text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 19, 1988
|Filing date
|May 17, 1985
|Priority date
|May 17, 1985
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Barry A. Sacks, Arnold S. Gould, Michael P. Manzo, Michael A. Ciannella
|Original Assignee
|Microvasive, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (24), Non-Patent Citations (19), Referenced by (56), Classifications (10), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to enteral feeding catheters which are positioned by surgeons or gastroenterologists in openings through the abdominal wall. Such catheters are used with patients suffering from stroke, Alzheimer's Disease, throat cancer, or other conditions restricting use of the jaws, mouth, throat or esophagus.
One procedure to position the catheter has employed a length of suture thread to pull the catheter from the mouth, down the esophagus into the stomach and out through a puncture opening, see Ponsky and Gauderer, "Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a nonoperative technique for feeding gastrostomy," Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Vol. 27, No. 1, 1981, pp. 9-11. In this procedure, a resilient retainer tube sometimes referred to as a "bumper" has been disposed on the catheter between the stomach wall and an enlarged locking formation on the catheter. This bumper tube has openings through its side walls, perpendicular to its axis. The catheter extends through these openings so that the bumper tube lies cross-wise to the catheter, with its round exterior surface bearing against the stomach wall.
Catheters of this type are secured to the patient by a retention disc or similar device that bears upon the exterior of the abdomen about the opening and by a retaining device within the stomach that is sized larger than the opening. Typically the device in the stomach has been of collapsible construction, either a deflatable bulb (Matthews et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,253,594; Shermeta U.S. Pat. No. 3,915,171; and Moosun U.S. Pat. No. 3,961,632 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,077,412) or a device with wings which can be collapsed to a smaller diameter when a stylet is pushed through the catheter to engage the device (Coanda U.S. Pat. No. 3,241,554 and Nawash et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,393,873).
Objectives of the invention are to provide an enteral feeding catheter arrangement which improves the positioning procedure used by the surgeon; reduces trauma and risk to the patient; is comfortable to the patient and resists inadvertent displacement: and provides an improved seal about the stomach opening to reduce risk of infection or irritation due to escape of stomach fluids.
According to one aspect of the the invention, an enteral feeding catheter is characterized by being adapted for introduction through the mouth via a guidewire that extends from the mouth through the esophagus, stomach and abdominal puncture. The catheter has a relatively stiff leading portion of length sufficient to extend along the guidewire from the mouth through the abdominal puncture and of stiffness sufficient to permit it to be pushed from the mouth until it exits at the abdominal puncture and can be grasped. At least an initial length of this leading portion is tapered to a narrow leading tip so that as the tapered part is drawn through the puncture opening, the opening is gradually dilated. The catheter also has a relatively soft, large diameter trailing portion connected to the leading portion. This soft portion is adapted to be drawn along the guidewire by grasping and pulling the stiff leading portion, until the leading end of the soft portion extends outside the body through the widened puncture while its trailing end remains in the stomach, thus to provide the conduit for enteral feeding.
In preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention, the relatively soft trailing portion of the catheter includes the locking means described below or includes a permanent fixed lock or a fixed bumper which cannot be removed; the length of the leading portion is about 60 cm; and the portion of the catheter adapted to serve as a conduit for enteral feeding has an inner diameter of at least about 3 mm.
According to another aspect of the invention, an enteral feeding device comprises a catheter adapted to introduce sustenance into the body, the portion of the catheter which extends through the abdominal wall and into the stomach being sufficiently soft to avoid irritation of surrounding tissue, the catheter having retractable locking means for use with a retainer within the stomach, immediately distal of the locking means, and the device further including a retainer of a size greater than the puncture in the stomach wall, disposed closely about the catheter between the locking means and the stomach wall, the retainer having an opening of predetermined size, and the retainer being sufficiently soft to avoid irritation of stomach tissue; the locking means comprising a multi-wing formation disposed about the surface of the catheter, each wing comprising a proximal component and a distal component, each component having significant thickness, the inner ends of the components of each wing being joined to the catheter, the outer ends of the components being joined to each other, the locking means being adapted to extend radially beyond the outer diameter of the catheter to inhibit passage of the end of the catheter through the opening in the retainer, the opening having diameter close to the local outer diameter of the catheter, and, in locking position, the proximal and distal components of the wings of the locking means lying at acute angles measured from the axis of the catheter portion within the stomach, and the joined ends of the wing components lying closely adjacent each other, whereby, when force is applied to draw the catheter proximally into the opening, the wing proximal component engages upon the retainer surface defining the opening and thus is urged distally, toward the wing distal component, which is urged toward the surface of the portion of the catheter within the stomach, the wing components thereby providing, in combination, a relatively large, compared to the opening in the retainer, fixed protuberance about the catheter portion, to prevent passage of the catheter through the opening absent application of abnormally high pulling force.
In preferred embodiments of the above described enteral feeding catheters having locking means, the wings are integral with the catheter; the wings are provided by slitting the wall of the catheter longitudinally over a predetermined length, and forming the segment of the wall lying between pairs of the slits into the locking wing; the locking means are adapted to be retracted to permit passage of the catheter through the retainer opening when the catheter portion is urged distally relative to the body of the catheter proximal of the locking means; and creases are formed at the ends of the wing components to provide flexible hinges for resisting return of the wings to an axially aligned configuration during exposure to the heat of sterilization, preferably the wing components and creases form spring means adapted to urge the distal portion of the wing to underlie the proximal portion in locking configuration.
In preferred embodiments where the catheter portion is an open-ended conduit, the locking means are adapted for retraction when the inner surface of the catheter portion is engaged and urged distally relative to the body of the catheter proximal of the locking means.
In preferred embodiments of the enteral feeding device, it further comprises a feeding catheter sized for passage via the catheter into the body; and it comprises an elongated releasing means sized to extend from outside the body through the catheter into the catheter portion, and having an expansible head portion adapted for expansion within the catheter portion to engage the surface of the catheter portion; when the releasing means with the head expanded is urged distally within the catheter, the catheter portion is urged distally to release the locking means.
According to still another aspect of the invention, a method of positioning the enteral feeding device is provided.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be understood from the following description of the presently preferred embodiment, and from the claims.
We first briefly describe the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a plan view, partially in section, of the preferred embodiment of the enteral feeding device of the invention with a releasable lock, while FIG. 1a is a similar view of the distal end of the device of the invention with a permanent lock;
FIGS. 2 through 2f are a sequence of diagrammatic views showing generally the procedure for positioning the enteral feeding device, while FIGS. 3 and 3a are diagrammatic views especially showing how the features of device are employed in the positioning procedure;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged section view showing the enteral feeding catheter of FIG. 1 in position, while FIGS. 5 and 5a are similar views of the releasable locking means of the device in FIG. 1, showing the device under normal installed tension and under abnormal pulling force, respectively;
FIG. 6 is a side section view showing the releasable lock means forming process, and FIG. 6a is a similar view showing the permanent lock means forming process;
FIGS. 7 through 7b are a sequence of diagrammatic views showing removal of the enteral feeding device of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 8 is a side section view showing a modified device for e.g., jejunal feeding.
Referring to the figures, the enteral feeding device comprises elongated catheter 12, e.g. about 100 cms long, formed by leading and trailing segments 20 and 22, and a retainer 18 disposed about the catheter immediately preceding a lock means adjacent the trailing end. The lock means may have the form of multi-wing releasable lock 16 (FIG. 1) or a conical permanent lock 17 (FIG. 1a) may be used in situations where it is necessary for the device to resist pull out forces much in excess of those normally experienced, and where it is not necessary to remove the feeding catheter proximally, through the opening in the retainer.
Leading and trailing segments 20, 22 are of distinctly different physical characteristics, both selected to enable gas sterilization at temperature of, e.g., 120�-140� F. These segments are joined at 24, e.g. by a press fit utilizing a 2 sided, barb fitting 25. Leading segment 20 has a length of about 60 cm and is formed of material sufficiently rigid to enable the catheter to be pushed without kinking or buckling along a guidewire extending axially through the catheter. A preferred material is polyethylene, with a wall thickness of about 0.037 inch (0.94 mm). The leading segment 20 is tapered over a length of 14 cm from an outer diameter of about 14 French (0.190 inch or 4.83 mm) to a relatively small tip 26 of about 5 French (0.065 inch or 1.65 mm). At the leading end, the wall thickness is about 0.010 inch (0.25 mm), with an I.D. of about 0.045 inch (1.14 mm), to allow easy passage of an 0.038 inch guidewire.
The trailing segment 22 of catheter 12 has a length of about 45 cm and is of a much different material, selected for biocompatibility and inertness to stomach fluids, and for softness, e.g., optimally approaching the softness of body tissue, to avoid irritation of tissue within the stomach during the time the device is in place, which may be for ten days up to one year. The outer diameter of the trailing segment is about 0.184 inch (4.67 mm) and the inner diameter is about 0.130 inch (3.3 mm). The softness of the material selected is also a trade-off of avoiding irritation while providing strength and springiness for operation of the releasable lock, especially when the lock is formed of the tube material as described below. In this case a durometer of about 80A is preferred. Materials that have the desired softness and other necessary characteristics include urethane, silicone, and materials sold under the trademarks "C-Flex� (sold by Concept Inc., of Clearwater, Fla.), and PERCUFLEX� (provided by Medi-Tech, Inc., of Watertown, Mass.). The outer diameter of the trailing segment is constant at about 14 French over its length W to the open trailing end 28. (It is desired to provide a large bore diameter for passage of highly viscous sustenance into the stomach.)
The multi-wing releasable lock 16 adjacent the trailing end is formed from the wall of the catheter by slitting the catheter longitudinally over a predetermined length, 10.5 mm, at a selected number of points about the catheter circumference, as shown, four slits at 90 degrees provide four wings about 3.5 mm wide. The trailing portion 30 of the catheter that will extend into the stomach is moved axially in the direction of the main catheter body 32 to bow the wings radially outwardly and the wings are heat formed into the desired configuration, as described below.
The conical fixed lock 17 has an annular protuberance shape formed from a biocompatible material and of size and dimension to be relatively rigid as compared to the catheter or the retainer. The protuberance is affixed, e.g., by insert molding, about the feeding catheter 32 adjacent the distal end 28. The outer diameter, DA, of the lock is much greater than the diameter, Do, of the opening in the retainer 18 to prevent removal therethrough. The method of forming the fixed lock about the catheter is also described below.
The retainer tube 18 is also formed of a biocompatible material and is soft, e.g. in the preferred embodiment, retainer 18 is C-FLEX� tubing of 0.375 inch (9.5 mm) outer diameter and 0.250 inch (6.3 mm) inner diameter, having durometer of about 50 A, cut to length of about 1 inch (2.54 cm), with a pair of aligned holes approximately midlength, perpendicular to the retainer axis, of 0.104 inch (2.64 mm) diameter, smaller than the local diameter of the catheter. Thus the retainer tube fits snugly about the catheter. Due to its softness and its snug fit, the retainer tube provides a seal about the catheter to prevent leakage of stomach fluids into the abdominal cavity which could cause infection or irritation.
Referring to FIGS. 2 through 2f, and to FIGS. 3 and 3a, the procedure for positioning the enteral feeding device will be described.
A gastroscope 40 is introduced into the stomach 42 via the patient's mouth 44 and esophagus 46. The stomach is inflated with air to distend the stomach wa1l 48 into contact with the abdominal wall 50. A puncture site is selected, visualized externally from the glow of the gastroscope light shining internally against the stomach wall.
