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Single Moms Entering Midlife May Lead to Public Health Crisis
Article ID: 577188
Released: 26-May-2011 10:35 AM EDT
Source Newsroom: American Sociological Association (ASA)
Available for logged-in reporters only
American Sociological Review (76(3), June 2011)
Newswise — WASHINGTON, DC, May 26, 2011 — Unwed mothers face poorer health at midlife than do women who have children after marriage, according to a new nationwide study, which appears in the June 2011 issue of the American Sociological Review.
Researchers found that women who had their first child outside of marriage described their health as poorer at age 40 than did other moms.
This is the first U.S. study to document long-term negative health consequences for unwed mothers, and it has major implications for our society, said Kristi Williams, lead author of the study and associate professor of sociology at Ohio State University.
About 40 percent of all births in the United States now occur to unmarried women, compared to less than 10 percent in 1960, Williams said. That suggests there will soon be a population boom in the United States of single mothers suffering middle-aged health problems.
"We are soon going to have a large population of single mothers who are entering midlife, when many health problems just begin to emerge," Williams said. "This is a looming public health crisis that has been pretty much ignored by the public and by policymakers."
Moreover, the study suggests that later marriage does not generally help reverse the negative health consequences of having a first birth outside of marriage. This calls into question the value of government efforts to promote marriage, among low-income, single mothers, at least in terms of their consequences for these women's health.
"It is a tall order to expect that marriage can counteract the cumulative strains of unwed motherhood and their eventual negative impact on health," Williams said.
The study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which has followed a nationally representative sample of nearly 13,000 men and women who were aged 14-22 in 1979. They were interviewed every year through 1994 and every two years since.
In one analysis, Williams and her co-authors used a subset of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on 3,391 women and a second analysis involved data on 1,150 women. By 2008, they had data on marriages and other unions for a 29-year period, and measures of health and well-being taken when the women were 40.
In general, the results showed that unwed mothers reported poorer health at age 40 than did other mothers. But there were several notable differences between racial and ethnic groups.
Most notably, Hispanic women who had a first child outside marriage did not have the same negative health consequences at age 40 that white and black women did. The researchers suspect that it has to do with the fact that when Hispanic women have a child out of wedlock, it is more likely to occur in a long-term cohabiting relationship that resembles marriage.
Hispanic single mothers may also be a part of larger and more close-knit family networks than single moms from other racial and ethnic groups, which can provide support that protects their health and helps them cope.
Williams said it was beyond the scope of this study to determine why unwed mothers in general had poorer health than others. But other research suggests it may be related to the high levels of stress and the poor economic conditions faced by single moms.
"Research has clearly shown the toll that long-term stress takes on health, and we know that single mothers have a great deal of stress in their lives," Williams said. "Their economic problems only add to the problem."
But if single motherhood is hard on women's health, the answer isn't necessarily getting married, Williams said.
Results showed that for most women, the negative consequences of having a first birth out of wedlock won't be eased by a later marriage or cohabiting union. The one exception, at least in some cases, was marrying the biological father.
Among white and Hispanic women who had a first child outside of marriage, those who married the biological father of their child and remained married to him did have better health at age 40 than did those who didn't have partners. But that advantage did not apply to black women, who have a larger percentage of out-of-wedlock births compared to women of other racial and ethnic groups.
"Marriage to the father of their child tends to help by providing women with economic and social support, but black women are disadvantaged in marriage in both of those respects," Williams said. "Black single mothers are more likely to marry men who have poor economic prospects, in part because decades of poverty have contributed to a shortage of marriageable men."
These results cast doubt on the benefits of government efforts to promote marriage for the health of women most affected by such undertakings, Williams said. Beginning with the 1996 U.S. welfare reform act, federal and state governments have developed programs to promote marriage, particularly among low-income single mothers. These efforts have included public advertising campaigns emphasizing the importance of marriage and programs providing relationship skills training.
"Studies have shown the average benefits of marriage to women in the general population," Williams said. "But this study shows that these benefits don't apply equally to single mothers, at least when it comes to health. They have too much working against them to benefit from marriage in most cases."
The study was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
About the American Sociological Association and the American Sociological ReviewThe American Sociological Association (www.asanet.org), founded in 1905, is a non-profit membership association dedicated to serving sociologists in their work, advancing sociology as a science and profession, and promoting the contributions to and use of sociology by society. The American Sociological Review is the ASA's flagship journal.
The research article described above is available by request for members of the media. For a copy of the full study, contact Daniel Fowler, ASA's Media Relations and Public Affairs Officer, at (202) 527-7885 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Teacher resources and professional development across the curriculum
Teacher professional development and classroom resources across the curriculum
Post War Asia
The United States in the 1950s
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County taps former head of wastewater division as interim
Clackamas County has named J. Michael Read as interim director of Water Environment Services while the county recruits for a permanent director.
Read has served as general manager of the Oak Lodge Sanitary District since 2008, a position he will maintain while heading WES. He has worked in the sanitary sewer and surface water management industry for over 30 years, including as director of WES from 1997 to 2002.
I am proud to represent Clackamas County Water Environment Services, an organization committed to protecting and enhancing water quality in our region, and I look forward to contributing my experience to ensure customers receive the best possible value for these essential services, Read said.
Mike Kuenzi, the previous director of WES, has been under fire this year for awarding contracts without competitive bidding and wrongfully firing a whistle-blower. WES manages three service districts, operating five wastewater treatment plants that produce 6 billion gallons of clean water each year and provides surface water management services which reduce pollution in rivers, streams and wetlands.


