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|Kleinliebenthal Catholic Church near Odessa, Ukraine
A Visit to the German Colonies Near Odessa in 1838
By J.G. Kohl
Translated from German to English by Professor Joseph S. Height.
This selection is taken from Kohl's book, "Reisen in Südrussland," which was published by the Arnoldischen Buchhandlung, Dresden and Leipzig, in 1841.
The special interest that every German takes in the welfare and progress of his fellow countrymen in foreign lands, and also the general interest which the German colonies in Russia evoke in anyone that is concerned with the condition of peoples and states prompted me to live for a while in one of the colonies near Odessa. Such a visit, I felt, would enable me to make some interesting comments and at the same time to observe the peculiar character of the different nationalities that populate the steppes. I therefore chose Lustdorf, a friendly German village lying right on the shore of the Black Sea, twelve versts to the south of the city.
As I had already made the necessary arrangements for room and board with the mayor of the village, I mounted my horse one morning, to ride to my summer resort on the steppe. I rode leisurely through the gardens and chutors of Odessa and passed by the "Little Fountain," where people, like the Danaids of old, were ceaselessly occupied with the task of hauling water. After stopping briefly near the Russian hamlet of Fontal to view the garden of a wealthy Greek, I continued my ride past a small Russian monastery and the farm of a prosperous Bulgarian colonist who owned extensive vegetable gardens.
Soon I reached the borders of my German colony of Lustdorf. Just inside the border I came across a beautiful spring, where a plant for washing wool had been established. People told me that for a long time the spring was the object of contention between the monastery and the colony. Both parties had begun a lawsuit which had even been venued to Petersburg, where it was finally decided in favor of the colony. Although the stream was only as thick as one's arm, the colonists were now deriving from it an annual revenue of 500 rubles, for that was the sum the Odessa merchant, who owned the wool-washing plant, had to pay for the lease of the spring.
Night began to fall as my chestnut steed and I finally reached the small liman (estuary) on whose elevated banks Lustdorf is located. I rode up from the seashore and reached the mayor's house where I found two small rooms in readiness for me, and the kind people anxiously awaiting my arrival. The "Gospodin Schulz," as he is called by the neighboring Russians, who have a profound regard for the mayors of the German colonies, was a highly respected, judicious man by the name of Lang. Throughout my stay at his house he was to become my sincerely devoted friend and also my teacher in regard to many interesting conditions existing in this area.
His wife, who was tirelessly busy with the management of the house and the children, proposed to prepare my meals, while the pretty seventeen-year-old daughter Bäbele was to be my waitress and chambermaid. [Bäbele is the Swabian form of Barbara, same as English "Babs".] The mayor's aged mother was also still living, a woman already in her seventies, who had come to this country at the age of forty, and who could therefore still speak the Swabian dialect as purely and fluently as if she had just arrived from the Neckar. After her husband's death she was spending the remainder of her days with her son, mending the clothes and stockings of her young grandchildren, preparing the salad for the kitchen, peeling potatoes, shelling peas and beans and reading the Bible in the evening.
A German traveling through Russia once remarked: "As I approached the banks of the Volga near Sarepta I was struck by the prevalence of the German dialect in this region." Indeed, the heart of a German is thrilled when, after roaming about among all sorts of strangers, he suddenly finds himself in the midst of dear fellow countrymen and the amenities of his homeland, as though he had come upon a small piece of his native land right in the middle of a remote desert.
I felt completely at home with these good folk, who did everything to make my stay with them most pleasant. My room had a sofa, a table and chairs, and the windows were adorned with geraniums and myrtle. On one side I had a view of the small flower garden of my friend Bäbele; on the other side I surveyed the farmyard, where the mayor and I set up a tent that very evening and where I intended to have my coffee the following morning. In my bedroom there was, of course, only a plain bed with a layer of straw, but I soon discovered that it was wonderful to sleep on it.
After I had taken an evening stroll with the mayor through his vineyard and got a view of his establishment, his wife invited me to a snack of Holderküchle and milk which Bäbele had already served in my room. I in turn invited the mayor to share the snack with me, and from that moment on he remained my daily companion and my constant guide on all walks and excursions. Those Holderküchle are a Swabian pastry. The people gather the blossoms of the elderberries that grow by the seashore, dip the yellow umbles into a batter of eggs and flour, bake them in butter, and eat them with sugar and appetite. This we now proceeded to do, and the mayor began to tell me the story of a shipwreck that had taken place last fall and whose sad wreckage--a ship's rump--I had seen on the beach on my way here.
In the course of such and similar stories I spent my first night in the village of Lustdorf, of which I soon grew very fond. It also happened to be a Saturday evening, which has always been my favorite evening of the week. For me, too, it came as a surprise "to hear the German dialect," and indeed in song. For the young German boys sat together half the night and sang old German songs, such as: "Freut euch des Lebens," "Es ritten drei Reiter zum Tore hinaus," and many others which I had not heard for years, and which I certainly would not have expected to hear again on the shores of the inhospitable Pontus.
As I had anticipated, I slept very well on my straw bed (I had lain on harder beds in the Russian post stations), and when my Bäbele opened the shutters the next morning and the Sunday sun streamed through the window and the schoolmaster started to ring the bell for church, I felt so at home that I reached for my steaming coffee, enjoyed one cup after another in good German fashion, and then took a stroll through the village.
When the village was first established, the colonists had given it the name "Kaisersheim." However, when Duke de Richelieu came riding into the village one day and pondered the name, he deemed it inappropriate that his name should have been selected for no special reason and without the approval of the Czar. He therefore requested that another name be chosen, and the colonists agreed to re-baptize their village by the name it still bears. [Duke de Richelieu, a French émigré, was governor of Odessa and governor-general of "New Russia" from 1804 to 1816. He spoke German fluently and was acclaimed "Father of Odessa".]
The houses in the village are all nicely constructed of a soft conglomerate of limestone. All have only one story, spacious rooms, and green shutters on all the windows. All are kept neat and tidy. To be sure, Lustdorf has a special need for larger rooms, since suitable accommodation is required for the numerous summer guests that come to enjoy the sea-baths. The progress of the colony is evident from the fact that in the thirty years of its existence the interior of the houses has been renovated for the third time.
In the beginning the government had provided the settlers only with reed huts, in which they practically froze to death in the wintertime. Following the example of the Russians, the colonists soon began to dig themselves into the ground and build adobe houses. Finally, when their situation improved and they had become more well-to-do, they built the present handsome houses. The same development took place in the other German colonies that I had the opportunity to visit.
The houses are situated on both sides of a broad street, and each house is surrounded by a spacious yard. In the rear part you find the unroofed threshing plot and the uncovered skirte (long stacks) of grain, hay, and straw. Behind these stacks are located the vineyards, orchards, and vegetable gardens. The village street is lined with two rows of beautiful acacia trees, and at the gable end of every house there is a small, well-tended flower garden, the care of which is always in the hands of the older daughters of the family. Decked out in their pretty Sunday clothes, these girls were now standing at the stone wall distributing larkspur and gillyflowers [carnations] to their favorites among the lads of the village who were sauntering down the street and jesting with the girls.
When the schoolmaster sounded the second bell, the mayor's seventy-year-old mother, with a sparkling white bonnet on her head and a white apron over her blue cotton skirt, came out of the house to go to church. As I accompanied her on the way she hold me that it took a long time and cost many a life before the colony achieved the prosperity I was now witnessing. During the first period of settlement the hardships had been great, and she was now one of the few that had survived those storms. Most of the German immigrants had, in fact, perished before they were even able to take possession of the land that had been granted them. Even the trek to Russia had been a terrifying experience. It lasted two summers and one winter. One party had come down the waterway of the Danube. They had fared worst of all, for at the delta of the Danube malignant diseases had broken out among those immigrants, and a large number of them were carried off. The other parties had come by way of Vienna, Moravia and Galicia, and after staying in the last-named province the entire winter, they continued their trek through Podolia. In the beginning all the women had been terribly frightened of the Russians, and even now she could not help tremble a bit whenever a Russian visitor comes unexpectedly into the house. There was also much fear of the Turks who, at that time, were still in possession of the west side of the Dniester. Indeed, the poor womenfolk suspected that every vessel that appeared on the river might be a part of the piratical Turkish fleet.
"The worst thing," added the mayor, who was walking along with us, "was the fact that the immigrants had found practically nothing prepared for them on their arrival. To be sure, the land was there, twenty-five desjatin for each of the forty families who were to be settled, but the available dwellings were so wretched that the colonists had to dig themselves into the earth, like the Russians. Moreover, the plows given to them were such sorry contraptions that when put to use the plowshares bent like tin. To make matters worse, the colonists really had no idea in what latitude they were now living; some even thought that the land belonged to Podolia. Nor did they know when to start work in the fields, when to sow, when to reap, whether to fertilize, or indeed what to plant and sow. The Russians, whose language they did not understand, were unable to enlighten them on these matters. Therefore, the more well-to-do among the settlers hired Russian farmhands and let them manage the farms and fields as they liked. The best food was set before them and they were almost regarded as sacred persons. People were often heard to say: "For goodness sake, let's keep the Russians contented, for on them our whole welfare depends!" The poorer settlers simply imitated the example of the well-to-do and their Russian servants, sowed and planted when they did, etc. In due time the situation changed in a twofold respect. On the one hand, the Germans not only soon learned what was needful and proper, but with their hard work and their ambition to improve themselves, combined with the greater knowledge of agriculture already gained in Germany, they were soon able to improve their farm implements and farming methods to such a degree that the Russians are now often heard to exclaim: "Tak i njemtzi sdalajut!" (That's the way the Germans do it!). On the other hand, those that were formerly well-to-do now belong to the poorer class, whereas those that had practically nothing to start with are now the most prosperous in the community.
