, that is too good to post and a personal message. We promise not to post anything personal about you online, other than your name (which could be a user-name, like our secret girl and girl behind the screen) and the link to your site, to boost your views!
As long as we get enough emails, we'll do this weekly for you, each card with a different, handwritten, special message! The winner will be picked at random, but if an email especially interests us, we'll do an extra card for them! The cards might be hand-made, or might be shop-bought! Wait and see!
Thanks, and enjoy our competitions!
Besties blogging xoxo


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When we found out we were having a girl at our baseball-themed gender reveal party, I knew exactly how I wanted to decorate the nursery. I've never been a pink kind of girl. Purple has always been my favorite color, so I wanted to do a purple and grey nursery. I wanted to use all different shades of purple with lots of different patterns. Simple. Cute. Girly. We started by taking out all the furniture in my home office and painting the walls grey. It turns out grey is a hard color to find. The first coat looked blue and Travis repainted the whole thing until it finally looked grey. Then we Continue Reading
Purple Elephant Baby Shower Ideas
Over the past weekend, my mom, sister-in-law, and aunt threw me a baby shower -- a purple and grey, elephant baby shower! They chose this theme because it's what we are using to decorate our daughter's nursery. The great part about having the same theme for the shower and the nursery is we can use some of the same items for decorations! During the shower, we had a craft activity, games, food, and the opening of gifts. We had around 30 guests come to the shower, and I had a fantastic time. Elephant Baby Shower Details Decorations Let's start with decorations! I loved all the little Continue Reading
Purple and Grey Bridal Shower Ideas
Like I told you last week, I got to plan and host my first bridal shower a couple weeks ago. It was really fun deciding how I wanted to decorate. I went with a purple and grey bridal shower theme -- the bride's favorite color is purple. And so is mine! I loved how it turned out. This post contains affiliate links. View my disclosure policy here. We did a Bridal Brunch complete with breakfast foods! Our menu consisted of sausage links, biscuits and gravy, scrambled eggs, fruit kabobs with dip, hash brown casserole, chicken salad sandwiches, cheese cubes, and muffins. We also had Continue Reading
How to Make a Fabric Garland
Whether you are making one for party decorations or something else, these fabric garlands are darling. And so easy to make! I think I might make some red and green ones next year to use as Christmas decorations! Here's what you'll need: Fabric Scissors Twine I started by cutting the twine -- twice as long as the length you want your garland to be. You're going to double the twine instead of using just one piece of twine. By doubling the twine, your garland will be twice as strong and won't break as easily. Tie the two ends of the twine together in a double knot. And Continue Reading


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Let's begin from the bottom line – I've decided to start my own YouTube channel.
To be honest I started it a while back, mostly as a secondary place to my twitch channel, but as time passed I realized how different Streaming online is from doing YouTube videos.
Recently I made the decision that even though Streaming is less work and more rewarding in the short term, I much rather create YouTube content that is beneficial to more people going forward.
My channel, there fore, will be focused on how to make games, how to get more player and how to make money from the whole thing. I'll still post gameplay videos of my own games and of other games I enjoy, but the core of it will be more industry videos talking about our craft as game developers.
I invite you all to check it up and to subscribe to my channel!


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Ed Wehmer
Mr. Edward Joseph Wehmer, Ed has been the President and Chief Executive Officer of Wintrust Financial Corporation at Wheaton Bank & Trust Company since May 1998. Mr. Wehmer serves as an Advisor of Lake Forest Bank & Trust Company. He served as President and Chief Operating Officer of Wintrust Financial Corp. since its formation in 1996. Mr. Wehmer is responsible for overseeing the execution of Wintrust Financial Corp.'s day-to-day operations and strategic initiatives. Prior to joining Wintrust Financial Corp., he served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Corus Bankshares, Inc. (formerly, River Forest Bancorp, Inc.) from 1985 to 1991 and President of its largest bank subsidiary, Lincoln National Bank in Chicago, Illinois. He served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Corus Financial Corporation. Mr. Wehmer served as the President of Lake Forest Bank from 1991 to 1998.
Mr. Wehmer was one of the principal organizers of each of the banking subsidiaries and serves as Chairman or Vice Chairman and a Director of each of the subsidiary: Wayne Hummer Trust Company (WHTC), Wayne Hummer Investments L.L.C. (WHI), Wayne Hummer Asset Management Company (WHAMC), Focused, FIFC, Tricom, and WITS. Mr. Wehmer has been a Director of Wintrust Financial Corporation since 1996. He serves as a Director of Lake Forest Bank & Trust Company; Hinsdale Bank & Trust Company; Town Bank, Great Lakes Advisors, LLC and Barrington Bank & Trust Company, N.A. He serves as Advisory Director of Northbrook Bank & Trust Company. Mr. Wehmer has been a Director for Stepan Company since August 13, 2003. He served as a Director of River Forest Bancorp, Inc. from 1985 to 1991. He served as Member of Corporate Board at Boys And Girls Clubs Of Chicago. He is involved in several charitable and fraternal organizations. Mr. Wehmer is also a Certified Public Accountant and earlier in his career spent seven years with the accounting firm of Ernst & Young LLP specializing in the banking field and particularly in the area of bank mergers and acquisitions.


