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Agriculture and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Ray Massey and Hannah McClure
Agricultural Economists
Commercial Agriculture Program
Polls reveal that U.S. citizens consider global climate change to be a low-priority policy problem. However, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is moving forward with plans to regulate greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture remains in the middle of the discussion. A 2014 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization report concludes that, from 2001 to 2010, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from crop and livestock production increased 14 percent and from land use changes decreased by 10 percent.
Although efforts to regulate GHG emissions have been sporadic and developing markets to address the issue have failed, crop and livestock farmers in the U.S. continue to show interest in the opportunity to be paid for sequestering carbon in the soil or for capturing GHG from manure storage.
This guide presents basic information on agriculture's role in GHG emissions. It draws heavily upon a report issued in 2014 by the EPA titled Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2012.
Greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that capture solar radiation and warm the surface of the earth. Without GHG, the temperature of the earth would be about minus 2 degrees F rather than its current temperature of about 59 degrees F. The concern among many scientists is that the concentration of GHG has increased significantly since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the 1800s. Some scientists hypothesize that these increased concentrations of GHG can warm the surface of the earth and cause changes in climatic conditions.
Naturally occurring GHGs, in order of relative abundance, include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. GHGs that are not naturally occurring are substances containing fluorine, chlorine or bromine.
This guide focuses on the GHG concentrations affected by agricultural activity: carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Carbon dioxide is the most well known GHG because it is the most prevalent, making up more than 80 percent of greenhouse emissions related to human activity, and is associated with burning fossil fuels. However, methane and nitrous oxide actually capture more heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. In order to compare the impact of each gas on global warming, scientists have developed the global warming potential (GWP) concept, which uses carbon dioxide as the reference with a value of 1. Methane and nitrous oxide have values of 21 and 310, respectively. These values mean that, pound for pound, methane contributes 21 times the impact of carbon dioxide to global warming. Similarly, a given amount of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere exerts 310 times the effect on global warming as the same amount of carbon dioxide. All GHG are reported as carbon dioxide equivalents (abbreviated CO2e).
In 2012, U.S. GHG emissions totaled 6,526 million metric tons (MMT) CO2e. Total annual U.S. emissions increased 5 percent from 1990 to 2012. During this same period, the U.S. population increased by 25 percent and the country's real gross domestic product increased by 73 percent (Figure 1). Changes in emissions frequently are associated with changes in population, economic growth, energy price, seasonal temperatures and technology.
A portion of GHG emissions can be offset when carbon in the atmosphere is taken and stored, or sequestered, by plants and soil. In 2012, the EPA estimated that carbon sequestration by forests, trees in urban areas, agricultural soils and other sources offset 979 MMT CO2e, or 15 percent of total emissions.
Figure 1
U.S. greenhouse gas emissions per capita and per dollar of gross domestic product. (Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2012.)
Sources of greenhouse gases
The EPA distributes GHG emissions among five economic end-user sectors: industry, transportation, residential, commercial and agriculture. Agriculture is estimated to be responsible for 9 percent of the GHGs emitted in the United States in 2012 (Figure 2).
The EPA's estimate of all agricultural activities contributing 9 percent of human-induced GHG emissions in the United States is considerably lower than the often-quoted United Nations estimate of 18 percent attributable to livestock alone.
In 2010, one of the authors of this U.N. report admitted that the comparison of meat sources to transportation sources of GHGs was flawed because it used different methods for the two sectors.
The U.N. estimate is based on all GHG emissions associated with livestock and meat production. In addition to emissions from crop production associated with livestock, the U.N. estimate includes emissions from livestock feeding and manure management, livestock transport to market, livestock processing, and transport of meat and products to retail. The EPA estimate for agriculture includes all crop production and livestock production but does not include transporting and processing of livestock and meat products. According to the U.N. report, transporting and processing account for less than 1 percent of GHG emissions in their accounting procedure, so including the emissions from these two activities in the U.S. estimate would probably result in little change.
The U.N. report divides the impact between intensive livestock systems (common in the United States) and extensive systems (pastoral-type systems). The intensive systems produce the most food (meat, milk or eggs) with the least amount of GHG emissions. Extensive systems are responsible for two-thirds of the GHG emissions, due mainly to deforestation to obtain grazing land.
The largest contributors to GHG emissions are deforestation (34 percent) and enteric fermentation, or ruminant digestion (25 percent). Both of these categories are predominately a problem in extensive systems where land is being converted from forests to grazing land and where poor quality feed increases enteric fermentation per unit of meat produced. The intensive livestock production system common in the U.S. has a reduced carbon footprint per unit of meat produced.
The U.N. report admits that many estimates are relatively imprecise because of lack of data in many countries. Of the estimated 7 billion metric tons of CO2e emitted in livestock production, 52 percent is designated as "imprecise estimates." The 7 billion metric tons of CO2e estimate could be viewed as an upper bound rather than an accurate estimate as would be provided by the U.S. EPA Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks.
Figure 2
Greenhouse gas emissions by economic sector.
Agricultural GHG emissions
Agriculture contributes to GHG through crop and soil management, enteric fermentation in domestic livestock, and livestock manure management. Greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production and use of electricity occur within each of these activities. Agriculture is estimated to have directly released 526 MMT of CO2e in 2012. When electric-related emissions are distributed to the economic sectors, agriculture released an additional 62 MMT CO2e, for a total of 588 MMT of CO2e in 2012.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are the two major greenhouse gasses emitted by agricultural activities. Carbon dioxide accounts for about 9 percent of direct agriculture-related GHG emissions.
Agricultural crop and soil management was the largest source of N2O emissions, contributing 307 MMT CO2e, or 48 percent of total agricultural CO2e, in 2012. The N2O emissions for agriculture decreased from 1990 to 2009 but rose between 2009 and 2012.
In 2012, 21 percent of CO2e released in agriculture came from enteric fermentation release of CH4; another 8 percent of CO2e in the form of CH4 was from manure management.
The U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report titled Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories recommends setting priorities among GHG sources and sinks within the national inventory. A source is designated a key category when it has a "significant influence on the country's total inventory of GHG in terms of the absolute level of emissions, the trend in emissions, or both." The EPA listed the following agriculture GHG sources as key categories in 2012: CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation, CH4 emissions from manure management, direct N2O emissions from agricultural soil management, indirect N2O emissions from applied nitrogen, and emissions from land use change such as land converted to cropland.
Crop and soil management
Major GHG emissions associated with crop and soil management come mainly from crop production (98 percent), with much less attributed to field burning and rice cultivation. The EPA estimated that crop and soil management was responsible for 314 MMT of CO2e in 2012.
The bulk of the CO2e emitted via crop and soil management is in the form of N2O. Nitrous oxide is produced naturally in the soil but is influenced by human activities that increase soil mineral nitrogen. The EPA considers the following activities to directly increase the amount of N2O emissions: fertilization, application of manure or other organic materials, retention of crop residues, production of nitrogen-fixing crops and forages, and cultivation of soils with high organic matter content. Other practices that directly affect N2O emissions are irrigation, drainage, tillage practices and fallowing of land. Practices that indirectly increase N2O emissions are volatilization and subsequent atmospheric deposition of applied nitrogen, and surface runoff and leaching of applied nitrogen.
Cropland emits more N2O per acre than grassland, but the United States has more acres of grassland than cropland. Cropland accounts for about 61 percent of direct N2O emissions even though it constitutes only 47 percent of agricultural land. Grassland constitutes 53 percent of agricultural land but accounts for only 39 percent of direct N2O emissions.
Direct N2O emissions tend to be high in the Corn Belt (because of nitrogen fertilization on corn and nitrogen fixation in soybean cropping), where irrigation is prevalent, and where land is intensively cropped (such as portions of California and of states along the Mississippi Valley).
Rice production contributes 7 MMT CO2e because rice is grown on flooded fields where microbes under anaerobic soil conditions produce methane. This methane escapes to the atmosphere where it captures heat 21 times more effectively than CO2.
Field burning of crop residues is not considered a net source of actual CO2 emissions because it releases CO2 that was captured from the atmosphere during that growing season. However, other gases released during the burning — CH4, carbon monoxide (CO2), N2O and other nitrogen oxides (NOx) — are considered a release of GHGs. Although residue burning is perhaps a visible release of gas into the atmosphere, it is a minor contributor. The EPA estimated that 0.4 MMT of CO2e, or about 0.1 percent of total agricultural-related emissions, resulted from field burning in 2012.
Manure management
Manure management is a source of CH4 and N2O emissions. The EPA estimated that manure management was responsible for 71 MMT of CO2e emissions in 2012. The manure application emissions counted as crop and soil management are not double-counted here; this estimate includes only emissions from manure storage.
Methane is produced by the anaerobic decomposition of manure. Methane production occurs when manure is handled under anaerobic conditions, such as in liquids and slurries. When manure is handled as a solid, little or no methane is produced. The amount of CH4 produced is affected by temperature, moisture, time in storage, manure composition and storage system.
Nitrous oxide is produced from organic nitrogen in both manure and urine. Solid manure management systems produce N2O because they have both aerobic and anaerobic decomposition that nitrifies and then denitrifies the nitrogen in the manure and urine.
Most GHG emissions from manure management are in the form of CH4 and come from dairy and swine operations, which tend to use liquid manure management systems (Figure 3). Swine and dairy manure emissions increased during the 1990s when the industry moved towards confinement systems with liquid manure storage systems. The rate of increase in emissions has declined over the past decade.
Figure 3
Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions by manure management.
Enteric fermentation
Methane production by enteric fermentation is a part of normal digestive processes in animals, especially ruminant animals, such as cattle, sheep and goats. The amount of CH4 produced is affected by the number of livestock in the United States and by the amount and type of feed they consume. Livestock fed higher-quality feed produce less methane than those fed low-quality feed.
The EPA estimated that enteric fermentation was responsible for 141 MMT of CO2e emissions in 2012. Beef and dairy cattle were responsible for the overwhelming majority of CH4 emissions (Figure 4). All other classes of livestock contributed 4 percent of CH4 emissions.
Figure 4
Methane emissions by livestock type.
Agricultural carbon sequestration
Land use and forestry activities resulted in a net carbon sequestration of about 979 MMT of CO2e, roughly 15 percent of total U.S. CO2 emissions, in 2012. This carbon sequestration associated with land use and forestry increased 6 percent from the 1990 level. Although most of this sequestration occurs in trees and forests, U.S. crop and livestock farmers have expressed considerable interest in sequestration opportunities in crop and rangeland management.
Land use and carbon sequestration
Land activities cause both emissions and sequestrations of carbon. The emission and removal of carbon from the atmosphere is called a GHG flux. Following the IPCC Good Practice Guidance report, the EPA reports agricultural fluxes in the following land use and land use change categories: cropland remaining cropland, land converted to cropland, grassland remaining grassland, and land converted to grassland. Net U.S. carbon sequestration from these four categories was 12 MMT of CO2e in 2012 (Figure 5).
Cropland remaining cropland includes all cropland that has been cropland for the past 20 years according to the USDA Natural Resources Inventory (NRI) land use survey. Soil organic carbon stocks are the main source and sink for most atmospheric CO2 in soils. Across the United States, cropland remaining cropland was estimated to sequester a net 27 MMT of CO2e. Soils containing 1 to 6 percent soil organic matter sequestered 49 MMT of CO2e, whereas soils containing 12 to 20 percent soil organic matter released 22 MMT of CO2e. Organic soils constitute about 1 percent of U.S. cropland but emit significant amounts of GHG when cropped. Limestone added to acidic soils generated 4 MMT CO2e.
Land converted to cropland includes all land designated as cropland that had a different designation in an earlier USDA NRI land use survey. Lands are kept in this category for 20 years, after which time they are considered cropland remaining cropland. These areas release CO2 as they equilibrate to a new, lower soil organic carbon level. In 2012, these soils released an estimated 17 MMT of CO2e.
Grassland remaining grassland includes all grassland areas that have been designated as grassland for the past 20 years. Grassland is normally considered to sequester carbon. Grassland remaining grassland released about 7 MMT CO2e in 2012. From 2005 to 2012, grassland remaining grassland released a total of about 31 MMT CO2e, largely due to droughts causing small losses of carbon per acre over large geographic areas.
Land converted to grassland includes all land designated as grassland that had a different designation in an earlier USDA NRI land use survey. Lands are kept in this category for 20 years, after which time they are considered grassland remaining grassland. Carbon sequestration of 9 MMT CO2e in 2012 was due primarily to conversion of cropland to continuous pasture throughout the United States.
Figure 5
Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions from land use, 2012.
Trees and carbon sequestration
The largest sources of carbon sequestration in the U.S. are attributed to forestland and urban trees. Forestlands sequestered an estimated 867 MMT of CO2e in 2012, whereas urban trees sequestered 88 MMT. Both estimates take into account GHGs other than CO2 released from burning. CO2 released during burning is not considered an addition to GHG emitted because that CO2 is part of the natural carbon cycle.
Ethanol and greenhouse gases
When burned as a fuel, ethanol releases CO2 into the environment. However, the EPA does not consider ethanol to increase atmospheric CO2. Emissions of CO2 from the production and use of ethanol are captured in the agriculture and transportation sectors and not directly in the energy sector. Because ethanol is a substitute for gasoline produced from fossil fuels, the use of ethanol actually reduced CO2 emissions associated with the transportation industry by 72 MMT CO2e in 2012. Countering this net reduction, ethanol production emitted 40 MMT CO2e in its wastewater treatment in 2012.
Agriculture directly released 526 MMT of CO2e and sequestered 12 MMT in 2012. Land use changes and forests sequestered 878 MMT CO2e. Land management for agriculture and forests resulted in a net sequestration of 352 MMT of CO2e. A summary of this information can be found in Table 1.
Table 1
Summary of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions and sinks.
|MMT CO2e†
|Total U.S. (all sectors)
|Total agriculture‡
Crop and soil management
Enteric fermentation
Manure management
Land use changes
† Million metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent.
‡ Total agriculture does not include sequestration in forestland and does not include electricity used in agriculture.
Many farmers have been optimistic about the opportunities to be compensated for sequestering carbon by reducing tillage or capturing methane emissions from manure storage structures. From 2003 through 2010, the Chicago Climate Exchange credited conservation tillage in most of the nation as sequestering CO2 that could be used in a cap-and-trade program. No opportunities have been available for farmers to receive payment for sequestering soil carbon since 2010.
Farmers need to be aware of what is happening in the debate over GHG emissions. Compensation for sequestering carbon offers them an opportunity to benefit from their stewardship of resources. It also presents an opportunity for the government to limit farmers' production activities to reduce GHG emissions.
The EPA recognizes agriculture as a net emitter of GHGs and lists five agricultural sources of GHGs as key categories that have a significant influence on the country's total inventory of GHGs. Although regulating the use of nitrogen fertilizer, because of its presence across much of the landscape, may be difficult, it is not impossible. The EPA has expressed a desire to have nutrient management plans on land receiving fertilizer. A logical next step would be to target emissions from livestock manure management, as they are already associated with larger businesses that are subject to permitting requirements.
Further information
- Le Treut, H., et al. 2007. "Historical overview of climate change science." In Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by S. Solomon, et al., 93–127. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Steinfeld, H., et al. 2006. Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- Tubiello, F.N., et al. 2014. Agriculture, forestry and other land use emissions by sources and removals by sink: 1990–2011 analysis. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990–2012. Washington, D.C.: EPA.