With the tissue suitably anesthetized, a short incision (1.0 to 1.5 cm) is made in the skin and the soft tissues spread with a hemostat.
A Seldinger 18 gauge guide wire introduction needle 52 is introduced in a rapid motion at the site of the small incision, through the abdominal wall, peritoneum, and into the stomach. The needle can easily be seen through the gastroscope as it enters the stomach (FIG. 2).
At this stage a snare 54 is introduced by the gastroscope and positioned just below the needle point, open to its maximum extent.
The Seldinger stylet 56 is removed, leaving the Seldinger cannula 58. A 300 cm, 0.038 inch (0.97 mm) diameter guidewire 60 is introduced through the needle within the stomach where it is entrapped in the snare (FIG. 2a).
The gastroscope and its snare are withdrawn through the esophagus, drawing the wire with it. At the same time, the guidewire is advanced from the exterior through the needle so that no tension is present. When the snare emerges from the mouth with the leading end of the guidewire, the wire can be pulled gently until an adequate amount projects from the mouth (FIG. 2b) while a length still projects from the abdominal side.
A liberal amount of lubricant is placed on the guidewire at the mouth and around the catheter. This end of the guidewire is inserted into the tapered leading tip 26 of the relatively stiff segment 20 of the catheter, and the catheter is pushed over the guidewire and advanced into the mouth.
Referring now also to FIGS. 3 and 3a, the catheter is steadily advanced by pushing on relatively stiff leading portion 20 at the mouth until resistance is felt, usually as the tip 26 reaches the needle. At that stage, with slight tension being placed on the guidewire at both ends to keep it firm, slightly more pressure is applied to the trailing end of the leading portion of the catheter at the mouth until its narrow tip 26 passes through the enteral stomach wall and the enteral abdominal wall and exits at the skin surface (FIG. 2c).
As mentioned above, the length of the stiff leading portion 20 of the catheter is pre-selected so that the trailing end still protrudes from the mouth when the tip exits at the skin surface, to enable the catheter to be advanced by pushing from the mouth until leading tip 26 protrudes from the puncture and can be grasped and pulled. This enables the trailing segment 22, which is to remain in the body, to be of softer, less irritating material, because it is subject to much less force during the placement procedure.
After tip 26 emerges from the abdomen continual pulling traction is applied to the tip of the relatively rigid leading portion (FIG. 3a) to draw the tapered segment 20 through the puncture opening to dilate the opening gradually, to prepare it for passage of the larger diameter trailing portion. The relatively rigid nature of the tapered segment of the catheter facilitates this procedure. Traction is continued to pull the end of the trailing catheter segment 22 with its retainer and lock down the esophagus, into the stomach to the point where the retainer reaches the puncture opening and is pulled sufficiently against the enteral stomach wall to press it against the peritoneum (FIG 2d). Optimal position can be confirmed by reintroduction of the gastroscope or by X-ray.
A superficial skin disc 62 is then advanced (FIG. 2e) over the end of the catheter outside the body and secured as by sewing to the skin to hold the device in place, see FIGS. 2f and 3.
After the external catheter is cut to the length desired, a plug 64 is inserted (FIG. 2f) and the device is thus ready for syringe, pump or catheter tube feeding.
Referring to FIGS. 4, 5 and 5aimportant features of the internal locking arrangement of the releasable lock will now be described. The stomach wall 48 is drawn and held against the peritoneum 49 of the abdominal wall 50 by cooperative action of the external retention disc 62 and the internal retainer 18 held in place by multi-wing lock 16. According to a preferred aspect of the invention, lock 16 is formed integrally from the wall of the soft proximal segment 22 of the catheter 12. The special configuration of the lock to be described, even when formed of such soft material, enables resistance to pulling force, e.g. the lock resists forces up to about 11 to 15 lbs.
Each wing 70 of lock 16 (two of four can be seen in FIG. 3) is formed of a proximal wing component 72 and a distal wing component 74, each joined to the catheer at its radial inner end, and the two joined together at their outer radius ends. In normal locking position (FIG. 4), both wing components 72, 74, are angled in the same direction, away from the stomach wall, forming acute angles, B and C, of about 45� to the central axis, A, of the catheter, measured close to the feed tube. Under normal installation tension, pulled against retainer 18, the inner ends of these wing components 72, 74 are at least closely adjacent to each other and preferably engage each other at 100. When abnormal external pulling force is applied, indicated by arrow Pf, in FIG. 5, as by accidental movements of the patient, the proximal wing component 72 engages more firmly on surface 76 of the retainer 18 and tends to bend down toward catheter axis A against the distal wing component 74 and the surface 102 of the distal annular tip 30 of the catheter. This tip has sufficient wall thickness to resist collapse under this pulling force. Thus the combined thickness of the two wing components provide an enlarged solid protuberance 104 about the catheter, with an outer diameter, D, significantly larger than the diameter D1 of retainer opening 80, providing substantial resistance to pulling of the catheter through the retainer.
In the preferred form of the lock shown, during molding a sharply angled crease 106 is formed at the inner end of each distal wing component 74, with a corresponding crease of lesser angle at the inner end 108 of each proximal component 76 to cause the distal component to underlie the proximal component.
The point of connection between the outer ends of the wing components is also creased at 110 to reduce elastic memory and form a very flexible hinge which lessens the possibility of the wings assuming their original, axially aligned configuration, e.g., if the lock is opened and closed repeatedly, or from the heat of sterilization.
The construction of the releasable lock is provided by forming the wings in a heated mold. Referring to FIG. 6, after the catheter is slit, the tip portion 30 is inserted into the bore 112 of a male mold element 114 having a conical surface 116 lying at an angle Bm, about 45�, to the mold axis Am, aligned with the axis of the catheter tip. The wings 70 are folded against the surface of the mold, and the bore 117 of a correspondingly shaped female mold element 118 having surface 120 lying at angle Cm, also about 45�, to the mold axis is passed over the body 32 of the catheter. The opposed surfaces of the mold are urged together, arrows Mm, Mf, while heat is applied at temperature above the temperature of sterilization but below the melting point of the plastic. Referring also to FIG. 5, the pressure and heat of molding cause the sharp crease 106 at the base of the distal wing component 74 with significant thinning compared to the catheter tip and wing component adjacent the crease at both sides. Creases are also formed at 108, at the base of the proximal wing component 72, and at 110, where the wing components join at the tip.
Upon cooling, the components remain at the angles imparted by molding.
Referring to FIG. 6a, the construction of the fixed lock is provided by inserting the tip 30 of the trailing portion 22 of the device into the bore 130 formed by a pair of opposed mold elements 132, 134 which also define annular molding cavity 136 about the body of the catheter. The mold is closed and the material of the locking protuberance is injected into cavity and allowed to cure about the body to form the lock.
After ten days to two weeks, the stomach is usually well attached to the enteral peritoneum and the catheter can be changed should it become clogged, or when the patient recovers, the catheter will need to be removed.
To release the releasable lock within the stomach lumen, the tip 30 of the catheter 12 is urged distally relative to the body 32 of the catheter to a point where the distal wing components 74 no longer underlie the proximal wing components 76. Referring to FIGS. 7 through 7b, a special appliance for releasing the lock of an open-ended catheter is shown. A stylet 82 is inserted into the bore of a closed-tip releasing device 84 having elastically expansible wings 86 adjacent its head 88. The stylet is pushed against the head to retract the wings, and is held while the device is inserted along the bore of the catheter 12 until the wings 86 are within the catheter tip 30. The stylet is withdrawn to allow the wings 86 to expand with force to engage and grip the inner wall 90 of the catheter tip 30 (FIG. 6a). The device 84 is urged distally to move the catheter tip 30 relative to the catheter body 32, thus stretching out the distal and proximal ends to lie end to end at a smaller diameter, thus to release the lock 16. The catheter and lock will then slide through the retainer and out of the body. The retainer 18 remains to be passed spontaneously through the bowel, or it can be retrieved by use of a gastroscope.
Where the device has a fixed lock, it can also be retrieved by use of a gastroscope, or passed spontaneously through the bowel.
Other embodiments are within the following claims. For example, at the intersection 24, the trailing segment of the catheter may have an outer diameter significantly less than the outer diameter of the leading segment. Also, the catheter may have a tip of other configuration, e.g., a closed tip with side openings. In such cases, the lock 16 may be released with a stylet inserted through the catheter and pressed against the closed end. The wings of the lock may be formed of other material and joined to the catheter body, as may the distal catheter portion, especially where it forms a short tip extending into the stomach. The catheter portion distal of the locking means may also be of extended length, to form a conduit into the stomach, or beyond.
Referring to FIG. 8, where desired, a smaller diameter enteral feeding device 91 can be advanced over a guidewire through the lumen of the in-dwelling catheter 12 of the invention. This can be passed beyond the pylorus, the duodenum and even past the ligament of Treitz for jejunal feeding.
Where the fixed lock is employed, the retainer may be permanently affixed to the outer wall of the catheter, e.g. by use of adhesive 140 (FIG. 1a); or the retainer so affixed may be used without the annular protuberance of the fixed lock.
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|Low profile transpyloric jejunostomy system
|May 31, 2002
|Dec 4, 2003
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Low profile transpyloric jejunostomy system and method to enable
|May 31, 2002
|Dec 4, 2003
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Low profile transpyloric jejunostomy system and method to enable
|Dec 9, 2002
|Jun 10, 2004
|Weststrate Patrice A.
|Connector for use with a medical catheter and medical catheter assembly including said connector
|May 16, 2003
|Aug 11, 2005
|Ginsberg Gregory G.
|Luminal coupling system
|Feb 13, 2006
|Jun 15, 2006
|Weststrate Patrice A
|Connector for use with a medical catheter and medical catheter assembly including said connector
|Sep 15, 2005
|Apr 5, 2007
|Adams Mark L
|Method for positioning a catheter guide element in a patient and kit for use in said method
|Dec 22, 2005
|Jun 28, 2007
|Spivey James T
|Endoscope endcap attachment tool
|Mar 22, 2006
|Sep 27, 2007
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Intubation device for enteral feeding
|Mar 22, 2006
|Sep 27, 2007
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Intubation system for use with an endoscope
|Mar 30, 2006
|Oct 11, 2007
|Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.
|Medical snaring device
|Feb 3, 2005
|Feb 14, 2008
|Sherwood Services Ag
|Infection-Preventing Gastrostomy Catheter Kit for Gastrostomy
|Jul 24, 2008
|Feb 26, 2009
|Agnew Charles W
|Fistula plugs and apparatuses and methods for fistula plug delivery
|Jul 6, 2007
|Dec 10, 2009
|Stephane Regnault
|Gastrostomy Tube, Production Methods Thereof and Insertion Tool
|Aug 24, 2009
|Dec 24, 2009
|Weststrate Patrice A
|Connector for use with a medical catheter and medical catheter assembly including said connector
|Sep 9, 1991
|Mar 18, 1992
|Abbott Laboratories
|Stoma creator gastrostomy device for placement of a feeding tube
|Dec 30, 1988
|Jul 27, 1989
|Corpak, Inc.
|Device for intubation of percutaneous endoscopic ostomy
|Nov 26, 1991
|Jun 25, 1992
|Applied Medical Technology, Inc.
|Package for the placement of gastrostomy device
|Jan 26, 1995
|Aug 10, 1995
|Abbott Laboratories
|Gastrostomy tube with improved internal retaining member
|Oct 2, 1998
|Apr 15, 1999
|Boston Scientific Corporation
|Gastro-intestinal tube with dissolvable support bolster
|Aug 31, 2006
|Mar 8, 2007
|Wilson-Cook Medical Inc.
|Peg tube with wireless pull tip
|Oct 11, 2007
|Apr 16, 2009
|Ah San Pang
|A device for tube feeding
|U.S. Classification
|604/506, 604/164.13, 604/528, 604/105, 604/910
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 17, 1985
Owner name: MICROVASIVE, INC., 31 MAPLE ST., MILFORD, MA A DE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:SACKS, BARRY A.;GOULD, ARNOLD S.;MANZO, MICHAEL P.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004412/0550
Effective date: 19850514
Owner name: MICROVASIVE, INC., 31 MAPLE ST., MILFORD, MA A DE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:GOULD, ARNOLD S.;MANZO, MICHAEL P.;CIANNELLA, MICHAEL A.;REEL/FRAME:004412/0553
Effective date: 19850409
|Nov 9, 1987
Owner name: ABBOTT LABORATORIES, ABBOTT PARK, ILLINOIS 60064 A
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MICROEVASIVE, INC., A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004795/0865
Effective date: 19870814
Owner name: ABBOTT LABORATORIES, ABBOTT PARK, ILLINOIS 60064 A
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MICROEVASIVE, INC., A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004795/0865
Effective date: 19870814
|Feb 13, 1989
Owner name: BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE., MAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MICROVASIVE, INC.,;REEL/FRAME:005013/0557
Effective date: 19881228
|Apr 11, 1989
|Certificate of correction
|Feb 19, 1992
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 19, 1992
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 22, 1992
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19920719


