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China's Second World of Poetry (Ch. 5)
CHAPTER 5: A CONFLUENCE OF INTERESTS: THE INSTITUTION OF THE ANTI-INSTITUTIONAL In October and November of 1984 a confluence of the interests of Sichuan's avant-garde poets led to a province-wide union in an attempt to make room for themselves – or at least a few of them – as recognized 'poets' in a public, if not official, sense. In other parts of China similar events involving groupings of newcomer poets were also occurring. In hindsight, given the thousands of poets involved and the scores of publications they produced nationwide, it seems that the shock that was expressed by many critics in 1986 upon the exposure of the nation to this plethora of new poetry in the
was somewhat disingenuous. On the face of it, up to this point, these younger poets might have been justified in believing there was an attempt by the CCP-led literary establishment to suppress them and their new work.
This chapter will lay out in some detail a few of the activities that were occurring in an 'underground' fashion 'among ordinary folk' (民间) during 1983-1984. Much of this information is based on the memories of various participants in Sichuan and, as a result, must be taken with a grain of salt. The account below is based on the evidence of the available concrete materials, in addition to conversations between the author and several of the participants.
Setting the Scene
Aside from a genuine interest in the art of poetry, opportunity and self-promotion are the two decisive factors that led to the appearance of the Today group in Beijing in 1978. There was a period of liberalization allowed at a time when the Deng faction was still trying to dispose of Maoist elements in the CCP (primarily Hua Guofeng and his cohort of conservative Maoist survivors in the leadership) while the trials of the Gang of Four were being conducted, and there also happened to be an ambitious group of talented, young poets (and other artists) centered around underground literary salons in Beijing that had been in existence for some time. Consciously or otherwise, for newcomer poets the Today poets whose work eventually appeared in Beijing's Poetry – the must-read of all lovers of poetry – were not only exemplars of a new form of poetry writing, but also an object lesson to all of China's aspiring poets in just how to get the recognition, if not the adulation, the Today group had received, and still were receiving. Today had shown all younger poets that group activity of this kind was possibly more effective than poetry collections produced for individual poets.
In Sichuan, it was not only publication in Poetry that was much sought after by poets of all persuasions, but also in Stars published in Chengdu, a nationally circulated monthly poetry journal considered second in rank to the Beijing-based journal. Sichuan Literature, also with a national circulation and based in Chengdu, was a third choice in terms of prestige. It has already been noted that Zhou Lunyou bombarded the editorial offices of these journals with his manuscript poems, finally being published in all three in 1982-1983. Zhai Yongming and Liao Yiwu had similar success at approximately the same time. And Ouyang Jianghe had preceded them all in 1981-1982.
It is difficult to over-emphasize the importance of the publication of a would-be poet's work in one of these nationally circulated journals in China. There is little doubt that an early love of poetry was the initial motivating – and continuing – impulse behind the vast majority of the individual decisions to write poetry. Beyond that there was strong self-belief in one's abilities, support and encouragement from an initial group (however large) of readers, and finally, and perhaps most crucially, the willingness to promote oneself in the search for editors who will be enamored of one's work. Quite apart from whatever material rewards could be won (not much), it must have been the public acknowledgement of being a 'poet' that was the primary goal. In a country such as China, where the literary heritage is an important source of national pride, this was quite some aim, and one the attainment of which only time could possibly prove. Still, to be so publicly labeled a 'poet' in the present day put one already, however prematurely, among the likes of such acknowledged masters of classical forms as Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Du Fu, Su Dongpo and, even, Mao Zedong – the initial source of inspiration for many of these younger poets. Much of this can be said about any poet elsewhere in the world within their literary traditions, and individuals such as Emily Dickinson are the rare exceptions that prove the rule.
Few poets anywhere seem to enjoy going into any real detail about their efforts at self-promotion. And there are, accordingly, few comments to be found among Sichuan's poets in this regard. Wan Xia, in a November 2001 interview with Yang Li in Beijing, claims that he wrote out Macho Men poems (not just his own) on toilet paper and condoms and sent them to famous poets and official literary journals in 1984. Not surprisingly, none of these poems were selected for publication at the time. However, the poems did somehow come to circulate on campuses in the northeast. Wan cannot remember clearly, but thinks he sent copies to Xu Jingya or Lü Guipin, poets associated with Misty poetry who were resident at Jilin University at the time. As a result, Wan and others of the Macho Men poets struck up a correspondence with young poets in the northeast, notably Guo Lijia and Shao Chunguang, who both came to be considered part of the Macho Men group by the Sichuan poets. Wan Xia made trips to the northeast in both the autumn of 1984 and early 1985 during which he further cemented this link. Eventually, once a friend of Guo Lijia – the young editor Zong Renfa – discovered their poetry in 1985, many of their poems began to be published in the Liaoyuan-based Guandong Literature in a special bimonthly section devoted to 'Third Generation' poets.
A refreshingly frank discussion of these issues and what was occurring in Sichuan at the time by Yang Ran can be found on the Internet. Yang was born in Chengdu, and was an early schoolmate of Liao Yiwu. In 1976 upon graduation from middle school, Yang was sent to the countryside as a rusticated youth. Except for two years at Chengdu Teachers University (1978-1980), he has lived, married, taught, and written his poetry in the small town of Ranyi. He relates how his desire to become a famous poet, and his jealousy of other young poets published in Poetry and Stars, led him to put together his own private poetry collection in the winter of 1980. This consisted of 114 poems written between the years 1974-1980, which he then mailed to a dozen-or-so well-known poets and twenty-odd friends. None of the poets responded, but he did receive encouragement from his friends. Yang claims that this jealousy and the limited opportunities to be published led many young poets (including himself) to feel antipathy toward the official poetry scene and the poets published in those journals, such as the Misty poets. He sees this as one of the reasons, if not the main one, that young poets began to reject Bei Dao cum suis, opposed all forms of poetic tradition, and imported western poetical Isms, in the search for poetry that would distinguish their work from officially acceptable poetry. And this, Yang argues, led to the view among many younger poets that official poetry actively worked against their 'new' poetry, blocked the modernist experimenters, and was attempting to stifle the genius of the young generation of poets. Yang holds that a natural outgrowth of this situation was the desire to publish their own journals and organize poetry groupings.
These are similar to the feelings that Bei Dao and other Today poets had in 1978, which led to their decision to produce their unofficial journal. This fact was not entirely lost on the younger poets, but jealousy and a competitive spirit led to mixed feelings about these predecessors who were publishable – if only intermittently – in Poetry and Stars.
In mid-1981, Yang Ran and a friend in Ranyi worked together to put out a poetry handbill (传单) entitled Poetry Seeds (诗种), which they mailed to friends in Chengdu. They received a very enthusiastic response and in October Yang traveled to Chengdu where, together with Liao Yiwu and another aspiring poet, he organized the Traveling Clouds (行云) poetry society. Liao, then a long-distance truck driver following a stint as a cook in the countryside, brought in other poets of his acquaintance, such as the woman poet Li Jing. Yang was in charge of printing operations in Ranyi, and over the course of the next year put out eight issues of Poetry Seeds and twenty-nine of Traveling Clouds (also in handbill format). Aside from works by Yang, Liao, and Li, there was also the work of Gu Cheng, who had begun a correspondence with Yang after receiving the first issue of Poetry Seeds.
By way of these handbills, in 1982 Liao was able to get an introduction to the editors and official poets of Stars where he received both education as a poet and part-time editing work in reading and commenting on some of the thousands of poetry manuscripts that were mailed into the journal's editorial offices. As a result, Liao had some of his poems published in the poetry section of Sichuan Literature. He made the pages of Stars in 1983 with the poetic sequence (祖国:儿子们的年代), and finally appeared in Poetry in February 1984. Liao Yiwu had clearly made it as a poet in the official literary scene.
Yang Ran, on the other hand, had to wait until 1984 before having a poem placed in Stars. This, he says, was the direct result of Liao recommending him for a job reading manuscripts for that journal in Chengdu during Yang's summer vacation in 1983. Later, he attended a conference convened by Sichuan Literature where it was announced that the journal would cease to carry a poetry section from January 1984. Many of the younger poets present were extremely unhappy to see one of the few opportunities to publish eliminated, so Yang organized a petition, which all the younger poets signed and which was ultimately ignored without any explanation. CCP cultural policies such as these angered and alienated many younger poets. Autumn 1983 also saw the CCP cultural establishment mount a six-month-long campaign specifically meant to counter and denounce the popularity of Misty poetry and modernism among younger poets and readers of poetry.
Yang's response was to return to Ranyi and to form a purely local poetry society with a friend: Honey Flower (蜂蜜花). And there followed a poetry journal, or paper, of the same name. In addition, also during the summer of 1983, Yang had been to a writing conference for poets at Qiongxia where he had met several local young poets. Later in 1983, they were able to form the Qiongxia poetry society, and with the support of the local cultural bureau produced a poetry journal called Daybreak (晨). In 1985, this society would become the Qiongxia branch of the province-wide Young Poets Association, and produce The Third Generation Poetry Paper (第三代人诗报), in addition to Daybreak, until the provincial government banned the association following nationwide student demonstrations in December 1986-January 1987.
Yang Li
Another even more precocious self-promoter and organizer was Yang Li. In his last year of high school in Chengdu in 1980, he and four friends put out two issues of a poetry journal called The Plague (鼠疫), named after Camus' novel by the same name. Copies of the journal came into the hands of the police who put an end to their activities. Following graduation, Yang worked as a bank teller for four years, but, in 1983, he and some of his old classmates put out one issue of another poetry journal entitled Nevertheless (然而). The publication in this journal of Yang's poems (怪客), the title of which is apparently derived from Camus' novel The Outsider, and (中午) made his name as an avant-garde poet, even if it did not lead to immediate publication in an official literary journal. Yang's interest in Camus had carried on to the reading of translations of French nouveau roman, and the biblioclastic theories of Robbe-Grillet: namely that novels should be about things, be an individual version and vision of things, and be a systematized and analytical record of things. Yang now attempted this in poetry:
When a train traveling into the past stops at a small station
A woman wearing a red windbreaker
Gets down from the fifth carriage from the end
When the train moves
This woman heads off in the opposite direction of the train
A red spot
Those houses are squat
Strangely short --- crowded close like musical notes
Scattered around by a musical genius
There is a similarly undersized road passing through these houses
The stranger is coming up this road (the footprints he leaves
Can make a woman pregnant)
By chance it snows that night. This guy
Leaning forward
Wears a black windbreaker
Squeezes into the squattest little wooden hut of all the houses
A black spot
In the restaurant by the road
Just as the waiter and some drinking oldsters are discussing the stranger
That woman wearing the red windbreaker
Rushes in
Outside, the snow has yet to melt
Remember that afternoon a seldom-seen drizzle fell
The sky, low and small
I tell my news to a strange telephone
Go find that eraser lost in primary school
You certainly want to know: Who am I?
While I walk
I silently recite the places I'm going to: this place
This place. I remember to myself
The woman wearing the red windbreaker sits on a chair by the window
What do you want to eat? The waiter asks
"The stranger!" this woman says and from a pocket
pulls out a handgun puts it on the table
From here the actor in the poem wanders in fear outside; gets lost; appears on a boulevard in Paris where all are frightened of him; and then he is on a train without a terminus, telling a nun she cannot get off; he realizes all is false – including his own words; all the women vanish; he is told the woman in black has committed suicide; he meets a sick old man; the power goes out; he looks for a woman; and enters a room full of people dancing in candlelight…
"Excuse me," I'm very polite: "Of you all
Who is the stranger?"
I'm the stranger
You're the stranger
The stranger is the stranger
He joins them in their dance. On the morning of the third day, the dead woman is gone, but he then sees her sitting, thinking on a bench in a park. He sees the nun again, but then again, maybe not:
Again it's the small hours of the night
The stranger wearing his black windbreaker
Leans forward and pushes in
As far as I'm concerned
I'm the stranger
Is this poetry? It was not considered so by most of its readers until Yang Li met Wan Xia in Chengdu in 1984. When Yang read the poems of the Macho Men, he felt he had found poetic soul mates, poets who faced similar criticism. Essentially is an existentialist denial of reality and of self. On the printed page, it certainly looks like poetry. The language is simple, rhymeless, and there is plenty of action. A novel condensed into a poem? Actually, it is more like the script of a play or a film, with minimal dialogue, but with vital stage directions meant to be internalized and acted out by the various actors who are in fact one actor – the reader.
This poetry shares the concern with narrative encouraged by Wan Xia and Hu Dong in Macho Men poetry, as well as what Yang Li, Li Yawei and Wan, in their November 2001 interviews, consider to be a "counter-cultural" (反文化) stance with regard to officially acknowledged poetry: that is, the lyrical (抒情) tradition at the center of classical Chinese poetry (particularly shi诗 and ci词). There is also a rejection of the 'root-seeking' (寻根) poetry that had sprung up out of the work of the Today poets Jianghe and Yang Lian, which was influencing a growing number of poets in Sichuan at the time: Shi Guanghua, the brothers Song Wei and Song Qu, Liao Yiwu, and Ouyang Jianghe, among others.
Yang Li writes in much the same style in , only here the speaker seems to be located in a quiet coffeehouse on a hot day – a coincidental similarity with Ma Song's 1984 poem, . The main actors are noon and the imagination, or memory, which are populated by 'you', 'me', 'he', and 'she' to express personal desires and angst:
This noon
Should be like that waitress leaning back sleeping in a chair in the coffeehouse
A high ceiling fan
Twirls her skirt. This
Should be like her red knickers sometimes seen sometimes not
This noon is boring ---
Who isn't
Can't say there's any loneliness
This noon
Should be lying like everybody in their own rooms
Let the boulevard
Lie there exhausted as you this noon
Too hot --- it says
A kind of
This quiet might be only possible in death, at the end of the making of the poem, and in that blank space beneath it, forever unfilled, always empty, unlike the bordello-like vessel that is "this noon."
If they were not officially published at the time, these poems did serve as a link for Yang to Wan Xia and his ever-growing circle of poetry friends and associates in Chengdu and the rest of the province. Given the development of a province-wide range of friendships centered on ambitious individual poets such as Yang Li, Liao Yiwu, Zhou Lunyou, and Wan Xia in particular, and the greater freedoms of movement and expression enjoyed by these poets than any of their predecessors since at least 1949, it was perhaps inevitable that something bigger would occur.
The Establishment of the Sichuan Young Poets Association
In and of itself, the Sichuan Young Poets Association (四川省青年诗人协会) amounted to little more than a province-wide talking shop. However, it did provide a forum in which several like-minded poets were able to meet, and thereby created the opportunities that yielded two major poetry journal publications in 1985 (Modernists Federation and Chinese Contemporary Experimental Poetry), and the creation of two further poetry groups and their journals (Not-Not and Han Poetry) in 1986. The impetus towards the organization of the Association in its initial stage, however, seems to have come from Xichang, in the person of Zhou Lunyou's elder twin brother Zhou Lunzuo.
The Zhou family in its entirety is of some interest to this study. Their parents, having served the Chinese Nationalists as minor functionaries before 1949, were subjected to persecution during each of the political campaigns that washed over China until 1976. Residence in the remote western Sichuan town of Xichang further added to the family's difficulties. In small Chinese towns, a smaller population often means that the victims of political campaigns become permanent scapegoats placed at the top of the list of the usual suspects to be rounded up with each new campaign.
Inevitably, in the early 1960s, the Zhou family was ordered out into the countryside near Xichang in order to have their class-consciousness rectified and raised through toiling with the farmers on the land. Before this, the Zhou family's eldest son had been able to win a place at university in Chengdu. There he was driven insane by persecution during the Cultural Revolution, because a theoretical article he wrote was viewed as an attack upon the regime.
Compelled to go to the countryside and unable to attend school after only three years of primary education, Zhou Lunyou and his elder twin brother, Lunzuo, began a program of intensive self-education, against the wishes of their parents. With the death of Mao and the fall of the Gang of Four in 1976, the education system slowly returned to a state of pre-Cultural Revolution normalcy, and the twins were able to complete college degrees by way of TV University in 1979.
Like his elder brother, however, Lunzuo's interests also lay in politics and philosophy. Initially a high-school teacher, due to an essay deemed critical of the CCP he was arrested in 1980 (and again in 1987) and sentenced to two years of 'reform through labor' – a fate that was also to befall Lunyou in August 1989.
As a result of Zhou Lunzuo's essays and Lunyou's success as a poet in the early 1980s, the twins had made a large number of acquaintances in Xichang and its environs, and consequently also in Chengdu. In the summer of 1984, Lunzuo was mulling a possible essay topic to be entitled (人格建构学). His ideas were praised by Zhou Lunyou and his local poet-friends, Jimu Langge and Wang Shigang (later to take the pen-name Lan Ma), who then recommended them to friends in Chengdu.
Zhou Lunyou had become close friends with the Chengdu poets Liao Yiwu and Li Zhengguang when all three attended the officially sponsored Sichuan Youth Creative Activists Delegates Conference in autumn 1983, at which they had publicly challenged current literary orthodoxy. The three came to be collectively known as the Three Musketeers (三剑客 ), and this name was given to their larger group, or forum, a coterie that included the two woman poets, Li Juan and Liu Tao (later to become the wife of Wang Shigang). It was these two who were so enthused by Zhou Lunzuo's essay topic that they undertook to arrange for him to lecture at Sichuan University in Chengdu through Zhao Ye, who was the leader of the university's poetry society at the time. Zhou Lunzuo traveled to Chengdu in early October 1984 and was put up in Wan Xia's home, where he also made the acquaintance of Yang Li. On October 13, Zhou Lunzuo gave his lecture to a receptive audience of hundreds at Sichuan University. The school wanted him to lecture again and he drew invitations from the Medical Institute and the Chinese Medicine Institute. However, all came to naught when the university party organization objected to Zhou Lunzuo's reply to a question about Marx at the first lecture – he had said that Marx had little to say on the subject of his lecture beyond the effect of economics on people. At the time, it was still punishable heterodoxy to state that Marx did not have an answer to everything.
One of the listeners to Zhou Lunzuo's lecture at Sichuan University had been Chen Lirong, who would become a managing director of the Sichuan Knowledge Development Workers Association (四川省智力开发工作者协会), officially established in July 1984. Chen wanted the Association's activities to expand beyond the purely educational into broader cultural areas and, together with Zhou Lunzuo, hit upon the idea of setting up a group of lecturers who would travel throughout the province and, ultimately, the country. The initial core group of lecturers was to consist of the Zhou twins, Ouyang Jianghe (then still known as Jianghe), Wang Shigang, and a few others. This idea was scrapped due to Zhou Lunzuo's political difficulties after the university lecture, but he was instead hired to work in the Association's offices. While there, Zhou was visited by poet-friends such as Wan Xia, Liu Tao, Li Juan and another female poet, Chen Xiaofan, who all made the acquaintance of Chen Lirong and others in the Association. In late October 1984, Yang Li suggested that the Association set up some sort of organization for young poets and this idea appealed to Chen, softened up, as he effectively was, by the young, vibrant poets who frequently visited Zhou Lunzuo there.