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- Group Stories : Once Upon A Time In Th E Woods
Once upon a time in th e woods
My ex wife and I did some pretty kinky things. One summer we spent most of the summer fucking in public and with other people watching. There is a secluded location near here that bi and gay men hang out and meet each other as well as get intimate. Some couples go there as well. The evening was a warm summer evening. My ex dressed in only my shirt, a short sleeve button up blue Arrow brand.
She left the lower three buttons undone allowing me a good look at her hairy bush. We decided to go to this secluded spot and play around. We had a mini van with captain chairs in the front and room between the seats. She leaned her seat back on the way slowly playing with her pussy on the way, making it wet and hot. I could see the small beads on her hair around her swollen lips as she rubbed her pussy for me.
We pulled onto the dirt road and carefully made our way around the ruts and dips. We drove past a group of people watching two people. One man was on his knees slowly sucking a cock, as the person leaned against his truck. We slowed and watched, as we passed by. My ex groaned softly as she rubbed harder looking at the two men. We drove just a little farther past the crowd and parked facing back the direction of the group we had passed.
She climbed across the van as she unbuttoned her shirt the rest of the way revealing her breasts, her nipples hard and erect. Her breath coming in short gasps as she worked to pull my shorts down and release my hard cock. She pulled my cock the rest of the way out of my shorts, stopping to lick the precum from the tip as she looked me in the eyes. She bent and began to swallow my dick, her shirt riding up her back exposing her ass. I started to run my hand over her ass dipping my finger into her wet pussy. Each time I would slip a finger into her wet cunt she would suck more of my cock into her mouth moaning and gyrating her ass on my finger. I watched my dick disappear into her mouth feeling her pussy contract around my finger.
I looked up from watching her to see a group of men gathering around the van. Some were stroking their cocks. One guy came to the passenger side and watched through the open window as Rose moved her ass and sucked my cock. He asked if he could lick her cunt. I motioned for him to go ahead, open the door, and have a taste. He wasted no time in opening the door and leaning in to taste the sweet pussy that I continued to play with. He reached up under her and began to finger her nipple as he started licking and sucking her cunt. She buried her head in my lap taking all of my cock into her mouth and throat as he tweaked her nipples and ate her out. She began to breath harder, slurping, and sucking harder on my cock. She jammed her wet pussy back on his face as she came, screaming, and bucking. She pulled away from my cock and turned to look at who had made her cum. She leaned back on me and spread her pussy with one hand as she pulled his head between her legs.
She reached around behind my head and pulled me down to kiss her while her pussy was being eaten out by the stranger. She whispered that she needed a good fucking, and that she wanted me in her pussy. She gasped and kissed me deeply as she came again coating the guys' face. She pushed him away as she climbed across the seats to mount me. She pulled the shirt all the way off and then slowly sat down on my hard cock. She watched the guys stroking their cocks telling them how good my cock felt sliding into her hot pussy. Rose reached out the open window and began to stroke one of the cocks that were close to the door. She slowly stroked the cock in rhythm with her sliding up and down on my cock. I watched as she told the guy she loved to see a cock shoot and she wanted him to shoot all over the side of the car. She stopped riding my cock with it buried deep in her pussy.
Holding very still she stroked the cock telling me how hot she was with a cock in her pussy and jacking another one off. She pulled the cock over closer and lightly kissed the head while she stroked faster and faster. The guy could not hold off any longer and shot a big gob of cum on the door. I felt her pussy contract around my dick as he pumped jiz down the side of the door. As soon as he finished shooting the guys all rushed up offering her another dick to jack off and suck. Rose started to jack another dick while another guy pushed closer to the door jacking his cock towards her face. She turned her head slightly and licked the tip of his dick as he continued to jack his dick.
She started to move her hips back and forth on my cock as she watched and jacked and sucked the cocks as she leaned out of the window. As the cock she was licking on started to cum, he shot cum on her face and chin. She moaned as she jacked the other cock harder leaning towards that cock so that he could shoot on her face. She started telling him to shoot on her face grinding her pussy harder down on my cock. When the second guy shot his load hitting her on her face she moaned and leaned forward. She then started to move up and down on my cock rocking her hips back forth as she rode up and down on my cock.
All the guys watched her cum soaked face, as she turned to me ignoring the other cocks that were now at the side of the van. She took her fingers and scooped what cum that was still left on her face and hadn't dropped down on her exposed breasts. She then started rubbing the cum into her nipples as she groaned and came all over my dick. I couldn't take any more at this point and shot my load deep in her pussy. We rested for only a moment while we recovered. She then looked at all of the cocks still waiting. She smiled at me and told me watch this. She picked one of the cocks out of the crowd and motioned him to come around the van to the passenger side. She slowly got off of my shrinking cock and got on her knees facing me. She stuck ass up in the air and directed the guy on the passenger side to eat her cream pie. She open my door and reach for another cock as she began to slowly lick my cum and her juices off of my cock.
She stroked the cock standing at the driver's door while the other guy on the passenger side started to eat her out. She stroked the cock looking at the guy while she swallowed my cock. The guy on the passenger side started to finger her pussy. She bucked back on his fingers as he ate her well-fucked pussy and finger fucked her. She stroked the guy at the driver's side in the same rhythm as the guy fingered her and began going up and down on my cock at the same time. I noticed another man was standing behind the pussy licker. He was reaching around him stroking his cock. Suddenly the pussy licker moaned as the person behind him entered his ass.
I sat watching all of this with my wife at the center, my cock buried deep in her throat. I came again sooner than I planned at watching all of the action. My wife came hard and pulled her mouth off of my cock and surprised me when she leaned over and sucked the guy she hand been stroking. When he came she pulled away just in time for some of his cum to land on my cock. It was hot and sexy in a strange kind of way. She licked him clean and then knelt down and cleaned his spent cum off of my cock.
The guys on the passenger side came the second guy filling the pussy licker's ass full of cum and then the pussy licker shot his load on the back of rose's legs. We all regained some composure and thanks the guys before we drove off. On the way home Rose leaned her seat back and played with her pussy, letting the used cum dry. She did not bother to cover herself and I was hard by the time we got home. We pulled into the garage and shut the door so she did not have to put clothes back on to go in the house. Once in the house I took her to a nice bubble bath and washed her from head to toe before I took her to bed where we made love slowly. We had many good times. We have since divorced, my new girl is excited about trying the lifestyle. We are looking for females at the present check our profile out.


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Business College jumps in rankings of undergraduate international business programsUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
UH Manoa College of Business Administration
US News & World Report has ranked the UH Manoa College of Business Administration 13th in the nation for its undergraduate international business programs — a jump from 17th last year.
"We are really pleased that our continued emphasis on a high-quality international business program is paying off with this kind of recognition," said Dean Vance Roley. "We see this as a significant improvement in the rankings, and this further supports our top 25 international business ranking for our MBA program that we received last spring."
In April, the publication ranked the College's graduate program in International Business among the best in the nation — tied for 21st with Dartmouth College and George Washington University. The Manoa program has been ranked in the top 25 in International Business for the past 6 years.
The ranking is based on two types of data: expert opinion about program quality and statistical indicators that measure the quality of faculty, research and students, and is based on an annual survey of business Deans from programs accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business.
The UHM College of Business offers various MBA programs with an Asia-Pacific focus such as the Vietnam Executive MBA, Japan-Focused MBA and the new China International MBA program starting Fall 2007.
This year, the Vietnam Executive MBA program in Hanoi is expanding to include a second site in Ho Chi Minh City.
America's Best Colleges 2007 - US News & World Report
International Business Programs
1. Univ. of South Carolina—Columbia
2. New York University
3. University of Michigan—Ann Arbor
4. University of Pennsylvania
5. University of California—Berkeley
6. University of Texas—Austin
7. Florida International University
8. Univ. of Missouri—St. Louis; Georgetown University (DC)
10. Temple University (PA); San Diego State University
12. University of Washington
13. University of Hawaii—Manoa; Indiana University—Bloomington
15. Univ. of Southern California; U. of North Carolina—Chapel Hill; Northeastern University (MA)


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MIAMI – Awards in whatever walk of life typically honor the latest recipients, and if they happen to be named after someone, there occasionally can be some head-scratching and quizzical looks as to who that was and what exactly they did to get a trophy named after them.
A bunch of hockey players, for instance, are grinding out a championship series over the next two weeks for a silver cup named for … Lord Stanley? And the NBA surely gets it that while everyone knows what an MVP is, not everyone knows that Maurice Podoloff – for whom the trophy is named – was the league's first commissioner.
The Twyman/Stokes Teammate of the Year Award is going to be different, if the league and the players who win it have anything to say about it.
The new postseason award – won for 2012-13 by Los Angeles Clippers guard Chauncey Billups – was created precisely to keep the names Jack Twyman and Maurice Stokes alive as symbols of sportsmanship, selflessness and other traits associated with not-just-good-but-great teammates.
Their story – Twyman becoming legal guardian and advocate for Stokes after his Cincinnati Royals teammate suffered a paralyzing brain injury in 1958, helping with his medical costs, sticking by his friend – is one that resonated throughout the league long after Stokes' death in 1970 at age 36, and even more so after Twyman's passing in 2012.
"The relationship shared by Jack and Maurice is as profound an illustration of compassionate and unconditional fellowship between two teammates that the NBA has ever seen," NBA commissioner David Stern said at the presentation ceremony an hour before Game 2 of The Finals Sunday.
"We will get the opportunity to retell the story of Maurice Stokes and Jack Twyman on each occasion of the award's being given."
Billups, a 16-year veteran, directed some of his remarks upon accepting the award to son Jay Twyman and other members of Twyman's family who attended the event at AmericanAirlines Arena. "I think even older players like myself to the younger guys need to know the story," he said. "The story is the most unbelievable story I've ever heard in sports. And I'm just glad that my name could be mentioned alongside Mr. Twyman."
At 36, having played for seven different NBA franchises, one could say that Billups was on the campaign trail without ever knowing about it. He was chosen in a vote of all NBA players from a ballot of 12 nominees, six from each conference selected by a panel of NBA Legends. The criteria: selfless play, on- and off-court leadership as a mentor and role model to other NBA players, and his commitment and dedication to his team. Or in his case, teams.
Other finalists included Jerry Stackhouse (Brooklyn Nets), Luke Walton (Cleveland Cavaliers), Andre Iguodala (Denver Nuggets), Jarrett Jack (Golden State Warriors), Roy Hibbert (Indiana Pacers), Shane Battier (Miami Heat), Roger Mason, Jr. (New Orleans Hornets), Jason Kidd (New York Knicks), Serge Ibaka (Oklahoma City Thunder), Manu Ginobili (San Antonio Spurs), and Emeka Okafor (Washington Wizards).
A point system was used — 10 points for a first-place vote, seven for second, five for third, three for fourth and one for fifth. Players were not allowed to vote for a player on their own team.
That last part might seem odd for a "teammate" award, but Billups – whose leadership was key to the Detroit Pistons' 2004 NBA championship – is known throughout the players' community as a solid citizen, generous with his time and more.
Noting that he never has had to sacrifice for a teammate the way Twyman did in caring for Stokes, Billups said: "I had to help a few teammates through some really, really tough family situations in a few different ways. … I never thought twice about it because I knew they needed it, and they respected me enough and looked up to me enough to ask me."