text:
Global Arab Network is reporting the discovery of a "pre-Hellenistic" temple at Tal Ahmar in Southern Syria.
Stone stairs and the foundations of a temple built on the ruins of an older temple from the pre-Hellenistic period were unearthed at the site of Tal Ahmar in Sweida province, Global Arab Network reports according to archaeological sources.
I'm not exactly sure what the Syrian pre-Hellenistic period is. I guess it means sometime before 332 BCE or there about. From an account in the Xinhua News Agency, this older temple is below a Nabataean era temple.

subset: commoncrawl


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This blind kitten was abandoned by his mother and left to starve! Fortunately this vet is a cat lover and decides to personally take care about this small kitten.
This cute kitten will never see again,even if the vet made the impossible to keep his little eyes from further infection.
What an amazing transformation! Such a playful kitten!
Watch the full video below!
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text:
Venice, Italy
Cameramen in gondola on canal. CU's Cameramen. Travel shot - canal side buildings
Starlet - Jacqueline Collard. MS. Gastone Ferrante CU. Starlet-Jackie Frost. MS. Ferrante LS. Novella Parigini finding a spot to lay her towel and laying down to sunbathe. Michelle Farmer talking to Manuel Conde. MS Anthony Asquith and Teddy Baird being interviewed. poster advertising 'The Importance of Being Ernest' LS James Dunn, former US Ambassador to Italy with his niece. LS and MS Flora Volpino talking with Sandro de Feo. Dancer. MS. Cameraman Figueroa, with camera. Myriam Bru.
Note: Slight decomposition, not great quality. The Venice film festival was still relatively young in 1952, beginning in 1944. It will be celebrating its 58th festival in Aug 2002.
The festival ran from 20 August - 12 September 1952.
"Stalet" on line 4 should read starlet.
"Novella Paragini" should read Novella Parigini.
"Manuel Urbana Conde" should read Manuel Conde. (He was born Manuel Urbano, but acted under the name Manuel Conde).
"Flora Volpino" also regularly acted under the name Franca Volpino.
"Miriam Bru" should read Myriam Bru.