This process was repeated in all the colonies, and the cause of it was that the rich always relied on their Russian servants and squandered their money on them as well as on their unsuccessful enterprises, whereas the poor gained useful experience without incurring any losses. Indeed, in relying upon their own efforts, they had learned more and learned it better.
The schoolmaster, a native Swiss, read the sermon rather poorly, but I was nevertheless edified, for the association with a group of people for religious purposes is always uplifting. However, I believe that church affairs in the colonies are not in their best condition. The best preachers from Lithuania and Esthonia, which supply most of the preachers in the Russian interior, do not like to come this far, even though the clergymen in the colonies are not badly off. They get 120 desjatines of land and a fairly good salary.
Since many Germans are scattered through all of Russia, the Lutherans have a certain number of superintendencies throughout the country, just as Russia (as a whole) is divided in many gubernias (administrative districts), or the Greek church into several eparchies. In every larger city there is a parish with its own preacher who at times is also the superintendent of a large area extending over several gouvernements, and is therefore responsible for the supervision of religious services in the German colonies. Oftentimes the preachers come into conflict with the colonial authorities who resent their influence and place all sorts of obstacles in their path. Hence it happens that many colonies do not engage a preacher, and the church remains in an obvious state of neglect. Often the schoolmaster takes over the functions of the pastor, although on occasion a visiting missionary from Basel may stop over at a colony.
In the course of several walks among fishermen, shepherds, and colonists I gained a much clearer understanding of this area and its people. And so the first days of my sojourn at Lustdorf were spent with many informative talks with my friend the mayor, with some innocent banter and jesting with my cheerful Bäbele. I even came to her defense a bit against her mother who claimed that the girls born in Russia were less inclined to work as hard as those from Germany, and yet I found that the girl was quite active. However, the care-worn spirit of the German women, their restless, ceaseless activity, their unflagging drudgery and worrying--this, to be sure, tends to disappear among the Russian-born girls, and for that reason all the daughters here find themselves in opposition to their mothers. I found some fault here with the mothers who, in almost German fashion, get so involved in work that they miss the joy of living. Actually, I liked the balance of German diligence and Russian ease which I detected among the young people of the colony. It was very instructive for me to compare German housewives with Russian ones, and I could not help marveling at the striking difference in the character of each ethnic group. It seemed obvious to me that not a single exemplar of such a busy worker like the mayor's wife (and I found many others of her type in the village) could be found among the 50 million Russians, nor could such a lively product be derived from the stuff of which the Russian national character is baked.
In my opinion, there is no cause to fear that the poor management of Russian households, their customs, and language will soon replace the German way of life in the colonies. The Germans are massed together here in large numbers, almost always they marry their own people, and the Russians are not permitted (by colonial law) to settle in the colonies. They still dress in the German fashion; only the winter fur coat has been adopted--because of the climate. The Swabian dialect is passed on from father to son. Russian, which of course they must learn for business reasons, is spoken only with Russians. To be sure, some young German sons, and especially some of the poorer people, have defected and established themselves outside the colony where they became Russianized, but they are comparatively few. Most of the people who find no means of livelihood in the rapidly rising population of the colonies move to the cities, where many good opportunities are open to their industry and ambition, and where they again find German communities that preserve the German spirit through churches, schools, and other associations.
In point of fact, the superiority of the Germans over the Russians is, in many respects, so great that whenever the two nationalities come into conflict it is not surprising to see the German come out on top. The German thinks, the Russian does not; the German works and forges ahead; the Russian gets stuck and easily goes backward. The German even cheats more thoroughly than the Russian, who despite his wily chicanery is invariably the dupe in the end.
Also the physical character of the Germans has certain advantages over the Russian. If the latter is more versatile and resistant to wind and weather, hunger and thirst, the German in turn is more vigorous and robust. This is apparent even in the everyday petty conflicts--I mean the fights that take place between Germans and Russians--in which the latter are invariably the losers. A German fist is not afraid of two or three Russians, and a lone Russian will never venture to oppose a German, man to man. For the ethnologist I could adduce some interesting stories and observations the upshot of which is that "German blows," as Schiller already noted in his Fiesco drama, are feared as much here as they are in Italy. Pisse Njemetzi, "Devilish Germans!" the Russians shout at us, when a German comes driving along in his heavy, ironbound, chain-clanking wagon, and they make way for him because they have already discovered that in the event of a collision their own wooden cart will get the worst of it. For all these reasons the German colonist is far more feared and respected by the local Russians than he is hated, as has been falsely stated in a recent newspaper article on the German colonists in Russia. The Russian is far too conscious of the superiority of the German, to leave much room for hatred.
However, while we are discussing scrapping and fighting, we should not fail to admit that the Russians resort to this disgusting activity far less frequently than the Germans. In this regard I have heard my countrymen use expressions that are quite unknown to the Russians. On hearing them, I could not help blushing for my nationality, and the more pacific and conciliatory character of the Russians appeared to me in beautiful light.
Often enough the Germans scrap and fight until the blood flows. The Russians, in contrast, poke each other a bit on their thick fur coats, and the matter is settled. To be sure, the poor Russian is accustomed to getting more blows than he delivers, and thus it is not merely his greater love of peace but also his lack of independence, just as it is not merely German coarseness but also the feeling of greater independence. However, even in the raising of their children I found the Germans much more apt to resort to physical punishment than was the case with the Russians. The outcries of the vigorously beaten children could be heard through the villages all day. The Russians live much more amicably with their children and they caress them more often. On the other hand, it must be observed that the Germans pay much more attention to training and discipline than is the case in Russian families that are often completely wild and unruly.
In regard to the young children I also noticed that the German children appeared less neat and clean than the Russian ones whom I always found very tidy and proper. Even the grownup German women and men did not appear to have as much personal cleanliness as the Russian mujiks. It is, however, very difficult to make general judgments about cleanliness. One nationality is more particular in this respect, the other in that. The German women work a great deal and can therefore not always appear very attractive. Hence, on workdays the women, with their wild flying hair, give one the impression of just having emerged from the sheer despair of their household drudgery. On a Sunday, the day of rest and leisure, the situation is altogether different. Then the spic-and-span German woman definitely had the advantage. In point of fact, it is characteristic of the various classes in Russia that no very great difference can be noticed between their Sunday attire and their workaday clothes. The numerous feast days make it impossible to celebrate all of them in special holiday attire, and for the Russians the weekdays are not workdays or business days to the extent that special clothes are necessary. Everything flows together in a rather chaotic way.
My Bäbele, who brought me flowers every morning from her garden for my breakfast table and found my humorous company quite congenial, had of course other admirers who took her more seriously. She was much sought after, for she was the prettiest girl in the village and the daughter of a man who held a most respected position and stood in high regard and frequent contact with Germans, Russians, and Greeks in the neighborhood as well as in Odessa.
Of her admirers, one was more richly endowed with emotion, the other with rank, and the third with money. The sentimental one was a young farm lad of the village; the man of rank was a Cossack officer; and the man of means, a young German who was the owner of a wine tavern in Odessa. The sentimental one called every evening and there was chatting, laughter and teasing. The Cossack rode up to the house a couple of times, drank a glass of wine with the girl's father, ogled her from a distance, and then one fine day came right out with a proposal of marriage. He told the mayor that he had known him for some time and had also become acquainted with his daughter Bäbele (actually he had never spoken a word to her), and that he was well pleased with her diligence and good behavior. He admitted that he had only a rather poor house and a small salary, but he did possess rank and title, two medals, and a silver cross. At present he was the owner of three horses and was planning to buy a kaleska, a buggy. He would, therefore, like to ask for Bäbele's hand. She would, he felt sure, do a fine job of housekeeping and on Sundays she could go out for a buggy ride. The mayor poured him another drink and suggested that the matter could be discussed some other time. The suitor, having gotten the mitten, mounted his steed and rode off.
The tavern owner from Odessa came out to the village every Sunday--the deep vexation of the poor sentimental one--and asked permission to take Bäbele to a dance. The parents were decidedly in favor of him, and Bäbele too was willing. The only point that created a feeling of apprehension was the fact that this suitor had a shock of flaming red hair. I, for my part, would have liked to see the girl remain in the village and, for that matter, would have gladly granted her to the smart village lad. Since I had also made an issue of the red hair, I now began to fan the flames even higher so as to increase their repelling force, although I gradually began to doubt my success. The matter was decided shortly before I took my departure from the village. The glitter of the gold won out, the aversion to the golden hair was overcome, and before I left I had to congratulate Bäbele on the happy event that declared her the fiancée of the redheaded wine-seller from Odessa, and cast the poor village lad into the pit of despair.
The first longer excursion that I decided to undertake with the mayor was into the neighboring German colonies and to the mouth of the Dniester Liman. One fine morning at five the mayor's son Jakob hitched up a pair of bays and climbed on the buckboard of a Hungarian farm wagon, of the type which several Hungarian-German colonists had introduced into all the German colonies here. The mayor and I took our places in the rear on a layer of straw that was covered with a pretty multicolored Russian blanket. Our way took us first along the small, narrow peressip of the village liman. It was completely dried out; only here and there on its cracked and scarred surface thin layers of salt were to be seen. After crossing the broad terrain that lies between the shore and the elevated steppe, we proceeded upon the long, wide peressip of a much larger liman that always holds salt water, but breaks out into the sea about every ten years. It was the Suchoi Liman, as our map indicated. Its water is strongly salinated and contains several varieties of sea fish. On its banks we also saw countless heaps of seashells.
