text:
Chapter 9
|Bipolar Christianity: How Torturing "Sinful" Children Produced Holy Wars
|"Who would not shudder if he were given the choice of eternal death or life again as a child? Who would not choose to die?"
– St. Augustine
As Christian girls grew up, they were constantly told of their worthlessness and sinful lustfulness. Women, said Tertullian, were "irrational, more prone to lust than men, and at every turn waiting to seduce men," so husbands had to beat them all the time to keep them from sinning.5 "A good woman and a bad one equally require the stick" ran a Florentine saying, and medieval laws concluded: "Provided he neither kills nor maims her, it is legal for a man to beat his wife…"6 St. Paul said that women had to cover their heads in church because otherwise "lice-like demons would leap like sparks from female hair and poison the church."7 Plus, of course, women were liable to turn into witches at any time and remove a man's penis; as John Chrysostom maintained, "All witchcraft comes from carnal lust, which in women is insatiable."8 Parents in early Christian families routinely beat their little girls badly from early infancy in order to punish their lustfulness. The historical records contain hundreds of descriptions of beating girls "to discipline them, as with this father who punished a little girl for four hours: 'the little girl in the diapers would not receive her discipline. She cried and cried and he kept hitting her…He told me, you spank her till she breaks…But she didn't break and, after four hours, he couldn't continue.'"9 Teaching girls in schools was not allowed, Aelred said (1170), because the teacher might be tempted to show them affection. Teachers, he said, were "angry one minute and smiling the next, now threatening, now flattering, kissing one child and smacking another. When she sees one of them crying after being smacked she calls her close, strokes her cheek, puts her arms around her neck and holds her tight," 10 producing a moment of forbidden closeness. Christian priests and nuns backed bloody beatings as necessary to punish the child's endless sins, since, as Augustine put it, "If the infant is left to do what he wants, there is no crime it will not plunge into."11 "Better that you should beat a child within an inch of its life than that they would be cast into the Lake of Fire for all eternity."12
The constant sinfulness of all Christian children demands the maximum torture or even death as punishment. Moses told the Israelites that "If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son, which will not obey the voice of his father or the voice of his mother…all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die."13 Little changed in the next 1600 years of Christianity, as John Calvin decreed: "Those children who violate parental authority are monsters. Therefore the Lord commands all those who are disobedient to their parents to be put to death."14 If a young woman should simply speak to someone who was not approved by her father, that was enough of a sin for Constantine, the first Christian emperor, to decree a penalty of "death by having molten lead poured down her throat."15 It was in fact sometimes a practice during the Middle Ages to "bury an un-baptized infant with a stake through its heart so that it would not arise and injure many," so full of sin it was at birth.16
Most of the murders, abandonments and tortures of Christian children were accomplished by deeply depressed mothers and wet-nurses, since fathers until early modern times had little to do with children during their early years. Jean Gerson felt he had to advise fathers as late as the 15th century: "Let us not be ashamed of speaking to children."17 Marriage itself was sinful when spouses had sex for any reason other than to produce a child. Fathers who paid some attention to their young children only did so to express their ownership of them: "The father then lifted the baby in the air above his head and kissed it on the thigh, calling out 'My Cattle,' for that was what it represented to his imagination."18 Girls would not be around to take over their father's cattle, of course, since by the time they were 15-20 years old, the fathers would hand them over to an older man to marry.19 (Actually to be raped, since the girls would often not have even met their so-called "husbands," so what are called by historians "arranged Christian marriages" were actually "arranged rapes.") Girls were raped so often by neighbors or employers they were often forced into lives of prostitution if they should give birth. In addition, "throughout medieval Europe daughters were loaned to guests as an act of hospitality."20 Medieval girls were sometimes told to carry knives as they walked down the street—to ward off rapists21—since the Christian men who might have protected them "seemed to regard their rape as a trivial issue."22 When psychoanalysts today work with women who have been raped as young girls, they often find they cannot live with their buried rage and humiliation, so they often identify with the rapist and abuse their own children (identification with the perpetrator), saying "I am a man, I get to have whatever I want."23 Thus the sexual assaults on young girls fed their abusive assaults upon their children when they became mothers. So, too, the extraordinarily traumatic genital mutilation of little girls that was so common around the world for so long was passed on as severe abuse to generations of children.24
Illustration 9-1 Madonna and Child (13th Century)
Mothers in early Christian literature were described as not getting up from bed, not eating, not washing and not nursing their babies after giving birth because they felt "bewitched by night spirits," a condition still found in some Eastern European mothers.27 The starving of the newborn infant is further contributed to by the widespread belief that mother's milk was made from her "poisonous" menstrual fluid, so infants might be "corrupted" by nursing from her breasts unless she gets a few weeks rest to transform her milk into a less poisonous fluid.28 The conviction that mother's milk was really her menstrual blood was accepted by doctors, and was one of the reasons why families who could afford to hire wet-nurses did so for at least the first few months of the infant's life or, more often, for several years.29 All these conditions plus the abusive developmental history of the mother's psyche—including regular beatings by her spouse—were enough to make her unable even with the best of intentions to care for her child, which made infanticide, wet-nursing, swaddling, beating and torture of children routine during the Christian period.
The absence of intimate married love plus the frequency of rape and of spousal beatings were the main causes of postpartum depression in Christian mothers. New mothers often hallucinated devils inside them that commanded them to kill the newborn. Jewish mothers would have delusions of child-killer Lilith goddesses attacking them during birth and would write "Out Lilith!" on the walls of the birth room to scare them away.38 Mothers would "overlay" the infant or throw it into the latrine under the delusion that devils were helping them get rid of the child, confessing that "Children eat you up….You are sucked dry by them…all my vitality is gone."39 Male children were hated more than female by Christian mothers; thus male martyrs castrated themselves for God/Mother in order to become more like girls so God might be more likely to love them in Heaven.
Scholars often depict Christianity as "opposing infanticide." Most do not mention that what they actually sometimes objected to was killing a child after it was part of the Church. Stein shows that "Jews only until recently regarded any child who dies within thirty days after birth, even by violence, as a miscarriage"40 so they are not considered infanticide. Philo described Jewish mothers regularly "throttling their infants or throwing them into a river."41 Since political courts paid little attention to infanticide until the 18th century and since Church courts had no interest in the infant until baptized, infanticide was very common. The Church in the 9th century subjected mothers who kill their children at most to "exclusion from the church for forty days."42 "Few cases
Illustration 9-2 Mother Commits Infanticide with Help of Her Devil Alter
of infanticide were tried in the king's courts" even by the 18th century and these had minimal sentences, the courts being more interested in punishing "immoral" women who were accused of conceiving out of wedlock than in protecting infants.43 The Christian Church punished disobedience to husbands as a worse sin than infanticide, which was a "venial" (minor) sin usually punished if at all by mild dietary restrictions or by performing some prayers.44 Children were not considered fully human for many years by the early Church, since priests believed "the majority of children become unprofitable, possessed by demons… performing useless and abominable deeds."45 God Himself, Gregory said, killed newborn infants "in order to prevent their full development of their evil passions."46 Even when infants were found dead in privies, they "might have fallen into it by accident or been placed there after stillbirth" so the mother was usually not thought guilty of anything.47 Post-partum depressed mothers paid far more attention to Soranus's instructions on "How to Recognize the Newborn That Is Worth Rearing"48 than to any Church opinion. Leopardi said he noticed that his mother, "when she saw the death of one of her infants approaching, experienced a deep happiness."49 Even by the 16th century, a priest admitted that "the latrines resound with the cries of children who have been plunged into them."50 Every morning mothers during most of the Christian period could be watched throwing their unwanted babies into rivers.
Illustration 9-3 Mothers Toss Unwanted Children Into Rivers
Un-baptized children were so full of sins that they were supposed to be buried below the roof-gutter of a church to have the holy water wash them of their sins.51 Poverty was hardly the only excuse for killing children. I have shown that the wealthy in fact had higher infanticide rates than the peasantry as measured by boy/girl ratios.52 The following list of infanticide excuses, all calling the killing of newborn "unintentional," adds up to at least half of all children born, even if each excuse is only responsible for a few percentage points of child deaths. Infants were claimed to have been (1) "overlaid," (2) "killed before baptism," (3) "miscarried," (4) "born deformed," (5) "female," (6) "not husband's child," (7) "too weak to thrive," (8) "greedy," (9) "evil, changeling," (10) "died at wet-nurse or foundling home or monastery." It is not surprising that Tertullian concluded that "The laws forbid infanticide—but, of all the laws, there is not one eluded more easily or with more impunity" and that the Council of Toledo said there was a "very widespread practice of parents killing their children."53 Anglo-Saxons considered infanticide a virtue, not a crime, saying, "A child cries when he comes into the world, for he anticipates its wretchedness. It is well for him that he should die…He was placed on a slanting roof [and] if he laughed, he was reared, but if he was frightened and cried, he was thrust out to perish."54 The first laws against infanticide in the 16th century only applied to unwed mothers, not married women, for "How could one prove infanticide within the walls of the family home?"55 An English statute against infanticide was passed in 1623, but only a handful of cases were actually prosecuted.56 Since nearly every family practiced infanticide, tens of billions of children until recently had to grow up seeing their siblings being murdered by their mothers and wondering if they could be next57—thus embedding the dissociated Killer Mother alter in their amygdalan networks to act out in social violence and war when they grew up.
Children of the wealthy, as Tacitus put it, "as soon as they are born are abandoned to any old Greek servant" to be nursed. More children, however, were given over to neighboring mothers to wet-nurse, partly because "it was better for the wife to put her child out to nurse and keep herself available [for intercourse] to her husband."59 Bernard de Gordon was more blunt, saying simply that "women nowadays are…haughty… they do not like the inconvenience."60 Newborn infants in cities were bundled up in donkey carts and sent to distant hired poor women to nurse. Official statistics showed that less than 5 percent of the babies born in Paris from the 18th to the early 20th century were nursed by their mothers, rich or poor alike.61 Earlier censuses were comparable. Parents were said to have "seldom inquired about the survival of their infants and were often uninformed as to their whereabouts."62 Moralists who urged maternal nursing to no avail also "tried unsuccessfully to get parents to visit their babies, but there is little evidence of such visits. Indeed, parents seem to have been indifferent to their offspring's fate."63 The children were total strangers when they were returned two to four years later. And since they then were likely soon to be re-shipped off to neighbors or relatives as servants and apprentices, it is no surprise that many of them reported that they had been brought up by anyone but their mothers. Should children not be totally obedient, they were declared sinful by their parents and handed over to monasteries and convents as oblates for the rest of their lives. Thus "puer" was a word for both "child" and "slave."
Since wet-nurses were often expected to get rid of their own babies that they had been nursing, usually by killing them, they too were generally terribly abusive toward the stranger in the house, sometimes even being openly called "Killing Nurses." "If children were returned to their families alive, they often came back in a pitiable state: thin, tiny, deformed, consumed by fevers, prone to convulsions."64 A typical woman described her mother saying to the wet-nurse as she was returned, ""My God! What have you brought me here! This goggle-eyed, splatter-faced, gabbart-mouthed wretch is not my child! Take her away!" 65 Most mothers, however, kept their returned children, vowing to beat them into obedience. One is praised by Locke because she was "forced to whip her little daughter at first coming home from Nurse, eight times successively…before she could master her Stubbornness."66 Children of course were hypersensitive to possible abandonment by their mothers when they were returned home: "Madame d'Epinay got her 20-month-old son back from the wet nurse and wrote about his fears in her diary: "My son is back with me…He cries when I leave him. He is already afraid of me….I am not sorry for it, for I do not want to spoil him."67 Many were never returned home—sale of children, often by auction, was fully legal in the Christian period, either for their labor or for sexual use or to pay off their parents' debts or for mutilation as beggars.68
Wet-nurses usually neglected and abused their charges even more than parents did. They were rarely washed and lived in their tight swaddling bands in their own feces and urine, and while the wet-nurse attended to her own duties the swaddled infants were often "suspended on a hook or slung from the rafters in an improvised hammock, their mouths crammed with rotting rags."69 The wet-nurse was Christian too, of course, and felt they had to torture the infants to overcome their sinfulness. Because they believed "infants are inclined in their hearts to adultery, fornication, impure desires…anger, strife, gluttony, hatred and more," it had to be tied to swaddling boards by yards of long bandages so it would not "tear its ears off, touch its genitals or go upon all four as most other animals do." "Since there is so much viciousness in all children [if you] pamper them the least little bit, at once they will rule their parents."70 Children were described everywhere as being "kept ragged and bare, sickly and starved…in terror of their nurse, who handed out blows and vituperation freely.'71 Wet-nurses were instructed to feed their infants "only small amounts, two or three times during the day,"72 so most babies were starving much of the time. Many wet-nurses did not breast-feed at all, but just gave the infants pap, "gruel," made of water or sour milk, often mixed with wine or flour, all of which had little nourishment and was so thick that "soon the whole belly is clogged, convulsions set in, and the little ones die."73 It was not until 17th century English Puritans began to preach to mothers the astoundingly new message that "mothers are encouraged to love her children [and] the best way for a mother to do this was by letting it suck her own breasts"74 that increasing numbers of Christian mothers actually began to nurse themselves.