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Brian Macdonald (choreographer)
|Brian Ronald Macdonald
May 14, 1928
Montreal, Quebec
|November 29, 2014
(aged 86)
Stratford, Ontario
|Teacher, dancer, choreographer, director
|Known for
|Dancer, choreographer
|Order of Canada
Brian Ronald Macdonald,[1] CC (May 14, 1928 – November 29, 2014) was a Canadian dancer, choreographer and director of opera, theatre and musical theatre.
Early and personal life[edit]
Brian Macdonald was born in Montreal on May 14, 1928.[2] His father Ian was Irish and worked at Dominion Glass Co. as a sales manager while his mother Mabel Lee was Scottish. Macdonald was a child actor for Radio-Canada and studied piano.[3]
In 1959 Macdonald's first wife Olivia Wyatt died in an automobile accident. Macdonald became a single father, taking care of his three-year-old son.[3] Macdonald met his second wife Annette av Paul while the artistic director of the Royal Swedish Ballet.[4] They married in 1964.[5]
He died on November 29, 2014 in Stratford, Ontario of bone cancer.[3]
Professional career[edit]
In 1945 he started his dance training with Elizabeth Leese and Gerald Crevier.[4] Macdonald joined the National Ballet of Canada in 1951[2] and was one of its founding members.[4] He left the company in 1953 due to an injury in his arm.
Ballet choreographer[edit]
In 1945 at age 17 Macdonald was watching Ballets Russes rehearse Concerto Barocco by George Balanchine in Montreal. He became inspired by the way the ballerinas were dancing en pointe and in high heels. After that rehearsal he was inspired to become a choreographer and began taking his ballet studies more seriously.[3]
In 1956 he created his own company called the Montreal Theatre Ballet. He also created works for the Royal Winnipeg Ballet such as The Darkling in 1958 and Les Whoops De Doo in 1959.[4] One of his most acclaimed works was Time Out of Mind created for Joffrey Ballet in 1963.[3] He choreographed Rose Latulippe in 1966, which was Canada's first evening-length ballet performance[4] and the first full-length colour production filmed by the Canadian Broadcasting Company.[3]
He was artistic director of the Royal Swedish Ballet from 1964–1967.[4] and artistic director of Harkness Ballet from 1967-1968, during which he choreographed Canto Indio. He then moved on to become artistic director of Israel's Batsheva Dance Theatre from 1971–1972 and Les Grands Ballets Canadiens from 1974-1977, where he choreographed Tam Ti Delam in 1974 and Lignes et Pointes. In 1978 Macdonald choreographed Double Quartet.[4] This piece features a young woman and her admirers danced to the string quartets of Schubert and R. Murray Schafer.[6]
Macdonald's last choreographic work was Requiem 9/11, which premiered at the National Arts Centre in 2002. The piece was Macdonald's perspective of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and performed to Giuseppe Verdi's Requiem.[3] The ballet was danced in front of images of violent events from history and the dancers were covered in ash-looking makeup to reflect the look of survivors leaving the World Trade Centre buildings.[7] The dance was well received by audience members and critics. Hugh Winsor from the Globe and Mail, who was present at the inaugural performance, stated that the audience gave the show "an extended standing ovation."[7]
Musical theatre choreographer and director[edit]
While a student at McGill University in 1957, Macdonald directed the satirical revue My Fur Lady which went on a national tour of over 400 performances.[2] In 1968 Macdonald directed Maggie Flynn for its premiere on Broadway.[3]
Macdonald moved to Stratford, Ontario and became an associate director of the Stratford Festival. He became known for reviving Gilbert and Sullivan operettas to critical acclaim.[4] He directed The Mikado in 1982 and this play toured around the world until it made its debut on Broadway. It earned Macdonald Tony Award nominations for Best Choreography and Best Direction of a Musical. Macdonald's last directed musical at the Stratford Festival was The Music Man in 1996[3] and had worked for the Stratford Festival for 17 seasons.[5]
Macdonald's debut as an opera director was Cosi fan tutte by Wolfgang Mozart in 1972. This was followed by Massenet's Cendrillon in 1979 and Madama Butterfly in 1990.[4]
His final work was a revival his 1990 staging of Madama Butterfly with the Canadian Opera Company in 2014.[5] The show was praised for the talent of the cast in their vocal abilities.[8] The show was criticised for a lack of emotional connection between the performers, with Richard Ouzounian of the Toronto Star saying, "[T]he whole thing now has that "paint by the numbers" kind of feel about it, with everyone coughing up lungfuls of emotion, but rarely connecting to each other at all in any genuine way."[9] Robert Harris of The Globe and Mail commented that the show struggled to overcome issues of racism and prejudice that exist in the opera.[8]
Dance teacher[edit]
In 1982 Macdonald became the head of the Banff Centre's Summer Dance Program.[1] He split the program into a training section and a professional section[10] which performed remounted works by Macdonald, George Balanchine and winners of the Clifford E Lee Choreographic Award.[4] Some of his students have included Johnny Wright, the male lead in the West End production of Dirty Dancing, and Crystal Pite.[3] He was head of the program until 2001 when he became artistic advisor from 2001-2007.[1]
- 1964 Paris International Gold Star for choreography[4]
- 1967 Officer of the Order of Canada[4]
- 1970 Paris International Gold Star for choreography[1]
- 1983 Molson Prize[4]
- 1988 Dance Canada Prize[1]
- 1988 Banff Centre National Arts Award[1]
- 2001 Walter Carsen Prize for Excellence in the Performing Arts[4]
- 2002 Companion of the Order of Canada[1]
- 2008 Governor General Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Achievement[1]
- 2012 Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal[3]
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Brian Ronald Macdonald 1928-2014". The Dance Current. 2014-12-04. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
- ^ a b c Kelly, Deirdre (2014-11-29). "Famed Canadian director, choreographer Brian Macdonald dies". The Globe and Mail. Philip Crawley. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kelly, Deirdre (2014-12-10). "Choreographer Brian Macdonald forever part of Canadian dance scene". The Globe and Mail. Philip Crawley. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Crabb, Michael (2015-03-04). "Brian Macdonald". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
- ^ a b c Ouzounian, Richard (2014-11-29). "Brian Macdonald leaves a fine legacy in Madama Butterfly". The Toronto Star. Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
- ^ Citron, Paula (2010-04-18). "Young dancers resurrect classics". The Globe and Mail. Philip Crawley. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
- ^ a b Winsor, Hugh (2002-09-09). "Requiem 9/11 is a natural for New York". The Globe and Mail. Philip Crawley. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
- ^ a b Harris, Robert (2014-10-12). "COC's Madama Butterfly remains beautiful and problematic". The Globe and Mail. Philip Crawley. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
- ^ Ouzounian, Richard (2014-10-11). "Madama Butterfly fails to deliver on large promise: Review". The Toronto Star. Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
- ^ Crabb, Michael (2008-08-22). "A New Era, Not Unlike the Old". The Dance Current. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
External links[edit]
- Watch Brian Macdonald, Virtuoso Eclectic, a 2008 short film produced for Macdonald's Governor General's Performing Arts Award.
- 1928 births
- 2014 deaths
- Companions of the Order of Canada
- Governor General's Performing Arts Award winners
- Ballet masters
- Canadian male ballet dancers
- Ballet choreographers
- People from Montreal
- Anglophone Quebec people
- Canadian opera directors
- Canadian choreographers
- Canadian musical theatre directors
- Stratford Shakespeare Festival
- 20th-century Canadian musicians


text:
11, Dobri Chintulov Str., Bansko
Price per room/night from EUR 45
More hotels in Bansko
New search
Check-in is made in the neighbouring hotel Eagles Nest, which is only 10 metres away.
Continue to the next page for a full description of the available rooms and their prices. Choose and book your room.


text:
Get a Quote for A Charger Online
Cross Price Electric embraces the idea of electrified transportation and we find ourselves excited and motivated to make it as easy as possible to install an outlet in every home.
Fill out this simple form and we will get you an accurate price quickly, or if you prefer the phone call our estimator directly at (909)294-8596.
A Few Points on Charger Installations
We have installed many of these systems and wanted to provide some additional information to make everyone more aware of the process.
- Very rarely is a panel in need of an upgrade so avoid it if at all possible. It is tempting for an electrical installer to recommend a panel upgrade to make more money on a given job. Sometimes it is unavoidable, but there is several workarounds and every installation we do we run a load calculation to determine what your loads are. It is simple to either install a wall connector or downgrade to a NEMA 14-30 if there is load issues. Do not count up the breakers in your panel and think that it is overloaded, we follow the National Electrical Code on everything we do, and that includes calculating the loads in your home.
- We do not install without a permit. All cities we service require a permit of some sort, and it is essential for an installation. It protects your house and vehicle to have a licensed installer go through the required steps. The installation tends to be the least timely part of the installation, but insurance companies are always looking for any excuse not to pay a claim if something goes wrong. We are thorough and diligent in the permits, certifications, training and quality control which may seem more expensive but will pay off very quickly.
- Conduit is the preferred method for the installation. We can do installations in the wall and cover up the wire, but it will usually double the cost of the installation. We take a lot of pride in the quality of our conduit, and customers often comment on how clean our installations are.
- The shortest run possible is the best installation. It will save money and create a cleaner installation.
- You can fill out the form, and skip the pictures and just text them to (626)831-2879 or email them to firstname.lastname@example.com as well.
- This is one of the biggest constant loads in your house. Take it seriously, we have seen many bad installations and not being able to charge your vehicle is a serious inconvenience, and can cause much bigger problems than a dead car.