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GENEVA – In a sport like gymnastics, team accomplishments can be easily overshadowed by individual performances. At high school meets, each athlete represents her school, but it's individual results – and those only – that determine final team standings.
That makes it all the more impressive what Geneva girls gymnastics coach Kim Hostman has done in her 13-year tenure with the Vikings. With a team-first mentality, Geneva celebrated a fifth-place finish at the 2013 IHSA State meet without an individual athlete scoring among the top finalists.
Hostman took over a program with minimal expectations and morphed it into one that aspires to annually compete and place well at the IHSA State meet. The veteran coach attributes much of the program's success to doing things together as a team, whether it's training, working out or just hanging out.
"The girls are very close. We have two seniors, two juniors a sophomore and a freshman, and the freshman [Claire Rose Ginsberg] happens to be the sister of one of them [Grace] so that's really nice because she fits right in," Hostman said. "They are a really close, dynamic group and they're really focused on what our goals are."
The Vikings' family atmosphere has had added meaning the last couple of years with the Ginsbergs – junior Grace, freshman Claire and recently graduated Jenna – adding to the close-knit environment. The current Ginsberg tandem has helped Geneva light up the scoreboard as the Vikings recently won the prestigious Red Devil Invite along with taking first at Glenbard East.
At the Red Devil Invite, Claire Ginsburg won the vault (9.6), beam (9.45) and floor (9.4) while taking second (9.0) to Geneva's Dominique Brognia (9.150) in the bars to earn the all around win with a 37.50. Brognia's 35.775 was good for second overall as Geneva won the overall Invite title with a 141.925, eclipsing the 140.0 goal that Hostman hoped for.
"We're definitely pushing each other each week and at each meet; we started off really well, which is a good thing and our scores are getting higher and higher with each meet," Brognia said. "The team is really close; outside of practice we'll have team bonding things like sleepovers or we'll go out to get frozen yogurt as a team to get closer."
Brognia was close with the eldest Ginsberg sister, Jenna, who is now a track athlete at Saint Louis University. The wisdom imparted by Jenna along with 2013 graduate and team captain Ashley Puff has helped Brognia lead the talented Vikings.
"Dom is our main all arounder – she sort of leads the group and she does really well. She was strong last year and this year she has really taken that role on. With Dom being an all-arounder, the girls have really looked up to her," Hostman said. "It was hard losing our captain from last year Ashley Puff and the other Ginsberg sister Jenna. To lose them but have the rest of our crew step up has been really good. "
The Vikings knew what they had in Brognia, but the emergence of Claire Ginsberg has helped Geneva push past expectations from a score-standpoint. Hostman's goal setting for each meet has given the Vikings a yardstick to try and hit, and they've done so successfully at every turn.
"We were most excited about the team win (at the Red Devil Invite) because we came out tired the night before (at DeKalb)," Claire Ginsberg said. "We kind of hit the standards for this season at that meet so hopefully we can eventually do better than that. It's a good feeling when you can win a meet (individually) but nothing feels as good as winning as a team."
While sleepovers and frozen yogurt undoubtedly bring a team closer, it's the work the team puts in during practice and events that matters most. Hostman puts an enormous emphasis throughout the year on physical conditioning, with a lot of time spent at practice working on cardio, stretching, abs and overall strength. Hostman believes the focus on training throughout the grueling year will help when it matters most – the postseason.
"In the summer we have a camp we do and then we get back at it in the fall. During season, we work out everyday from 3-6 p.m.; we do cardio and stretch together and do a lot of conditioning to keep their bodies strong," Hostman said. "We do a lot of running and weightlifting – and they strive to get better in it, and it shows in the girls. If we can keep them healthy, that's key to going deep into the postseason."
If Geneva continues eclipsing Hostman's goals, the Vikings could achieve the ultimate team goal – winning state. No matter what happens, the Vikings will do it as a family.


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I probably won't live to see it but I am looking forward to when we can directly observe in more detail the area surrounding the event horizon of black holes. There is so much we do not understand about the Universe and overall cosmology, but black holes by their very nature will probably be one of the last frontiers as we continue to peel back the layers of knowledge in our understanding of the nature of the Universe as a whole.
There are also potentially practical applications given far greater technology than we have now. Imagine using black holes to generate energy, or as massive particle accelerator laboratories!
Do you think that black holes receive a notably more 'mystical' treatment than most other scientific phenomena that can only be usefully talked about in terms of fairly high level math? They certainly get their share of time whenever a SyFy special needs some sort of treknobabble to work with; but by the standards of things that eat photons and defy direct observation they seem to be doing reasonably well...
phenomena that can only be usefully talked about in terms of fairly high level math?
A black hole is a ball of stuff with an extremely high density and an extremely small volume, which exerts an extreme gravitational pull that not even light can escape.
There, no high level math, and no mysticism, and only minor inaccuracies (volume vs mathematical point).
I believe the idea of black holes largely developed as a result of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. In particular, the Schwarzschild solution to the equations Einstein proposed described a stationary black hole, and the Kerr solution described a rotating black hole. Several others contributed. The math associated with the General Theory of Relativity is fairly dense IMHO, with things like tensor calculus that are rarely addressed until graduate level classes.
We only get simple math if we apply Ne
Any mathematics, sufficiently advanced, is indistinguishable from magic.
To me, I would think it suggests that high-intensity fields, in this case gravitational, can affect matter. Look at it from the opposite end of scale. Lets assume we have a point generating a magnetic field, the space surrounding that point can then be filled with free-floating, very fine iron particles. Ramp up the intensity of the field and set it spinning, it *will* affect the iron particles in the direction of its rotation, which would drag the particles around it.
At least, it sounds plausible.
Wow! You totally stole this from Will Wheaton off TNG. Ok, not really, but have you considered writing?
The media and a large percentage of the population treat *everything* with a degree of 'mysticism'. Anything that can't be understood in a sentence becomes ghosts, psychic phenomena, "god's hand", etc. etc.
Trained careers like medicine, law, and science become overly dramatic and so highly fictionalized in entertainment that the people who relate to the statement above assume that crimes really are solved in an 8 hour shift, deathly illnesses can always be cured with a single injection in the way we might treat something with epinephrine, and that all physics can be described in a few phrases by Deepak Chopra.
And there's a high level of resistance to combating that 'mysticism'.
Even recently I encountered someone who said that psychics/mediums are frauds... except HER medium...
Ha! "HER medium" must of been one of those certified psychics!
It isn't really physically possible (at least, not so far as we know) for a black hole to be considered as a solid physical body. You see, the event horizon isn't the only place where the gravity prevents matter from escaping. Gravity increases until you hit the "outer" part of any body, which means if we assume for a second the event horizon occurs outside all the matter of the former star (which it does), gravity will be slightly more intense inside the horizon. That means that as you travel into the black hole until you reach the outer limit of the physical object itself, gravity will still increase and retain the property of inescapability. What that means is the outer shell of matter can't interact with everything inside, so the normal pressure from electromagnetic and nuclear forces can't keep the outer shell from collapsing inwards (the force literally can't push outwards, since gravity pulls it back).
That means the outer layer of matter will always collapse inwards, closer to the center, and as that happens, the body becomes more dense and the place where gravity forms a horizon extends ever closer to the center of the black hole. Normally, gravity would decrease after you entered the physical body, so near the center of the black hole there should still be a solid physical body where gravity is less than that required to form a horizon, but as the outer layer of the black hole continually falls downwards (it literally can't do anything else), the space near the center where the black hole retains normal physical properties of a star should diminish to nothing.
Another fascinating thing is that at the very center, there should be no gravity at all, by the simple rule of symmetry. But the black hole is ever shrinking towards that spot, so that the density approaches infinity and the entire matter of the star becomes condensed into a point with infinite gravitational force. So the center should also end up with infinity gravity. Which is impossible, or should be. That's why black holes are and always will remain a huge mystery, barring some incredible new scientific revelation that overturns the entire theory of... well, nearly everything.
In other words, for black holes to be treated as solid physical objects, a new force that defies the theory of general relativity (it would have to travel faster than light to allow the matter towards the center of the hole to interact with the matter towards the outer part of the hole) would need to be discovered. And that seems unlikely, although not impossible by any means.
Your assessment is correct, but you forgot (or left out) one key fact:
a black hole's gravity is so strong that it warps space itself.
As a black hole drags material into itself, the gravity is so great that it breaks the very bonds of matter, and anything beyond the event horizon ends up composed of pure neutrinos or planck units or strings (or whatever..), and if its strong enough to break matter down into that form, on that scale, there's no telling what could happen as a result.
The one thing I don't really see reflected in your treatment of the physics is time.
If I fell into a black hole, I'd accelerate towards the center. By the time that I got there, would anything still be left there? I'd never encounter matter before the center, since it would be falling in ahead of me and so would any force carriers it emits in my direction. From my own frame of reference little time would have passed by the time I reached the center. However, from the external universe's perspective quit
I postulate this is where sock mates and end wrenches from sets, wind up in the end.
Intangibles too , like morality of politicians, virginity of the inebriated and value of copyright disappear down these mystical toilets.
If you remove the mysticism from something and define it prematurely, you end it's potential value which may be discovered later and put to use as beneficial. Beware of those declaring scientific fact and question their motives, lest we end up with a flat earth that the Sun revolves around.
What?!?!? You found my missing socks? That Black Hole owes me a Shit TON of cotton!
There are also potentially practical applications given far greater technology than we have now. Imagine using black holes to generate energy, or as massive particle accelerator laboratories!
A black hole could also be used as a gravitational slingshot for interstellar voyages. Come in as close to the event horizon as you dare, and burn your fuel deep in the gravity well. This could easily shave a few millenniums off the duration of a voyage across the galaxy.
I can't imagine wanting to get close enough to a black hole to utilize it for production, can you imagine it's more likely potential for disposal? Pollution, politicians, lawyers and holiday fruitcake are the most useful fodder. The ultimate document shredder as well.
concentrated in a region at the galactic core that is only about the size of the Solar System.
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/active/smblack.html [utk.edu]
was compressed into the subject
never made it past the event horizon.
"Some of the material from this orbiting 'accretion disk' is also falling into the black hole, like water swirling down a drain."
Isn't that pretty much the reason it's called an "accretion disk"?
But a black hole is a barrier where stuff can go in, but nothing can come out.
Stuff comes out... that's what the jets are.
It's broken down into very basic radiation. Not sure why this seems to always be overlooked by people...
The jets originate near the event horizon, not inside. The matter near the horizon is very hot moving quickly, leading to all kinds of magnetic interactions/etc. However, I don't think anybody fully understands how jets work - hence the desire to get better imaging of the area around the event horizon.
Once inside the black hole nothing escapes, except in the form of hawking radiation. Hawking radiation is VERY weak in general, and shouldn't have any significant effect on things like jets that operate on a
... Hawking radiation is VERY weak in general, and shouldn't have any significant effect on things like jets that operate on a galactic scale...
Just how weak? The amount of energy radiation by the M-87 black hole is just 10^-46 watts. How small is this? It would take 25 billion times the age of the Universe for the M-87 black hole to emit the energy of one photon of visible light (the smallest quantity of energy a human could directly detect). Hawking radiation drops with the inverse square of the mass, and so become immeasurable for all astronomical black holes.
Our universe is 13.5 billion years old because 13.5 billion years ago a black hole formed inside of the parent universe that contains it. Crap could still be falling into it from the parent and that may be what causes the readings we attribute to such things as dark matter and expansion.
Not so fast. Inside the event horizon, distance from the the center becomes time-like, so you cannot move further from the center, while time becomes space-like. Seen from the inside, the event horizon is a time-point, not a position. So all mass materializes at the same time (it might move a bit further back in time as the black hole becomes larger), which kind of looks like a big bang.
electrons have spin but they have no size, they are point entities. if they had any spacial extent at all they would have to be spinning faster than lightspeed to yield their obverved spin properties. how does that make you feel? how does a point entity spin?
"This is lemma 1.1. We start a new chapter so the numbers all go back to one." -- Prof. Seager, C&O 351


