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|מאגר מידע » ציונות » Essential Texts
|כותב המאמר: Moses Hess
I. Hellenes and Hebrews
The spiritual views of a man, of whatever religion or race, are the products of his particular environment. But the roots of these conceptions, as well as those of social life in general, lie in the great web of organic life with which the social life is closely and inseparably connected; just as organic life itself is connected with the next life sphere, the cosmic.
There is no absolute line of demarcation between these three life spheres, just as there is DO difference between the material and the spiritual life. The three life spheres do, however, form sharply defined grades or epochs within the unified and indivisible universal life. And just as in each individual life sphere, so also in the totality of the universal life, every step toward a higher grade of life must have its antecedents in the lower grade. Compared with the higher order of life, the organic, the cosmic life sphere appears lifeless, especially on the border line which leads from the life of the cosmic bodies to that of the organisms. Here, on the surface of the already cooled-off and stiffened cosmic bodies, we see only the dead residue of the cosmic life sphere, out of which the higher organic life sphere developed. But if we observe the life of the cosmic sphere where it is still being generated and developed in universal space, we cannot deny to it attributes of the divine life-the life that is so beautifully described in our literature in the Words: "Last in creation, first in thought." The remarkable phenomena which were observed in the modern period, such as the splitting and other changes going on in the double comets of Bielasch and Liais, the solidifying of the cosmic dust, its assumption of the spheroid form and spiral movement, and finally the grouping of these bodies into sideral and planetary systems, these and other similar phenomena are life processes which can be as little explained by an external and one-sided mechanical gravitation theory, as the process of the division of the embryonic cell or the grouping of the organs in an organism.
Similarly, the human, the social life sphere, rises infinitely higher than the organic, but is in nowise different from it; just as organic life does not differ essentially from the cosmic. Here, also, we meet, on the border-line which leads from the organic into the social life sphere, the natural organic race which, compared with the higher humanitarian life, is spiritless. But in spite of this appearance of spiritlessness, the race is the root of the social life sphere, just as the cosmic bodies were the soil out of which the organisms grew.
Social life is, first of all, a product of the life of definite races, composed of different folk-tribes, each of which has formed its life course in a typical way, In the course of historical development, the typical views of life of the various races came in conflict with one another. From the friction of those antithetical forces were generated the first sparks of the spirit, which contain the germs, out of which higher and more harmonious forms of life will spring forth.
The unity of the human genus is a conception developed in the course of ages through historical activity, and not an original, natural idea, inherent in the human soul. It is not an immediate datum of organic life, but a product of the social historical development process. It has the variety of the primitive racial tribes as its antecedent, their struggle as its conditions, and their final harmonious cooperation as its aim.
The thus conceived unity of mankind presupposes a plan of the history of humanity, namely, that the multiple phenomena of social life will finally unite and cooperate in a not less harmonious manner than the varied and different phenomena of organic and cosmic life. This unified, divine plan of history is, at present, apparently in its last stage of historical development. But in antiquity, when the nations were still in the grip of natural life, it was only one people, the people of Israel, which, thanks to its particular genius, was able to perceive the workings of the divine plan in the history of humanity, as well as in the organic and cosmic spheres of life.
If we consider the plan of history, as mapped out in the sacred Scriptures of the Jews, without prejudice, we shall see in it, not only the conception of the unity of mankind, but also the unity of all life, cosmic, organic and social. Our sacred Scriptures presuppose the unity of God, in spite of the apparent variety which the word presents, and the unity of the human genus, notwithstanding the differences of races; because the total plan of the history of the world seems to have been always present to the spirit of the Jewish people, from the beginning of its history. The entire literature of the Jews is to be conceived only from this genetic point of view. Judaism is a historical religion, a historical cult, in contradistinction to Paganism, which is a natural cult.
The revelation of the Jewish spirit, which was an isolated phenomenon at the dawn of the history of humanity, would have been inexplicable and would appear supernatural, were it not for the fact that there existed originally different tribes, with typically individual mental qualities, which had evolved fundamentally different views long before the revelation of the Jewish spirit. This same remarkable manifestation of individuality is met in the divergent languages of primitive peoples. Primitive religions and primitive languages are, as Renan has rightly observed, race creations; though he himself had hardly any conception of the importance of the ancient Jewish historical religion. History corroborates the story of anthropology, that there were originally different human races and tribes.
If the various races and peoples that still exist were not primal, then, in such places as Western Asia, Northern Africa and Europe, where peoples have lived together for thousands of years, commingling through intermarriage and influenced by common climatic conditions, there should have been produced a type, in which there is no trace of their foregone ancestors. But all human races and tribal types, known to us either from historical monuments, or who still live to-day in their primitive homes, in spite of climatic and cultural influences, have reproduced their original types in such a way that the anthropologist can tell, at a glance, the different types of humanity, according to their physiological and psychical characteristics. The most ancient Egyptian monuments depict negroes as well as Indo-Germanic and Semitic types, races which have lived from time immemorial in the same land and which were likewise scattered in different countries and climates, yet their primal types have not undergone any perceptible changes.
The languages of those nations with whom our civilization originated belong to two primal races, the Indo-Germanic and the Semitic. The ancient culture of the former reached its culminating point in Greece; of the later, in Judaea. In these two countries the typical antithesis between the Indo-Germanic and Semitic races reached its highest point, and the fundamental differences in the views of life of these two races were expressed in the classical works of the Hellenes and Hebrews. We see, from those works, that the former viewed life as a multiplicity and the latter as a unity; the one, looked upon the world as eternal being, the other, as eternal becoming. The spirit of the one expressed itself in terms of space, that of the other, in terms of time. In the expression of the Greek spirit, there is the underlying idea of a perfectly created world; the Hebrew spirit, on the other hand, is permeated with the invisible energy of becoming, and the world, according to it, is governed by a principle which will begin its workday in social life, when it has arrived at a standstill in the world of Nature. The classical representatives of the natural Sabbath no longer exist as a people, and the God of history has dispersed his people, which foresaw the historical Sabbath, among the nations. But the two primal types of spirit, which no longer have classical nations as their representatives, have still many such individuals among civilized nations. The two giants of German literature, Goethe and Schiller, are the German representatives of the two types of genius-the Greek and the Hebrew of the natural and historical Sabbath. And when Heine divides all men into Hellenists and Nazarenes, he designates, unconsciously, these two types of spirit. Modern Jews, like the Indo-Germanic nations, have in Heine and "Boeme" their representatives of these two types of cultural life.
After the antithesis of the two spiritual tendencies reached its culminating points in two historical peoples, the conciliation of these two points of view became the task of the civilized nations.
The first attempt at a reconciliation of the two types of civilization was made by Christianity, followed by that of Islam, which contested the right to dominion of the former, in Asia, Africa and even in a part of Europe itself, namely, in Spain. Just as the process of conciliation started from the contact of the Hellenic and Jewish cultures, in the ancient Jewish fatherland, so in the meeting of Arabic, Jewish and European cultures in Spain, the second fatherland of the Jews, the final mediation process between the two types of universal history had its origin. But the spiritual spark which arose out of the friction of the two tendencies, and which became the germ of a higher harmonious tendency in which the natural racial antitheses of the historical peoples will ultimately find their reconciliation, this social light germ, the new revelation, was generated by the Jewish genius.
When pagan Rome brought the ancient Hellenic and Jewish cultural life to an end; there arose, from the ruins of the latter, a new view of the world; and when Christian Rome struck the mortal blow at the Arabic and Jewish cultural life in Spain, there arose again, in the mind of a Jew, from the ruins of the latter, the modern world view. Spinoza was a descendant of the Spanish Jews, who fled to Holland in order to escape the "holy" Inquisition.
II. Christ and Spinoza
From Judaism, permeated with the scientific spirit, Christianity will receive full justice and its importance will be properly estimated. The Jewish historian no longer finds it necessary to assume an attitude of fanaticism toward it. Graetz, in the third volume of his history, has shown how one can be a loyal Jew and at the same time an objective judge of that phenomenon which has been a source of persecution to the Jews for the last eighteen hundred years. A few quotations from that writer will show with what freedom of spirit and objectivity a Jewish historian, not a reformer, has characterized Christianity and its founder.
While Judaea was still trembling," says our Jewish historian, "lest the procurator Pontius Pilate strike a blow at the population, which might result in a rising in arms and great suffering, a strange event occurred. It was so small in its beginning that people scarcely noticed it, but gradually, through the force of circumstances, it assumed such proportions that it turned the history of the world into new paths. ...Israel was now to commence his mission in earnest; he was to become the teacher of nations."
"It was due to the strange movement which arose under the governorship of Pilate, that the teachings of Judaism won the sympathy of the heathen world. But this new form of Judaism, changed by foreign elements, became estranged from and antagonistic to the source from which it sprang. Judaism could hardly rejoice at her offspring, which soon turned coldly from her and struck out into strange, divergent paths. If Judaism does not wish to strip off its ancient individuality and become disloyal to its own convictions, it must continue its existence in opposition to the religion to which she gave birth. This new movement, this old doctrine in a new garb, or rather Essenism intermingled with foreign elements, is Christianity, whose advent and early development belong to the Judaean history of this epoch."
"As regards Jesus himself," says Graetz, "on account of his Galilean origin, he could not have stood high in that knowledge of the Law which through the schools of Shammai and Hillel had become preva lent in Judaea. His small stock of learning and his corrupt half-Aramaic language pointed unmistakably to his birthplace in Galilee. His deficiency in knowledge, however, was compensated by his intensely sympathetic character. Earnestness and moral purity were his undeniable attributes; they stand out in all the authentic accounts of his life that have reached us, and appear even in those garbled teachings which his followers placed in his mouth. The gentle disposition and the humility of Jesus remind one of Hillel, whom he seems to have taken as his model, and whose golden rule, "What you wish not to be done to yourself, do not do unto others," he adopted as the starting-point of his moral code. Like Hillel, Jesus looked upon promotion of peace and the forgiveness of injuries as the highest forms of virtue. His whole being was permeated by that deeper religiousness which consecrates to God not only the hour of prayer, a day of penitence, and longer or shorter periods of devotional exercise, but every step in the journey of life, which turns every aspiration of the soul toward Him, subjects everything to His will, and with childlike trust, commits everything to His keeping. He was filled with that tender, brotherly love which Judaism teaches should be manifested even to an enemy. Certainly no curse against his enemies escaped his lips, and his enthusiastic admirers have done him an injustice when they placed in his mouth a curse or even unfriendly words against his own mother. He reached the ideal of the passive virtues which the Pharisees inculcated: "Be of the oppressed and not of the oppressors; receive abuse and return it not; let the motive of all your actions be the love of God, and rejoice in suffering."
