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Posted by admin in Art Writing on July 28th, 2013
Single Mom
Posted by admin in Art Writing on June 25th, 2013
SC 1 INT Apartment KITCHEN Night
Dishes pile up in the sink, cat food on the floor, paint everywhere, canvases, easel etc.. A WOMAN, 40 in jeans and a t-shirt with paint on her hands, is on the phone, drinking wine, smoking a joint and pacing back and forth in the gally way kitchen. Checkerboard floor, windows on one side. She talks somewhat dramatically.
My place is a mess, we all have lice, I think I'm bi, I forgot to send my kid to school in a carnival costume, they're selling the house we live in and I have to find a place for us to live, I'm dating a 23 year old actor…
She takes a drag of the joint, puts it down, lights a cigarette, stands by the open window inhaling and exhaling quickly.
I've gotto go put them to bed.
She hangs up the phone, puts out her cigarrette, lights insense, takes a deep breath, takes a clonazipam and braces herself. As she exits the kitchen she almost trips over their two black cats.
Shit, cats!
sc 2 int apartment night
The living room has CLOTHES AND KIDS STUFF EVERYWHERE. She presses her iphone button as she passes it, no texts, and goes into her kids bedroom. The two girls are jumping on the beds, it's chaos.
(In a sing song voice)
Ok, time for bed.
4 year old
Ok, Mama pretend I am a pink poodle named Rosie, ok?
Ok, you're a pink poodle named Rosie.
sc 3 int apartment BEdroom room Another night
The WOMAN is on her knees in bed being fucked from behind.
Sc 4 Int apt tracy lice squad
Sc 5
Sc 6 I have a cottage
A Night of Poetry
Posted by admin in Art Writing on September 6th, 2012
Posted by admin in Art Writing on February 24th, 2012
It is dark
the situation
is dark
CANDY fourth draft
Sc 1 ext Alley way – night
"Candy came from out on the island/in the back room she was everybody's darling/but she never lost her head/even while she was giving head/hey babe/take a walk on the wild side"
A YOUNG MAN, CANDY, in his 20s, is giving head to an OLDER WOMAN, SHIRLY, in her 40's who is dressed like she is in NEW YORK DRAG. SHIRLY leans against the brick wall in ecstasy grasping the bars of the FIRE ESCAPE.
She is gorgeous in her BLACK HEELS, MAKEUP, LONG WHITE GLOVES, her FUR STOLE slides off her shoulder, her RED EVENING DRESS is hiked up around her shapely thighs.
CANDY is up under SHIRLY'S dress on his knees. He is wearing a BLACK SUIT and BLACK DRESS SHOES. We see his LONG HAIR from behind. As SHIRLY comes, she holds onto CANDY's head. CANDY swallows and wipes the side of his mouth.
(Looks up at SHIRLY)
Do you want to go back to the party or go home?
(Smiling, drunk and slurring, she pats CANDY'S head as her dress falls into place)
Let's go home.
CANDY stands up, brushes off his knees and steps out to hail a CAB. SHIRLY follows.
Sc 2 EXT STReet – night
The CAB is right there. CANDY opens his arms wide giving everything to SHIRLY, his back to the party, as SHIRLY gets into the cab. She shuts the door.
The streets are shining. PEOPLE EVERYWHERE lined up to go into the party they were just at, RED VELOUR ROPES, CAMERAS FLASHING, STARS EVERYWHERE. The CAB pulls away from the party.
Sc 3 INT CAB – night
SHIRLY's dress is hiked up to her knees. She laughs as she takes a METAL CASE from her PURSE then a METAL LIGHTER. She takes a small CIGAR from the CASE.
CANDY, this is for you.
SHIRLY lights her CIGAR. The CAB DRIVER adjusts his rear view mirror, he is a JEWISH INDIAN from ISRAEL. In the mirror we only see SHIRLY in the back seat. No CANDY.
Cab Driver
(With an Israeli Indian accent)
You can't smoke in here.
(Laughs. Inhaling deeply, he blows smoke straight out the window)
Do you have any idea who we are?
I know who you are. You still can't smoke in here. Anyway where are you going?
