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Internet & Free Speech Cutting Edge Legal Issues [The SLAPP Suits & Motions]
Introduction – Case hypothetical
I am going to try to make this blog easy to understand by starting right off with a case example. Okay, let's say your company sells SOFTWARE and you a technology company headquartered in the East Bay or Silicon Valley or San Francisco. And let's say you have an ex-employee leave your company and then say the worst things about working for your company (for example, they over work you in violation of the wage and hour laws, they use software without having proper licenses, and the work environment is unsafe, hostile, and sexually harassing). Now as the owner of the software company you are FUMING and RAGING because this is causing your business serious online reputational damage. It's false you say (well mostly false), and you think this raises issues over publicizing private facts, defamation (libel or slander), breach of company policy or disclosure of private trade secrets. So here's how the "SLAPP SUITS" play out in general.
Listen to Attorney Steve explain this concept in a video from our Popular Legal Channel!
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General process of SLAPP and ANTI-SLAPP
So the lawsuit process is initiated (assuming your business has weighed the pros and cons of moving forward and there is no better way to resolve it – don't forget to check out my podcast on how to remove negative reviews from Google), and it might go something like this:
- Software company files a lawsuit in federal court challenging defamation and theft of corporate trade secrets, defamation, and CIVIL RICO. Let's assume the company really doesn't believe it has much of a case (because for the most part the review was an honest opinion, and may have had its share of truth), but the company knows they have more money than you and probably access to more litigation and trial lawyers who can file suit and try to take you down. So they file the lawsuit, not totally believing in the claims asserted, but seeking to "chill your free speech" instead. This is called THE SLAPP LAWSUIT (SLAPP = Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation). You file your motion with the Court, and then serve it on the other party.
2. Now the other party who posted the negative comments on line, let's say on Facebook, Twitter, a BBB review, Yelp review, Avvo review or other Complaint board, they are up in arms over being sued for what they perceive was nothing more than being honest about the companies labor practices (which may also be protected by the Fair Labor Standards Act), and they do not want to be pushed around by an aggressive internet defamation lawyer IP firm or high priced litigator who may try to drag the case on. So what can be done in this situation? One option is to file the "ANTI-SLAPP" LAWSUIT which is another of saying to a Court or Judge:
"There is no lawsuit here, there is no legitimate ability for the Plaintiff to win their case, and since what they are really trying to do is just intimidate me into a false settlement, and chill my speech, I am going to file the motion (usually should be filed with 60 days of being served a copy of the complaint). So the Defendant now files a "special motion to strike" called an Anti-SLAPP motion and hoping to get the case dismissed for the Plaintiff improperly filing a federal court lawsuit for the purpose of doing little more than "chilling" your free speech or "silencing" your legitimate rights of political expression, what you believe come under your First Amendment Rights!" Click below to watch a quick video on First Amendment – what most people just really don't have a clue about.
Attorney Steve tells you more about the First Amendment than most people will ever know.
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A SLAPP suit is "a meritless suit filed primarily to chill the defendant's exercise of First Amendment rights." See Wilcox v. Superior Court (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 809, 815, fn. 2, 33 Cal.Rptr.2d 446.). See also Navarro v. IHOP Properties, Inc., 134 Cal. App. 4th 834, 839, 36 Cal. Rptr. 3d 385, 389 (2005).
What test will the Courts use in analyzing wether the ANTI-SLAPP motion will succeed (if the motion succeeds, it could strike the complaint and CASE OVER – so in some cases it could be worth a try to respond this way. Keep in mind, the losing party could very well end up paying the other party's costs and attorney fees if they lose the motion.
At any rate, A court considering a motion to strike under the anti-SLAPP statute must engage in a two-part inquiry.
A. First, a defendant must make an initial prima facie showing that the plaintiff's suit "aris[es] from" activity protected by the Anti–SLAPP statute. Brill Media Co. v. TCW Group, Inc., 132 Cal.App.4th 324, 329, 33 Cal.Rptr.3d 371 (2005); Cal.Code Civ. Pro. § 425.16(b)(1). In performing this analysis, the California Supreme Court has stressed, "the critical point is whether the plaintiff's cause of action itself was based on an act in furtherance of the defendant's right of petition or free speech." City of Cotati v. Cashman, 29 Cal.4th 69, 78, 124 Cal.Rptr.2d 519, 52 P.3d 695 (2002) (emphasis in original). In other words, this is where the Defendant in the lawsuit we are talking about, has to put together their legal arguments as to how this is "free speech" or how its protected activity as a "whistleblowing in the software compliance case and seeking a reward from the BSA or SIIA)" This is where showing the true nature of the first amendment and the grounds for the action or conduct (ex, the posting of a review, or a shame video, or initiating a complaint on a gripe page. We ready to explain what your first amendment free speech rights are.
B. If the defendant is able to make this threshold showing, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to demonstrate a probability of prevailing on the challenged claims. In practice, a plaintiff must show that the claim is "both legally sufficient and supported by a sufficient prima facie showing of facts to sustain a favorable judgment if the evidence submitted by the plaintiff is credited." Jarrow Formulas, Inc. v. LaMarche, 31 Cal.4th 728, 744, 3 Cal.Rptr.3d 636, 74 P.3d 737 (2003). Claims for which Plaintiff is able to satisfy this burden are "not subject to being stricken as a SLAPP." Id. Flores v. Emerich & Fike, 416 F. Supp. 2d 885, 896 (E.D. Cal. 2006). If the defendant is able to make this threshold showing, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to demonstrate a probability of prevailing on the challenged claims. In practice, a plaintiff must show that the claim is "both legally sufficient and supported by a sufficient prima facie showing of facts to sustain a favorable judgment if the evidence submitted by the plaintiff is credited." Jarrow Formulas, Inc. v. LaMarche, 31 Cal.4th 728, 744, 3 Cal.Rptr.3d 636, 74 P.3d 737 (2003). Claims for which Plaintiff is able to satisfy this burden are "not subject to being stricken as a SLAPP." Id. Flores v. Emerich & Fike, 416 F. Supp. 2d 885, 896 (E.D. Cal. 2006).
C. It will be the defendants obligation under this scenario to prove that a legitimate free speech issue is being "chilled." If not, the Defendants cannot bury their initial burden of proof and the motion could be over with you paying their attorney fees (ouch). Even if you with this section of the two part analysis, you still have the need to prove that the Plaintiff can show through admissible evidence that they can create a "prima facie case" for each of your listed causes of action in the complaint. If either the Defendant cannot meet their burden of proof, or the Plaintiff cannot, then there will be no winner on the motion to strike, On the other hand, if Defendant shows good faith first amendment speech in making the motion and can argue their first amendment legitimately covers your statement of conduct, then you could win, as long as the Defendants are not able to show a prima facie case that they would enough admissible proof to win their case. So it can be a tricky analysis in ruling on this type of situation.
D. One way for a Plaintiff to try to jump over all these legal hurdles and come up with the proper evidence or key arguments, is to try to seek an "EXEMPTION" from having to comply with the CCP requirements. But to do this, you need to be able to meet a narrow test. The gist of this "exemption" approach is to make it so that the Defendant has no defense and no argument to bring it in the first place and by proving the two exemptions don't apply, you can me the "Commercial argument defense." Here's a look at this tool in the social media litigators toolbox.
The CCP 425.17(c) exemption – Cuts of the ability of court to hear the case!
Section 425.16 [the Anti–SLAPP provisions] d0 not apply to any cause of action brought against a person primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services, including, but not limited to, insurance, securities, or financial instruments, arising from any statement or conduct by that person if both of the following conditions exist:
(1) The statement or conduct consists of representations of fact about that person's or a business competitor's business operations, goods, or services, that is made for the purpose of obtaining approval for, promoting, or securing sales or leases of, or commercial transactions in, the person's goods or services, or the statement or conduct was made in the course of delivering the person's goods or services.
(2) The intended audience is an actual or potential buyer or customer, or a person likely to repeat the statement to, or otherwise influence, an actual or potential buyer or customer, or the statement or conduct arose out of or within the context of a regulatory approval process, proceeding, or investigation, except where the statement or conduct was made by a telephone corporation in the course of a proceeding before the California Public Utilities Commission and is the subject of a lawsuit brought by a competitor, notwithstanding that the conduct or statement concerns an important public issue.
More on the "Commercial Speech Exception" to anti-SLAPP
The Simpson factors
For these reasons, we interpret section 425.17(c) to exempt from the anti-SLAPP law a cause of action arising from commercial speech when
(1) the cause of action is against a person primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services;
(2) the cause of action arises from a statement or conduct by that person consisting of representations of fact about that person's or a business competitor's business operations, goods, or services;
(3) the statement or conduct was made either for the purpose of obtaining approval for, promoting, or securing sales or leases of, or commercial transactions in, the person's goods or services or in the course of delivering the person's goods or services;
(4) the intended audience for the statement or conduct meets the definition set forth in section 425.17(c)(2).
The Press Release begins by detailing Weiland's lawsuit against Panda for infringement, inducement of infringement, and contributory infringement of patent nos. 7,007,343 and 6,792,651. (Amended Counterclaim, Exhibit C, ECF No. 59.) It then expounds on the innovations that Weiland bestowed on the door and window industry. (Id.) The last paragraph discusses the possibility of tripling damages against Panda and a possible permanent injunction barring the manufacture and sale of Panda products. And the Press Release closes with a proposition: "[c]ontractors and dealers who wish to avoid liability for themselves and their customers for selling an infringing product should contact Weiland directly to discuss the possible licensing of non-Weiland patented drainage track."Other than the main text, the Press Release also contains other tidbits. It compares Weiland Track and Panda Track side-by-side and identifies several features of the Weiland track: flush track, 16′ Tall Liftslides, Hurricane Ratings, and 13 1/2′ Tall Bifolds. It also provides contact information if anyone wanted "more information about [Weiland's] products." Panda considers the Press Release a marketing ploy. The Press Release was allegedly sent "at the request of Weiland's dealers," who "believed a Press Release would help their efforts to sell Weiland's products against Panda." (Amended Counterclaim ¶ 18.) Indeed, the "dealers were not specifically concerned with Panda's sales of the accused infringing drainage track." (Id.) Panda alleges that Weiland "placed the Press Release on its website and distributed it to several thousand recipients, including its customers, vendors, and to trade publications that advertised Weiland products and that had not advertised any Panda product."