The majority of children sent to wet-nurses died, giving lie to the claims by historians like the one who assured her readers that "sending the child off to wet-nurse was 'an act of love' by parents."75 Those who were found abandoned by their parents on the side of the road were taken to foundling homes, where 90 percent died. It was no wonder that it was suggested that a motto be carved over the gate of one foundling home: "Here children are killed at public expense."76 Yet priests only opposed abandonment of newborn because a father "might meet his own child later in a brothel and to have sexual relations with his offspring would be a sin,"77 not because of any empathy for the abandoned child. Children given to monasteries and nunneries were treated equally abusively, holding the legal status of slaves, endlessly whipped, stripped naked, starved in severe fasts, only allowed to sleep for five hours a night, and used sexually by the clerics.78 Since slavery continued to exist during the Christian centuries, parents continued to sell their children into slavery, where they often were castrated.79 Giraldus Cambrensis relates that the English sold great numbers of their children to the Irish as slaves as late as the 12th century.80 All of these abuses were considered a carrying out God's will, since children were so full of sin that even a newborn infant crying for milk was considered as sinning by "lusting for the breast," a terrible sin for which all infants deserved terrible suffering in Hell, as Church Fathers believed.81 That Killer Mothers, and God, would only love her children if they endlessly suffered was the central masochistic solution of Christianity. The Bible says people should "serve the Lord in fear" because they must be "always afraid," a pure memory of everyone's childhood.82 It is not surprising that they therefore felt so bad inside they were continuously depressed and fearful of punishment. Producing their own suffering—borderline masochism—was their main emotional defense against their fears. Christian children saw murdered babies in every stream and field they played in.
When children returned from wet-nurse they still were often not cared for by their parents, but were often soon sent off to "fosterage," usually to other family members, and most children by the age of seven were sent out to be servants or apprentices (essentially child slavery) and not returned to their families until adolescence.83 Mothers often expressed in their letters the casualness of their abandonment of their infants: "The baby shall be sent as soon as it is weaned; and, if anyone else would like one, would you kindly recollect that we have others."84 Adults could treat their foster children, servants and apprentices even more abusively than if they had kept their own children with them—working them like slaves, beating them, torturing them, using them sexually. Parents would simply ask the uncles or grandparents or neighbors "if they needed a child" and shipped one off to them. Apprenticeship and service were the fate of virtually all children, rich or poor alike, and a master "may be a tiger in cruelty, he may beat, abuse, strip naked, starve or do what he will to the poor innocent lad, few people take much notice." 85 If one sent one's child to royalty and it was killed by abuse, one was expected to send another to replace them. It was widely accepted that "it is good to remove children from the sight of their father and mother so they do not become quarrelsome….Everyone, however rich he may be, sends away his children into the house of others, whilst he, in return, receives those of strangers into his own. And on inquiring their reason for this severity, they answered that they did it in order that their children might learn better manners."86 The historians' claim that Christian children were "mainly loved and cared for" by their parents is simply untrue until quite recently; their evidence of maternal love is limited to a few instances of mothers crying when their children died.87
The central rule of Christians toward children is simply never to give the child anything it wants. "Willfulness" was the cardinal sin, and the words "I want" were "impermissible" for which children were punished severely.90 Even babies had to be taught the only thing that mattered was what the adults wanted; as John Wesley put it, "Never, on any account, give a child anything that it cries for…If you give a child what he cries for, you pay him for crying."91 That beating and torturing "sinful" children usually "did not work" was acknowledged by all—as one mother wrote of her first battle with her four-month-old infant: "I whipped him until he was actually black and blue, and until I could not whip him any more, and he never gave up one single inch."92 If the parents' regular beating of their children still did not result in obedience, the child should be "put to death [if they] curse or smite their father or mother," according for instance to a 1646 Massachusetts law.93 The only restriction sometimes mentioned by priests was that children should not be hit "about the face and head with fire shovels…hit him upon the sides with the rod, he shall not die thereof."94
Illustration 9-4: Mother Whips Her Child "To Break His Will"
Christian children shared every abuse of the "battered child syndrome," making their anterior cingulates dysfunctional, so empathy was nearly impossible.95 Since every sign of independence was considered disobedience and evidence of terrible sins needing Hellish tortures, parents considered themselves "disciples of God" as they beat and tortured their children. Children said they were "frequently whipped for looking blue on a frosty morning; and, whether I deserved it or not, I was sure of correction every day of my life."96 "My mother said that one mustn't spoil children, and she whipped me every morning."97 Beatings began before birth, since fathers' blows to the mothers' abdomen badly harmed the fetus. If the mother could not spare the time to beat her children, she could hire a "professional flagellant" who advertised their child-beating services in newspaper ads, or she could hire a "garde-de-ville to whip her three children once a week, naughty or not."98 Parents were regularly described as being out of control, "fierce and eager upon the child, striking, flinging, kicking it, as the usual manner is."99 As long as children were not killed, no laws protected them. Brutal floggings filled the days of children, and near the kitchen shelves hung dog-whips, razor-straps and carpet-beaters for use by the mother at any time. Children were forced to ask to be beaten, and would often be made to kiss the beating instrument, or would simply be "cast on the ground and kicked like dogs."100 The children grew up with horribly damaged brains: their prefrontal cortexes and temporal lobes were unlike healthy children today, since their brains were "like black holes" from their swaddling101 and deteriorated and toxic from their beatings and tortures.
Parents were proud of being God's agent in inflicting tortures. Fathers would brag about their being given the child to beat by the mother, saying, "The man who does not correct his children with whip or rod does not love them."102 Mothers are not shown as protecting their children against the father's blows: "She holds not his hand from due strokes, but bares their skins with delight to his fatherly stripes."103 Girls were battered as often as boys, often later reporting that their "head was broken in two or three places."104 "Fathers and mothers slashed their daughters [and] as a result, the child perfectly loathed the sight of his parents."105 Parents that tolerated independence in their children are simply not to be found anywhere in the sources. Historians regularly ignore the hundreds of primary source instances of the endless beating of children, concluding without citing any evidence at all that "girls and boys were not maltreated" in medieval times.106 The first parents who have been discovered by family historians who did not regularly batter their children, who "abjured whipping, caning, slapping, ear-pulling or hair-dragging," were in 19th century America,107 but even then the overwhelming majority of children were whipped or battered. Showing affection for children was deemed a Christian sin—parents were told their children should not be "petted, embraced or kissed by you until after their twenty-fifth year."108
Parents instructed teachers in schools and tutors at home that they were to whip their children routinely. Henri IV wrote to Madame de Montglat: "I have a complaint to make: you do not send word that you have whipped my son. I wish and command you to whip him every time that he is obstinate…when I was his age I was often whipped."109 The king would also whip Louis himself, sometimes instructing soldiers of the guard to hold him while being whipped, telling his son, "I am the master, and you are my valet." Louis reported regular nightmares about his whippings. Children in school were tortured even more than at home. "Whoever taught the children to read would grab their shirts about the shoulders, then hold the book in one hand, the rod in the other, ready to flail away at the slightest oversight."110 Teachers felt that "fear is good for putting the child in the mood to hear and to understand. A child cannot quickly forget what he has learned in fear."111 Augustine recalled the terrible beatings he received regularly at school and described the teacher's use of "racks and hooks and other torments."112 The sexual sadism rampant among teachers and priests was evident in the many descriptions of how the children were "stripped in front of the whole community and beaten until they bled."113 The students noticed their teachers had "a gloating glance of sensual cruelty" as they took "the most pretty and amorous boys into his lodgings and after a jerke or two [a blow with a rod or a whip] would meddle with their privities…"114
Teachers trained their pupils like farmers trained their horses, saying, "As a sharp spur makes a horse run, so a rod makes a child learn."115 In monasteries, the masters would hold a whipping cane over each boy's head as they woke up to remind them of the beatings of the day ahead.116 St. Ambrose praised teachers for being "unsparing with the whip." Martial jokes about the complaints of neighbors living next to a schoolroom: the sounds of students being beaten awakens them annoyingly early in the morning. Mothers were constantly depicted as demanding their children be beaten by teachers. Children's hands were often depicted as being "so swollen by the cane that they could barely hold their books."117
Medieval clerics themselves said most Christians suffered from acedia, "a disgust of the heart, an enormous loathing of yourself, your soul is torn to pieces, sad and embittered."166 Doctors during the medieval period said that most of their emotionally ill patients were either "melancholic" or "manic."167 Christianity is based upon severely depressive personality characteristics that are identical with bipolarity today : endlessly guilty, consumed by thoughts of death and suicide, full of paranoid persecutory delusions, having an inability to enjoy pleasures, hopeless, and hallucinating harmful spirits. As Oesterreich put it in his book Possession and Exorcism, "Christians made their appearance throughout the whole world as exorcists of demons…The whole world was peopled with devils."168 Early Christians often felt persecuted by spirits of dead people. All these inner depressive spirits were actually alters, "self-destructive voices" that were dissociated during child abuse and embedded as nightmarish figures in the amygdalan network. The depression and addiction to suffering of Christians was also the result of the lack of serotonin and an excess of depressive norepinepherine that was the result of their severe early child abuse, and the self-punishment by masochistic martyrs was a way for them to generate more serotonin in order to feel they have conquered their depressive sinfulness.169 Everyone punished themselves in order to suffer more—the clergy whipped and cut themselves to be martyrs, and the knights went to war to suffer, proudly boasting of how great their pains were, "even more than the suffering of priests," making them even more acceptable to God.170
What is less obvious is that Christians also had myriad manic symptoms. They went into grandiose religious trances, believing they joined a gigantic being in the sky and arrogantly dividing the world into those who believed as they did and everyone else, who deserved killing. Persinger was the first to describe the neurobiological bases of these manic Christian beliefs, saying they were caused by "micro-seizures" that produce "the release of the brain's own opiates" that can result in "a burst in the temporal lobe" for a "narcotic high during God-merger experiences."171 These seizures produce not only a release from the usual bipolar's self-blame but also a conviction that they will never die. The manic religious seizures combined both the ecstasies and the pains of the manic-depressive states—as Saint Theresa said when she told how it felt to experience the Holy Spirit: "An angel pierced its spear several times though my heart…leaving me all aflame with an immense love for God. The pain was so great that I had to groan, but the sweetness that came with this violent pain was such that I could not wish to be free of it."172 These Christian mystical trance experiences released the dopamine in the frontal cortex, which temporarily reduces fears and pains and produces extreme sensations of joy and euphoria.173 These God-fusion states are therefore defenses against and repetitions of early childhood "insecure and avoidant" abusive attachments to the mother or wet-nurse.174
Both the manic and depressive states are ways to control suffering by inflicting pains yourself, by "being in charge." As Henry Suso put it: "Suffering quells my anger [and] makes me no part of the world."175 Just as Christian children imagined their suffering for their sins would make their mothers love them, Christianity posits that God and "Jesus-our-Mother" will love you if you suffer for your sins. Suso wore for years a hair shirt with leather strips with 150 nails eating into his flesh, and on his back wore a cross that was furnished with iron nails and sharp needles he said were "in memory of Mary's sorrows" (his mother's sorrows.)176 Suso also, like so many Christian clerics, regularly burned himself with hot wax, as a repetition of the common Christian practice of burning infants and putting them in the hot oven to cure them of their sins, the same hot oven that furnished the basis of the threat of parents that their children deserved being thrown into a burning Hell.
Unlike early states ruled by actual Goddesses who kill their sons, Christianity called their God "Father," reflecting the rule of fathers over mothers in Christian families. But since real fathers were mainly absent for young children, God was not depicted in drawings or statues and was not described in Church writings. At most, he was said to wear a long cloak and a veil, like women did.177 When he spoke, "the Voice of God was the Holy Spirit," which was feminine, so the "inner alter voice" that was heard was maternal not paternal. During alter trances when "Heaven opened before their eyes," Christians saw not God but "Christ on His Throne," with the Blessed Virgin at his side,178 and of course Christ during the Eucharist was seen to have breasts with milk coming out of them, which worshippers drank, like babies. Medieval Christians sometimes "saw God as a woman nursing the soul at her breasts, drying its tears, punishing its mischief-making, giving birth to it in agony…seeing Christ or God or the Holy Spirit as female."179 Sheinorn has shown that Jesus was often described as a mother figure, and priests who identified with him were shown as having female features.180 Although Mary is not shown for centuries as kissing the baby Jesus, she is regularly depicted as kissing the dead Christ at His crucifixion,181 reflecting the wish that the actual Killer Mother of the worshipper was really sorry she murdered her baby. The same wish of children for the mother to be a Loving Mother is shown by all the pictures of female angels receiving the soul of the worshipper into Heaven.