Ceci n'est pas un cigar
She throws it out the window.
We're going to Palmerston Blvd.
The CAB DRIVER looks at her like she is crazy.
SC 4 EXT PAlmerston BLVD – NIGHT
SHIRLY pays for the CAB from her PURSE.
(Drunk and Graceful)
Thank you.
As SHIRLY walks up the stairs she begins to look more like a man dressed as a woman.
SC 5 int sHIRLY's apartment – night
SHIRLY gets out her KEYS and opens the door and stumbles to her BEDROOM which has a 40's ART DECO feel to it. SHE puts her PURSE on the BED and sits at the VANITY which is strewn with a STYROFOAM HEAD, MAKEUP, MAKEUP REMOVER, and OLD BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPHS of SHIRLY'S PARENTS and of A BOY AND HIS SISTER AS CHILDREN in the 70's.
SHIRLY looks at herself in the MIRROR and begins the process of becoming a man. She takes off her WIG and places it on the STYROFOAM HEAD, then she removes her MAKEUP and takes off her FUR STOLE and her FAKE BREASTS.
CANDY comes into the room still dressed in his SUIT. He is carrying SHIRLY'S PINK ROBE and he looks a bit like a young woman dressed as a man.
Would you like a glass of water?
CANDY puts SHIRLY's ROBE on the bed. SHIRLY looks at CANDY and smiles.
SHIRLY watches the CANDY apparition walk away. She picks the ROBE off the bed, puts it on and turns to look at herself in the mirror.
CANDY third draft
Sc 1 ext Alley way. night.
"Candy came from out on the island/in the back room she was everybody's darling/but she never lost her head/even while she was giving head/hey babe/take a walk on the wild side"
A YOUNG MAN, CANDY, in his 20s, is giving head to an OLDER MAN, SAUL, in his 60s who is dressed in NEW YORK DRAG. SAUL leans against the brick wall in ecstasy grasping the bars of the FIRE ESCAPE.
He is gorgeous in his BLACK HEELS and MAKE UP, his FUR STOLE slides off his shoulder, his EVENING DRESS is hiked up around his shapely thighs.
CANDY is up under SAUL's dress on his knees. He is wearing a BLACK SUIT and BLACK DRESS SHOES. We see his LONG HAIR from behind. As SAUL comes, he holds onto CANDY's head. CANDY swallows and wipes the side of his mouth.
(Looks up at SAUL)
Do you want to go back to the party or go home?
(Smiling, drunk and slurring, he pats CANDY'S head as his dress falls into place)
Let's go home.
CANDY stands up, brushes off his knees and steps out to hail a CAB. SAUL follows.
Sc 2 EXT STReet. night.
The CAB is right there. CANDY opens his arms wide giving everything to SAUL, his back to the party, as SAUL sits in the cab with the door still open. The streets are shining. PEOPLE EVERYWHERE lined up to go into the party they were just at, RED VELOUR ROPES, CAMERAS FLASHING, STARS EVERYWHERE. The CAB pulls away from the party.
Sc 3 INT CAB. night.
SAUL's dress is hiked up to his knees. He takes a METAL CASE from his PURSE then a METAL LIGHTER. CANDY checks out his legs. SAUL takes a small CIGAR from the CASE. CANDY takes the lighter from him, lights SAUL's cigar and then hands him back his lighter.
CANDY, this is for you.
SAUL gives the METAL LIGHTER to CANDY. CANDY smiles, they kiss. The CAB DRIVER adjusts his rear view mirror, he is a JEWISH INDIAN from ISRAEL.
Cab Driver
(With an Israeli Indian accent)
You can't smoke in here.
(Laughs. Inhaling deeply, he blows smoke straight out the window)
Do you have any idea who I am?
I know who you are. You still can't smoke in here. Anyway where are you going?
Ceci n'est pas un cigar
He throws it out the window.
Palmerston Blvd.
SC 4 EXT PAlmerston BLVD. NIGHT.
SAUL pays for the CAB from his PURSE. CANDY walks around the back and offers him his hand.
(Drunk and Graceful)
Thank you.