The first question before the Court is whether Panda's intentional interference with prospective business advantage claim based on Weiland's Press Release is exempt from anti–SLAPP liability under the commercial speech exemption. The Court looks toward the four Simpson factors. Simpson Strong–Tie Co., 49 Cal.4th at 30, 109 Cal.Rptr.3d 329, 230 P.3d 1117.
First, the Court finds that Panda's cause of action is against a "person primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services." Simpson, 49 Cal.4th at 30, 109 Cal.Rptr.3d 329, 230 P.3d 1117. Weiland is "in the business of selling … liftslide doors, folding doors, swinging doors, and windows."
Second, Panda's claim arises out of the Press Release's statements of fact about Weiland's goods and Panda's goods. As an initial matter, Weiland admits that the Press Release consists "of representations of fact about Weiland's goods." (Id.) For instance, Weiland uses a "drawing of a Weiland commercial product that include[s] product elements … not covered by the patents [at issue]." (Amended Counterclaim ¶ 19.) Panda's claim arises from these representations of fact because the representations allegedly "create confusion and uncertainty on the part of the recipients of the Press Release with respect to the scope of the patents."
Third, the Court finds that the Press Release was made for the purposes of promoting or securing the sales of Weiland's goods. Even if patent licenses do not constitute goods, the Press Release nonetheless promotes Weiland's goods. All of the statements regarding Weiland's tracks and Panda's tracks are made in connection with directing the audience towards purchasing Weiland's product. The Press Release provides contact information and a website URL for viewers to "learn more" and get "more information" about Weiland products.
And finally the Press Release's intended audience was "an actual or potential buyer or customer, or a person likely to repeat the statement to, or otherwise influence, an actual or potential buyer or customer." Simpson, 49 Cal.4th at 30, 109 Cal.Rptr.3d 329, 230 P.3d 1117. Weiland allegedly "placed the press release on its website and distributed it to several thousand recipients, including its customers, vendors, and to trade publications." (Amended Counterclaim ¶ 17.) Notwithstanding the other recipients, the trade publications are sufficient to satisfy the last factor. The publications were an intended audience because Weiland distributed the Press Release to the publications. And the publications repeat the statements to actual and potential buyers or customers.
Don't forget to upload your filing papers to the Judicial Council
As the Judicial Council page points out:
How to Transmit and Access Documents Related to Special Motions to Strike Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs) (Updated 09/25/09) Assembly Bill 1675 (Stat. 1999, ch. 960) amended Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16 to require any party who files a special motion to strike or who files an opposition to such a motion to, upon filing, promptly transmit the following documents to the Judicial Council:
(1) a copy of the endorsed-filed caption page of the motion or opposition (caption page only – not entire motion papers),
(2) a copy of any related notice of appeal or petition for a writ, and
(3) a conformed copy of any order pursuant to section 425.16, including any order granting or denying a special motion to strike, discovery, or fees.
The information that follows explains how to transmit and access these documents.
To Transmit Documents by Fax Send documents with a clearly addressed fax cover sheet to:
Judicial Council of California Administrative Office of the Courts RE: SLAPP Documents Per CCP §425.16
Attn: SLAPP Coordinator Fax: 415-865-4315 Email: email@example.com.
Rights to appeal granting or denial of an Anti-SLAPP in California
Generally, a CCP 425.16 case can be appealed. However, if the Court ruled on the commercial speech exemption and found that there was no anti-SLAPP challenge due to the CCP 425(b) or (c) exemption (the "C" is the commercial speech exemption), then based on my initial research (you should verify this and not rely on this), there IS NO RIGHT TO APPEAL for the Defendant.
See Varian Med. Sys., Inc. v. Delfino, 35 Cal. 4th 180, 195, 106 P.3d 958, 968 (2005) which noted:
The Legislature reiterated this intent in 2003 when it enacted section 425.17—which exempted certain types of actions from the special motion to strike procedure established in section 425.16. (See Eu v. Chacon (1976) 16 Cal.3d 465, 470, 128 Cal.Rptr. 1, 546 P.2d 289 ["Although a legislative expression of the intent of an earlier act is not binding upon the courts in their construction of the prior act, that expression may properly be considered together with other factors in arriving at the true legislative intent existing when the prior act was passed"].) In creating this exemption, the Legislature expressly made the denial of an anti-SLAPP motion based on the section 425.17 exemption not appealable. (§ 425.17, subd. (e).) The Legislature did so because "[e]xisting law provides that an order denying a special motion to strike is appealable to the court of appeal" and "that the perfecting of an appeal stays proceedings in the trial court upon the judgment or order appealed from or upon the matters embraced therein or affected thereby." (Sen. Rules Com., Off. of Sen. Floor Analyses, analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003–2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended July 8, 2003, p. 4.) Thus, the Legislature found it necessary to render the "stay and appeals provisions inapplicable when a trial court denies a special motion to strike on the grounds that a cause of action is exempt" under section 425.17. (Sen. Rules Com., Off. of Sen. Floor Analyses, analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003–2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended July 8, 2003, p. 4, italics added.) In doing so, the Legislature confirmed its intent that an appeal from the denial of an anti-SLAPP motion on non–section–425.17 grounds automatically stays further trial court proceedings on the merits. Because we must follow the Legislature's intent, we agree with Mattel, supra, 99 Cal.App.4th 1179, 121 Cal.Rptr.2d 794, and hold that an appeal from the denial of an anti-SLAPP motion automatically stays further trial court proceedings on the merits.
Note however, even though an appeal may not be possible a "writ" still may be. This was discussed in another California case – See Goldstein v. Ralphs Grocery Co., 122 Cal. App. 4th 229, 233–34, 19 Cal. Rptr. 3d 292, 295 (2004) which held:
The language at issue is clear. When a special motion to strike is denied on the grounds the cause of action is exempt from such a procedure pursuant to section 425.17, subdivision (b) or (c), then the immediate appeal right in sections 425.16, subdivision (j) and 904.1, subdivision (a)(13) is inapplicable. Even if there is sufficient ambiguity in section 425.17, subdivision (e) to permit resort to external resources, the legislative committee reports and the Legislative Counsel's Digest make it clear that once the challenged cause of action is subject to one of the exemptions in section 425.17, subdivision (b) or (c), the immediate appeal right no longer exists.
Three additional points warrant brief comment. The parties do not dispute that section 425.17, subdivision (e) can apply even though this class action was commenced prior to January 1, 2004, the effective date of the 2003 amendments. (Physicians Committee For Responsible Medicine v. Tyson Foods, Inc. (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 120, 125–131, 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 926; Brenton v. Metabolife Internat., Inc., supra, 116 Cal.App.4th at p. 690, 10 Cal.Rptr.3d 702.) Further, nothing we have said prevents a defendant dissatisfied with a ruling that a special motion to strike must be denied pursuant to section 425.17, subdivision (b) or (c) from seeking immediate writ review as occurred here. Finally, we do not address the issue of harmless error in the context of an appeal from a final judgment when the defendant seeks to challenge the pretrial denial of a special motion to strike. (§ 906; see Waller v. TJD, Inc. (1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 830, 833, 16 Cal.Rptr.2d 38 [pretrial summary judgment denial subject to Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13 harmless error provisions].)
Attorney Steve Tip: Most writs are denied (some suggest 90%). Writs are discretionary and the judge can deny them summarily. So if the Defendant loses on a CCP 455.17(c) case, their recourse appears to be limited to a writ review, or they can wait to the end of the case (and assuming they lose at trial), appeal the case. The purpose of a writ is to allow a challenge to something that is clearly and obviously wrong, and which will result in immediate hardship and irreparable damages to the Defendant. They are disfavored as it results in "piecemeal" litigation and "cutting in line" in front of other cases that are properly up on appeal. Generally, most research I found indicates writs should be filed within 60 days of the court's ruling.
Listen to the Podcast on appealing following a CCP 425.17(b) or (c) denial
Speak with a California anti-SLAPP lawyer
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Find info concerning Green River CC gifted students, and registering for discussion sections and departmental electives. As a student, your first stop should be the registrar's office, where you can pick up a free copy of both the academic calendar and course catalog, in order to find available credit classes that you may be interested in taking. It may surprise you that it's possible to enroll for a full-time course load, without having any 8am classes at all. Finally, check with your major department for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and Green River CC student life information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Green River CC.
Research demonstrates that college freshman taking a full courseload go on to complete their degrees at a much higher rate than those students who study part-time. When choosing a major, plan ahead and be sure that you are picking courses that will meet transfer requirements of other colleges and universities later on. Further, by choosing your major early, you may be able to take some required core classes in a community college, saving both time and tuition fees.
Look at all the schools in your state first, as in-state tuition may be lower for state residents. The course catalog will outline which classes are required for a particular major, and what minimum GPA you'll need to maintain your class standing. Please contact the academic advising staff at the school you are interested in applying to about their specific course registration guidelines. Beyond consideration for Green River CC gifted students, you may think about Humphreys College final exam schedule 2017 for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
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text: like i'm sure many people here, i went through a dr. martens phase in hs... i thought i grew out of it, but i just stumbled across these on Zappos, and i think i'm in . i just can't decided btwn. the black and the white... i know i'd prob. get much more wear out of the black, but there's something so kitschy and antiquey about the white... or, should i get both help me http://www.zappos.com/n/p/dp/26686875/c/527.html http://www.zappos.com/n/p/dp/26686875/c/3.html