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If you think tough men are dangerous, wait until you see what weak men are capable of! – Jordan Peterson, 12 Rules for Life
Milo Yiannopoulos: Dangerous
(10/19/2018) The kid does his research! (****)
Jon Butterworth: Smashing Physics
(10/11/2018) (****)
Donald J. Trump: Trump: The Art of the Deal
(9/21/2018) This is mostly a daily business diary, with some business philosophy thrown in. I've had this book for two years now, but was quickly bored the first time I opened it so put it down. I tried again and, for some reason, I was more interested. Or maybe I'd gotten past the boring stuff. (****)
Jon Palfreman: Brain Storms: The Race to Unlock the Mysteries of Parkinson's Disease
(3/2/2017) (****)
Andy Weir: The Martian
(2/17/2017) One quibble: Given all the last-minute trajectory adjustments to rescue Watney, wouldn't it be worth explaining how the hell they'll get the ship back on course? (*****)
Siddhartha Mukherjee: The Gene: An Intimate History
(7/29/2016) (****)
Brian Garfield: Death Sentence
Death Wish II, sort of. He's lost control of himself, and now there are careless copy-cats. Something must be done.
There are some obvious plot holes here, but still worth four stars.(****)
Brian Garfield: Death Wish: A Novel
(6/18/2016) Paul Benjamin (not Kersey) is an out-of-shape forensic accountant. You pretty much know the rest. (****)
Lynne Olson: Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II, 1939-1941
(6/16/2016) The author draws some illicit conclusions about more recent history, but he's great on subject. (****)
William H. Thomas Jr.: Unsafe for Democracy: World War I and the U.S. Justice Department's Covert Campaign to Suppress Dissent (Studies in American Thought and Culture)
(4/28/2016) A vital history, but the author's biases are obvious and the work is somewhat disorganized. (***)
William Manchester and Paul Reid: The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Defender of the Realm, 1940-1965
(4/25/2016) Reid errs on some details that I doubt Manchester would have missed, but all in all an excellent end to the series. (****)
Ian Kershaw: Hitler: 1936-1945 Nemesis
(4/5/2016) 'I reject your reality and substitute my own.' That could have been Hitler's motto. Sorry, Wolfie, but reality is non-negotiable. He was a lucky sob, though; I count three assassination attempts, well-enough planned, all thwarted by sheer happenstance. Too bad von Stauffenberg, et al., didn't better plan for the aftermath of the bombing. Hitler might have been deposed all the same. (*****)
Frederick Libby: Horses Don't Fly: The Memoir of the Cowboy Who Became a World War I Ace
(3/8/2016) (*****)
Samuel Hynes: The Unsubstantial Air: American Fliers in the First World War
(2/29/2016) (****)
Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War
(1/28/2016) (****)
Charles R. Morris: The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy
(1/20/2015) Very good in some places, but the author's analyses don't always seem to take full account of his own information. (***)
Dakota Meyer: Into the Fire: A Firsthand Account of the Most Extraordinary Battle in the Afghan War
(1/19/2016) The ROIs were effed up, but for what it's worth two officers received reprimands for their dereliction. I would have been tempted to have them shot. (****)
Kevin D Williamson: The Politically Incorrect Guide to Socialism
(1/6/2016) (****)
Dan Rottenberg: The Man Who Made Wall Street: Anthony J. Drexel and the Rise of Modern Finance
(1/6/2016) (****)
Dashiell Hammett: Red Harvest
(12/21/2015) I laughed out loud at Hammett's endlessly brilliant turns of phrase. Wonderful! And worth a second read, because good god I didn't follow all the twists. (*****)