Christ Himself was of course also the Victim Child who was sent down by God to be murdered, asking the central question of all Christian children, "Why has thou forsaken me?" Worshippers would sometimes during Holy Communion see in the host "a very young boy, and when the priest began to break the host, they thought they saw an angel coming down out of the sky who cut the boy up with a knife."182 Christian ritual was full of actual childhood events. Believers repeated during Communion the drinking of wine and eating of bread that they had actually experienced as newborn infants when their mouths were stuffed with zulp and wine. Christ on the cross was obviously a baby tied to his swaddling board being killed by his mother (God), naked but for his baby diaper, his head hurting from the board that was often pressed upon babies' foreheads (crown of thorns). Christ's going through God's infanticide for believers undoes the infanticide of mothers. Julian explains, "even though our earthly mother may suffer her child to perish, our heavenly mother Jesus may never suffer us that be his children to perish."183 God is the giant Punishing Parent in the sky who can make you live forever if you confess your badness and worship Him/Her. Life, says St. Benedict, is "dread of Judgment, fearing Hell, and keeping the possibility of death ever before your eyes."184 St. John Chrysostom tells believers to "constantly think on death, speak of it all the time, visit tombs and attend to dying people, because nothing is so edifying as watching impious people die."185 Bipolar Christians arranged their lives in two emotional states: during weekdays, families spent many hours together in depressive praying sessions (admitting their sins and internal badness), and then spent the last part of the week switching into grandiose manic trance states in Church, reenacting the central emotions of their childhoods: "Admit you are full of sins and your Killer Mother will forgive you and let you live in Heaven." The central childhood wish of Christians is " God will forgive me and let me live if I constantly torture myself."186
The Christian warrior fused with his all-powerful Killer Mother God and kills "in order to rid the world of Evil," but the evil they fight is their own "sins," their own childhood needs, embedded in little boys as evil early on in their dissociated Victim Alters. The "enemies" who were imagined to embody this evil were often complete strangers to the Holy Warriors, as in the Crusades, and were attacked with no material motives in mind—the war suddenly had to be fought because they imagined "the Holy Sepulchre of our Lord is polluted by the filthiness of an unclean nation."210 Knights, like Christ, "embraced death" in order to conquer their constant fears of being murdered by their Killer Mother. They became heroic martyrs in order to go to haven and be embraced by God, who liked them to suffer—wanted them to choose death, as Christ did.211 "Salvation" was the goal; death led to acceptance by mommy, who had told you she wished you were dead. You were a "good boy," a "dead hero." Christian wars were simply massive martyrdoms, horrible genocides replaying childhood fears and violence "in order to be a man [and] to die for God." "Early medieval warfare was essentially raiding without any long-term aim of permanently acquiring territory."212 Battlefields were slaughter fields, resembling the fields children had played in that were filled with slaughtered children. As Fornari puts it, "War is deferred infanticide, the aim of which is the elimination of young men."213 Even gentle Jesus is turned into a warrior containing "the fury of the wrath of God," as he is described in Revelations,214 and Christian illustrations showed God tying a sword around Christ's waist.215 Holy warriors wore His cross (or Mother Mary) on their shields, and Mary was said to "send Her warriors into battle and Herself killing them outright."216
Unlike many others in antiquity who tolerated their neighbors when they worshipped a different God, Christians split the world into "holy" and "pagan" souls and gratuitously went to war against all neighbors who were imagined to be members of the out-group. Should anyone refuse to fight as a soldier, they were excommunicated and sent to Hell. By 900 A.D., the Church had its own army and navy, led by bishops. Most holy wars, like the Crusades, came because of "growth panic," when governmental reforms or attempts to curb endemic warfare made people search harder for foreign enemies.217 As Pope Urban said when announcing the First Crusade: "Let those who once fought against brothers and relatives now fight against barbarians, as they ought,"218 Christian Crusaders "impaling pagan children on spits and devouring them grilled."219 Led by Peter the Hermit, the manic crowd of peasants, clerics and poor knights swarmed through Europe, leaderless, killing whomever they found, especially Jews.220 The advances in Protestant worship in the 16th century were too much for the Christian psychoclasses and so provoked prodigiously bloody national and civil wars, beginning with the Thirty Years War, which most of Europe fought in—the most destructive war prior to the 19th century and the beginning of the hyper-violent nation-state system.221 The bloody Protestant wars after the 16th century were fought as apocalyptic end-of-the-world slaughters, with the expectation that Jesus would return as a political Messiah and rule the earth.222 Civilians were slaughtered in all holy wars as well as real enemies, by usually-drunken solders, children were murdered as well as adults, and women were both killed and raped by the millions, rape being considered "a proof of masculinity" by warriors.223
Killing the Victim Child alter was accomplished both by killing infidels and by the warrior dying himself for God. Wars were so constant that "no one gave much thought to the question of who was authorized to declare a war,"224 and any prince or other authority could keep wars going for decades. Christian holy wars were termed "noble suicides" and battles were openly apocalyptic and masochistic, "the warriors glorying in their wounds and rejoicing to display their flowing blood."225 As they had learned in childhood, the only way to "get love" from Mommy, from Jesus, from God, was to suffer for your sinfulness. Thus it was necessary for all self-destructive Christian armies to constantly insult infidels, attack stronger neighbors, and install grandiose incompetent leaders of their own armies in order to increase the destructiveness of their enemies. The armor of knights was of little use in battles, since it was too heavy for fast horses to carry and archers could easily outmaneuver knights, as when English archers at Agincourt shattered French knights in a matter of minutes. A knight's armor was actually a mask of masculinity behind which men could hide their fears of weakness, a defensive "second skin" that was said to symbolize what was termed "the aloneness of the solitary hero" of Holy Wars.226 Beginning in the 11th century, grandiose castle strongholds were expanded, again on the model of the autistic shield fantasy of terrorized children.227 Even more dangerous was the practice of the Frank and Norse warriors who "left their chests bare and backs naked" or "fought completely nude," presenting themselves as naked infants like those who were infanticided by their mothers.228 The manic wild masochistic trances that warriors often switched into (often by becoming drunk) during battle were also not useful to winning battles, and many accounts picture how "berserkers" had to be "cooled down so that they would no longer be a threat to their own side."229 The aim of all the apocalyptic Christian wars was what the Bible said would happen to those who survived the Apocalypse in Heaven (Revelation 7:17): "God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes"—satisfying the wish that all Christian children retained from their mothers. Finally, like the Killer Mothers with whom they were fused, knights wore gaudy clothes and ribbons and long hair as if they were women, and often actually went into battle as their mothers and other women watched them from a nearby hill and shamed them if they abandoned the fight.230 Onlookers reported that "knights are repeatedly spurred on in battle by looking at their ladies."231 The worst thing Christian mothers could accuse one of is looking out for yourself. What they really want is for you to "join your friends dead whose corpses lie before you…Is not this a great martyrdom?"232 Because martyrdom is the aim of all Holy Wars: "Dying for God."
1 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, New York: Creative Roots, 1982, pp. 117-123.
2 Emily Coleman, "Infanticide in the Early Middle Ages." In Susan Mosher Stuard, Ed., Women in Medieval Society. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1976, pp. 47-70.
3 Lloyd deMause, The Emotional Life of Nations. New York: Other Press, 2002, p. 294.
4 Susan Scrimshaw, "Infanticide in Human Populations," in Glenn Hausfater and Sarah Hrdy, Eds., Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives. New York: Aldine Transaction, p. 439.
5 Jennifer Carpenter and Sally-Beth MacLean, Eds., Power of the Weak: Studies on Medieval Women. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995, pp. 10-11.
6 Frances and Joseph Gies, Women in the Middle Ages. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1978, p. 46.
7 Corinthians 11:10.
8 Wolfgang Lederer, The Fear of Women. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968, pp. 199-200.
9 Philip Greven, Spare the Child: The Religious Roots of Punishment and the Psychological Impact of Physical Abuse. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991, p. 37.
10 Susanna Greer Fein, "Maternity in Aelred of Rievaulx's Letter to His Sister." In John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler, Eds., Medieval Mothering. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996, p. 146.
11 Elisabeth Badinter, Mother Love: Myth and Reality. New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1984, p. 30.
12 Ibid., p. 38.
13 Deuteronomy 21: 18
14 Barbara Kay Greenleaf, Children Through the Ages: A History of Childhood. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1978, p. 90.
15 Jack Holland, Misogyny: The World's Oldest Prejudice. Philadelphia, Running Press, 2006, p. 88.
16 Barbara A. Kellum, "Infanticide in England in the Later Middle Ages." History of Childhood Quarterly: The Journal of Psychohistory 1(1974): 379.
17 Daniele Alexandre-Bidon and Didier Lett, Children in the Middle Ages: Fifth–Fifteenth Centuries. Notre Dame: The University of Notre Dame Press, 2000, p. 45.
18 Ibid., p. 28.
19 Olwen Hufton, The Prospect Before Her: A History of Women in Western Europe: Vol. One. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996; David Herlihy, Medieval Households. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985, pp. 104-107.
20 Samuel X. Radbill, "Children in a World of Violence: A History of Child Abuse." In Ray E. Helfer and Ruth S. Kempe, The Battered Child. 4th Ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, p. 9.
21 David Nicholas, The Domestic Life of a Medieval City, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985, P. 64.
22 Anna Clark, Women's Silence, Men's Violence: Sexual Assault in England, 1770-1845. London: Pandora Press, 1987, p. 44.
23 Ellen F. Wilson, "The Internal Obstructive Object in the Analysis of a Woman Who Envies Her Rapist." The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 128(2009): 806.
24 Patricia Raya, "Female Genital Mutilation and the Perpetuation of Multigenerational Trauma." The Journal of Psychohistory 37(2010): in press.
25 James Bruce Ross, "The Middle-Class Child in Urban Italy, Fourteenth to Early Sixteenth Century." In Lloyd deMause, Ed., The History of Childhood, p. 199.
26 Ibid., p. 203
27 Alenka Puhar, "Childhood in Nineteenth-Century Slovenia." The Journal of Psycho-history 12(1985):293.
28 William F. MacLehose, "Nurturing Danger: High Medieval Medicine and the Problem(s) of the Child." In John Carmi Parsons, and Bonnie Wheeler, Eds., Medieval Mothering, p. 3; William F. MacLehose, "A Tender Age": Cultural Anxieties Over the Child in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 9.
29 Dan Dervin, "The Milk-Blood Equation's Historical Impact on Childcare." The Journal of Psychohistory 37(2009), this issue.
30 Charles Lindholm, "Love as an Experience of Transcendence." In William Jankowiak, Ed. Romantic Passion: A Universal Experience? New York: Columbia University Press, 1995, p. 63.
31 Georges Duby, Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994, p. 96.
32 Edward Shorter, A History of Women's Bodies. New York: Basic Books, 1983, p. 292.
33 Diane Ackerman, A Natural History of Love. New York: Vintage Books, 1994.
34 Elisabeth Badinter, Mother Love, p. 23.
35 Jo Ann McNamara, "The Herrenfrage: The Restructuring of the Gender System, 1050-1150." In Clare A. Lees, Ed., Medieval Masculinities: Regarding Men in the Middle Ages. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994, p. 8.
36 Matt. 11.37.
37 Stephanie Coontz, Marriage, a History. New York: Viking, 2005, p. 146.
38 Raphael Patai, The Hebrew Goddess. New York: Ktav Publishing House, 1967, p. 227.
39 Elisabeth Badinter, Mother Love, p. 314.
40 Howard F. Stein, "The Fear of Infanticide and Filicide in the Emotional Journey From Rosh Hashanah Through Yom Kippur." The Journal of Psychohistory 36(2009): 80.
41 John Cooper, The Child in Jewish History. Northvale: Jason Aronson, 1996, p. 37.
42 Daniele Alexandre-Bidon and Didier Lett, Children in the Middle Ages: Fifth–Fifteenth Centuries. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2000, p. 17.
43 Peter C. Hoffer and N. E. H. Hull, Murdering Mothers: Infanticide in England and New England 1558-1803. New York: New York University Press, 1984, p. ix.
44 R. H. Helmholz, "Infanticide in the Province of Canterbury During the Fifteenth Century." History of Childhood Quarterly: The Journal of Psychohistory 2(1975):379-388.
45 Acts of Thomas I.12., in New Testament Apocrypha, Vol. 1, Kirsopp Lake, Ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1945, p. 331.
46 Graham Gould, "Childhood in Eastern Patristic Thought." In Diana Wood, Ed. The Church and Childhood. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1994, p. 50.
47 Peter C. Hoffer and N. E. H. Hull, Murdering Mothers, p. 10.
48 Soranus, Gynecology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1956, p. 79.
49 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, p. 33.
50 Larry Stephen Milner, Hardness of Heart Hardness of Life: The Stain of Human Infanticide. Lanham: University Press of America, 2000, p. 52.
51 Jean Delumeau, Sin and Fear: The Emergence of a Western Guilt Culture 13th-18th Centuries. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990, p. 275.
52 Lloyd deMause, The Emotional Life of Nations, p. 303.
53 E. Semichon, Histoire des enfants abandonnes depuis l'antiquite jusqu'a nos jours. Paris, 1880, p. 292; Daniele Alexandre-Bidon and Didier Lett, Children in the Middle Ages: Fifth-Fifteenth Centuries, p. 16. .
54 John Thrupp, The Anglo-Saxon Home: A History of the Domestic Institutions and Customs of England. London: Longman, Green, 1862, p. 78.
55 Richard C. Trexler, "Infanticide in Florence: New Sources and First Results." History of Childhood Quarterly: The Journal of Psychohistory 1(1973):105.
56 Larry Stephen Milner, Hardness of Heart, Hardness of Life: The Stain of Human Infanticide, p. 59.
57 Lloyd deMause, The Emotional Life of Nations, p. 302.
58 Elisabeth Badinter, Mother Love, p. 33.
59 Beatrice Gottlieb, The Family in the Western World From te Black Death to the Industrial Age. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 124.
60 Luke Demaitre, "The Idea of Childhood and Child Care in Medical Writings of the Middle Ages." The Journal of Psychohistory 4(1977): 474.
61 George D. Sussman, Selling Mothers' Milk: The Wet-Nursing Business in France, 1718-1914. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.
62 Elisabeth Badinter, Mother Love: Myth and Reality, p. x.
63 Barbara Kay Greenleaf, Children Through the Ages, p. 42.
64 Elisabeth Badinter, Mother Love: Myth and Reality, p. 163.
65 George Anne Bellamy, An Apology for the Life of George Anne Bellamy. London: London Press, 1785, p. 26.
66 Edmund Leites, The Puritan Conscience and Modern Sexuality. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986, p. 45.
67 Louise Florence P. d'Epinay, Memoirs of Madame d'Epinay. Vol. I. Paris: Societes Bibliophiles, 1903, p. 106.
68 John Boswell, The Kindness of Strangers, pp. 169, 205.
69 Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989, p. 146.
70 Lloyd deMause, The Emotional Life of Nations, p. 325.
71 Joan Sherwood, Poverty in Eighteenth-Century Spain: The Women and Children of the Inclusa. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988, p. 81.