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Paradise Island Resort & Spa to be precise, an uncompromising destination of luxury and comfort. A network of paved pathways winds through the lush grounds connecting the oceanfront accommodation , gourmet dining spots , sports facilities , and an inspiring spa - each serving to make your Maldives island resort holiday whatever you'd like it to be. Treat yourself to true tropical-inspired luxury at this alluring Maldives island hotel, where unforgettable experiences await.
Maldives-Paradise Island Resort & Spa
Maldives-Paradise Island Resort & Spa3N Male
Last Booked 22 hours ago
Itinerary Map
What's Included
Return flights from Bangalore to Male
Hotel DetailsHotel options available in the package
|Hotel and Room
|3 night(s)
Standard Room
|Room only
Sightseeing and TransfersOther inclusions available in the package
- SpeedBoat transfer
- A Bottle of Sparkling Wine and a Fruit Basket for Honeymooners. (for wedding not older than 6 months)
- Return Air fare from Bangalore on Air India - Subject to seat
- A Bottle of Sparkling Wine and a Fruit Basket on Silver and Golden Wedding Jubilees.
- A Birthday Cake and a bottle of wine, on Birthdays celebrated at the resort.
Select Departure Airport:
Prices shown include two way flights, stay and all taxes
* Prices mentioned are for per person on twin sharing basis (minimum 2 people staying together)
Day Wise Itinerary
Here is how you will spend your time
Day 1
Day 1: Maldives
- Arrival Maldives
- Transfer to the resort By speed Boat -
- Rest Of the day on leisure
Day 2
Day 2: Maldives
- Day at Leisure
- we recommend Water sport activities
Day 3
Day 3: Maldives
- Day At Leisure
- We recommend island hoping tour
Day 4
Day 4: Departure Maldives
Check Out from The hotel - transfer to airport
Hotels Included
Paradise Island Resort And Spa (5 star)
K. Lankanfinolhu, North Male Atoll - 08420, Male
Cancellation Policy
- The package once booked is refundable and cancellable.
- Flight cancellation will be as per airline cancellation policy.
- Date of booking to 30 days before travel the cancellation charges will be 10% of the tour cost
- 30 to 15 days before travel - cancellation charges will be 50% of the tour cost
- 15 to 7 days before travel - cancellation charges will be 75% of the tour cost
- 0 to 7 days before travel - cancellation charges will be 100% of the tour cost. No refund shall be given
- Please note cancellation policy is subject to change. It depends on the hotel policy. In peak season, some hotels may charge 100% cancellation.
Additional Information
- Check-in at hotel starts from 14:00 hrs.
- Check-out time is until 12:00 hrs.
- Early check-in or late check-out is subject to availability and may be chargeable by the hotel.
- Once your payment has been processed, we will send you an email confirmation.
- You will receive all travel vouchers required for your flights and accommodation shortly afterwards.