text:
In the land of bloggers and website hosting, there are all kinds of back-end, behind the scenes things that have to be managed on a regular basis. Recently, I have known several bloggers who had issues because of posts of theirs going viral on sites such as StumbleUpon or Yahoo, that have brought an influx of visitors to their blog that is outside the norm of their daily traffic hits, and it has caused sites to crash. It's not just small sites that suffer from this, I'm sure we've all heard about Target's site crashing this week with the launch of their new line.
When looking to resolve the issue of sites crashing, you have to determine several things to figure out what your best solution will be. If it is a temporary or one time influx of traffic, you may need to just make sure you are hosted on a site that is flexible enough to allow a temporary increase. If they won't, and you don't want to change, you'll have to be careful not to write any potentially popular articles, LOL:)
If you have noticed a consistent and steady increase in traffic over time, and think you will continue to see that, and potentially (hopefully) have large spikes in traffic, it may be time for you to consider switching to a dedicated server hosting service.
A dedicated hosting service, is a type of internet hosting where you can lease an entire server. Many people start out sharing server space with other sites, but if that isn't working out and you are still having problems, then there is the option to lease your own individual server, housed in a data center.
One blog friend asked why she couldn't just buy her own, and while technically you could, that isn't financially feasible for most people due to the cost of the server and any other necessary hardware and software and finding a provider for affordable service for an individual or smaller company. Leasing the dedicated server and service is typically more affordable. This type of cost is also one reason why many bloggers find it necessary to do sponsored/paid posts and/or have ads on their site. They need to bring in enough income to at least cover their expenses related to their site.
***Disclaimer: This post was sponsored by a dedicated server company. However, the views
and opinions are my own. I signed up to participate in this promotion because I felt the content was relevant to my readers.***


text:
LA Site's Monument Tag Unfairly Blocked Project, Suit Says
The designation of Snowball's property as a historical-cultural monument was wrongfully driven by the political ambitions of former Councilman Richard Alarcon as a "last-ditch effort" to recover after a scandal left his re-election prospects bleak, according...
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text:
American Panorama is a digital atlas of United States history created by the Digital Scholarship Lab at the University of Richmond. Cosmologics spoke with Robert K. Nelson, one of the co-editors of American Panorama, and Eric Rodenbeck, CEO of Stamen Design, design and technology partner for the project. Together, we explored the role that maps can play in transforming the way we imagine and visualize American history.
—Myrna Perez Sheldon for Cosmologics
Cosmologics: Do you hope that people think differently about American history after looking at the maps you've created? What new things do you want them to think about? How would you want their imagination of American history to be reshaped?
Robert K. Nelson: One of the motivations we had for mapping in the first place, is that it allows us to paint a portrait of history, in the case of the immigration map, that includes essentially the histories of everyone (with the exception of Native Americans) that lives in the United States. They can see themselves or their ancestors in that map—there is a quality to maps that lends itself to a democratic treatment. Obviously, you are looking at it at a particular scale and not in depth, but you can show, literally, tens of thousands, even millions of people, and something about their histories on the map.
We're particularly interested in the history of race in this country, and in representing the exploitation and appropriation of black labor and black wealth during the course of American history. That's most visible, in the "Forced Migration of Enslaved People" map and the "Mapping Inequality: Redlining in New Deal America" maps that we've done. Although one is about the institution of slavery and the other is about real estate in the 20th century, they are both part of a larger story about white wealth being at the expense of the material welfare of African Americans.
Cosmologics: I was immediately struck by the focus on race. When you built these maps, did you think of them for classroom settings, for researching academics, or for the general public?
Robert K. Nelson: It's for all three. I would put "the public" as the first audience. The nice thing about maps is that people seem to like them. After I worked on an earlier mapping project, I was struck by, and I wrote a short piece, about how people were calling historical maps, "map porn." Now, we didn't set out to develop "map porn." At the same time, it's a recognition that maps have an aspect of play and curiosity that evokes people's desire for interactive experiences. The maps that we've put together are pretty, and if that evokes a kind of visual pleasure for people, that's fine, and if they learn something about American history along the way, that's all for the good.
We definitely see these for classroom use, particularly for high school and college. And I would love for my fellow historians to find these things of interest and useful. But they're really the third audience we're focused on. So far, none of the maps we've made have enough of an argument or an interpretation in them for historians. I think that they are great maps, but no one who works on the slave trade is going to learn anything from them that really transforms their understanding of that phenomenon. They'll learn details, but the maps are not enough of an intervention in the questions currently preoccupying historians for us to think of them as a primary audience.
Cosmologics: Yes, you might think of the "Foreign-Born Population" map as an assertion that everyone in the United States, besides Native Americans, originates from someplace else, which undercuts any group that might claim to be "more American" than other groups in the country.
Robert K. Nelson: You're exactly right. The way we tried to hint at that is the subtitle of the map, in which we call America a "nation of overlapping diasporas." That was partly to make the point that immigrants maintain material, emotional, and political ideological ties to their homelands, and their descendants do as well. These descendants sometimes consider themselves to be part of a diaspora. There is a geographic element to that, that this overlapping does not create a melting pot which becomes racially homogeneous, but that even dating back to the nineteenth century, the descendants tend to be concentrated to the parts of the country to which they migrated.
Cosmologics: Yes, there's a continuous flow represented by the map—the countries change—but it's a statement that at the end of the day, everyone originates from someplace else.
Robert K. Nelson: Yes, but the map also shows the drop off that happens over the twentieth century due to early twentieth-century nativism, in which quotas were set that prevented people of color from Asia or Africa from immigrating, as well as groups from Eastern Europe. So, you can point to the "Foreign-Born Population" map and say, "yes that this is a nation of immigrants." But you can also point at that map and see that the ebbs and flows are not just related to the desires or needs of people from other parts of the world emigrating to the United States. The shape of the map is driven by US policies and whether they were welcoming or not welcoming to groups of immigrants.
Eric Rodenbeck: For instance, in that map you can see the rise of Chinese immigration to places like Alameda, San Francisco, and Nevada that rises throughout the nineteenth century, and then around 1900 vanishes entirely. And then there is a gap between 1910 and 1960 where, at least according to the census records, there are no Chinese people living in San Francisco at all. In looking at the data, Rob told us it was due to the Asian Exclusion Act, right Rob?
Robert K. Nelson: Yes.
Eric Rodenbeck: One of the side effects was that not only was immigration severely restricted, but that foreign-born non-whites were not included in the census. This really only changed after the Civil Rights Act.
For us, the exciting part as designers and story tellers is that omissions in the data can be as telling as the actual stories. I have a little different view than Rob, because I'm not an academic, but for me these maps are a tool to give people specific things to point to when discussing these histories. When I tell this story, it really takes people aback, that we had such a racist immigration policy that you weren't even allowed to count the yellow people.
There is where maps and good design enable a storytelling that is not just about academic arguments. That's not to say that it's not important to make academic arguments, but it's also important to tell stories of American history that resonate deeply with people.
Cosmologics: Would you talk more about how you went about doing this collaboration?
Robert K. Nelson: All this was funded by a grant by the Andrew Mellon Foundation, which allowed us to work with a commercial partner like Stamen. It's been a great experience from my perspective. We presented them with some prospectuses and early sketches for the maps that we envisioned. Those have some resemblance to what ended up being released, but our sketches were certainly not as visually engaging. They were somewhat flat, design-wise. So working with people who have a great eye for user interface, for visual design, and who are familiar with the most cutting-edge cartographic techniques, that certainly substantially elevated the end product. They would have been fine if we had done them ourselves, but they wouldn't be the same. We're definitely much improved by working with the smart people at Stamen.
Eric Rodenbeck: It's been a wonderful partnership. For us, for me, it's hard to work without an expert on the other side. I'm not an expert in American history: I mean, I'm a child of immigrants, and I have that perspective on that, but it changes the character of the project to work with expert historians. For instance, in the enslaved Americans map, you can see the relentless logic of the sale of excess human beings. I was able to see the patterns by which slave counties that were importing slaves twenty years prior flipped after they reached peak slave saturation and became slave-producing states. And for us, to translate the stories that Rob is so deeply invested in—the imperatives of cotton picking and the brutality of slavery—that brought home to me what an incredibly exploitative enterprise slavery was for so long. That children were seen as a resource to be sold off—it's horrible. On the one hand, it's this incredibly dry set of data: birth rates, important rates, tariffs and such, but on the other hand, it's the complete commodification of an entire class of human beings. It's shocking. I wasn't expecting to be as personally affected by it as I was.
Cosmologics: It seems to me that your partnership shows how powerful collaborations between people with different skill sets and expertise can be. In other words, when we think of digitizing the humanities or making the humanities digitally conversant, we don't insist that humanists necessarily take on new technical expertise in computational modeling or programming, for instance.
Robert K. Nelson: It is the case that we certainly learned a lot from the partnership, and the cartographic design and programming expertise that Stamen brought definitely elevated the project. At the same time, we do a lot of stuff in house here. The most recent map we did, on redlining, we did post Stamen, using the tools that they built and building on top of them. I'm hedging here a little bit, because I do think it is helpful for people who are going to bring computational techniques to any humanistic disciplines to have more sophisticated tools or techniques. It's not requisite by any means, I would never say that. At the same time, the people who are doing the most interesting work in digital history or digital literary criticisms are engaged with those tools. That said, there are certainly some great projects that have involved collaborations between academics and software developers. I would point to Vince Brown's Jamaica's slavery vault project, for instance, as an example.
Eric Rodenbeck: From our perspective, working with academics is incredibly satisfying. If I have any sort of mission, it is to tell real stories, and this is about as real as it can get. Especially in this new reactionary weird age that we're heading into, I think that public/private partnerships like this are actually really important. I'm hearing a lot from other academic groups that when they are looking for federal aid and grants that it's important for them to have a private partner.
Cosmologics: That's very encouraging to hear. And I think that you're right that there is a kind of collaboration, but also a solidarity, that can come from these types of partnerships.
Eric Rodenbeck: These are dangerous times that we are moving into, and I think that presenting history that has some resemblance to what actually happened, rather than some vague fiction, is important. And it's important to be very up front about that. The Civil War was not about states' rights. It was about slavery. You can see that in the maps. And we're not a nation of natives, we're a nation of immigrants, you can see it in the maps. I don't want to want to make a claim that there is nothing to argue about, but we need to be on the side of what is true, and not the fictions of this kind of nativist bullshit.
Cosmologics: I would describe the histories that you have put together as data-heavy, well-evidenced histories. Do you see these histories as directly intervening in the political moment we're in?
Eric Rodenbeck: It would be for me.
Robert K. Nelson: I don't know if I would put it quite that it bluntly, but I do think that we are pointing out aspects of history that have to be reckoned with; you can call that politics or you can just call that learning from the past. The past can have direct or indirect bearing on the situation that we're in today.
For instance, we're still grappling with the wealth inequality between families of color and white families, and part of that is the legacy of redlining, and the continued disparities and access to financing, that people of color continue to face in the US.
I'm glad that people get it viscerally when they look at the redlining map—they're often struck by the close resemblance to the cities that we live in today, and you can see how little has changed in terms of the landscape of inequality in American cities. So many of them are shockingly recognizable, and you see that the way a city is, is not an accident, it was made by policy.
Cosmologics: If you want to ask why a certain part of town is poor, and the people who live there are poor, rather than asking: what are their actions, what have they done, what are their insufficiencies; you instead see a set of top down decisions that created the space. It's shocking, actually.
Eric Rodenbeck: I think it is really shocking. In the redlining maps that Rob put together you can see the forms that real estate people used to fill out when describing the health of a neighborhood; on the form there's usually an entry that says "percent negro." And that wasn't written by a racist outlier real estate agent, that was part of the forms that the feds sent. It was considered important enough to track. Put it this way, it was considered a fact about the neighborhood in the same way as elevation and population. There's questions on it like occupation, and and a lot of times people will fill out "negro." In that moment, in that small bit of bureaucratic functioning, is the whole apparatus of racism, and oppression, and of systematic exclusion. It's not merely you got passed over because of affirmative action. Rather, throughout the whole history of the country, they were tracking the percent negro of a neighborhood. How does it get clearer that people have systematically been treated differently? I don't see how it does.
Cosmologics: And maps are a unique way to deal with the whole weight of data in a form that someone can experience very quickly. There is a weight of evidence, but then also, an ease of imagining.
Finally, are you making more maps?
Robert K. Nelson: Yes, we're working on one about urban renewal. It's really a sequel to the redlining map, because in some cases urban renewal was called "negro removal." We're also working with one of our collaborators on the history of Congress. And we're potentially going to be thinking about one with some students, it would be a very modest one, but a map of the foreign travels of presidents and secretaries of state. So yes, there's a lot in the hopper.
Robert K. Nelson is the director of the Digital Scholarship Lap at the University of Richmond.
Eric Rodenbeck is the founder, CEO, and creative director of Stamen Design.
Myrna Perez Sheldon is co-editor of Cosmologics and Assistant Professor in Classics & World Religions and Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies at Ohio University.