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Kim Takes Home Three Awards
NEW HAVEN, Conn. – The Yale season ending banquet saw the announcement of junior Annie Killian as the 2010-11 captain but it also featured the handing out of the team's annual awards. The big winners this year were senior Susan Kim and freshman Alex Forrester. Kim took home three awards, while Forrester took home two.
Kim and Forrester split the Heaton High Point Award. The Heaton High Point Award is awarded to that swimmer or diver who has scored the highest possible number of points for the team in dual meet competition for the past season.
Kim also took home the M. Davies Award and the William Leeming Jelliffe Award. The M. Davies Award is donated by the family of Melindi Davies, class of 1998, and is awarded for outstanding performance in breaststroke swimming. This is the fourth straight year that Kim has won this award. The Jelliffe award is given out to that senior who has shown the greatest progress and development in swimming ability and outstanding leadership during her college years. This prize is given in memory of William Leeming Jelliffe by his father, the late Dr. Smith Ely Jelliffe.
Forrester's other award was the Harry Burke Award, which was established in 1966 by the Yale Swimming Association and is awarded for outstanding contribution to Yale Swimming by an underclassmen. It honors Yale's former freshman swim coach.
The Tim Jecko Award, which is awarded annually to a member of the men's team and the women's team for outstanding performances in the individual medley, went to junior Kristin Darwin. It was established in 2004 in honor of Tim Jecko '59 by the Yale Class of 1959. Jecko, a member of the 1956 United States Olympic Team, won many national championships and held many records in freestyle, butterfly and the individual medley.
Senior Deb Gruen won the MacLeish Memorial Swimming Trophy. The trophy was established in 1936 by Hassted R. Vanderpoel '35S in memory of Kenneth MacLeish '18, who was killed in World War I. It is awarded to that member of the Yale swimming team, who through her efforts and high ideals in sportsmanship and loyalty, best exemplifies the spirit of Kenneth MacLeish.
Sophomore Emily Dominski and freshman Molly Albrecht shared the S. Livingston Mather Award, which is donated by the late S. Livingston Mather, class of 1905, and is awarded for outstanding performance in backstroke swimming.
The Eleanor "Bobbie" Dawson Award was awarded to Killian. This award is presented by the Yale Swimming Association and is awarded to that upperclassmember of the women's varsity team who has contributed immeasurably to the Yale Swimming tradition by her dedication and personal achievements. The award honors the former secretary of Robert Kiphuth and Phil Moriarty, national official, and supporter of Yale Swimming, Eleanor "Bobbie" Dawson.
Report filed by Charles Moore '10, Yale Sports Publicity