text:
GraphicRiver Japanese Pattern Set 1 1948733
Stock Vector \ Decorative \ Patterns
Pattern \ Japanese \ Schemes \ Swatches \ Easily \ Patterns \ Vector \ Eyedropper
Stock Vector - Japanese Pattern Set 1 1948733 by miruneena @ GraphicRiver
Stock Vector \ Decorative \ Patterns
Japanese Seamless Pattern Set 1 includes
- 4 Japanese Pattern with 16 colour schemes for each ones.
you can use these patterns easily in your pattern swatches or you can use eyedropper tool copy pattern that you want to your vector.
Layered: No; Graphics Files Included: Vector EPS, AI Illustrator; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Create your bird; X'mas Tag.
Keywords: asian, background, bright, color schemes, colorful, japanese, pattern, seamless.


text:
Autism in children has proved to be a very elusive disease till now as far as its causes are concerned. This has become a source of great consternation for parents whose children suffer from this relentless disease. Many studies point out towards some kind of gene malfunctioning to be its causes. But this has not been proved till now and is considered as a medical proposition. Medical people want documented proofs to be able to say something conclusively.
Autism is also much dreaded by the parents because though controllable to a large extent, no vaccine/medicine has been developed that can completely obliterate this disease. The primary solution lies in various kinds of behavioral therapies and adjustments on part of parents.
There are some theories that malnutrition can also cause Autism in the long run. Though it has been seen that children affected with Autism do improve if given Vitamins in a proper way, no conclusive proof is available that may link the disease to malnutrition. Similarly, lack of parenting proficiency or altogether bad parenting also does not cause Autism. God forbid, it does not mean that one should start treating their children with harshness. It only means that unfortunate children who may not be physically/psychologically healthy may never develop Autism.
So, what is the latest that medical science has to offer as regards the causes of this disease? Recent studies have found beyond doubt that children who suffer from Autism have large brain size (as compared to normal) and suffer from immune deficiency. This indicates that the root of this disease lies in the malfunctioning of brain or part of brain. Though big brain size is considered advantageous in normal children, in the case of Autistic children it certainly points out to some kind of genetic abnormality.
Parents who have a child who suffers from Autism are more likely to have this problem in other children that they may have. This does not mean that it is because of some defective gene in the parents. It may be the result of some flawed gene that has become dominant and was actually passed all the way through their ancestors' gene pool.
A faint proposition is being made that links Autism to the practice of Vaccinations-though only very slightly. Mind you, vaccinations have become a necessity in the modern age and not vaccinating a child may do more harm than good to him. The best way out is to discuss with your doctor regarding the potential dangers of a particular vaccine.
So, it can be said that Autism has genetic roots and it's only a matter of time when researchers are able to track down the faulty gene to the benefit of thousands and thousands of innocent children. Till then, proper knowledge about his disease, proper treatment and proper attitude towards the autistic children can make a lot of difference, both for parents as well as children.


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Militants from Russia's North Caucasus join "jihad" in Syria
Flanked by almost 20 men with rifles, Omar Abu al-Chechen kneels on a carpet and delivers a rousing speech urging fellow Muslims to support the 'jihad' against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
Dressed almost entirely in black, the militant from Russia's Chechnya region declares an Islamist state is within reach. Fellow fighters from the brigade of foreign militants he leads translate his Russian words into Arabic.
His recently distributed video highlights the role militants from the volatile North Caucasus region now play in Syria's civil war, fighting a government that has been backed by Russia and staunchly protected by President Vladimir Putin.
It also puts in focus the security risks they may pose for Russia if they return to the Russian region, which borders the area where Moscow plans to host the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics.
'Indian-origin jihadis' fighting in Syria against Assad regime
Indian-origin jihadi fighters have been found fighting along with the rebels in the raging civil war in Syria. "This is one of the reasons why we think India should play a more pro-active role, because this expanding conflict will not leave anyone untouched," said Bouthaini Shabaan, political adviser to Syrian PresidentBashar-al-Assad, in a conversation with TOI. She quoted UN envoy Lakhdar Brahimi as saying that there were almost 38 nationalities of fighters in war-torn Syria.
Shabaan is in India as a special envoy of Assad, to convey a message from him to PM Manmohan Singh. Syria wants India to take a lead role at the forthcoming BRICS summit, and "support" Russia and China in their stand on the conflict. Both P-5 countries have vetoed UN Security Council resolutions against Syrian regime. Shabaan met foreign ministerSalman Khurshid and national security adviser (NSA) Shivshankar Menon.
MEA spokesperson said, "India reiterated deep concern on the security situation in Syria and the continued escalation in violence. We also expressed our concern about the plight of the people of Syria arising out of intense fighting and conflict. India urged the need for peaceful resolution of the crisis with participation of all parties taking into account the legitimate aspirations of all Syrians for which the Geneva Communique which includes the 6-Point Plan of Kofi Annan provides a good basis."
Many of the Indian fighters found in Syria are coming in from the UK, she said. Shabaan said the western narrative on the Syrian conflict was incorrect, and the war within Syria was actually being fuelled by Turkey and Qatar, with some help from Saudi Arabia.