"Jesus must, from the idiosyncrasies of his nature, have been powerfully attracted by the Essenes, who led a contemplative life apart from the world and its vanities. When John, the Baptist--or more correctly, the Essene invited all to come to receive baptism in the Jordan. to repent and prepare for the Kingdom of Heaven, Jesus hastened to obey the call and was baptized by him. Although it cannot be proved that Jesus was formally admitted into the order of the Essenes, much of his life and york can only be explained on the supposition that he had adopted their fundamental principles. Like the Essenes, Jesus highly esteemed self-inflicted poverty, and despised the mammon of riches....Community of goods, a peculiar doctrine of the Essenes, was not only approved, but positively enjoined by Jesus, .for his close disciples had a common purse and shared their goods. Like the Essenes, he reprobated every form of oath. "Swear not at all," taught Jesus, "neither by heaven nor by the earth, nor by your head, but let your yea be yea, and your nay be nay" (James v. 12). Miraculous cures said to have been performed by him, such as exorcism of demons from those who believed themselves to be possessed, were often made by the Essenes. It was, therefore, not considered a special miracle that Jesus could do the same thing. We can also infer from the life that his friends led, that the founder of the sect embraced Essenism. Of his brother James, it is said, with all certainty that he led the life of an Essene, for he did not drink wine nor eat meat nor use oil, and always dressed in linen. But it would seem that Jesus adopted only the essential traits of Essenism, such as the predilection for poverty, the contempt for riches and property, the community of goods, celibacy, the fear of pronouncing an oath and the ability to exert a curative influence upon maniacs. The unimportant practices, such as the observance of strict levitical purity, the frequent taking of baths and the wearing of linen robes, he dropped. Even baptism did not play an important role with him, for we do not find it emphasized either in the stories told about him or in the sayings attributed to him."
"After John had been imprisoned by Herod Antipas in the fortress of Macharus, Jesus thought simply of continuing his master's work. Like John, he preached "Repent, for the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand," 3 without perhaps having then a suspicion of the part he was afterward to play in that Kingdom of Heaven. Jesus apparently felt that if his appeal was not to be lost in the desert, like that of the Baptist, but bring forth lasting results, it must not be addressed to the whole nation, but to a particular class of the Jews. The middle classes, inhabitants of towns of greater or lesser importance, were not wanting in godliness, piety and morality, and consequently a call to them to repent and forsake their sins would have been meaningless. The declaration made to Jesus by the young man who was seeking the way of eternal life, 'From my youth I have kept the laws of God; I have not committed murder or adultery, nor have I stolen or borne false witness; I have honored my father and loved my neighbor as myself, might have been made by the greater number of the middle-class Jews of that time. The description of the later writers of the corruption of the Jews and of the hypocrisy of the Pharisees, in the time of Jesus, is pure fiction. The disciples of Shammai and Hillel, the followers of the zealot Judas, the bitter foes of the Herodians and of Rome, were not morally sick and were not in need of a physician. They were ever ready for self-sacrifice and Jesus wisely refrained from turning to them. Still less was he inclined to attempt to reform the rich, the friends of the Romans and the Herodians. From these, the yearning of the simple, unlearned moralist and preacher, his repro of their pride, their venality and inconstancy, would only have elicited mockery and derision. Jesus therefore determined to seek out those who did not belong to or had been expelled from the Jewish community. There were in Judaea at the time many who had no conception of the wholesome truths of Judaism, of its laws, its history and its future. They were publicans and tax-gatherers who were shunned by the patriots, as promoters of Roman interests, who turned their backs upon the Law, and led a wild life, heedless alike of the past and of the future. There were also poor, ignorant handicraftsmen and menials (Am-haaretz), who were seldom able to visit the capital, or listen to teachings which, indeed, they would probably not have understood. It was not for them that Sinai had flamed or the prophets had uttered their cry of warning; for the teachers of the Law, more intent upon expounding doctrines than upon reforming their hearers, failed to make the Law and the prophets intelligible to those classes, and consequently did not draw them into their fold. It was to these classes that Jesus turned, to snatch them out of their torpor, their ignorance and their ungodliness. He felt that he was called to save the 'lost sheep of the house of Israel.' 'They that be whole need not a physician, but they that are sick.'
"Jesus, however, by word and example, raised the sinner and publican, and filled the hearts of those poor, neglected people with the love of God, transforming them into dutiful children of their heavenly Father. He animated them with his own piety and fervor and improved their conduct by the hope he gave them of being able to enter the Kingdom of Heaven. Above all things, he taught his male and female disciples the Essene virtues of self-abnegation and humility, of the contempt for riches, of charity and the love of peace. He bade them become sinless as little children, and declared they must be as if born again, if they would become members of the approaching Messianic Kingdom. The law of brotherly love and forbearance he carried to the extent of self-immolation. 'If one smite thee on one cheek, turn to him the other also; and if one sue thee at law and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloak also.' He taught the poor that they should not take heed for meat or drink or .raiment, but pointed to the birds of the air and the lilies of the field that were fed and clothed, yet 'they toil not neither do they spin: He taught the rich how to distribute alms-'Let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth.' He admonished the hypocrite, and bade him pray in the secrecy of his closet, placing before him a short form of prayer-'Our Father,' which may possibly have been in use among the Essenes.
"Jesus made no attack upon Judaism itself. He had no idea of becoming the reformer of Jewish doctrine or the propounder of a new Law. He sought merely to redeem the sinner, to call him to a good and holy life and to make him worthy of participation in the approaching Messianic time. He insisted upon the unity of God, and was far from attempting to change in the slightest degree the Jewish conception of the Deity. To the question once put to him by an expounder of the law, 'What is the essence of Judaism?' he replied, 'Hear, O Israel, our God is one,' and 'Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself'; -these are the chief commandments. When a man approached him with the words: 'Good Master;' Jesus remarked: 'Call me not good, there is none good but One, that is, my Father in Heaven:' His disciples, who remained true to Judaism, promulgated the declaration of their master 'I have not come to destroy but to fulfill till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in nowise pass from the Law till all be fulfilled.' "
He must have kept the Sabbath holy, for those of his followers who were attached to Judaism strictly observed the Sabbath, which they would not have done had their master disregarded it. It was only the Shammaitic strictness in the observance of the Sabbath which forbade even the healing of the sick on that day, that Jesus protested 19ainst, declaring that it was lawful to do good on the sabbath. Jesus made no objection to the existing custom of sacrifice, he merely demanded-and in this the Pharilsees agreed with him-that reconciliation with one's fellow-man should precede any act of atonement. He lid not even oppose fasting when practised without ostentation or hypocrisy. He was so completely Jewish, that le shared the narrow views of his time, and, like the Jews of the period, thoroughly despised the heathen world, which included the Roman oppressors and their followers, the Oriental Greeks and Syrians. One must not throw holy things to the dogs, he taught, nor cast pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet and urn again and rend you. When a Canaanite or a Syrian Greek woman from Phoenician implored him to heal. possessed daughter, he replied harshly, "I was sent only .to the lost sheep of the house of Israel and it is net right to take the bread away from the mouth of the children and cast it to the dogs." To his disciples he repeatedly spoke: Do not follow in the paths of the heathens and do not enter the cities of the Samaritans. While Jesus thus confined himself to the bounds of Judaism, he had no intention to proclaim a new revelation or to originate a new covenant, but limited himself to the task of sowing the seeds of religion and morality in such hearts as had heretofore been barren of it. Jesus did not teach the immortality of the soul, in the sense of a continued existence of the soul after its liberation from the body and its sojourning in the abode of heaven, but emphasized the resurrection of the body at a definite time," in accordance with the teachings of Judaism current in his day. The resurrection of the just and pious was, according to him, to take place on earth, and as the beginning of the inauguration of a new order of things, the future world (Olam habba), which he, like the Pharisees and Essenes; identified with the Messianic era and the initiation of the Kingdom of Heaven. He, like the Pharisees, threatened sinners with eternal punishment in a fiery pit (Gehenna). The merit of Jesus consists in his efforts to impart inner force to the precepts of Judaism, in his upholding the Jewish doctrine of the Brotherhood of Man, in his insistence that moral laws be placed in the foreground, and in his endeavors to have them accepted by those who had hitherto been regarded as the lowest and most degraded of human beings.
His great design, the central point of all his thoughts, Jesus disclosed on one occasion to the most intimate circle of his disciples. He led them to a retired spot at the foot of Mount Hermon, near Caesarea Philippi, where the Jordan rushes forth from mighty rocks, and in that remote solitude he revealed to them the hidden object of his thoughts. But he contrived his discourse in a way that it appeared to be his disciples, who at last elicited from him the revelation that he considered himself the expected Messiah. He asked his followers whom they thought him to be. Some replied that he was thought to be Elijah the forerunner of the Messiah; others that he was the prophet whose advent Moses had predicted; upon which Jesus asked them, "But whom say ye that I am?" Simon Peter answered and said, "Thou art the Christ." Jesus praised Peter's discernment and admitted that he was the Messiah, but forbade his disciples to divulge the truth, or, for the present, from speaking about it at all. Such was the mysteriously-veiled birth of Christianity. When, a few days later, the most trusted of his disciples, Simon Peter, and the two sons of Zebedee, James and John, timidly suggested that Elijah must precede the Messiah, Jesus replied that Elijah had already appeared, though unrecognized, in the person of the Baptist. Had Jesus from the very commencement of his career nourished these thoughts in the depths of his soul, or had they first taken shape when the many followers he had gained seemed to make their realization possible? This is a puzzle which cannot be solved. Jesus never publicly called himself the Messiah, but made use of other expressions which were doubtless current among the Essenes. He called himself "the Son of Man," 13 (Bar-Nash), alluding probably to Daniel vii, "One like the son or man came with the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of Days," a verse which, at that time, was made to point to the Messiah himself. There was yet another name which Jesus applied to himself in his Messianic character-the mysterious words "Son of God," probably taken from the seventh verse of the second Psalm, "The Lord has said unto me, thou art my son, this day have I begotten thee," a verse which was in certain Jewish circles interpreted to refer to the Messiah. Was this expression used by Jesus figuratively, or did he wish it to be taken in a literal sense? As far as we know, he never explained himself clearly on this subject, not even later, when it was on account of the meaning attached to these words that he was brought to trial. His followers afterward disagreed among themselves upon the matter, and the various ways in which they interpreted his words divided them into different sects among which a new form of idolatry unfolded itself.
Other appellations were employed by Jesus to designate his Messianic character, such as "Heavenly Bread" (Manna) and the "Bread of Life," expressions which were doubtless employed by the Essenes. He called followers "the salt of the earth." How Jesus expected to fulfill the Messianic expectations, is nowhere indicated. It is only certain that he thought only of Israel, whom he expected to deliver, both from the burden of sin and the yoke of the Romans of the pagan world, he thought as little, when considering himself the Messiah, as when he was only a disciple of John the Baptist. He probably pictured to himself the redemption of Israel in the following manner: that when the Jewish people, through love of God and man, through self-denial and the assumption of voluntary poverty, would rise, under his leadership, to a higher life, God, out of love to his people, would perform for them all sorts of miracles, such as the deliverance from the rule of the Romans, the return of the exiled tribes and final restoration of Israel to its former Davidic splendor.
When Jesus made himself known to his disciples as the Messiah, he enjoined upon them, as remarked already, to keep the revelation secret. Whether it was the fear of Herod Antipas, the slayer of the Baptist, that inspired this cautious measure, or whether he intended to wait until a larger circle of disciples gathered about him to reveal himself as the Messiah, cannot be ascertained. He consoled his disciples for the present silence imposed upon them, by the assurance that a time would come when "What I tell you in darkness, that speak ye in the light, and what ye hear in the ear, that preach ye upon the house tops." What occurred was contrary to what Jesus and his disciples expected, for as soon as it was known (the disciples having probably not kept the secret), that Jesus of Nazareth not only came to preach the Kingdom of Heaven, but proclaimed himself as the expected Messiah, public sentiment rose against him. He was asked to give proofs and signs that he was the Messiah, which he was not able to do, and he was thus forced constantly to evade the questions addressed to him. Many of his followers were vexed at his assuming the role of a Messiah, and left him. In order not to be discredited in the eyes of his disciples, it was necessary that he should perform some miracle that would crown his work or seal it with his death. They expected, first, that he would appear in the capital at the time of the Passover Feast and there declare himself in the Temple, in the presence of all the people, as the Messiah. It is said that his own brothers entreated him to go to the capital, so that his disciples should at last see his great work. "For there is no man that doeth anything in secret and he himself seeketh to be known openly. If thou do these things, show thyself to the world." (John vii, 4.) And so Jesus was finally forced to enter upon the path of danger. How many years Jesus spent in Galilee is unknown; the Gospel sources seem to indicate that his residence there lasted only one year, so little did they know the actual events. According to later authorities, the time passed by Jesus in his native district was three years.