At the time, in Zhou Lunzuo's eyes, there were two groups of poets in Sichuan: one, centered around Ouyang Jianghe, Zhai Yongming, Zhong Ming, Bai Hua (essentially the poets of The Born-Again Forest), had close connections with Misty poets and poetry, considered themselves to be proper modernists, and had nothing to do with the other group. This other group included Zhou Lunyou, Liao Yiwu, Li Zhengguang, Liu Tao, Li Juan, Wang Shigang, Jimu Langge (the pen name of Ma Xiaoming), Yang Li, Wan Xia, and others. Zhou Lunzuo thought that Ouyang Jianghe would be the hardest to bring around, but felt that as neutrals he and Chen Lirong might be able to get the two groups to work together within the similarly neutral Association.
Chen was able to convince the other directors on the Association's board to establish an arts department under which he would manage this new organization. He and Zhou Lunzuo approached Ouyang Jianghe, who agreed to join under the condition that the Association send an official letter of invitation to his military work unit in which he would be asked to take the position of vice president of the new organization. With Ouyang Jianghe and his group now willing to cooperate, and Chen Lirong as the president, Lunzuo was asked to draw up a list of names for other leadership positions. He remembers preparing the following list:
President: Chen Lirong
Vice Presidents: Ouyang Jianghe, Li Zhengguang, Luo Gengye, Zhou Lunyou (also
Secretary General)
Assistant Secretary Generals: Zhai Yongming, Liao Yiwu, and Wang Shigang
Directors: Yang Li, Yang Yuanhong, Zhong Ming, Liu Tao, Li Juan, Chen Xiaofan,
Shi Guanghua, Song Qu, Song Wei, Wan Xia, Zhao Ye, Hu Xiaobo.
Not a poet himself, Zhou Lunzuo did not wish to be part of this organization, and he returned to Xichang after giving this list to Chen Lirong. Chen was also not a poet, but he was a director, and now head of a newly established arts department, at the Knowledge Development Workers Association, a body recognized by, and under the supervision of, the provincial department of the Communist Youth League Council. This provenance would prove invaluable in providing necessary letters of introduction to printers who would produce the publications of various 'research societies' (研究学会) during 1985 and 1986, including Modernists Federation, Chinese Contemporary Experimental Poetry, Han Poetry, and Not-Not.
The Sichuan Young Poets Association was officially established on November 4, 1984, at a special congress held in the Chengdu Municipality Working People's Cultural Hall Auditorium. Predictably, Zhou Lunzuo's list was altered.
How it was changed can be seen in a brief notice published on page eight of the Association's first publication: Modernists Federation. The concluding two paragraphs run as follows:
Currently the association has 110 members, association branch membership runs
close to 2,000, and [the association] is in the process of establishing five district
branches. The Chongqing University Student Branch has already been established and
has 1,200 members; the Chengdu Municipal Universities Branch has 400 members.
Currently the association has three research groups: the Oriental Culture Research
Society (东方文化研究学会), the Wholism Research Society (整体主义研究学会),
and the Third Generation Alliance (第三代人同盟). After repeated discussions and
consultations among the directorate, Comrade Luo Gengye was chosen as president,
(Ouyang) Jianghe, Fu Tianlin, Li Zhengguang, and Wan Xia as vice-presidents, and
Comrade Shi Guanghua as acting secretary general(代任秘书长).
The changes to the initial list tendered by Zhou Lunzuo are instructive in several senses as to what the poets wanted this association to promote. It is perhaps not surprising that Chen Lirong was willing to relinquish the role of president. It is also unsurprising that Zhai Yongming had no interest in acting as a vice-president, for she was looking after her mother, who was in hospital at the time. What is surprising is the disappearance of Zhou Lunyou's name from this new list, although he did remain a director. The other surprise might be the appearance of Wan Xia as a vice-president. According to Zhou Lunyou in an April 7, 2001 interview with a reporter from the Asia Pacific Times (亚太时报), Wan Xia's involvement in the preparatory phase was in propaganda work, but after the list of positions had already been finalized, the directors gave in to Wan Xia's pleading and added the position of "deputy secretary general (and vice-president) in charge of propaganda" which was subsequently filled by Wan.
It is also of interest to note the creation of the two research – or 'study' – societies and the alliance. These titles deliberately hark back to similarly-titled organizations created during the May Fourth period (1917-1922) when such bodies, in all spheres of social life – including one founded by Mao Zedong in 1918 which led on to the birth of the CCP – sprang up like mushrooms in China's major cities. Furthermore, Yang Li, Wan Xia, and the Macho Men poets took the title of 'Third Generation' from the Chongqing poets of the 1982 Beipei conference by adding the character for 'person' (人) to 'Third Generation'. Given such apparent political machinations on the parts of those involved in the Association, it would seem that the organization was not purely oriented toward the art of poetry.
However, on 18 January 1985, Zhou Lunyou received a telegram in Xichang (where he was working on a collection of poetry that ultimately remained unpublished, and which may be why Shi is listed as 'acting' secretary general) from Yang Yuanhong in Chengdu telling him to return and that Wan Xia was mounting a coup d'état of sorts. Zhou says that Wan, together with a "trusted friend" of Zhou's, had created a new board of directors consisting of people not in the association, called for an expanded congress, named himself as both a vice-president and the secretary general of the association, and made one of his co-plotters a vice president. Zhou returned to Chengdu, confronted Wan Xia, and the coup was forthwith aborted.
In his November 2001 interview with Yang Li, Wan Xia goes into some detail as to why he may have tried to alter the leadership structure of the association. He states he did not like the pointless, interminable meetings, and that Shi Guanghua and Zhou Lunyou were only interested in publishing things. Wan wanted activities such as the parties, poetry readings, and lectures he had organized on campus in Nanchong. Wan also says he thought that the poetry of himself, Yang Li, Hu Dong, Li Yawei, etc., belonged to the future, that Ouyang Jianghe, Li Zhengguang, and Zhou Lunyou were incapable of putting anything good together, and that Luo Gengye was only interested in doing business.
These comments indicate that the list published in the journal is accurate as to the leadership before the coup attempt, and that Chen may have stepped down in favor of Luo as president before publication of the journal in 1985. This also rings true with Wan Xia's comments about others only being interested in getting things published, for both Luo Gengye and Fu Tianlin (a woman poet who appears as a vice president in the journal's list) were members of the official Writers Association and were Sichuan's most famous practitioners of Misty poetry. Both poets were selected as representatives of Misty poetry in the tremendously successful Misty Poetry Selections (朦胧诗选) published in Shenyang in November 1985. Asking members of the official Writers Association to lend their names to Second World projects would become common practice for unofficial journals, as it was hoped that doing so would provide some modicum of protection against official wrath directed at their illegal publications.
Zhou Lunyou's reference to a "trusted friend" who participated with Wan Xia in the attempted coup was to Yang Li, a fact confirmed by Shi Guanghua in his 2001 interview with Yang. The vagueness of Zhou, Yang, and others on this matter may have much to do with saving face, for most of Sichuan's prominent younger poets had been somehow involved in these events, pro- or anti-coup, and in hindsight would not have wished to admit to any role in such political shenanigans. In any case, personal relationships were strained, or broken, and in many cases continue so to this day, as comments by Wan Xia, Yang Li, and Zhou Lunyou in 2001 indicate. In 1986, however, Zhou and Yang seemed to have repaired their personal relationship, as Zhou invited Yang to join his and Wang Shigang's nascent Not-Not group.
So far, all of this is centered on events in Chengdu. Little is said anywhere about what took place in Chongqing and its environs, where many of Sichuan's universities and colleges are located, and in which the Young Poets Association claimed 1,400 members. In Bai Hua's book The Left Side, there is a brief account of events in November-December 1984 when the Association was being set up. Wu Shiping was one of the main organizers of what was called the Chongqing Youth Cultural Arts Association (重庆青年文化艺术协会). Peng Yilin, a friend of Bai and Zhong Ming whose poetry had been included in Born-again Forest, was also one of the leaders. Bai and another friend, the poet Zhang Zao, attended the last preparatory meeting in Beipei, and it was there that Bai first met Pan Jiazhu, who was made a vice-president of this association and was then teaching English at the Liberation Army Communications Institute in Linyuan, another suburb of Chongqing. In 1988, Pan would become a poet and theorist of the Wholism group in Chengdu.
The First Product of the Association: Modernists Federation
Modernists Federation is the English name of the first journal produced by the Association, which is given on the front cover in Chinese as 现代诗内部交流资料 (Modern Poetry Internal Exchange Materials). The innocuous Chinese title was evidently chosen to maintain legality, as the journal did not have a book number that would allow it to be publicly circulated and sold. (The last few issues of Today had also taken this tack in 1980 in a vain attempt to avoid being banned.) Presumably, the journal was meant for circulation among Young Poets Association members only – at least that is what the authorities would have been told. The cover also carries the date "January 1985," but the editors' comments on the back inside-cover indicate that the journal did not appear until March of that year. Further proof of this is found on page 19 where, at the conclusion of Shi Guanghua's poetic contribution, it is noted that final changes were made to the text on February 26, 1985.
The back cover carries contact information and the list of editors. The Oriental Culture and Wholism research societies are credited as the "sponsors" or "principal producers" (主办) of the journal, Wan Xia is editor-in-chief, and Yang Li and Zhao Ye are his assistants – all three were members of the Third Generation Alliance. However, the "responsible editors of this issue" (本期责任编辑) are listed as Song Wei, Hu Dong, Zhao Ye, Shi Guanghua, Wan Xia, Yang Li, and Wang Gu. In comments made during his interview with Yang Li, Wan Xia claims that his original hope of getting maximum exposure for what he felt was new, experimental poetry by the likes of the Macho Men poets and Yang Li was never high. He claims the association was controlled by the Song bothers, Shi Guanghua (Wholism poets), and Zhao Ye and the local university student poets; all of whom Wan felt were not up to the job of producing a journal. This might mean that the January 18 attempted leadership coup was Wan's endeavor to create a 'Third Generation' journal, and this could explain the later March publication date. Yet Wan then goes on to admit that they could not do an issue of just 'Third Generation' poets, because there was also good poetry from Shi Guanghua, the Song brothers, Ouyang Jianghe, and Beijing's Haizi, among others. Liao Yiwu had been put in charge of contacting poets and soliciting contributions for the journal before the coup, and the contents of the journal that eventually emerged seems to have come about through his efforts as much as anyone else's.
The end result was a journal of 82 pages (including editors' comments on both the inside front- and inside back-covers) divided into six sections. The first section, entitled (结局或开始) – the title of one of Bei Dao's most famous poems – had only seven pages, which carried the poetry of Bei Dao, Gu Cheng, Yang Lian (these three were Today poets), Xu Jingya, and Luo Gengye. As is often the unwritten rule of unofficial poetry journals, works in Modernists Federation were previously unpublished in official literary journals, and by including the works of well known Misty poets the journal was able to acquire a certain cachet, or – in Bourdieu's term – symbolic capital. The appearance of the journal, both inside and out, was highly professional, on a par, in fact, with Poetry. There were three poems each from Bei Dao and Gu Cheng: Bei Dao's (同谋), (履历), and (随想); and Gu Cheng's (分别的海), (梦园), and (来临). Yang Lian's contribution was (高原), a long three part segment of the second (敦煌) section of his series (礼魂). This latter work was, strictly speaking, already no longer Misty poetry, but poetry that was more 'root-seeking', or a search for the soul of Chinese culture.
In their 2001 interview, the newcomer poets Yang Li and Li Yawei complain about Wan Xia and the other editors' decision to include Misty poetry, saying it was a simple ruse to attract the attention of official literary editors to the poetry of Modernists Federation in the hope of possible official publication for the non-Misty work. Coming almost twenty years later from Yang Li, then one of the editors, there is a ring of self-justification – if not deliberate distortion – in his words: in light of later events, who could argue that all the Association poets were not hoping for just such an outcome? Poets such as Li Yawei and Ma Song, who had no part in the editorial process, might have had such sentiments at the time, but it would be hard to believe that they were not thrilled to see their work published in such a fine-looking journal. Nor would it be difficult to imagine that they might also have felt some satisfaction in seeing their names so closely linked to those of Bei Dao, Gu Cheng, and Yang Lian. Surely this had been an unstated intent of the editors, in addition to a desire to interest poetry-lovers (and publishers) beyond Sichuan's borders in their journal – Misty poets acting as a 'hook' – and an apparent desire to include the finest poetry available to them in their journal. Here Liao Yiwu's admiration of Today poets and his responsibility in soliciting work from out-of-province poets played a large part. In this respect, Liao's influence would be seen again later in 1985 in the composition of the Association's next journal, Chinese Contemporary Experimental Poetry.
The influence of Yang Lian on contemporary poetry in Sichuan was immediately apparent in the second section of poetry under the heading of (亚洲铜), the title of the poem by Haizi that concludes the twenty-two-page section. The other relatively short poem in this section is one by the Beijing poet, Niu Bo. The remaining six poems are all very lengthy and belong to what is best referred to as the Wholism (整体主义) tendency, including work by Shi Guanghua, Song Wei and Song Qu, Ouyang Jianghe, Liao Yiwu, Li Zhengguang, and Zhou Lunyou (the Three Musketeers, still intact on paper at least).
The third section is entitled (第三代人诗会). This section is the biggest, at twenty-nine pages in length and over twenty poems. Here are poems by Yang Li, Ma Song, Hu Dong, and Li Yawei, all previously discussed, and all written at least six months and up to two years earlier in the case of Yang Li.
It is of interest to note the layout of the table of contents at this point. It is two pages long, and clearly what were felt by the editors to be the most important authors and works are to be found on the first page, starting with the name of Bei Dao and ending with that of Wan Xia. The names of twenty-two poets are on the first page (six of whom were out-of-province) and their work is given fifty-one, or roughly two thirds, of the journal's seventy-eight poetry pages. Zhang Zao, Zhang Xiaobo, Zhao Ye, and Wan Xia are the other poets under the Third Generation banner on the first page. The editor's comments (presumably those of Wan Xia) on the inside front- and inside back-covers make reference to only these three (or two and a half) sections and to the poets and work found on page one of the table of contents. At the top of page two, the Third Generation section is filled out by four poets of the university student group from Chengdu – Deng Xiang, Hu Xiaobo, Huang Yun, and Cheng Ning – and an honorary member of Macho Men from the northeast, Guo Lijia.
The following section is only nine pages long and carries thirteen works by six poets who constitute a glaring absence up to this point: the women. Here then, finally, their poetry is consigned to a section simply entitled (女诗人). And all the poets previously mentioned as active in the Sichuan avant-garde poetry scene are here: Zhai Yongming, Liu Tao, Li Yao, Li Jing, Li Juan, and Chen Xiaofan. There is no contribution from Fu Tianlin, who was apparently drafted into the association as a vice-president for appearance's sake only.
The fifth section of poetry is designated (夏之海). Eleven poems are crowded onto six pages, with Wang Shigang's contribution suffering a horrible hatchet job of editing. Kunming-resident Yu Jian's oft-anthologized (作品11号) concludes the poetry of this section. The section also holds three excellent poems by Bai Hua, as well as poems by Zhong Ming, Yang Yuanhong, Chen Dong, Zhang Xiande, and Sun Wenbo.
Finally, there is an important section titled (外国诗), which consists of the husband-and-wife translation team of Daozi and Zhao Qiong of Xi'an presenting four poems from Sylvia Plath's Ariel collection, and an essay from Daozi entitled (普拉斯与"自白派"诗歌).
Looking at this impressive list of names, it can be said that no other unofficial poetry journal in China matched it until the 1990s and the appearance of Modern Han Poetry (现代汉诗), a nationally circulated unofficial journal edited variously in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu, Hangzhou, and Shenzhen, which selected poetry from other unofficial journals all over the country. There have been criticisms – by Li Yawei and Yang Li in their interview for example – that the focus of Modernists Federation was too diffuse. However, today Modernists Federation reads like an anthology of avant-garde poetry for 1984. The one instance that comes close to matching Modernists Federation is the next of the Young Poet Association's journals, Chinese Contemporary Experimental Poetry, published in September 1985. This journal would carry the work of ten out-of-province avant-garde poets, only one of which – Bei Dao – was an older Misty poet.
In Modernists Federation, all the names on the first page of the table of contents, with the exception of Li Zhengguang, can be found in most anthologies of post-Mao poetry published since 1987. Of those on the second page, the names of Zhai Yongming, Bai Hua, Sun Wenbo, and Yu Jian stand out in particular, and Guo Lijia, Liu Tao, Chen Xiaofan, Zhong Ming, and Wang Shigang (Lan Ma) will be familiar to any reader of avant-garde poetry of the 1980s and 1990s.
As for the poetry by non-Sichuan poets, Bei Dao's -- the first poem in the journal – has become one of his most anthologized pieces, as has Yang Lian's , Haizi's , and Yu Jian's . The Second World poets of Sichuan were very much 'conspirators' in spirit with the Today poets and their journal, if not altogether with their poetry. As far as the Sichuan poets are concerned, there is much new, experimental work, and most is worth more than a brief comment in light of what became of these poets and their poetry in the ensuing years. With the exception of poems discussed in the preceding chapters, the next chapter will take a closer look at these texts.
Posted by Michael M. Day 戴迈河 at 1:38:00 PM
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Courtesy: IndiaFM
Thursday, September 13, 2007
Soniya Mehra, daughter of late Vinod Mehra, made her acting debut in Anant Mahadevan"s Victoria no.203, which has hit the screens last week. The teenage actress has managed to make her presence felt in the film and is appreciated for her performance.
Soniya was live on celebrity chat, where she interacted with his fans. Here are some excerpts from the same.
paki : hiiiiiiiiiii
Soniya Mehra : hi paki
NAZIA : What r ur hobbies?
Soniya Mehra : my hobbies r shopping, going to the gym, reading books n writing poetry
NAZIA : Do u think u can get the same success what saira bano, got in Victoria 203?
Soniya Mehra : well thats upto u guys to decide
NAZIA : What memories do u have of ur father?
Soniya Mehra : unfortunately my father passed away when i was very young, so i dont hv his memories.
NAZIA : If u were given a chance to participate in the next UK big brother show wuld u accept it?
Soniya Mehra : of course n id make sure i'll win. Any excuse to go back to my home, London.
NAZIA : Who are u inspired by most in the film industry?
Soniya Mehra : madhuri dixit n rani mukherjee
GAF : was ur father a better actor or father?
Soniya Mehra : unfortunately, i have only seen him as an actor so i think he is a better actor
Dolly's Back : hi sonia did u have a tough time talking in Hindi ?
Soniya Mehra : initially i did, but then i had 3 hindi teachers n i dubbed for the film myself.
Dolly's Back : do u love himesh reshammiya music?
Soniya Mehra : i dont mind himesh's music
anonymous : any acting training ?
Soniya Mehra : i was trained in London, academy of music n dramatic arts and arts ed. and yes i hv seen my film. thank u very much, i hope u liked my performance in the film
ROCKT BOY : are you in touch with ur dad's freinds frm the industry? who are theyr?
Soniya Mehra : yes i am. in fact im in touch with nearly all of them. i don"t want to name any coz if i miss someone out then i'll feel bad.
Kunal K. : u are gonna be a huge success
Soniya Mehra : thank u kunal, thas very sweet. i hope u n ur friends will add to my success by watching the film ;)
soniya : hi u look gorgeous... R u dating any one
Soniya Mehra : im single but im not ready to mingle
Dolly's Back : what are ur upcoming projects?
Soniya Mehra : im a superstitous person. but i'll be signing the contract in next few days so i'll make an announcement then
Dolly's Back : what have u studied in school?
Soniya Mehra : i've done A levels, but i havent gone to university
nitesh : would u like to so some serious art film cinema
Soniya Mehra : yes, i'd love to. maybe a couple of movies down the line as i am a trained actress
KHAN : Would you like to work with Salman Khan?
Soniya Mehra : like? i wld LOVE to work with salman khan :)
KB : hey hw ws it wrking with kaml sadhahna he is damn cute. he shld act in more films
Soniya Mehra : kamal sadanah is a very nice person. it was very lovely working with him
samasaymin : hi sonia!u don"t look like ur father at all
Soniya Mehra : yea, some ppl say i look like my mom. some say i look like dad. so i guess im a combination
samasaymin : why u all just entering bollywod join a film industry rather than other job ?
Soniya Mehra : u always subconsciously idolise ur parents. it was a hobby n a dream, so y not make it my profession
Dolly's Back : are u on facebook?
Soniya Mehra : i used to be on facebook, but i shut my account down. im planning to reopen it soon
biggestfan : how old are you soniya?
Soniya Mehra : i am 18. my b'day is on dec 2
jeet : do you think VN 203 is a good start for ur career?
Soniya Mehra : hi jeet, we all hv to start from somewhere. this was an opportunity to me n i learnt a lot bout hindi films. so yes, i think this was a good start

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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The rain that fell on Athens and surrounding areas Friday might be the last water lawns and gardens get for quite some time.
The Upper Oconee Watershed Basin Authority on Friday banned all outdoor watering, beginning Monday, in Clarke, Barrow, Jackson and Oconee counties, the four counties that draw water from Bear Creek Reservoir.
The new restrictions are the result of an ongoing drought that's left Bear Creek only two-thirds full and the Middle Oconee River too low to refill it.
"It's a huge concern," reservoir Manager Kevin Williams said. "We're not able to pull any water from the Middle Oconee to recharge the reservoir, so we're relying on the reservoir for our water supply."
Athens-Clarke County has stopped drawing water from the North Oconee River and also is relying solely on Bear Creek, County Manager Alan Reddish said. The reservoir has enough water to last 45 to 50 days, he said.
The drought is the worst in a century, and unlikely to improve any time soon, recent showers notwithstanding. October is historically the driest month of the year, and conditions are right for the La Nia weather pattern that would bring a dry, warm winter to Georgia, state Climatologist David Stooksbury said Friday.
"It's looking like it's a good possibility that (the drought) will go into 2008 - that this time next year we'll still be talking about the drought," Stooksbury said.
The basin authority ban applies to residences only, not water-dependent businesses like car washes and nurseries. But at least two cities, Athens and Jefferson, have additional restrictions that affect businesses.
In Athens-Clarke County, businesses are not allowed to use water outdoors, but can apply to the Public Utilities Department's Water Conservation Office for a special permit to continue outdoor watering if they show how they can use less water than they do now, Reddish said.
"They are required to have a conservation plan indicating how they will reduce water use by 20 percent," he said.
Car washes, a common business affected by the ban, probably won't be able to do that, said Jim Bronson, an Athens car wash owner. Most car washes already conserve as much water as they can in an effort to keep costs down, Bronson said.
Bronson's self-service wash on Lexington Road serves 5,000 cars a month for a monthly water bill of $600 - only about 10 times the average residential bill - by using low-flow hoses that pump out just three gallons a minute and other conservation measures, he said.
"We don't use the water consumption you use at your house," he said.
Jefferson's ban, passed Thursday, allows car washes to continue operating only if they recycle water, City Manager John Ward said. Professional landscapers and golf courses are allowed to continue watering, but hydro-seeding and power washing are not allowed, and the city has banned fruit and vegetable growers, professional sod producers and ornamental growers from irrigating using city water. Landscapers and developers can only water newly installed lawns for 14 days.
For everyone in the four-county area with a lawn or garden, the ban means no watering at all, on any day, at any hour - no exceptions. The fine in Athens is $1,000, and police, code enforcement officers or public utilities employees can also cut off violators' water service.
New lawns and annual flowers will suffer under the ban, but established lawns, shrubs, trees and perennials should survive, said Amanda Tedrow, a University of Georgia extension agent.
"They can go dormant and when it rains they'll perk back up," Tedrow said.
The Athens-Clarke Commission will be asked to retroactively approve the total outdoor ban before its Wednesday agenda-setting meeting begins. The ban will certainly pass, but officials need to start thinking about new regulations and land use policies that will result in less water use, Commissioner Andy Herod said.
"In all honesty, people are going to have to get used to living in a part of the country where water is an issue," Herod said.
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Looking for an easier way to get out of bed each morning?
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Review: Very prompt service but I ended up with the wrong part !
I thought I had asked the company to make sure that the paddle advertised would fit my bread machine, Panasonic SD2500 I was sent the replacement part very promptly but unfortunately it doesn't fit. I think this is my error, now I am unsure of how to return this one, unsure of how to ensure the right one is sent...doing nothing, all too much. Regards from Amy Edelman
26 Jan 2015 by Amy Edelman
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text: Please welcome Sharon Linnea, co-author of PLAGUES OF EDEN. Here's her scintillating post examining thought waves between reader and writer. Mind-Meld: The Reader-Writer Bond Several years ago, after a relaxing few days out of town, we dropped a friend off at his place of employment. "Back to the old grind," he sighed. Which I thought was only slightly weird, as he was currently performing in a Broadway play that had gotten rave reviews. Now I realize that anything becomes "same old, … [Read more...] about Guest Post: Mind-Meld, The Reader-Writer Bond


text: I wrote: > X doesn't work on this laptop. I've tried the Debian 4.2.1-6 packages, > Daniel Stone's 4.3.0-0ds4 packages and 4.2.1-6 plus the patch found at > http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~chak/linux/c400.html#xfree86 This problem is now solved. I upgraded the kernel from the 2.4.18-bf2.4 that was installed by Debian to a homegrown 2.4.21-rc2 kernel. Then my 4.2.1-6.1 X packages work fine. Probably worth noting for the next time someone has this problem. Rumour has it X 4.3 should work out of the box, but I haven't tested that yet. -- "It's not Hollywood. War is real, war is primarily not about defeat or victory, it is about death. I've seen thousands and thousands of dead bodies. Do you think I want to have an academic debate on this subject?" -- Robert Fisk


text:
Jammu, Nov 20 (UNI) Assuring to promote and develop cricketing infrastructure, president Jammu and Kashmir cricket association (JKCA) Dr Farooq Abdullah said that Rs 25 crore stadium is going to be constructed exclusively for cricket here soon.
Speaking on the grounds after the prize distribution ceremony of inter-college cricket tournament here last evening, the former chief minister, who is also a member of parliament (MP), said that cricket here is being suffered due to lack of infrastructure.
''Jammu and Kashmir has no dearth of talent in all the age groups but cricketers here are required to be groomed, adding Dr Abdullah said that JKCA has decided to catch young talent and they will be trained and brought up at the cricket stadium, which will soon be handed over to the cricketers in Jammu.
Dr Abdullah further said that each club affiliated with JKCA has been sanctioned Rs 50,000 each to promote cricket through tournaments at all district levels in the state and if they fail to deliver, they will be answerable and the amount given to them have to be returned back to the JKCA.
Admitting internal politics within Jammu and Kashmir and cricket association (JKCA), the president said, ''politics exists everywhere but JKCA is here to boost cricketers and groom cricket in the state, adding the JKCA chief said that cricket tournament and a financial package will be announced soon for the budding cricketers and the selected talent will be trained under the guidance of experienced coach.


text:
Brazil in the 21st century: How to escape the high real interest trap?
The hope that lower real interest rates and higher growth would follow the floatation of the currency was in large measure frustrated. Two international liquidity crises, caused by the reversal of capital flows, hit in 2001 and 2002. These crises were associated with higher interest rates, lower economic activity and higher inflation. Therefore, the name exchange-rate stagflation seems to characterize the essence of the phenomenon. A stylized model, due to Caballero and Krishnamurthy [2002], was used to explain the events. The main characteristic of the model is that domestic investment depends on the aggregate international liquidity of the economy, which is a limiting factor. During a liquidity crisis, the amount of liquidity is reduced, and the economy falls in recession. Neither the fiscal authority nor the monetary authority can reflate the economy by increasing government expenditures or the money supply. The bulk of the difficulties Brazil is currently facing derives from the uncertainty associated with the course of the future economic policy to be followed by the new administration, and to the sustainability of the public debt. To avert a painful default, real interest rates must fall and sustained growth must resume. To increase the chances of success, several policy measures are suggested: · To increase the exportability of the economy; · To increase the fiscal effort, in order to help dispel the doubts over the sustainability of the public debt; · To increase the credibility of the monetary authority, by conferring instrument independence to the Brazilian Central Bank; and · To resume the debt management efforts to lengthen the debt profile while reducing the indexation to the exchange rate and to the Selic short term rate, by making larger user of inflation-linked bonds. When and if the current international liquidity crisis is overcome, the above measures will help Brazil to lower the real interest rates and achieve sustained growth.
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- Garcia, Marcio G. P. & Barcinski, Alexandre, 1998.
"Capital Flows to Brazil in the Nineties: Macroeconomic Aspects and the Effectiveness of Capital Controls,"
The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance,
Elsevier, vol. 38(3, Part 1), pages 319-357.
- Marcio G. P. Garcia & Alexandre Barcinski, 1996. "Capital flows to Brazil in the nineties: Macroeconomic aspects and the effectiveness of capital controls," Textos para discussão 357, Department of Economics PUC-Rio (Brazil).
- Chinn, Menzie & Frankel, Jeffrey, 1994. "Patterns in Exchange Rate Forecasts for Twenty-five Currencies," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 26(4), pages 759-770, November.
- Dionísio Dias Carneiro & André Monteiro D´Almeida Monteiro & Thomas Wu, 2002. "Mecanismos não-lineares de repasse cambial para o IPCA," Textos para discussão 462, Department of Economics PUC-Rio (Brazil). Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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text: Maybe some of you experienced moms can relate, but I'm at that point today after dealing with well-intentioned but sometimes contradictory social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, and because of our long-standing difficult child issues, state and juvenile justice court workers, that I just don't wanna do it no more. I have to take all three kids (two difficult child's and a easy child who is heading into difficult child territory because of her Adolescent Attitude and precocious sexuality) to meet with our behaviorist today. We had originally intended to meet twice a week but it just doesn't happen, mostly because she is just not availale (lives 45 mins. away and has kids). Tomorrow she has to meet with the state DCF workers in our area to tell them how we are doing as a family and what, if any, help we need.She is paid for by the state DCF to work primarily with difficult child 2, the "identified child" but because no difficult child exists ina vacuum, she is helping the whole family. Now, I like this gal a lot, in fact, we have probably undermined her role because she has become so close to us (she has three boys of her own, single mom like me, and a very cool lady who has a boat, animals on her property, and really likes my kids) that one she is done with her professional role, I could see us becoming friends. The kids and I have been to her home for cookouts, etc. and she hired difficult child 2 and his friends to do painting and work around the house. The past three or four months, however, have been particularly traumatic for us, with both difficult child 1 and difficult child 2 charged with disorderly conduct and difficult child 2 with-drug use, then easy child hinting that she had had sex with another 12 yr old, then denying it, etc., until my brain wants to explode. Haven't seen much of DCF s/w or this lady, and I'm almost irritated that I have to deal with them. Oldest child is living with-dad full time and going to school. She has emotional problems and is very immature but I am gradually letting go and letting her feel the consequences of her actions. Son is living with-dad full time and I am slowly developing the ability to tell him I'm done with him when he gets obnoxious (calls me names, refuses to do what I've asked). I have the leverage of not giving him rides or money or permitting him to visit me at my house, and "m getting better at it. Youngest child is my main focus now, so that she doesn't ignored as so frequently happens when you have difficult child's absorbing all the parental attention. I just want to be done with meetings and appointments, I just want to be a normal parent with a normal bratty 'tween on a short leash. I want to spend my time having fun and creating good memories for my kids instead of always rushing off to meet the psychologist or social worker. I'm praying that tomorrow DCF will just decide we're not worth it, and move on, and let us exhale. Okay, venting is over, time to fold the laundry. Thanks for reading!


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Constance Trescot
first edition
1905 · New York
by MITCHELL, S. Weir
New York: The Century Co, 1905. Good. First edition. Good plus: Book shows spine Lean, foxing, stains on front panel/end pg, bumping of corners/edges. Please Note: This book has been transferred to Between the Covers from another database and might not be described to our usual standards. Please inquire for more detailed condition information. (Inventory #: 237870)


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Download Jose Chameleone's new song, HALLO featuring Radio & Weasel
Here's another wicked collaboration by Music Doctor, Jose Chameleone, and Gud Lyfe's singers Radio & Weasel titled "Hallo" produced by Kayz. Definitely not what you were expecting from this collab!
Holidays are just around the corner and its just time to be be happy and party all the way. After the first listen you can tell this is the new normal, A BRAND NEW JOSE CHAMELEONE.
The song is guaranteed to become an afro-pop hit with its wild and bubbly instrumentals.
CLICK >>> Download MP3 – HALLO by Jose Chameleone ft Radio & Weasel


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We are confident that our Partnership Program is for a business like yours. For more information, contact Kate Conroy at 609-858-9499. Partnering with NJBIA increases your company's visibility and provides your business with greater opportunities to grow and prosper.
Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield of NJ
Learn more about becoming a partner.


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Happy Valentine's Day from LoveintheD!
Below is one of my favorite first year anniversary photos taken by Ryan Southen Photography. I am not sure what we're doing for Valentine's Day 2013 but in years past, we have had dinner at Vicente's Cuban Cuisine, enjoyed a "home-cooked" lobster tail meal together at home (okay, okay, Sean picked up the already cooked meal from the store), and enjoyed spoken word poetry at the Max M. Fisher Music Center.
Yes, Valentine's Day is a "Hallmark Holiday" of sorts.
But I have to admit – it is kind of nice to be able to use it as a reason to get dressed up and go out to dinner or just to spend quality at-home time with a significant other. I happen to be the one in this couple who needs to work on making more time to spend with my loved one, and I make sure Valentine's Day is one of those days when (at least most of) the evening is set aside for Sean!
I found this unscientific online poll in which 66 percent of the participants believed that Valentine's Day is a commercial holiday, while 34 percent believed it is a romantic holiday. Where do you fall on that spectrum?
Photo credit: Ryan Southen Photography
Check back on LoveintheD on Monday for the next Real Wedding post!
Readers: What are you doing to celebrate Valentine's Day?


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The Emergence of Man
1972 · New York
by PFEIFFER, John E.
New York: Harper, 1972. Good. Good hardcover. Revised. Pages are mostly underlined in ink, readable. Pages are very light brown. Spine and edges are faded. Smudge on bottom corners of pages. Nice solid book. Please Note: This book has been transferred to Between the Covers from another database and might not be described to our usual standards. Please inquire for more detailed condition information. (Inventory #: 172730)


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Patrons attending the 32nd Barunga Festival will notice a colourful change to the community's iconic park dweller when they arrive to celebrate Indigenous culture over the Queen's Birthday long weekend in June.
As part of a community beautification push, Roper Gulf Regional Council Community Development Program (CDP) participants are undertaking a transformation of the dilapidated 1904 Avery steam tractor that has remained motionless in Heritage Park for more than four decades.
The machine is identifiable to anyone who has ever visited Barunga, but the Council is hoping its makeover will help to promote the link between the community and the region's rich mining past.
Community members operated the steam tractor at the nearby Maranboy tin mine until it closed in 1946, before it was dragged by a grader through the bush and across a creek for about 10 kilometres to its current location in 1974.
The refurbishment began on March 30 when the 14-tonne piece of Barunga's history was craned onto a purpose-built slab in Heritage Park in front of dozens of excited onlookers.
Council Municipal Services officer and Barunga artist Owen Henry will play a crucial role in the final step of the transformation by leading the team that will repaint the steam tractor in a combination of traditional colours and stunning Indigenous artwork.
The 28-year-old said he was thrilled to be involved with a project that would preserve the role Barunga played in the mine's operation.
"It's been sitting there for so long, it's going to be nice that it's going to be turned into something good," he said.
"It's got trees growing through it at the moment, so to be able to display it for other people to see when they come in for the festival is going to be good, because people will see it a bit differently and learn what it means to the community."
Work on the steam tractor is scheduled to be completed before the Barunga Festival begins on June 9, and CDP Senior Employment Supervisor Sommer Meadows said there was an air of excitement around the community about the revitalisation.
"It's of big significance to the community, because it's basically taking back ownership of something that was theirs many years ago, because they had a milling station down at the Maranboy mine," she explained.
"A couple of men relocated it along the back tracks from the old mill, and that's where it's always sat [in the park] since.
"This project is going to leave a permanent mark on Barunga and allow visitors to learn more about what community members did at the mine when it was running."
The Council delivers CDP projects in 10 communities on behalf of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.
The Federal Government initiative assists jobseekers in remote communities to find employment as they contribute to their communities and gain new skills in the process.
View the full Media Release here.


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A firework shell which bursts with a ring pattern, a smiley-face, or a star pattern can be a unique and creative addition to a fireworks display. Suddenly, after a procession of fairly typical full, spherical shell bursts, a simple ring of stars, or a display of four or five of them fired simultaneously, changes the focus of attention of the audience. "Hey, here's something different," they'll think to themselves.
Pattern shells have some distinct advantages and disadvantages to their construction. They don't use nearly the quantity of firework stars that a fully loaded shell would use, so if I have a few stars of a particular size and color, they might come in useful in a pattern shell. Patterns can be chosen to coincide with a particular theme in a show, with blue stars in a patriotic section, or pink hearts in a romantic interlude.
On the other hand, it will be hit-or-miss when it comes to the pattern's orientation in the sky when the shell bursts. The smiley-face may display upside-down, or the ring may be seen on edge by a portion of the audience, looking more like a simple line in the sky. For this reason, most display designers choose to fire 4, 5, or 6 of the same or similar patterns at the same time. That will usually result in the audience in a particular location seeing at least 1 or 2 of them in the desired orientation.
If 6 ring-pattern shells of different colors are fired at once, the audience at one end of the field may see, say, the blue and red ones as true rings, and imagine all of them being the same shape.
Ring shells can use simple color stars, which leave no tail behind them, as in the photo above, or tailed stars can be employed, as below.
This Escher print, "Vuurwerk," is on the cover of Pyrotechnica XI. It shows a pattern I would expect a ring shell of slow-burning, silver-tailed stars to display. It would have to be oriented so that the ring broke "flat" in order to display the "parasol" of stars just right.
A small rising comet tail produces the "handle" to the umbrella.
An advantage to using patterns such as rings, stars, squares or triangles is that they can break in many directions that still have them look correct, as long as they don't break on-edge to the viewer. A smiley-face has to break in just the right direction to be recognizable.
The star-in-a-ring pattern shown below would look correct if it was rotated any number of degrees clockwise or counter-clockwise. It would also look fine if it was flipped 180 degrees front to back. The only way it would not show up well is if it broke on-edge to the viewer.
Continue Reading: Making a Firework Star Pattern Shell…


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Push Your Limits
Striving for best performance means pushing your limits. You will never know how far you can go unless you push yourself. This is how you reach your highest potential. This may sound intense, but it is really not. Think about this, in order to make any physical improvement, you have to challenge yourself. Challenge can be small or huge. It can be getting one more rep in on your chest press or it could be hucking a cliff you've never hit before.
Pushing yourself to reach your highest potential is physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual. Step outside of your comfort zone and into the incredible realm of possibilities. You have to be completely in tune, in the present moment, and take action. You may have never hit that cliff, but you've hit others. You scoped out the area. You see your line, your takeoff, and your landing. It looks good. You feel amazing. Your training and nutrition are dialed in. You feel yourself, see yourself launching, flying, landing, and stomping it! Strive to be your best and push your limits!


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MAC Casual Colour Collection — Easy As Sunday Morning
When temperatures rise past the ninety degree mark, even the most flamboyant makeup junkies feel compelled to cut back on the foundations, sculpting powders, and loose powers, not to mention the intricate eye looks involving layered, blended, and smoked out shadows. For some, these cosmetic cut-backs stem from fear of makeup meltdowns — after all, even the best makeup setting spray can't battle sweltering heat and profuse sweating. For others, it's a matter of heat-induced lethargy — see, when you take a refreshing shower only to feel sticky and sweaty a half hour later, it hardly makes you feel motivated to exert any additional energy. And, in the case of beach lovers, it's hardly practical to pile on the cosmetics when you're planning to lay on the sand and frolic in the ocean.
Taking all these factors into consideration, MAC Cosmetics released its Casual Colour Collection, a limited-edition collection meant to channel an easy, laid-back, effortless take on beauty. At the center of the collection are the Casual Colour Lip & Cheek Colours ($20 at MACcosmetics.com), round pots filled with lightweight cream colors that glide right onto skin and which you can dab on your pout for a delicate, stain-like finish or blend onto cheeks for a hint of color and definition. None of the colors have too much shine, nor do they have any shimmer, which makes them look all the more natural when applied to the desired areas. For ideal results, I'd suggest using fingertips to apply these colors and pressing them onto lips or cheeks with a dabbing motion so that they practically "sink" into the skin.
The Casual Colour Lip & Cheek Colours are available in the following eight hues:
- Have A Lovely Day! — a nude hue with neutral undertones
- Lazy Sunday — a sweet baby pink
- Weekend Getaway — a mauve-ish rose
- Relaxation — a warm, practically golden pink
- Keep It Loose — a sunset peach
- Keep It Casual — a light sangria red
- Evening Stroll — a vivid, grape-y violet
- Out For Fun — a coral shade with cool undertones
Below, you'll find swatches of the Evening Stroll and Keep it Casual shades. I love how natural these look on lips, which I attribute to the gel-meets-cream consistency and the lack of pearl particles or artificial-looking shine. That being said, while the Casual Colours won't dry out your lips, they also won't moisturize them, so you will want to keep your favorite lip balm handy while wearing these. Other than that, if you like understated makeup looks, you'll love to laid-back vibe of these multi-purpose cream color pots.


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Keith Urban - Golden Road (Music CD)
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Track listing
Disk 1
1.Somebody Like You
2.Who Wouldn't Wanna Be Me
3.Whenever I Run
4.What About Me
5.You'll Think Of Me
6.Jeans On
7.You Look Good In My Shirt
8.You're Not Alone Tonight
9.You Won
10.Song For Dad
11.Raining On Sunday
12.You're Not My God
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text:
sunset helicopter image Wallpaper with 2560x1600 Resolution
This sunset helicopter image desktop background wallpaper was added to wallarthd.com at . This high definition desktop background is a jpg image with 4:3 ratio. This wallpaper background has 1290 Kb filesize and archived in Airplane Wallpaper category. You can look for other high definition hd wallpapers desktop background by clicking a category archive in the sidebar, or search with the search form above.
sunset helicopter image is high definition wallpaper. You can make sunset helicopter image For your Desktop Background, Tablet, and Smartphone device for free. Size this wallpaper is 2560x1600. To set sunset helicopter image as wallpaper background on your desktop, click on the 'Download' button.
File Name : sunset helicopter image
Posted : Josh
Category : Airplane Wallpaper
Filesize : 1283 Kb
Resolution : 2560x1600
Added on
Views : 1110 Views times, Latest Views: 1 minute 8 seconds ago
Tags: Helicopter, image, Sunset


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Wants to marry himVisitor's Question from a 13-15 year old Female
ok im a sophmore right now i dated this guy in 8th grade for about 5 months but then i broke up with him because i wanted to date older guys!well i ended up moving like 40 min away but im still in contact with this guy ive never stopped liking him and well he came down a few weeks ago and we were kissing and acting like we were together my mom loves him my whole family wants me to marry him but i tried talking to him about getting into realationship with him again but he doesnt seem to want to answer hes says well i cant really answer that he tells me he loves me but im just confused i want him to know how i fell and now that i love him but without sounding like i want to get married right now so what should i do
RomanceClass.com Advice
He has the right answer. It is too early to be making decisions about getting married. And, trying to date someone 40 minutes is a difficult hill to climb. The you can hope for is to try to stay in touch and see what develops.
Good luck,
-- from George
One of Your Friendly Advisors at RomanceClass.com
|Follow @RomanceClass
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Please read through the advice on this site before you Submit your Own Question! We have thousands of pages of valuable advice that can immediately help you with your situation.


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Discover a selection of top forums trammel hyip on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums trammel hyip and meet other fans of trammel hyip. Then, why don't you create your own forum of trammel hyip ?
Forum for great discussions. Discuss money making, forex, investment, affiliate, and more
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gack, drachenfels, ultima, gilde, stygian, abyss, high, seas, events, spass, tokuno, malas, #trammel, felucca


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1695 M-66 Hwy, Athens, MI 49011Request info Add to list
To view building contacts please sign in with your Pro account or create a pro account.
Orville S.
Company: requires Pro account
Email: requires Pro account
Phone: requires Pro account
Building Details:
1695 M-66 Hwy is an office property for lease in Athens, MI.
Here is a first class building that has been used as a doctor's office
for many years and is in superb condition. If you are a doctor, dentist,
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four (4) bathrooms. There is plenty of parking and the grounds are well
maintained. Visibility from the M-66 is excellent. Please call for an appointment
to view this fine property.
Request Property Information
Please describe your commercial real estate requirements. We'll introduce you to local properties that match your criteria.


text: michael t Thursday, 04/20/17 01:08:48 PM Re: None Post # of 189940 I am unable to view the following post. The post will flash onto my screen originally, but it then quickly redirects to an ad. http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=130632917 In discussing this with the original poster, we discovered that if the table formats were removed then the post shows up. Otherwise it redirects.


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August 26, 2013
adidas Originals has cooked up something real special to piggyback on the their recent, "Unite all Originals" campaign. adidas has dropped a very limited edition Run DMC Superstar 80s along with a clean set of clothes to match. The kicks come limited to just 1,000 pair across the globe so you may have to rush over to adidas Originals to grab a pair.
The shoe features a white leather build with the signature RUN DMC branding on the tongue. Black is caught on the three stripes and on the back heel. If you like what you see, rush over now to adidas.co.uk and get yourself a pair while they're still around.
I would like to get these shoes for my husband as a gift can u pleased help me call at 704-240-8818


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"Troeltsch, who's buried in Grant's Tomb?"
by OrthoStice
Grant's Tomb is a mausoleum in Manhattan containing the bodies of Ulysses S. Grant and his wife Julia Dent Grant. This question is actually a riddle. The obvious answer would be Grant and his wife, but technically they are entombed, not buried, as the tomb itself isn't underground.


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Welcome to iminifig.com! Your one stop depot for customized LEGO minifigures. We mantain a wide range of customized
minifigures from different storylines. And we are constantly designing new figures. We take requests from buyers from time to time.
Be sure to check back frequently to see what new surprises we've added. Questions? Send e-mail to email@example.com. Custom order: Please send your payment to email@example.com via paypal. Include your order info in payment title. This site is not sponsored, endorsed or approved by the LEGO Group.
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COD Hesh
COD Logan
Logan Hesh and Riley
Azrael with Customized Cape
Arno Dorian
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The Collector
Yondu Udonta
Custom LEGO Guardians of the Galaxy The Collector Korath and Yondu Udonta #063A


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Yay! It's time for another weaver interview (I just love these posts!). Today's interview is with Arielle from CakeSpun Fibreworks. Not only is Arielle a weaver, but also a genius in the kitchen. She has a really fun blog where she talks about not just weaving and her kitchen adventures, but also some great posts for small business. So let's get to know her better…
How did you first come across weaving?
I don't remember which I saw first, Rachel Denbow's frame loom weaving tutorial or a few amazing weaves on Pinterest. But I know once I read her tutorial I was totally fascinated. And as things do in situations like this, weaves started popping up in my life all the time. It was something I thought about all the time. There were about five months where I just thought about learning to weave. Before I actually went and bought my first loom I must have read that tutorial six times! I just knew I wanted to make these beautiful things. Here I was swooning over Maryann Moodie's pieces on Pinterest without the means of even making one. Now I own 5 looms!
What time of day do you feel most creative?
I love working early in the morning, with a cup of tea before breakfast. It feels very calming and gets my day off to a productive start. Once I start the morning off with something creative, it sets the tone of the day and I end up going on a creativity roll.
Do you have a creative ritual?
I always have a cup of tea while I weave. Because I always have a cup of tea! We recently got a whistling stovetop kettle, I love it! It makes preparing tea a ritual in itself. I also need to tidy before I weave, not much of a ritual but hey, it happens every time! My workspace is in our apartment's living room so I try and tidy any clutter before I settle in, otherwise I can't fully get into it. Once I'm all set to go with tea and tidiness I like to listen to podcasts while I weave. My favourites are the Woolful Podcast and This American Life. I'm also very open to podcast suggestions!
Are you a messy creative or an organized creative?
I wish I was an organized creative! Well, maybe I don't… Is there such a thing? I'm a messy-but-try-to-keep-it-contatined kind of creative? I do my best to give everything a place. Like I said, I do need a clean space to start working, but it is never tidy once I'm done. My boyfriend has gotten after me more than once about finding needles and scissors on/in the couch. Not good!
What is your process for coming up with new ideas? Do you start with materials or an idea first?
I have a few different processes depending on my mood. Often I don't have a process at all! I do keep a little book full of sketched weaving ideas, once in a while I'll pull one of those out to create. Normally though, I'll pull together 6-8 yarns of textures and colours that I like together and just start weaving. I'll have a rough idea in my head of what I want, but it always turns out to be something totally different in the end. Very rarely do all the colours I choose actually make it in to the weave. Once the piece gets a flow, a couple will always be unintentionally neglected, but I'm fine with that.
I also keep a secret Pinterest board titled "CakeSpun Inspiration" that is full of food photography I'm inspired by. It's mostly cakes. I highly suggest keeping a secret inspiration board. I can always find something in there to spark an idea.
Do you have a preferred material that you like to use?
I love roving! Love it! It's one of the materials that drew me to weaving in the first place, I just wanted to be able to work with something so fluffy and lovely. I also use a lot of vintage wools and hand spun in my pieces, it give them more sentimentality to me. Gold embroidery thread is another favourite of mine. I love working gold into my pieces, little embroidered symbols or wrapping. I like to think gold is one of my signatures.
How is making things important in your life? What does being a maker mean to you?
Making is huge in my life, it always has been. Every career path I've ever been interested in involved creating. Even if I didn't realize it at the time. From wanting to be an "artist" when I was five, then an interior decorator, to planning to own a hybrid bakery/consignment shop/concert venue all through my teens. I used to worry that I was flighty, romanticizing my future, and that I didn't know what I wanted, but I've since realized the common thread of everything I'm interested in is creating. Making is a huge part of who I am. Creating things just makes sense to me. (you should see the list of DIY's I've tried through the years!) Not so long ago, I was working as a retail manager full-time and going to school part time for Visual Merchandising, and I was absolutely miserable. I started a food blog and it changed my life. No one even read it, but it made me make things again and I didn't realize how much I needed that. After that, I found weaving and that's when everything started making so much more sense. Now I weave and it gives me direction and keeps me happy.
Being a maker to me means being an active part of the supportive community that makers have naturally created. Community over competition! The online community for creatives is incredible; Instagram, Fibreshare, blogging, Etsy, it goes on and on. There are so many platforms we've built so we can connect and support one another. But I'm also very lucky to live in a town that has an amazingly supportive local maker community. Victoria was the first Canadian city to be declared an "Etsy Maker City", which means our local Government works with the Etsy community to create opportunities for makers in our town. What!? That's so cool! We have so many artists and makers here I couldn't even begin to count them, and there's a market place, shop, workshop and guild for every one of them. I work at an Artisan Collective as my day job. Which means when I'm not CakeSpinning, my job is to support our local makers, sell their amazing works, and help build our already wonderful community. I'm very lucky.
What is your most favorite creation and why?
I have two! My Constellation piece is one I'm extremely proud of. It brought all my favourite materials together and it came out exactly like I pictured it. I actually ended up making a duplicate because after it sold, one of my very best friends wanted it, so I got to make it again! The second favourite is "Soft Offerings", a lovely blush, pink and white wall hanging full of texture and vintage wool. I didn't know where I was going with the weave, I just knew I wanted to use this beautiful silk ribbon I got in a Fibreshare. I let it sit for a few months before ever finishing it and now that it's done I find it so, so beautiful. It still hasn't sold yet and I'm so fine with that.
What advice do you have for those wanting to find their own style?
Just keep making things and let it come through naturally. When looking for inspiration avoid looking at other woven work (I know it's hard). Look at architecture, fashion, food, paintings, nature, whatever, find what you love. I'm serious about having a secret Pinterest board! And don't save special yarns, use them (I know that's hard too). There's a reason you're really drawn to them and your style will come easily when you're using things you love.
|| Five mini questions to get to know you a little better ||
Are you a eat in or take out person?
Take out!
If you could pick your last meal what would it be?
French fries, garlic bread, fish tacos and a huge dessert spread with lots of cheesecakes and whipped cream and doughnuts.
What is your favorite color and why?
Light Pink? Because it's lovely. Or Gold. My Boyfriend has compared my love of gold to Goldmember's from Austin Powers on numerous occasions.
Are you a book or movie person? And what is a good one you'd recommend?
I think I'm a movie person. Oh geeze I'm into the most dumb movies, haha! Watch Along Came Polly. Ben Stiller and Jennifer Aniston are perfect. Or About Time if you need something more substantial and amazing.
Do you prefer relaxing beach vacations or on the move sight-seeing vacations?
I love a little of both! Laying on the beach one day, amazing exploratory day trip the next!
Is there anything else you would like to add?
Just that this interview was a joy to take part in!
You can find CakeSpun Fibreworks:
- At her website/shop: www.cakespun.com
- On Instagram: @cakespun
- On Twitter: @cakespun
- On Facebook: www.facebook.com/cakespun
- On her Blog: www.loveofsweeties.com → This blog is so fun! There are recipes like wild blackberry and compote, there is craft and DIY, and some great advice posts like Working From Home as a Procrastinator
Arielle's thoughts on being a maker are so great! I love that her weaves are inspired by cakes. How awesome is it that she combines two passions?! And I too have lost a tapestry needle or two in the couch, and don't get me started with weaving in bed. I woke up next to a skein one time.
Do you also have a passion that influences your weaving or a secret Pinterest inspiration board? Or maybe you're also a messy-but-try-to-keep-it-contatined kind of creative? I'd love to hear from you.
And if you missed any you can check out more inspirational weaver interviews here.
Happy Weaving!
KateFor more fun, follow me here ->


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Wat Hirunruchi (Wat Noi)
The type of search By District | By Place
Map Have Map No Map
Bangkok attractions
Attractions in Thailand
Operating day: Daily
Operating time: 08.00 - 17.00
Formerly known as Wat Noi temple built in the Thonburi. About the year 2321 AD by the rich man the father of King Sri Rama yen Travel Inc. Rama the second wife.
King Rama 4 Rd Joong is the restoration. And dedicated a monastery When the year AD 2397 King Mongkut. King called Wat Bang Na, and make money buddha Buddha Buddha enshrined in the temple to the Buddha temple.
Important monastery, The temple is a brick building. Thailand Chinese art style mix Roof Tile Stucco gable shaped flowers and birds. A porch across the front with a Chinese pavilion Phatthasima outer wall of the temple. Was renovated big time.
Rama the fourth Buddha in the temple. A gilded Buddha Buddha width of 2 feet 22 inches with the Apostles left.
The temple is a brick building. Thailand style ornamental gable roof fell 2 ใbraka Haghgss.
Sphere behind the pagoda style temple. Buddhist pagoda, built in 2460 and is the sixth temple. Recess twelve The wall is my black Buddha statue of Buddha. Lap width of 2 feet 15 inches enshrined in the Hall.
The temple The bell tower was built in the year 2515, a brick building castle-style cruciform present the Generation comely (pleasing to Allah Yฺa an Island) is the pastor.
Proper measurement is kind Worawihan monastery is located at 122 Street Intrapituk. Road Thonburi, Bangkok 10600 has a land area of 13 Rai 2 started measuring 40 square meters.
Wat Hirunruchi (Wat Noi) Map
Category: ●Places of Worship
Group: ●Temple
Tag: ●Wat Hirunruchi (Wat Noi)●Wat Hirunruchi ●Wat Noi
Last Update: 4 YearAgo
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