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»New Mexico Public Regulation Commission (PRC)
»New Mexico Public Education Commission (PED)
New Mexico Public Regulation Commission
Karen L. Montoya, Chair
Commissioner – District 1
1120 Paseo De Peralta
P.O. Box 1269
Santa Fe, New Mexico 87504
(505) 827-8015
New Mexico Public Regulation Commissioner Karen L. Montoya represents the state's most densely populated area, including most of Albuquerque and a portion of Rio Rancho. Before joining the PRC, Commissioner Montoya served two terms as Bernalillo County Assessor, and holds the distinction of being the first woman elected to that office. There, she handled complex property matters related to agricultural valuation, real estate appraisal, commercial valuation and assessment administration, among other things.
Prior to becoming an elected official, Commissioner Montoya was employed as a state-certified appraiser for 15 years, working at the New Mexico Property Tax Division and the Bernalillo County Assessor's Office. During her time in state and local governments, she was chair of the New Mexico Valuation Protest Board. She also served as chair of the New Mexico Association of Counties Property Tax Task Force from 2008 to 2009, and as vice-chair of the New Mexico Association of Assessing Officers from 2007 to 2009.
Throughout her career, Commissioner Montoya has made it a personal priority to maintain trust, accountability, integrity and transparency at every level. As a member of the PRC, she will continue to bring that high level of service to the people of New Mexico.
Commissioner Montoya is a native New Mexican and a resident of Albuquerque. She has two daughters. She was sworn in as a PRC commissioner on Jan. 1, 2013.
Valerie Espinoza
Commissioner – District 3
1120 Paseo De Peralta
P.O. Box 1269
Santa Fe, New Mexico 87504
(505) 827-4533
Commissioner Valerie Espinoza began her term representing District 3 at the PRC in January 2013. She is currently serving as Vice-Chair. As PRC Commissioner, she became a member of the National Association Regulated Utility Commissioners and was appointed to represent New Mexico on the Utility Marketplace Access and Energy and Environment subcommittees. Prior, she served as Santa Fe County Clerk from 2004 to 2012. In her two terms as County Clerk she was instrumental in bringing the polling locations into compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. During her career, Espinoza spent five years working for the New Mexico Secretary of State and 20 years at Los Alamos National Laboratories in different administrative support roles to federal agencies, including the Department of Energy. Valerie earned her Bachelor of Arts from the College of Santa Fe in Organizational Psychology (1997) and has an Associate of Applied Science from Northern New Mexico Community College in Human Services (1993). She is a Certified Public Official, completing this certification through New Mexico State University County College.
Lynda Lovejoy, Vice-Chair
Commissioner – District 4
1120 Paseo De Peralta
P.O. Box 1269
Santa Fe, New Mexico 87504
(505) 827-8019
Commissioner Lynda Lovejoy won the primary election on June 3, 2014 and ran unopposed in the general election. As a newly-elected commissioner installed on January 1, 2015, she represents District 4, which is the northwest quadrant (serving counties of Cibola, McKinley and San Juan, and part of Bernalillo, Rio Arriba, Socorro, Sandoval and Santa Fe counties) of New Mexico, the state's most important region for energy and electricity. It is the source of most of the coal and natural gas that fuel the power plants. Energy and the jobs it creates is a vital component of the economy and quality of life in District 4. This district has characteristics of small farms, ranching, small towns and isolated communities that are poorly served. In these areas, many residents still do not have the luxury of having a telephone, running water, electricity, adequate health care, paved roads and reliable transportation. The State of New Mexico's economic wellbeing and economic health depends upon continued essential modern, reliable and affordable services to ensure opportunities to every household family regardless of where they live.