He wished to prevent any misconception as to his desire to change the Law, and his ready reply to the Pharisee who asked what would be required of him if he became his disciple was, "If thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments; sell what thou hast and give to the poor." When he passed Jericho and came near to the capital, he took up his abode near the walls of Jerusalem, in the village of Bethany, at the Mount of Olives, where the lepers, who were forced to avoid the city, had their settlement. He found shelter in the house of one of these outcasts by the name of Simon, who, together with his fellow-sufferers, became his followers. The other followers that he found at Bethany belonged also to the lower class, such as Lazarus and his sisters, Mary and Martha. The sources know only of one rich resident of Jerusalem, Joseph of Arimathea, who became a disciple of Jesus.
The account of Jesus' entry in Jerusalem as recorded in the Gospel is of a legendary character. It seems incredible that the people should one day have conducted him into the city in a triumphal march, and the following day have demanded his death. The one account, like the other, is pure invention, the first designed for the purpose of showing that the masses recognized him as the Messiah, the second, in order to throw the guilt of his execution upon the entire people of Israel. There is also little historical truth in the story that Jesus forced his way into the Temple, overthrew the tables of the money-changers, and drove out the dove-sellers from their stalls. Such extraordinary action would not have been passed over in silence by contemporary historians. N or is it anywhere mentioned that money-changers and dove-sellers had their tables within the precincts of the Temple. We know, however, that the Temple management sold the necessary wine, birds, or oil to those who brought sacrifices.
But it is just the most important facts in the life of Jesus, namely, the attitude which he assumed toward the people of Jerusalem, the Synhedrion and the sects, the question whether he really declared himself publicly as the Messiah, and how the declaration was received by the people, which are enveloped by the Gospel writers in such an impenetrable veil of mystery, that one cannot fail to suspect the legendary character of the whole story. There undoubtedly existed strong prejudices against him among the people of the capital. The educated classes could hardly be expected to accept an unlearned Galilean as the Messiah. Such a supposition would have contradicted the age-long tradition that the Messiah was to come from Bethlehem and be a descendant of the house of David. It is possible that the proverb, "Can any good thing come out of Nazareth?" originated at this time. Devout Jews, no doubt, took offence because he associated with sinners and publicans, eating and drinking with them. Even the disciples of John, the Essenes, were displeased.
The Shammaites certainly objected to his healing of the sick on the Sabbath, and would not have hailed one, who, in their eyes, violated the Sabbath, as the Messiah. Neither could the Zealots expect much of Jesus, who did not inspire his followers with hatred toward the oppressors, the Romans, but, on the contrary, preached non-resistance and willing submission to the Roman authorities as expressed in his saying: "Render, therefore, unto Cesar the things which are Cesar's, and unto God, the things which are God's" (Matthew xxii, 21). All these circumstances, which could by no means be reconciled with the traditional conception of the Messiah, caused the higher and the learned classes to assume an indifferent attitude toward him, and consequently he .could not have been received in Jerusalem with any marked degree of enthusiasm. All these objections, however, afforded no ground for any legal accusation against him. Freedom of thought and difference of opinion had, owing to the frequent debates between the schools of Shammai and Hillel, become a firmly established right, and one would hardly be prosecuted because of a difference in a religious opinion, provided, however, that he did not openly violate any of the authoritative laws or reject the accepted conception of God. It was just in this regard that Jesus laid himself open to accusation. The report had spread that Jesus had called himself the Son of God, an appellation which, if taken literally, undermines the very essential religious conceptions of Judaism; so that the representatives of the religion could not afford to pass the incident over in silence. But how was it possible for the tribunal to ascertain whether Jesus really used the expression, or what meaning he attached to the words? How could they discover the secret of his sect? It was necessary for this purpose to find a traitor from among his disciples. Such a man was found in Judas Iscariot, who, incited by greed, delivered to the tribunal, we are told, the man whom he heretofore had revered as the
Messiah. A Jewish source, of ancient origin and apparently trustworthy, seems to place in the true light the use made of this traitor. The Court required, in order to arraign Jesus either as a false prophet or as a seducer of the people (Mesith), the evidence of two witnesses, who had heard him call himself by the name "Son of God." Judas was therefore required to induce him to speak on the subject, so that the two witnesses, concealed nearby, should be able to hear every word. This extra 'ordinary process of obtaining testimony against a suspected person was employed only in one case, namely, when a person was suspected of being a seducer of the people.
According to the Christian sources, Judas' act of treachery consisted in this: that he pointed Jesus out to his accusers by giving him a kiss of homage while surrounded by his disciples and the masses. It is strange, however, that such a stratagem should be employed to identify a man who, according to the self-same accounts, had entered Jerusalem in triumphal procession and preached openly in the Temple! As soon as Jesus was seized by the soldiers, almost all of his disciples left him and sought safety in flight; Simon Peter .vas the only one who remained. At daybreak, on the 14th of Nissan; namely, on the eve of the Feast. of Unleavened Bread, Jesus was brought before the Synhedrion. It seems that the tribunal, before which he was brought to trial, was not the great Synhedrion, but the smaller one, composed of twenty-three members, for the one who presided at the trial was not the President of the Synhedrion, a member of the house of Hillel, but Joseph Caiaphas, the High Priest. The purpose of the trial was to determine whether Jesus really considered himself to be the Son of God, as the witnesses had testified. It is rather unbelievable that he was tried, as the Gospels relate (Matt. xxvi, 61), because he was supposed to have boasted that he was able to destroy the Temple and build it up again in three days. Such an assertion, if really made by him, could not have been the object of an arraignment. The accusation doubtless pointed to the sin of blasphemy (Gidduf blasphemia), and to the supposed affirmation of Jesus that he was the Son of God. To the direct question as to that point, Jesus gave no answer and remained silent. When the President repeated the question and asked him if he were the Son of God, he answered, "Thou hast said it," and added, "Hereafter shall ye see the Son of Man sitting on the right hand of power and coming in the clouds of heaven" (Matt. xxvi, 24). On hearing this assertion, the judges concluded that he believed himself to be the Son of God. The High Priest rent his garments, and the Court condemned him to death as a blasphemer. From the accounts of the Christian sources, we cannot infer that according to the existing penal laws, the judges had pronounced an unjust sentence against him. The evidence was against him. The Synhedrion received the sanction of the sentence, or rather the permission to carry out the execution from Pontius Pilate, the Procurator, who happened then to be in Jerusalem.
Pilate, before whom Jesus was brought, asked him about the political side of his activity, whether he, as Messiah, had also declared himself King of the Jews, and when Jesus gave the ambiguous answer, "Thou hast said it," Pilate confirmed the sentence. The story reported in the Gospels that Pilate had found him innocent but that the Jews had insistently clamored for his death is legendary. When Jesus was scoffed at, and obliged to wear the crown of thorns in ironical allusion to the Messianic and royal dignity he had assumed, it was not the Jews who inflicted the indignities upon him, but the Roman soldiers, who sought through him to deride the Jewish nation. The Jewish judges manifested so little personal animosity toward Jesus that they gave him, as they gave to every other criminal, the cup of wine mixed with frankincense, in order to render him insensible to pains of death. According to the then existing penal laws, a blasphemer was first to be stoned and after his death, to be hanged for a short time on a tree. Jesus was executed in this manner. But the Christian sources would have us believe that he was crucified at nine in the morning, and that his torture lasted six hours, until three in the afternoon, when he expired. His last words were a quotation from the Psalms, in the Aramaic dialect: "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me" ("Eli, eli, lama shebaktani")? The Roman soldiers placed, in mockery, the following inscription upon the cross: "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews." The crucifixion and the burial of the body probably took place outside of the town, on a spot by the name of Golgotha, the place of the skulls, reserved for the burial of condemned criminals. How great was the woe caused by that execution! It was the indirect cause of innumerable deaths and interminable suffering among millions of the sons of his people. Millions of broken hearts and tragic fates have not yet atoned for his death. He is the only mortal of whom it can be truthfully said that he influenced the world more by his death than by his life. Golgotha, the place of skulls, became for a great part of humanity, a new Sinai.
The Jewish historian, in continuing his narrative, shows how, as a result of the Pauline trend of thought, which inclined toward the pagan view of life, there arose, already in the primitive Church, sects and difference of opinion, traces of which are to be recognized in the Gospel writings, the most ancient of which was composed, as late as the time of Bar Kochba (132-133). In order to conquer the pagan world, the daughter of Judaism was forced to make greater concessions to paganism than the latter made to Judaism.
Christianity represents a departure from the classical essence of both Judaism and Paganism. The Jewish view of the world was, and is, that the universe is a sacred creation of one Supreme Being. To Paganism, in its typical classical form, which reached its culmination in the Greek spirit, the divine unity, present in the world, appeared only as a product of the harmonious combination of multiple and various universal forces. The creative essence of Judaism did not disappear with its created classical culture, because the Jewish creative genius did not exhaust itself in its creation. Classical Paganism, however, saw its genius disappear with its culture, the roots of which lay only on the surface of life, and which were consequently swept away by the tide of barbarous tribes which flooded the ancient world during the closing period of antiquity. To the pagans, who saw the gradual disappearance of their own creative genius, along with the environment wherein it acted, it appeared, one day, that the divine harmony of the pluralistic world is no more divine and sacred but God-forsaken, and, finally, Paganism sought refuge in its opposite, the creative spirit of Judaism. On the other hand, only such Jews could satisfy the religious cravings of the Pagan world as had estranged themselves from their own world and were able to merge with the pagan environment so as to draw it along with themselves to the spirit which animated them-such Jews as did not look upon themselves as chosen children of a holy Being, but only as sinners and apostates. Thus there arose the double separation of the worldly element from the divine in Judaism on the one hand, and the divine from the worldly element in Paganism on the other; and as a result of the combination of a Judaism devoid of its element of worldliness and a Godless Paganism, there was born the Christian view, according to which a Jewish saint in the garb of a pagan man, had come to raise and prepare the nations for a better, divine world which, however, possesses all the characteristics of other-worldliness.
This other-worldliness, in the course of historical development, in the measure that the nations approached the Jewish historical religion, assumed more and more of a secular character. And the more Jewish, the more humane the pagan world became, the more could Jews participate in the culture of this world and contribute to its progress. And finally, when, after the long struggle between the pagan world of sensuality and barbarous force, on the one hand, and the spiritual, mystic, Jewish view on the other, the sun of modern humanitarian civilization shed its feeble rays upon a better and more perfect world, it was a Jew who was able to signal to the world that the final stage of the process of human development has begun.
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שליחות בחו"ל | ארגון ציוני | ההסתדרות הציונית העולמית | יהדות התפוצות | שירותים רוחניים בתפוצות | פעילות בתפוצות | הר הרצל | הרצל | החטיבה להתיישבות | עלייה למדינת ישראל | שליחות חינוכית בחו"ל | דה לגיטימציה של ישראל | הוראת ישראל | חינוך ציוני | אנטישמיות בעולם | הסברה ישראלית | מאמרים נוספיםMaking Aliyah 2013 | Google + | מתחם הרצל | Google B|


text:
Tullamore RFC have put together an impressive management team to take charge of the club's new Women's set-up.
The seconds captain Mike Tormey has been installed as head coach, Colin Hughes looks after the backs with Keith Cleary in charge of the forwards, Susan Bagnall, club President Elect, is the team manager, while Ailsa Hughes has been named captain.
The County Offaly club also hope to field a girls Under-18 side for the season ahead.
From beginner to seasoned stalwart, all are welcome to give it a try and anyone interested in taking up this popular and very sociable sport can contact Susan Bagnall on 0879828043 or Mike Tormey on 0874142158.
Or else simply show up at the official launch night tomorrow - Friday, August 23 - where there will be food, drinks and lots of craic after training.

subset: commoncrawl


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Bishop Gregory is Enthroned to Lead American Carpatho-Russian Diocese
On Tuesday, November 27, 2012, His Grace Bishop Gregory became the fourth ruling bishop of the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese of the USA and Canada, through the laying-on-of-hands by His Eminence, Archbishop Demetrios of America, Exarch of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The consecration and enthronement took place at Christ the Saviour Cathedral in Johnstown, PA, and was attended by more than 500 clergy and faithful, including members of Bishop Gregory's family, as well as long time friends and faithful of the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese.
The Antiochian Archdiocese extends her prayers for the ministry of Bishop Gregory, and congratulates the newly consecrated hierarch, as well as all of the faithful of the diocese. A photo gallery of the consecration may be viewed, along with His Grace's enthronement address.


text:
The pig that was attacked by a man and two dogs in an Effingham mobile home park suffered 23 stab wounds but should recover, authorities said.
The domesticated pig, which was a family pet, has been named "Oliver" by veterinarian technicians at Webb Animal Clinic in Rincon, who are caring for him, said Effingham County Sheriff's spokesman David Ehsanipoor.
Ehsanipoor said the pig was in "stable" condition Friday afternoon.
"It looks like he'll make it," he said.
He said the pig had stab wounds in his neck and around his hind legs. His ears were torn from the dog bites.
The pig was a family pet but did not have a name. The owners approved the name "Oliver," he said.
Bail was set Friday at $25,000 for the Springfield man charged with stabbing the pig - 23-year-old Benjamin Fullwood.
Chief Magistrate Scott Hinson set bond conditions Wednesday that prevent Fullwood from being around domesticated animals and from returning to the Bevills Mobile Home Park where the incident occurred.
Fullwood was charged with aggravated cruelty to animals, obstruction and trespassing when he and two pit bulls attacked the pig that had wandered into the mobile home park on Courthouse Road.
Hinson said in a statement that Fullwood's prior history with animals was a concern.
"I was informed by humane enforcement that Mr. Fullwood did not have ownership of the dogs; however, prior history has shown concern with his behavior regarding domestic animals," Hinson said.
Ehsanipoor said Fullwood has an extensive criminal history, including abandonment of animals, arson, theft, obstruction and weapons charges.
The spokesman said the pig had gotten loose from property on Courthouse Road.
Residents in the area were attempting to find the pig's owner when Fullwood attacked. A bystander captured the attack on videotape, which Ehsanipoor described as "gruesome."
"We have seen public outrage since this unprovoked, brutal attack," he said. "The video is disturbing."
Ehsanipoor said Fullwood set two pit bulls to attack, then began stabbing the pig with a knife.
"This was not a wild pig," Ehsanipoor said. "The pig posed no threat to anyone."
Fullwood remains in the Effingham County Jail.


text:
Which team will win the World Series?
I thought I would give us something that's not related to football.
Which team will win the World Series?
I thought I would give us something that's not related to football.
Resident Celebrity
Resident Celebrity
I haven't followed baseball much, at all really, since the league back-doored the Expos. Anyway go Dodgers, Giants or Yanks, I've always had a spot for them though.
no bets *****es
The only Racing Team that matters-HENDRICK MotorSports. 24\48\88\5.. I need another! :please: :
I'm out..
1 Free "Get Out Of Mancard Violation" earned by braving The Black Hole as The Chiefs redeemed themselves.
Giants, Phillies, Reds, Braves, Yankees, Rays, Twins, and Rangers.
Playoffs start tomorrow.. now who ya' got?
Resident Celebrity
Neither are my team but I would say the Phillies or Rays ... probably the Rays.
Bets for this thread will only be accepted for another 4 days. Get 'em in while you can.
Resident Celebrity
Go San Fran... I'm happy with whose left although I would love to see the Reds win the big one again..
Last edited by KristofLaw; 10-15-2010 at 05:24 PM.
San Francisco Vs. Texas
I'm a native Texan, but I'm choosing the Giants.
Resident Celebrity


text:
A UNIVERSITY of Tasmania Cradle Coast campus at West Park would provide a potential drawcard for international students, according to Professor Janelle Allison.
With Cradle Coast outgrowing its current location, the University is in talks with Burnie City Council about a possible campus at West Park.
``It's a big challenge growing the campus. We do want far more people from the North-West Coast choosing to come and study here, we want those education rates up,'' UTAS vice-chancellor professor Peter Rathjen said yesterday.
``But we do want more people from around the world choosing to stay on this campus.
``There's no particular reason why they shouldn't come and there's economic opportunity there.''
STORY: Graduation ceremony held for UTAS students
Being able to sell international students a location by the sea was one of the reasons the West Park site ``is so interesting'' according to UTAS Pro-Vice Chancellor (Regional Development) and Director Cradle Coast Campus Professor Allison.
``. . . in the first instance, that's the likely location for housing, isn't that a fantastic location for international students, summer school students, even students coming from the King Island and the West Coast, just a fantastic location,'' she said.
``We've had a set of preliminary discussions between the university and the council and now we just have to go through the usual, normal, appropriate planning processes.''
UTAS is ``absolutely committed'' to retaining the Cradle Coast Campus, according to Prof Rathjen, but it ``may well be difficult'.
``Look the biggest challenge is that federal government policy is not supportive of regional campuses,'' he said.
``There's no money we get for running a campus here, which costs us an awful lot.
``I was talking to the minister about it this morning. He knows the problem, but the question is what do you do about it.
``I think it's been a very hard year for universities. I think the government has made some policy changes that have been damaging for us.''


text:
Isilmo was the younger brother of Queen Tar-Telperiën. He had a son, Tar-Minastir. Despite that, Tar-Telperiën outlived Isilmo; she refused to wed and had no children. Thus, Tar-Telperiën was succeeded by Isilmo's son, her nephew, who became Tar-Minastir.
Some fans have speculated that Isilmo was the man who became the Lord of the Nazgûl:
Isilmo lived during in the correct timeframe. He was the only Númenórean prince to be passed over for the sceptre of Númenor in favor of a sister. This had not been the prior Númenórean practice, and all that was said about the circumstances was that "it was made a law of the royal house." This may have been a motivation for Isilmo to stray. In The Lord of the Rings, the Lord of the Nazgûl wore a kingly crown, which may have symbolized Isilmo's unfufilled claim to kingship of the Númenóreans instead of merely the obvious kingship of Angmar.
Like Isildur (the founder of Minas Ithil the "tower of the moon"), Isilmo's name has the Sindarin word for "moon" as its root; and the livery of Minas Morgul was that of a "moon disfigured with a ghastly face of death" which may have signified Isilmo as the corrupted Lord of the Nazgûl.
There is insufficient evidence in Tolkien's works to say authoritatively either way, and other fans have vehemently disagreed with the above speculation.


text:
The fight over Anna Maria is heating up.
You might recall from a column earlier this month that there is a big struggle over the burgeoning supply of rental properties that began popping up both before and after the Great Recession.
It's not so much the rental properties themselves -- though I'm sure there are many island residents who would like to see them disappear -- but their size that has the Anna Maria City Commission and neighbors looking for ways to stem the tide.
Their first solution, and likely only a temporary one, is a word that has ridden the waves of public opinion over the 30-odd years I have been paying attention to policy here in Southwest Florida: moratorium.
On the last day of January, the Anna Maria commissioners approved a freeze on new construction to afford them time to meet with residents on both sides of the debate to figure out what should be done.
Now, as business writer Michael Pollick reported last week, the commission is weighing two options.
The first would be to simply limit the height of a building's roof above the roadbed. It's now 37 feet -- allowing for three-story structures with lots of bedrooms and space for renting visitors -- and would be cut to 27 feet.
The other consideration sidesteps height but limits just how much square footage can go onto a piece of land.
As Pollick explained, that is the route taken by nearby Holmes Beach, where the rental issue exploded earlier and drew in a spate of politicians that made it their central focus.
In rough terms, a 10,000-square-foot lot can now host 4,000 square feet of living space under air; a 7,500-square-foot lot, 3,000 square feet; a 5,000-square-foot lot, 2,000 square feet of space.
The limits seem to have satisfied Holmes Beach residents opposed to looming rentals in their quaint neighborhoods, but the battle in Anna Maria is just heating up.
It's quite understandable that people in the rental business are feeling hot.
This fundamental debate over what the island should be involves a lot of dollars for them, and often the difference between making a profit or losing money on their investments. Bigger homes, with more bedrooms, by definition, command higher weekly rents.
As one investor and property manager told Pollick: A three-bedroom, two-bath property on a side street might draw $50,000 per year in gross rent. He cited one six-bedroom house he owns that draws $150,000. Realtors agreed that a weekly rent of $5,000 to $7,000 during certain parts of the year is not unusual for a multibedroom home with its own pool.
You get the idea.
But there also are folks with feet in both camps who are torn on the issue.
The very character that some residents say they are fighting to defend is what drew these investors to Anna Maria. Some would argue that three-story houses are not high-rises, after all, and not likely to turn this beautiful barrier island into Miami Beach or the like.
Pollick found Scott Ledgerwood -- who may or may not be in that category, I won't presume -- a Chicagoan who fully acknowledged that the small-town feel of Anna Maria is what drew him in the first place.
It's also why Ledgerwood paid $505,000 for a two-bedroom abode he planned to tear down and replace with a three-story structure. Federal flood rules prohibited any living space on the first floor, so it made some sense to go up two.
Moreover, the property doesn't have the water view that comes with the most select Anna Maria properties.
So along with builder Shawn Kaleta -- the force behind many of the rental property built or rehabbed on the island in recent years -- Ledgerwood went up in a cherry picker to see the view 37 feet would afford him from his little slice of heaven.
"It was like 'Oh my God!' Everything opened up," he told Pollick.
I can imagine that view.
For the record, I'm one of those renters -- at least one of the three times I've stayed out on Anna Maria in the last year or so to soak up its good vibes.
The rental signs now dotting the island are now more numerous than flip-flops, and it's just a fact that the character of the island is far different than when I was a kid and the folks would take us out to Anna Maria for a special birthday dinner at the dearly departed Trader Jack's, with its porthole windows.
If I were an island resident, I would only know one thing for certain: Anna Maria is a precious commodity meriting serious discussions.
Matthew Sauer is the Herald-Tribune's assistant managing editor for news and business. He can be reached at 361-4870 or at email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @MatthewESauer.
The future of Anna Maria is a discussion worth having
The fight over Anna Maria is heating up.


text:
BugSense, is an error-reporting and quality metrics service that tracks thousand of apps every day. When mobile apps crash, BugSense helps developers pinpoint and fix the problem. The startup delivers first-class service to its customers, which include VMWare, Samsung, Skype and thousands of independent app developers. Tracking more than 200M devices requires fast, fault tolerant and cheap infrastructure.
Scooped by
Shiwon Cho
onto EEDSP


text:
COLUMBIA, S.C. – South Carolina Associated Press reporter Jim Davenport has died. He was 54.
Davenport's wife Debra says he died Monday after battling cancer for two years.
He was a tenacious reporter who made it his mission to inform people in South Carolina about what their governors, lawmakers and other powerful officials were doing with their tax money and their influence.
During his 13 years with the AP, Davenport uncovered improper flights by Gov. Mark Sanford that led to a $74,000 ethics fine. He also uncovered the state Commerce Department's use of a private marketing account to pay for $1,000 chairs, a maid for the director's Columbia apartment and alcohol for its Christmas parties.


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Two console-exclusive "of War" prequels released last month, as both Microsoft and Sony attempt to milk their biggest franchises one more time before the next generation begins. Critical reception for the two titles have been okay (but not great), but sales are likely to fall short of both franchises' last numbered entries.
According to GI.biz, Cowen & Company expects Gears of War: Judgment to sell around 425,000 copies, well short of the two million units sold during Gears of War 3's launch month. God of War: Ascension is expected to sell around 360,000 copies, a far cry from the 1.1 million copies God of War 3 sold in its first month.
A number of factors could contribute to the dramatic drop-off in sales. Both titles serve as prequels to trilogies that have "finished the fight," and may not seem as interesting as proper numbered sequels. Unlike their predecessors, both titles missed the crucial holiday window. Finally, both games received far less of a marketing push.
Perhaps Garnett was right--both these franchises went to the well one too many times.


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I posted this on an other forum because I couldn't find this one. I did most of my early research on here a few months ago. Anyway, here is a cut and paste:
I just moved into a house (with well water) and I have hard water due to the AN filter bruner gould pictured here: Bruner.jpg (image)
My wife wants a water softener, so I am looking into it.
I did a water test at sears. They didn't know how test my water, but they let me follow the instructions and do it myself. Here are my results:
Water from the Well:
just under .5ppm
ph is between 6 and 6.7
Water after the AN Filter:
well under .5ppm
ph is 7
How should I proceed? As of right now I feel like I should keep the bruner as it seems to be working fine (took the rust out of our water too). I do not have a manual, but I simply refilled it with calcite and ran a backwash. If I need to get a softener, I would like to purchase quality parts online and have a plumber friend of a friend install it for me.
I have heard good things about clack, fleck, and autotrol, but I'm not sure where the best places are to buy them.
We have 4 people living in the home.
Thank you for any help/advice.


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- Supporting Economic Growth;
- Reducing Carbon Emissions;
- Promoting Equality of Opportunity;
- Contributing to Better Safety, Security and Health; and,
- Improving Quality of Life and a Healthy Natural Environment.
Below are links to the Executive Summary and the full LTP3 document and the Environment Report and the Non-Technical Summary of the associated Strategic Environmental Assessment. These documents have been prepared following discussions with key partners and using evidence on transport needs gathered in a range of public consultations.
If you would like to raise any local transport issues, please provide comments by e-mail to email@example.com or by post to:
Tony Gordon
Strategic Planning
Redcar & Cleveland BC
Redcar and Cleveland House
Kirkleatham Street
RC LTP3 2011-21 March 2011.pdf (1.3Mb)
Last modified: 23/03/2011 11:46:30
Last modified: 23/03/2011 11:46:30
LTP3 Executive Summary.pdf (77.58k)
Last modified: 23/03/2011 11:46:50
Last modified: 23/03/2011 11:46:50
SEA LTP3 ENV REPT NON TECH SUMMARY.pdf (473.49k)
Last modified: 17/09/2010 14:29:27
Last modified: 17/09/2010 14:29:27
SEA LTP3 ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT FINAL .pdf (0.73Mb)
Last modified: 17/09/2010 14:28:20
Last modified: 17/09/2010 14:28:20
SEA LTP3 ENV REPT APPENDICES FINAL.pdf (1.93Mb)
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SEA draft Table 9.1 Assessment Summary Matrix .pdf (116.93k)
Last modified: 10/11/2010 09:17:06
Last modified: 10/11/2010 09:17:06


text:
acquired March 26, 2013 download large image (1 MB, JPEG, 5037x5038)
acquired March 26, 2013 download GeoTIFF file (17 MB, TIFF)
acquired March 26, 2013 download Google Earth file (KML)
Paluweh Volcano, (also known as Rokatenda) one of Indonesia's Lesser Sunda Islands, emitted a plume of gas and ash on March 26, 2013. This natural-color satellite image was collected by the Advanced Land Imager (ALI) on Earth Observing-1 (EO-1).
NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, using EO-1 ALI data from the NASA EO-1 team. Caption by Robert Simmon.
- Instrument(s):


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Bootstrapping inferential statistics with a spreadsheet.
Bootstrapping is a method for generating the uncertainties
(confidence limits and probabilities) in the true value of a statistic
from a study of a sample. Bootstrapping is useful when the usual
modeling methods based on assumptions about sampling distributions are
untrustworthy or unavailable, for example when modeling the optimum
effect of age or of dose of a treatment on performance via a quadratic
relationship. In bootstrapping, the value of the statistic is calculated
for each of a thousand or more samples, each of the same size as the
original sample and each drawn randomly (with replacement) from the
original sample. These values are then analyzed as if they came from
repetitions of the study; thus, the confidence limits are given by
appropriate percentiles of the values, and probabilities are given by
the proportion of values falling above or below chosen magnitude
thresholds. Depending on the nature of the data, bootstrapping provides
trustworthy values of these inferential statistics when the sample size
is at least 20. The spreadsheets accompanying this article were
developed to model a quadratic relationship, but there are also versions
to model a simple linear relationship and a quadratic relationship with
adjustment for a linear covariate.
KEYWORDS: confidence limits, magnitude-based inference, optimum, precision of estimation, quadratic, uncertainty.
|Article Type:
Bootstrapping (Statistics)
Statistical methods (Equipment and supplies)
|Hopkins, Will G.
|Pub Date:
|Name: Sportscience Publisher: Internet Society for Sport Science Audience: Academic Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Health Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2012 Internet Society for Sport Science ISSN: 1174-9210
|Date: Annual, 2012 Source Volume: 16
|Event Code: 440 Facilities & equipment
|Accession Number:
|Full Text:
When you analyze the data from the study of a sample, you have to
estimate the uncertainty in the magnitude of an effect representing the
relationship between predictor and dependent variables. Uncertainty
refers to the fact that a different sample would give a different value
for the magnitude. The uncertainty should be expressed as confidence
limits or a confidence interval, representing the range of values within
which you are reasonably certain the true magnitude of the relationship
would fall. True refers to the value you would get if you had the luxury
of a huge sample, and reasonably certain is the level of confidence,
such as 90% or 99%. You should also calculate the probabilities that the
true effect is substantial in some positive and negative sense. The
confidence limits and probabilities are inferential statistics that help
you make a probabilistic decision about the magnitude of the true effect
(Hopkins et al., 2009).
Fine, so how do you calculate the confidence limits and the probabilities? The usual approach is to make assumptions about the way the value of the effect statistics would vary, if you repeated the study again and again. The values make up the so-called sampling distribution of the statistic. For many statistics the shape of the sampling distribution is known, and the confidence limits and probabilities can be worked out using well-known formulae involving the t or related statistics derived from the sample. These formulae are the basis of the inferences built into the spreadsheets at this site.
Bootstrapping is an alternative approach to generating confidence limits and probabilities about the true value of the effect, and it is the only approach when the sampling distribution is either not known or too difficult to quantify. In the item on bootstrapping at my stats site, I give the example of the difference between correlation coefficients derived from the same subjects. Another example that has emerged in several studies with my colleagues is the optimum value of a predictor that has a quadratic relationship with the dependent variable. Figure 1 shows an example where the predictor is dose of a treatment and the dependent is change in performance. Similar quadratic relationships work well for modeling the optimum age in an athlete's career performance trajectory (un published observations). Indeed, it is a simple matter to show with calculus that the relationship between any predictor and dependent in the vicinity of a maximum or a minimum is quadratic. A quadratic model is therefore an important analytical tool for investigating optima. Conventional modeling can provide approximate confidence limits for the optimum value of the dependent, but exact confidence limits for the optimum and for the value of the dependent evincing it require bootstrapping.
The term bootstrapping refers to the old paradox about people lifting themselves off the ground by pulling up on the straps on the backs of their own boots. A similar seemingly impossible thing occurs when you resample (to describe bootstrapping more formally) to get confidence limits. Here's how it's done.
For a sample of 20 or more subjects drawn randomly from some population, you can "sort of" recreate the population by duplicating the sample endlessly. The next step is to draw at least 1000 samples from this population, each of the same size as the original sample. In any given sample, some subjects will appear twice or more, while others won't be there at all, but that doesn't matter. Next you calculate the values of the outcome statistics for each of these samples. In the example above, the statistics would be the value of dose at the maximum, given by x = -b/2a for the quadratic y = a[x.sup.2]+bx+c, along with the value of performance change when this value of x is put into the quadratic. Finally, you rank the resulting 1000 values of the optimum dose and count in from each end until you reach the 5th percentile and 95th percentile, which are the 90% confidence limits. The PERCENTILE function in Excel provides the estimates without sorting and ranking the values. You repeat this process for the effect on the dependent variable (here, performance change) at the optimum.
The median value (50th percentile) from the bootstrap samples should be practically the same as the value of the outcome statistic in the original sample. A slight mismatch can occur with only 1000 bootstrap samples. I have not used more samples, because the files are already quite large (2-3 MB), and the calculations can be slow to update. When you refresh the bootstrap samples (using Ctrl-D-see instructions in the spreadsheet), the median should hover around the original value. A consistent substantial difference can arise when the dependent and/or predictor variables are skewed, in which case log transformation may correct the problem. A predictor variable with only a few integer values (e.g., 0 and 1, denoting females and males) can also result in a consistent mismatch, especially if most of the values of the predictor are the same (e.g., 17 males denoted by 1s and only 3 females denoted by 0s). If something like this in your data produces a big difference, the only solution is a larger sample size than in your original study, which is usually out of the question by the time you are doing the analysis.
The links below point to four spreadsheets. I suggest you work your way through them in the order shown. Start with the simplest of all linear models, a single predictor. Try changing the values of the predictor to 0s and 1s to model the simple difference in the means between two groups. (Note that bootstrapping automatically takes into account any difference in the standard deviations in the two groups, which you would normally deal with using the unequal-variances t statistic.) Move on to the spreadsheet for a quadratic predictor. You will find this spreadsheet allows for a quadratic maximum (an inverted-U shape) and a quadratic minimum (a U shape). If the quadratic effect is weak and the sample size is not large, a substantial proportion of the bootstrap samples will have a shape opposite to that of the original sample, in which case you will have to abandon quadratic modeling and opt instead for a simple linear model (using either the previous spreadsheet or usual modeling). The third spreadsheet has a quadratic model with adjustment for the effect of an extra linear covariate. The covariate can be continuous or scored simply as 0s and 1s, as shown in the spreadsheet. Note, however, that the model fits a quadratic of the same shape to the two groups of subjects implied by the 0s and 1s. If you want to fit a different quadratic to two or more groups, put each group into a separate spreadsheet, hopefully with 20 subjects in each group! You can do inferential comparisons of the resulting statistics for the groups using the spreadsheet to compare/combine effects (Hopkins, 2006). The last spreadsheet has two linear predictors. Use this one if quadratic modeling with the third spreadsheet fails.
For all their complexity, these spreadsheets lack several features of my other spreadsheets: log transformation, standardization of effects, and qualitative inferences ...
* You will need to do any necessary log transformation before entering the numbers in the bootstrap spreadsheet. If your data represent a change in performance (as shown in the spreadsheets) and the effects are more than a few percent, you should enter the change in 100* the natural log of the performance scores, not the actual percent changes. Back-transform the bootstrapped effect on performance to a percent score using the formula 100*exp(effect/100)-100. (For effects of <10%, there is practically no difference between the 100*natural-log and the back-transformed effects.)
* Standardization is performed by dividing all effects by the appropriate between-subject standard deviation. If you used log transformation, do the standardization entirely with
log-transformed values, including the standard deviation of the log-transformed raw data. * The spreadsheets provide estimates of chances that the true effects are substantial and the odds ratios for substantially positive/negative, but you will have to understand the process of magnitude-based inference to convert these to qualitative inferences (unclear, possibly negative, likely beneficial, etc.). See the appropriate section of the progressive statistics article (Hopkins et al., 2009) for more.
Finally, how the spreadsheets work. I use the LINEST function to do a multiple linear regression connecting the predictors to the dependent. LINEST has several annoying "features": you have to invoke it with a strange combination of keystrokes, you can't have missing values, you can't insert columns, and (unbelievably) the coefficients of the predictors are produced in the opposite order to the variables. LINEST also produces standard errors but not covariances for the coefficients, so you can't use it to estimate confidence limits for predicted values. (Bootstrapping generates confidence limits without using the standard errors.) See the link below for separate instructions on how to use LINEST.
Bootstrapping is a lot easier with Excel since the advent of xlsx files, because each bootstrap sample occupies several columns, and xls files were limited to 256 columns. For each bootstrap sample I create a set of columns that are copies of the columns where the original data are analyzed. The data for each bootstrap sample are selected from the original data using the RANDBETWEEN and INDEX functions, as you will see if you click on the appropriate cells. It's then a simple matter to generate the confidence limits and probabilities of exceeding magnitude thresholds using the PERCENTILE function.
Reviewer's Commentary
A single linear predictor: Bootstrap1predictor.xlsx
A quadratic predictor: BootstrapQuadratic.xlsx
A quadratic plus a linear covariate: BootstrapQuadraticPlus1covariate.xlsx
Two linear predictors: Bootstrap2predictors.xlsx
How to use LINEST: UsingLINESTinExcel.xlsx
Hopkins WG (2006). A spreadsheet for combining outcomes from several subject groups. Sportscience 10, 51-53
Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 41, 3-12
Published July 2012 [C]2012
Will G Hopkins Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email. Reviewer: Alan M Batterham, School of Health and Social Care, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK.
|Gale Copyright:
|Copyright 2012 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