subset: commoncrawl


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4 boneless, farily thick cut pork chops
1/2 cup chopped red onion
1/3 cup red wine vinegar
2 tablespoons olive oil
2 tablespoons minced fresh oregano
2 tablespoons minced fresh basil
Add all ingredients to a resealable bag. Refrigerate up to 6 hours. Prepare grill according to manufacturers' instructions. Grill the chops over medium heat about 5 minutes on each side, covering briefly to insure that they cooked all the way through. Raw or "rare" pork is not your friend.


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I am trying to get texture coordinate that be mapped into that pixel as output to FBO.
This is what I do ,
1. Gen FBO and bind with a texture RGBA32F format and GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0.
2. When rendering,
Code :glCullFace(GL_BACK); glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); glDepthFunc(GL_LESS); glClearDepth(1.0f); glClearColor(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f,0.0f); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, m_fboUVMap); glUseProgram(m_program); DRAW(); glUseProgram(0); while (glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE ) { } float result[4] = {0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,0.0f}; glReadPixels(x,y,1, 1, GL_RGBA,GL_FLOAT,result);
Code ://Vertex Shader void main(void) { gl_TexCoord[0] = gl_MultiTexCoord0; gl_Position = gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * gl_Vertex; } //Fragment Shader void main(void) { gl_FragColor = vec4(gl_TexCoord[0].x,gl_TexCoord[0].y, 0.5 ,1.0); }
The output "float result[4]" looks fine mostly.
The problem is sometimes I got texture coordinates from a polygon that should be behind others, some kinds of depth test problem.
(every vertex has unique texture coordinates)
Do you have any idea , what I am doing wrong?
Thank you


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Multimedia Journalism
Minor in Multimedia Journalism
With a Mutltimedia Journalism minor you will develop writing, reporting, and design skills that will benefit a variety of career choices. Students majoring in Communication, Business, English, and Government often choose a journalism minor to complement their field of study.
The Journalism program includes training in communication, writing, desktop publishing, layout, photography, video, and Web design. Journalism students learn how to report for various media – not just print. While at Evangel, the journalism student works in newspaper production through our student-produced newspaper, magazine-style production through the yearbook, broadcast news on cable, radio news over the campus station, and Web reporting through the student website.
Program Plan (pdf)
|Want to see exactly what classes you will take? The Program Plan (sometimes called a degree sheet) includes all specific requirements - including University proficiencies, Frameworks courses and degree requirements.
Each of Evangel's academic programs is made up of a set of core curriculum, program requirements and electives. The courses listed below are just a small sample of courses that might be taken as a part of this specific program.
|News Reporting and Writing
|Exposure to concepts of news values and intensive training in the methods of gathering and writing news. Also includes the theory and practice of editing copy, writing headlines, and designing newspaper pages.
|Electronic Journalism
|Application in preparing and writing news copy for television, radio, and Internet communication. Students are introduced to broadcast writing style guidelines, video production techniques in news programming, and preparation of copy and graphics for web presentation.
|Feature Writing
|Practical experience in writing and developing feature materials for newspapers and magazines.
|Web Design
|Introduction to the development of computer media on the Internet using text, visual, animation, audio, and video.
|Desktop Publshing
|Emphasizes the designing and laying out of publications on the computer. Includes a study of basic design principles, typography, and relevant computer software.
Evangel University's world-class faculty is made up of caring, Christian professionals who are distinguished in their fields and dedicated to the development of tomorrow's Christian leaders.
Melinda Booze: Assistant professor of communication and The Lance adviser
Melinda Booze joined the Evangel faculty in 2006, where she currently teaches communication courses and serves as adviser for The Lance, Evangel's student newspaper. Booze is the founding editor of the Assemblies of God's On Course magazine, a position she held for 10 years. Along with writing for On Course, Booze has written articles for […] read more
Nancy Pace-Miller: Assistant professor of communication and Excalibur yearbook adviser
Nancy Pace-Miller is a 1984 graduate of Evangel. A proud "OKIE," she came from Oklahoma to Missouri to attend Evangel and never left. Pace-Miller has worked in the field of advertising and public relations for 30 years and began teaching at Evangel in 1989 as an adjunct instructor. She took a full-time position at Evangel […] read more
NOTE: A minor is a secondary field of interest that is meant to complement your academic major. While your major is chosen for your intended career choice, your minor may be something you pursue for your personal interest or to augment your major.
No special requirements for this program.
General Undergraduate Requirements
The following are general requirements for all students beginning an undergraduate program at Evangel. For more information visit Undergraduate Admissions Requirements.
|Graduation from high school, or having the equivalent of a high school diploma such as the General Education Development (GED) examination.
|Core Subjects
|A minimum of a 2.0 GPA in core college prep classes (English, math, social sciences and science with a lab) or high school final GPA if no college credits have been earned.
|Standardized Tests
|>Entering freshmen should take the ACT or SAT test. The codes for Evangel are as follows: SAT: 6198. ACT: 2296.
Campus Blogs
When it comes to life at Evangel, there's always something happening on campus and there are always new lessons to learn, even outside of the classroom...Learn More
Visit Campus
Join a tour with parents, a group of friends or register for an official EU Visit. There are visit options to fit any schedule....Learn More


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Supplying our customers in North America and exporting to 108 countries, NoiseMeters has remained the home for sound level meters and noise dosimeters for over 17 years. Most items are available for quick delivery from stock and many are also available to rent.
LiveNoise noise monitoring systems with live displays and long term reporting.
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Noise inside and outside clubs and other venues, affecting both staff and local residents. To assist in reducing noise complaints.
Noise warning and monitoring for open plan offices and call centers. Warn staff when they are talking too loudly.
Measuring and recording noisy neighbors, loud music, dogs barking and other loud antisocial behavior.
Noise meters for the accurate measurement of sound level.
Shoulder mounted to monitor a worker's exposure to noise.
Medium and long term noise monitoring and control.
Noise signs and displays to warn of high noise levels.
Meters to assess the risk of hand arm vibration syndrome.
Real-time measurement of airborne dust, aerosols and fumes.
NoiseMeters has a large range of noise monitoring equipment, from sound level meters to the unique dBadge noise dosimeter.
During the last few years, NoiseMeters supplied equipment to customers in 108 countries, delivering direct to the door for each customer's convenience. Our after sales support is available wherever you need it.
Whether your application is noise in the workplace, environment or community then please just give us a call.
Toll-Free 888 206 4377
Before buying a noise meter please feel free to contact us by telephone or email as we can offer free advice on the most suitable instrument from our range.
You can place your order online, by fax, email or telephone. Payment can be by credit card, transfer or check, whichever is most convenient to you - more details...
Where in the World? - Wherever you are in the world, we should be able to ship directly to your door - more details...


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Female boudoir photography
Budget $25-50 USD / hour
Looking to hire a boudoir photographer to shoot a boudoir session with female models. Preferably erotic shoot to go from clothed to completely nude. Serious inquiries only please and must have some portfolio (pro or amateur) of boudoir/erotic photography experience - please send portfolio via pm. We need someone flexible to travel (South America, Asia, Australia, Eastern Europe).
We will sign a contract with photographer, payment per hour.
Preferably female photographer.
English is mandatory.
5 freelancers are bidding on average $53/hour for this job
Hi, I am a female photographer / videographer based in Manila, Philippines. I shoot adult content and have contacts with various models. I can show you sample of work and can start anytime. Hope to hear from you.
I am interested in this project. Please view some of my work via the link below. [login to view URL]
Hi, I am Jan Mendoza, a commercial photographer from the Philippines. I have been working in the industry for more than five years and I believe that I am equipped and ready to take your project. If you're intereste More
Please refer to website for more detail and feel free to email for portfolio. Travel itinerary will need to be discussed further, to ensure coordination with existing project bookings.


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On April nights, Holly Niederriter can be found driving slowly down the back roads of New Castle County. Although she appears to be meandering, her excursions are quite purposeful. A wildlife biologist with the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Niederriter is listening for frog calls.
She is one of dozens of Delawareans who drive around after dark searching for frogs as part of the Delaware Amphibian Monitoring Program. The first survey period kicked off in late February, the second starts in a few days, and the final survey occurs in June. Participants are volunteers from the community; most don't have Niederriter's wildlife savvy. But they all receive training, and before their debut, take an online quiz to ensure they can distinguish the calls of Delaware's 16 species of frogs.
"Frog calls are an important way to determine where different species occur and how populations are doing over time," says Niederriter. "Because most amphibians need both aquatic and upland habitats, they can serve as important indicators of water quality and other aspects of environmental health."
A colder-than-average early spring made for a slow start to the frog-calling season. Early April is often the peak of spring peeper season, when the sleigh-bell-like chorus of these tiny frogs reaches maximum volume in vernal pools and marshes. But the beginning of this month was so chilly that the peepers didn't want to peep.
"Male peepers call to attract a mate but if the weather isn't warm enough they hunker down and wait it out," says Jim White, associate director for land and biodiversity management at the Delaware Nature Society and an adjunct herpetology instructor at the University of Delaware. "I didn't hear a single peeper during the first few days and nights of April."
Now that temperatures are more seasonal, the spring peepers are out in full force. Recently, they've been joined by the pickerel frog, with its snore-like call, and the American toad, which boasts a musical trill. In the Coastal Plain region (Kent and Sussex, plus a sliver of New Castle County), you also can enjoy the throaty croak of the Southern leopard frog.
You need a sharp ear to recognize the call of the American toad, notes Jake Bowman, a UD professor of entomology and wildlife ecology.
"American toads are frequently heard all over our area but rarely do people realize what they are hearing," he says. "Unlike the commonly recognized sleigh bell call of the spring peeper, the American toad has a high pitched trill. Here on the UD campus, you can find them in most of the wetlands on our farm."
A father of two sons, Lee, 10 and Ethan, 5, Bowman likes the fact that frogs are "kid-friendly."
"Probably the nicest thing about toads is that it's often the only amphibian kids have a chance to handle. My boys love the chance to chase and capture American toads and learn more about them," he says. "After the boys have checked out the toads, we release them back where we found them."
Like the Bowman boys, James White, Jr. grew up playing with frogs with his father, Jim White. Now a UD freshman, White is majoring in wildlife conservation and hopes to become a national park ranger.
"For as long as I can remember, I went looking and listening for frogs every rainy, spring night," says White. "We had a marsh only a few yards from our house so it was never difficult to hear them."
"I will go herping with my father but because of college it probably won't be until school is out," he says. "My favorite frog of spring is the pickerel frog. I always found them pretty frogs and very jumpy, making them a challenge to catch."
If you want to catch frogs with your kids (or at least see and hear them), Bowman has a few suggestions. Look for terrestrial species on the ground in woodlands and other land habitats. Semi-aquatic species can be seen on the shoreline or surface of freshwater habitats. To find breeding frogs, head to vernal pools and marshes. Warm, rainy nights make for the very best frog-watching. Pack a bright flashlight and plenty of patience.
A spring peeper, for example, is only about an inch long and its brown, gray and green colors don't stand out, especially at night. "You can practically be on top of them and still not see them," notes Bowman.
But it's worth the wait to see a peeper, especially a male one. Males have large vocal sacs under their chins that they pump full of air until they look like balloons about to burst, When they peep, the air is discharged and the shiny sac deflates.
How to Help
To learn more about volunteering with the Delaware Amphibian Monitoring Program, contact Vickie Henderson at 735-8651 or firstname.lastname@example.com
Article by Margo McDonough
Photo by Jim White


text:
[Editor's Note: The Book of Me is a series of writing prompts focusing on lifestreaming or preserving one's own memories rather than those of our ancestors and family members. Click here to read more.]
This week's prompt in The Book of Me - Your Favorite Season - happens to coincide with the approaching Autumnal Equinox here in the United States. This is no accident, for Autumn or Fall has always been the best time of the year for me. So as I sit here on a late Chicago afternoon with a cool breeze coming off of Lake Michigan, I decided to try an experiment with the writing style for this week's topic. I call it "life streaming mind streaming" where I just put down strings of words and phrases to pop into my head about Autumn. Here goes and I hope it makes sense . . .
- Leaves turned gold, red and brown, their summer emerald green coats transformed.
- Cool breezes pushing Summer on its way to other lands.
- The sound of geese flying South warning of Winter's chill.
- The smell of warm apple cider and cinnamon simmering on the back burner.
- Roasted root vegetables with a slash of balsamic vinegar and sprig of rosemary, served in Grandma's favorite casserole dish.
- Preparations for the coming winter, gathering and preserving summer's harvest, remembering how Mom did the same thing each Fall.
- Breaking out the comforter for the first time in months, wrapped in warmth; memories of Grandma's quilts in that huge farmhouse in Grahamsville.
- Walks in the woods and fields looking at Nature's annual show; knowing your roots in the Catskill Mountains.
- Crisp morning air just after sunrise over the lake, awaiting the first frost.
- Meals morphed into soups, stews and slow roasted meats, smells and memories wafting through the air.
- Looking forward to family gatherings over the holidays as you do each year.
© 2013, copyright Thomas MacEntee


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SEVEN FIELDS — State police last week confiscated computers at the home of Mayor Ed Bayne that allegedly contained child pornography.
They did so under a search warrant.
Butler state police downloaded 24 files from a computer at Bayne's house, according to a copy of the search warrant that the Eagle got today at District Judge Dave Kovach's office in Cranberry Township.
They discovered the images in October while investigating a peer-to-peer file sharing network. After downloading the files, the police were able to get the specific Internet provider address of the computer, which led them to Bayne's house.
Police on Jan. 16 obtained a search warrant from Kovach to search the residence at 806 Graywyck Drive. It is not clear when the police searched Bayne's house.
Bayne had no comment today on the investigation.
Seven Fields manager Tom Smith said this morning that he's aware of the investigation, but added that "we defer all comments and questions to them."
Calls to the state police in Butler were not immediately returned.


text:
Used 2018 Minibus Shuttle Is Ready For Long Haul
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Unlike Europe's luxury automakers (and Cadillac), Lincoln has long ignored the temptation to make its luxury sedans sporty. Lincoln stays in its posh lane with the new Continental, and its flagship four-door is all the better for it.
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The newly named CUV shares basic dimensions, but boasts new styling, base engine, and eight-speed automatic.
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The automaker said it will spend $1 billion to overhaul two of its Chicago plants to build more of its most popular vehicles.
A New York Department of Transportation official says a ban on stretches and the power to seize plates will help DOT enforcement.
Coaches can rightly position themselves as an efficient alternative to flying or driving yourself.
FEB. LCT Cover: The bus manufacturer surpasses one-third of market share and has installed new upgrades since entering the industry in 2015.
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The hot seller was on display in January at the North American International Auto Show at Cobo Center in Detroit.
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Lord, what area of my life today needs to be brought under your authority in full compliance to your Holy Word?PDF Download
No results found in Biblical Authority.
In this issue discover the wonders of God's creation and see how our Creator is clearly seen all around us. Articles cover bizarre creatures in the fossil record, the intricate "matrix" of bacteria, the eye, and many other marvels.Browse Issue Subscribe
Answers in Genesis is an apologetics ministry, dedicated to helping Christians defend their faith and proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ.


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Microsoft Office 2003, Volume 1
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006 - Computers - 1145 pages
For Introductory Computer courses in Microsoft Office 2003 or courses in Computer Concepts with a lab component for Microsoft Office 2003 applications.
Master the How and Why of Office 2003! Students master the "How and Why" of performing tasks in Office and gain a greater understanding of how to use the individual applications together to solve business problems.
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Access and/or Apollo 11 automatically button to display Chapter chart Click and drag Click down arrow Click in cell Click OK clip art column command to display contains copy create database delete Design view desktop dialog box disk Double click drag to select e-mail Edit View Insert Enter Exercise 3 continued field file File Edit View File menu folder font Footer formula function Hands-on Exercise Header hyperlink icon Insert Format Tools instructor Internet Explorer keyboard shortcut list box Mail Merge menu and click Microsoft Access Microsoft Excel Microsoft Office Microsoft Office Excel Microsoft PowerPoint Microsoft Word mouse presentation Press Pull query record Revised Practice shown in Figure Standard toolbar step Students switchboard Table Window Help task pane text box View Insert Format View menu Windows Explorer Windows XP Wizard Word document WordArt workbook


text:
dual booting mac os x and windows vista..
a guide for dual booting mac os x and vista in your pc :]
first, you must have a vista already installed, enough free memory(approximately 10gb)
iAtkos v.1 dvd(i used the 10.5 thing.. so yeah).\, the windows vista boot dvd, ANY version will do even if it isnt your vista version
first of all, create a partition the you'll be using for mac installation. by following this step
right click on my computer>mange>disk management
then to make a partition,right click>shrink one of your existing partition(s) to something like 10gb or more
now, format it using windows(any format will do since we're gonna reformat it afterwards)
now reboot your computer with the iAtkos already in. Run it.
To those people who don't know how to run the cd at the boot, enter the setup and go t boot, then make the cd/dvd the top boot priority.
now when you get to the boot thing, the one that appears to be the command prompt at the start, press f8 then type -v
you'll be seeing some texts scrolling down just wait till it stops. or if ever it hangs, repeat it again.
after that part, you'll be directed to the mac installation screen but DON't install it yet..follow this steps slowly.. Coz you might have problems later on without doing so
at the top of mac screen, click on utilities then go to disk utility
select the partition you made for mac then you'll see an erase option there, click it and there'll be a drop down box and select
mac journal extended. then proceed with the erasing.
then click on utilities>darwin_boot
type in:
1 (/**this is the hard drive, if it's main, it should always be one)
3 (this is the partition number for your mac, if your partition is second, type in 2, if 3, then 3 and so on)
then agree to all options
when u get a success msg, quit darwin boot, else, redo it..
then go back to the installation screen. press continue>agree>select your mac partition then continue>click on customized then check the following
ifi thing (maybe its efi or something xD)
the stock kernel
stock apple
then go to drivers>system and check applesmbios
and last, if you use wireless system, select the wireless patch at the bottom
and then proceed then install..
if something appears that has the skip button on it, skip it.
wait for the installation to finish then reboot with the dvd still in your disk
go back to the installation screen after reboot. then go to utilities>terminal
and type these in
fdisk -e /dev/rdisk0
flag 3 (put your partition number of leopard)
and quit the installer.. it will ask for restart so then, restart it but remove the dvd immediately.
you should be able to log into mac now w/o the dvd.. soo then,
you'll first see the opening of mac os x (the video with music+different languages) and afterwards, there'll be a window
saying select your keyboard, select it then next, in the next window, select the 4th option and click next..
its not gonna work and it will hang i think so restart your computer and you should be able to proceed this time.
answer all the windows and you'll be able to log into mac!
when you log in to mac, dont do anything yet. restart!
and insert your windows vista boot dvd..
wait till you get to the installation screen. don't worry youre not gonna install it again..
click on repair>tools>command prompt and type these
select disk 0
select partition 1(put vista's partition's number)
bootrec /RebuildBCD
select disk 0
select partition 3(put leopard's partition number)
remove the dvd and restart and there you go, you should be able log in to either of the two with no problemo 😀
if you have any questions, feel free to ask 😀
NOTE: You might think this setup is different to most in what you see in Google, it's because the chain0 file isn't involved in this dual booting process. And that means, the chain booting error will never be a problem here..
btw, thx to gorio buencamino, charlez verdad and Orteginho xD


text:
Thursday, April 21, 2011
Out The Window
Nobody knows if the NDP vote will hold, so many scenarios now in play, it's hard to accurately gauge the landscape. Sometimes surges fizzle out, so you can convince yourself to just stay on message and things will swing your way. However, while there might be some rationale to that approach, I would argue assume the worst and react accordingly. Particularly for the Liberals, the status quo campaign is yesterday's news, not desperation but recalibration and a FIGHT FOR LIVES MENTALITY, because, well, WE ARE.
It's time for Mr. Ignatieff to stop being so polite, he needs to raise the volume, up the ante, put on the pressure, blah, blah, blah, this thing is lost unless the Liberals throw some dynamite around. This means the Sunday 1/2 hour buy better not be nice piano music and stories about Ignatieff's family, but hard hitting, in your face, compelling arguments to rally Canadians under our banner. When Ignatieff appears on Quebec television Sunday, he needs to dispense with the affable fellow and go on the attack as though a jury is about to decide his fate. Today I heard the word "serene" from Ignatieff, on a question about Quebec. With all due respect, screw that flowery crap, get in their and grab it, because it's waving goodbye every second you waste. These are the stakes, you want us to rise up, then rise up yourself and quite being so bloody diplomatic, "serene" made me want to lose my lunch, we need tough not nicieties.
If the Liberal war room is consoling itself with the fact they've run a good campaign (which I think they have btw, strange as it may seem!), which can happen, they are making a mistake. It's all gone to hell people, it's become unglued, it requires URGENCY, right now, not tomorrow. The polls aren't swinging back unless we retool our message, bruise our opponents, don't sit there and take potshot ads from Layton, rip into everyone with zeal.
It's not over, but it sure as shit is if Liberals do the usual "oh it will turn around", it WON'T, it ISN'T, it HASN'T, it CAN'T. There is no time for comforting words, get out there like the enemy has breached the perimeter and your family's livelihood is at stake. Hyperbole, call it what you will, but the next few days could well determine the fate of the Liberal Party of Canada, and I believe that with everyone in my bones. Let's roll!!
42 comments:
- Dan F said...
That is all.
- 7:27 PM, April 21, 2011
- bigcitylib said...
You're right. Iggy should go out and tell the press, like he did today, that he's got more real political experience than Jack.
- 7:36 PM, April 21, 2011
- Steve V said...
Is that sarcasm bcl? Can't tell.
- 7:38 PM, April 21, 2011
- Steve V said...
I think this fair and firm, say to Canadians we have a precarious fiscal situation, do you really trust a party with no economic experience? The NDP platform is the stuff of unicorns, I can't find anyone who can cost it out, the few that have even bothered. It's not even about going after the NDP, but the free ride is over.
- 7:42 PM, April 21, 2011
- Jerry Prager said...
So just how many people are in your bones, you speaking blood marrow genes all the way back to Adam and Eve ?
- 7:49 PM, April 21, 2011
- Jerry Prager said...
Not being a liberal, I find myself on both sides of the fence at once. I can't believe I thought the Liberals were really going to go with 100 days of democratic renewal. We wouldn't even be here now if they hand. So now the Liberals have to put the table on the table. Come down from the mountain and deliver a noble solution. The best idea wins.
- 7:56 PM, April 21, 2011
- Mark Francis said...
"say to Canadians we have a precarious fiscal situation, do you really trust a party with no economic experience"
That plays to Harper's theme.
Iggy has to convince Quebec to vote Liberal. I'm not sure an economic argument will work.
- 7:56 PM, April 21, 2011
- Koby said...
I very much doubt there is anything the Liberals can do to stop the bleeding and after the CBC interview and the debates I have no faith in Ignatieff whatsoever, but here is what I would do.
English Canada: The Liberals have lost the Francophone vote. There no hope of getting them back. So there is no need to pander to them anymore. Talk about the Clarity Act and its importance. Characterize Stephen Harper as once having been an Alberta separatist for having written the Firewall letter and Separation Alberta Style and blast Jack Layton as having abandoning the Clarity Act and supporting the extension of bill 101.
French Canada: Talk about social issues. Harper's Achilles heel has always been his social conservative base and the Liberals have been stupid not to attack it. At the this point in time the Liberals have to drop a bomb shell. I have always favored legalizing marijuana, but think it is too late for that now and doubt Ignatieff has the ability to make his lunch let alone the case. Maybe he could suggest that he would be willing to entertain the idea. However, Liberals definitely need to talk about legalizing euthanasia.
- 8:08 PM, April 21, 2011
- Steve V said...
"That plays to Harper's theme.
Iggy has to convince Quebec to vote Liberal. I'm not sure an economic argument will work."
But Mark, it is the economic hesitation that holds back NDP, if you don't address, then the main barrier is removed. You position yourself as the only credible alternative to Harper to manage the economy. I think we may find a receptive media, because that scepticism exists in spades.
- 8:31 PM, April 21, 2011
- Steve V said...
I don't think an old Harper letter matters to anyone, we've covered this ground more times than I can remember. IMHO, any past reference is a losing reference, voters have already giving this guy the keys, it doesn't work.
- 8:32 PM, April 21, 2011
- Paul said...
"Who's going to stand up and defend the firearms registry? Jack Layton wasn't there on the firearms registry, just ask the victims of the Polytechnique," he said.
In just one sentence Ignatieff makes those on both sides of the registry issue mad at him.
Guess there's a reason we have leadership conventions eh?
- 8:54 PM, April 21, 2011
- Steve V said...
"In just one sentence Ignatieff makes those on both sides of the registry issue mad at him."
Yes, it's so bad, it's the first time I've heard of it!
- 8:58 PM, April 21, 2011
- thwap said...
I think for the good of the country the Liberals should take the high road.
Convince the voters in the ridings where they Liberals won or placed a strong second last time that it still makes sense to vote Liberal to stop the anti-constitutional, anti-democratic harpercons, and swear-off attacking the NDP where it looks like they are going to be the ones to stop the harpercons.
It might mean the end of Ignatieff, but I honestly think he's still playing a part. I think he's genuinely grown into the role a little, but the learning curve is still too steep.
For the record, my latest post has called for the NDP to lay-off the Liberals.
As far as economics go, ... it really isn't rocket-science. The media is giving Jim Flaherty a pass after all. And all Paul Martin did was raise taxes and slash spending.
I really wouldn't wait for the seal of approval from economists who brought us the great recession without even knowing how they did it.
- 9:26 PM, April 21, 2011
- sharonapple88 said...
For the record, my latest post has called for the NDP to lay-off the Liberals.
Is it too late? Some polls are showing a Conservative majority, with people becoming comfortable on this. People had warned of a split vote... well, we have it now.
- 9:38 PM, April 21, 2011
- Political Outsider said...
We have a split vote... now. Just wait till next week's polls. The anti-Harper vote might not be split anymore.
- 9:44 PM, April 21, 2011
- sharonapple88 said...
We have a split vote... now. Just wait till next week's polls. The anti-Harper vote might not be split anymore.
I don't think the NDP will get enough from the Liberals to make the difference. The well's been poisoned. An Ipsos poll shows a large percentage of people becoming comfortable with a Conservative majority. (I'd link it, but I found it too depressing.)
- 10:13 PM, April 21, 2011
- Mark Francis said...
Harper territory is the economy. If Iggy starts talking about that, then it does play to Harper's (perceived) strength, and soft NDP support that sides Liberal as a result may be offset by soft Liberal support sliding Conservative, which is a bad thing(tm).
Harper and Iggy duelling over economic policy plays into Harper hands.
Still, playing it safe is certainly out the window these days. We'll see soon enough what the Libs try.
What a wild election this has turned out to be.
I really think the Libs needed a younger leader, preferably a minority.
- 10:17 PM, April 21, 2011
- Steve V said...
I don't take Ipsos seriously.
I hear you, but to ignore is worse. It actually allows Libs to play offence on deficit, economic plan. Directed at NDP, our bona fides suddenly look relatively strong.
- 10:28 PM, April 21, 2011
- Jerry Prager said...
If Iggy went back to his riding and did his local debate, took on all challengers, and when the NDP candidate brings up days off the job, national press watching, Iggy can frame it with, the people who hired me know my constituency office workers have done the job for the community that I hired my staff to do, while I have held forums during prorogation, visited x number of commmunities etc etc etc. Iggy knocks the ball out of the park,and moves on.