As a seasoned public servant for 24 years, Commissioner Lovejoy brings to the PRC extensive experience, education and quality leadership and management skillsets that will enable her to be a strong advocate for instituting professionalism, effectiveness, efficiency and streamlining processes with both the administration of PRC agency and utility case management system. She is committed on being a proactive and visionary leader in harnessing regulatory models that offer new approach and modern systems to ensure retail ratepayers and utility industries are served in the most professional manner to keep pace with changing needs.
From 1999-2002, Commissioner Lovejoy was one of first five elected commissioners to serve on the newly created Public Regulation Commission, a replacement of two merged agencies, former State Corporation Commission and former Public Utility Commission. She was re-elected and served as commissioner from 2003-2006.
Sandy Jones
Commissioner – District 5
1120 Paseo De Peralta
P.O. Box 1269
Santa Fe, New Mexico 87504
(505) 827-8020
New Mexico Public Education Commission
District 3
Carmie Lynn Toulouse
4053 Simms Ct. SE
Albuquerque, NM 87108
Phone: (505) 350-2373
email: email@example.com
Carmie Lynn Toulouse won the District 3 seat, representing part of Bernalillo County, in the general election on November 6, 2012 and was sworn into office on January 1, 2013. Her term runs through 2017.
District 4
James F. Conyers, District 5
1020 Chaparral Street
Bloomfield, NM 87413
Phone: (505) 632-2419
Cell: (505) 516-2270
email: email@example.com
James F. Conyers won the District 5 seat, representing McKinley, San Juan, and parts of Rio Arriba and Sandoval Counties, in the general election on November 6, 2012 and was sworn into office on January 1, 2013. His term runs through 2017.
District 6
Gilbert Peralta
812 Foster Lane
Socorro, NM 87801
Phone: (575) 517-9069
email: email@example.com
Gilbert Peralta won the District 6 seat, representing Catron, Cibola, Grant, Hidalgo, Luna, Socorro, Sierra, Valencia, and parts of Doña Ana and Bernalillo Counties in the general election on November 2, 2010 and was sworn into office on January 1, 2011. His term runs through 2014.
Patricia Gipson won the District 7 seat, representing parts of Doña Ana and Otero Counties, in the general election on November 4, 2014 and was sworn into office on January 1, 2015. Her term runs through 2019.
District 9
Carolyn Shearman, Chair
2716 Heath Rd.
Artesia, NM 88210
Phone: (575) 746-6837
Cell: (575) 703-8394
email: email@example.com
Carolyn Shearman won the District 9 seat, representing Curry, Eddy, Lea, Harding, Roosevelt, Quay, and part of Chaves Counties, in the general election on November 6, 2012 and was sworn into office on January 1, 2011. Her term runs through 2017. She is serving her second term.
District 10
Jeff Carr
PO Box 313
Eagle Nest, NM 87718
Phone: (575) 377-7012
Cell: (575) 770-0335
email: email@example.com
Jeff Carr won the District 10 seat, representing Colfax, Taos and parts of Rio Arriba and Santa Fe Counties, in the general election on November 6, 2012 and was sworn into office on January 1, 2011. His term runs through 2017. He is serving his second term.