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Xbox 360 Games
This page contains Halo 3: ODST Unlockables for Xbox 360 called "Recon Armour" and has been posted or updated on Sep 29, 2009 by millimister.
Boxshot & Details
- Developer: Bungie
- Publisher: Microsoft Game Studios
- Genre: Action Shooter First-Person
- Release: Sep 22, 2009
- ESRB: Mature
Recon Armour
Get all vidmaster achievements from Halo 3 and Halo 3 ODST to unlock.
Report Problem
Please Submit a Problem for any incomplete, non-working or fake cheat listed above.
If you know other secrets, hints, glitches or level guides, then please Submit your Cheats and share your insights with other players.
All Unlockables
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I live in Pennsylvania but I might be moving back to Maryland.
What about y'all?
Most Helpful Guy
Aww! I was going to troll and say unconsciousness but you disabled anon.
I'm from Australia and the state is called New South Wales. That's the one where Sydney is.11|01|0
I always disable anon because of trolls..
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Thanks :) I feel it's undeserved though with me not being American and all. But I'll take it!
no its deserved since you wanted to say the same thing i have said before to people xD
Most Helpful Girl
I love these questions, cause then I can post this video :p22|00|0


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hay im jest a kid finding something to do.and i found this and having fun with it.im a red head.im hard headed.find cool stuff in my favorit.trying to become master of the art portal.messege me.
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if u havent watched vevo yet u need to.itsan alsome place to watch musc vitios.Vevo also has an youtube acount so u can check that out.Vevo has every tipe of music.So now theres another web sight that ill be on that isnt newgrounds.hers a link to www.vevo.com
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When he was a kid, American country singer Brandon Stansell had a dream : he wanted to move to Nashville. Which he actually did when he turned 18. He spent five years out there before he left for New York City and then eventually landed in Los Angeles. Which has inspired this California country sound he has spent the past year writing towards. Call it care-free country music with a theme of optimism, and taking chances on things that could just be worth the risk. After the touching video for "Dear John" (here on Morphosis), the cowboy is back on track with "Slow down" and a sequel video once again directed by Trent Atkinson where Brandon Stansell seems decided to take it slow with his new love interest, openly gay country singer Ty Herndon (not in real life though). The eponymous EP will be launched tonight at The Springs in LA.
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Over the years, there have been quite a few collateral relatives, for one reason or another, I've semi adopted. One in particular, Lyman Thorp, has always been one of my favorites.
Born in Watertown, New York in 1827, Lyman was the third son of Ebenezer Hudson and Lucinda (Gray) Thorp. He led a pretty decent life for being a deaf mute in the 1800's. He attended school, always seemed to have a job at census time, and even married and had three children.
After I found Lyman's Missouri death record (struck by locomotive in Knob Noster, Missouri), I always wondered why my 3rd great-granduncle was so far from his Tecumseh, Michigan home at the time of his death. A few years ago, I finally found out.
I came across this newspaper article containing a letter written by an upstanding Knob Noster citizen, John Carr, to Lyman's wife, Pluma, who was also a deaf mute. Mr. Carr was kind enough to report the unfortunate last few hours of Lyman's life.


text: Flaunt the fashion diva in you by wearing this purple colored pendant set from Aishwarya design studio. The classy design of this pendant set will certainly speak volumes about your unique choice and fetch you a barrage of compliments. Embellished with American diamonds and semi precious stones, this pendant set is certainly a valuable investment. Its 22kt gold finish adds more charm. Note: Please note that the Free Shipping offer doesn't apply to any products purchased under the Accessories Section. Shipping charges will apply. Shipping charges will be waived off only if the product is bought along with any product under the following categories - Sarees/Lehengas/Suits/Kurtis.


text:
GamingUnion.net releases its newest episode of Kingdom Hearts Union: Episode 21. Hosts Darryl, Fozzie, Churro, and Melissa talk about Birth by Sleep sticker packages and the new Square Enix NA Twitter post. They also go into an in depth discussion about which battle system was their favorite, which version of Dearly Beloved is the best, and what a keyblade based around the Twilight saga would look like.
Yeah, I agree! I sent them an email asking them to update it more often. Hopefully they will.
KINGDOM HEARTS! I loved that part. Everyone should say the name like that :).


text:
We stayed for 2 nights, the room was quite big but rather noisy since there is a street just next to the hotel.
The staff is friendly and helpful and the breakfast was of a good value.
The hotel is close to the bus station (terminal gran caribe) and the little butterfly garden (Spirogyra Jardin de Mariposas). It takes about a 10 minute walk to downtown. Overall a nice place for a short stay.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Boasting a convenient location near the historic city center, the Radisson Hotel San Jose, Costa Rica offers comfortable accommodations in the city's vibrant financial, commercial and government district. The hotel is also close to major attractions including the National Theatre, Golden Museum and a range of shopping and dining options. While staying with us, you will enjoy on-site amenities such as a Fitness Center, Executive Lounge, an on-site casino, spacious meeting rooms and two restaurants - everything you need for a truly exceptional hotel stay. Reserve your stay online today and experience the comfort and convenience of the Radisson Hotel San Jose, Costa Rica. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Hotels.com, Travelocity, Orbitz, Priceline, Hotwire, HotelsforEveryone, Cancelon, TripOnline SA, getaroom.com and HotelQuickly so you can book your Radisson Hotel San Jose Costa Rica reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Radisson Europa Hotel San Jose
- Radisson Europa Hotel And Conference Center
- Radisson San Jose
- San Jose Radisson
- Radisson Hotel San Jose Costa Rica