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In 1914, Henry Ford announced he was more than doubling the average wage of Ford Motor Co. factory workers to $5 a day, in part so they could afford a Model T. His act took the world by surprise, spurred auto sales and helped create an American middle class.
One hundred years later, U.S. companies including Gap Inc. and Wal-Mart Stores Inc. are caught up in the debate over raising pay -- this time an increase in the federal minimum wage. President Barack Obama and Senate Democrats want to raise it to $10.10 an hour from $7.25, saying doing so will bolster the economy and reduce income inequality. House Republicans and industry groups oppose the plan, deeming it a job killer.
"When Henry Ford announced the 5-dollar-day, the response was that it would diminish the auto industry and bankrupt his company," Harley Shaiken, a labor economist at the University of California, Berkeley, said in an interview. "Instead it jump-started purchasing power, reduced turnover and increased the profitability of Ford Motor Co. There's a lesson we can still learn from that."
A boost in the minimum wage to $10.10 would add $200 million -- or less than 1 percent -- to Wal-Mart's annual labor bill, the University of California Berkeley Center for Labor Research and Education estimates.
If Wal-Mart passed along the estimated $200 million in extra labor cost to consumers, it would equal about a penny per $16 item, said Ken Jacobs, the Labor Center's chairman. Meanwhile, the rise may boost purchases among the chain's core shoppers, many of whom could see their earnings climb, he said.
Income Equality
The corrosive effects of income inequality on companies came into renewed focus yesterday when Wal-Mart said profit this year will trail analysts' estimates as its low-income U.S. customers continue to struggle. The Bentonville, Arkansas-based retailer, which previously backed a higher minimum wage, is trying to assess whether raising it again would help or hurt.
Gap Inc. didn't wait for Congress to act and announced raises for store workers starting next year. Obama hailed the San Franciso-based chain's action and urged others to follow.
Economists say raising the wage will help low-wage workers. In a report this month, the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office said that while raising the federal minimum wage to $10.10 an hour could wipe out as many as 500,000 jobs, it could also boost the incomes of 16.5 million low-wage workers by $31 billion in 2016.
Better Customers
"High wages make your employees better customers," Wallace Hopp, associate dean of faculty and research at the University of Michigan's Stephen M. Ross School of Business, said in an interview. "You're putting this money in the hands of people who are most definitely going to spend it. They're not socking it away in mutual funds. The money goes back into the economy pretty quickly."
While the U.S. economic recovery is in its fifth year, disposable incomes only inched up in 2013, for the fourth year in a row. Low-income shoppers have been buying mostly necessities even as more well-heeled consumers shell out for bigger-ticket items such as appliances and cars. As a result, Ford and General Motors Co. last year posted the strongest auto sales in the U.S. since 2007. By contrast, retailers from Wal- Mart to Lululemon Athletica Inc. have cut their forecasts.
For Wal-Mart, the question is whether a higher minimum wage would sufficiently boost sales by putting more money in shoppers' wallets to offset higher labor costs. Figuring that out isn't easy because it's hard to predict consumer behavior, David Tovar, a company spokesman, said in an interview.
Model Behavior
Would increased consumer spending "offset and maybe even exceed whatever impact you pay out to associates?" he said. "It's really hard to model behavior based on these kinds of changes."
Wal-Mart won't reveal the potential added costs or potential impact. The calculations for the Berkeley study are based on Wal-Mart's wage distribution data, which the company published as part of a lawsuit more than a decade ago, Jacobs said. That data is indexed to Wal-Mart's average full-time wage, which the company updates each year, and his estimates of its state and federal minimum wage workforce are very close to the retailer's, he said.
"It's a rough estimate, but however you change the parameters, at $10.10 you are not going to come up with a big number vis-à-vis their overall cost structure of business," Jacobs said.
Cushion Costs
Other large discount retailers and dollar stores may similarly see higher sales, which may help them to cushion the additional labor costs. Such an outcome reinforces the view of minimum wage supporters that a hike bodes well for consumer spending, 70 percent of the economy.
Much of the extra cash that workers would get is likely to go to basic goods, such as clothing and food, resulting in a "very modest" impact, said Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moody's Analytics Inc. in West Chester, Pennsylvania.
Labor-intensive businesses like restaurants could find the wage hikes more difficult to absorb than large retailers.
Even so, the debate about raising the minimum wage goes beyond the immediate lift it would provide to purchases, according to Joshua Shapiro, chief U.S. economist at Maria Fiorini Ramirez Inc.
"There is plenty of merit in the economic argument, but that's hardly the entire argument," Shapiro said. People "are stuck in a cycle of crappy jobs" and "we need to ask ourselves, why do we have this situation? In general, paying people wages that they can live on is something every industrialized society should be able to do."
Similar Arguments
Nine years ago, Wal-Mart was making purchasing-power arguments similar to the ones being made by Obama and Democrats today. In 2005, H. Lee Scott, then Wal-Mart's chief executive officer, urged Congress to raise the minimum wage, saying the company's customers "are struggling to get by."
"The U.S. minimum wage of $5.15 an hour has not been raised in nearly a decade and we believe it is out of date with the times," Scott said in a speech to company executives. "Our customers simply don't have the money to buy basic necessities between pay checks."
Support from Wal-Mart helped Democrats push through the last increase in the wage floor after the party won control of both chambers of Congress in the 2006 midterm elections. Just three Senate Republicans opposed the 2007 rise, which also drew the backing of more than a third of House Republicans.
This time Wal-Mart has staked out a neutral position. The political optics have changed too. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, a Nevada Democrat, plans to bring the latest minimum-wage proposal to the Senate floor next month. The legislation faces long odds on Capitol Hill. Democrats, who control 55 seats in the 100-member Senate chamber, may struggle to garner 60 votes to advance the bill.


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GENEVA – Geneva Police Officer Penny Boedigheimer and her friend, North Aurora resident Tracey Wright, walked 30 miles last month to raise money to find a cure for children's cancer.
"We trained for months, over 100 miles and did this 30-mile hike in 13.5 hours on Tecumseh Trail in Yellowwood Forest in Indiana," Boedigheimer said. "We had a whole team of 17 people. ... The team has raised $39,396."
With nearly 13,500 children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer each year, one out of every five does not survive and three of five who are diagnosed suffer devastating, long-term side effects, Boedigheimer said in her fundraising statement.
Boedigheimer and Wright will be among others at a post-hike party celebrating their walk from 6 p.m. to midnight Saturday at Orlando's Pizza, 821 E. State St., Geneva.
The party is open to the public to raise money for the cause, Boedigheimer said. The team hopes to raise an additional $2,000 at the post-hike party. Boedigheimer and Wright also made up a two-person sub-team, called Peacemakers, and together raised $3,000, she said. Their goal is $5,000.
"Come, have pizza, join the raffle or just make a donation – whatever you want to do," Boedigheimer said.
Wright, a survivor of ovarian cancer, said 20 percent of everything sold at Orlando's will go to CureSearch for Children's Cancer.
"I was diagnosed at 29, and I've been cancer-free 12 years," said Wright, who now is 42.
In the past, Boedigheimer also has shaved her head as part of St. Baldrick's Foundation, which raises money to find a cure for children's cancer.


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In case you missed the news at the VGAs, Naughty Dog's The Last of Us will be hitting PS3 on May 7th. And, as part of its membership of the AAA video game club, it needs to be bundled with pre-order bonuses. Reservations at "participating retailers" will entitle you to the "Sights and Sounds Pack," which includes the game's official soundtrack, a PS3 dynamic theme featuring the box art (pictured above), and two PSN avatars.
Pre-ordering at GameStop will net you the aforementioned bonus as well as the "Survival Pack," which includes bonuses for the game's not-yet-revealed multiplayer mode. You'll get bonus XP, a melee attack booster, in-game cash, and special skins for multiplayer and single-player.
Here's the brand new trailer from the VGAs, in case you missed it:
BOOM video 14360


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Strawberry Hill Nature Preserve will host Spring on the Hill from 1 to 4 p.m. Saturday, April 20.
FAIRFIELD —Strawberry Hill Nature Preserve will host Spring on the Hill from 1 to 4 p.m. Saturday, April 20.
More than 5,000 students visit Strawberry Hill annually and the preserve's education programs will be showcased throughout the day. They include:
Five Senses
Nature Discovery
Tracks and Traces
Aquatic Communities; Watersheds and Wetlands
Seasonal Change
Endangered Species
The cost is $5 per program and advance registration is preferred.
In addition, the Gettysburg Montessori School will participate in a Trout Release Day and George Hammond, a licensed Pennsylvania fishing guide from Custom-Tied, will demonstrate fly tying and conduct a fly casting contest.
There also will be live music and arts and crafts vendors.


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My presentation Failed Evidence on January 31 at the University of Toledo College of Law — lively, well attended, and intense — featured a great question that I want to put to everyone.
One person in attendance was a man who is a police chief in Ohio. He's had a long and distinguished career; I had the great privilege of working with him some years ago, when I was a member of the University of Toledo faculty. In one part of my presentation on Failed Evidence, I discussed the more than 300 cases since 1989 in which DNA identification has resulted in an exoneration. In the Q & A after the talk, the chief asked a question about the 300-plus cases. I'll paraphrase: among those cases, he said, there would be some in which the DNA results disproved the conviction, but did not necessarily prove the defendant was not guilty. This is because, he said, the absence of the defendant's DNA may not support guilt, but it also does not necessarily prove innocence either. (I'm hoping I understood his comment/question correctly and am conveying it clearly.) Was I prepared to admit that in at least some of the 300 cases, the defendants might indeed be guilty, even if the DNA had resulted in the defendant's release and the dropping of charges?
I have had this question asked of me before, and heard it posed to others. I gave my answer, but I would like very much to hear yours. What do you think? Is the question correct, or is it based on certain assumptions that may not hold? What would your answer to the question be?


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DENISON, Tex. -- A Pottsboro man was rescued today after falling thirty feet into Lake Texoma. Authorities say they managed to save the man's life, and our own Emi FitzGerald captured the rescue on video.
Eisenhower State Park rangers say the man was standing on a cliff shooting a gun Friday afternoon when he fell off and into the water of Lake Texoma.
They say they weren't too surprised to find that alcohol was involved in the bizarre incident.
Rangers say they received reports of shots being fired at the park around noon Friday.
When they arrived, they discovered a man had slipped about thirty feet off the cliff onto ground near the bank of the lake.
They found his gun nearby, and say no one else was involved. Rescue crews found it was easier to reach the man by boat.
He was taken to Texoma Medical Center but officials say he didn't appear to have life threatening injuries.
Park rangers say the ground at the park is slippery after the recent rain, which along with the alcohol, contributed to the man's fall.
Because of the slick conditions, rangers advise all visitors to watch their footing.
"The area around the bluffs is very muddy. So we don't know if it was on accident or on purpose but he ended up at the bottom of a 30-foot cliff. You can see skid marks from the top of the cliff to where he ended up," said park ranger Park Kisel.
The park rangers aren't releasing the man's identity but say he's from Pottsboro and in his 40's.
They are still investigating why the man was firing his gun.


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Resize built-in a list of popular preset buttons such as iPhone, iPad, Google Nexus one, Netbooks and Laptops. You can resize Safari's width and height to selected resolution with just a single click. Hover a second on any of those buttons, a handy description for that preset will show up.
Context Menu
If you are not a big fan of using the 30
What's New
- [bug fix] Fixed the bug that resize by inner goes to maximum size instead of customized dimensions.
- Mac OS X 10.5 or later
- Safari 5.01.


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Trojans usher in Lowman era, top Indians 41-16
Trent Lowman's first football game as a senior football player at Bandys High School happened to be against St. Stephens.
Only fitting his first game as a Trojan head coach was against the Indians.
Bandys pulled together an impressive 41-16 victory over St. Stephens on Friday, successfully ushering in the Trent Lowman era.
"I was proud of our kids" Lowman said of his team's effot. "I thought we played well, but I still think we have some things to work on before we play Foard next week."
Early on the game was very competitive with both teams exchanging offensive possessions.
Bandys quarterback Logan Beegle broke open the scoring in the contest on a 39-yard pass to Jeremy Carr, putting the Trojans ahead 7-0 with 1:06 to play in the opening quarter.
Trojan running back Quiante Derr owned the second quarter, who scored two in the stanza, including a 5-yard touchdown run and a 19-yard pass from Beegle.
Bandys led 27-0 at halftime.
The Indians got on the scoreboard in the second half when running back Janarion Knox scored on a nine-yard run.
Carr added two more touchdown catches in the second half from three and 75 yards out to put a stamp on Lowman's inaugural win as Trojans coach.
Lowman and the Trojans go for 2-0 next week when the host Fred T. Foard.
St. Stephens tries to bounce back and give first-year head coach Wayne Hicks his first when when the Indians host Bunker Hill.


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Serrapeptase is a proteolytic enzyme isolated from the non-pathogenic bacteria Serratia species found in the digestive tract of the Japanese silkworm. The enzyme is used by the worms to digest their cocoons. Serrapeptase has been used as a nutritional supplement in Europe and Asia for nearly three decades. Each vegetarian capsule of Doctor's Best Best Serrapeptase contains enteric-coated pure serrapeptase designed for optimal absorption in the intestinal tract.
Serrapeptase is a proteolytic enzyme first isolated from the non-pathogenic Serratia bacteria species strain E15 by Japanese researchers in 1966. Proteolytic enzymes, as the term implies, break down proteins. Serratia E15 was discovered in the Japanese silkworm, which harnesses serrapeptase enzyme activity to break down its cocoon walls. Each enteric-coated vegetarian capsule of Best Serrapeptase and Best High Potency Serrapeptase contains pure serrapeptase designed for optimal absorption in the intestinal tract.
Note: Best Serrapeptase is quantified in "Serratiopeptidase units," which refers to the enzyme activity level. Enzymes like Serrapeptase are not measured in milligrams (mg), but in an unassociated measure of units. Best Serrapeptase has 40,000 Serratiopeptidase units per capsule, which is considered a very high amount of activity. Since Best High Potency Serrapeptase contains a tremendous 120,000 units, suggested use is only 1 capsule per day.
Promotes & Maintains Healthy Sinus and Airway Function and Supports Healthy Immune Response
The mucous membranes are a thin tissue layer or epithelium that lines the body's hollow structures (cavities) opening to the exterior, such as the upper respiratory system. They secrete a slightly viscous fluid called mucus, which is actually a complex viscoelastic gel that lubricates and moistens the cavity surfaces. As a part of normal, healthy physiology, mucus is the first line of defense in the nose and lungs to trap and filter inhaled dust, pollutants, and other potentially damaging agents. Proteolytic enzymes such as serrapeptase can break down inappropriate protein complexes in the mucus, thereby favorably influencing its properties and helping to support the healthy balance between adequate mucous viscosity/elasticity and airway comfort levels associated with the mucous membranes of the respiratory system.
Research with serrapeptase for maintenance of healthy sinus function began decades ago in Japan. Studies thus far indicate that serrapeptase is a safe and useful supplement to promote favorable viscosity of nasal and bronchial mucus. Two of the earliest human trials found that serrapeptase had favorable effects on upper airway viscosity. In these assessments, mucus was collected from participants after a 4-week supplementation period and evaluated using an rheometer to determine its viscoelastic properties. The enzyme's action most likely involves the breakdown of mucus protein structures, consequently allowing the cilia (microscopic hairlike projections in the mucosal epithelium of the upper respiratory tract) to helpfully transport mucus in the airway.
Serrapeptase can also significantly affect sputum viscoelasticity. In an investigation of forty individuals who were randomly assigned to one of five groups, six participants were given serrapeptase for one week. Sputum viscoelasticity was analyzed using a rheometer and researchers concluded that serrapeptase altered the "relaxation behavior" of sputum-meaning that serrapeptase helped support airway clearance.
In a subsequent larger double blind trial, 193 participants were randomized into two groups and were instructed to take either serrapeptase or placebo 3 times daily after meals for one week. After 4 days and at the end of the 7-8 day period, mucus secretion, airway freedom, and measures of immune response were significantly favorable in the serrapeptase group compared with the placebo group. A recent study in which the immune system of rats was challenged further confirms human data that serrapeptase can be used for supporting the immune system.
In a controlled and randomized open-label study of 29 subjects, researchers again observed the effects of serrapeptase supplementation on sputum. After 4 weeks, subjects taking serrapeptase had significantly less morning sputum with favorable viscoelasticity; furthermore, the serrapeptase group had fewer neutrophils in their sputum, signifying a more balanced immune response to maintain airway health.
About Doctor's Best
Doctor's Best produces products with the highest quality raw materials available on the market. They have direct control over and are an integral part of every aspect of product production, from formulation and raw material sourcing to finished product manufacturing. We directly purchase all active ingredients used in our products and use only the highest quality ingredients.
Every product is thoroughly researched and backed by the latest scientific studies conducted in the field. The formulations reflect the amounts of ingredients shown to be beneficial based on the results of scientific investigations. Doctor's Best uses patented, trademarked ingredients backed by scientific studies and clinical research. They never use insignificant quantities to enhance the label.
Doctor's Best directly purchases only the highest grade raw materials from proven and reputable suppliers to be put into product formulations. All raw material suppliers go through their stringent vendor qualification process, which includes a multi-step investigation including all aspects of the production and handling procedures, to insure the highest level of quality is reached.


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Best Sellers Free eBook The Conservatory Month-by-month (Month-By-Month Gardening Series)
Real that often you need to wait for something as well as it is such inconvenient thing to do. Reviewing while waiting can be a good thing to eliminate the moment. It can give great selections anywhere as well as whenever you are. There is another issue to handle, guide. It comes to not reliable to bring guide anywhere. Consequently, a new means of reading is given with digital book. Yes, e-book can be another means to check out anywhere you want. The first as well as need to… … Continue reading0606398759


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Source: ScienceDaily
ScienceDaily (Oct. 10, 2012) — Gold nanocluster arrays developed at A*STAR are well suited for commercial applications of a high-performance sensing technique.Cancer, food pathogens and biosecurity threats can all be detected using a sensing technique called surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). To meet ever-increasing demands in sensitivity, however, signals from molecules of these agents require massive enhancement, and current SERS sensors require optimization. An A*STAR-led research team recently fabricated a remarkably regular array of closely packed gold nanoparticle clusters that will improve SERS sensors.
So-called 'Raman scattering' occurs when molecules scatter at wavelengths not present in the incident light. These molecules can be detected with SERS sensors by bringing them into contact with a nanostructured metal surface, illuminated by a laser at a particular wavelength. An ideal sensor surface should have: dense packing of metal nanostructures, commonly gold or silver, to intensify Raman scattering; a regular arrangement to produce repeatable signal levels; economical construction; and robustness to sustain sensing performance over time.
Few of the many existing approaches succeed in all categories. However, Fung Ling Yap and Sivashankar Krishnamoorthy at the A*STAR Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Singapore, and co-workers produced closely packed nanocluster arrays of gold that incorporate the most desirable aspects for fabrication and sensing. In addition to flat surfaces, they also succeeded in coating fiber-optic tips with similarly dense nanocluster arrays (see image), which is a particularly promising development for remote-sensing applications, such as hazardous waste monitoring.
The researchers self-assembled their arrays by using surfaces coated with self-formed polymer nanoparticles, to which smaller gold nanoparticles spontaneously attached to form clusters. "It was surprising to reliably attain feature separations of less than 10 nanometers, at high yield, across macroscopic areas using simple processes such as coating and adsorption," notes Krishnamoorthy.
By varying the size and density of the polymer features, Krishnamoorthy, Yap and co-workers tuned the cluster size and density to maximize SERS enhancements. Their technique is also efficient: less than 10 milligrams of the polymer and 100 milligrams of gold nanoparticles are needed to coat an entire 100 millimeter diameter wafer, or approximately 200 fiber tips. Both the polymer and the nanoparticles can be mass-produced at low cost. By virtue of being entirely 'self-assembled', the technique does not require specialized equipment or a custom-built clean room, so it is well suited to low-cost commercial implementation.
"We have filed patent applications for the work in Singapore, the USA and China," says Krishnamoorthy. "The arrays are close to commercial exploitation as disposable sensor chips for use in portable SERS sensors, in collaboration with industry."


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"Assyrian and Persian Art," The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, March 25, 1955–January 22, 1956.
"Sept Mille Ans d'Art en Iran," Musée du Petit Palais, Paris, Villa Hügel, Essen, Kunsthaus Zürich, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, The Hague,
Palazzo Reale, Milan, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C., Denver Art Museum, William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art, Kansas City, The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, California Palace of the Legion of Honor, San Francisco, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Allentown Art Museum, Allentown, Pennsylvania, 1961–1966.
"Origin and Influence, Cultural Contacts: Egypt, the Ancient Near East and the Classical World," The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, December 18, 1970–April 23, 1971.
"Gold," The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, April 14–September 9, 1973.
"Profil du Metropolitan Museum of Art de New York," Galerie des Beaux-Arts, Bordeaux, France, May 15–September 1, 1981.
"'A Seal Upon Thine Heart': Glyptic Art of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3500–2100 B.C.," The Pierpont Morgan Library and Museum, New York, January 7–April 26, 1998.
"'A Seal Upon Thine Heart, Part II': Glyptic Art of the Ancient Near East." The Pierpont Morgan Library and Museum, New York, April 30, 1998–August 15, 1998.
Iran, 1000 B.C.-1 A.D.


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The Zombie Apocalypse is nearly upon us! Run ! RUNNNNNN!
God. Madagascar always locks their shit down fast. It was so hard killing off all the humans. I tried starting in Madagascar but they'd lock their shit down so fast I wasn't able to spread anywhere else. I only ever had one game where I killed all humans but I hit plenty where everyone except those bastards in Madagascar died.
I start on one of the islands. I prefer iceland since it usually picks up greenland easily.
God. Madagascar always locks their shit down fast. It was so hard killing off all the humans. I tried starting in Madagascar but they'd lock their shit down so fast I wasn't able to spread anywhere else. I only ever had one game where I killed all humans but I hit plenty where everyone except those bastards in Madagascar died.
The trick is you want to have high infectivity, low severity and low lethality. This way you're highly infectious but since you don't do anything, no one really bothers. Once you start climbing in severity and lethality, the humans notice.
then just wait until you've infected all humans, then recoup DNA points from infectivity (everyone's infected), and spend it on symptoms that are lethal. Because by then it's too late - once you start killing, it hits everyone and they can't research a cure fast enough before everyone is dead.
(It also shows how the game simulation doesn't reflect real life - because once you've infected everyone, if you switch to become lethal, everyone's disease gets lethal, which never happens. Usually you have to re-infect everyone with the new lethal strain. Then there's the entire population thing - assumes newborns will have the disease as well).
CNN had an article on this shortly before it popped up here. In their article, they said that an Ebola vaccine is well underway, with trials expected to begin in humans soon. It's apparently been proven effective in monkeys already. I was a little concerned before I read that, but if they've got a working vaccine, it's really not a big deal.
On the timeline of vaccine research, "available in a year" sounds entirely like it's a solved problem with a pile of paperwork to be done...
But the Ebola virus is a bit like the Flu virus, as it mutates when it becomes infectious to humans
It's probably more like the you have to create a new batch for every outbreak, which only occur every 3 to 4 years in small isolated groups, which means it will be expensive to produce.
Unless they go the whole hog and give everyone in the African continent an Ebola jab every few years
I heard in another interview on the BBC a day or 2 ago (arghh can't remember exactly when or who it was with)
That the Ebola virus mutates between a harmless and lethal variants every few years (that's why you don't get out brakes of this scale all the time.) and each time it has slightly different incubation time and lethality which makes creating a one-shot vaccine / cure more difficult.
But I hold my hands up and say your guy from the CSC is probably more informed in the subject than my memory of a half li
Ebola is an RNA virus, very simple, with a very mistake prone polymerase - which is why it tends to mutate to harmless fairly easily. When you have such a short gestation and kill rate, there isn't much room for evolution.
I actually don't like this kind of race-baiting, but this is a joke:
Experts: Ebola Vaccine At Least 50 White People Away [theonion.com]
It's not particularly race that decides this as much as national origin. American's or Europeans start dieing and real resources will be poured into the research. As long as it's an "African" disease no one really cares in the west enough to pour real resources into a vaccine.
A Africa could be a major world power because of it's resources, that is if every tribal group wasn't trying to kill every other tribal group and every religion wasn't trying to kill every other religion. There is one simple fact of li
It is not a big deal, but for other reasons.
Sidenote: a vaccine does not heal you if you are already ill, it only powers up your immune system to prevent you catching the illness
Now that plane just has to disappear and we can all start worrying.
"What could possible go wrong...?"
The disease is not particularly communicable. It tends to externalize a lot of bodily fluids, which is why in places with poor sanitary conditions, it spreads pretty quickly. Hospitals which handle patients like these tend not to be considered poor sanitary conditions..
Note that those are cases in an area where part of the funeral rites include (I believe) washing the body of the deceased by hand.
Up to 22 days without having any symptoms as I recall. So what happens when someone breaks out into a fever and puts their sweaty hands all over hand railings, desks, kiosks, and whatnot? How long does Ebola last once it's on the surface?
There's a reason animals (and humans) are paranoid about shit we don't understand. From a survival standpoint, it's an advantageous attitude to have. And right now, I'm pretty fucking paranoid about being anywhere near people with Ebola!
If you could catch Ebola by touching the sweat somebody left behind as they passed through a room, it would have spread a lot farther than it has. I'm pretty sure they'll be testing everybody that comes into contact with this guy for the virus, and even if the tests miss it, the symptoms are not subtle, it being a hemorrhagic fever and all...
Not every virus acts like the flu or cold viruses. Ebola isn't particularly virulent, even if it is pretty nasty if you come down with it. Being able to perform tests on a live patient in a state-of-the-art facility (as opposed to a 3rd-world heap whose "hospitals" are about as sanitary as a mid-grade highway rest stop) is invaluable in researching treatments. Just like the movies, the CDC has on-site facilities specifically designed to treat people with scary diseases we don't want in the population at large; this seems like an excellent use for them.
Then get your paranoia treated and read the relevant wikipedia articles.
Ebola is not the flu nor the black death
Ebola viruses survive on any surface until it either dries out (body fluid containing it evaporates) or by UV radiation.
Do you really believe the USA governments health agency carries an US citizen into the US if it was not perfectly safe? In what paranoia 1984 world do you live?
Do you really believe the USA governments health agency carries an US citizen into the US if it was not perfectly safe?
Umm, YES! Damn, you're that incredibly naive to believe that line of bullshit? How many professionals...how many politicians for that matter have promised one thing only later to either admit they fucked up, or blatantly flat-out lied?! Sorry, but oops doesn't count as an excuse if they fuck this up.
There's a reason animals (and humans) are paranoid about shit we don't understand. From a survival standpoint, it's an advantageous attitude to have. And right now, I'm pretty fucking paranoid about being anywhere near people with Ebola!
Then you need to educate yourself because ebola is NOT even in the top 20 pathogens you should be worried about. Infectious disease doctors worry about diseases like Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus [wikipedia.org] which is an example of a much more serious threat. You're worrying about a meteor strike when while living in Tornado Alley. Sure there is a tiny risk but it isn't what you should be concerned about. Ebola is scary but there are MUCH scarier and FAR more likely pathogens out there.
Ebola is hard to transmit, easy to contain, evolves slowly and is very unlikely to come anywhere near you in the near future.
The incubation period, or the time interval from infection to onset of symptoms, is from 2 to 21 days. The patients become contagious once they begin to show symptoms. They are not contagious during the incubation period.
The disease is not particularly communicable. It tends to externalize a lot of bodily fluids, which is why in places with poor sanitary conditions, it spreads pretty quickly. Hospitals which handle patients like these tend not to be considered poor sanitary conditions..
The various strains of the flu which become pandemics don't start off as particularly communicable either. They usually develop in other animals (e.g. birds or pigs) and mutate into a form which can infect humans. Even then their outbreak is usually limited to farmers and people who work closely with animals because, like current Ebola strains, they can only be transmitted via direct contact.
They become a pandemic when they mutate into a form which can be transmitted via the air. Not saying this will happen with Ebola. Just saying that just because it's not particularly communicable now doesn't mean it'll stay that way. Ebola is so deadly (50%-90% mortality rate, c.f. 10%-20% for the Spanish Flu) that it inhibits its own spread - killing its victims before they have a chance to mingle with other people and spread the disease. That's also why they haven't transported a patient out of Africa yet - they tend to die before the red tape is cleared. Given the deadly nature of the disease I think it's a good idea to be able to study a case in a modern hospital facility rather than some rural village in Africa. They just need to be super careful handling the case, which it sounds like they are.
There's also something to be said for backing up the doctors who are working on this outbreak with the best possible care we can provide them should they become infected. These folks are casualties on the front lines of an inter-species war. Writing them off and treating them as pariahs if they become infected doesn't exactly bolster their confidence nor encourage other doctors to try to help contain similar outbreaks. Modern epidemiology has become a victim of its own success. People point to fizzled outbreaks like MERS, SARS, the Bird Flu, and criticize our disease control agencies of overreacting because those diseases didn't really spread that far, when the reason those diseases didn't spread that far was likely in large part due to the quick actions of those agencies. We need to be backing these people up. They need to know that should they become casualties, the world is going to provide them with the best possible care to help them recover, not treat them like lepers.
Don't you mean cross Ebola with the common cold?
Oh right, that would be a terrible, terrible thing.
I know there are brilliant doctors and scientists in Atlanta who handle highly-communicable diseases, but is this such a brilliant idea?
Ebola is hardly the only scary pathogen handled by the CDC. In fact I believe the CDC doesn't even consider this among the most dangerous of pathogens because of the relative difficulty in transmission [wikipedia.org] which requires direct contact and it evolves relatively slowly apparently. They know very well how to handle this. The main concern is that they actually follow proper procedures. If they do that then there is little to worry about.
If you really want to study ebola to find a cure this is probably a very good idea provided they exercise appropriate caution. You want the experts at the CDC to be able to study this up close in a live patient. Of course one has to wonder why we had to wait for an american physician to get infected before deciding this was a good idea...
You want the experts at the CDC to be able to study this up close in a live patient. Of course one has to wonder why we had to wait for an american physician to get infected before deciding this was a good idea...
Exactly! Walter from Fringe would have been able to find the cure in about 45 minutes in a makeshift kitchen lab. Then he could have engineered a cure with some old yogurt, a teapot and some of his own blood. All that as long as he could just see the patient. You'd never get him to go to Africa though. That's why they have to bring the patient here!
Is the TSA agent going to give the Ebola patient a pat-down? After all, he might have a bomb in his underwear.
No, they're just going put him through the millimeter wave scanner and then claim that it cures ebola afterwards.
I have both read and seen World War Z, and see no problem with this.
I know there are brilliant doctors and scientists in Atlanta who handle highly-communicable diseases, but is this such a brilliant idea?
When did Slashdot become home to stupid FUD* spewing dweebs with little or no common sense? The subtitle is "News for Nerds," which would suggest somebody who submits something might have half a clue about what they are talking about (leaving the plebs to pontificate on logical and scientific fallacy or imagine a Beowulf cluster of hot grits ).
I want my Slashdot with nerds filter enabled.
And yes it is an excellent idea, because it gives the CDC a living "test tube" of the actual active Ebola virus, not a sample of infected blood collected, and shipped on ice. Making it ideal for study, and possibly detection of any variant (i.e. mutation) that had not been notice before. Of course, this will likely cost the American doctor his/her life, but such is the risk of fighting an viral outbreak, and the real-world beyond web forums and politicians rambling.
* FUD: Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt
I dunno
The editors aren't even trying anymore.
News for trolls, pageviews that matter.
And yes it is an excellent idea, because it gives the CDC a living "test tube" of the actual active Ebola virus, not a sample of infected blood collected, and shipped on ice.
Right, because it's absolutely impossible to ship a plane full of CDC scientists and equipment. Far, far, better to ship a live human body full of ebola over and to a densely populated area. What could possibly go wrong?
Better to study Ebola in a large, properly-equipped research facility where we know exactly who has it (this one guy), and can take appropriate precautions. The precautions needed to keep the infection from spreading in a hospital setting are not particularly elaborate; better than what's available in BFE General Hospital, but nothing fancier than the isolation unit present in just about every major academic medical center in the US.
That's about 1000x better than somebody bringing it over here and spreading it to some other people before somebody recognizes it for what it is, and that being the first chance to run real research on a live patient. This way, we bring over one guy, and the best infectious disease doctors in the world can all be treating him at once in a facility designed for exactly this purpose, with virtually zero chance of this not-particularly-communicable disease going anywhere.
Or, we could have a surprise panic when this shows up in a family somewhere in flyover country, or somebody spreads it to patients in the waiting room of the Metropolis General Hospital ER... yeah, that's LOTS better.
Or not.
I've seen nothing but panic on this Ebola issue.
It's not the end of the world. You have little to worry about, the media is making a stick out of it to get more clicks and higher ratings, that's all.
With diseases like this, the death rate and the incubation time are both critical to how dangerous the disease is. Ebola is deadly, but the incubation rate is very short, and it has little time to spread. Bascially it kills the host long before they can infect too many people. It's prevalent in African due to po
I'm afraid we'll be deviating a bit from standard analysis procedures today, Gordon.
Yes, but with good reason. This is a rare opportunity for us. This is the purest sample we've seen yet.
And potentially the most unstable!
Oh, if you follow standard insertion procedures, everything will be fine.
I don't know how you can say that. Although I will admit that the possibility of a resonance cascade scenario is extremely unlikely, I remain uncomfortable with the---
Gordon doesn't need to hear this. He's a highly trained professional. We have assured the Administrator that nothing will go wrong.
Ah yes, you're right. Gordon, we have complete confidence in you.
Well, go ahead. Let's let him in now.
Worry about the folks who flew here from Africa who didn't know they were infected, and are even now having hamburgers at the airport.
Q: How many IBM CPU's does it take to execute a job? A: Four; three to hold it down, and one to rip its head off.


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ATLANTA (AP/WAOK) – Five architecture firms are vying for the chance to design the Atlanta Falcons' new retractable-roof stadium.
Officials with the NFL Team and the Georgia World Congress Center concluded two days of interviews on Tuesday with the firms.
The five finalists are Philadelphia-based EwingCole; Dallas-based HKS; Kansas City-based firms Populous and 360 Architecture; and Tvsdesign of Atlanta (in partnership with Heery International and Gensler).
Officials say the design must not only house the NFL franchise but also a possible soccer team and compete for draws like the NCAA tournaments and presidential conventions. A decision is expected in the new few weeks.
The stadium is expected to be built near the existing Georgia Dome in downtown Atlanta.


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Serving Westchester, Fairfield, Dutchess, and Putnam Counties
Our Mission as a Christmas Light CompanyTo make our clients happy by giving them WORLD CLASS SERVICE with a smile in every area of our business; while taking pride in ourselves and Shine.
This is How: Holiday Lighting Works:At Shine Holiday Lighting, we offer an all-inclusive Christmas light program. Our program includes:
- Design - Our professional designer will come to your place of business and personally explain, in-depth each phase of the process and how everything works. Then, he or she will ask you what your vision is and give you some design suggestions. After that, our designer will sketch up a lighting design and provide a complete Christmas light program for you.
- Product - As a part of the program, we supply commercial-grade LED Christmas lights. From roof lights to tree lights, we give you the best quality Christmas lights and Holiday lighting service available. These Christmas lights will last long and provide you with the best way to achieve your desired holiday look.
- Installation - Shine Holiday Lighting began installing Christmas lights in 2006. With our years of experience, we ensure that your Christmas lights are installed correctly, safely and exactly how you want your lights to look.
- Maintenance - We provide you with continued maintenance throughout the season. If you should ever discover that your Christmas lights have burnt out or are not working properly, give us a call. We'll happily come out to replace lights or make adjustments. Maintenance service is included with each program at no additional charge.
- Take down - At the end of the holiday season you do not need to face the cold or climb ladders to take down your outdoor holiday lighting display. We will come and take down the lights at the start of the New Year. And if you'd like to leave your display up longer, let us know and we'll schedule your takedown for the date of your choosing.
- Storage - Once we have taken down your Christmas lights, we'll pack them away properly for you and store them in our dry storage Christmas light facility. This will leave your home or business clutter free.
Residential Holiday Lighting
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