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I met this guy Saturday. I didn't give him my number but I got his. I called him on Monday [too soon?] and we talked for a little bit. He told me he'd call on Tuesday. Tuesday came and went. He never called. It is now Wednesday 5:00pm and I still haven't heard from him. What's going on? I know he could be busy but even too busy for a quick text or something? I hate to sound desperate. I'm just interested in this guy. He's nice. Should I wait for him to call? Or just call him?
He hasn't called yet, how come?
ha! He did end up calling like.around 6. He apologized for not calling Tuesday. His day was busy. But we talked and we're gonna get together this weekend. Awesome!
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What Guys Said 2
it was not too soon to call on monday. also your gonna have to learn this with a lot of guys no matter how importent something is to them they might forget it lots of the time you can call him he will proberbly appologize for not calling and that he forgot don't bring it up though00|00|0
i knew I was right have a good day00|00|0
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Why is mental power important at soccer?
There are many players who play soccer, but there are fewer of them who play it good. To play it good there are several different factors which can affect this, but one big factor is in our head, our mental power. In this article I want to discuss why mental power is important and how to improve it. Check out below and find out more!
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Learn soccer dribbling drills now!
There are many drills which you can learn to play soccer, this amazing game better, but today I will present you dribbling drills. Dribbling is a very good extra skill which you can learn with time. It may help you to trick your opponent. Dribbling is very good if the forwards are master of it. They can easily trick the defender and go right to the goal, possibly and in most times when they trick the opponent like this, they also score a goal. Take a look below and find more about it.
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Check this awesome soccer training program which will help you!
It is one of the most popular sports around the world because of his beauties, but to play it good you have to make a lot of hard work here, so a soccer training program is very important if you want to improve your performance on the pitch. Players have to good prepared to last all the 90 minutes of hard work, they must be concentrated, have to control the ball best they can, work with their teammates to get better results and have to be good mental prepared. As you know there are a lot of things which you have to know if you want to be better at it, so you can take a look at this amazing program which has helped many people to improve their performances on the pitch and they recommend it. This program is called the epic soccer training system, check here. Check below for more tips!
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Check this and improve your soccer conditioning drills!
To be successful at soccer you have to master all aspect of the game and in this are also included soccer conditioning drills. They are a very important aspect which must not have to be overlooked in at the appropriate age. Many teams don't like to do it, but they have if they want to achieve the highest results.
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Some great soccer passing drills which can help you!
One of the most important things if you want to play soccer good is passing and with soccer passing drills you can improve it, to play better and to be more confident. Why is passing one of the important things? It is important because with it you can move the ball on the pitch, do things faster if you are precise and consequently score more goals. All this can be done also by one man, he can be a good dribbler, fast and have a good shoot, but how many times will he do it? He will get exhausted! Team and team spirit is very important if you want to achieve great results, if the team has many players who want to do all on their own, be sure this team won't reach the highest positions and awards. I am 100% that the team with a great team spirit and hard work can beat a better team which has not got it. I invite you to take a look below and find some useful drills.


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Ronald Smithson
- Place of birth:
Simcoe, Ontario, Canada
- Date of passing: August 4th, 2016
- Place of passing:
Atwater, California, United States
This memorial website was created in the memory of our loved one, Ronald Smithson. We will remember him forever.
Memorial Tributes
Ron was a special man that had a beautiful spirit about him. A man that i got to know in a short time who taught me how to gain the knowledge in a business point of view as well as a friend i got to take under my wing to care for. He will always be in my heart and never forgotten. He would tell me, "I lived a fulfilled life and i wouldn't change it for anything." May he rest in peace.
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text: Yesterday really sucked. Had a bunch of shit go wrong that had me working until 12:30 AM (way past my bedtime, even on weekends). Things are are still wrong, and I need to try and get an early start and get into the office as soon as I can. So, this will be brief: Life sucks, and then you die. Unless you're rich, in which case things are pretty good (relatively speaking), and then you die. If you're rich and famous, well, watch out. June's a killer.


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What is a quote from To Kill a Mockingbird the proves Scout is the protagonist?Page number/chapter you found the answer in would be great as well. Thanks!
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Typically, the protagonist of a text is either the character speaking (first person narration) or the character the story is about (third person narration). The antagonist of any piece is the character who conflicts with the protagonist. Many times, the protagonist can face multiple antagonists over the course of the text.
In regards to Harper Lee's novel To Kill a Mockingbird, the protagonist of the novel is Scout Finch. Scout sets herself as the protagonist of the novel from the very first line of the novel.
When he was nearly thirteen, my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow.
Here, Scout uses the pronoun "my" to denote the fact that the story readers are about to read is her own. This is even more solidified as the second paragraph begins. The narrator, unnamed at this point, continues to use personal pronouns (us, I, and my).
Curiously enough, Scout's name is not mentioned until a few pages in (page four on the electronic copy used). Prior to this, Scout details her family's history and how they cam to live in Maycomb. The first time readers come to know the name of the protagonist, and narrator, is when "Dill came to us."
Jem, Scout's brother, is speaking to Dill when he first uses Scout's name.
"I'm Charles Baker Harris," he said. "I can read."
"So what?" I said.
"I just thought you'd like to know I can read. You got anything needs readin' I can do it…"
"How old are you," asked Jem, "four-and-a-half?"
"Goin' on seven."
"Shoot no wonder, then," said Jem, jerking his thumb at me. "Scout yonder's been readin' ever since she was born, and she ain't even started to school yet.
As readers meet Dill, they are also introduced to Scout--the narrative voice behind the novel.