More interesting were the human settlements on its shores. These were so numerous and so charming in their scenic setting that I imagined I was at one of the small lakes in Holstein. The liman, which forms a connected mass towards the sea, divides into two crooked arms farther inland to the north. In the foothills of the forked area lay a large German colony, with attractive church and handsome houses, named Kleinliebenthal. To the right of this village lay the large village of Alexandrovka, which is inhabited by Greeks. On the left stood the Russian hamlet of Burlaktschi Balk, "Valley of the Rogues," and at the apex of one arm the Malo-Russian village of Suchoi Liman. Besides these settlements, there were several fishing huts along the shore, and the estate and country house of the Countess Potocki.
The sight of so many settlements really came to me as a surprise. I never encountered a similar scene on the steppes. On the peressip stood a long row of fishermens' huts and between the villages herds of cattle and horses moved about. Enough variety of people and occupations to give us food for thought as we rode along the narrow ridge between the liman and the sea, enjoying our cigars. About midway on the long ridge, the mayor suddenly said: "Jakob, halt's mol an, de Pferde woll'n sich a Mol verschnaufe!" (Jakob, stop a while, the horses would like to catch their breath a bit.) I thought to myself that life is not made that pleasant for the poor Russian horses, for a Russian never stops to worry about what his horses want or do not want.
The "Rogues' Village" got its name in the old days when marauding bandits lodged in every ravine and at the mouth of every river. Now these places are inhabited by Russian tillers of the soil. And yet only a few years separate us from those earlier times in this region. One must marvel at the magic power which the Russian empire has exerted on the civilization and cultivation of these vast wastelands. No matter how far we go back into history, we encounter nothing but wild, plundering hordes of nomads. But here before our eyes we now find a picture of peaceful, busy settlers. It would indeed be difficult to find any better ones in those lands that have been cultivated since the dawn of history.
Our way took us through the Greek colony of Alexandrovka. It was founded in the days of Catherine the Great, who had settled a group of unhappy Moreitoses here. The people were now all Russianized and spoke Russian much more fluently than the German colonists. They had also adopted most of the Russian customs, lived in indolence, and squandered their money in the taverns. They are inefficient farmers and even though they received much more generous grants of land from the Empress than was allotted to the Germans--depending on his rank, each Greek settler received eight to ten times more--they are now all in debt to the two neighboring German colonies. The latter find time, after having worked their own fields, to cultivate the fields they have leased from the Greeks. Indeed, the latter will often lease their land ten years in advance, in order to obtain ready cash. After the money is squandered, they eke out an existence in their wretched huts. The difference between the outward appearance of their village and that of the German colonists is that between night and day. Everything is in a state of unsightly decay. There are no trees and no gardens. The village church also had the same dreamy aspect. Instead of a bell they simply hooked up a piece of scrap iron on which the blows of a hammer called the community together. With sad thoughts we drove on.
After a long drive across the Greek steppe we again reached German terrain--the fields and gardens of the large colony of Grossliebenthal, which is also the administrative seat of the entire German district and the headquarters of the chief mayor. Ten other colonies belong to this district, six of them Evangelical and four Catholic. In the Odessa region of "New Russia" there are four such districts, each with its chief mayor: Liebenthal, near the mouth of the Dniester; Kutschurgan, farther up the Dniester; Glückstal, to the east of Odessa; and Beresan to the northeast. These four districts have about 25,000 inhabitants and, like other Russian colonies, are subject to the so-called "Colonists' Welfare Committee" in Odessa, of which the president is a Russian general. All matters coming before this Committee are conducted in Russian, although all the officers also understand German. For every district there is an inspector who serves as an intermediary between the colony and the Committee. He is generally also a Russian, but the mayors are of course Germans who are elected by their own communities. The same is true of the chief mayors and also the village and district clerks. In each village two men are elected as "burgomasters" to assist the mayor in his work. An adjutant of the mayor, known as the village beadle, assembles the townsmen to the regular meetings by ringing a bell through the streets. Those colonists who fail to appear are liable to pay a fine.
In addition to the colonial districts already mentioned, there are several others in South Russia. Over 30,000 colonists are settled in Bessarabia, 50,000 near the Sea of Azov, 5,000 in the Crimea, and 5,000 in the Caucasus. The most prosperous of all these German colonies are those on the banks of the Molotschna River, near the Sea of Azov. Some farmers there have herds of 20,000 sheep, and the colonists live in very attractive homes.
All the colonies in Russia are regarded as distinct class, and when a colonist on the Volga [River] or in the Caucasus is punished for some crime, the deed is also made known on the Dniester. They are also interested in one another in other ways, for instance when preachers from the Crimea are transferred to Bessarabia, or schoolmasters from Sarepta on the Volga come into the southern colonies. Adventurers and beggars from Germany sometimes roam from colony to colony. Occasionally, also some practices and customs spread from one colony to another. We have already mentioned the Hungarian farm-wagon which is to be found in all the colonies of South Russia. I should, indeed also mention the cattle from the Molotschna, which all the South Russian colonies are trying to introduce.
To be sure, the colonies in the different regions of this vast empire did not all obtain the same amount of land grants and government loans. As a rule, those in South Russia received sixty desjatines (162 acres) of land per family, and a so-called "advance loan." This loan usually consisted of two horses, two cows, two oxen, a few farm implements, and a small sum of money. The sixty desjatines of crown land are regarded as indivisible property for which the colonist proprietor pays taxes, which at present amount to fourteen rubles. All the German colonies in Russia probably pay a total of 2 million rubles per year to the imperial treasury. The original land grant, it should be noted, may not be divided among the sons through testament, but several families may live on it, if they can secure a livelihood. Nor may any of the land be sold without the permission of the government. Every district is held responsible for the tax payments of all its settlers, and also for the long-term repayment of the advance loans.
The increase of the population in the German colonies is commensurate with the great expansion of population in the Empire as a whole; perhaps it even grows faster. Thus, the small colony of Lustdorf had 208 people at the time of the census of 1815. In the census of 1835, there were 357 people, not counting those that came into the colony from elsewhere. If one adds the nineteen that moved away, we find that the population had doubled in twenty-five years. Similar results are indicated in the lists that I saw in other colonies. On one-half of the original homesteads two or more families are now living. Moreover, every year many families move away to the city. In Lustdorf one-sixth of the population has already moved to town. The younger men that can find no livelihood in the village often settle on some land that well-to-do fathers have purchased for them, somewhere among the Russians. Sometimes the landless sons became dessiatintschiks, namely renters that have leased a few dessiatin from some Russian nobleman. They build a sod house and work the land as long as they like or until they have saved enough money to buy property of their own.
To what extent the German colonists can thrive in this country is evident from the following example. A Mennonite in the Molotschna, though he came as a poor man to this country, has become so prosperous through his hard work and enterprise that his property today is valued at 2 million rubles. He owns a herd of 20,000 sheep whose wool contributes in no small way to the flourishing commerce of Azov. I was also told of other colonists that owned 12,000 sheep and 7,000 head of cattle. To be sure, there are also many poor people, but there are no beggars or uncared-for indigents to be found in any of the German colonies. All this is, of course, not solely due to German industry but also to the favorable conditions in which they are placed. It is easy for the Germans to better themselves among the Russians.
In point of fact, every German farm establishment on the steppes is generally superior to that of the Russians. The Germans are the only inhabitants of the steppe that have developed effective means against the depredations of the grasshoppers. They also have been the chief exterminators of the snakes that formerly infested the steppes. When there is a famine in the land the Russians come to the German colonists to obtain some of the surplus grain from their granaries. The colonists cultivate the idle fields of the neighboring Greeks and other indolent peasants. They are never in arrears with their taxes and invest their capital in useful enterprises. Hence a German colonist was led to tell me with justifiable pride: "If the Czar were to come to this district, he would have to acknowledge with joy that we Germans have been largely responsible for the cultivation of the steppes." As a matter of fact, when Alexander, while passing through the Molotschna on his final trip to Toganrog, surveyed the thriving German colonies, he cried out in astonishment: "Children, we really don't need to travel to Germany anymore. We have more than Germany right here in our own empire!"
The houses in the colony of Grossliebenthal were on the whole very attractive and in good condition. Less so, the gardens, which were full of weeds and thistles. In truth, gardening is not making much progress in the colonies of the steppe. They were actually in better shape in the earlier years. On the one hand, farming and the raising of livestock are really more productive, while on the other hand the difficulties of gardening are too great. The gardens on the higher levels of the steppe were particularly drab and desolate. Those located in the valley were still in good condition and of such impressive size that I could not help marvel that so much has been achieved in the short period of thirty years.
Every house has its well and its fine spacious cellar. Because of the hot summers, these cellars are dug to an astonishing depth. I found it most fascinating to observe how the people store the milk to keep it cool. There is a broad staircase with numerous steps. In the early spring the milk is placed on the top-most step. As the days grow warmer it is set several steps lower down, in the beginning of the summer still lower, and finally during the greatest heat, it stands at a depth of twenty-five and more feet.