72 Steven Ozment, When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985, p. 120.
73 David Hunt, Parents and Children in History, New York: Basic Books, 1970, p. 115.
74 R. V. Schnucker, "The English Puritans and Pregnancy, Delivery and Breast Feeding." History of Childhood Quarterly 1(1974): 645.
75 Elisabeth Badinter, Mother Love, p. 193; Colin Heywood, A History of Childhood: Children and Childhood in the West from Medieval to Modern Times. Malden: Polity Press, 2001, p. 66.
76 Lloyd deMause, The Emotional Life of Nations, p. 343.
77 Sander J. Breiner, Slaughter of the Innocents: Child Abuse Through the Ages and Today. New York: Plenum Press, 1990, p. 118.
78 Lloyd deMause, The Emotional Life of Nations, p. 344.
79 Daniele Alexandre-Bidon and Didier Lett, Children in the Middle Ages: Fifthe-Fifteenth Centuries, pp. 56-57.
80 P. W. Joyce, A Social History of Ancient Ireland. Vol. I, 3rd Ed. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1920, p. 164.
81 Elisabeth Badinter, Mother Love, p. 31.
82 Carl A. Mounteer, "God the Father and Gregory the Great," The Journal of Psychohistory 25(1998): 440.
83 Lloyd deMause, The Emotional Life of Nations, pp. 345-349.
84 Augustus J. C. Hare, The Story of My Life. Vol. 1. London: G. Hare, 1896, p. 51.
85 M. Dorothy George. London Life in the Eighteenth Century. New York: Harper, 1964, p. 227.
86 Barbara Kay Greenleaf, Children Through the Ages, p. 36.
87 Daniele Alexandre-Bidon, Children in the Middle Ages, pp. 54-55.
88 Ibid., p. 40.
89 Matthew 19:13-15.
90 Elizabeth Wirth Marvick, "Nature Versus Nurture: Patterns and Trends in Seventeenth-Century French Child-Rearing." In Lloyd deMause, Ed., The History of Childhood, London: Jason Aronson, 1995, p. 290.
91 C. John Sommerville, The Rise and Fall of Childhood. New York: Random House, 1982, p. 145.
92 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, p. 48.
93 Robert H. Bremner, Children and Youth in America; A Documentary History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974, p. 38.
94 Ibid., p. 49.
95 Andrew Newberg and Mark Robert Waldman, How God Changes Your Brain: Breakthrough Findings from a Leading Neuroscientist. New York: Ballantine Books, 2009, pp. 124-127.
96 Letitia Pilkington, Memoirs of Mrs. Letitia Pilkington. New York, Dodd, Mead & Co., 1928, p. 331.
97 Elisabeth Badinter, Mother Love, p. 240.
98 Richard Heath, Edgar Quinet: His Early Life and Writings. London: Tribner & Co., 1881, p. 3.
99 Anthony Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995, p. 208.
100 Lloyd deMause, The Emotional Life of Nations, p. 337.
101 Chugani, H. et al, "Local brain functional activity following early deprivation: a study of post-institutionalised Romanian orphans." Neuroimage 14(2001):1290-1301.
102 James Bruce Ross, "The Middle-Class Child in Urban Italy," in Lloyd deMause, Ed., The History of Childhood, p. 215.
103 Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage: In England 1500-1800. Abridged Ed., London, Penguin Books, 1979, p. 126.
104 Stephanie Coontz, Marriage, A History, p. 117.
105 Ibid., p. 121.
106 Daniele Alexandre-Bidon and Didier Lett, Children in the Middle Ages, p. 85.
107 Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy Against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 46.
108 James Bruce Ross, "The Middle-Class Child in Urban Italy," p. 203.
109 David Hunt, Parents and Children in History, p. 135.
110 Edward Shorter, The Making of the Modern Family. New York: Basic Books, 1975, p. 191.
111 James A. Schultz, The Knowledge of Childhood in the German Middle Ages, 1100-1350. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995, p. 94.
112 Gerald Strauss, Luther's House of Learning. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, p. 13.
113 William Russell, An Autobiography of William Russell. Baltimore: Gobright, Thorne, 1852, p. 17.
114 Guildhall Library, London, document 11588/3/295.
115 M. J. Tucker, "The Child as Beginning and End: Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century English Childhood." In Lloyd deMause, Ed., The History of Childhood, p. 246.
116 John Boswell, The Kindness of Strangers: The Abandonment of Children in Western Europe From Late Antiquity to the Renaissance. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988, p. 74.
117 Lloyd deMause, The Emotional Life of Nations, p. 337.
118 Ruth Benedict, "Child Rearing in Certain European Countries." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 19(1949): 345.
119 Ibid., p. 327.
120 Alenka Puhar, "Childhood In Nineteenth-Century Slovenia." The Journal of Psychohistory 12(1985: 301, 305.
121 Scevole de St. Marthe, Paedotrophia: or, The Art of Nursing and Rearing children. London: John Nichols, 1797, p. 64.
122 Patrick P. Dunn, "'That Enemy Is the Baby'": Childhood in Imperial Russia." In Lloyd deMause, The History of Childhood, P. 389
123 Alice Morse Earle, Two Centuries of Costume in America. Vol. I. New York: Macmillan, 1903, p. 317.
124 Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, p. 12.
125 Ibid., p. 14.
126 Ibid., p. 15.
127 Colin Heywood, A History of Childhood: Children and Childhood in the West from Medieval to Modern Times, p. 117.
128 O. M. Bakke, When Children Became People: The Birth of Childhood in Early Christianity. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005, p. 44.
129 Proverbs 13:24.
130 Daniele Alexandre-Bidon, Children in the Middle Ages, p. 138.
131 O. M. Bakke, When Children Became People, p. 44.
132 John R. Gillis, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 16(1985):142; Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 22(1986): 259.
133 Lloyd deMause, "On Writing Childhood History." The Journal of Psychohistory 16(1988):135-170.
134 Elizabeth Fleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of American Social Policy Against Family Violence From Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 205.
135 Elizabeth Archibald, "Incest Between Adults and Children in the Medieval World." In George Rousseau, Ed., Children and Sexuality: From the Greeks to the Great War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, p. 95.
136 Ibid., p. 96.
137 Michael J. Rocke, "Sodomites in Fifteenth-Century Tuscany: The Views of Bernardino of Siena." In Kent Gerard and Gert Hekman, Eds., The Pursuit of Sodomy: Male Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe. New York: Harrington Park Press, 1989, pp. 12, 15; Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 156.
138 Philippe Aries, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life. New York: Vintage Books, 1962, p. 103.
139 Lloyd deMause, "On Writing Childhood History." The Journal of Psychohistory 16(1988): 140.
140 William Manchester, The World Lit Only By Fire: The Medieval Mind and he Renaissance. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1992, p. 53.
141 Jacques Rossiaud, Medieval Prostitution. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988, p. 39.
142 Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975, p. 209.
143 Elizabeth Abbott, A History of Celibacy. Toronto: HarperCollins, 1999, p. 143.
144 Francoise Barret-Ducroca, Love in the Time of Victoria. New York: Penguin Books, 1989, p. 48; Anthony Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500-1800, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995, p. 160.
145 Giulia Sissa, Greek Virginity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990, p. 176.
146 A Woman Physician and Surgeon, Unmasked, or, The Science of Immorality. Philadelphia: William H. Boyd, 1878, p. 91.
147 Alenka Puhar, Prvotno besedilo zivljenja. Zagreb: Globus, 1982.
148 Elizabeth Archibald, "Incest Between Adults and Children in the Medieval World," p. 97.
149 Karen J. Taylor, "Venereal Disease in Nineteenth-Century Children." The Journal of Psychohistory 12(1985): 441.
150 Peter Brown, The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p. 168.
151 Yves Ferroul, "Abelard's Blissful Castration." In Jeffrey J. Cohen, Ed. Becoming Male in the Middle Ages. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000, pp. 129-149.
152 Lloyd deMause, The Emotional Life of Nations, p. 311.
153 Michael J. Rocke, "Sodomites in Fifteenth-Century Tuscany: The Views of Bernardino of Siena." In Kent Gerard and Gert Hekman, Eds., The Pursuit of Sodomy: Male Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe. New York: Harrington Park Press, 1989, pp. 9-15.,
154 Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 7.
155 Guido Ruggiero, The Boundaries of Eros: Sex Crime and Sexuality in Renaissance Venice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 138.
156 Allen J. Frantzen, "Where the Boys Are: Children and Sex in the Anglo-Saxon Penitentials." In Jeffrey J. Cohen, Becoming Male in the Middle Ages, p. 55.
157 Lloyd deMause, The Emotional Life of Nations, p. 376.
158 Peter Damian, Book of Gomorrah. Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1988, p. 42.
159 Norman Simms, "Medieval Guilds, Passions and Abuse." The Journal of Psychohistory 25(1998): 501.
160 Steven Ozment, When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe, p. 6.
161 Alisdare Hickson, The Poisoned Bowl: Sex Repression and the Public School System. London: Constable, 1995.
162 Lloyd deMause, "What the British Can Do To End Child Abuse." The Journal of Psychohistory 34(2006): 4.
163 David Herlihy, Medieval Households. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985, p. 19.
164 N. Berne, Ed. Depression. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007, p. 15.
165 E. Fuller Torrey and Michael B. Knable, Surviving Manic Depression. New York: Basic Books, 2002, p. 118.
166 Siegfried Wenzel, The Sin of Sloth: Acedia in Medieval Thought and Literature. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967, p. 33.
167 N. Berne, Ed. Depression, p. 10.
168 Traugott K. Oesterreich, Possession and Exorcism. New York: Causeway Books, 1974, p. 164.
169 Sharon Klayman Farber, "Ecstatic Stigmatics and Holy Anorexics: Medieval and Contemporary." The Journal of Psychohistory 31(2003:188.
170 Allen J. Frantzen, Bloody Good: Chivalry, Sacrifice, and the Great War. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2004, pp. 94, 95.
171 Michael A. Persinger, Neuropsychological Bases of God Beliefs. New York: Praeger, 1987, p. 17.
172 Holger Kalweit, Dreamtime & Inner Space. Boston: Shambhala, 1988, p. 94.
173 Andrew B. Newberg, "Religious and Spiritual Practices: A Neurochemical Perspective." In Patrick McNamara, Ed. Where God and Science Meet: How Brain and Evolutionary Studies Alter Our Understanding of Religion. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2006, p. 17.
174 Pehr Granqvist, "Religion as a By-Product of Evolved Psychology: The Case of attachment and Implications for Brain and Religion Research." In Patrick McNamara, Ed., Where God and Science Meet, p. 125.
175 Jean Delumeau, Sin and Fear: The Emergence of a Western Guilt Culture 13th-18th Centuries, p. 311.
176 Ibid., p. 306.
177 Karen Armstrong, A History of God, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994, p. 218.
178 I. M. Lewis, Ecstatic Religion: A Study of Shamanism and Spirit Possession. 2nd Ed., London: Routledge, 1971, p. 37.
179 Caroline Walker Bynum, Jesus as Mother: Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982, p. 129.
180 Pamela Sheingorn, "The Maternal Behavior of God: Divine Father As Fantasy Husband." In John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler, Eds., Medieval Mothering, pp. 77-99.
181 Rudolph Binion, "Three Mourning Mothers: The Making and Unmaking of a Christian Figural Complex." The Journal of Psychohistory 25(1998):449-459.
182 Lloyd deMause, The Emotional Life of Nations, p. 416.
183 Andrew Sprung, "The Inverted Metaphor: Earthly Mothering…" In John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler, Eds., Medieval Mothering, p. 196.
184 Helen Ellerbe, The Dark Side of Christian History. New York: Morningstar, 1995, p. 161.
185 Jean Delumeau, Sin and Fear, p. 351.
186 Lloyd deMause, The Emotional Life of Nations, p. 413.
187 Jean Delumeau, Sin and Fear, p. 185.
188 L. D. Hankoff, "Religious Healing in First-Century Christianity." The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1992): 391.
189 Ibid., p. 399.
190 Michael A. Persinger, Neuropsychological Bases of God Beliefs, pp. 31, 66.
191 Judith Perkins, The Suffering Self: Pain and Narrative Representation in the Early Christian Era. London: Routledge, 1995, pp. 10-39.
192 http://primal-page.cm/death.htm
193 Alexander Murray, Suicide in the Middle Ages. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
194 Joshua S. Goldstein, War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 156-208; Helen Nicholson, Medieval Warfare: Theory and Practice of War in Europe 300-1500. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p. 29.
195 T. R. Gurr, "Historical Trends in Violent Crime: A Critical Review of the Evidence." Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research 3(1981): 313.
196 A. Mazur and T. A. Lamb, "Testosterone, status and mood in human males." Hormones and Behavior 1(1980): 236-46.
197 Ibid., p. 306.
198 Daniele Alexandre-Bidon, Children in the Middle Ages, pp. 43, 108.
199 Ibid., p. 347.
200 John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler, Medieval Mothering, p. 214.
201 Carol Gilligan, The Birth of Pleasure: A New Map of Love. New York: Vintage Books, 2003, p. 29.
202 Ibid., p. 356-357.
203 Mark Breitenberg, Anxious Masculinity in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
204 Exodus 23:27.
205 Daniel Boyarin, Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999, p. 122.
206 David Townsend, "Ironic Intertextuality and the Reader's Resistance to Heroic Masculinity in the Waltharius." In Jeffrey J. Cohen, Ed., Becoming Male in the Middle Ages, p. 83.
207 Daniel Boyarin, Dying for God, p. 79.
208 See Chapter 2.
209 Azar Gat, War in Human Civilization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 414. A. D. Lee, War in Late Antiquity: A Social History. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007, p. 120; Morris Bishop, The Middle Ages. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1968, p. 38.
210 Roland H. Bainton, Christian Attitudes Toward War and Peace: A Historical Survey and Critical Re-Evaluation. New York: Abingdon Press, 1960, p. 112.
211 Allen J. Frantzen, Chivalry, Sacrifice, and the Great War, p. 31.
212 Helen Nicholson, Medieval Warfare. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p. 3.
213 Franco Fornari, The Psychoanalysis of War. New York: Anchor Press, 1974, p. 7.
214 Revelations 19:12.
215 Allen J. Frantzen, Bloody Good, p. 34.
216 Bissera V. Pentcheva, Icons and Power: The Mother of God in Byzantium. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006, p. 64.
217 John E. Bliese, "The Motives of the First Crusaders: A Social Psychological Analysis." The Journal of Psychohistory 17(1990): 393-395.
218 Ibid., p. 401.
219 Reza Aslan, How to Win a Cosmic War: God, Globalization, and the End of the War on Terror. New York: Random House, 2009, p. 64.
220 William Weir, Fatal Victories. New York: Pegasus Books, 2006, p. 33.
221 Gwynne Dyer, War: The Lethal Custom. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2004, p. 217.
222 Balcolm Bull, Ed., Apocalypse Theory and the Ends of the World. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.
223 Corinne Saunders, "Sexual Violence in Warfare: The Middle Ages." In Hans-Henning Kortum, Ed. Transcultural Wars From the Middle Ages to the 21st Century. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2006: 151-164; Elizabeth Robertson and Christine Rose, Eds., Representing Rape in Medieval and Early Modern Literature. New York: Palgrave, 2001, p. 29.
224 Doyne Dawson, The Origins of Western Warfare. Militarism and Morality in the Ancient World. New York: WestviewPress, 1996, p. 175.
225 Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will, p. 35.
226 Leo Braudy, From Chivalry to Terrorism, p. 91
227 John Keegan, A History of Warfare. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994, p. 150.
228 Jennifer Laing, Warriors of the Dark Ages. London: Sutton Publishing, 2000, p. 119.
229 Leo Braudy, From Chivalry to Terrorism: War and the Changing Nature of Masculinity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003, p. 43.
230 Ibid., p. 194.
231 Corinne Saunders, "Women and Warfare in Medieval English Writing." In Corinne Saunders et al, Eds. Writing War: Medieval Literary Responses to Warfare. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2004, p. 198.
232 John Barnie, War in Medieval Society: Social Values and the Hundred Years War, 1337-99. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974.


text:
Home » Rent » Suburb Profiles
Park Orchards is a quiet, little known, locality between Ringwood North and Warrandyte.
Originally part of the large orcharding area which stretched from Doncaster through to Ringwood, it was the subject of 'Park Orchards Country Club Estate', launched in 1925. Given the circular nature of the Estate, it is often wrongly attributed as the work of Walter Burley Griffin, although there still was a connection. The estate was designed by Saxil Tuxen, the surveyor who worked with Griffin in his subdivisions in Mount Eliza and Heidelberg.
The club house for the estate – later known as the Park Orchards Chalet – was built in 1928 but the subdivision languished; as depression lead into World War II, the Chalet was requisitioned by the army as a signals station. After the war, the area started to develop slowly. It was not until the 1980s that the original 'Park Orchards Country Club Estate' blocks were largely built on and some peripheral subdivisions took place.
Park Orchards is coveted for its large blocks – mainly 2,000 square metres and above, its seclusion and tranquillity, not withstanding its close proximity to the Eastern Freeway and EastLink, and for its undoubted sense of community.
No Properties Found

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Band:
Roderick Romero: Vocals, words, and one note solina
Anisa Romero: Vocals and Harmonium
Todd Robbins (TR/Fallout) : Sampler, turntables, osc deck, TR 909, TB 303, & vocoder
Juano : Bass , Moog Taurus bass pedals
Bennett James Ireland: Drums and percussion
Michael Cozzi: Guitar, woodwork
Gordon Raphael: Keyboards, guitars
Guest Musicians
Robin Boomer: Cello
Larry Halpern; Soprano sax & flute
Serge: Didgeridoos
Recording Notes:
Produced by Ian Caple and Sky Cries Mary. Recorded by Ian Caple at Robert Lang Studios, Seattle, WA, February 1994. Assisted by Steve Culp & Steve Knopp. Mixed by Ian Caple at Apache Tracks, Tempe, AZ, March, 1994.
World Domination/Capitol Records 1993


text:
Annie Ruth Kelly
- 74 years old
- Date of birth: Mar 25, 1932
- Date of passing: Jun 26, 2006
|Let the memory of Annie be with us forever
This memorial website was created in memory of our loved one, Annie Kelly, 74, born on March 25, 1932 and passed away on June 26, 2006. We will remember her forever.
Leave a Tribute:
Invite your family and friends
to visit this memorial:
to visit this memorial:
Subscribe to receive e-mail notifications when others contribute to this memorial.
595 views
Have a suggestion for us?


text:
It's been about a month since we began renovation on our 1934 Tudor duplex. Read more about the duplex here! A majority of the work has been concentrated in renovating the 1st floor owner's suite kitchen, but we've also been tackling a less involved upstairs renter's suite kitchen renovation as well as small updates to bring this frozen-in-time 1934 Tudor into the 21st century. Oh and did I mention we're also up against a deadline to be out of our current apartment by Sept 30th? {Gulp} No pressure at all, right?
In reworking the owner's suite kitchen we went round and round on whether to open up the North kitchen wall to create one GIANT kitchen/dining/living space, but in doing so, we'd adsorb the coveted 3rd bedroom. We're we willing to lose the 3rd bedroom that was a must-have item during our house hunt?
Then there was the duplex component to consider; down the road if we decide to move on, and rent out the owner's suite, a 3 bedroom apartment will surely rent for more than a 2 bedroom. In the end, with short term goals of starting our family here and long term rent-ability goals in mind, keeping the 3 bedrooms proved more important to us than expanding the kitchen. So we decided not to move walls, and instead rework the function and finishes in the existing space.
1st Floor Owner's Suite Kitchen Goals:
- Rework the layout of the kitchen's major work zones so they function better as a whole, allow for multiple simultaneous cooks, provide more counter space.
- Update the look and feel of the space through bright and crisp finishes while still paying homage to the time period of the home.
- Bring the space into the 20th century with smarter, more efficient technology: additional lighting, electrical, heating, ventilation and plumbing.
When beginning to design the space, I started with a ton of visual research on Pinterest. Find my "Maison" board here. One of the spaces that really spoke to me, was the kitchen home to Day Kornbluth, the VP of merchandising at One Kings Lane. I LOVE her mix of metals, the balance of warm and cool, the overall modern, yet timeless aesthetic and the centered range and hood on a fully tiled wall. So I took a lot of inspiration from this space when selecting finishes for our kitchen.
And now to the progress shots…apologies for the blurry, poorly lit photos which are only insult to injury on the gutted kitchen.
Here's the kitchen just after the cabinets had been removed back in August. Gross, right? Yep! Since then we've been doing a ton of work like removing the lath and plaster, insulating, dry-walling, adding outlets/switches/circuits, moving utilities–all the boring stuff that makes you feel like you're sprinting in place because it's still ugly, i.e. unfinished. I just keep telling myself that it has to get worse (aesthetically) before it can get better. But then the cabinets go in, and you start to feel like, okay there is hope afterall!
The opposite wall to the long torn up wall, just had a fridge and a stove plopped side-by-side without counterspace, so that's something we're definitely addressing.
The marble countertops and appliances go in this week, so more progress shots to come!