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The Lincoln Electric 3/4 in. x 1-1/8 in. Aluminum MTD Point is designed for use with high-speed air- and electric grinders. This MTD point features a 1/4 in. shank.
- Compatible with high-speed electric- and air grinders
- Can be used on grind dies, castings, weld seams and other metal removal projects
- Made with aluminum oxide
- 1/4 in. shank


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Political Violence, States and Geopolitics
The multiple relationships between political violence, states and wider geopolitical structures at various levels are at the core of this strand.
Making use of the concept of 'political space' it is concerned with the interface between political violence broadly defined and practices of humanitarian intervention, development aid and security assistance.
Research strands
In analysing those dynamics from a political-economy perspective it seeks to contribute to the development of critical humanitarian scholarship. It is equally interested in the political implications of humanitarian aid and the use of the military to enforce humanitarian norms visible for example in the 'Responsibility to Protect' debate.
In addition this strand interrogates the interface between political violence and medicine, with one particular focus on psychiatric and psychological interventions in both, conflict situations and in the state militaries that intervene in or produce conflict.
Another area of interest centres on the ways in which states and other actors, for example revolutionary movements, define the causes of and respond to or create political violence, and how violence and other patterns of local and global political economies interact with the spread of epidemics such as HIV/AIDS.
This research also interrogates dynamics of militarisation in historical perspective, surveillance, the notion of 'civil resilience' as well as work on state-making and post-conflict patterns of governance.
Academic staff
Rony Brauman, Tim Jacoby, Rubina Jasani, Tanja Müller, Jenny Petersen and Emilie Combaz.
- People - find out more about our staff
PhD candidates
Caroline Delgado, Diane Tang, Gosia Malgozota and Zoe Gan Rankin.
Key publications and resources
- Brauman, Rony (2009) Humanitaire, diplomatie et droits de l'homme, préface de Tzvetan Todorov. Paris: Editions du Cygne.
- Howell, Alison (2010) Sovereignty, Security, Psychiatry: Liberation and the Failure of Mental Health Governance in Iraq. Security Dialogue 41(4): 347-67.
- Jacoby, Tim (2008) Understanding Conflict and Violence: Interdisciplinary and Theoretical Approaches. London: Routledge.
- Jasani, Rubina (2011) A game of hide and seek: gendered ethnographies of the everyday state after communal violence in Ahmedabad, Western India. Contemporary South Asia 19(3): 249-262.
- Müller, Tanja (2005) The Making of Elite Women. Revolution and Nation Building in Eritrea. Boston and Leiden: Brill Publishers.


text: Video News: Canada First Lady Makes President's Case First Lady Michelle Obama addressed the Democratic National Convention on Tuesday, making the case for re-electing her husband. She said President Obama knows what it's like to struggle and cares about doing the right thing. (Sept. 5)Copyright 2012 The Associated Press © DailyMotion - Wednesday, September 5, 2012


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Country music stars are mourning the death of musical superstar Prince, after the purple clad star was found dead this week.
Once again Heaven's band just got even more incredible. One of my absolute idols #Prince. Thank u for showing me what true GREATNESS is!!— Darius Rucker (@dariusrucker) April 21, 2016
Dang it... Truly hate hearing we lost Prince. Sad day..— Blake Shelton (@blakeshelton) April 21, 2016
RIP to one of the best of all time. We are grateful to you and will miss you #Prince. pic.twitter.com/z8IL6lrM2q— The Band Perry (@thebandperry) April 21, 2016
Now Prince ?!? What. The heck is going on these days ? #1999— Terri Clark (@TerriClarkMusic) April 21, 2016
You were more than just Prince... You were a king, and a legend to those who love music. #rip— Chase Bryant (@chasebryant) April 21, 2016
heavy heart. Lost a legend today. RIP Prince 💗😞— Madeline Merlo (@madelinemerlo) April 21, 2016
Sad beyond words that Prince is gone. To me he was one of the greatest music heroes - a true genius. There will never be another Prince.— Shania Twain (@ShaniaTwain) April 21, 2016
As we look back on the memory of Prince and what he meant to the music community, please enjoy the clip below of "Purple Rain" by Luke Bryan and Jake Owen.
Here's Darius Rucker performing Purple Rain in London, ON.


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5 Simple Ways To Increase Your Productivity
How's your productivity this Monday morning? For me, I occasionally experience what we call Monday blues. However, slowly and surely, I'm developing some formula to eliminate those challenges. You just need to know how to do it and start being productive.
The truth is, there are many ways to increase productivity. No matter what it is that you're doing online, these tips will help you no matter what. The truth is that focusing and being right on the edge to succeed online requires for you to think deeply and really stay focused. So, to help you out, I would like to share some basic points. Well, here's exactly 5 ways to increase your productivity that you can start right away.
1. Work in the morning
Usually when you just wake up and you eat breakfast, your mind is stimulated and you end up gaining more focus. So, try working in the morning to see if that works or helps. It helped me for sure and it is my most productive time. I will sort out my work (list it out in my book) and do it one by one. I then cross out those that I have successfully done. I'll try to make sure I cross all the listed activities. However, I admit that sometimes, there are some activities that I cannot finish in that day, so it will be brought forward to the next day. But, the bottom line is try to fully utilize the morning hours effectively.
2. Remove distractions
Removing distractions is the best way to gain momentum and to stay focused throughout building your campaign. I suggest that you try removing all of the distractions around you like Facebook, checking emails, cell phone, and really spend time on what you're doing. Just force yourself to stay focus, set 1, 2 or 3 hours to be laser focus on your job, then reward yourself with 30 minutes of leisure or internet. Then, focus on your job again. Then relax again. Repeat this… That's better than working with constant interruption from the internet and your friends.
3. Outsource
When you outsource your work, you give them the responsibility, allowing for you to spend time with your family, or do something else for your business. This is definitely a skill that you must master. How much do you value yourself? Are you worth $10 per hour? $100 per hour? $1000 per hour? You know it yourself. If you consider yourself $100 per hour, you should focus on work that can make you $100 per hour. Stop doing simple and no brainer job. Focus your energy and effort on activities that can make you at par with the $100 per hour rate. Hence, you need to be a good manager in outsourcing your work.
4. Get an education
No matter what kind of online business you're tying to build, if you get an ebook, join a membership, or seek help on the topic, you can succeed and increase your productivity because of the fact that you're receiving knowledge which you can implement. So, when you really needed, just invest some money and time to learn more. Get some coaching. Get some training. Get the technical knowledge that can make you more productive, effective and efficient, thus lead you to perhaps the $100 per hour rate (as the previous example). For your information, I invested substantial cash to learn specific knowledge, techniques and skills since the past 4 years. I'm still continuing my education…formally and informally.
5. Relax
If you really want to increase productivity, take a breather every few minutes. Just like everybody else, when you get stuck, there's no doubt that you won't be able to get out. To prevent yourself from struggling during those times that you lack focus, relax and take a breather. Relax by having a cup of coffee with your friends, watching movie with your love one, mingle with your kids or playing your favourite sport. This will help you to gain more focus when you go back. Just relax and enjoy…
These tips may not work for everybody, as each person deals with different situations and experiences different things. However, I'm sure you'll find at least one tip that will help increase your productivity.


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Regular price: $6.99
What happens when a group of adorable and hungry woodland animals find a garden late one summer evening? This rhyming story, along with the delightful illustrations makes A Garden! A Garden! a book that will be loved by the child hearing it and the person reading. It is a book that will appeal to the child in all of us.


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The CandySpaceAdventures_demo_v3.58.exe file you have requested: Clients / Candy's Space Adventures v3.58 - 40.4mb is not available. Upload any files you want to share. This is the only information we could locate:
Xilvan Design presents Candy's Space Adventures: The Messages from the Lillians. It is free and for everyone. Hi everyone,
In this brand new version, we enhanced the logo, adjusted the commands, and removed the character switching. Many more changes have occurred in this version.
Hope you'll appreciate this new game from Xilvan Design.
Xilvan Design
We recommend you return to the download list and browse the links from there. If the problem persists, contact us with the details.


text:
A new collection published in fall 2017 by the Radical Imagination Project, Upping the Anti and Fernwood Publishing, edited by Alex Khasnabish and Max Haiven
The Radical Imagination:
What is it?
How is it generated?
How do we sustain it?
How does it thrive?
In this collection of original essays & interviews, diverse radical thinkers provide critical insights into the opportunities and challenges that confront struggles for social justice today.
Based on six years of collaboration under the Radical Imagination Project, directed by Alex Khasnabish & Max Haiven, the testimonies, theories & conversations in What Moves Us bring to life the inspiring & insightful stories of activism to change the world.
Glen Coulthard on anti-colonial political thought
Chris Dixon on organizing for the long haul
Silvia Federici on war, feminism, life & struggle
The Halifax Motherhood Collective on the powers of social reproduction
El Jones on prison justice & inter-generational struggles
Gary Kinsman on queer & anti-capitalist organizing
John Munro on the power of history
Sherry Pictou on land & Indigenous relations to the commons
Jerome Roos on debt, the far right & publishing in the age of monsters
Isaac Saney on radical internationalism
Ardath Whynacht on mental health & collective care