Since we did not find the chief mayor at home, we called on the district clerk. In the offices we found everything spacious, neat, and even elegant. We then took a look at the communal sheep ranch, the community garden and vineyards. Every district owns certain communal property: a large orchard, a vineyard, a sheep ranch, and a fishery. From the proceeds of these various enterprises a communal treasury is set up, from which the needy or those that require capital for some useful enterprise can obtain a loan against the necessary security. We have here actually a kind of loan bank of the type which some of the noblemen back home established in several areas. These community treasuries provide good services, especially in lean years. In the treasury of this colonial district (comprising ten villages) there were cash assets of 300,000 rubles. The other treasuries of the district were in similar good condition, for the Fire Assurance Fund amounted to 197,000 rubles and the Widows' and Orphans' Fund amounted to 160,000 rubles. Thus, the total cash assets for the ten villages was 650,000 rubles. I think this is brilliant enough.
We stayed for the night with the district clerk, who had a very charming house and was indeed a man of status, married, with a nice income of 400 thalers, and, as I soon discovered, the real manager of the district. During the evening we discussed a hundred topics relating to the colonies and the steppes: snakes, grasshoppers, Mongolian mounds, agriculture, etc. We finished with a discussion about egg production and came to the surprising conclusion that the hens of the steppe lay twice as many eggs as the German ones. In Germany a hen lays no more than sixty eggs per year, while the hens here lay 120 and more.
The next day we drove through many other German colonies: Alexanderhilf, Freudenthal, Petersthal--all of which lay in a row along the valley of the Baraboi, a small insignificant stream that was now completely dried up, except near the villages where its water had been collected into stavoks, ponds. This construction of ponds is a common feature throughout the steppes of the Ukraine. Every landlord and every village builds a dam of earth across the river bed, to contain the water. A channel with sluice gate and bridge-crossing is provided to take care of the overflow in the spring. The man-made ponds are called stavoks, and every stream of significant size deposits its water in a larger number of such stavoks. In this way, water for washing clothes and watering the livestock is obtained.
The colonies of Petersthal and Freudenthal are the most prosperous in this area. They are inhabited by Hungarian Germans, that is, by Germans who had originally settled in Hungary and later emigrated to Russia. In Freudenthal we visited a colonist who had such a splendidly furnished home that it would scarcely be surpassed by the richest peasant houses in Switzerland. In the spacious living room we saw the finest furniture, even a large, beautiful grandfather's clock for which he had paid 200 rubles in Odessa. In the bedrooms stood the most enchanting beds, with white curtained canopies, and everything else in the house was likewise well furnished.
The preacher of Freudenthal, who is also the Evangelical Superintendent of all Russia, was, regrettably, not at home. He is said to be a very original character, and completely devoted to his farmers. Indeed, he is himself a big farmer and hauls his cattle, his wheat, and his kirpitsch (dry manure) to the markets in Odessa. He is said to have done much to improve agriculture in the colony, which, to be sure, can still stand a lot of improvement. However, as long as the grain flows abundantly into the farmers' hands, improvements will be rather slow in coming. A big farmer here usually loses as much grain on his threshing floor as a small peasant back home can manage to harvest. The threshing floors are simply open surfaces on a level patch of hard-packed earth. An unexpected rain often soaks the grain that is spread out on the floor, where it is completely ruined, because with the rapid germination that takes place it begins to sprout at once. An enormous amount of grain is also lost to the ducks and chickens that have a splendid feast, and much is also trampled and destroyed.
Threshing, which for us back home is a perspiring job for even the toughest worker, is here just mere child's play. Two or three wagons are hitched up, the young boys climb on the buckseat, their sisters and neighbor's children pile in the back of the wagon, and they drive round and round over the grain that is spread out on the threshing floor. In Freudenthal I was shown the strangest threshing rig I have even seen--a Bulgarian one. It consisted of several boards set together on the same plane, curved in front like a sleigh runner and studded on its lower surface with numerous flint stones. The Bulgarians around here drag this threshing sled over their grain, but I could not rightly understand how the kernels were thereby separated from the ears.
From Freudenthal we drove westward to the Dniester. As we came into the valley of its tributary, the Kutschurgan Liman, we saw before us two broad terraces on which large herds of livestock were grazing. These belonged to the Russian village of Majak which is located about five versts above the Liman. Its inhabitants are so-called Raskolniki, that is to say, "Old Orthodox" Russians who in earlier times had left their fatherland because of its opposition to their faith and settled in what was then Turkish territory.
Since it was getting late in the day, the mayor suggested that we ought to stay overnight in the village with one of the families he was acquainted with. Just as the Scythian troglodytes in the time of Herodotus, so the native Malorussian of the steppes lives in a semlanka, a sod house. Indeed, there is every likelihood that his primitive type of dwelling is still much the same as it was in antiquity. Certainly, the building material is the same.
Because of the cold in winter and the heat of summer, but particularly because of the lack of timber and wood, the steppe dwellers conceal themselves and their dwellings halfway in the earth. They excavate a cellar three to four feet deep and according to the dimensions of the proposed house. Three beams of equal height are then erected on the south elevation, one at each end and the third in the middle. A horizontal beam, called the swolok (Durchzug), is placed over them to serve as a ridge pole. From the ground level on the north side a sloping roof of reed and turf is laid out to extend as far as the ridge. Seen from the northern approach, such a house looks deceptively like a slight elevation of the landscape. On the sunny side, a wall of earth about four feet high is erected and a couple of pieces of glass inserted into it to serve as window panes. From this side the house gives the impression of being in the process of sprouting from the earth.
The entrance to the semlanka is provided by the peressinja, an enclosed stairway leading from the ground level to the subterranean floor of the house. At each end of this passageway there is a door, to keep out the heat as well as the cold.
Our prospective host gave us a very friendly and hospitable reception. No sooner had we expressed our desire to be permitted to stay overnight, when everyone began to provide for us in the very best way. The young son put our horses out to pasture. The wife and aged mother of our host set about to prepare a supper for us in the summer kitchen.
After having seen the primitive exterior of the semlanka, I was very pleasantly surprised to find myself in such a comfortable and attractive room. Outside it was very hot, but down here it was delightfully cool. The air was fresh and fragrant, for the clay floor was strewn with grass and the walls adorned with bunches of aromatic herbs. Everything was so neat and tidy that one cannot sufficiently praise the Malorussians in this respect, compared with the Great Russians and the Poles. Pretty, quaintly colored quilts covered the benches and a number of plump comfortable pillows lay on the beds. The windows had gay curtains and the walls were adorned with brightly printed wallpaper and several little mirrors. But nothing was more prettily decorated than the holy icon that hung in a niche in one corner of the room. The niche was bordered on three sides with small silver-edged curtains and on a painted shelf below it lay a profusion of offerings, fruits and flowers. In front of the icon hung a silver lamp that was kept burning night and day. The whole thing seemed like something that had been set up for the children as a surprise on Christmas Eve. What a childlike simplicity of faith must animate the hearts of these good people!
As we were chatting through the falling twilight the finest supper began to appear on the table: borscht soup, lentil pottage, egg omelet cake, and the best milk in the world. Borscht--the national dish of the Malorussians--is a treat for anybody, especially in the summertime. Every conceivable kind of delicious, savory herb and vegetable gets into this soup: sliced beets, parsnip, kummel [caraway seed], parsley, purslane, thyme, leek, etc. The base of all these ingredients are lentils and a chunk of mutton, while the common element in which everything swims is a sourish kwas, the well-known national beverage of the Russians. To each bowl of the steaming soup the diner adds a portion of cool thick cream.
The good people wanted to give us their own bed for the night, while they proposed to sleep in the yard. But we requested that they simply spread some straw for us in the adjoining vacant room, and there we had a good, if brief, night's rest. The next morning, just as the sun peered over the high grass of the steppe, we sat down for a light breakfast of tasty white bread and fresh milk. As our wagon rolled out of the yard our kind hosts send along a thousand good wishes: "Dai Bog wam starowie!"--God give you good health! God grant your body and soul happiness, salvation, and well-being!"
My last days in Lustdorf were spent visiting with all kinds of people, with colonist, gypsies, shepherds, and horse herdsmen. I also made a last longer excursion--this time to the towns of Ovidiopol and Akerman, near the mouth of the Dniester. But as I gradually noticed that the sources of new ideas and the fountains of new information were beginning to flow rather sparingly, I found myself thinking of some new region to visit. So I packed up my writing materials, took leave of my excellent host, wished my Bäbele a sweet life with the redhead from Odessa, and bade farewell to these good people. As I rode back to the city, I began to look forward to my projected excursion to the Crimean peninsula.


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Other Park Home Estates in the Area
Lamaleach Park EstatesLancashire , North of England We are a friendly, family run retirement park, established in 1966 and situated just over 2 miles from the popular resort of Lytham St.Annes. The park is very spacious... more
Westend Residential ParkLancashire , North of England
Lynwood ParkLancashire , North of England We are redeveloping new areas of our friendly community on our quiet and peaceful park. Backing on to open countryside, with some plots having superb views over the fields, yet... more
These details were last updated on 12th September 2018

subset: commoncrawl


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Reports > > Selected Report
Global Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) Market Outlook 2017-2022Single User: $2195 Multiple User: $3195 Enterprise User: $4195
Report Summary:
Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) is an amorphous polymer made by several polymer manufacturers. COC is a relatively new class of polymers as compared to commodities such as polypropylene and polyethylene. This newer material is used in a wide variety of applications including packaging films, lenses, vials, displays, and medical devices. Typical COC material will have a higher modulus than HDPE and PP, similar to PET or PC. COC also has a high moisture barrier for a clear polymer along with a low moisture absorption rate. In medical and analytical applications, COC is noted to be a high purity product with low extractables. COC is also a halogen-free and BPA-free product. Some grades of COC have shown a lack of estrogenic activity.