text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|29 avr. 1997
|Date de dépôt
|31 aoűt 1995
|Date de priorité
|31 aoűt 1995
|État de paiement des frais
|Numéro de publication
|Clifford L. Sayre, III
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (11), Référencé par (9), Classifications (13), Événements juridiques (7)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
The invention relates to telecommunications systems and more particularly relates to processing speech signals in the presence of noise signals.
Telecommunications systems employ Digital Speech Interpolation (DSI) equipment to process digital speech signals that will be transmitted/received over particular transmission media, e.g., optical fiber. Such processing includes compressing the digital speech signals before they are transmitted over the transmission media. It also includes removing noise signals that may be present between speech words, i.e., during silent periods/pauses as shown in FIG. 1A. For example, FIG. 1A depicts the original signal that includes bursts of speech signals "a" having noise signal "c" superimposed on the speech signals. The noise signal is also present during silent intervals as shown at "b". Such noise signals are removed from the signal stream to achieve more efficient use of the transmission media, and, therefore, are not transmitted, except for those noise signals that are superimposed on the speech signals. When the compressed result is received at the opposite end of the connection, equipment thereat decompresses the speech signals and inserts a locally manufactured noise signal referred to as "comfort noise", e.g., a white noise signal, during such pauses in the signal stream. The receiving equipment thus manufactures and inserts the noise signals into the signal stream to simulate a typical telephone connection, as is illustrated in FIG. 1B. Specifically, the receiving equipment decompresses the signal information that it receives and outputs the result as depicted by speech signals "a". If noise signals were superimposed on speech signals, then that effect is also produced at the receiving end, as represented by signal level "c". Thus, segment "c" of the reconstructed waveform represents a composite of speech signal, signal "a", and the superimposed noise, signal "c". The receiving equipment also manufactures a predetermined level of comfort noise and inserts this during pauses in the signal stream, as depicted at "d".
I have recognized, however, that as a result of the foregoing technique the receiving party hears two different, distinct noise signals--the comfort noise and the noise superimposed on the speech signals--which the receiving party may find disconcerting, especially if the superimposed noise signal contains an appreciable level of energy. For example, if a call is being made from a very noisy environment, e.g., an airport, then it is likely that background noise having an appreciable level of energy will also be transmitted over the telephone connection. It is likely that such background noise will also be superimposed on the speech signals that will be heard by the receiving party positioned at the opposite end of the connection. The receiving party will thus hear a high level noise signal with the speech signals, but then hear a very low level comfort noise during pauses in the speech.
Prior Digital Speech Interpolation (DSI) apparatus is advanced by providing a function which discriminates noise signals from speech signals, and if noise signals are present, then comparing the level of the noise signals with a predetermined threshold value and selectively causing the DSI apparatus to compress the noise signals and send the result toward its destination if the level at least equals a predetermined threshold value, in which the predetermined threshold value is selected, in accord with an aspect of the invention, as a function of a type of telephone service subscribed to by the telephone station set involved in the associated telephone call.
In the drawing:
FIGS. 1A and 1B show respective examples of a composite signal in which noise is superimposed on speech signals;
FIG. 2 is a broad block diagram of an illustrative telecommunications system in which the principles of the invention may be practiced;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the transmitter of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is an illustrative example of one way in which the transmitter of FIG. 3 tracks which communications channels are active; and
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the receiver of FIG. 2.
An illustrative embodiment of the invention will be discussed in the context of an overseas (international) telephone call initiated in the U.S. to a station set located overseas, e.g., a European country. However, that is not to be taken as a limitation, since the claimed invention may be practiced in conjunction with other than an overseas call--domestic telephone call, e.g., a call between a location in California and a location in Hawaii.
With the foregoing in mind, public telecommunications network 200, FIG. 2, may be, for example, a public switched telephone network, such as, for example, the well-known AT&T network, that provides long distance telephone services for its subscribers, e.g., station S1. Network 200 includes, inter alia, a plurality of Toll Switching (TS) offices, two of which, 125 and 130 are shown in the FIG. Such switches may be any one of the well-known types of switching equipment, and includes, for example, the No. 4ESS (Electronic Switching System) available from AT&T, and are interconnected to one another via an intertoll network. In this way, the toll switches establish telephone connections between calling telephone station sets and respective called station sets. A toll switch, e.g., TS 125, may also be connected to a number of Central Offices (CO), e.g., CO 25. The operation of a central office is well-known and will not be discussed herein. However, it suffices to say that a CO is arranged to send a telephone call originated at a calling telephone station set which has dialed a particular long distance telephone number to an associated toll switch. A CO is also arranged to connect a call that the CO receives from an associated switch to a called telephone station set.
A telecommunications network may also include a number of international switching centers which connect the network to an international network located in another country, e.g., a European country, as represented by Overseas International Switching Center (OISC) 300. In this instance, the connection may be, for example, optical fiber cable, satellite, etc., as represented by the dashed portion of communications path 301.
For network 200, an International Switching Center, e.g., ISC 100, comprises, inter alia, toll switch 130, Circuit Multiplication Equipment (CME) 150 and transmission facility 175. CME 150, on the other hand, includes a plurality of, e.g., eight, so-called E1 units 160-i. These are typically configured into two groups of four E1 units. Since the E1 units are identical to one another, a discussion of one such unit, e.g., unit 160-1, will equally pertain to the other E1 units.
Specifically, an E1 unit includes, inter alia, interfaces 161 and 164 which respectively interface transmitter 162 and receiver 163 to toll switch 130 and transmission facility 175. Transmitter 162 implements a speech interpolation function as well as various aspects of the invention in unit 160-1 with respect to speech signals that it receives from toll switch 130 via interface 161. Receiver 163, on the hand, reverses the speech interpolation function with respect to compressed speech signals that it receives from interface 164. That is, receiver 163 decompresses the signals and supplies the resulting reconstructed signal to interface 161 for transmission to toll switch 130 via path 133, as will be explained below in more detail.
Assume at this point that station set S1 places a call via CO 25 to overseas station set S2 by dialing the telephone number and country code associated with S2 as well as other digits necessary to place such a call. Also assume that CO 25 forwards the call to TS 125 which, in turn, forwards the call to TS 130 of ISC 100 via an intertoll trunk interconnecting TS 125 and TS 130 via intertoll path 126. TS 125 also sends associated call information, e.g., called telephone number and ANI information associated with calling station S1, to TS 130 via a conventional signaling network, e.g., signaling network SS7, represented in the FIG. by communications network/path 110. The call information also includes a notice that the station S1 call is being forwarded to TS 130 and the identity of the path 126 intertoll trunk assigned to that call.
TS 130, in response to receipt of the call information, translates the called number into a routing identifier and establishes a connection through its switch fabric to an output port connecting to communication path 131 to forward the call toward its destination. Communication path 131, more particularly, may be a bipolar, 2.048 Mbits/sec. communications path having a plurality of digital channels, for example, 30 digital communications channels, that may be assigned to respective telephone calls. As such, TS 130 assigns an idle one of the channels to the station S1 call and therefore retransmits voice signals associated with that call and that are received via the aforementioned intertoll trunk over the assigned channel. Interface 161, in turn, converts the bipolar signals that it receives via path 131 to TTL logic levels and supplies the logic levels to transmitter 162.
TS 130 also inserts the ANI information associated with the call in a message containing a request for the type of service subscribed to by the station set associated with the ANI information. TS 130 then sends the message to NCP 115 via SS7 network 110 and STP 120. Upon receipt of the message, NCP 115 consults its database to identify the service type requested in the message. NCP 115 similarly forms a message containing the service type and sends the message to the requester, i.e., TS 130. Upon receipt of the latter message, TS 130 sends control signals to transmitter 162 via path 132 and interface 161, in which the control signals indicate the service type associated with the channel assigned to the station S1 call. Transmitter 162, in turn, stores the control signals in associated memory so that a particular transmission control may be applied to contents of the associated channel when that channel (time slot) occurs on path 162-1, as will be explained below in detail. That is, (a) if noise signals are present in that channel during any pause in the receipt of speech signals and the level of the noise signals equal or exceed a predetermined threshold; and (b) the service type associated with the call is of a predetermined type, e.g., premium; then transmitter 162 causes the speech interpolation process to be disabled (bypassed) for that channel and for the duration of the call subject to a so-called "return-to-normal" algorithm. This means that such noise signals will be compressed and transmitted to the called end of the connection and that such compression will be effectuated for the duration of the call subject to the "return-to-normal" algorithm. Thus, in accord with an aspect of the invention, the speech interpolation process is selectively disabled for noise signals based on a service type associated with a call and the level of the noise signals reaching a predetermined threshold. Also, such disablement is put into effect for the duration of the call, thereby emulating a hysteresis effect in accord with an aspect of the invention.
As will be discussed below, receiver 163 operates similarly with respect to TTL level signals that it receives from station S2 via OISC 300, path 301, transmission facility 175 and interface 164, as will be discussed below.
A more detailed block diagram of transmitter 162 is illustrated in FIG. 3 and includes conventional delay circuit 1, Digital Speech Interpolation (DSI) module 2 and speech detector circuit 4. In the prior art, speech detector 4 processes TT1 level signals received via path 162-1 during a respective channel to determine if the signals represent voice. If so, then detector 4 enabled DSI 2 via lead 4-1 to compress the signals as they were received via delay circuit 1. DSI 2 compresses such signals in accord with a well-known digital signal compression scheme, e.g., the well-known G.765 CCITT standard, and outputs the result to interface 164 for transmission to facility 175 (FIG. 2). If speech is not detected, then DSI 2 is not so enabled, which means that signals are not sent to interface 164 during the associated channel for transmission to facility 175. In this sense, prior art E1 units send only compressed speech signals to interface 164.
The claimed invention, on the other hand, selectively compresses noise signals based on whether a number of different predetermined conditions for doing so are present and sends the result in addition to compressed voice signals to interface 164. Specifically, in accord with an aspect of the invention, such selectivity is based on (a) the type of service associated with the call being processed and (b) the level of the noise signals for the assigned channel appearing at the input to noise detector 5 equaling or exceeding a predetermined threshold stored in the appropriate one of the threshold registers 7. A noise threshold value is thus associated with a particular type of telephone service and is stored in a respective one of the registers 7. In this way, a particular service type, e.g., premium service, business service, plain old telephone service, etc. may be associated with a respective threshold value.
Upon receipt of the control message from TS 130 via path 132, controller 6 translates the service type into an address associated with one of the registers 7 and sends that address along with the identity of the assigned channel (channel number) to detector 5. Detector 5, in turn, sends the address to threshold registers 7 via path 9 and receives from the latter via path 9 the contents of the identified register, which contents is the noise threshold value that is to be associated with the identified service type. Detector 5, then stores the threshold value and service type in a memory 9 location reserved for the assigned channel. That is, detector 5 accesses memory 9 using the channel number as an index. For example, if the channel number is 24, then the 24th location in memory is reserved for channel 24. In this way, detector 5 unloads a memory 9 location during the path 162-1 time interval for the associated channel and uses the unloaded contents in the processing of the signals that it receives at its input during that channel. If such contents has been cleared (i.e., equals all zeroes) then detector 5 does not process the signals since the associated channel is assumed to be idle, i.e., not active. (Note that processor 8 will be discussed below.)
One possible example of the layout of memory 9 is shown in FIG. 4. Briefly, memory 9 includes 30 memory locations one for each speech channel and each such location (or entry) comprises four fields. The active field 9-1 of an entry is set to a logic one if the associated channel is active (assigned). The service type of the call assigned to the channel is inserted in service field 9-2, and the noise threshold associated with that service type and obtained from registers 7 is inserted in field 9-3. A logic one is inserted in associated field 9-4 if DSI 2 is to be set to bypass to compress noise contained in the associated channel.
Returning to FIG. 3, assume that detector 5 is processing signals received during channel three. In that instance, detector 5 unloads the contents of the third entry and if such signals are found to be noise signals and not voice signals, then detector 5 compares the level of those signals with the value of the threshold associated with plain old telephone service (POTS), represented in FIG. 4 by the letter "D". For POTS service, threshold D is a very large value guaranteeing that the level of such noise signals will not equal or exceed that threshold, thereby preventing the enabling of DSI 2 when noise signals are present at its input during channel three. Similarly, during the next channel, detector 5 unloads the contents of the memory 9 location associated with channel four. As seen from such contents (FIG. 4), channel four is active, the call assigned to that channel is associated with premium service and the enable field 9-4 is set to logic one. Based on the latter information, detector 5 enables lead 5-1, which is presented to DSI 2 via OR circuit 3. Such enabling causes DSI 2 to compress the signals appearing at its input even though the signals may be noise signals.
More specifically, prior to setting the associated field 9-1 to a logic one, detector 5 tracks the nature of the TTL signals that are supplied to the input of DSI 2 via delay circuit 1, and path 162-1. When detector 5 determines, in accord with a conventional noise detection scheme, that such input signals constitute noise, then it compares the level of the noise signals with the threshold value "A" stored in associated field 9-3. As mentioned above, if the level of such noise meets or exceeds the threshold for premium service, i.e., threshold A, then detector 5 set field 9-4 to a logic one and enables DSI 2 via lead 5-1 to compress such signals and transmit the result to interface 164. Interface 164, in turn, converts the TTL level signals to a bipolar format and transmits that result to transmission facility 175. The setting of field 9-4 thus causes detector 5 to so enable DSI 2 for the duration of the associated call, i.e., every time the assigned channel occurs. When the call is terminated and the channel is designated as being idle, then the memory 9 location associated therewith is cleared (set to zeroes).
Transmission facility 175, more particularly, provides a conventional interface between path 301 and network 200 based on the type of transmission media, e.g., optical fiber, satellite, etc., that implements path 301. Thus, facility 175 converts the signals that it receives from interface 164 to signals suitable for transmission via path 301. That is, packet processor 8 (FIG. 3) assembles the signals (speech information) that it receives from DSI 2 and associated control signals including, e.g., (a) conventional packet sequence number, (b) channel number, CRC code, (c) a flag indicating whether the packet contains speech or noise, (d) the level of the noise signals as measured by noise detector 5, etc., into a data packet in accordance with a standard packet algorithm, e.g., the CCITT G764 packet protocol. Processor 8 then supplies the packet to interface 164, which converts the packet signals to a bipolar format for transmission to facility 175. Facility 175 then transmits the packet over path 301 in a form suitable for that path. For example, if path 301 is a satellite connection, then the contents of the packet is transmitted as radio signals over path 301. Signals received via path 301, e.g., radio signals, or optical signals, are converted into a bipolar format for transmission to TS 130 via the interface provided by CME 150. A similar interface may be used to interface OISC 300 with path 301 to receive the packet signals, convert to a bipolar format and supply the result to a receiver for processing, for example, a receiver similar to receiver 163 shown in FIG. 5.
Specifically, receiver 163 includes packet processor 15 which processes signals received from an associated interface, e.g., interface 164. In doing so, processor 15 separates the speech information (or noise information) contained in a received packet from control information, e.g., sequence number, channel number, CRC code, etc. Processor 15 then supplies the separated control signals to control signals processor 16 via path 15-1 and the separated information content of the packet to Digital Speech Interpolator module 18 via path 15-2. Control processor checks the sequence number to determine if the sequence number is in sequence. If not, then control signal processor 16 concludes that a pause in speech might have occurred and that a burst of so-called "comfort noise" should be transmitted to the ultimate receiver of the signals. For example, if processor 16 finds that the current packet for the identified channel contains a sequence number of N+X and that the last received packet for that channel contained a sequence number of N, then processor 16 concludes that a pause in speech might have occurred for the identified channel. For such a pause, processor 16 sends a first control signal to DSI 18 which causes the latter to connect Digital Signal Processor (DSP) 165 to comfort-level noise generator 17 via paths 18-1 and 17-1 via representative switch SW.
If the packet sequence number is in sequence, then the information content (speech or noise) is supplied to DSI module 18 and control signals processor sends a second control to DSI 18 via path 16-1. The second control signal causes DSI 18 to decompress (expand) the signals that it receives via lead 15-2 and supply the result to DSP 165 via switch SW and path 18-1. If the information content is noise, then control signal processor 16 sends a signal indicative thereof to DSP 165 via path 16-2. DSP 165, more particularly, is an adaptive noise reduction filter that builds a spectral model of the noise signals and then subtracts the model from the composite speech/noise signal, i.e., a speech signal having background noise superimposed thereon. DSP 165 also subtracts the model of noise signal that it adaptively builds from the noise signal that DSI module 18 receives and decompresses. The level of noise in the signals that are thus supplied to the ultimate receiver, e.g., station S2 (FIG. 2) is greatly reduced.
The foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of the invention. Those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous arrangements, which, although not explicitly shown or described herein, nevertheless embody those principles that are within the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Brevet cité
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|28 janv. 1986
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|Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd.
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|Dsc Communications Corporation
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|Method and apparatus for exploitation of voice inactivity to increase the capacity of a time division multiple access radio communications system
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|Brevet citant
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|21 déc. 1996
|7 avr. 1998
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
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|At&T Corp.
|Nonintrusive measurement of echo power and echo path delay present on a transmission path
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|26 janv. 1999
|Motorola Inc.
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|14 déc. 1999
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|Method and apparatus for making nonintrusive noise and speech level measurements on voice calls
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|20 janv. 2004
|Motorola, Inc.
|Text-to-speech native coding in a communication system
|27 avr. 2006
|19 janv. 2010
|Alcatel Lucent
|Method of reducing buffer usage by detecting missing fragments and idle links for multilink protocols and devices incorporating same
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|26 févr. 2013
|Nuance Communications, Inc.
|Tuning reusable software components in a speech application
|27 avr. 2006
|1 nov. 2007
|Method of reducing buffer usage by detecting missing fragments and idle links for multilink protocols and devices incorporating same
|22 sept. 2006
|27 mars 2008
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Tuning Reusable Software Components in a Speech Application
|Classification aux États-Unis
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopérative
|Classification européenne
|31 aoűt 1995
Owner name: AT&T IPM CORP., FLORIDA
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Owner name: LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES INC., NEW JERSEY
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Effective date: 20061130
|30 sept. 2008
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Year of fee payment: 12