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|A few years ago my Mom took me here for dinner. I had the North African vegetarian stew over couscous and it was quite good. She enjoyed her omnivore meal too. I forgot about this nice place until today, when I wandered by, so I will go back and get a more current review and probably add a little more stars. I think vegan options have grown since then. One of most vegan-friendly places in Marin.
Reviews: 133
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Hi friends,
it's been a while since I wrote here, although I have been thinking about it every day, because that's what you do with something you love.
My mind has been occupied with a million other things, most notably and tangibly a very large upcoming international trip,
but more ineffably, the question of happiness.
And the ongoing realization that happiness is something more than the lack of unhappiness, that it really is a land you can visit. I can visit.
I often turn to Paul Simon when I wish to express matters of emotional complexity, because he is the artist I know with the most finely detailed grasp of humanity.
(Look no further than the line, "when something goes wrong, I'm the first to admit it and the last one to know" to prove that. The difference between admitting something and knowing it is a slippery, yet important, idea.)
This one goes out to all of us who see happiness as a rope bridge -- shaking with our steps and yet, obviously, attached to something somewhere.
The song: Paul Simon, "Something So Right"; 1973
(I guess this also proves that where it comes to the heart, I am just a sucker for a good glissando.)


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REWARD OFFERED for STOLEN NEW HYDRA-SPORT 33 VX express pkgfrom Daytona Beach, FL on Sunday 11/6/11 approx. 1:50 pm
PLS CONTACT POLICE if seen or Bluewater Boats, ph. 386-255-7790 or firstname.lastname@example.com Report #11-4225, Holly Hill, FL Investigator Melton ph.386-248-9487
Wht hull w/midnight blue lighting bolt - triple wht Evinrude 250 etec on SportLine triple axle trailerFactory HardTop - no props - no electronics outside of RaymarineVHF w/Shakespeare antenna
Left lot w/blk storage curtains from HardTop to Gunnels, 2 outer motors w/blue motor covers
Captured on video: Suspect TOW vehicle ? Chevy Dually, reg cab approx. 1995 (Heist time 15 min)
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- Transfer News
Traore set for Everton medical
Monaco striker Lacina Traore is set for a medical at Everton ahead of a proposed loan move from Monaco.
Traore, who stands at 6ft 8in, had been set to join West Ham, who successfully applied for a work permit on his behalf. But West Ham reportedly stalled on completing the deal because they had concerns over a hamstring injury Traore suffered last month.
Sources have told ESPN that Everton want to discover how serious that injury is before committing themselves to a move.
Everton manager Roberto Martinez said on Friday that signing a striker was a priority following the sale of Nikica Jelavic to Hull. But the move for Traore has frustrated West Ham manager Sam Allardyce, who feels his original bid to sign him has been hijacked.
Allardyce told the Daily Mail: "After doing a deal with them, Monaco didn't sign the paperwork off when we asked them to on the basis that they said someone else is now interested.
"We wouldn't have gone to all the trouble of a work permit and visiting him out there and doing his medical if we had known that. But sadly it looks like at the 11th hour there's been a change of heart.
"Of course when you've worked so hard for a top-quality player like him, it's a real kick in the nuts."
Traore has been made available for loan by Monaco, even though they only signed him on January 4 from Russian Premier League club Anzhi Makhachkala on a four-and-a-half-year contract.
Monaco boss Claudio Ranieri sees Traore, 23, as a long-term signing, with Radamel Falcao the club's first-choice striker for now.
Traore attracted the attention of football fans on Merseyside when he scored for Anzhi as they beat Liverpool 1-0 in a Europa League group stage game on November 8, 2012.


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Featured Events
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METAL-RULES.COM STATISTICSAlbum Reviews: 11989
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Arrayan Path
June 2013
Released: 2013, Pitch Black Records
Rating: 4.0/5
Reviewer: Erich
The Cypriot band led by the Lepotos brothers return with 2013's IV STIGMATA, a thematically unified album based on events in the Old Testament of The Bible. Following in the footsteps of 2011 IRA IMPERIUM, Arrayan Path offers up more power metal glory, featuring twelve galloping, and guitar centered songs carried by the impressive vocals of Nicholas Lepotos. Much like the previous album, the excellent musicianship shines through via a blend of and melodic riffs. Arrayan Path has become quite adept at varying tempos and creating space, content to let the music breath when necessary rather than filling all the gaps with notes and chugs.
The title track represents this more restrained, slower paced approach, incorporating dark, mid-paced passages to convey the story, interspersed with keyboards, bells, and heavy, hanging guitar chords. Likewise, in keeping with the lyrical themes the music includes eastern melodies coupled with elements of German and Italian power metal, the latter most visible in the vocals lines and a clear influence from Fabio Lione. While there are many fine moments on the album, perhaps none are finer than the four minutes and twenty seconds of "Pharaoh's Wish", a damn catchy tune that compactly showcases all of the bands finer moments, while incorporating a taste of Maiden tribute during the musical march prior to the last part of the track. The only throwaway track is album closer "Charming Paranoia", resembling a film score or Pink Floyd tune more than power metal. On the positive side though, the band sounds fantastic and there is the intangible feeling that Arrayan Path is right on the cusp of being near the head of the table.
A few small weaknesses detract from making the album a masterpiece. First is that with IV STIGMATA being a long album, the songs do tend to bog down when the band decides to indulge progressive tendencies. The tunes that seem to resonate most are the ones under 4 and a half minutes. Unfortunately there are only four of these, so even while some of the epic and longer songs are good, they could have been downsized to great effect. The other minor gripe is that Arrayan Path has followed a well trod path in offering nothing original or distinguishing amongst the legions of power metal bands, admittedly a difficult task, but one that is basically mandatory to reach elite status in a crowded genre. Despite this, the committed and efficient execution of this style of power metal is as accomplished as any band out there. The songs themselves, fall only just shy of the genre leaders, but combined with powerful doubles bass drums, accomplished and flawlessly produced guitars, and the weapon that is Nicholas Lepotos soaring above the music, it is easy to envision Arrayan Path ascending to the pinnacle of the power metal peak in the near future. Recommended for fans of German and Italian power metal.
Track Listing
1. Clepsydra
Nicholas Leptos – Vocals


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Facebook suggests you get out more - and it'll tell you how
It knows what you did last summer and next summer
In another move by Facebook to predict user behaviour, the human herding site has introduced Suggested Events: a feature that will offer bright ideas for what you should do on Friday night. Zuckerberg knows how your little mind works.
Suggested Events will replace Friends' Events in the lefthand column of the Facebook home page and, as the name suggests, shows you parties, meet-ups and such social stuff that Facebook thinks you'd enjoy gatecrashing.
Normally, the site will only show you the events that you've been invited to, but Suggested Events mines your Facebook venue check-ins, friends' RVSPs and even music taste to fuel an algorithm that can figure out how you'd like to spend your free time.
Facebook is in the process of testing the feature but is rolling it out to its millions of users.
The optimistic will see this as Facebook encouraging offline interaction - prising web junkies off their internet connections and out into the real world. Critics see it as one more freaky Facebook mind game that reveals just how much the site knows about you and your life. It is certainly a move that positions Facebook more firmly at the centre of events advertising and events discovery. ®
Sponsored: Minds Mastering Machines - Call for papers now open


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CPAN::FindDependencies::Dependency - object representing a module dependency
my @dependencies = CPAN::FindDependencies::finddeps("CPAN"); foreach my $dep (@dependencies) { print ' ' x $dep->depth(); print $dep->name().' (dist: '.$dep->distribution().', mod ver: '.$dep->version().")\n"; }
The following read-only accessors are available. You will note that there is no public constructor and no mutators. Objects will be created by the CPAN::FindDependencies module.
The name of the module
The name of the distribution containing the module
The minimum required version (if specified) of the module
How deeply nested this module is in the dependency tree
If any warnings were generated while processing the module (even if suppressed), this will return them.
None known
I welcome feedback about my code, including constructive criticism and bug reports. The best bug reports include files that I can add to the test suite, which fail with the current code in my git repo and will pass once I've fixed the bug
Copyright 2007 David Cantrell <firstname.lastname@example.com>
This software is free-as-in-speech software, and may be used, distributed, and modified under the terms of either the GNU General Public Licence version 2 or the Artistic Licence. It's up to you which one you use. The full text of the licences can be found in the files GPL2.txt and ARTISTIC.txt, respectively.
This module is also free-as-in-mason software.


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Finally, a game that combines zombies and drinking responsibly. I was starting to get worried. Spain-based studio Moonbite has just announced Zombeer, coming to Mac and PC. In this game, lead character K will have to steadily maintain a careful buzz (never over-imbibing, mind you) to fend off both the impending infection and the zombie apocalypse.
Also: it has a cheerleader zombie that you can slap with a dildo and some really disgusting zombie boobs. If you're into that. Oh, who am I kidding? Who isn't into veiny, bulbous, zombie boobs?
Zombeer is expected in the second half of 2012.... read more


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WHEATON – Wheaton North and Wheaton Warrenville South will bring more than high rankings and matching 2-0 records into Friday's DuPage Valley Conference opener at Red Grange Field.
They also will come with great respect and admiration for each other.
"It's really cool to have such an awesome crosstown rivalry, and to have so many people be out there for this game," Wheaton Warrenville South senior Jake Schultz said. "It's always a big rivalry and we've always respected each other. It's two great programs."
Wheaton North senior Matt Biegalski, who played with Schultz and other Tigers players in the Wheaton Rams youth program, agrees.
"After this week, we will be cheering for them in every game and hoping they get wins," Biegalski said, "We will be friends after the game, but during the week and during the game, we won't be the closest friends."
One change happening is that after playing in the regular season finale the past two seasons, this matchup occurs in early September. Last year, the Falcons beat Wheaton Warrenville South, 23-13, to keep the Tigers out of the postseason.
"We are used to playing them at the end to wrap the season up," Schultz said. "This year it is right at the beginning but it should be fun. And it's on our field this time, on our new turf. It's going to be rowdy."
Wheaton Warrenville South will have to gear up for a Wheaton North offense that has produced 82 points thus far behind quarterback Clayton Thorson and wide receivers Biegalski and J.P. Forcucci.
"Wheaton North is a passing team," Tigers offensive lineman Jon Callaway said. "Clayton is a beast, and we are going to need our defense to step up. Offensively, we need to run hard and play all four quarters. We've got to step it up. They are obviously going to score some points, and we have to match that. We are pumped up."
On the other side, the Falcons are running into an upstart Tigers' team that is riding the wave of momentum after wins over Glenbard West and Maine South.
"They are playing excellent football," Biegalski said. "They are coming off two great wins, which is good for them. It's fun to play them with both of us being 2-0.
"We can't get off our gameplan. They will get stops and make some big plays but we have to keep up with our script. We don't want to let their defense dictate what we do. It's going to be a battle for four quarters."


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The longing for Obama (or an Obama) can be found in two prescient 2008 movies—WALL-E (the world saved by an endearing little dingbot, community organizer for an extinct community) and Milk (portrait of another creative community organizer—not to mention a precedent-shattering politician who, it's very often reiterated, presented himself as a Messenger of Hope). Nothing comparable has appeared since Obama's inauguration although there is a mildly Obama-iste aspect to any movie featuring an unconventional protagonist, like The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and Haywire (both with very tough gals) or even The Social Network (celebration of world-historical nerd), as well as the not undeserved love showered on The Hurt Locker—a two-fisted, Howard Hawks-type war movie directed by a lady!Seems like, for Hoberman, Obama is always there and always not there. Movies about "very tough gals" have to do with Obama? Movies directed by a lady are Obama-iste?! Hoberman's longing for an Obama tinged world is somehow all about women. And robots and gay guys. Intimations of Obama, leaving us still longing for Obama, wondering where he is. And now, suddenly... Clint Eastwood!
Ha ha. That was the most fatuous thing I've read all day. Including a few Supreme Court cases.


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PCSD's got talent!
Petersburg City School District's Junior class put forth a night of talent Thursday evening. The Masters of Ceremonies Skipper Erickson and Diane Murph announced act after act with one being just as entertaining as the other.
The night began with a rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" sung by Jaden Perry and Mikel Heppe with piano accompaniment by Liam Demko.
Voices raised in song were followed by Three Christmas Duets on brass instruments played by Bud Bergen and Skipper Erickson.
Kianna Kivisto and Althea Malone beautifully belted "This Land is Your Land," which was followed by a moving poem written and recited by Patricia Jackson.
Marissa Nilsen sang "Safe and Sound," with Katie Brock accompanying on the piano.
Smiles could be seen all around as Annie Christensen and her dog Libby performed tricks that made the most well behaved canine look clumsy. Libby jumped one board higher than the other to the delight of the audience.
"Mississippi Sawyer," performed by Olivia and Ella Martinsen on the guitar and fiddle brought the country right into the theater.
Hannah Pfundt and Izabelle Ith danced to "Shout," and after all of the tricks, leaps, jumps and turns the crowd was just as tired as they were.
After a short intermission, the house was brought to their feet when Bud Bergen sang "Hotel California," by the Eagles. Bergen was joined by Mizani Rawhani on guitar, Dan Cardenas on drums and Hannah Pfundt on bass. Their rendition of a classic song had the whole crowd singing along.
Rawhani, Cardenas and Pfundt followed with a rock medley that kept the audience on its feet and Cardenas finished this section with a drum solo that was out of this world.
The PCSD staff of Jaime Cabral, Rick Dormer and Joyce Burk-Biggs, made a huge impression on the crowd as they all broke into a Gangnam style dance.
Fran Abbott and Stephanie Pfundt sang "Homeward Bound," with JoAnn Day accompanying on piano.
Abbott also played piano herself as she sang "Skinny Love," and "Imagine," with the voice of an angel.
Alexi Vasquez, Joec Randolph and Ashley DuRoss performed a Japanese dance with precision and grace while Andrew Duddles and Kirk Evens performed a skit about being stuck to the floor.
The evening closed with Loveena Ortiz playing the ukulele and singing "I'm Yours," which received a standing ovation from the audience.


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Are the rear torsion bars interchangeable between all EA81's??
I need to get a new one for my Brat, could I also find pull one off of a hatch or wagon if they are in better shape?
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Guest Message by DevFuse
Torsion Bar?
Started by Hocrest , Jul 25 2004 10:17 PM
5 replies to this topic
Posted 25 July 2004 - 10:17 PM
Posted 25 July 2004 - 10:21 PM
They are the same.
I don't know if they are rated the same but the replacement torsion bars are the same part number between the Brat and the Hatchback.
I don't know if they are rated the same but the replacement torsion bars are the same part number between the Brat and the Hatchback.
Posted 25 July 2004 - 10:30 PM
hmmm makes me think that the bars for the wagon could be a lil heavier in spring rate cause of the extra weightwouldn't you think so Ken?
Posted 25 July 2004 - 11:16 PM
they probably just preload the bar more on the wagons comparied to the hatchs
Posted 26 July 2004 - 12:00 AM
Dave, If you need one I know of the same BRAT with the good gas tank we could pull it off of there if you wanted. I would try a one of the BRAT's from Harry's first since that would be much cheaper.
Posted 26 July 2004 - 02:26 AM
so if i run EA82 coilovers on the rear of my brat, it is redundant with the torsion bars. can you remove the torsion bars and run without them? or just set them to do as little as possible?
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