This report provides detailed analysis of worldwide markets for Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) from 2011-2015 and provides extensive market forecasts 2017-2022 by region/country and subsectors. It covers the key technological and market trends in the Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) market and further lays out an analysis of the factors influencing the supply/demand for Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC), and the opportunities/challenges faced by industry participants. It also acts as an essential tool to companies active across the value chain and to the new entrants by enabling them to capitalize the opportunities and develop business strategies.
Global Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) Market Outlook 2017-2022, has been prepared based on the synthesis, analysis, and interpretation of information about the global Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) market collected from specialized sources. The report covers key technological developments in the recent times and profiles leading players in the market and analyzes their key strategies. The competitive landscape section of the report provides a clear insight into the market share analysis of key industry players. The major players in the global Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) market are TOPAS Advanced Polymers (Japan), Nippon Zeon Corp (Japan), JSR (Japan), Mitsui Chemicals (Japan), Xinda (China), Tianjin Yaguang (China), among others.
The report provides separate comprehensive analytics for the North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa and Rest of World. In this sector, global competitive landscape and supply/demand pattern of Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) industry has been provided.
Table of Contents / Index:
Part 1. Exclusive Summary
Part 2. Methodology
2.1 Research Methodology
2.2 Geographic Scope
2.3 Years Considered
Part 3. Introduction
3.1 Definition
3.2 Supply Chain Structure
3.2.1 Raw Material Supply
3.2.2 Traders & Distributors
3.2.3 Key Customers
3.3 Manufacture
3.3.1 Manufacturing Process
3.3.2 Production Cost
Part 4. Market Landscape
4.1 Global Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) Market Size (Volume) 2011-2016
4.1.1 Overview
4.1.2 Global Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) Production
4.1.3 Top 10 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) Companies (Volume Share)
4.2 Global Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) Market Size (Value) 2011-2016
4.2.1 Overview
4.2.2 Global Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) Production Value
4.2.3 Top 10 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) Companies (Revenue Share)
Part 5. Segmentation by Products
5.1 Type 1
5.2 Type 2
5.3 Type 3
Part 6. Segmentation by End-users
6.1 Customer Segment 1
6.2 Customer Segment 2
6.3 Customer Segment 3
6.4 Customer Segment 4
Part 7. Geographical Segmentation
7.1 North America Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) Market
7.1.1 North America Market Overview
7.1.2 North America Price & Margin
7.1.3 North America Trade Balance
7.2 EMEA Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) Market
7.2.1 EMEA Market Overview
7.2.2 EMEA Price & Margin
7.2.3 EMEA Trade Balance
7.3 Asia Pacific Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) Market
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Market Overview
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Price & Margin
7.3.3 Asia Pacific Trade Balance
Part 8. Market Forecast
8.1 Market Size by Volume 2017-2022
8.1.1 North America
8.1.3 Asia-Pacific
8.1.4 RoW
8.2 Market Size by Value 2017-2022
8.2.1 North America
8.2.3 Asia-Pacific
8.2.4 RoW
8.3 Regional Consumption Forecast
8.3.1 North America
8.3.3 Asia-Pacific
8.3.4 RoW
8.4 Consumption Forecast by End-users
8.5 Consumption Forecast by Products
Part 9. Company Profiles
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Overview
9.1.2 Products Offered
9.1.3 Business Performance
9.2 Company B
9.3 Company C
9.4 Company D
Part 10. Market Dynamics
10.1 Market Drivers
10.2 Market Constraints
10.3 Market Strategies
Part 11. Competitive Landscape
11.1 Mergers & Acquisitions
11.2 New Product Launches
11.3 Expansions
11.4 Other Developments
Part 12. Appendix
Analysts Certification
Research Methodology
The market research report added recently to collection of Market Reports Company is based on detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis. The research report is a blend of both bottom up and top down research with the help of which quantitative aspects of the market are determined. Besides this various statistical models, projection techniques and sampling techniques are implemented for quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis includes through interactive study with all major industry participants across the industrial value chain. The analysis includes extensive interviews with raw material suppliers, experienced front line staff, directors, CEOs, distributors, major manufacturers, industry experts and end-users. Interaction are usually done with the help of primary interviews, surveys, and vendor briefings. All major factors that influence this market are studied in this research report. The market size for top level markets and sub-segments is normalized, and the impact of various macro and micro economic factors are analyzed during market forecast. Secondary Research Secondary sources play a vital role in collection of raw data. Various paid and open access data sources are referred for collection for secondary data. Some of the major secondary data sources referred include: ■ Press releases, annual reports, Non-Profit organizations ■ Industry associations, governmental agencies and customs data ■ Directories; databases such as Bloomberg Business, Wind Info, Hoovers, Factiva (Dow Jones & Company), etc. Primary Research In Primary research process, various sources from both the supply and demand sides were interviewed to obtain qualitative and quantitative information for this report. Some of the major primary sources include: ■ Product manufacturers ■ Opinion leaders, industry experts and research institutions ■ Distributors, Dealer and Traders ■ Raw Materials suppliers and producers etc. The data collected through secondary research is validated with the help of primary research respondents. Data Models Wherever no credible data sources are available, various data models are implemented which help to develop wide data sets.
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Report Details:
Report ID: 2441 Category: 13 Published date: 2017-07-15 12:11:25 Number of Pages: 117 Publisher Name: GCC Over all Rating: 82 % (Average of Ratings provided by clients)
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You could practically spend your entire Massachusetts vacation outdoors. In the spring, fishing, camping, hiking, biking, and cheering on the Red Sox at historic Fenway Park. In the summer, soaking up the sun on gorgeous beaches, white water rafting, whale watching, putt sinking, ice cream eating, and still cheering on the Sox. In the fall, leaf peeping at the brilliant foliage; losing your voice at a Patriots game at Gillette Stadium; petting goats, picking apples and sipping cider at any number of picture perfect small farms; and yep, still cheering on the Sox. Think there are no outdoor activities in the winter? Think again. There's skiing, riding and tubing at one of 12 fantastic ski areas; dog sledding; and ice fishing; all while heatedly discussing the spring prospects for the Sox, of course.
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In this Mini-Course Dave covers the basics of retouching photographs - from removing unwanted objects to retouching portraits
Official Bio:
For 25 years Dave Cross has been helping photographers and creatives get the most out of their Adobe software. Dave has a Bachelor of Education, is an Adobe Certified Instructor and a Certified Technical Trainer. Dave has taught at Photoshop World (25 times), the Texas School of Photography, the Santa Fe Workshops, and has traveled across the country teaching for Kelby Training. He runs the Dave Cross Workshops in his own studio/workshop space in Tampa, FL. Dave is well-known for his engaging style, his humor and his ability to make complex topics easy to understand. In 2009 Dave was inducted into the Photoshop Hall of Fame.
From Dave: Take advantage of my experience of teaching thousands of Photoshop users like you how to be more efficient and creative.


text:
Looks like AT&T is also getting in on the game for updating their Lumia 920 flagship phone. A new update has just popped up on Nokia's servers, viewable by the third party Navifirm software.
The update is simply labeled PR1_1_V3, which to us sounds a lot like the update detailed yesterday by Engadget that fixes the soft-focus on the Lumia 920. But there is reason to believe that this is more than just an update for the camera as it will presumably address other minor issues with the phone and tweak some settings.
We're uncertain at this point if this includes the 'Portico' OS update as well, which is a separate function from upgrading the firmware to version 1249 (current one is 1242).
If you are thinking of doing this update yourself, we would strongly advice you to wait, as we don't know the status of the version on the server. What's more, you will hard-reset the device and wipe it clean, potentially losing any "saved game" states and other personalization. Only the official "over the air" update will preserve this info and be a true update instead of a device flash.
Having said that, we'll take the bullet for you and try to flash one of our own devices.
Update and Confirmed: it does have the Windows Phone 8 OS update to Portico.
Thanks, Ryan M., for the tip


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Essay:Is File-sharing a Moral Action?
This essay is an original work by Aaronp. Please comment only on the talk page.
Is the free sharing of copyrighted material on the internet a morally acceptable action? Can we apply different moral philosophies to such a modern problem? In recent history, with the advent of peer-to-peer sharing programs and the free availability of many different types of media on the internet, the morality of the sharing of copyrighted material has come into question. In order to gain understanding on issue, we can apply several universal moral theories, including the Kantian, Utilitarian, and Rights Ethics philosophies.
There are many users of the internet today, and a majority of them participate in file-sharing via the use of a wide variety of peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. These people believe that what they are doing is not wrong, but rather one of their rights as consumers of media. In contrast to this, many people of the movie and music industries believe that their creative works are protected property and that file sharing takes away from the benefits that they receive from those works. By having the consumer purchase the media, it gives the creator both money to create more work and the added affirmation to generate more creations. This situation has arisen due to several factors; these factors include technological advances that provide the ability for free sharing of media, the opinions of several creators driving the arguments against sharing, and the wide popularity of the internet.