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Thomas Metzinger, Ph.D. Professor of Theoretical Philosophy, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Thomas Metzinger is currently Professor of Theoretical Philosophy at the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz and an Adjunct Fellow at the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Study (FIAS). He is also Director of the Neuroethics Research Unit in Mainz and Director of the MIND Group at the FIAS.
Michael W. Taft: You've written at great length about the experience of selfhood in human beings. So let's start off by asking, What is the self?
Thomas Metzinger: The first thing to understand, I believe, is that there is no thing like "the self." Nobody ever had or was a self. Selves are not part of reality, in the sense of elementary building blocks that endure over time. The first person pronoun "I" doesn't refer to an individual object like a football or a bicycle, or to some mysterious category of invisible things—it just points to the speaker of the current sentence. The speaker simply is the person as a whole.
A self also couldn't be something you "have" (as we might say it), because then there would be another little man hiding behind it and owning the self. It also couldn't be something deep inside yourself, because the you would be identical with only one of your constituting parts. We are living systems, embodied, dynamic. In short, there is no thing in the brain or outside in the world, which is us. We are processes.
Selves are a very interesting and vivid and robust element of conscious experience in some animals. This is a conscious experience of selfhood, something philosophers call a phenomenal self, and how this self subjectively appears to the organism as a whole is entirely determined by local processes in the brain, at every instant, from moment to moment. Ultimately, it's a physical process. Today, the best way to describe self consciousness still is as a representational process: an image that is sometimes generated in the brain, an internal placeholder for the system as a whole, a neurocomputational tool. Sometimes it's not generated, for example in dreamless, deep sleep. It's a very fragile and vulnerable, intermittent phenomenon, but there is no metaphysical entity such as the self which exists independently of the brain.
Michael W. Taft: Yet the experience of being a self, of being someone, is very persistent.
Thomas Metzinger: Absolutely—that is the amazing part of it: Something virtual is experienced as a reality, the system's currently best hypothesis about itself becomes something that feels substantial a lived reality. It's the robust phenomenology of the self—the very convincing sense that we are somebody—that makes this naïve misunderstanding so very easy for beings like us. I think the self is an intermittent and complex process, but not a thing. This is not provocative at all, a dramatic statement or dramatic new theory. I would guess that most cognitive scientists, neuroscientists, and almost all philosophers today would subscribe to the idea that is there no thing or metaphysical substance like the self that can exist independently of the brain. In science and philosophy, the concept of such a metaphysical self is long gone.
But somehow for our life, and in our biological history, the feeling of being a self is and was very important, and for many reasons. Complex organisms do not only have to predict the world, but also their own future behavior—they have to minimize surprise on all levels. They have to successfully control themselves, as a whole. A conscious self-model is a perfect tool to achieve this. If an animal or a child wants to learn how to develop future planning, control momentary impulses, delay rewards and so on, then it is critical that it has an inner image of itself—however delusional—that tells it: "It is you who will reap the fruits in the future; it is yourself who will get lung cancer if you keep on smoking; your preferences will remain stable and it will be your very own joy, satisfaction, your own suffering and regret!" One thing we are all beginning to understand is how self-deception can be adaptive. Probably evolution has built some stable forms of self-deception right into our conscious self-models. One important function is mortality denial, I guess. We like to believe in an innermost essence or core, because it allows us to deny our finitude, or at least leave an open door of hope for life after death. And that's also why it's not going to go away. I think the folk-psychological, folk-metaphysical notion of self is going to stay in our everyday life and in our culture.
Michael W. Taft: If the self is some kind of transient mental representation, what is its function?
Thomas Metzinger: The body and the mind are constantly changing. Nothing in us is ever really the same from one moment to the next. Yet the self represents a very strong phenomenal experience of sameness, and it's clear this would be adaptive or helpful for a biological organism that needs to plan for the future. If you want to hide some food for winter or you want to save some money in your bank accounts or work on your reputation, you're planning for future success and you wouldn't do that if you didn't have the very strong feeling that it's going to be the same entity that gets the reward in the future. That it was the same entity in the past that got cheated, injured, hurt by someone, and that is now longing for retaliation, revenge, or something like that. Obviously, for the evolution of culture, a fiction of personal identity was also necessary. Just think about responsibility and culpability in the context of evolving a legal system; or of the need to build a reputation in larger, growing groups of early human history. A self-model is not something in the brain or in philosophy, it is also something social and public. Personal websites and Facebook accounts are public self-models too—they have a function, and they make something happen.
So obviously in a biological or bodily context it may be good to have this experience that all of this, the reaping of the fruits, is going to happen to the same person. But again, strictly speaking, it's never really happening to the same person, but it's also not true that there is nobody there. Of course, there is a sufficient similarity over time, the organism survives, genes are copied, books are written. We don't arbitrarily change and it's kind of a flux. I like very much the image the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein once used.
He said you could have a rope—a long rope made of very different strings of different color. And no string, neither the red string nor the blue nor the green one, would go through the whole length of the rope. Yet the rope could be very robust, strong, and stable, even though there is not one thread that goes through it from beginning to end. I think that's a good image for how we are on the bodily level, as well as on a psychological level.
Despite this, we have robust experiences of autonomy and self-determination. We have the subjective experience of controlling our behavior, and we also have an experience of mental self- determination, controlling our attention, our mental state and all of these things. As modern science shows, some of these inner experiences may not be fully veridical, but just adaptive. Perhaps some of them are also efficient self-fulfilling prophecies. It may be functional to have the robust experience that you are in control, but from the thirdperson perspective of science, it seems that such experiences may not reflect the truth of our nature. What really happens is perhaps best described as an agent-free process of dynamical self-organization. This process has many layers – from the bodily to the social – and it manifests itself in itself, through conscious experience. Whenever we don't understand something, we hallucinate a little man right into reality: a computer that suddenly "acts up", weather gods causing thunder and throwing down lightning bolts, invisible demons causing diseases, Cartesian Egos that deliberately think their very own thoughts. It may work for a while, but it also causes considerable confusion. The self is not a thing, but a process.


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Make a Bid for Freedom with Your Buddies in Sequel to Multi-Million Selling Prison-Escape Game
The Escapists 2 multiplayer reveal trailer: https://youtu.be/KkbCIu46rIY
UK – 7 th June 2017 – Award-winning international games label Team17 and developer Mouldy Toof have today released a brand new multiplayer trailer for The Escapists 2, the follow up to their award-winning prison-escape game The Escapists which recently celebrated reaching over four million downloads.
Being able to plan escapes with their friends has been the fans' most requested feature since the series' debut in February 2015, and the team at Mouldy Toof and Team17 are thrilled to be able to deliver a seamless multiplayer experience to players in The Escapists 2. Budding escapists will be able to take part in both co-op and versus multiplayer modes, playing either locally or online, for up to four players*.
Drop-in, drop-out multiplayer capability allows you to carefully plan and execute an intricate escape from your initial incarceration with your fellow inmates either online or locally, or simply hop into an existing game already in progress to help pull off the final touches of the escape!
You can experience the entire campaign of The Escapists 2 solo or by teaming up with others but however you choose to do it, escaping won't be easy. You'll have to work around the strict prison schedule and avoid the unwanted attention of guards. Craft weapons and tools found (or stolen) from within the prison, but beware of cell shakedowns. Get a job or undertake quests to purchase vital supplies, all while scouting escape routes – you may even uncover some unique escapes that cannot be undertaken alone!
The Escapists 2 will be coming to Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch™ and PC in 2017.
To keep up to date with all the information on The Escapists 2 please like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter.
Assets are available to download from: http://bit.ly/PressKitTeam17
For more information please contact:
Bethany Aston - Senior PR Executive - Team17
firstname.lastname@example.com - +447508014428
Stefano Petrullo – Renaissance PR
email@example.com - +447828692315
Bethany Aston - Senior PR Executive - Team17
email@example.com - +447508014428
Marchsreiter Communications
Vincent Gallopain – Xogo Consulting
[*] Xbox One, PlayStation 4 and PC players will be able to play online multiplayer and local split screen for up to four players while Nintendo Switch™ players will be able to play online up to four players and split screen for two players.
About Team17 Digital Ltd
Founded in 1990, Team17 Digital Limited is a leading international games label that hosts the Worms franchise, Aven Colony, The Escapists, Genesis Alpha One, Overcooked, Yoku's Island Express, Yooka-Laylee, Way to the Woods and many more from developers around the world. Visit www.team17.com for more info.
About Mouldy Toof Studios
Based in the UK and founded in 2012, Mouldy Toof Studios are the creators of The Escapists franchise and are part of the Team17 Digital Ltd family.
The Escapists, Mouldy Toof Studios and Team17 are registered trademarks or trademarks of Team17 Digital Ltd. All other trademarks, copyrights and logos are property of their respective owners.
© 2017 Nintendo. Nintendo Switch and Joy-Con are trademarks of Nintendo.