text: Hi everyone, So I was flying off a boat this weekend and I noticed my two front props are not level with one another, the starboard prop is at a different angle and seems to be lower, and extremely close to the camera mount thingamajig (see pictures). With the landing gear down while trying to land, the inspire was fighting some gusts and was tilting at about a 30 degree angle to combat wind drift, and I heard a distinctive "click" sound, which was almost definitely the t-motor prop hitting the camera part. Landed just fine, no visible damage, and kept flying all day with no further issues, but upon inspection, the blade is REALLY close. Any way to adjust this? Thanks!


text: My Inspire came equipped with the first version quick release props. I upgraded to the new version. I have two sets of props. One set unopened. Other set undamaged. Also mountings. No problems with any of it. New ones were there, so I felt the need. I have no further use for them. Take care of postage from Tennessee to US and they're yours.


text:
Save on Better Than dog treats with this new printable coupon.
$1 off Better Than Dog Treats Coupon, any size, any variety (Smartsource coupon)
This dog treats coupon will only be available for a limited time.
(Thanks, Printable Coupons and Deals!)
Looking for more printable coupons? Check out our other Pet Coupons and Print Coupons right here on Pet Coupon Savings. Thank you for saving with us!


text:
For the Outdoors
The more people connect with nature, through activities such as bird watching, gardening or hiking the greater their respect for the natural environment will deepen. In order to facilitate this important connection with nature, P'LOVERS carries a wide range of products related to appreciating nature and being outdoors.
Our book section is filled with topics such as gardening, birdhouses, sustainable living, small home design & building, homesteading, straw bale building and more.
Preferred Brands
Allsop Garden
Annapolis Seeds
Boulder Publications
Lloyd Kahn
Niki Jabbour
Seafoam Lavender
Wisdom & Know-How series


text:
This weekend, I was honored to be a finalist in the Insulindependence Athletic Achievement Award for 2013–I submitted a short video about Project365 along with 24 other amazing athletes with diabetes, many of whom I am proud to call personal friends. To be honest I was pretty surprised to make it that far in the first place–I know that climbing is exciting and novel in its own way, but so many of the folks who also entered are far beyond me in terms of athletics. To be honest I have never considered myself an athlete–just a diabetic with a climbing habit that has steered my life through the challenges of this chronic illness.
I have to remember that last line, that's going to be the epigram for my book when I write it…
As things turned out, my video was viewed almost 5,000 times thanks to YOU–who watched, shared, "liked", tweeted, retweeted, blogged, reblogged, harassed, pestered and publicized. That was good enough to get me invited to San Diego to the final award ceremony and I felt very honored. The other two gentlemen that were finalists along with me have been good friends and super supportive of Project365 from the outset. Really wonderful people, sincere, with a heart for helping people with diabetes–the kind of people that I knew I'd be happy for if they won over me, the kind of people that I'd feel a little sheepish and humbled winning over them.
Going into the competition, I was committed to one thing: winning the award. During this weekend, prior to the presentation of the award, something changed in my mind. The appeal of the award paled in comparison to the magic that happens when you get a couple hundred passionate, incredibly talented and committed people together who are all in pursuit of the same goal. This creates competition–where people are vying for publicity and funding–basic needs that sustain our efforts–but competition–and staying "hungry" is important. It's not a negative thing to say 'hey, I want to win this'. It causes all of us to elevate our game and our minds. Moreover, it creates waves that reverberate outside of the diabetes community to indicate that there are enough of us out there who are getting after it to really create some competition–and that is a beautiful thing that none of us could do alone!
By this point you must have figured out that I didn't win the competition. Honesty is an important (if not widely appreciated) quality–and so I've got to say, when it hit me that I would not be taking home the $5,000.00 that would help complete the documentary that I have poured my entire life into for 2 years, it felt like a failure. I failed. Why wasn't I good enough to get more people to vote for me? I have always been my harshest critic and my reaction is always to initially take challenges and internalize them. Challenges like diabetes. Like falling off climbs.
Some people seem to think I'm a "professional diabetic" to borrow a phrase from Bill Carlson, or that diabetes isn't a struggle for me because I climb "stuff". Between the summits that I have shared through Project365 there have been valleys darker than a well-diggers colon–depression, despair, inadequacy, you name it–and it periodically crashes in on me. Writing this blog is one of the hardest ones I have ever had to do. I don't like to admit that I don't handle challenges well–frequently. I'd like to be seen as a class act that can accept failure with grace–but it's a struggle for me and like it or not, that's me and it's out there.
But that moment passed and I put on my big-boy pants and realized that this award was never mine to begin with and that I had not lost anything. I had fabricated a path in my mind and attached myself to an outcome rather than just being open. That was my only failure! This moment, this award, had belonged to someone else and that was our success together as a community.
Yesterday, I had some time to talk to Scott and as we shared stories and congratulated each other, I felt like a fool for even allowing myself to entertain the feeling of failure. This weekend was an opportunity for me to reset my perspective again, and I am very thankful that Scott is such a gracious guy–and I am truly excited for him to explore the horizons of his athletics–and hopefully to come climbing with me like we have been planning for a year!
So what's next? Well, this isn't really a setback for the Project365 documentary. I am more inspired than I have ever been and more motivated to complete what we all started together. We will take a different route to the summit–and it will be superb. I hope that you, my partners won't sever the ropes that connect us, upon realizing that I have flaws that I have yet to master.


text:
Get Flat 15% cashback on recharge of Rs.50 or more @Helpchat(All users)
Helpchat is offering flat 15% cashback on recharge of Rs 50 or more. You can avail max cashback upto Rs 75. The offer is valid for all users.
Terms and Conditions:-
- Can be used twice per User/Device/Number.
- Valid only once per week.
- Max Cashback is Rs 75 per transaction.
- Min Recharge Value is Rs 50.
- Cashback will be credited immediately.
- Not valid for Airtel users."
- Valid Till: Dec. 31, 2016, 11:59 p.m.
How to Get:-
- Download HelpChat
- Open > Verify mobile > Update profile
- Recharge
- Enter your mobile number which you want to pay bill. Enter amount of Rs 50 or more and apply the Promocode:- "CASH15" to get 15% cashback
- Get cashback (Valid for one time only)
The post Get Flat 15% cashback on recharge of Rs.50 or more @Helpchat(All users) appeared first on DealsStreet | Freebies, Coupons, Best Online Deals.
About Author
SaveMoneyIndia.co.in is a leading daily deal site. It displays discount coupons on offer to retail buyers. It's easy search lets users find discounts quickly. Discount coupons of 60+ stores are currently provided on SaveMoneyIndia.co.in and the number is increasing everyday. Discount coupons are categorized into Aparrel, Electronics, Kid Stores, Computers, Travel, Restaurants, Personal & Health Care, Fashion & Luxury, Home Appliances, Jewelery, etc.


text:
Learn how using newsroom tactics for great storytelling can enhance branded content. Former TV journalist, Mikaela Hunt, shares her top tips.
Mikaela Hunt is an award-winning journalist that spent nearly 17 years in TV news and traveling around the country, working in every seat from producer to anchor. She's interviewed everyone from President Obama to Jane Pauley and Mario Lopez. Most recently she co-anchored a morning newscast on the NBC affiliate here in Columbus, but this summer she embarked on a new journey as an entrepreneur when she started a website that focuses on business, buzz worthy topics, and building a better life: www.mikaelahunt.com. Mikaela is also working as a brand journalist, helping companies tell their stories through videos that explore their innovations, their unique cultures, and philanthropic efforts. Mikaela is a mom of two boys who loves to support reading initiatives. You'll find her online a lot during the day, a Social Media Butterfly in Central Ohio.
Think Like A Journalist Quote
Broadcast TV is like the landline of 20 years ago. –Reed Hastings, Co-Founder & CEO, Netflix
Success Quote
It's all about finding your Authentic Story. "Be yourself." –Oscar Wilde
Career Highlight
I started this business from nothing in mid-July after interviewing countless people in my community about what companies were missing. I found out video storytelling makes companies a bit nervous because of cost and the measure of return on investment. As of this month, I have 6 clients between video, voiceover, and social media management. I am working on my first video series with one of them. My goal was to get in front of one person every day in that first month and absorb as much information from them as I could. I spoke with everyone from online startup companies to production companies and a major U.S. financial institution and everything in between. Ask the people in your life to help you– connect through your knowledge of community and be present to things you may not notice. Look for stories right in front of you that need to be told.
When It Didn't Work!
There are job proposals I've outlined and priced that I didn't get, but I remind myself that it's difficult to understand the pace the business world moves in compared to the news industry when it comes to video and social media strategy. I continued to believe that my passion for people, writing, and video would come through and bring me the right clients. I spend half an hour of quiet time every morning centering myself on that thought and preparing for the day ahead.
Using Newsroom Tactics For Great Storytelling
- Have meetings with your staff to brainstorm for stories.
- Keep it short and simple.
- Focus on a unique story.
- Keep your content light, lively, and engaging.
- Ask lots of questions.
- Have a social media manager to help discover stories and actively listen online.
Multimedia Resource
I really need my Joby. It also connects to my camera that I use for my website for quick sponsored content stories/video shoots.
Chalene Johnson–Build Your Tribe Podcast
Mentioned In This Episode
Mikaela Hunt LinkedIn Profile
Thanks For Listening
I know that you have many choices when it comes to listening to podcasts. So, I want to say THANK YOU for choosing The Brand Journalism Advantage.
If you enjoyed today's episode, please share it by using the social media buttons you see at the top and bottom of this page.
Also, I would love a review…it just takes a minute to share your opinion and rating for the The Brand Journalism Advantage podcast on iTunes. Your review means a lot to me and helps others find my show. The reviews also help with ranking of this show and they reviews are always read by me.
Please remember to subscribe to The Brand Journalism Advantage on iTunes, to get automatic updates every time a new episode goes live!


text:
上網看了別人說幾本書學縫紉一流,本想買來學,但又害怕內容不合意浪費金錢,然後發現我們的圖書館竟然有這幾本書,立即借回家看看。在幾本之中,Tilly Walnes 的 Love At First Stitch 是最好的,內容簡易明白,成品設計又很美!每一個項目都會教授一個新技巧。最重要的是它免費提供了紙樣!(真的很愛圖書館)
Some friends asked where I took sewing classes.
I don't know if you'd noticed… Felix and I love free stuff. (aka we are cheap) We don't have a lot to spend either.
It was my friend who walked me through the first skirt I made.
And I began learning on my own with a sewing book I borrowed from the library.
People online recommended several sewing books for self-learners. I was planning to get them but then I was worried they might not be worth the money… I thought I would check the library first and Ta da!! The library did have them. The best one among them was Tilly Walnes's Love At First Stitch. It has clear instructions with photographs. The projects are very cute too! She teaches you a new skill with every project. The best part is that it comes with patterns.
These are the first two projects I finished with the book. I learned to insert invisible zippers, make waistband, gather…
I love how this book makes sewing so fun and "doable!"
I feel like I really am making progress now that I look back at what I did.
Some other garments I made:
I think learning is all about "doing." You have to do it in order to "make a skill your own."
YouTube and Google are my best friends if I don't know how to do something.
Keep learning and becoming better every day.
My skills are still not the best, but I know I will become better if I keep trying.
Let's keep trying!


text:
Box Hill High School is committed to providing academic excellence and we cater for the individual needs of students through both our traditional and innovative programs. The curriculum is challenging and flexible. Students are encouraged to be the best they can be in a stimulating and competitive environment.
Australian Residents
Box Hill High School has been allocated a designated neighbourhood boundary by the Regional Director. Refer to related enrolment documents for the designated neighbourhood boundary map.
Students will be given places according to the DET regulations, which stipulate the following criteria in order of priority.
Where there is insufficient accommodation at a school for all students who seek entry, students must be enrolled in the following priority order:
Students for whom the school is the designated neighbourhood school.
Students with a sibling at the same permanent address who are attending the school at the same time.
- Where the regional director has restricted the enrolment, students who reside nearest the school.
- Students seeking enrolment on specific curriculum grounds.
- All other students in order of closeness of their home to the school.
- In exceptional circumstances, compassionate grounds.
Year 7 Transition from Primary School
At the commencement of Term 2 each year, the Department of Education provides all primary schools (State, Catholic and Independent) with relevant information and "Year 6 to Year 7 Transition Forms: Application for Year 7 Placement" forms. Primary schools are required to make this material available to parents of grade 6 students. Application for enrolment must be made on this form. Once completed, it should be returned to your primary school, where it will be verified and forwarded to your preferred secondary school.
Residential address is the address at which the student permanently resides with parents or legal guardians. In the case of current grade 6 students, this will be the address on their current school records. Documentary evidence to support claims of a residential address will be required for enrolment on neighbourhood grounds.
Applying for enrolment in Year 8-12
Families of students wishing to enter at Years 8 – 12, can apply directly to the school by completing an Enrolment Enquiry Form and returning it to the Enrolment Officer, along with the required documentation. Prior to confirming any enrolment, each applicant and a parent/guardian will attend an interview with the relevant Year Level Coordinator. In all cases, it should be noted that an application for enrolment does not guarantee a place being available. Refer to related enrolment documents for further information.
Language School
Students who qualify for English Language assistance will be directed to a government funded language school (not available at Box Hill High School). Please refer to Blackburn English Language School or any of the Government-funded Language schools listed on the DET website. The language school will direct students to their next school for enrolment.
Enrolment documents
BHHS Designated Neighbourhood Boundary Map
Applying for Enrolment for Year 8 - 12
Enrolment Enquiry Form for Years 8-12 (pdf)
GAPP (Gifted Academic Potential Program)
Website links:
International Students www.study.vic.gov.au
VCAA www.vcaa.vic.edu.au
Application for GAPP for Y7
Applications for 2018 GAPP program are now closed.


text:
During last week's Almuerzo Creativo, Ryan shared a very cool video made by his friend at Vimeo. Filmmaker Mark Cersosimo recently finished a short documentary called "The Roving Typist." In it, he tells the tale of C.D. Hermelin, a young writer who travels around New York City and creates stories for strangers—all on his typewriter.
Writing stories on an antiquated device for random people in the city is a bit of a quirky concept, but when you're listening to Hermelin's story, and witnessing the touching encounters he's had along the way, the idea just makes sense. It feels comfortable.
The way the interviews are shot, the cinematography, music, and pace of the editing all work seamlessly to match Hermelin's personality. They highlight his intelligence, humor, quirkiness, and his thoughtful and humble nature.
Mark Cersosimo was able to capture some great content in his interviews, and Hermelin's story is universal and compelling. We might not all want to write stories, but most of us would like to know we have the guts to take a risk and try something unique. Pursuing your passion—whether for work or as a hobby—and not knowing what the outcome will be (let alone if it will be successful) is a scary thing.
When Cersosimo learned about the Roving Typist, he approached him on a whim. So, in a way, the video mirrors Hermelin's approach to writing stories. Both creators had an idea—and went for it. Two like-minded people with similar values and similar creative approaches made a video. Doesn't get much better than that.
Thanks for the awesome share, Ryan!


text:
If you've been following my Single Lady Grocery Hauls, you know that my husband Ty has been working in Maine for the past month. Before he left, we were up in the air about whether or not I would visit. We weren't sure what his schedule would be like and our finances didn't have a lot of wiggle room. But then I found a plane ticket for dirt cheap and two weeks later, I was flying high!
In my post about visiting New York City on a budget, I mentioned that I love using Kayak.com for finding plane tickets. It's my go-to. I've used Google Flights and Matrix ITA Software, but nothing compares to Kayak. It's so simple, searches across hundreds of sites, and my favorite features are the Flexible Dates (+/- 3 days or only weekends) and the Hacker Fare (multiple airlines), which both ensure I get the best deals.
When I was first checking for flights from Chicago to Portland, ME, I was seeing numbers like $400. This was not going to fly (get it?!). I even tried bidding on Priceline to no avail. But then I got a little creative and started checking nearby airports and discovered that I could fly into Boston for WAY cheaper and could even catch a bus from the airport directly to Portland. For a split second I thought I was crazy, but when I found a plane ticket for only $137, I knew I had to do it.
And that's how I discovered the Kayak of ground transportation, Wanderu.com. It literally works the same way as Kayak, searching across tons of different sites, finding you the best deals on buses and trains. I was in heaven! I'm so excited to use this from now on.
For my 5 day trip to Maine, I spent about $220 total, most of which was for transportation. Had I booked my tickets earlier, I likely would have gotten lower prices (Ty got his roundtrip ticket directly to Portland for $203.20 when he booked 6 weeks in advance.)
- $137.20. Roundtrip Flight from Chicago to Boston.
- Found using Kayak. Booked via United.
- $29. Bus Ticket from Boston Logan Airport to Portland, ME.
- Found using Wanderu. Booked via Concord Coach Lines.
- $2.50. Bus Ticket from Portland, ME to Boston South Station.
- Found using Wanderu. Booked via MegaBus. (But it was run by the same Concord Coach Lines I took from the airport.)
- $2.65. Subway Ticket from Boston South Station to Logan Airport.
- Ticket bought at subway station. (Super easy. I just hopped on the Silver Line and was at the airport in under 20 minutes.)
Total Transportation Cost: $171.35
This may seem complicated, and I was afraid it might be, but it wasn't at all! Had I booked a flight from Chicago to Portland, I would have had a layover. My flight left Chicago at 6am CT, arrived in Boston at 9am ET. I was on the bus by 9:30am and in Portland by 11:45am. Total travel time? 4 hours 45 minutes. This was actually quicker than flying! The bus was clearly marked right outside of the baggage claim and I was pleasantly surprised by the free Wi-Fi, snacks, and water. I'd definitely do this route again!
Tip: Did you know most airlines have a 24 hour cancellation policy? I actually booked my original ticket for $162.20, checked the next day to see it was only $137.20, cancelled right on United.com (no hassle!), and re-booked for cheaper. That $25 savings was worth the 5 minutes it took me to check, cancel, and buy again!
Ty has been provided housing and a car while in Maine, so I was able to stay with him at his place. This was obviously a huge benefit and cost reducer! Not only did I not have to pay for lodging, we were also able to cook at the apartment which saved money.
We ate a lot of the food Ty already had at his apartment, so that was a huge budget savings. Buuuuuut, what's the fun of vacation if you don't eat at new places? In Portland, we tried out Bard Coffee (lattes are my weakness), The Holy Donut (sweet potato and ginger glazed donut? AMAZING), and had lunch at Duckfat (duckfat fries, duckfat brussels sprouts, duckfat milkshakes, duckfat everything).
P.S. When I fly, I always bring my own food through security. So much cheaper!
Obviously when your husband is in Maine working at The Public Theatre, you go to a play for fun! I went to the show twice and got free tickets (#wifeperks). We also explored Lewiston where he's been living, Portland, and Freeport (hello shopping and light houses!). One night we went out for drinks and another we went to a movie. Overall, I probably spent about 20 bucks on stuff to do. Luckily, the beauty of Maine is entertainment enough!
On my way home, I spent the afternoon in Boston. I purposely planned my bus and flight to work out this way. Even though it was drizzling, I walked the Public Garden and Boston Common, grabbed myself some lunch, and explored the downtown. I had been to Boston before, so this was a super casual extra thing I added in, because why not?!
My advice: When your spouse is traveling for work, join them! Last fall I had a conference in San Francisco and Ty came for literally 36 hours. All he had to pay for was his flight and food! The same went for me on my trip to Maine. I may not have seen everything there is to see, but I definitely got to experience a lot of Maine for a lot cheaper than if we would have planned a separate trip there.
What's the cheapest trip you've ever taken?
Join the newsletter
Learn how to spend less and live more with the Crafty Coin newsletter.
Get my latest posts and tips sent to your inbox!


text:
Sensex closes down 66.5 points; financials drag
Latest News »
- Excluding external talent seen as major deterrent to innovation
- India pushes for concluding balanced RCEP deal that includes services pact
- Investing in arresting ageing
- IIFL arm to raise $500 million for maiden offshore affordable housing fund
- Govt scheme identifies 550,000 high-risk pregnancies in 18 months
Mumbai: After its biggest single-day gain in nearly five months in the previous session, market on Wednesday caved in meekly as the Sensex closed the day lower after investors booked profit and global conditions stayed mixed.
Much of the profit-booking happened in FMCG, realty and financial stocks after Tuesday's biggest single-day rebound in close to five months. Power, PSU, oil and gas, healthcare, consumer durables and IT, however, found some takers, which cushioned the fall.
The 30-share index resumed higher and closed at 27,984.37, down by 66.51 points, or 0.24%. It had posted a rally of about 521 points, its biggest single-session gain in nearly five months, on Tuesday. The 50-share Nifty went down 18.80 points, or 0.22%, to 8,659.10.
"Profit booking dragged the market due to global volatility ahead of tomorrow's ECB meet. Expectations of a positive outcome from the GST Council did insulate us from the adverse effect of global volatility," said Vinod Nair, head of research, Geojit BNP Paribas Financial Services. The broader markets outperformed the Sensex, with the small cap index rising 0.55% and the mid-cap 0.06%, as investors continued to widen their portfolios.
Earlier on, sentiment remained positive on sustained foreign inflows amid positive overseas cues amid reports that China's economy expanded more than expected in the third quarter. But it turned somewhat weak after profit-booking resurfaced at higher levels, dragging down key indices. A total of 14 scrips out of the 30-share Sensex pack ended lower.
ITC plunged the most by falling 2.44%, followed by ICICI Bank (2%). Others that pulled the market lower include Hero MotoCorp (1.28%), Hindustan Unilever (1%), SBI (0.82%) and Asian Paints (0.65%). Wipro, Lupin, Adani Ports, Gail, Power Grid, Sun Pharma, ONGC, NTPC and Dr Reddy's held up as they ended higher by up to 2.74%.
Among sectoral indices, the FMCG index topped the losers chart by plunging 1.09%. Realty too lost 0.91%, auto 0.54%, banking 0.52% and capital goods 0.05%. Foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) bought shares worth a net Rs.345.04 crore on Tuesday, showed provisional data.
Globally, Asia closed mixed, and a lower opening in Europe had a bearing on trading sentiment here. In Asia, Hong Kong's Hang Seng fell 0.38% while Japan's Nikkei rose 0.21% and Shanghai Composite 0.03%. Key indices in France, Germany and the UK were lower by up to 0.28%.