Napster was one of the first widely used free-sharing networks. In June 1999, Shawn Fanning released his creation that provided free music for download to any anonymous user that chose to obtain the Napster program. Napster soon exploded in popularity, with millions of users downloading the service and obtaining hundreds to thousands of songs each day. Eventually, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) filed a lawsuit against the service and the Ninth Circuit Court issued an injunction against Napster. Since then, Napster has taken the form of a pay-per-song style service, eliminating the free-sharing aspect of the program. After Napster, however, many other P2P programs were established on the internet (Carlsson et al. 2001). Today, the Kazaa service is one of the most widely used, offering the free download of music and movies to anonymous users. Kazaa has carefully avoided the problems that Napster ran into, however, by not physically storing the files on their servers; unlike Napster, Kazaa functions solely as a P2P network, facilitating communication between a user who has a specific file and a user who wants the specific file. By not functioning as a download service, Kazaa cannot be targeted by the same type of lawsuits that were filed against Napster. Kazaa is under constant judicial pressure to make sure that its users are not sharing copyrighted material, but it is still running today (www.kazaa.com). [1]
These programs have stimulated a serious discussion on the rights of the consumer versus the rights of the creator. Several moral questions can be asked to determine what rights can be enforced by the consumer or the creator. Regarding the rights of the consumer, we have to ask whether they have a right to the free access to the entire library of creative works today, and whether or not they can enforce this "right", ignoring the copyright laws that are enforced today. The rights of the creator are more clearly defined than the rights of the consumer. The rights of the creator, as protected by law today, include the right to govern the distribution of their creation and the right to seek damages for infringement of their right to distribute. Regardless of the lawful protection of the rights of the creator, however, we can still ask moral questions about those rights. Does the creator really have the right to sue for the unlicensed distribution of their work? And if so, should the consumer seek damages from the distributor or the consumer? In September 2003, the RIAA sued several users of P2P networks, seeking damages for each song downloaded. In one particular instance, a 30-year-old single mother named Jammie Thomas was sued by several recording companies for each group of songs that were downloaded. This sum, including $9,250 per 24 songs shared on the Kazaa network, amounted to approximately $500,000 dollars . This is an important aspect to the morality of the creators seeking damages, as the woman did not have half of a million dollars to give to the record companies. Should the creators be able to sue individual users?
Obviously, the amount of moral questions posed by the issue is insurmountable without the application of universal theories. One might question if the older philosophies can be applied to such a modern problem, and in response to that I say that even though the philosophies are many decades old, they still hold true today. Because the theories are universal, they are able to be applied to any situation. In addition to this, they provide an alternative point of view to the current state of the argument, which has recently boiled down to the creators stating that consumers cannot share their work and the consumers maintaining that they can. Thus, the application of these theories is not only useful but almost necessary to be able to give order to such a chaotic situation.
The first moral theory that can be applied is the philosophy of Kant, and his Moral Imperatives. The first categorical imperative states "act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law" (Boss 2008). If we take the users of the P2P networks as the moral agents, there are two different applications of the first categorical imperative that can be made. The first application is from the viewpoint of the users themselves; the proponents of P2P programs claim that all creative works should be freely available for the enrichment of society. Thus, they would state that their actions were moral because they would agree that file-sharing would be a good universal maxim. In contrast to this, from the viewpoint of the creators who are protesting against file-sharing, the first categorical imperative would state that the users of the P2P programs are actually committing theft, as they are taking something without paying what has been deemed the product is worth. Thus, the users are making theft a moral maxim, which isn't morally acceptable. Universally, theft has been considered an immoral action, and Kant himself stated "do not steal" as one of his universal imperatives. The real question, then, is whether or not the creator has a right to set an arbitrary price on a creation and if the unlicensed distribution of the creation is really "theft". Alternatively, is the price set for the creation really arbitrary? Should the prices be set so high considering the minimal costs of production? Due to the laws that are enforced today, including the laws of copyright, the first categorical imperative has to be interpreted from the creators' point of view; the moral agents in this case are clearly making theft a moral maxim and thus are acting immorally.
Like the first, the second categorical imperative also deems the actions of the users of P2P programs as immoral. The second imperative states "act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means to an end" (Boss 2008). The users of P2P programs are obviously acting against the instruction of the second imperative, treating the creators not as ends themselves but rather as means only. By freely taking the media from the P2P program and not giving the creator any sort of compensation, either monetary or in the form of the affirmation of their efforts, the users are treating the creators as a means for entertainment. Thus, according to the second categorical imperative, file-sharing is an immoral activity.
The next moral theory that is useful is Utilitarian theory, specifically the Greatest Happiness Principle. The principle states that an action is right as it tends to promote the happiness of the greatest amount of people, and an action is wrong as it tends to promote the opposite of happiness, or pain, and is the hallmark of the Utilitarianism movement (Boss 2008). As it applies to this moral question, we have to ask whether allowing or prohibiting file-sharing would promote the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people. Thus, we have to examine how many people are affected by the prohibition or permission of file sharing. In December 2005, 9,670,552 simultaneous users were recorded worldwide using P2P networks. Eliminating P2P networks would thus cause pain for at least that many people, not including any that weren't on the network at that time. The pain mentioned would be that caused by the inability to freely access desired media. If we were to permit P2P sharing, it would harm the people in the movie and music industries. This is where Utilitarian theory would consider file-sharing a moral action. The USA has the highest amount of entertainment export, and thus can be used as the prototypic example of the number of laborers that could be "harmed" by file-sharing, in this case being in the tens of millions. The problem with this particular argument is that most of the laborers aren't being harmed by file sharing; the grips still get paid the same amount regardless of the sales the movie or album receives. Thus, to claim that allowing file-sharing harms a greater amount of people is inaccurate- the pleasure that most laborers in the entertainment industry receive remains unchanged. One could state that in the future jobs could be lost, which would directly harm the laborer's happiness, but in the 11 years that P2P programs have existed, the job market for the entertainment industry has not changed. In addition to this, the profits that the industry receives have not changed more than a single percent (www.bigchampagne.com). Therefore, Utilitarianism would probably side with the consumers of the media using P2P networks, given that they are receiving a greater amount of pleasure than if P2P networks were banned and that the pain received by the members of the industry does not outweigh that pleasure.[2] [3]
The last moral theory that will be applied falls under Rights Ethics. Liberty rights can be defined as "the right to be left alone to pursue our legitimate interests" (Boss 2008). Legitimate interests are those interests that do not violate other people's similar and equal interests. Because of the definition of "legitimate interests", we must determine if file-sharing is a legitimate interest of the consumer or if it violates the right of the creator to gain benefits from their creation. According to the copyright laws that are in effect today, it is clear that file-sharing cannot be a legitimate interest (and is thus immoral) because it directly violates copyright, which is protected by law as a legitimate interest. The issue is not so clear cut, however, when we examine exactly how much file-sharing affects the legitimate interests of the creators. In terms of financial benefits, it has been shown that profits for the movie and music industries have not changed more than a percent. In terms of intangible benefits, such as the affirmation of the creator's work giving them the motivation to continue, the impact of file-sharing changes from person to person. Metallica, one of the original proponents of the suit against Napster, believed that they were being seriously harmed by file-sharing and as such refused to create any more music until the dispute was resolved. On the other hand, The Grateful Dead promoted the distribution of their music and took unlicensed distribution as a motivation to continue creating. Because of the minimal impact that file-sharing has on the interests of the creators, it could be argued that file-sharing is not a violation of the legitimate interests of the creators and thus is a legitimate interest itself, and thus it is a morally acceptable action. Regardless of this, however, due to the laws are in place, file-sharing will remain a violation of the creators' legitimate interests and thus is not a legitimate interest and is immoral.
Given all of the different factors that influence the morality of file-sharing, determining an absolute answer is a difficult task. Different philosophies have generated different answers, but most, including the Kantian and Liberty Rights theories, summarily dismiss file sharing as an immoral activity. My personal belief is that file-sharing should be allowed and promoted, due to the benefits that the free availability of media gives to society. If a person is unable to afford to obtain media that might enrich or educate them, it is society's duty to provide them the access to that media. While the definition of education generally applies to what is traditional (school rooms, paid teachers, etc.), I believe that the ideas and concepts depicted by many movies and musical forms can educate in ways that traditional education cannot. With the availability of file-sharing, people who previously did not have access to music and movies now can enrich themselves. In addition to this educational aspect, I also believe that most people who are involved with the production of music and movies are grossly overpaid and for them to demand compensation for the minute amounts they've lost to file-sharing seems both greedy and immoral. Once a particular production has been released to the public, and the creator has received an appropriate compensation (one that provides them with a good quality of life and the ability to pursue their legitimate interests, which is all cases is far less than most creators normally make), the creation becomes the property of the consumers and thus public domain and free to share. Until the impact of file-sharing reaches severe proportions, as in directly harming the quality of life of the majority of laborers in the entertainment industry, I see no reason why file-sharing should be banned. Until we reach a universal agreement between the entertainment industry and the P2P networks, file-sharing will continue to be debated on both a moral and judicial basis and right now will be considered an immoral action.
- ↑ Carlsson, Bengt and Rune Gustavsson. "The Rise and Fall of Napster - An Evolutionary Approach." Lecture Notes In Computer Science (2001): 347-354.
- ↑ Boss, Judith. Analyzing Moral Issues. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008.
- ↑ Big Champagne Online Media Management. 05 Decemeber 2005. 22 April 2008 www.bigchampagne.com.


text:
Contract Research in China: A Catalyst for Pharmaceutical Industry Growth
Contract research is both a vehicle for Chinese pharmas to expand their R&D expertise and quality levels, and a bridge for them to enter global markets.