text: President Barack Obama and his national security team meet Sept. 29, 2009, in the Situation Room at the White House with Undersecretary of State Bill Burns, right, as Burns departs for P5+1 talks with Iran in Geneva on Thursday. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton is seated at center. Tweet Tweet


text:
Let's start stickering. Buy 4, save 25%. Buy 10, save 50%.
An amazing but brief formation of cirrus cloud.
Canon A460
………………………………………………………………………………Image Copyright Duncan Waldron © 2010This image may not be reproduced without permission……………………………………………………………………………
atmosphere cirrus cloud meteorology sky weather
Check out Alfred Stieglitz's Cloud Series. Amazing!
Thank – I'll see if I can find them.
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text:
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Christian Bookstore .Net is a leading online Christian book store.
Shop Christian Books, Bibles, Jewelry, Church Supplies, Homeschool Curriculum & More!
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This work by James Perloff attacks the myth of Darwinism from several angles. With evidence, or rather lack thereof, from the fossil record, Perloff demonstrates that there is no fossil support for evolution, as known by Darwin himself. Other arguments include why mutations cannot serve as the building block of evolution, why chance could not create even one of thousands of essential proteins for life, why radiometric dating techniques are not indisputable methods, and more. This work will serve as a resource for those interested in apologetics, and particularly creation versus evolution.
Publishers Description
In an easy-to-read text, this book examines growing scientific evidence that is challenging Darwin's theory of evolution: lack of transitional forms in the fossil of mutations (almost universally destructive) serving as evolutionary record, the impossibility building blocks, the bad logic of natural selection theory, the stunning lack of evidence for "ape-men, " the mathematic impossibility of life beginning by itself, more. Also explores how Darwinism helped foster Hitler's racial policies and examines how Inherit the Wind grossly misled Americans about the Scopes trial. Addresses the ever-vital question: Are we here by chance or are we created by God? Indexed, over 80 illustrations, hundreds of quotes from scientists.
Buy Tornado in a Junkyard: The Relentless Myth of Darwinism by James Perloff from our Christian Books store - isbn: 9780966816006 & 0966816005
The team at Christian Bookstore .Net welcome you to our Christian Book store! We offer the best selections of Christian Books, Bibles, Christian Music, Inspirational Jewelry and Clothing, Homeschool curriculum, and Church Supplies. We encourage you to purchase your copy of Tornado in a Junkyard: The Relentless Myth of Darwinism by James Perloff today - and if you are for any reason not happy, you have 30 days to return it. Please contact us at 1-877-205-6402 if you have any questions.
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text:
Main → Afghanistan → Badghis Province → Dal-e Paskol
Map of Dal-e Paskol Badghis Province, Afghanistan
Other Names: Dal-e Paskol,Dal-e Paskul,Dale Paskol,Dāl-e Paskōl,Dāl-e Paskūl,Gora Dali-Paskul',Gora Dali-Paskul',دال پسکول,Ḏāle Paskōl, Dāl-e Paskōl
Dal-e Paskol
Welcome to the Dal-e Paskol google satellite map! This mountain is situated in Badghis Province, Afghanistan. Original name (with diacritics) of the place is Dāl-e Paskōl. See Dal-e Paskol photos and images from satellite below, explore the aerial photographs of Dāl-e Paskōl area. This placemark was added 2010-08-03.
Map of Dal-e Paskol
- Country: Afghanistan
- Province: Badghis Province
- Category: mountain
- Altitude: 0 m
- Population: 0
Asia/Kabul +4.5
- Local Time: 06:14
- Sunrise: 07:19
- Sunset: 17:30
Wiki articles near Dal-e Paskol
Places near Dal-e Paskol
Online Dating
Dal-e Paskol Singles. Date and find singles is the best online singles dating directory of local dating sites and personals for meeting and dating singles in your area.
Dal-e Paskol, Afghanistan, From cheap hotel rooms to luxury hotel deals, discount 5 star hotels. Read reviews & descriptions, see maps & quality photos. Make a booking today. Find hotels in Dal-e Paskol, Afghanistan


text:
PPG (Pittsburg Paint & Glass) is a multi-national company that manufactures specialty building materials including paints, glass, coating, optical products and more.
PPG in the US was introduced to CheckMate™ when PPG Malaysia installed the Asset Tracking version. They were impressed with the software's versatility, ease of installation and ease of use. When their architectural samples department decided it was time to improve the process they use to send out samples of paint and glass, they turned to Dynamic Systems.
PPG is using the CheckMate™ Toolroom application to label and track their samples. These samples are ordered by architects all over the country. Because they are costly to reproduce, PPG would like them returned in a timely manner. But tracking thousands of samples, where they went and when they were due back was a huge job – especially when handled manually. Not surprisingly, they lost thousands of dollars worth of samples each year.
Now PPG labels each package as it is sent to an architect and records that item in CheckMate™ with details of who it was sent to. A due date is set and reports of items due back are pulled regularly. PPG is using Zebra printers to produce the labels on the fly from CheckMate and the Psion Workabout Pro3 handheld mobile terminal as their scanner. They chose the Workabout Pro3 because it can be upgraded to become an RFID scanner in the future.