text:
489 088Students
40 000Waterfront
137 km
70 % of
Ukrainian grain exportMain logistic hub
of Southern UkraineCompetitive
salaries level
168 000 m2 of
commercial real estateApproved zoning260 Ha
of industrial sites
Welcome to Mykolaiv
Mykolaiv has a population of 489.000. Its area covers 260 square kilometers located just 50 km from Black Sea. 137 km of waterfronts are situated within the city boundaries along the Southern Buh river, a navigable waterway. Mykolaiv is linked to other major Ukrainian metro areas by three European transport corridors and is served by Kherson International Airport. It is a major railway centre connected to other Ukrainian regions and Europe.
Mykolaiv has rich industrial heritage that centred around shipbuilding for over a century. This heritage defines current intellectual, technological and human capitals of the city. Mykolaiv can boast of large relatively untapped skilled labour pool, well-equipped industrial zones and facilities, with multiple sites available for investment purposes. Mykolaiv has successfully attracted large-scale investments and thus avails of necessary investment support know-how.
Key Investment Factors
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REBRANDING MYKOLAIV: Generation UA driving change in key gateway port
Mykolaiv as test case for the New Ukraine
From Soviet Closed City to Ukraine's Global Gateway
What do we Offer
What companies say about their chosen location
More than 15 years ago DAMEN has first entered into own shipbuilding production in Ukraine and still is discovering potential of Mykolaiv. Having experience in construction of over 20 complete vessels and development of more than 100 engineering projects we enjoyed high technical competence and willingness to adopt new design and production solutions. Together with MDEM Damen Group has expanded the team up to 150 dedicated professionals and successfully cooperates in the field of Engineering, Research & Development, Marketing & Communications and IT. We are proud and happy investors in Ukraine and will take on new opportunities in development intellectual digital services!
The company I have joined is working on challenging projects for American, Canadian, European and Asian clients. Mykolaiv is an excellent location for GeeksForLess as: there are great many technical universities educating IT professionals, the city economy is still developing allowing the company easier access to talent in comparison to other Ukrainian cities, there is excellent technical infrastructure, with reliable Internet connections and power supply.
French Group Besnier (today – PJSC Lactalis-Ukraine) built up its business in Mykolaiv on the base of dairy production facility back in 1996. Proper transport junction, good access to raw milk resources, extensive science and technology infrastructure – this is what we need for harmonious development of our enterprise. Year-on-year growth and strengthening position of Lactalis Group on national and international markets is a sharp evidence of an advantageous investment climate in this region.
PepsiCo is closely associated with Mykolaiv region for 10 years, since TM Sandora — a leader of Ukrainian juice market — has joined theCompany. Our production facilities are located in close proximity to the city of Mykolaiv — a sustainable source of qualified, highly-educated workers. It is of vital importance for our Company, as a major international trade operator, to have immediate access to ports, which, in turn, contributes towards TEU shipping, together with effective work of customs office. Openness of local authorities towards dialogue with investors improves investment climate in the city and the region as a whole.
I do second the idea of Mykolaiv being one of the top areas for industrial companies in Ukraine. Good technical education, advanced transport infrastructure, and industrial heritage all talk in favour of Mykolaiv. It just needs some input of innovation to re-invent its industrial base for new age.
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text:
worship @ 9:00 & 10:45 am
Midland Evangelical
Free Church
J.A.M. stands for Jesus and Me. Our youth group meets weekly on Wednesday nights during the school year. Students do not need to attend Midland Free to be a part of our youth group. We have over 30 adult and high school student leaders who are committed to building relationships with students in our youth group. We offer lots of fun activities, including gym games, crafts, board games, video games, foosball, air hockey, pool, and ping pong. Each evening ends with a Bible-based lesson that is relevant and meaningful to middle school students.
Meets every Wednesday from 6:15-8:00 pm in the 200 wing beginning September 6, 2017 through May 16, 2018.
Pastor Chuck Lloyd,
Middle School Pastor
989.631.4411 x1033
Jody Best
Youth Discipleship and
Activities Coordinator
989.631.4411 x 1001


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|Professional Automotive Repair Technical Discussions for April 10, 2005
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|1999 Mercury Cougar 2.5L MIL Lamp on VIN: 1ZFGHYTTCX
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Fixes & Summaries for Ford
|1990 Ford E-150 Econoline Custom 4.9L Excessive Emissions, Hesitation, Stall VIN: 1FTEE14Y4L
Fellow techs Sorry it took so long to get back with a fix but the customer just got back to me.Hesays the van runs great.Itended up being the fuel pressure regulator and egr valve.You guys were right on the money.Thanks for all the replys and maybe some day I ... Trouble codes: 18 (no tach signal), 33 (egr flow), 42 (hego not switching rich).


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Soaring sales result in record €1bn-plus prize bond fund
THE public is continuing to invest in prize bonds at record levels, it was revealed yesterday.
The Prize Bond Company Limited reported that gross sales last year were up 32pc on 2008 at €370m, and that the prize fund is now worth more than €1bn for the first time in its history. Net sales rose by more than 53pc to €269m last year.
Prize Bonds paid out a record €28m in 2009 -- 37pc more than in 2008, and the prize fund now stands at €1.2bn. According to the company, about 6,000 cash prizes are handed out by the company every week.
The firm also said net sales for this year were on course to at least match those of last year, standing at some €130m up to the end of June.
Michael O'Keeffe, chairman of the Prize Bond Company, said he thought the security afforded by prize bonds during the recession was one of the drivers of their success.
Prize bonds have become an integral part of Irish society since 1957. The company is run as a joint venture between An Post and the Kerry-based services company Fexco.
At the end of 2009, there was about €1.5m worth of prizes unclaimed which equates to about 0.3pc of the total value of prizes awarded in its history.
Irish Independent


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Well, so far I've had some responses back from people who are interested in interviewing me or at least have an interest in having a look at my resume which is a great feeling – at least I'm in the running of being considered rather than being rejected before even getting a chance to sell myself to the organisation. Hopefully the interview will go well in Monday and in the afternoon I'll stop by Motorad to get my scooter services – the mirrors sorted out, new tyres and a few other things such as replacing the fuel line so when eventually I start my job that my form of transportation is all up to scratch and won't cause me any issues.
It appears that the source of the consumer report bad battery fiasco has come down to a bug in Safari which has been fixed in 10.12.3. so hopefully that'll be out soon but not too soon along with the usual updates for iOS and tvOS not being too far behind. As much as Windows 10 appears to be 'exciting' with all the 'improvements' and 'new things' that are coming in new builds I am reminded that although 'new' I exciting it can be a double edged sword of dealing with the byproducts of immature technology that is still having the bugs beaten out of it.
When it comes to Twitter, if you're given a platform by your employer, your name is well known and by virtue of that your name is associated with that company then it is important to think very long and hard before opening up and giving your five cents on a subject. There is a reason why when I am using a public persona I am very careful about what I say (along with never mentioning where I work or live) – your reputation is all that you have and the moment you open up and say something stupid there are repercussions whether you like it or not. If you want to write something controversial then go ahead but remember that the way you present your argument will have as much impact as what you're saying. The way you present your argument will dictate whether you come off sounding like an emotionally driven prat whose opinions are lacking coherency resulting in the output sounding something akin to a Alex Jones/David Icke like mentally deranged rant or whether the writing is devoid of emotions and focuses on a coherent will reasoned argument with evidence from reliable sources to back up any claims made.


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Wedding Organization
Say "I do" and all the rest is up to us.
Wedding organization implies a wide range of scenarios and places. In respect of the Don-Plaza it means classics and innovation at the same time. Classics — because thousands of couples choose us. Innovation — because your wedding is bound to be special.
It's a pleasure for us to organize your wedding. The professional wedding coordinators of the Don-Plaza will realize your dream of the most important day in your life.
If you are going to organize your wedding in Rostov, the Don-Plaza will make it a sumptuous celebration. The stained-glass dome, fountain and ornate golden staircase for newlyweds will create a holiday atmosphere for you and your guests. Minimalism or luxury. A lavish wedding reception or something unpretentious. 20 or 350 guests. It doesn't matter. Follow your preferences. At the Don-Plaza every wedding is brilliant.
We offer:
- Event programme
- Menu
- Decoration
- Floral arrangements
- Off-site wedding scenarios
Entrust your wedding organization to the Don-Plaza wedding coordinator and you will remember the celebration. All you'll need is to invite guests and say "I do".
The Don-Plaza is the most romantic place in the heart of Rostov to organize a wedding.
Call us now: +7 (863) 263-91-38
Enjoy the stunning celebration of your love!


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Some people go to Jadogars for making Jadoo to their opponents / Mukhalifeen. Please Remember, Person who does Jadoo, he or she is Mushrik / Kafir and the one who go to him or her also go out of Islam and he or she is no longer a Muslim. If you decide to are a Muslim, Please never head over to Jadoogar / Aamil for any reason "Never Never Never".
Some people get infected by Jadoo and in addition they have misconception that for removing Jadoo they need to go to Jadoogar / Aamil. It really is totally baseless and totally wrong. Remember, there are two methods for Ruhaani Aamals, Noori and Nari. Jadoo is actually Nari (Fire) Aamal and Noori is actually Quranic Aamal. Any problem regardless of what type of problem is weather Nari or another it has a solution in Noori Aamal which is from Holy Quran and Faiz by Buzargan and Aoula Karaam. No Jadoogar / Aamil for the earth can beat Noori Aamal.
Naming your new born child is vital. Names have great effect on every individual life. Always name your kids with Good Islamic Name and attempt to match name of your kid to child's mother.
Whenever you intend to start new ventures. Better always do Istikhara after which it start. When you do Istikhara you receive guidance from Allah (Azzawajal) that make your venture successful. If something is not suitable for you it will be told in Istikhara.
If you are in unpopulated area / Jungles etc. Never pass urine in open area without observing the place and specially close to a vintage trees. By doing this you could invite some invisible enemies.
If you are living in old house, Get your house nailed in four corners of the house. It will save you along with your kids from unwanted invisible visitors.
If you don't have children and you wish for, receive wife and husband checked clinically, get treated if need then there is very strong Noorani Aamal. Email us. Detail of the Aamal will likely be send to you.
Alway carry out Sadqa, Khairat and help bad. Sadqa remove 90% of your Ruhaani problems and it also avoid bad incidents.
Some time you can find problems and misunderstanding between spouse and husband. Always try to help you such couple and never fuel their misunderstandings. Making wife and husband to love each other is a good Sawab. But making and attempt to create misunderstandings between a couple is really a worst Sin / Gunah. We've from our Buzargan and Aoulia Karaam a few special gifted Noorani Aamal for producing wife and husband love 1 another. If you you find someone with this particular problem please email with details of Husband Name and his mother name, Wife name and also her mother name. We should certainly INSHALLAH, send you the Aamal.
Several women has regular miscarriage. We have from our Buzargan and also Aoulia Karaam some special gifted Noorani Aamal for this reason.


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Construct play stand to see your pet bird active and smart. Birds like to go up and down position that best provided play stand. You can craft these stand on home or buy from bazaar. In our collection wood or industrial pipe bird play sand are list down. Big to small size stand you can keep in any corner of the home where you and your bird feel safe. Provide more entertainment with color games in play stand.
Get images from below!
Rainbow Medium Length Table Top Play Stand:
Rainbow colors are founded in medium length table top bird play stand. Play stand decorate with ladder, chain ring, swing, nylon thick curvy rope, colored strip swing. Perches of play stand give high and low length comfort seat to bird. White color Perches are covered with blue paint. Parrot birds enjoy swing and like to walk on hurdle ways that are crafted with snake style rope.
Homemade Bird Play Stand:
In natural wood wheel tray bird play stand is crafted. Thin and thin stitch arranged in bamboo poles with the help of steel nails and ropes. In each corner of bird play stand you can see that white color water or food bowl are hanging. Maize bean also hang in down word position. Try to add colorful things in bird play stand because colors attract them so much.
Industrial Pipe Bird Play Stand:
Industrial pipe is useful material in crafting bird play stand. With light weight pipe you can draw different high and low length ways. You can easily hang the different bright color accessory with white industrial pipe. Ring first fill in pipe than with its chain bird toys are display. You bird take exercise when play on stand and live active. With Square form bird play stand you can change it direction.
Bird Special Enrichment Play Stand:
Special enrichment play stand is fun idea for pet bird. Bird play stand heavy decorates with different style things. The most interesting thing on bird play stand is ring chain. Birds sit in ring chain and enjoy swing. On wood carpet white stand tightly stand and don't slip. Heavy loaded stand give entertainment look.
Bird Play Swing Set:
Bird play swing set made of wood material. Diy swing so easy that you can tray at home with just wood sticks. Pairs of 'A' letter are stand on that long stick slip for bird sitting. One side of swing set a ladder also arranged on that birds like to walk in step by step. Jute ropes with colored number are hanged inside the swing set. At end of each rope big size glossy ball are fill that keep ropes in down position.
In Floor Fix Bird Play Stand:
Above image define bird play stand fix in marble floor. With Gray and cream color industrial pipe bird toys are hanged. Recycle velvet purse with both open side in bird play stand. Bird likes to sit inside the velvet purse.
Pure White Color Bird Play Stand:
You can put the news paper under the bird play stand for cleanliness purpose. Drop the stand on high place where other pet animal don't go and disturb the bird during play. Big size ring hand in pipe as a swing. Thin ladder give interesting look on white color bird play stand.


text: KÉK has been engaged in examining the latest methods, formats and possibilities of urban regeneration for almost a decade. Our research programs, advisory services and development projects enable us to involve a growing network of stakeholders in rethinking our urban neighborhoods. Our activities, ranging from the systematic reuse of vacant or underused parcels and properties through suburban community development to commercial regeneration, provide new solutions for new urban problems.


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A simple and striking logo based on a water drop that creates a gentle sense of perspective.
This design was featured on Sunday 12th of January 2014. It's designed by George Bokhua, and falls under the category of Logo.
If you'd like, you can visit this site, or view all our other featured designs.


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The teenage daughter of a friend of mine was babysitting for my child for the first time. Before I left the house, I told her to please feel free to help herself to any food she wanted in my refrigerator or pantry. The next day I touched base with her mom, who said all went well, except that her daughter had phoned her from my home and exclaimed: "Mom, everything in their kitchen is organic. It's so weird!" I was stunned that a 16-year-old would find a kitchen filled with healthy, organic food to be weird, until I realized that "weird" to a teenager usually means something they have not seen before or been told about.
I would have liked to say to her, imagine picking a fruit or vegetable from your garden, spraying it with bug spray, and then eating it. Now that seems weird, does not it? Well, that's exactly what we do each day with store-bought non organic produce even if we wash it. The term organic refers to food that is grown without pesticides, synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, fungicides, or herbicides. Organic foods are minimally processed, with no artificial ingredients, preservatives, or irradiation. And they taste better! Produce is sent to market as close to harvest as possible and may have suffered less nutritional loss by the time you eat it.
Because the chemicals in pesticides are invisible, odorless, and tasteless, the only way to know for sure that a food was grown without pesticides is to buy organic. Even if something looks OK, it may not be so healthy for you to eat. For example, do not be fooled by those juicy non organic strawberries displayed in the market. They may look luscious, but they have a dark side. Their red color has been enhanced by a fungicide, and they have been infused with methyl bromide, a gas that is injected by tractor into their growing soil. These substances then become part of the fruits' flesh, and can not be washed off. I'm always disturbed when I see a mother feeding a young child a non organic strawberry from the case at a natural foods market. She's assuming, as I used to, that if a fruit or vegetable is sold at a store like that it will be pesticide-free. Do not make that assumption. It's always best to read the signs before popping anything into your child's mouth, or your own.
Keep in mind that most fruits and vegetables that are imported from other countries have been treated with chemicals. Much of the garlic used in the United States, for example, comes from China, where chemicals such as growth inhibitors are used to stop the garlic from sprouting. I was startled to find out that garlic from China is often whitened with chlorine to make it look more attractive to consumers. After all, who does not pick the whitest garlic bulb in the bunch?
Organic is Better Food
Organic foods also have a higher nutritional value, which is important for growing children as well as adults. An organically grown apple can have as much as 300 percent more vitamin C and 61 percent greater calcium content than a conventional or nonorganic apple. The amount of calcium in organic spinach is seven times greater than in nonorganic spinach, and the potassium is an astounding 117 times greater in the organic. In addition, Alyson Mitchell, PhD, food chemist and associate professor who led a 10-year research study at the University of California, Davis, found that organic tomatoes have as much as 97 percent more cancer-fighting antioxidants as conventionally grown tomatoes.
Given all these facts, why do farmers still use pesticides? Well, mostly it's because they believe it will save more crops from insects, weeds, and disease. But that's not true. Before the 1950s, farmers lost about one-third of their crops each year. Today, even with over 21,000 pesticide products to choose from and pesticide costs exceeding $ 4 billion a year, farmers still lose one-third of their crops!
Source by Beth Greer


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Today we are sharing with you an intimate wedding marathon in the swiss alps.
The day was a non-stop of surprises and activities. We started with the Swiss Poschi bus picking up the bride, groom and their guests. We had to blindfold the groom so that he could not see his bride to be (soooo cute), we arrived at the Townhall of Interlaken for the legal wedding.
After that we went up to a mountain to prepare a picnic in the wild with the amazing caterer Disch, where the guests and the now husband and wife could go bare feet in the grass and enjoy the amazing view on Lake Thun.
Following that we took the Swiss Poschi back to Spiez, for the religious wedding in the Schloss Spiez church – stunning ! At the end of the ceremony there were swiss corn waiting for the bride and groom, it was so much fun !
The day wasn't over yet, they took a boat to go to the other side of the lake where the now famous Swiss Poschi was, to bring them back to their chalet were Disch was already preparing the magnificent dinner. WHAT A DAY !!
Photographer: Lucia Fatima Photography // Wedding planner: Laura Dova Weddings // Hair and Make up: coiffure art // Caterer: Disch // Bus: Swiss Poschi // Flowers: Blumen Werkstatt
// Swiss alp corns: email@example.com // String quartet: Klassiknachmass


text: Stop at Bali Corail Villas to discover the wonders of Bali. The hotel offers a wide range of amenities and perks to ensure you have a great time. Free Wi-Fi in all rooms, luggage storage, Wi-Fi in public areas, car park, room service are on the list of things guests can enjoy. Some of the well-appointed guestrooms feature internet access - wireless, private pool, air conditioning, desk, mini bar. Take a break from a long day and make use of outdoor pool, garden. For reliable service and professional staff, Bali Corail Villas caters to your needs.


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Remember, during Solar Week your group or class can submit a couple of your best questions to the scientists and they will answer on the bulletin board. Click on "Ask a Question" in the left-hand menu.
Solar Week is part of the NASA Eclipse 2017 effort. You can find a page of information, maps, activities, scientist experts in your area, safety considerations and where to view the eclipse-across-America of August 21, 2017. Go the the NASA Eclipse website for a wealth of information.
If you are a park interpreter, we are offering a series of webinars on Interpreting the Great American Solar Eclipse to help you prepare and engage visitors to your outdoor park during this unparalleled opportunity.
The Solar Eclipse topic, game and activities are designed to introduce your participants to what happens during an eclipse of the Sun, when the Moon comes between the Sun and the Earth. In doing this, they will learn about eclipses in history and what impact they had on the people who saw them. We concentrate on how we use eclipses (real and fake) to study the atmosphere of the Sun.You can access some basic eclipse preparatory material at our eclipse information page.
To continue, please use the links here at Learn About Solar Eclipses and its sub-pages:


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Enron Appeals Securities Settlement Decision
In a notice of appeal filed Thursday, Enron said it would ask the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit to review a decision finding that two ING funds did not have to return early payments received from the former energy giant prior to bankruptcy.
The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York had previously reversed a...
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Back to school is almost here! Time to get ready for classes, new teachers, homework and more…
If you have been following my blog, you will notice that I created a homework station for my kids before the start of the school year – I feel it is so important to start off on the right foot!
Here are some of my back to school favourites:
So with little ones especially – you need to label EVERYTHING! Clothing, pencils, shoes and well everything. These custom labels from Minted are absolutely adorable and for the older kids (who still need to keep track of their things with a little help) these chalkboard labels are perfect!
I love to capture my kids' first day of school with a photo (and compare it to one on the last day of school – every year I am amazed at how much they grow!) I love this custom photo frame – this would be great in their bedroom or in a family gallery wall.
I'm a big fan of giving kids a work space – whether it is for reading, printing or a major project – I believe that kids benefit from having a designated space to work one that is free of distractions … if you are short on space, this desk is perfect! It has the surface space but an attached bookcase – perfect for storing school books, and supplies (baskets would be a perfect way to keep everything contained)
And don't forget a chair – all though I don't often like the idea of buying kids' furniture (I just feel that they grow out of it so quickly) in certain instances – it works better. I love adding a bold pop of colour in a kids' space – they will find it appeals to them! This chair is fun and funky and the colour is great (works for boys and girls)
Whether you have one child or multiple children – staying organized makes the days so much easier. Between school, activities, sports, birthday parties and everything else that happens in this busy life – I like to keep track of it all in writing! Old fashioned, maybe, I still use my calendar in my phone but for me, there is something about seeing our schedule in 'print' form. I love chalkboard and this chalk board decal is perfect for a homework station, kitchen (keep track of weekly meals) or a family command center.
One of the required items on our school materials list is a water bottle that can be locked and also refilled throughout the day. Although the glass ones are great – I just don't think they are ideal for younger children. This water bottle is cute (be sure to add those labels), you can lock it and refill it, too!
You need a good quality lunch bag – my personal favourite and all of my kids have this one from Pottery Barn Kids (MacKenzie collection, retro style). You might think these are a bit pricey but they last – I am using these for 2-3 years at a time, so impressed with the quality. there are tons of designs / colours and you can even personalized them!
How do you feel about back to school? Is it exciting? frantic? sad? All of the above?


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19-The Aethervox: Chevy to the Levi
This episode is a tactica. Adrian talks to Mark Williams, aka Vanilla Dice, about the one-man-apocalypse himself, Leviticus.
Hope you enjoy.
19-The Aethervow: Chevy to the Levi [ 1:25:48 ] Download
(P.S. We're already hard at work on Episode 20, which, with any luck, will be released before the end of the year.)
0:00 – Introduction
(Music: Julian Smith – "The Aethervox Theme", Huey "Piano" Smith and the Clowns – "Don't You Just Know It")
1:36 – Leviticus Tactica
(Music: Oingo Boingo – "Little Girls" (composed by Danny Elfman!!!)


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Hot N Straight - Reviews say this Product Will Easily Straighten and Style Your Hair at Home
The look of one's hair is critical for the individual's overall aesthetic which is why a lot of women are very conscious about their hair and want to make sure that it looks as good as possible. If you are one of these women and hate having to go to the salon frequently just to have your hair done properly then
Hot N Straight™
is the product that you will want to get. As seen on www.hotandstraight.com, HotNStraight is a specially designed brush that features Ionic Technology. The Hot N Straight core produces gentle heat and is diffused onto your hair with the ionic ceramic bristles. Not only does this help to remove tangles and make sure that your hair looks and feels smooth but the Hot N Straight also straightens up the hair, gives it an improvement in terms of volume and also helps to noticeably reduce frizz. Also, a lot of reviews love that the Hot N Straight gives the hair a natural shine making it truly healthy and beautiful. The heat that Hot N Straight produces is also quite gentle so you can use it on your hair on a daily basis without causing your hair any damage at all.
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Recently, the Republican establishment and its allies in the media have taken to demonizing the Black Lives Matter protesters by casting them as part of a racist movement seeking special treatment and demonizing law enforcement. Some conservatives have taken issue with the name itself, responding with the implicit critique that "All Lives Matter." This is certainly true, but is misinterpreting the message.
Suppose you were eating dinner with your family, and while everyone else gets a plate of food, you don't get any. You might say, "I deserve my fair share." But imagine your mother corrects you. "No," she says, "everyone deserves their fair share." She is right of course, but she misses the point. You want to be included with everyone; you're not seeking special treatment.
This is the meaning of Black Lives Matter.
Nationally, African-Americans are arrested at a rate about three times higher than other races. Black people are incarcerated at nearly six times the rate of whites. In 2012, the poverty rate for black Americans was 28 percent, compared to 16 percent for the U.S. population as a whole. The Black Lives Matter movement specifically emphasizes black lives precisely to highlight these disparities.
The fact remains that some don't want to talk about systemic racism in the United States (just as some don't want to talk about gun violence). If anything, the commentators on Fox News like to talk about ways in which white people are supposedly becoming a disenfranchised minority in our country. Unbelievably, they flip the sides and claim that people who protest against racism are the true racists, and that black people who subsist on Medicaid and food stamps are the true beneficiaries of inequality. President Obama is called a racist and "the most divisive president in history" simply for addressing the issues of
de facto racism and inequality.
Surely we can do more to have a productive, rather than antagonistic, conversation.


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I Love Claire Danes
Personal Stories, Advice, and Support 9 People
You Can't Love Someone You Don't KnowB ut I'm In Love with Claire Danes. Yes, I do know that I don't even know her. And yes, I know she has beautiful red hair, she's intelligent and educated, a great actor, she comes from a good family, she gives her 100%, she lives life, and yes, I love her. I know..I know..you can...
WarriorMom 51-55, F 6 Responses 1 Sep 11, 2008


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Chaintech Evolution Event Coverage from MonkeyReview"For now, I´d like to offer you the reasoning behind MonkeyReview attending CEE2003. We were there to cover the Zenith 8VJS, which was scheduled to release along side the AMD Athlon 64, which incidentally has seen its release pushed down to September. What has this inflicted to not only Chaintech but I´m sure a number of other board manufacturers? Well simply put, they´ve had the rug pulled out from under them."
Read more at MonkeyReview!
ASUS Launches R9 200, R7 200 Series, Matrix R9 280X Graphics Cards
Apacer Launches SATA SLC-lite SSD solutions
ADATA Introduces a Stylish External HDD HC630
Samsung Introduces New Wireless Multiroom Speakers
WD Gives Consumers a Cloud of Their Own
Write a comment below. No registration needed!
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Copyright © Byrds Research & Publishing, Ltd., 1997–2011. All rights reserved.


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THE HAGGADAH Executed by...
by SZYK, Arthur
Jerusalem: Massada-Press and Alumoth. Szyk, Arthur. 4to, pp. not numbered. Szyk's illustrations in full color, with text in Hebrew; explanations and commentary on facing pages. Leaves doubled. Deep blue flocked paper over boards.Top edges very slightly soiled, edges of cover slightly rubbed at ends of spine, o/w a nice copy in chipped plain dj. (Inventory #: 56856)


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Lock Screen - Iphone Lock APKDownloads: 425 Updated: September 22, 2016 Category : Tools
by:Christian John Requires: Android 2.3.4 and upPrice:Free
(Click to Ratings)
Lock Screen - Iphone Lock Description
Best lock screen iphone app
– Slide to easily unlock your phone with exquisite animation and sound.
– Set Pin or Password via Keypad Lock Screen to enhance the security Lock of your phone.
– Multiple iOS9 HD Wallpaper beautiful and all background IOS 7 and wallpaper iOS 8
– Change text slide unlock
– Support 12-Hour and 24-Hour time format
– Support setting wallpaper
– Change wallpaper lockscreen
– Support lock screen iPhone 6s
– Change lock screen iPhone 7
– Support camera for lockscreen
– Support Notification Center
How to Use:
1. Open the app settings, and tick the Enable Screen check box to enable it.
2. Click the Disable System Lock in case you use the system lock.
3. Click the Set Wallpaper to switch to different beautiful backgrounds.
4. Tick the Pin Lock check box if pin mode is required.
Now download and enjoy this excellent with Lock Screen OS 9 for iphone 6s(iPhone 7) ! If you show it to your friends, they must be surprised with you.
Contact us :
Editors Notes
This is a good game but not too addictive, well worth trying.
Download Lock Screen - Iphone Lock APK File
Download Lock Screen - Iphone Lock
- Price: Free
- Requires: Android 2.3.4 and up
- File Name: Lock Screen - Iphone Lock.apk
- Downloads: 425
- Version : 3.3.0
- Category : Android Tools App
Old Versions Lock Screen - Iphone Lock
- Lock Screen - Iphone Lock 3.3.0 Apk File [Free] Date: 2016-09-22
What's New in Lock Screen - Iphone Lock
- bug fixes
DISCLAIMER: Lock Screen - Iphone Lock is the property and trademark from , all rights reserved by Click on the above link to proceed to the apk file download page or app buy page.