Chinas pharmaceutical sector has maintained steady growth over the past few years (see Figure 1). [1] Recent statistics showed that total revenue for the Chinese pharmaceutical industry reached $54.6 billion (437.3 billion RMB) in 2005, a 25.8% increase over 2004. [2] The industrys prosperity has given birth to domestic outsourcing segments, such as contract manufacturing and contract research. Expansion of Contract Research Organizations (CROs) is in turn fueling the growth of Chinas pharmaceutical industry and enhancing opportunities for international collaboration.
Dennis Gillings, CEO of Quintiles Transnational, acknowledged the growth of China's domestic pharmaceutical market at the Boao Forum for Asias World Pharmaceutical Industry Conference in Taizhou. "China...today accounts for a small part of the value of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries relative to their huge population, he said. [They] will grow their share of pharmaceutical market value many times by 2030... CROs can help pharmaceutical companies develop drugs for marketing approval in China.
Contract manufacturing was one of the first growth areas in Chinese pharmaceuticals. Since the early 1990s, an increasing number of Chinese Contract Manufacturing Organizations (CMOs) have engaged in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) production, and many are endeavoring to meet international production standards for finished drugs. In 2004, Chinese CMOs generated RMB 60 billion (US $7.5 billion) domestic output, [3] which accounted for 13% of the countrys gross pharmaceutical outputnot an insignificant figure considering contract manufacturing is still young in China. According to statistics released by China Customs, Chinas API export value achieved US $7.9 billion in 2005, a 27.6% increase over 2004. This was attributed primarily to the outsourcing businesses associated with some large API CMOs, including Zhejiang Hisun, Suzhou Lederle, Shandong Xinhua Pharma and Shandong Meiji Lukang Pharma.
Quickly following the expansion of CMOs, CROs first emerged in China in the mid-1990s, when several of the worlds leading CROs established a presence in Beijing. Contract research has experienced explosive growth since then, and today China is home to more than 300 CROs of all sizes. [4] This growth has been fueled by demographic changes and economic trends, as well as recognition of the opportunities associated with a market whose potential has been estimated at up to 8 billion RMB (US$1 billion). The future of this industry and the problems associated with such rapid growth are now being addressed by the Chinese government, the industry and trade associations.
China is becoming a hot location for global outsourcing of pharmaceutical projects, observed Xiaoming Zhou, president of the China Chamber of Commerce of Medicines & Health Products Exports & Imports. Addressing the Boao Pharmaceutical Forum in Taizhou recently, he said, China has an edge in low labor costs raw materials and energies, and [our] facilities are very competitive. In addition, China has a strong team of high-caliber research professionals. [5]
Emergence of CROs in China
Contract research originated in the U.S. in the 1980s and quickly became popular throughout the world. Presently, CROs are playing an indispensable part in global biotech and pharmaceutical initiatives. Recent surveys suggest global CRO revenues reached $16.3 billion in 2005, up 14% from $14.3 billion in 2004. The U.S. and Europe comprise 88% of the global CRO market. So despite its rapid growth, Chinas industry still accounts for just a small percentage of the worldwide market.
Over the past decade, the global average cost to develop a new drug has risen sharply. As a result, more Western pharmaceutical companies are considering Asia, especially China, as part of their supply chain strategy. In the U.S., the cost of drug development has been increasing, while the number of new drugs successfully developed each year has been decreasing. This phenomenon has pushed U.S. pharmas to seek new resources. The cost of drug development in China is 20% of that of in U.S. [6] and many other countries. Thus, U.S. firms are evaluating CROs in China to improve their efficiency and take advantage of lower drug development costs.
In China, the environment for pharmaceutical firms experienced tremendous changes in the late 1990s. Prior to that time, pharmaceutical R&D was dominated by government-owned research institutions. Pharmaceutical companies did not have the capability to develop new drugs or conduct pre-clinical research or clinical trials. In 1998, Chinas State Drug Administration (SDA, later the SFDA) was established, and it soon amended and reissued a series of laws and regulations to enhance drug examination, inspection and supervision.
Thanks to the ongoing reform of scientific research systems, most pharmaceutical development is now transitioning to Chinese pharmaceutical companies. These entities have provided the fundamental conditions for the emergence of CROs. Particularly, in September 2003 the SFDA issued a new edition of Good Clinical Practice (GCP), which stipulated for the first time in China that CROs may conduct clinical trials on behalf of their clients. The new GCP also formally clarified the definition of CRO. [7]
After Chinas entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, the Chinese government was obliged to put Intellectual Property (IP) protection high on the agenda. The government has been making sustained efforts to address the existing IP problems and increase IP protection, while funding research institutes and encouraging pharmaceutical companies to develop innovative drugs.
Since the regulatory and business climate began to improve in the late 1990s, global CROs have begun to establish a presence in China. In 1996, MDS Pharma Services first set up a branch company in Beijing, becoming the first foreign-based CRO to operate in China. Following that, other leading CROssuch as Quintiles Transnational, Covance and Kendlesalso entered the Chinese market. The central labs in Beijing affiliated with MDS and Quintiles are the only two labs in China that have obtained accreditation from the College of American Pathologists (CAP).
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text:
Celebrated In: India
Vat Savitri Vrat, or Vat Savithri Poornima, is a fast observed by married Hindu women in North India for the wellbeing of their husbands and children. The fasting is based on the devotion and determination shown bySavitri to win back her husband Satyavan from the clutches of yama (god of death). The legend is mentioned in the Mahabharata. The prayer and pujas associated with Vat Savitri is observed at the community level or individually at home.
Vat Savitri Vrat Fasting is for three days and it begins on the trayodashi day and ends on Amavasi or Purnima. Some sections of Hindu society observe the vrat during Amavasi (new moon) and others during Purnima (full moon) in the Hindu month of Jyeshtha (June – July).
The fast is observed for three nights and is broken on the fourth day. The number of days the fast is observed depends on the person who is observing it. Nowadays, many women only observe the fasting on the important day of Purnima.
There are no rigid rules regarding any Hindu fast. Pregnant women, those women having any ailments or diseases and those who have just delivered a baby usually skip this fasting and they just concentrate on prayers. Working women also avoid the fasting.
On the Trayodashi day, after morning activities, women apply paste of amala (Indian gooseberry) and gingli (sesamum) and take bath.
After this women eat the roots of Vata Vriksha (Banyan Tree) and drink water. In fact, for three days many women only eat just this.
Women then worship the Banyan Tree (Vat Vriksha). After praying to the Banyan Tree, a red or yellow colored thread is tied around the tree. Then water, rice and flowers are offered as part of the puja. Women then go round the tree and chant prayers.
Vat Vraksha or Banyan tree symbolically represents the Trimurtis – Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. The root is Brahma, the stem is Vishnu and the upper portion is Shiva. The whole tree is also symbolically taken as Savitri.
At home, a painting of banyan tree is made on a plate or wood using sandalwood paste or turmeric. Pujas are done to the painting of banyan tree for three days. Special dishes are also prepared during the occasion.
The routine is followed on the Trayodashi, Chatrudashi and Amavasi or Purnima.
The fast is broken on the fourth day after offering water to moon and prayers to Savitri.
Apart from this all fasting women take the blessings of elders and other married women. Special dishes are prepared on the day and distributed among friends and relatives after the pujas.
Many people also distribute food, clothes and money to the poor during Vat Savitri.
Finally, never torture one's body in the name of customs and traditions. Fasting is good for health and it also helps in spiritual quest. But one should not attempt it, if one is not capable of doing it. Prayers, kindness to all living beings and simplicity are also Vratas and one can observe it on all days.


text:
In time, protective caps will find their fit in game
SCOTTSDALE, Ariz. -- In a sport built on tradition, change comes slowly.
No real reason.
SCOTTSDALE, Ariz. -- In a sport built on tradition, change comes slowly.
No real reason.
It's just the way it is.
Baseball has approved a cap that pitchers can wear to provide improved protection in case they are hit in the head with a batted ball. The plan has not been met with enthusiasm.
But then that's no surprise, not in baseball or any other sport.
Justin McBride, 34, a two-time Professional Bull Riders world champion and the first bull rider to win $5 million, can attest to that.
Protective helmets surfaced on the bull riding circuit more than 20 years ago. Today, roughly 60 percent of the bull riders wear them.
McBride never did.
"I grew up that way," McBride said of wearing a traditional cowboy hat. "It's part of the sport. It's part of the tradition. I'm old-school. I was never going to wear one. I guess if [PBR medical director] Tandy [Freeman] said, 'Wear it or you can't ride,' maybe, but other than that, no way."
Ross Coleman, whom McBride has known since they rode together on the rodeo team at the University of Nevada at Las Vegas, was an early convert to the helmets.
"I was all over him," McBride said.
Mike Lee, a close friend of McBride's, was one of the first bull riders to make a total commitment to the protective helmets and is convinced the safety helmet saved his life at a 2003 rodeo in Fort Smith, Ark. As it was, he underwent surgery for a severe head injury and skull fracture.
"They have a value," McBride said. "I can tell you, if my kid wanted to be a bull rider, he'd have one on. You can be sure of that. I know -- I'm a walking contradiction."
It's about style. It's about comfort.
The initial complaints from pitchers about baseball's approved protective cap is that it is too big, and the extra seven ounces of weight is a hindrance.