text:
'Doctor Finance' says … "Think about your situation, long and hard, before jumping into any specific solution". "However, don't dilly-dally, TAKE ACTION!"
It often helps to read a little before you make a determined effort to resolve ANY desire. A desire for HEALTH is somewhat different from a desire for WEALTH. A desire for BOTH is totally natural! "You'll feel more energetic if you tune your mind"
MY FIRST CHOICE!! ADVERTISING REVENUE… (Ad-Rev) SHARE
The need for money, you might think, creates the same feeling throughout your life… not so! When you get older, you wish that you had planned earlier!
There are as many WAYS to help you plan financially as there are PEOPLE needing it!
MAPs or 'My Advertising Pays' appeals to all kinds of people from all over the world because it is simple to understand, easy to do and it earns you money EVERY SINGLE DAY!
Everybody with a MAPs account and an
Advertising Pack MAKES MONEY… EVERYBODY, EVERY DAY
ANOTHER 'REVENUE-EARNING' Opportunity HERE
Reviewing your options is often daunting so ask someone you trust to give you their honest opinion, the pro's and con's of each.
Again, read a little before selling your house to pay for the mortgage!
Enjoy the space available here to plaster your your message to the masses… anything interesting and basically to do with helping people solve FINANCIAL Challenges – Making and Saving money
We all like a WIN-WIN result!! Tweet
Do You REALLY Want To have a GREEDY – PIGGY BUSINESS for yourself and all your little piglets??…
(very silly question)!


text:
Baby Crochet Patterns – Only The Best Baby Crochet Patterns!
Lot's of free baby crochet patterns at Craftown. 100's of free crafting projects for all types of hobbies.
Free Crochet Baby Hat Patterns – Squidoo : Welcome to Squidoo
Crochet Baby Hats can be made either traditional or unique. You can use different colors, make them in different styles and even in different characters. Th
Crochet Patterns Only: Crochet Baby Cherry Hat
All patterns posted here were created by me. You may use them as much as you like for fun or profit. Please give me credit if asked about them and link to this
Baby Crochet Patterns Free from Crochet Me: 7 Free Crochet
If you have been looking for a new crochet baby pattern, you've found it and it's free! Get your crochet hooks out and download this free eBook from the experts at
Baby Afghan Patterns — Free Crochet Baby Afghan Patterns
Welcome to our index of free crochet patterns for baby afghans.
Baby Crochet and Photo Props : HappyBabyCrochet
HappyBabyCrochet : Baby Crochet and Photo Props I am busy preparing for the Harvest Festival in Marietta, GA on October 15th from 9am-6pm.
Ravelry: Crochet Baby Hat pattern by Bernat Design Studio
1 ball will make 6 (5, 5) hats. Would you like to see 135 projects made from this pattern and much more? join Ravelry now What am I missing?
Robot Baby Cocoon and Hat Crochet Pattern | FaveCrafts.com
Crochet an adorable little robot cocoon and matching hat to keep the new baby warm and snug. Infants love to be cocooned in this way and the simple construction makes for
Over 100 Free Crocheted Baby Hat Patterns at AllCrafts
Over 100 Free Crocheted Baby Hat Patterns. I love crocheting for babies! Sweet baby hats are one of my favorites because they're quick, adorable and useful.
Crochet baby patterns
Crochet baby patterns provides detailed and interesting information on various types of crochet patterns & designs. This blog primarily deals with crochet patterns for
Are You Looking to Find Crochet Baby Hat Patterns and Ideas on
Do you have a baby or any babies in your family? If you do, then you should take a look into crochet baby hat patterns!In the current economy we are living
Baby Ruffle Hat Crochet Pattern | FaveCrafts.com
This baby hat crochet pattern creates a sweet cap with ruffle trim around the edge. The hat can be adjusted to fit babies from 6 months to 24 months.
Crochet Baby Patterns
Crochet Baby Patterns: Free baby crochet patterns, instructions and tips
Free crochet baby patterns, free baby pattern, baby boties
We have a ton of free baby crochet patterns, including: afghans, baby hats, booties, bootle covers, bibs and more. If you have any ideas on what new patterns you would
February 29, 2012 Wednesday at 2:24 am


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note: this page will redirect in 15 seconds.
You're probably here looking for food assistance through Angel Food
Ministries. Unfortunately, Angel Food Ministries is closed nationwide
and will not reopen. Many new, mostly regional, programs similar to AFM
exist and it is suggested you visit their websites to find locations
that may be near you: