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Rick Ross Claiming Those Fake Images & Documents Of Him Being An Officer Are Not Real! "Don't Belive The Hype, I Dont Give Haters The Pleasure, Just Keep Them Rumors Coming"
Rick Ross interview on Power 98.3
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subset: commoncrawl


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By default, a receiver requests the next message from the server in response to each fetch call, resulting in messages being sent to the receiver one at a time. As in the case of sending, it is often desirable to avoid this roundtrip for each message. This can be achieved by allowing the receiver to prefetch messages in anticipation of fetch calls being made. The receiver needs to be able to store these prefetched messages, the number it can hold is controlled by the receivers capacity.
Apache Qpid, Messaging built on AMQP; Copyright © 2015 The Apache Software Foundation; Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0; Apache Qpid, Qpid, Qpid Proton, Proton, Apache, the Apache feather logo, and the Apache Qpid project logo are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation; All other marks mentioned may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners


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Monday, December 31, 2012
How I Reconcile My Homosexuality and My Relationship with God
Before I go further, you should know the nature of my relationship with God has evolved over the past fifty-three years (although I've always felt close to Him), and my acceptance of my sexual orientation necessarily played a role in shaping it. What works for me may not work for you, and, by sharing this, I do not mean to suggest my way is the only way for gay people to have God in their lives. If you find something here that helps define the relationship you have with Him, great. If not, consider this information only.
I was raised a Catholic. My father was raised in the United church, my mom in the Catholic. It was more important to her that her children be raised Catholic (something about her fear for our souls, I think), than it was to my father to raise us United.
At the appointed times, I was baptized (which, of course, I have no memory of); attended catechism for a number of years (religious classes, once a week, which I hated); attended my first confession (I'm not sure what, as a boy, I had to confess); and was confirmed around Grade 7 (admitted as a full member into the Catholic church).
Throughout my childhood, my mom, sister, and I attended church almost every Sunday, often with her parents (my father joined us at Easter and Christmas only). When I was in my late teens and early twenties, I started to go to church on Saturday evening, usually by myself, when I learned my weekly obligation to attend Mass could be fulfilled then. (Saturday evening, rather than Sunday morning, was a more convenient time for me, as it was for many parishioners. Plus, our neighborhood church was small, and, in order for everyone to attend, Saturday evening Masses had to be made available.)
Catholics don't study the Bible like Christians of other denominations do; in fact, I don't remember ever seeing a Bible in our house as I was growing up. Still, I was aware at an early age–perhaps more from hearsay and programs on TV than from the church itself–what the Bible supposedly says about homosexuality.
To reconcile attending church every week with the growing realization I was gay, I lived in denial. I tucked away deep inside me the truth of what I was and tried to forget it there–for years, in fact. I knew I was different, but, even in my early twenties, I prayed–hard–that the way I was different would pass. As a Catholic, I wanted to be right with the church: I wanted more than anything to be straight, interested in girls.
Well, that didn't happen. And, by my mid-twenties, as I began to tell select people (outside my family and close friends) about what I was–to test the ground and see if I'd still be accepted–I felt a distance necessarily grow between me and the church. In my mind, I always imagined what fellow parishioners would think of me if they knew I was gay, or what they would say behind my back. I couldn't tolerate the idea of them judging me, especially when I began to see many of them for what they appeared to be: more concerned with showing off their nice clothes and their perfect families–thinking themselves better than everyone else–than being humble before God.
I've never been able to tolerate anyone who's two-faced. If you say one thing to me (what you think I want to hear), and I find out you've said the exact opposite behind my back, well, that's probably it for us. You've shown me that I can't trust you, and, when trust is gone, not much is left.
I tell you this because I began to see myself as two-faced: I attended church every week, letting everyone assume I was straight (because I wanted to be accepted), yet knowing I was gay. If being a member of the church meant I had to be something I wasn't–had to be straight for the sake of pleasing those who sat around me, who I knew wouldn't accept the truth about me–then I no longer had any business being among them.
And what about my relationship with God? I knew that God had made me the way I am; that is, I knew God had made me gay. That being the case, surely, He hadn't made me gay so I'd be forever miserable in a predominately straight world. Whatever I'd learned about God, I knew He loved me, and He wouldn't do that to me. He wouldn't make me different from the majority of people so I'd have to fight what I was my whole life, so I'd have to deny myself the love of someone who happened to be the same gender, so I'd eventually end up burning in hell because I'd dared to live my life as a fully-realized gay man.
I knew God would accept that I'd stopped going to church. In my heart, I knew I was no closer to Him there, than I was anywhere in the world (in fact, I might even have been further away from Him, since I was sure He saw through the hypocrisy of many sitting in the pews and preferred not to be there Himself).
I knew God was everywhere. I knew He was in every living thing, including me. I knew God was with me at all times. I knew I didn't have to be in a church to talk to Him or to be close to Him. That I could talk to Him any time I wanted to, wherever I was. Over the years, I've taken advantage of that many times.
So my relationship with God continued, even though I was an out gay man and no longer attended church. In fact, I believed my relationship with Him was better, cleaner, and purer, because it wasn't lived through the filter of the Catholic church, or any church, for that matter. Because it no longer had anything to do with living up to the expectations of other human beings, in place to make my relationship with God conditional upon what they believed God's word meant. I had a direct connection to God; He knew me, and I knew Him.
Today, I'd say my relationship with God is stronger than ever. I never believed for a moment that He'd abandon me because I'm gay or because I no longer attend church. And He hasn't.
I pray every night. But my prayers do not usually involve asking for something; rather, they are about expressing gratitutde. Every day, I say to God, "Please accept my thank-you for all of the many blessings and miracles I received today, because every single thing I have is a blessing, a miracle, or both." And I often go into detail about what I'm grateful for in general (I call them the big six: my life, my health, my relationship with Chris, food, clothing, and shelter), and what I'm grateful for that day. (Sometimes, I sneak in a special request, but my view is that God has enough on His plate without concerning Himself with my small problems. When it comes down to it, I believe God gave us everything we need to look after ourselves, and He expects us to use it.)
On the subject of homosexuality, a friend once said, "You know what the Bible has to say about that," as though I should know better than to believe God accepts me as I am and overlooks my homosexual behavior.
I've thought a lot about that since, and my response would be different today from the stunned silence it was then. Today, I'd respond, "No, I don't know what the Bible has to say about homosexuality, and I don't believe any Christian can be sure about what it has to say, either. Over the centuries, the Bible has been rewritten and reinterpreted so many times, by so many people, producing so many versions, that none of us can be one-hundred-percent certain the prejudices of the men who wrote it didn't find their way into its pages.
"How can any one of us be sure everything in the Bible really is the word of God? I didn't sit beside God when He wrote it Himself; I didn't see Him write that homosexuality is an abomination. Nobody alive today did. Besides, is that really what those passages have to say, or have they been misused by those who personally find homosexuality unacceptable, to support their bias, to prove God agrees with them?"
(Recently, I've come to the realization God intentionally put people with differences–whatever they might be–on earth to challenge those who think they have a sound understanding of God's word, who say they live by that word, and who claim they love everyone unconditionally. When it's clear, from listening to them and from watching their actions, they don't. It's easy to accept and love others when they're like you, when they fall in line with how you think they should, based on your reading of the Bible. But I believe God's watching them, and He's shaking His head, disappointed in how they treat their fellow human beings.)
In the end, my relationship with God couldn't be simpler: there's me, there's God. That's it. That's all I need. I'm accountable to Him and to Him only, not to a single human being who thinks he or she knows what God wants and doesn't want. They know no better than I do. They may come across as though they do, but they don't. I don't listen to them; I ignore what they have to say. My advice to them is, thanks for your concern, but I'll look after my soul.
I listen to the voice of God within me. It has always been there, and it will always be there, leading me in the direction I know I must go.
2 comments:
I received the following comment from Will Travis, who told me he had difficulty attaching it to this post:ReplyDelete
Re your latest post: "How I Reconcile My Homosexuality with My Relationship with God":
" 'God' is a concept by which we measure our pain." ...John Lennon. "God"
"Imagine There's no Heaven. It's easy if you try;
No Hell below us
Above us only sky"...John Lennon. "Imagine"
"Religion is the opiate of the masses"... Karl Marx. "A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"
Three profound statements by two celebrated visionary philosophers.
Religionism is so archaic. Come out of the Stone Age, Rick! Life can be free from dogma, ritual, fear, "sin," Heaven & Hell...all manner of useless complications."God" is just a fairy tale until proven otherwise. "Faith" is all in your head!
What more can I say, buddy?
Will Travis
Will, you make a curious case for relinquishing one's belief in God. But, of course, you can imagine faith is personal and not something most people, including me, are willing to give up easily.ReplyDelete
As far as sexual orientation is concerned, my issue is not with God; I'm secure in the knowledge of His love for me. What I do have an issue with is organized religion, which I've written about here in numerous posts. And I do not consider myself constricted by dogma, ritual, fear, sin, or heaven and hell, as you describe it, which are very much aspects of religion, particularly Catholicism. My relationship with God is easy going, and I'm confident He likes it that way as much as I do.
One thing I'm very cognizant of in writing this blog is the effect religion in general has on how gay and lesbian people feel about themselves–I believe, directly or indirectly, it's the very cause of their self-loathing. I continue to receive comments and emails, especially from young people around the world, who struggle to reconcile what they are with their religion. Because I was once in their place, I believe I relate to them better and can offer advice on how they can be themselves and still have a relationship with God. That was the whole point of this post.
Thanks for taking the time to write.


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The Northstar 2420 combine head for corn from Geringhoff folds from 41 ft. wide down to 21 ft. for transport. The 24-row, 20-in. row header is the widest folding combine head in the United States, according to AEMSCO, a North Dakota-based distributor for Geringhoff.
"The bigger the combines, the bigger the heads need to be," reports Derek Molnar with AEMSCO. Folding the combine only requires pushing a button in the combine cab. Once the head is folded, the combine is more easily driven from field to field without removing the head.
The Northstar head features Geringhoff's knife-to-knife technology for cutting, Molnar adds. The Geringhoff header is manufactured in Germany and assembled in the U.S. Suggested list price is $180,000. Contact Geringhoff/AEMSCO, Dept. FIN, 205 – 46th Ave. NE, Minot, ND 58701, 701/852-1876, or visit www.geringhoff.com.


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A few signs let us better understand the "religion" of worshipping people pervading a society. Of these, the most basic is the heedless behavior exhibited by those who forget the existence of Allah and that He is with them at every moment. Instead of seeking Allah's favor, a person who adopts such a pattern of behavior blindly does what others ask of him-even if it is contrary to religious morality-and will be prepared to suffer every humiliation and degradation.
For example, some behave in a way contrary to the teaching of the Qur'an because they want certain others to accept them and be taken into their group. Though they know their behavior is wrong, still they are willing to do every sort of disgraceful thing to get others to like them. As a result, they experience pangs of conscience in this life and will be repaid for their insincerity in the life to come.
Such people think they are ingratiated themselves with others, but Allah knows their real intentions. They forget Allah, but He sees them every moment and knows what they conceal in their hearts. And though other people may hold positive views about them, Allah knows their insincerity.
For example, a person may see that his boss's moral character is corrupt, that he treats the poor and needy unjustly and has made the kind of profit forbidden by Allah. Yet for the sake of a promotion, this employee pretends not to notice his boss's behavior. He tries his best to make his boss think he is a loyal, hard worker and so he turns a blind eye to actions that Allah has forbidden. But Allah sees him, and knows everything he thinks and everything he says. He does nothing to win Allah's favor, but all the things he does to curry the approval of others is written down in the presence of Allah.
In fact, those who think this way and seek to influence others in their own favor become like puppets. Others control their strings, and they carry out to the letter what is wanted of them, regardless of whether it is right or wrong, lawful or forbidden. In order to satisfy only a few worldly desires and selfish passions, they agree to become a part of a system that ignores Allah and cares nothing for earning His favor. They are ready to behave in ways that humiliate themselves and degrade their humanity; they live under others' control, without the human dignity that faith affords. As a result, they comprise a frightening group of people who are insincere, disrespectful and hypocritical towards others. They do not know what love really is and live only for their own gain. They lock themselves into a system where real friendship is absent and every relationship is based on profit. Within this system, have created with their own hands, they are-as Surat al-Isra' tells us-lonely and helpless, far from the mercy and assistance of Allah.
Do not set up any other deity together with Allah and so sit there reviled and forsaken. (Surat al-Isra', 22)2009-01-29 21:34:38


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FREMONT — Police in Fremont say an elderly woman with severe medical problems who went missing early Saturday morning has returned home safely.
Marion Sass, 72, was last seen at 1:30 a.m. at her Fremont home near the Union City border, according to police. Police reported at 1 p.m. that she had returned home.
Police had said that Sass suffers from severe medical problems that require regular dialysis.
Copyright © 2013 by Bay City News, Inc. … Republication, re-transmission or reuse without the express written consent of Bay City News, Inc. is prohibited.


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Please don't call it ''Bohemian Ovals'' though, Pip. It will only confuse things.Glen
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November 2012
16th Annual Presentation of the Miracle of Guadalupe at SCU Dec. 2
Deborah Lohse
SANTA CLARA, Calif., Nov. 28, 2012 — The theater group El Teatro Corazon, Santa Clara University and Sacred Heart of Jesus Parish of San Jose will present the 16th annual sacred drama, dance and song program "La Virgen del Tepeyac: The Apparitions of Our Lady of Guadalupe" on Sunday, Dec. 2, from 2 to 4 p.m. at Santa Clara University's Mission Church.
Always a standing-room-only event that is free and open to the community, La Virgen Del Tepeyac celebrates the apparitions of Our Lady of Guadalupe in the year 1531, when the mother of Jesus first appeared to farmer Juan Diego. The drama retells the hardships he endures to bring the news of the apparition to the local bishop, and her wish that the bishop build a church for the indigenous people in her honor.
The program – in Spanish with English commentary throughout-- is presented by Sacred Heart Parish of San Jose and Santa Clara University. It is performed in special collaboration with the Sacred Heart -affiliated theater group Teatro Corazón. A reception will follow the event.
Admission is free and open to the public.
The celebration of Our Lady of Guadalupe recalls the apparitions in December 1531 of the mother of the Savior on the Hill of Tepeyac outside of present-day Mexico City. The dramatic representation of "La Virgen del Tepeyac" tells the story of the hardships that Juan Diego endures.
Also during the celebration, the recipient of the San Juan Diego Scholarship, a four-year tuition scholarship to Santa Clara University, will be announced. The San Juan Diego Scholarship is a need-based scholarship funded by SCU since 1998. Candidates, who apply through Sacred Heart Parish, must meet SCU admission requirements as freshmen or transfer students. The recipient also is chosen based on youth leadership and parish and community involvement.
Those seeking more information about the event may contact Lulu Santana of SCU Campus Ministry, at (408) 554-4639. Members of the media may contact Deborah Lohse of SCU Media Relations for more information, 408-554-5121 or email@example.com.


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First Java, then Ajax, and now ... Flash?
Bruce Eckel argues that Flash is the new, new thing. He's particularly keen on Flex, which compiles Actionscript, a superset of ECMAscript, to run on Flash. I agree with him when he says "applications of any complexity using HTML, CSS and JavaScript are difficult and expensive to develop", and also agree that a big motivator for using Javascript or Flash is that there are far fewer installation problems than Java. Perhaps we should consider setting up Links to generate either Javascript or Flash. Thanks to Greg Morrisett for pointing me at the article.
<< Home
I have spent the last few months developing a web-based Java IDE (I'm a 4th Year CS student at Edinburgh). Very strangely, I was drawn to your blog because a current third year is considering developing a web-based IDE using Links. It led me to this article, which coincidently contains the same sort of information that I concluded my dissertation on. JavaScript has reached its limit (and its absolutely shocking to develop with). Java Applets are very much dead. People haven't until recently taken Flash very seriously, although it is a seriously powerful, cross platform, well supported, quick-starting, good-looking application! To make Links future proof, I think Flash generation (although complicated) would definitely be a good direction to take it in... Flash seems to me the future of the front-end for RIAs.
Now and then I hack on a version of Flapjax to do just that. They're very close, with ActionScript being a step ahead and having a better VM, except Adobe is donating everything to Firefox, meaning JavaScript will catch up. I've always wanted a DOM implementation in Flash, which would probably achieve all the necessary parity, except the engineers have found it a little too tricky. I think Dan Weld's work on generating interfaces relative to user needs is interesting - I can imagine compiling to Flash, JS, or HTML+server state based on context.Post a Comment
We actually use Flash to get around some security issues that would normally force us to use our host as a proxy service :)
- Leo
We actually use Flash to get around some security issues that would normally force us to use our host as a proxy service :)
- Leo
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About Source Sans
The Adobe Originals program started in 1989 as an in-house type foundry at Adobe, brought together to create original typefaces of exemplary design quality, technical fidelity, and aesthetic longevity.
Today the Type team's mission is to conduct original research and development for type at Adobe, making sophisticated and even experimental typefaces that explore the possibilities of design and technology. Typefaces released as Adobe Originals — fully-featured families and smaller "Concept" projects alike — are the result of years of work and study, regarded as industry standards for the ambition and quality of their development.
Open source details
Source Sans is available via an open source license. You're free to use it with your Adobe Fonts account just as you would any other font in the Adobe Fonts library. For information regarding other uses of Source Sans, see copyright and license details for Source Sans Pro ExtraLight, Source Sans Pro ExtraLight Italic, Source Sans Pro Light, Source Sans Pro Light Italic, Source Sans Pro Regular, Source Sans Pro Italic, Source Sans Pro Semibold, Source Sans Pro Semibold Italic, Source Sans Pro Bold, Source Sans Pro Bold Italic, Source Sans Pro Black, and Source Sans Pro Black Italic.
How to Use
You may encounter slight variations in the name of this font, depending on where you use it. Here's what to look for.
In application font menus, this font will display:{{familyCtrl.selectedVariation.preferred_family_name}} {{familyCtrl.selectedVariation.preferred_subfamily_name}}
To use this font on your website, use the following CSS:
font-family: {{familyCtrl.selectedVariation.family.css_font_stack.replace('"', '').replace('",', ', ')}};
font-style: italicnormal;
font-weight: {{familyCtrl.selectedVariation.font.web.weight}};
Glyph Support & Stylistic Filters
Fonts in the Adobe Fonts library include support for many different languages, OpenType features, and typographic styles. If you know you need a specific combination of languages or features covered, you can use these filters to narrow down your search while browsing our library.
Learn more about language support


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Find accommodations in Edgewater with the hotel list provided below. Find discounted hotel accommodations in or close to Edgewater, CO for your upcoming personal or group travel. Explore the most favored Edgewater Colorado hotel rooms. Review the Edgewater hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. We also have a map of the Edgewater hotels. Planning a group? Lock in Edgewater Group Hotel Discounts
The Edgewater center point is around 1 mile east of American Medical Center and 1 mile west of Highland.
How should we direct your call?


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Simple Goan fish curry recipe
Our food writer Diana Henry has adapted many of her curry recipes to suit those occasions when "I have terrible yearnings for Indian flavours and that has to be satisfied almost immediately". Her recipes are not completely authentic, but are full of flavour and quick to make. Her simple Goan fish curry is an ideal alternative to a Friday-night take away.
Chicken in curried yogurt sauce with peach chutney and chapatis
Rose Prince's chicken in curried yoghurt sauce is not a wintry, comforting curry but "a light, citrus yoghurt-based" dish: ideal for summer, and mild enough for children to enjoy. She serves it with her own chapatis and a quick peach chutney, for a fruity kick.
Pork vindaloo recipe
"I love Indian food, and preparing it is always a joy," says our writer and chef Stevie Parle, who heads up London's Dock Kitchen restaurant. He often experiments with different cuts of meat: his pork vindaloo requires cooking pork shoulder (a very cheap cut) for hours." The result is pretty special, the sweetness of the pork offset by the acidity of the vinegar and the delicate spices bringing it all together marvellously," he says.
Kayi korma curry recipe
Vegetarians will enjoy Diana Henry's kayi korma dish, a fragant, coconut-flavoured mixture of potatoes, carrots, tomatoes, peas and green beans. It's very versatile, suitable for any vegetables that happen to be in season, or in your fridge, and leftovers reheat well.
Potato curry recipe
This spicy potato curry from Stevie Parle, served with chapatis, is a great way to use up leftover potatoes. He likes to have it for breakfast: "It makes a fantastically quick way to banish winter blues or a stubborn hangover".


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Oilers 3, Flames 4 – Game 4 – 2013-01-26 @ 8:00 PM MST – CBC
Tonight is the first game of the Battle of Alberta for 2013. Not sure how much battle we'll see tonight, as much of the last bunch of BoAs have had more fizzle than anything. Credit to Darren Haynes for this stunning tweet: "Taylor Hall is 21 yrs old. Since he's been alive, #Flames and #Oilers have made #NHL playoffs in same season just once – 2005-06." Yikes. No wonder the BoA has been so flaccid.
Oh well, here's a look back in the time machine to one of the best moments in recent BoA history:
Tonight I will likely be at the Oil Kings game and watching this on PVR later. The chat will be going for you all though if you want.
Continue reading 'Oilers 3, Flames 4 – Game 4 – 2013-01-26 @ 8:00 PM MST – CBC'»


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NWSB Writer Rick Stella details five Oregon State Beavers that you need to keep an eye on this 2012 college football season. With OSU finally stepping out from the Rodgers brothers' shadow, it's time to look at a few players who will play pivotal roles on this year's squad. Players discussed include Sean Mannion, Malcolm Agnew, and Colby Prince.
Five impact players for the Oregon St. Beavers in 2012
June 26, 2012 By Rick Stella
Filed Under: OSU Football Blog Tagged With: Beaver football, beaver football blog, Beaver Nation, Colby Prince, College Football, College football 2012, College football predictions 2012, Corvallis, Jacquizz Rodgers, James Rodgers, Joe Halahuni, Jordan Jenkins, Jordan Poyer, Jovan Stevenson, Malcom Agnew, NCAA Football, Oregon State 2012, Oregon State Beavers, Oregon State Beavers 2012, Oregon State football, Oregon State football blog, OSU Beavers, OSU Beavers blog, OSU Beavers football, OSU Beavers Football Blog, Pac 12, Reeser Stadium, Sean Mannion, Terron Ward


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Gadgets Every Business Traveler Needs
From a portable monitor to a wi-fi camera, Launch Squad digital lifestyle expert Andrew Felix reviews gadgets to pack before the next conference away from home. Photo: Ferrari by Logic3
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... the ... live Simon Constable what the old business travel gadgets twenty one think about picking out well ... really Andrew Felix who is a digital lifestyle expert joins us now with some ideas the year when it comes to us from Miami ... we will see him in a moment to ... Andrea thank you Brian much for being now ... but at the refinery Dylan ... doing right now you would think that some ... part of the latest in a call with a number of different ideas one is a a ... a son about um on it so that you can hook up to things that during presentations on ... first of all why though would need an extra one it's up ... well Simon a lot of travelers these days he's been prepared for going with the smaller notebook ... and the idea that you can actually work on a more noble to getting harder and harder well ... now from AOC being created in L E D sixteen inch monitor ... that I mean Simon is so offended ... by Woodford about it ... powered by a U S beat the hell are plug ... plug in the U S The of plug and play ... you've got a second monitor to put your no book on C can actually do Excel document or ... serve in an old one and you work on the other ... to do well to those who did business aam what you think some headphones on anyone who travels to the likes of fun stitching and relax on the plane on the onthe friend or whatever ... you picked up Ferrari once why ... well what I like about the some of these are brand new preclinical logic to read ... them what the Arby's this Cami airlines and they're still lightweight incomparable is why we love them and ... the look of melodic you'd like to have great looking at bone ... but also this hour in the party get in the face ... but for travelers ... who counts small these will form of they've got the comparable year Padre here ... Boeing is so go back to it ... they've got that break ... down just like you would be Peabody beat Ferrari you have great sound ... and that in you've got beaten headphones it ... that night you want something to a surge protector Maulana surge protector aam and I've had it for ... fifteen years it's been fine ... Nevada such ... but I'm protected if there is one you pick summing them from ... one yet this is very inexpensive the stroke of the call to techy ... this is a U S The surfer care ... what's Foreign for the gentleman or somebody that travel ... that you're not sure about the circuit in a hotel in your word about it ... you can plug this into the hotel ... and know them both devices are protected said not only do you get next replied ... You awesome getting us before here ... that Bush protected so if there's a certain I'll tell ... you know your devices are ok ... I do like that down the so the last thing is the Swans MA from Swan one is that's ... with that ... this is neat this is their new Advance series ... wide fight camera so you can actually be on their low there have ... been anywhere in in in the world you can you what's going on in your home so if you own a business ... you can view what's going on in your business ... in your house your family anything be your wife by sages download their App ... connected anywhere the world it's that night vision ... for what I like about it that she had ... Cloud recording on ... so you pay a little extra money for a month ... you can actually store everything on the cloud ... can record everything that's happening worth recording ... and then go back and see what's going on ... will ... come as a candidate applies ... to very much want them into that ... Andrew Felix the July silence but we really appreciate it I may use Tamiflu Miami of that


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EC 4.0 Firmware
From OLPC
Ver: 7 0.5.01
- 0.5.01
- Add support for new Simplo LiPoly battery
- Remove support for NiMH battery (which was never used in mass production, but was made in small quantities for testing; SKU295 through to SKU298), see further change detail, and workaround for old prototypes.
- Change default compiler to SDCC
- Requires new kernel, see kernel patch
Ver: 7 0.4.12
- 0.4.12
- emit a new event when the power button is released, so a kernel can time the press.
- increase the hard powerdown button press timeout from 2 to 5 seconds to give user-level more flexibility when looking for long presses.
Ver: 7 0.4.11
- 0.4.11
- reinit AC detect timer when leaving forced discharge mode, to avoid erroneous low-battery power-downs. this mode is only during testing (runin, and battery-capacity tests).
- this release didn't make it into the next release of Open Firmware, Q7B37. --Quozl 01:35, 26 February 2014 (UTC)
Ver: 7 0.4.10
- 0.4.10
- Fix for #12704, which caused the power LED to behave incorrectly after short resumes.
Ver: 7 0.4.09
- 0.4.09
- Reduce post-reprogramming power draw. After an EC reflash, an extra flash of the LEDs will be seen the first time the laptop is powered off while on battery only.
Ver: 7 0.4.08
- 0.4.08
- Change runin discharge disable so its ahead of poweroff
- Fix stupid mistake in commit b7e7fd817c86
Ver: 7 0.4.07
- 0.4.07
- NiMH charging in very cold temperature tweaks
- Disable the 2 stop mode problem checks
- Reduce stop mode power draw
Ver: 7 0.4.06
- 0.4.06
- Allow monitor DEBUG_CMDS to enable support functions
- Drop max LiFe charge rate to 2.5A
- Fix runin discharge XO-4 C2 crash
- ec_irq: add support for suppressing the fallback pulse, for debug
- ec_irq: move the remaining EC timing support from monitor.c to ec_irq.c
Ver: 7 0.4.05
- 0.4.05
- debug support for wakeup issues
Ver: 7 0.4.04
- 0.4.04
- further changes for managing keyboard and touchpad flow control, fixing yet another lockup-on-resume scenario.
Ver: 7 0.4.03
- 0.4.03
- fallout from the changes in 0.4.02 caused keyboard and touchpad flow control to not be asserted in some cases. this in turn caused SoC lockups on resume from suspend.
Ver: 7 0.4.02
- 0.4.02
- fix EC/SoC communication problems (#12525).
Ver: 7 0.4.01
- 0.4.01
- further lengthen EC_IRQ# timings for 1Ghz machines
Ver: 7 0.4.00
- 0.4.00
- Fix trac ticket #12558. Power LED while system is off
- disable the "rescue" EC_IRQ# assertion
Ver: 7 0.3.13
- 0.3.13
- revert wakeup timings to 3.0.11 values
Ver: 7 0.3.12
- 0.3.12
- ec_irq: add fallback to bail us out of incomplete suspends
- ec_irq: implement timing tuning commands in monitor
Ver: 7 0.3.11
- 0.3.11
- Allow battery debugging to be enabled via serial port
- Fix incorrect battery critical LED state
- Change W to mW in battery debug output to make the scale clearer
- Add debounce for the thermal alarm signal and enable a new LED state when triggered. (Alternating power LED and red battery LED)
- Blink code for high battery current prior to stop mode (Alternating Green/Yellow)
- Blink code for exiting stop mode while power is off (Alternating Green/Red)
Ver: 7 0.3.10
- 0.3.10
- Fix NiMH pre-maturely marked full problem
Ver: 7 0.3.09
- 0.3.09
- Fix logic bug in ext power detect after runin discharge. Machines turning off runin discharge could fail to sense external power.
- Print ACR value and SOC when going into stop mode
- Refactor critical and low flag handling to fix corner cases. There were several corner cases where you could get the previous code to display the wrong LED state.
- Add support for GP LiFePO4 batteries. There are few around the Twine offices.
- Turn off battery state debugs in LiFePO4 code
- kbdwatch: wait longer after seeing SOC_SLEEP to release flow-control. Fixes a lockup on 1Ghz MMP3.
Ver: 7 0.3.08
- 0.3.08
- Make sure full flag is clear when SOC is < 95%
- Up bad ACR read difference threshold to 20 counts
- Come out of stop mode once in a while, to do housekeeping
- adjust the timings for the EC_IRQ assertions
Ver: 7 0.3.07
- 0.3.07
- Check battery EEPROM bank 0 values and fix them if wrong
- Detect bad ACR register reads from the battery due to ESD and discard them
- Generate 2 wake up interrupts to the SoC on resume. One to make it wake up and then a 2nd to actually make it start executing. Works around resume problems.
Ver: 7 0.3.06
- 0.3.06
- Change battery over temperature indicator to be a pulse of dark (both LEDs off) rather than a pulse of red. Red is now exclusively for errors.
- Fix typo in IO map causing LV_SET code to mess with EC_IRQ.


text:
Former Goldman Sachs trader Deeb Salem is arguing in court that his 2010 bonus of $8.25 million should have been bigger and that he expected it to be more like $13 million, the amount he told his mother he would get paid.
In an arbitration hearing, the 35-year-old mortgage trader said he was led to believe by executives that his bonus would be higher, and it was unfairly cut because of a written warning over his written self-evaluation in 2007, according to a report in Bloomberg.
Goldman Sachs , however, argues he was evaluated on his work and the bonus size is at the firm\'s discretion.
The Bloomberg report includes some other juicy tidbits, including that Salem was paid more than $35 million in six years. Salem, a Princeton University graduate, worked his way up to head of trading for the structured product group and led the desk during the mortgage crisis.
"Let's be very clear: I was one of the most sought-after investment professionals in the mortgage industry," Salem said during a Feb. 25 hearing with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority.
FINRA ultimately ruled against the young trader\'s demand for more money, and Salem\'s attorney took the case to the New York State Supreme Court.
After getting a bonus of $3 million in 2011, Salem left Goldman for hedge fund GoldenTree Asset Management, according to the report.
— Sital S. Patel
More must-reads from MarketWatch:
\'Flash Boys\' fund manager says power markets, not equities, need the most fixing
Markit shares up 12% in IPO debut


text:
Wednesday, May 12, 2010
Wordless Wednesday: The Old Gray House
The old Gray House: Cadys Falls, Morrisville, Vermont. This is the home where my great-grandparents, George and Elizabeth (Beard) Baker raised 11 kids! The house no longer exists.
Labels: Baker , Beard , My Personal Genealogy , Old Vermont Photos
3 comments :
- Barbara said...
Welcome to the world of blogging. I am so happy to be following somebody with Vermont roots.
- May 15, 2010 at 9:45 AM
- Heather Rojo said...
Hello from your neighbor in New Hampshire! I saw your blog listed on the "GeneaBlogger" list today and dropped by to read your posts. It's good to have a Vermonter join the group. Welcome and I hope we chat again soon.
- May 15, 2010 at 11:05 PM
- Dr. Bill (William L.) Smith said...
Welcome to the Geneabloggers family. Hope you find the association fruitful; I sure do. I have found it most stimulating, especially some of the Daily Themes.
May you keep sharing your ancestor stories!
Dr. Bill ;-)
Author of "Back to the Homeplace"
and "13 Ways to Tell Your Ancestor Stories"
- May 16, 2010 at 3:48 PM
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text: Street artist Stephan Doitschinoff (also known as Calma, meaning "calm" in Portuguese and "soul" in Latin) is an itinerant painter and muralist in Brazil. In his work, Doitschinoff expresses his interest in Afro-Brazilian folklore and religious traditions, primarily the blending of Christian and African ritual practices. He fills his delicate paintings with alchemic and pagan symbolism, Latin text, and pichação, the graffiti writing unique to São Paulo. The son of an Evangelical minister, Doitschinoff sees the church as an archaic institution that tries to control the masses, and uses it to represent corruption. "I think it is an appropriate symbol for corrupt modern institutions like big corporations, media channels, and governments," he explains. The artist was the subject of the 2008 documentary film Temporal, which documented his three-year journey through rural Bahia, painting murals with local craftsmen in small villages throughout the region.


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Through its Antarctic Artists and Writers Program, the National Science Foundation sends artists like former Utah State Poet Laureate Katharine Coles to Antarctic science stations, where they make art. In putting poets and scientists together in such an extreme place to do their work, the program raises questions about what the different disciplines do, how they do it, and what if anything their practitioners may have in common. In her collection of poems inspired by her trip to Antarctica, The Earth Is Not Flat, Coles engages the landscape, the people, the science, and the overwhelming experience of that extreme and beautiful landscape. Coles will discuss her time at Palmer Station and read poems from her collection during her presentation.
Katharine Coles' fifth poetry collection, The Earth Is Not Flat (Red Hen 2013), was written under the auspices of the NSF's Antarctic Artists and Writers Program. In 2009-10, she served as the Inaugural Director of the Poetry Foundation's Harriet Monroe Poetry Institute. A former Utah State Poet Laureate, she is a Guggenheim Foundation Fellow for 2012-13.
Coles will be signing copies of The Earth is Not Flat after the lecture.
Copies will be available for purchase at the Museum Store.
Light refreshments will be served.
Included in Museum Admission


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Francis T. Vincent, Jr.
Eighth Commissioner of Baseball
Francis T. Vincent, Jr. was elected baseball's eighth Commissioner in a unanimous vote of major league owners on September 13, 1989. Vincent, who five months earlier was named the first Deputy Commissioner of Major League Baseball, succeeded A. Bartlett Giamatti, who died in office September 1, 1989. Vincent was elected to complete Giamatti's five-year term which began on April 1, 1989.
Vincent was born on May 29, 1938 in Waterbury, Connecticut. After attending The Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut, Vincent graduated with honors from Williams College in 1960 and received his law degree from Yale in 1963.
Upon graduation from Yale, Vincent became an associate in the New York law firm of Whitman and Ransom. He was named a partner in the Washington, DC law firm of Caplin and Drysdale in 1968, where he specialized in corporate banking and securities matters. It was during this time that Vincent also served as Associate Director of the Division of Corporate Finance of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
In 1978, Vincent was named President and Chief Executive Officer of Columbia Pictures. Following the acquisition of Columbia by the Coca-Cola Company in March 1982, Vincent was appointed Senior Vice President of the Coca-Cola Company and President and CEO of its Entertainment Business Sector. He was promoted to Executive Vice President of the Coca-Cola Company in April 1986, and was responsible for all of the company's entertainment activities.
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text:
Grad-apps needed a new button or icon design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 71 designs submitted by 17 freelance designers.
SFO International Airport Mobile Services
Mobile application to enable travelers to help environment by sharing taxis
***We will try to provide feedback for designers who request***
- Business and leisure air travelers
- Specifically women
- Ages 20-35
- Socially conscious
- Must use readable text "SFO/OAK" in icon
- Some possible design elements are airplanes and taxis/cars, nature, leaves etc.
- We think green and/or blue shades should be the primary color schema, though other colors are fine
- No yellow, or checkerboard Black/yellow design elements.
- Should be clean design, modern, but willing to consider other ideas.
The icon should follow Apples Human Interface Guidelines (HIG) (http://developer.apple.com/iphone/l)
I will need 4 versions of the icon at
57x57 (iPhone)
114x114 (iPhone 4)
480x320 (splash screen)
512x512 (App Store)
- All PNG and original files to be sent at conclusion of project.
- Additional design work highly likely to be requested from winning designer to replicate aesthetic on additional parts of app.


text:
Glenn Becks Big Announcement: About A Saudi Student Allegedly Linked To 2 Boston Bombers & Deportation! (Saudi National Once Considered A Person Of Interest In Boston Bombings)
"Monday morning Glenn Beck laid out what he knows about the Saudi connection to the Boston marathon bombings. It is a story that the mainstream media has all but completely ignored, though Beck says TheBlaze's Chief Content Officer Joel Cheatwood reached out to numerous other networks in an effort to get the story out. Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano refused to acknowledge the story even existed when questioned by Rep. Jeff Duncan (R-SC) last Friday." - TheBlaze
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
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text:
Back in mid-November, I linked out to the first in a series of "mini-movies" showcasing bartenders and Bacardi rum. "The Samurai" featured a Japanese bartender making a daiquiri cocktail for a mysterious gentleman. I mentioned that two more such videos had been produced and promised to link out to them when they were available.
The second video, the Hummingbird, is now up on YouTube, and it's worth watching.
[As before, click through to YouTube to watch it in large HD.]
Again, I don't think it's practical to crack open a coconut in a busy nightclub, but it sure looks cool, doesn't it?
I can't tell for certain, but it sounds like the voice actor might have been recast. The actor who plays the bartender (who, if I may, is dead-sexy) was trained by Bacardi Global Ambassador David Cordoba. Her technique is great to watch, and I covet her barspoon.


text:
Previous gallery Rolls of film from a WW2 soldier were discovered and processed
Next gallery The Photos Of 2017 Week 06
MagazineFeb 13, 2017
The World Press Photo awards have just been rewarded to some very deserving photographers.
These are the people who bring us the news and background stories, 24/7 365 days of the year. And they say a pictures says more then a thousand words, so their work is very important to us.
World Press Photo Awards 2017 - General News - Second Prize, Stories Sergey Ponomarev/REUTERS


text:
Science Friday® is produced by the Science Friday Initiative, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
Science Friday® and SciFri® are registered service marks of Science Friday, Inc. Site design by Pentagram; engineering by Mediapolis.
Researchers at Rice University in Houston have discovered a cheap source of the wonder material graphene: baked goods. Marc Abrahams, editor and co-founder of The Annals of Improbable Research, talks about how to transform a box of Girl Scout cookies into $15 billion worth of the carbon-based substance—in theory, at least.


text:
Q*Bert Rebooted Brings Q*Bert the @!#?@! Back
When Wreck-It Ralph was released in 2012, I was hopeful that it would mark the beginning of a resurgence for one of its cameo characters, Q*Bert. Sadly, the foul-mouthed orange protagonist and his enemies haven't been seen since the Pixar film, and remain among the most underutilized characters from the golden age of arcades. While it's not a major release, Gonzo Games and Sideline Amusements are giving some love to Q*Bert with Q*Bert Rebooted, coming to Steam on July 8.
According to Polygon, Q*Bert Rebooted will include the classic 1982 Q*Bert arcade game as well as a new 3D version with modern graphics and gameplay. Replacing the pyramid of cubes from the original with a stack of hexagons, Q*Bert Rebooted will bring new game modes, power-ups and traps, along with entirely new characters. Three new enemies, Homer, Uppercut and Treasure Chest, will join classic villains Ugg, Slick, Sam, Red Ball, Wrong Way and Coily, in their quest to destroy Q*Bert. Fortunately, the eponymous orange… whatever Q*Bert is will have a slew of new playable characters to help him out, including Q*zard, Q*bertha, Q*bot, Q*zilla, Q*tee, Q*knight and Q*nicorn.
At $4.99, picking up Q*Bert Rebooted seems like a no-brainer, but I was hopeful that we'd see a more robust release, possibly in the vein of Pac-Man Championship Edition. Q*Bert's is owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment, as a result of their buyout of Columbia Pictures, who obtained the rights in their takeover of Gottlieb. It seems odd that Sony is licensing the character to relatively unknown studios for a PC and Mobile release instead of making their own game for the PS4 or Vita. Regardless, Q*Bert Reloaded is likely the only Q*Bert-related game we're likely to see for quite a while, so make sure to check it out on PC, Mac or Linux on July 8, and on mobile devices in the near future.


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Time for a holiday treat ! File HW 40/186 ''Activities of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium Forschungsamt (Research Bureau of the Air Ministry), mostly from POW reports'' has been uploaded to the Ticom folder.(110 pages - 40Mb)
Military and intelligence history mostly dealing with World War II.
Friday, December 30, 2011
Tuesday, December 27, 2011
Soviet Diplomatic Code 26 and the elusive Dr Roeder
The Soviet Union used several cryptologic systems in order to protect its communications from the rest of the world. The diplomatic service initially relied on the single transposition cipher and later 3-figure codes also transposed (1). In the early 1920's a new basic system appeared. Several 2, 3 and 4-figure codes were used, enciphered with large additive tables (1.000 5-figure groups in 100 rows of 10 groups each).
If the Anglo-Americans could read some Soviet communications enciphered with one time pad, could other countries have done the same? What about the Germans ? Did they have any success with Soviet diplomatic codes?
Let's take a look at the European Axis Signal Intelligence volumes :
From EASI vol6 - The Foreign Office cryptanalytic section , p31
y. Russia. Work on Russian diplomatic systems does not seem to have been a Pers Z S commitment. Dr. Kunze made it clear that Russian systems had been read up until 1927, but that no success had been achieved after that time. Presumptively he had reference to the introduction of one-time pads. Lt. Colonel Mettig of Signal Intelligence Agency of the Supreme Command Armed Forces (OKW/Chi) stated that "after a certain date" (which he could not remember), no Russian diplomatic traffic was attempted, either by his agency or Pers Z S.
This paragraph creates more questions. If the Pers Z did not work on Soviet diplomatic traffic who did ? The only other organizations that tackled diplomatic traffic were OKW/Chi and the Forschungsamt.
From EASI vol7 - Goering's Research Bureau , p84
From EASI vol3 - Intelligence Agency of the Supreme Command Armed Forces , p63
[Source: Robert Louis Benson and Cecil J. Phillips, History of Venona (Ft. George G. Meade: Center for Cryptologic History, 1995)]
The diplomatic code 26 was one of the codebooks captured by the Finns at the Soviet Consulate at Petsamo on 22 June 1941.The other books were the NKVD Pobeda code , a GRU codebook and a Naval GRU codebook (3).These were shared with the Germans and Japanese.
Strangely there is no mention of these books in the European Axis Signals Intelligence volumes. In volume 8 p77 two Russian systems are mentioned as being physically compromised ,during the war, but no further details are given…
According to EASI vol6 ''While junior in grade to Schauffler, Dr.Paschke during the latter years of the war became, with Schauffler, the joint head of Pers Z S. So he should know…
3).They were able to reconstruct the one-time pad algorithm. The Anglo-Americans were able to discover the algorithm used by the German Foreign Ministry in creating their ''random'' additive tables in late '44 and messages were decoded in 1945. Did the Germans have similar success? A major effort to identify the OTP algorithm was carried out during the war by the Army's Signal intelligence agency but it yielded no results (8).
I believe that there is more to this story than has been presented so far. Unfortunately we are at the mercy of the NSA and GCHQ .If/when they release new material then we will know more.
These systems offered limited security and were read by codebreakers in Germany (2) and in Britain (ARCOS case). In 1927 the British authorities raided the Arcos company that acted as a front for Soviet espionage and in the ensuing investigations released information coming from deciphered Soviet telegrams. The compromise of their diplomatic codes led the Soviet authorities to introduce a new enciphering procedure.From that time on the Soviet diplomatic service used figure codes enciphered with one time pads, a system which if used properly is theoretically unbreakable. Other Soviet agencies operating abroad such as the Trade organization and the intelligence services NKVD and GRU also used codebooks enciphered with one time pads.
However it seems that there were certain errors in the way the system was used and thus some communications were again compromised in the 1940's.Several sources claim that during WWII there were problems in printing the large number of random pads and someone decided to reuse those already printed in more than one link . This allowed the Americans to solve some Soviet intelligence service messages sent during the period 1942 -48. This program was called VENONA and it uncovered many high placed spies inside the US and Britain.
If the Anglo-Americans could read some Soviet communications enciphered with one time pad, could other countries have done the same? What about the Germans ? Did they have any success with Soviet diplomatic codes?
Let's take a look at the European Axis Signal Intelligence volumes :
From EASI vol6 - The Foreign Office cryptanalytic section , p31
y. Russia. Work on Russian diplomatic systems does not seem to have been a Pers Z S commitment. Dr. Kunze made it clear that Russian systems had been read up until 1927, but that no success had been achieved after that time. Presumptively he had reference to the introduction of one-time pads. Lt. Colonel Mettig of Signal Intelligence Agency of the Supreme Command Armed Forces (OKW/Chi) stated that "after a certain date" (which he could not remember), no Russian diplomatic traffic was attempted, either by his agency or Pers Z S.
This paragraph creates more questions. If the Pers Z did not work on Soviet diplomatic traffic who did ? The only other organizations that tackled diplomatic traffic were OKW/Chi and the Forschungsamt.
From EASI vol7 - Goering's Research Bureau , p84
Russian Systems.
Diplomatic Code and Additive.
Sauerbier mentions a few people who were engaged in a fruitless attack on Russian diplomatic traffic. This attack culminated in the belief that the system was a code with a non-repeating additive. (I-162.)
From EASI vol3 - Intelligence Agency of the Supreme Command Armed Forces , p63
f. Russia. The Russian desk was under Professor Nowopaschenny. Wendland, the head of the practical cryptanalysis section, (Section V) was also interested in Russian. It is known that, as early as 1934, Nowopaschenny was connected with the Cipher Section, and was interested at that early date In Russian problems. At that time, Russian military traffic was being worked on. During the war, the Russian section was small, and it seems to have been able to accomplish nothing. Mettig stated definitely that Russian diplomatic traffic was enciphered with a one-time pad and was never read. Traffic was intercepted from time to time and tested, but the desk never had any luck.The Foreign Office People said that up to the time of Stalingrad the Army read a Russian diplomatic system based on a one-time pad.They were probably mistaken. The system read vas almost certainly a military system. We know that such a system was read. A diplomatic system would not have been handled by the Army.The military one-time pad read in 1942 was of course the 5-figure code used by the Soviet High Command and not a diplomatic system.
If the Germans had no success with Soviet diplomatic codes during the war how can we explain the following message by Oliver Kirby :
[Source: Robert Louis Benson and Cecil J. Phillips, History of Venona (Ft. George G. Meade: Center for Cryptologic History, 1995)]
The diplomatic code 26 was one of the codebooks captured by the Finns at the Soviet Consulate at Petsamo on 22 June 1941.The other books were the NKVD Pobeda code , a GRU codebook and a Naval GRU codebook (3).These were shared with the Germans and Japanese.
Strangely there is no mention of these books in the European Axis Signals Intelligence volumes. In volume 8 p77 two Russian systems are mentioned as being physically compromised ,during the war, but no further details are given…
I've tried to find information on dr Roeder but I have been unable to locate any person by that name working at Pers Z. Another possibility is that Roeder worked for another German agency. There was a Roeder, head of group VI of OKH/GdNA but in his interrogation it is mentioned that he was captured by Allied troops in the South of Germany. Kirby was in the North.Were the Germans able to read Soviet diplomatic messages? Cryptologia article ''The road to German Diplomatic ciphers'' by Michael van der Meulen mentions that Paschke of the Pers Z in his memoirs clearly states that Soviet diplomatic messages were read. The book in question is '' Das Chiffrier und Fernmeldewesen im Auswärtigen Amt'',Bonn-1957.
According to EASI vol6 ''While junior in grade to Schauffler, Dr.Paschke during the latter years of the war became, with Schauffler, the joint head of Pers Z S. So he should know…
Dr Adolf Paschke worked in the Foreign Ministry's deciphering department Pers Z and was head of the linguistic cryptanalysis group. In the recently declassified TICOM report DF-111 'Comments on various cryptologic matters' he says that Soviet diplomatic communications were indeed solved in the period 1927-1930 since the Soviets used each additive page twice (4).
From 1930 the system was changed and the pads were no longer reused. However Paschke had identified the use of the same tables more than once in the same circuits and he believed that if the entire traffic of different organizations (diplomatic and NKVD) was examined more of these repetitions would be uncovered (5).
Regarding solution of the current Soviet OTP system he did not mention any success but cryptically stated that Russian material of the Forschungsamt and the High Command's deciphering department OKW/Chi were destroyed during the war (6).
Could the Germans have solved any messages during the war? There are three theoretical possibilities on how they could have done so :1).The one-time tables were reused. This was the basis of the American Venona breakthrough. The Germans were able to read Soviet military messages enciphered with one-time pad thanks to reuse of the tables. Perhaps they did something similar with diplomatic traffic.
2).The success was achieved not against the one-time pad but against the emergency enciphering procedure. This was a simpler way to encipher messages when there was no supply of OTP. The Japanese read messages on this system from embassies/consulates in Seoul, Dairen, Australia, Harbin, Hakodate (7).
3).They were able to reconstruct the one-time pad algorithm. The Anglo-Americans were able to discover the algorithm used by the German Foreign Ministry in creating their ''random'' additive tables in late '44 and messages were decoded in 1945. Did the Germans have similar success? A major effort to identify the OTP algorithm was carried out during the war by the Army's Signal intelligence agency but it yielded no results (8).
I believe that there is more to this story than has been presented so far. Unfortunately we are at the mercy of the NSA and GCHQ .If/when they release new material then we will know more.
(1). TICOM DF-111, p4-5(2). TICOM DF-111, p6
(3). 'Venona' p4 by Nigel West(4). DF-111, p7
(5). DF-111, p12-15(6). DF-111, p18
(7). JMA/SAC 77 plus others found in British archives HW 40/29(8). Ticom I-205 'Detailed interrogation report of former Regierungsbaurat Johannes Anton Marquart of OKH/Gen.d.NA'
Sunday, December 25, 2011
Bletchley Park vs Berlin – The North African Seesaw
All told, Britain arguably lost the signals intelligence war in that theatre between January 1941 and May 1942, and certainly did worse and suffered more damage there than it ever did in the Atlantic.
Robert Ferris ,'' Intelligence and strategy: selected essays'' chapter 4
In my posts so far I've only dealt with the good people of Bletchley Park in the Typex compromise story. Now it's time to change that and take a closer look at the performance of German vs British codebreakers in actual campaigns of WWII.
This part will be about the fighting in N.Africa. My goal is to look at the codesystems of both countries and see which side had the advantage and for how long. Obviously I'll also have to mention the successes each side had with other codes ( Italian ,American, Free French),however my main focus is on German and British codes.
From all the information I've seen it's clear that the German side had a major advantage in the period 1941 to summer 1942 both in high level and tactical systems. The Enigma keys used by Rommel proved to be too much for Bletchley Park and the keys of the German navy in the Med also resisted attack.
The Brits were successful with the Luftwaffe keys used in the Med (''Red'',''Light blue'',''Scorpion'' among others) plus the could read Italian codes. They only read Rommel's key Chaffinch (Chaffinch I : General , Chaffinch II : Comm between Panzerarmee Afrika and higher authority , Chaffinch III : Administrative ) thanks to captured material in 17 Sept -19 Oct '41 and from 2 Noc -6 Dec '41 ,with some regularity and often a week or more late. The operational Enigma key of Panzerarmee Afrika Phoenix (for use between Army,Corps and Divisions) was captured during Crusader (18 Nov '41) and traffic read up to 23 Nov '41 , then not broken until summer '42.
The Chaffinch key was broken again on 10 April 1942 when 50% was read with a delay of a week or more. For the rest of '42 all three keys were broken but with differing degrees of success. On average half the days were 'broken' and half of the breaks were achieved within 48h after receiving the messages.
June was also the month that the Phoenix key was broken but it was usually read after a delay of several days.
Here are the detailed statistics concerning British success with German army 'keys' in N.Africa in 1942:
German army 'keys' broken by Bletchley Park -N.Africa 1942
Chaffinch I
Chaffinch II
Chaffinch III
Regarding naval Enigma the U-boats in the Med used a modified form of the Home waters key from 1st October 1941 .GCCS was able to read their traffic till the key was changed in February 1942.Then no success until December 1942.
Surface ships and shore authorities in the Med and the Black Sea used the Porpoise key, which resisted attack until August 1942. By September it was being read regularly.
During the campaign low level Italian military codes were read continuously but their high level codebooks proved more secure (almost completely in 1942). The main problem for the Italians was that their naval machine ciphers were decoded and resulted in the sinking of convoys carrying supplies to Rommel's forces. The machines in question were the commercial Enigma and the Hagelin C-38 (the main culprit).
While the Brits unsuccessfully tried to read Rommel's communications ,the German codebreakers were decoding messages in British high level systems :
The Army's War Office Cypher (Army universal high-grade codebook, carried traffic between Whitehall, commands, armies, corps and, later, divisions) was read in the Med area from summer 1941 to January 1942.It gave accurate information on 8th Army's strength and order of battle. The information on British tank strength seen in German decoded messages was so accurate that the War office ''was very concerned''. [Source: British intelligence in the Second World War vol2,p298]
The RAF Cypher (high-grade codebook) was read in the Med from early 1941 until November 1942.Most messages were solved ''within 5-10 days'' according to Voegele chief cryptanalyst of the GAF.
The RN's Code and Cypher plus low level codes were read. According to report ADM 1/27186 messages in Naval Code No1 were read in 1941.In May '41 a copy of Naval Code No1 was captured from HMS York ,sunk in Suda Bay Crete. It's successor Naval Code No2 was broken in 1942 and a high proportion of traffic recoded by Auxiliary Vessels Tables was read.
The more high level Naval Cypher No2 (in use from Aug'40 to Jan'42) and No4 (used from Jan'42 to June'43) were also compromised. A summary of B-Dienst's success with them follows :
1. Naval Cypher No2 :First read Sept '40.Oct' 40 setback (change in encyphering procedure) .From March '41 until Sept '41 limited ~10%, ,from then on high.
2. Naval Cypher No4: First read March '42.By Oct '42 reconstructed. Messages relating to convoy movements in the Pacific ,Indian ocean and Red sea were read.
The Interdepartmental Cypher (used by Foreign Office,Colonial,Dominions and India offices and the services. Also used by Admiralty for Naval Attaches,Consular Officers,Reporting Officers) was read extensively. It allowed the Germans to keep track of negotiations between Turkey and Britain. [Source: HW 40/85]
As if all these compromises were not enough the Brits were the victim of one of the most embarrassing episodes of the war. The American military attaché in Cairo colonel Bonner Fellers continuously transmitted (in the Military Intelligence Code) British plans , appreciations and strength and loss reports.
The Free French were also guilty of using faulty codes but Fellers telegrams were so important that everything was organized to intercept them and decode them in the fastest way possible. From early 1942 until July he was unintentionally providing the Germans with invaluable information.
In the tactical field the Brits did even worse. Due to the lack of a machine cipher for division downwards they had to rely on hand ciphers of limited security. They also resorted often to radio telephone communications that offered no secrecy. Attempts to disguise their conversations by using code words did not usually hinder the German eavesdroppers.
Unfortunately these security lapses on behalf of the British forces meant that Rommel's intelligence unit NFAK 621 ,headed by the able Captain Seebohm, was much more successful than it ought to be.
By solving low level codes , overhearing British commanders talk on the radiotelephone and using direction-finding and traffic analysis they were able to provide Rommel with a more or less accurate Allied order of battle. The effect of this unit was a major multiplier of German military strength.
Especially in conditions of mobile warfare ,when messages were exchanged quickly with little regard for security ,Seebohm's men gave Rommel the edge.
Their loss in 10 July 1942 when the unit was overrun by the Australian 2/24th Battalion crippled Rommel's signal intelligence capability at a moment he needed it most .
So how did the Brits manage to win that campaign? From what I've mentioned so far it seems they were seriously beaten in the intelligence field ( in the period 1941-summer 1942)
First of all both sides were able to get some information about each other's strengths and dispositions from various sources ( aerial photo-reconnaissance ,spies , army recon units , low level codes ,traffic analysis and D/F ). Also both sides made mistakes and miscalculations from the intelligence they got. But more importantly there were many more factors influencing victory and defeat than merely signals intelligence.
Rommel's main problem was his inability to provide supplies for his forces at long distances from his supply ports.Even though the RN was able to sink a lot of Italian supply ships the problem was not lack of supplies but inability to transport them far from the ports. This fact is discussed in detail by Martin van Creveld in ''Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton'' . Rommel's trucks burned more gas than they were carrying to the front because of the long distances involved. No amount of codebreaking could change that….
Even though Rommel was defeated at El Alamein he only managed to get so far with the help of signals intelligence. His reckless style of command would have led to disaster without this ''hidden ace''. Such successes however heavily depended on silly British mistakes.
After July 1942 things changed fast. Once the British forces captured Seebohm's unit they realized the extent of their compromise and immediately changed their signal procedures and codes. From then on the Brits would be considered ,by the Germans ,to have the most secure signal communications of any Allied nation.
In the second half of 1942 the Germans not only lost their access to the British code systems that I mentioned earlier but practically all their codes were being read. By reading Rommel's keys the Brits got the strength reports for his troops and vehicles. The biggest success of Bletchley Park was a decoded signal sent to Middle East Command on 17 August 1942.This was ''perhaps the most important single item of information that the Enigma had yet contributed to the desert campaign'' [Source: British intelligence in the Second World War vol2,p298]. The decrypt of a Panzer Army appreciation ,It contained an outline of Rommel's intentions for the coming offensive.
However the location of his units was not revealed from the Enigma : No Enigma decrypt giving a comprehensive account of the Panzer army's dispositions was obtained after 30 April 1942 ; that of 30 April -a Chaffinch decrypt- showed that the bulk of the enemy's armour was in the north, but mentioned that some elements of the DAK were 'at the moment' operating at the south of the line 'to secure the southern flank'. [Source: British intelligence in the Second World War vol2,p722]
How was Rommel able to save his forces from annihilation and retreat to Tynisia in good order ? The answer is the same as before .Signals intelligence although of great importance cannot win battles. The Germans still had well equipped ,well trained and well led troops and they did not hesitate to move new units to Tunisia to counter the Allied landings.
In Tunisia the field was leveled as the American forces were very careless with the use of radio. The Free French forces also continued to make mistakes and use insecure codes. Still after a few successes the Axis forces were defeated.
So what are the lessons to be learned from the North African campaign?
First of all it is more important to protect your own codes than it is to read the enemy ones. The Germans definitely did much better than they should have against British codes in N.Africa. If the Brits had a machine cipher in widespread use for forward units things would definitely have been different for Rommel .A simple machine like the Hagelin C-38 if used correctly would be beyond the capability of his mobile unit NFAK 621 and messages could only be solved at higher headquarters with significant delay if at all. A small number of speech scramblers would also have meant that his units would have been destroyed in June 1942.
It is also apparent that codebreaking is important but not decisive. Having information is of no use if you can't exploit it to your benefit. For example by reading Italian naval codes the Brits were able to sink a lot of supply ships. However due to bad luck on 18 Dec '41 their naval K force (2 cruisers plus 2 destroyers) operating out of Malta drifted into a minefield and out of 4 ships 2 were sunk and 2 heavily damaged. This disaster coupled with the Luftwaffe campaign against Malta meant that during the first half of '42 the Italian navy was able to transport supplies virtually unmolested despite the Allies knowledge of their routes and schedule.
Rommel's successes can definitely be attributed in some part to his superiority in signals intelligence but that advantage would have meant nothing if his forces didn't also have good equipment , communications , logistics and training.
In the end the German successes with British codes have to be attributed in part to poor security on the part of the Brits. They continued to use codebooks that they knew were in German hands , they used tactical codes that were easy to solve and for inexplicable reasons they used the radiotelephone as if they were back home talking to a friend. Once these silly errors were corrected and once Bletchley Park started solving German army and navy enigma keys the roles were reversed .In a month Rommel's best source of intelligence dried up for good.
Authors and academics that present the Ultra story in triumphant terms should take a good look at the N.African campaign and the defeat of Allied codes in the period 1941-summer 1942. The people at Bletchley Park were not the only ones skilled in codebreaking.
Sources : Intelligence and strategy: selected essays , British intelligence in the Second World War vol2 , Ticom reports: I-112 , I-113 , I-51 , War Secrets in the Ether , Rommel's intelligence in the desert campaign, 1941-1943 , FMS P-038 German Radio Intelligence , CSDIC SIR 1704 , American Signal Intelligence in Northwest Africa and Western Europe , HW 40/85
Acknowledgments: I have to thank Ralph Erskine for the Chaffinch and Phoenix key statistics.
Thursday, December 22, 2011
I uploaded file TICOM DF-112 ''Russian decryption in the former German army'' by Alex Dettmann chief of the Russian section of the Army Signal intelligence agency OKH/GdNA (previously In. 7/VI ).
Calling the file interesting would be an understatement of massive proportions. Dettmann gives an overview of all the Russian code systems plus the success that German sigint had against them. The information on the high level codes ( Army and Airforce 5-figure, NKVD 4-figure) is the most important.
I have to thank mr Michael van der Meulen for sending me this file.
Tuesday, December 20, 2011
French Hagelin cipher machines
During the 1930's and 40's the military and civilian authorities of many countries began to purchase and use cipher machines in order to secure their confidential radio traffic. Cipher machines were more secure than the book systems that they replaced and they encoded/decoded faster. The main players in the international market were the well known Enigma machine in its commercial version and the products of Boris Hagelin, mainly the 'small Hagelin' C-36 and 'large Hagelin' B-21/211.
The French military and civilian authorities used for their secret communications several codebooks, both enciphered and unenciphered. Individually these systems did not have a very high degree of security but it seems that the French strategy was to overwhelm enemy codebreakers through the simultaneous use of a large number of different codebooks. (1)In the 1930's the French armed forces upgraded their cipher security by purchasing a small number of Hagelin machines (C-36 and B-211). According to the available information these systems proved secure during the period of the Phoney war and the Battle of France. (2)
After hostilities ended however the cryptanalysts of the German Army's signal intelligence agency Inspectorate 7/VI (later OKH/GdNA) managed to acquire these cipher machines and they found ways to retrieve the internal settings and read this traffic. Initially their research was only of a theoretical character since no new traffic was being intercepted on these systems. However once the Free French forces of General De Gaulle started using them again in 1942 they were in a position to benefit from their earlier research.In the case of the C-36 the methods of solution were successful against field traffic in the period 1942-45. Messages of the large Hagelin B-211 however could not be solved. The reason was that the French had anticipated the German efforts to read their codes so they physically modified the B-211.
Thanks to the solution of the C-36 the Germans were able to decode French traffic in North Africa and Italy in the period 1942-44. The Anglo-American authorities however were aware of the insecurity of French codes so they provided the M-209 (American version of Hagelin C-38) to the French forces fighting in Italy. The Germans were also able to read traffic on this system but not as much as they had with the C-36.The M-209 was an inherently more secure cipher machine (6 wheels instead of 5 in the C-36). (3)Apart from the Army agency In. 7/VI the Signal intelligence agency of the Supreme Command - OKW/Chi seems to have successfully solved the C-36. The methods of solution are given in Ticom I-45 'OKW/Chi Cryptanalytic research on Enigma, Hagelin and Cipher Teleprinter machines' (4)
Friday, December 16, 2011
Olivetti cipher teleprinter
An interesting event is described in Ticom D-60 which contains private papers of Dr Erich Huettenhain chief cryptanalyst of OKW/Chi.
In January 1943 the Italian Navy demonstrated a cipher teleprinter to German military authorities in Rome.This machine had seven wheels.Five enciphered the respective Baudot impulses and the other two acted as the drive for the rest.
The Germans had a crypto-expert among the crowd but did not inform their Italian allies of this.Their conclusion was that the teleprinter was not up to the standards required by the German armed forces.It could be solved with a message of 6.000 characters or several adding up to 10.000.
Was the teleprinter actually used in the field ? The only other reference I have is from ''Colossus: the secrets of Bletchley Park's codebreaking computers'' p472 :
Much less is known about the practical use of a cipher teleprinter machine built by the Olivetti company (Italian patent 387 482, 30 January 1941). This had five cipher wheels and two motor wheels, producing only a weak irregularity.
Wednesday, December 14, 2011
Polish Stencil codes and secret agent ''Knopf''
So far I've looked into the German exploitation of Polish diplomatic and resistance movement codes.
Another type of Polish code is mentioned by Wilhelm Flicke, War Secrets in the Ether p 295 :
Everything that the ''big fry'' ( ie the governments of Great Britain ,U.S.A. ,Soviet Union etc ) strove to keep secret , these ''little fry'' diligently tattled. It was fun to read their messages. Poland and some of the Balkan governments were the worst. An especially fruitful source was opened for the German in June 1943 by the solution of the system used for Polish military attaché traffic between London and Bern .The ''results'' were outstanding!
The resistance movement code was first solved by the Army Agency OKH/GdNA.
Another type of Polish code is mentioned by Wilhelm Flicke, War Secrets in the Ether p 295 :
Everything that the ''big fry'' ( ie the governments of Great Britain ,U.S.A. ,Soviet Union etc ) strove to keep secret , these ''little fry'' diligently tattled. It was fun to read their messages. Poland and some of the Balkan governments were the worst. An especially fruitful source was opened for the German in June 1943 by the solution of the system used for Polish military attaché traffic between London and Bern .The ''results'' were outstanding!
Searching through ''European Axis Signals Intelligence'' i uncovered this snippet of information :From EASI vol2 p81 :
d. The Polish government in London used an additive super-enciphered code for Military Attaché messages, which was read regularly by the Signal Intelligence Agency of the Supreme Command Armed Forces (OKW/Chi) until about 1943 when the Poles changed their methods of obtaining the additives. The Poles had introduced their version of the British "S.S. Frame," at the suggestion of the British Government; their stencils had from 28 to 40 randomly placed apertures, rather than 100 as in the British version. The German cryptanalysts, having the Polish code book from their previous solutions, were able, with it and with depths obtained by I.B.M. searches for repeats, to reconstruct additives, discover the irregular positions of the stencil apertures, and reconstruct the stencils, and read the messages.The person who was responsible for this success at OKW/Chi was the mathematician Ernst Witt. According to TICOM report DF-176 'Answers written by professor doctor Wolfgang Franz to questions of ASA Europe', p11
'The most successful work along with that on the Am10 was that of professor Witt, who very skillfully solved a cipher of the Polish Government in Exile in London. This was a large complicated grille which was laid over a large number sheet. Several such grilles were constructed and messages were read currently. Photographic aids were used in the process.'More details are given in EASI vol 3 – Signal Intelligence Agency of the Supreme Command Armed Forces , p57-58
c. Poland:
The Polish desk had twenty people and was one of the largest language desks. It was headed by a civil servant named Berndt. The main success of OKW/Chi in the Polish field was attained against an enciphered four-figure code used by the London Government in Exile. This system vas first attacked and solved by Huettenhain's research section toward the end of 1942 or the beginning of 1943. It was worked on continually and changes in the system were followed. Weber mentions having worked on the material in the spring of 1944.Kettler in his report of spring '44 mentions the solution of a Polish cipher as one of the outstanding cryptanalytic achievements of his organization. This cipher was probably one of the variations in the system under consideration. By 1945, twelve different stencils and a large number of enciphering tables had been recovered. In the attack on the system, Huettenhain's people used a specially developed cryptanalytic device called the Witzkiste ("Brainbox") and also ordinary IBM machinery. The system was referred to by some informants as "Military Attaché", by others as "Diplomatic".Also from I-124 ''Interrogation Report on Dr. Werner Weber of OKW/Chi'' ,p3 :
Spring 1944 - Worked on Polish Diplomatic Traffic. Traffic passed in five figure groups. Four figure code enciphered by additives selected from any one of three tables. Each table made up of 2700 random one-digit figures - 90 across and 30 down. Code clerk could start at any place on any one of three tables. Four figure key group at beginning and a related control group at the end would govern table used position additive started. Traffic was being regularly read.
So was the stencil system diplomatic or military ?
Part of the puzzle can be solved by looking at report HW 40/222 '' Poland: reports and correspondence relating to the security of Polish communications'' (found in the British archives) which mentions the Polish decodes found in the captured OKW/Chi archives :
According to this report the decodes belong to three main categories:
1. Military attaché
2. Ministry of the interior
3. Resistance movement
The resistance movement code was first solved by the Army Agency OKH/GdNA.
So this would mean that the system solved at OKW/Chi was the one used in diplomatic links by the Polish Ministry of the Interior and for military attaché traffic.
Why was this so important that Flicke calls the results outstanding? Something that most people don't know is that during the war the Polish secret service run a large number of agent networks throughout occupied Europe, both East and West.In that capacity the Poles acted as the eyes and ears of the Allies. Bern was a hotspot for agent activity and the military attaché there would act as a controlling station between London and the European agent networks.By gaining access to the military attaché messages the Germans could keep a close eye on the anti-German activities of the Polish agents.
According to Flicke p258 one of the most damaging agent cases concerned the network of captain Choynacki who collaborated with the office of the Polish military attaché in Berne.Messages of that network were deciphered by the Germans (almost certainly the system solved in June 1943) and revealed that the person who supplied them with information was in ''Hitler's immediate vicinity'' .Also that this person or persons knew the content of diplomatic and military messages deciphered by the German codebreaking agencies.More information on this affair is available from '' MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909-1949'' by Keith Jeffery.In chapter 15 p509 he mentions Major Szczesny Choynacki Polish deputy consul in Berne whose network included a highly placed agent ''Knopf''.This person supplied information from February 1942 to April 1943, mainly on the Russian campaign.However as the radio traffic of the Choynacki group was decoded in summer 1943 the network was dismantled by the Germans.
Who was ''Knopf'' ? He remains a mystery but thanks to article ''Penetrating Hitler's High Command: Anglo-Polish HUMINT, 1939-1945'' by P.R.J. Winter, War In History 2011 we have some knowledge of the information he provided to the Allies and how they assessed his performance.Was Knopf a superspy as Flicke makes him out to be ? He did provide important information on many military operations especially the planning of the Summer 1942 offensive in the East and details on Rommel's health.However some of his mistakes made the British distrust him as a source : '' Yet, in a summary of this intelligence, MI14 admitted that after scrutinizing and cross-referencing it with other available sources it had come to the conclusion that the information was 'valueless' and had probably been 'planted' by the Germans''.Despite this lapse the Brits continued to value his reports : ''When KNOPF is reporting from his usual contacts he is more often sound than not. His information cannot be accepted without some confirmation, but when it is clear and factual and is in line with our own views or with information from other sources, a high degree of confidence can be placed in it''.
Who was ''Knopf''? Why did he betray his country ? Did he manage to avoid arrest or did the SD and Gestapo uncover him ? These questions remain…Still thanks to cryptanalysis a dangerous spy network was uncovered.From the information presented so far it's obvious that the solution of Polish codes during WWII provided the German side with invaluable information thanks to the position of Poland as a major Ally of the West.
It is also a reminder that a country with secure codes (Britain in the period 1943-45) needs to keep a watchful eye on the codes of its close allies to ensure that it's not harmed by their insecurity!
Update: More information on the agents controlled by Captain Szczesny Choynacki is available in Intelligence operations in Switzerland - Hans von Pescatore, Captain Choynacki and General Barnwell R. Legge
Update: More information on the agents controlled by Captain Szczesny Choynacki is available in Intelligence operations in Switzerland - Hans von Pescatore, Captain Choynacki and General Barnwell R. Legge
German decodes of the Bern-London traffic can be found in pages 878-916 of 'KODY WOJNY. Niemiecki wywiad elektroniczny w latach 1907–1945'. They date from October 1942 to September 1944 and are signed 'Szef II Oddzialu Sztabu', 'Darek', 'Gano', 'Hugo', 'Mak', 'Orkan', 'Espe', 'Jerzy'.
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From In the Land of Cocktails, by Ti Adelaide Martin and Lally Brennan
Fill a Martini glass with ice to chill. Combine the vodka, Cointreau, sour mix, and cranberry juice in a cocktail shaker with ice and shake vigorously. Discard the ice from the glass and strain into the chilled glass. Place the lime wedge on the rim of the glass and serve immediately.
Makes 1 cocktail.