"I'm trying to think of a polite way to say this -- literally they're terrible," Angels pitcher C.J. Wilson said. "It's a terrible design. They're huge. They're cumbersome. It's impossible to pitch with one of those on."
Officials with 4Licensing, the manufacturer of the isoBLOX protective cap, have been visiting Spring Training camps to seek feedback from players on ways the cap's design can be refined.
McBride can understand Wilson's feelings.
"They don't feel right," he said. "It's like the support on the face mask. I tucked my chin against my chest. You can't do that with those guards. And if your head gets thrown back, it's an added weight that you have to deal with in bringing your chin back down."
That, as much as anything, is why it takes time for the protective equipment to be accepted.
The history of batting helmets in baseball indicates they were first created in 1905, but it wasn't until 1953 that the Pittsburgh Pirates became the first team to mandate players wear the helmets, and Major League Baseball did not adopt a rule requiring all players to wear a helmet until December 1970. At the time, all professional players were grandfathered in wearing the skull caps that had been popular.
Eight years later, Bob Montgomery, a backup catcher with Boston, was the last holdout for the skully. The late Jim Fregosi, manager of the California Angels, made note of that when the Angels were in Boston in May 1968, and Montgomery, hitting .455 when the series opened, was getting excessive playing time because Carlton Fisk was hurt.
"You keep hitting .400," Fregosi told Montgomery during batting practice, "you better get a helmet. Pitchers aren't going to be so kind to you."
Fear is a factor that carries the edge in the debate on changes in equipment.
There have been more than a handful of recent incidents of a pitcher being hit in the head by a line drive -- including Aroldis Chapman of Cincinnati in an exhibition game against Kansas City. None of them, however, has been hit by the line drive in an area that would be protected by the new helmet.
Texas pitcher Tanner Scheppers was hit by a line drive and carted off the field his sophomore year at Fresno State, but he doesn't buy the new caps.
"Has anybody ever died?" Scheppers said. "I know they have been seriously hurt, but you risk that every time you go on the field. I'm willing to risk that."
McBride can understand that.
Bull riders are required to wear protective vests.
The vest stemmed from the death of Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association bull rider Lane Frost, who after scoring a 91 on the bull Taking Care of Business, dismounted and was hit in the side by the bull's horns, breaking his ribs, which in turn punctured his lungs and heart.
Cody Lambert, a travel partner of Frost and one of the founding fathers of the PBR, came from a family that raised and trained race horses. His mother demanded he wear a jockey's vest to protect him. The vests have been refined over the years to meet rodeo needs.
Nobody really balked at the idea.
"My opinion," said McBride, "it was the best change."
It came down to a matter of life and death over tradition and style.
Tracy Ringolsby is a columnist for MLB.com.


text: Hi Marze, I'm not familiar with GOODS or with Postgres, so I'm not sure how you would create an application that uses those tools. The general approach recommended for GemStone/S is to use class (instance) variables to keep objects persistent. Start your Seaside application in Squeak and just use the image for persistence. When you are ready to deploy, just export your application using Monticello and import it into GemStone/S using Monticello. Why would you wait till your site gets bigger to port everything to GemStone? Why not start with GemStone? Then you wouldn't have to do any object-relational mapping in the first place. GemStone/S is started by using the command line and you get to a Smalltalk interpreter using a command-line tool named Topaz. By the way, 'Smalltalk' has only one capital letter. James On Jun 22, 2008, at 3:32 PM, Marcelino Llano wrote: > Hello list! this is my first post, sorry if it's something obvious > > I've been reading a lot about the platform and I'm missing one thing > > When I develop a new app on Seaside and I want to start, let's say > with GOODS and Postgres and two images under Squeak, but > then my site gets bigger and I want to port everything to GemStone, > how could I do that? because I read that GemStone is > the only vendor that supports this kind of migration among SmallTalk > VMs multiple forks > > And other (simple) thing, could I start an image on my server > through the command-line? there's no GUI! > > Thanx in advance! > marze > _______________________________________________ > seaside mailing list > seaside at lists.squeakfoundation.org > http://lists.squeakfoundation.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/seaside >


text:
Is Questioning Obama 'Offensive'?
No doubt you've heard about CBS' decision to ban billboards questioning Barack Obama's eligibility for office as "offensive, misleading or incompatible with community standards." That's fine. As I have explained before, I don't care if CBS prohibits the use of | Read More »
Obama Tells Jews Where They Can Live
Barack Obama is taking what he and his administration refer to as "a more balanced approach to Middle East policy." Let me explain what that means in real terms. It indicates the U.S. government is now using its clout with | Read More »
Is This the End of America?
What's Wrong With Socialism?
Sometimes those of us who have been around for a while take too much for granted. I tend to assume, for instance, that most Americans understand socialism is an evil, immoral system of economics and government. But then | Read More »
Why Colin Powell is Wrong
I don't know whether the endorsement of Barack Obama by former Secretary of State Colin Powell will change any voters' minds, but I'd like to attempt to change some minds about Colin Powell. Powell is perceived as a steady, moderating | Read More »
Biden, Faith, Patriotism and Taxes
Following Joe Biden's logic is not always easy. Recently, he told Americans that paying more in taxes is the "patriotic" thing to do; that Jesus supported higher taxes; and that he is heeding — selectively, on the issue of taxes | Read More »
Sarah Palin's Knockout Question
In case you didn't notice, there is a concerted war on serious biblical faith in our post-Christian society. And that's why any day now, you can expect Sarah Palin to be asked a question designed to knock her right out | Read More »
Here's to Rush Limbaugh!
I became a Rush Limbaugh fan the first time I heard one of his "homeless updates," featuring the inimitable Clarence "Frogman" Henry on vocals. Then I heard Klaus Nomi doing "You Don't Own Me." I'm not sure, but I think | Read More »
Barack Obama's $439 Billion Secret
Last week, I blew the whistle on Barack Obama's secret $439 billion plan for a mysterious initiative called the "civilian national security force." We don't know any more about this plan than we did when Obama announced it July 2 | Read More »
Celebrate Heller; Buy Guns
I've said it before, and I'll say it again: No court is going to preserve your God-given right to bear arms and defend yourself and your family from criminals, terrorists or tyrannical government. It's up to you to preserve that | Read More »
Same-Sex Marriage Through History
"The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be; and that which is done is that which shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun." — Ecclesiastes 1:9 Is there anything new under the | Read More »
What Do Scientists Know?
Will the news that 31,000 scientists signed a petition rejecting the catastrophic, man-made global warming threat change the political and cultural dynamic in this country on this phantom problem? I hope so, but I sincerely doubt it. This myth, this | Read More »
Abuse of Power in Texas
Question: What's worse for children than to have parents who are members of a polygamy cult? Answer: To have the state be their parent. And that's just what has happened in Texas following the state's raid on the so-called polygamy | Read More »
For President: None of the Above
It's probably no secret to anyone who reads my column regularly that I will not be voting for either Barack Obama or Hillary Clinton for president. But I also will not be voting for John McCain. I could tell you | Read More »
No Good Guys in 'Palestine'
Why does the U.S. government continue to promote the creation of an independent state of Palestine, which never has existed in the history of the world, is born of terrorist violence, and is pledged to the destruction of Israel? Even | Read More »
US Gets Serious About Border
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Hillary's Sociopathic Lies
I have waited a good long time to weigh in on Hillary Clinton's lies about surviving sniper fire in Bosnia. I did so because I wanted to give the former first lady a chance to repent. She hasn't. All she | Read More »
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What Are Red Letter Christians?
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text:
The North Dakota State College of Science will be holding Open House sessions at NDSCS-Fargo, located at 1305 19th Avenue North, for students interested in taking classes at the Fargo location.
Open House sessions will be held this Tuesday, June 3 at the following times:
These free come-and-go sessions are open to the public and will focus on NDSCS-Fargo and Online program options, curriculum and class schedules, tuition costs and financial aid, the application process and any questions. Current NDSCS-Fargo faculty and Enrollment Services representatives will also be present to answer questions. No pre-registration is required to attend the open houses.
New courses being offered this fall include: General Business Management, Web Design/Web Developer, Information Systems Administrator and Welding Technology (second year option).
For more information please contact a Fargo Programs Representative at firstname.lastname@example.com or 701-231-6935.
You have a few options from this point. The first and most recommended option would be to download one of the browsers below. If that is not possible, the second suggestion would be to update your current browser, you can follow the update link below for that. Otherwise, the site will still function in its current state, but in a limited capacity.


text:
|Matthew Dillon <dillon@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
|Sat, 29 Jul 2006 23:39:51 -0700 (PDT)
: :Yeah, I was stupid. I have set the default shell to /usr/pkg/bin/bash :and started an upgrade of packages in the evening which has removed bash :as well, obviously. All would have been good if DragonFly didn't spit :out some race error (v 1.5.4 yet, was just about to start :buildworld/buildkernel for 1.6.0, of course I cannot report it :-P) :making the build processes fail somewhere, leaving me with no bash :installed but bash as default shell for my root account and regular :account as well. If I follow the instructions at :http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/admin.html#FORGOT-ROOT-PW : :, then when I chsh, vi does not display things properly (will fiddle :around with this later of course, if I cannot help it any other way, I'm :just in a hurry now), so I cannot edit the info. All I could find out is :to get the bash package written to some removable medium and install it :from there. Is there some other, simpler way - perhaps involving the livecd? copy /bin/csh to /usr/pkg/bin/bash temporarily and you should be able to then fix up your shell. -Matt Matthew Dillon <dillon@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>