- 10:58 PM, April 21, 2011
- Jerry Prager said...
Keep the focus on Harper corruption: the G8-Border Infrastructure electronic paper trail needs to be an ad.
Soudas and the Montreal mob, racketeers in the PMO, the Gravenhurst G8 skim scam.
- 11:01 PM, April 21, 2011
- Jerry Prager said...
I still also say make a bid for national unity government, no Harper cabinet ministers, but using prop rep create an all inclusive party cabinet, including a green if one is elected, empty seats for Bloc who won't sit in them, 100 days of democratic renewal, health and environmental best practices conferences with provinces and cities, family stabilization policies etc. Make a liberal stand by giving up political class - Party power over our democracy.
- 11:09 PM, April 21, 2011
- sharonapple88 said...
The G8 is good. No one thinks it was great (except for the people in Tony Clement's riding).
And hey, there's this Toronto Star article:
"A Toronto builder siphoned almost $1.8 million of taxpayers' money from a municipal project in cottage country by taking advantage of weak controls in the Conservative government's economic stimulus program, a Star investigation has found."
- 11:12 PM, April 21, 2011
- sharonapple88 said...
I left out the best part from the article:
"Here's the kicker: Local residents have been told property taxes will rise to make up the difference between the final price tab and what the federal, provincial and town governments originally intended to pay."
- 11:17 PM, April 21, 2011
- Miles Lunn said...
If you look at the poll numbers outside of Quebec, the NDP is polling more or less where they were in the past three elections at this point in time, so as long as the surge is contained to Quebec, neither the Tories or the Liberals have a lot to worry about. We will get a better hold on this after the Easter weekend. In Quebec, most of the gains will come at the expense of the Bloc. The 16-22% who plan to vote Tory in Quebec are the least likely to switch to the NDP so the Tories could lose or gain seats but it likely won't make too big a difference. The Liberal strength is on the West Island of Montreal and this area is pretty affluent so I doubt the NDP will make much in terms of inroads here. If they gain seats in Montreal, it is more likely to be on the East End which is Bloc territory.
My blog is non-partisan so my advice is simply what I think would work best, not what I want. In the case of the Liberals I would have ad showing newspaper clippings on the situation in Portugal and Greece and then say the policies those two countries adopted is what the NDP advocates and then have clippings on the Bush policies in the US and state this is what the Conservatives advocate. While it is true that Greece and Portugal have had just as many centre-right as centre-left governments, perception matters more than reality and many think the failure there was due to excessive left wing policies and likewise the failure in the US due to excessive right wing policies. It may not work this late in the game, but seems like the best plan.
- 2:22 AM, April 22, 2011
- Koby said...
"I don't think an old Harper letter matters to anyone, we've covered this ground more times than I can remember."
No they have not covered this ground. They have never tried to paint Harper as a former Alberta separtist. The Liberals could learn a thing or two from the Conservatives. The Conservatives develop a narrative and hit on it again and again. The Liberals find as many old Stephen Harper quotes as they can and spray them around aimlessly. Iggy needs to protray himself as the defender of the central government. This will not garner many votes in Alberta or Sask, but so what. It could help in Ontario, parts of Montreal and the Maritimes In other words, it could help in the only places the Liberals stand any kind of chance.
- 2:24 AM, April 22, 2011
- Tomm said...
I don't think a good poll for the NDP means the end. Ignatieff can't panic. He needs to be calm and continue to bring forward more policy... please tell me he has something to pull out of his hat?
But anyway, give it a couple of days. If the polls don't switch back to at least 25%, then he has to start saving the furniture.
- 2:31 AM, April 22, 2011
- Omar said...
I think it would be helpful if supporters didn't lose their minds in panic as well.
- 7:00 AM, April 22, 2011
- Steve V said...
Not sure I agree, we are seeing Quebec momentum clearly spilling outside. Mind you, the NDP was polling lower than 08 prior to Quebec. The trick now for the Libs is to beat back NDP outside.
No offence brother, but I've been warning about Quebec for years and everytime I've gotten this same "don't panic" commentary. How has that worked out? Exactly. Not panic, but "serene" is out the window, we need some jam and we need it yesterday.
- 7:43 AM, April 22, 2011
- Steve V said...
Not sure I agree, we are seeing Quebec momentum clearly spilling outside. Mind you, the NDP was polling lower than 08 prior to Quebec. The trick now for the Libs is to beat back NDP outside.
No offence brother, but I've been warning about Quebec for years and everytime I've gotten this same "don't panic" commentary. How has that worked out? Exactly. Not panic, but "serene" is out the window, we need some jam and we need it yesterday.
- 7:43 AM, April 22, 2011
- Omar said...
Pauline Marios and her ringing party endorsement notwithstanding, separatism is at its lowest ebb in years and the populace seems to be embracing a progressive, federalist option. I'm not about to finger that as a bad thing.
- 7:59 AM, April 22, 2011
- Steve V said...
No, as I stated, it's good to replace the Bloc. But, from a Liberal perspective, sticking to the plan is tantamount to total failure. Nanos again this morning confirms, and the days are dwindling. Newsflash everyone, the plan isn't working! Don't confuse urgency with panic, the former needed in spades.
- 8:07 AM, April 22, 2011
- Steve V said...
Like for example, I know we planned on taking today off, but UMMM, times change and Ignatieff should be out in front of the cameras, I don't care what day it is. Duceppe has a full schedule today, Layton will be making an appearance, but we have a down day. Sorry, scheduling change, get your ass out on the trail all day long, nobody what day it does, we have few left. If Duceppe can do it, he recognizes the threat, what are we doing?
- 8:10 AM, April 22, 2011
- Omar said...
It's Good Friday, maybe taking the day off will look good in some eyes? ;-)
Quebec will come back to the Liberals when there is something to come back to. I think they should take Ignatieff for a spin, but if it ain't happening, it ain't happening.
- 8:28 AM, April 22, 2011
- Steve V said...
Duceppe is out all day, he changed his plans to combat Layton. We stay the course, because addressing reality is panic I suppose. I'll go with the Bloc on this one, hair on fire!
- 8:35 AM, April 22, 2011
- Omar said...
I love that 'hair on fire' thing, but I wonder how it comes across blazing on Ignatieff's head? Harper does HoF and he appears an angry and irrational tyrant. HoF Ignatieff seems forced and somehow dispassionate. He has to be himself, he can't be no one else. I wonder what Kinsella would advise?
- 8:55 AM, April 22, 2011
- Steve V said...
Actually hair on fire didn't work for Harper, so perhaps a different choice. Ignatieff not campaigning today is pure bullshit.
- 9:02 AM, April 22, 2011
- sharonapple88 said...
Ignatieff not campaigning today is pure bullshit.
I agree. Hopefully he goes to a public church....
But things could be worse... This NDP candidate has gone on vacation....
- 9:26 AM, April 22, 2011
- Steve V said...
Layton will be doing press today as well.
- 9:28 AM, April 22, 2011
- Omar said...
I thought Ignatieff was attending a Coptic church service. Is that not today? I'll be impressed by the politician who shuns the religious niceties over the next couple of days.
- 9:42 AM, April 22, 2011
- sharonapple88 said...
Layton will be doing press today as well.
Yeah, that guy loves a camera. Anyone remember that shot of him at a Toronto bar during the Olympics? He'll do anything for a shot.
" With wife Olivia Chow nearby, Layton celebrates the goal for just a second, before turning from the TV that's playing the game to face the CTV camera instead, trying to move his body out from behind those around him, and then—when a woman's arm raised in ecstatic celebration blocks his face from the shot—Layton takes his outstretched hand and, still smiling, grabs her arm and forces it down and out of the way as the shot fades out."
Makes him a brilliant politician... although if I were that woman, I would have smacked him one.
- 9:55 AM, April 22, 2011
- Gayle said...
Maybe Ignatieff is meeting with his team today so they can introduce a brand new strategy tomorrow.
- 4:04 PM, April 22, 2011
- Steve V said...
They must be. This Quebec interview tomorrow, it's imperative Ignatieff stop with this "serene" nonsense and shore up our support, so at least we hold our seats. Critical, critical moment.
- 4:10 PM, April 22, 2011


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Thread: Wat Mongkhon Khothawat
03-01-13, 02:05 PM #1Forum Member
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Wat Mongkhon Khothawat
Hi there,
I am searching for the temple of Luang Pu Pan, a famous guru who lived during the Rama V period. His temple name used to be Wat BangHia, and later renamed to Wat Klongdan.
My current search points me to a temple name Wat Mongkhon Khothawat.
Can anyone tell me if this Wat Mongkhon Khothawat is the same temple as Wat BangHia?
Thanks alot in advance.
Best regards,
Re: Wat Mongkhon Khothawat
About "Luang Pu Pan" (I think correct Romanization should be "Luang Pu Parn") - also known as "Luang Phor Parn", I found some Words which are always combined with this Monk, for further Research I will give you the Thai Writing as well, as it will help more than Romanization/Transliteration
Luang Pu Parn = หลวงปู่ปาน
Luang Phor Parn = หลวงพ่อปาน
Wat Mongkhon Khothawat (Wat Bang Hia) = วัดมงคลโคธาวาส (วัดบางเหี้ย)
(these 2 are almost always named together, so I suppose that it might be the same Temple)
Wat Klongdan = วัดคลองด่าน
(this Temple is also named together with the Monk)
All 3 Temple Names are combined with the Province "Samut Prakarn" which is near Bangkok, I am not sure if it's the same Temple with different Names or different Temples.
Here are some Links with the Biography of the Monk in Thai Script - maybe let them translated and you will get your Infos:
http://www.baanmaha.com/community/thread29818.htmlMy interesting blog about Thailand at Thailand Blog ---> click here
04-01-13, 07:51 PM #3Forum Member
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Re: Wat Mongkhon Khothawat
Hi djaidee,
thanks for your reply. Deeply appreciated. Yes, you are right. I normally refer to him as Luang Phor Parn too.
His name is indeed commonly associated with Wat BangHia or Wat Klongdan. Which is why I need to find out if Wat Mongkol Khothawat is the same temple as Wat BangHia and Wat Klongdan as I would like to visit his temple.
I will check out the links you provided.
Thanks alot. :-)
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Internet art
This article possibly contains original research. (September 2010)
Internet art (often referred to as net art) is a form of digital artwork distributed via the Internet. This form of art has circumvented the traditional dominance of the gallery and museum system, delivering aesthetic experiences via the Internet. In many cases, the viewer is drawn into some kind of interaction with the work of art. Artists working in this manner are sometimes referred to as net artists.
Internet art can happen outside the technical structure of the Internet, such as when artists use specific social or cultural Internet traditions in a project outside of it. Internet art is often—but not always—interactive, participatory, and multimedia-based. Internet art can be used to spread a message, either political or social, using human interactions.
The term Internet art typically does not refer to art that has been simply digitized and uploaded to be viewable over the Internet. This can be done through a web browser, such as images of paintings uploaded for viewing in an online gallery.[1] Rather, this genre relies intrinsically on the Internet to exist, taking advantage of such aspects as an interactive interface and connectivity to multiple social and economic cultures and micro-cultures. It refers to the Internet as a whole, not only to web-based works.
Theoriest and curator Jon Ippolito defined "Ten Myths" about Internet art in 2002.[1] He cites the above stipulations, as well as defining it as distinct from commercial web design, and touching on issues of permanence, archivability, and collecting in a fluid medium.
Forms and presentation
Internet art can be created in a variety of media: through websites; e-mail projects;[2] Internet-based original software projects (sometimes involving games); Internet-linked networked installations; interactive and/or streaming video, audio, or radio works; and networked performances (using multi-user domains, virtual worlds such as Second Life, chat rooms, and other networked environments).[3] It can also include completely offline events, like Alexei Shulgin's 1997 Vienna performance, Real Cyberknowledge for Real People. Shulgin printed out copies of 'Beauty and the East' / ZKP4, published online by the mailing list nettime, and handed the booklets out to passers-by on the streets of Vienna.[4] Internet art overlaps with other computer-based art forms such as new media art, electronic art, software art, digital art, telematic art and generative art.
The terms Internet art, net-based art, net art, Net.art, Web art, and even networked art have all been used to classify this type of work. However, the term networked art has a history of usage for artworks that were connected through closed networks before the Internet's popularization and commercialization in the early 1990s, such as many Telematic art projects.[1] Net.art (pronounced "Net-dot-art") was a more popular term in the 1990s, often referring to some of the first net artists who were critiquing the structures of the Internet.[5][improper synthesis?]
Critic Rachel Greene states that the term originated "when Slovenian artist Vuk Cosic opened an anonymous e-mail only to find it had been mangled in transmission. Amid a morass of alphanumeric gibberish, Cosic could make out just one legible term —'net.art'—which he began using to talk about online art and communications."[3] Greene lists several artists as early experimenters of the form: Vuk Ćosić, Jodi, Alexei Shulgin, Heath Bunting, Shu Lea Cheang, VNS Matrix and Olia Lialina. In her book Internet Art, Green places the inception of Internet art after 1993, with the popularization of graphical web browsing.[6]
History and context
Internet art is rooted in disparate artistic traditions and movements, ranging from Dada to Situationism, conceptual art, Fluxus, video art, kinetic art, performance art, telematic art and happenings.[7]
As the art form develops, its historical context is continually re-evaluated. Amsterdam-based critic Josephine Bosma defines Internet art as having "five generations",[5] where the first generation of artists did not work with the Internet proper, but with electronic interconnectivity—precursors to the Internet, such as fax, slow scan television and videotex. These earlier forms are often defined more broadly as Networked art.[8]
In 1974, Canadian artist Vera Frenkel worked with the Bell Canada Teleconferencing Studios to produce the work String Games, the first artwork to use telecommunications technologies.[9]
An early telematic artwork was Roy Ascott's work, La Plissure du Texte,[10] performed in collaboration created for an exhibition at the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris in 1983, using a closed-network of invited artists on the ARTEX network.[8] Media art institutions such as Ars Electronica Festival in Linz, or the Paris-based IRCAM (a research center for electronic music), would also support or present early Networked art.
However, as Greene and others note, with spread of the desktop computer in the 1980s and the advent of the Web in the 1990s, a much broader spectrum of artists entered the field, often completely independent from art institutions—and often purposely at odds with institutional culture.[3]
Between 1994 to 2000, several public venues formed to archive, disseminate and promote Internet art. Key organizations included SITO; The Thing; Adaweb, directed by Benjamin Weil; Alt-X, founded by artist Mark Amerika; Rhizome, initiated by artist and curator Mark Tribe; and FILE Electronic Language International Festival, founded by artists Ricardo Barreto and Paula Perissinotto.[3]
With the rise of search engines as a gateway to accessing the web in the late 1990s, many net artists turned their attention to related themes. The 2001 'Data Dynamics' exhibit at the Whitney Museum of American Art featured 'Netomat' (Maciej Wisniewski) and 'Apartment' (Marek Walczak and Martin Wattenberg, which used search queries as raw material. Mary Flanagan's 'The Perpetual Bed' received attention for its novel use of 3D nonlinear narrative space, or what she called "navigable narratives." [11] [12] Her 2001 work in the Whitney Biennial, 'collection' collected items from hard drives around the world and displayed them in a 'computational collective unconscious.'[13] Golan Levin's 'The Secret Lives of Numbers' (2000) visualized the "popularity" of the numbers 1 to 1,000,000 as measured by Alta Vista search results. Such works pointed to alternative interfaces and questioned the dominant role of search engines in controlling access to the net.
Nevertheless, the Internet is not reducible to the web, nor to search engines. Besides these unicast (point to point) applications, suggesting that there is some reference points, there is also a multicast (multipoint and acentered) internet that has been explored by very few artistic experiences, such as the Poietic Generator.
The emergence of social networking platforms, understood to be "web-based services that allow individuals to… construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system… articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and… view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system," [14] facilitated a transformative shift in the distribution of internet art. Early online communities were organized around specific "topical hierarchies," [14] whereas social networking platforms consist of egocentric networks, with the "individual at the center of their own community." [14] Artistic communities on the Internet underwent a similar transition in the mid-2000s, shifting from Surf Clubs, "15 to 30 person groups whose members contributed to an ongoing visual-conceptual conversation through the use of digital media"[15] and whose membership was restricted to a select group of individuals, to image-based social networking platforms, like Flickr, which permit access to any individual with an e-mail address. Internet artists make extensive use of the networked capabilities of social networking platforms, and are rhizomatic in their organization, in that "production of meaning is externally contingent on a network of other artists' content."[15]
See also
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Ippolito, Jon. "Ten Myths of Internet Art". VECTORS: Digital art of our time. New York: New York Digital Salon. Retrieved September 21, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Guy Bleus (Ed.), Re: The E-Mail-Art & Internet-Art Manifesto, in: E-Pêle-Mêle: Electronic Mail-Art Netzine, Vol.III, #1, T.A.C.-42.292, Hasselt, 1997.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Greene, Rachel (May 2000). "Web Work: A History of Internet Art". BNET: The CBS Interactive business network. CBS Interactive. Retrieved September 21, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> (Republished from ArtForum magazine)
- ↑ "Cyberknowledge for Real People". Recycling the Future 4: Action in public space. Kunstradio. Retrieved September 21, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Olson, Marisa (March 9, 2009). "Conference Report: NET.ART (SECOND EPOCH)". Rhizome at the New Museum. New York: Rhizome. Retrieved September 21, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Greene, Rachel (June 2004). Internet Art. World of Art. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20376-7.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Chandler, Annmarie; Neumark, Norie (2005). At a Distance: Precursors to Art and Activism on the Internet. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-03328-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- ↑ Langill, Caroline (2009). "Electronic media in 1974". Shifting Polarities. Montreal: The Daniel Langlois Foundation for Art, Science, and Technology. Retrieved September 21, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ White, Norman T. "Plissure du Texte". The NorMill. Retrieved September 21, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> (Unedited transcript including organizational discussion.)
- ↑ Klink, Patrick (1999). "Daring Digital Artist". UB Today. Buffalo: The University at Buffalo. Retrieved December 21, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Flanagan, Mary (2000). "navigating the narrative in space: gender and spatiality in virtual worlds". Art Journal. New York: The College Art Association. Retrieved December 21, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Cotter, Holland (2002). "Never Mind the Art Police, These Six Matter". New York: The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Boyd, D. M.; N. B. Ellison (2007). "Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship". Journal of Computer Mediated Communication. 13 (1). Retrieved 20 November 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Schneider, B. "From Clubs to Affinity: The Decentralization of Art on the Internet". 491. Retrieved 20 November 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Kate Armstrong, Jeremy Bailey & Faisal Anwar on Net Art in Canadian Art Magazine [1]
- Weibel, Peter and Gerbel, Karl (1995). Welcome in the Net World , @rs electronica 95 Linz. Wien New York: Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-211-82709-9
- Fred Forest 1998,¨Pour un art actuel, l'art à l'heure d'Internet" l'Harmattan, Paris
- Baranski Sandrine, La musique en réseau, une musique de la complexité ? Éditions universitaires européennes, mai 2010
- Barreto, Ricardo and Perissinotto, Paula "the_culture_of_immanence", in Internet Art.
- Baumgärtel, Tilman (2001). net.art 2.0 – Neue Materialien zur Netzkunst / New Materials towards Net art. Nürnberg: Verlag für moderne Kunst. ISBN 3-933096-66-9.
- Wilson, Stephen (2001). Information Arts: Intersections of Art, Science and Technology. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-23209-X.
- Caterina Davinio 2002. Tecno-Poesia e realtà virtuali / Techno-Poetry and Virtual Realities, Sometti, Mantua (IT) Collection: Archivio della poesia del 900. Mantua Municipality. With English translation. ISBN 88-88091-85-8
- Stallabrass, Julian (2003). "Internet Art: the online clash of culture and commerce". Tate Publishing. ISBN 1-85437-345-5, ISBN 978-1-85437-345-8.
- Christine Buci-Glucksmann, "L'art à l'époque virtuel", in Frontières esthétiques de l'art, Arts 8, Paris: L'Harmattan, 2004
- Greene, Rachel (2004). "Internet Art". Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20376-8, ISBN 978-0-500-20376-7.
- Corby, Tom (2006). "Network Art: Practices and Positions". Routledge, ISBN 0-415-36479-5.
- WB05 e-symposium published as ISEA Newsletter #102 - ISSN 1488-3635 #102 [2]
- Ascott, R.2003. Telematic Embrace: visionary theories of art, technology and consciousness. (Edward A. Shanken, ed.) Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Roy Ascott 2002. Technoetic Arts (Editor and Korean translation: YI, Won-Kon), (Media & Art Series no. 6, Institute of Media Art, Yonsei University). Yonsei: Yonsei University Press
- Ascott, R. 1998. Art & Telematics: toward the Construction of New Aesthetics. (Japanese trans. E. Fujihara). A. Takada & Y. Yamashita eds. Tokyo: NTT Publishing Co.,Ltd.
- Fred Forest 2008. Art et Internet, Paris Editions Cercle D'Art / Imaginaire Mode d'Emploi
- Thomas Dreher: IASLonline Lessons/Lektionen in NetArt.
- Thomas Dreher: History of Computer Art, chap.VI: Net Art: Networks, Participation, Hypertext
- Monoskop (2010). Overview of 'surf clubs' phenomenon. [3]
- Art in the Era of the Internet, PBS Report
- (Spanish) Martín Prada, Juan, Prácticas artísticas e Internet en la época de las redes sociales, Editorial AKAL, Madrid, 2012, ISBN 978-84-460-3517-6
- Bosma, Josephine (2011) "Nettitudes - Let's Talk Net Art" [4] NAI Publishers, ISBN 978-90-5662-800-0
- Schneider, B. (2011, January 6). From Clubs to Affinity: The Decentralization of Art on the Internet « 491. 491. Retrieved March 3, 2011, from http://fourninetyone.com/2011/01/06/fromclubstoaffinity/
- Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 13(1). Retrieved March 14, 2011, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/boyd.ellison.
- Moss, Ceci. (2008). Thoughts on "New Media Artists v. Artists with Computers". Rhizome Journal. http://rhizome.org/editorial/2008/dec/3/thoughts-on-quotnew-media-artists-vs-artists-with-/
- Greene, Rachel. (2000) A History of Internet Art. Artforum, vol. 38.
- Bookchin, Natalie & Alexei Shulgin (1994-5). Introduction to net.art. Rhizome. http://rhizome.org/artbase/artwork/48530/.
- Atkins, Robert. (1995). The Art World (and I) Go Online. Art in America 83/2.
- Houghton, B. (2002). The Internet & art: A guidebook for artists. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-089374-9.
- Bosma, J. (2011). Nettitudes: Let's talk net art. Rotterdam: Nai Publishers. ISBN 978-90-5662-800-0.
- Daniels, D., & Reisinger, G. (2009). Net pioneers 1.0: Contextualizing early net-based art. Berlin: Sternberg Press. ISBN 978-1-933128-71-9.
External links
- netartnet.net an online-gallery listing and directory of internet art


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