As they walk up the stairs arm and arm, SAUL begins to look more like a man dressed as a woman and CANDY begins to look more like a young woman dressed as a man. As they enter the house we notice CANDY is wearing light make up.
SC 5 int candy and saul's apartment. night.
CANDY gets out his KEYS and opens the door for SAUL who goes straight to their BEDROOM which has a 40's ART DECO feel to it. He puts his PURSE on the BED and sits at the VANITY which is strewn with a STYROFOAM HEAD, MAKEUP, MAKEUP REMOVER, and OLD BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPHS of SAUL'S PARENTS and of SAUL AND HIS SISTER AS CHILDREN in the 40's.
SAUL looks at himself in the MIRROR and continues the process of becoming a man. He takes off his WIG and places it on the STYROFOAM HEAD, then he removes his MAKEUP and takes off his FUR STOLE and his FAKE BREASTS.
CANDY comes into the room in a FLOWERED HOUSE COAT with his long hair in a PONY TAIL. He is carrying SAUL'S TERRYCLOTH ROBE and he looks like a young woman.
Would you like a cup of tea?
CANDY hand's SAUL his ROBE. SAUL looks at CANDY and smiles.
That would be nice.
SAUL watches CANDY walk away. He turns to look at himself in the mirror. Transformation complete.
CANDY second draft
Sc 1 ext Alley way. night.
"Candy came from out on the island/in the back room she was everybody's darling/but she never lost her head/even while she was giving head/hey babe/take a walk on the wild side"
A YOUNG MAN, CANDY, in his 20s, is giving head to an OLDER MAN, SAUL, in his 60s who is dressed in NEW YORK DRAG. SAUL leans against the brick wall in ecstacy grasping the bars of the FIRE ESCAPE.
He is gorgeous in his BLACK HEELS and MAKE UP, his FUR STOLE slides off his shoulder, his EVENING DRESS is hiked up around his shapely thighs.
CANDY is up under SAUL's dress on his knees. He is wearing a BLACK SUIT and BLACK DRESS SHOES. We see his LONG HAIR from behind. As SAUL comes, he holds onto CANDY's head. CANDY swallows and wipes the side of his mouth.
(Looks up at SAUL)
Do you want to go back to the party or go home?
(Smiling, drunk and slurring, he pats CANDY'S head as his dress falls into place)
Let's go home.
CANDY stands up, brushes off his knees and steps out to hail a CAB. SAUL follows.
Sc 2 EXT STReet. night.
The CAB is right there. CANDY opens his arms wide giving everything to SAUL, his back to the party, as SAUL sits in the cab with the door still open. The streets are shining. PEOPLE EVERYWHERE lined up to go into the party they were just at, RED VELOUR ROPES, CAMERAS FLASHING, STARS EVERYWHERE. The CAB pulls away from the party.
Sc 3 INT CAB. night.
SAUL's dress is hiked up to his knees. He takes a METAL CASE from his PURSE then a METAL LIGHTER. CANDY checks out his legs. SAUL takes a small CIGAR from the CASE. CANDY takes the lighter from him, lights SAUL's cigar and then hands him back his lighter.
CANDY, this is for you.
SAUL gives the METAL LIGHTER to CANDY. CANDY smiles, they kiss. The CAB DRIVER adjusts his rear view mirror, he is a JEWISH INDIAN from ISRAEL.
Cab Driver
(With an Israeli Indian accent)
You can't smoke in here.
(Laughs. Inhaling deeply, he blows smoke straight out the window)
Do you have any idea who I am?
I know who you are. You still can't smoke in here. Anyway where are you going?
Ceci n'est pas un cigar
He throws it out the window.
Palmerston Blvd.
SC 4 EXT PAlmerston BLVD. NIGHT.
SAUL pays for the CAB from his PURSE. CANDY walks around the back and offers him his hand.
(Drunk and Graceful)
Thank you.
As they walk up the stairs arm and arm, SAUL begins to look more like a man dressed as a woman and CANDY begins to look more like a young woman dressed as a man. As they enter the house we notice CANDY is wearing light make up.
SC 5 int candy and saul's apartment. night.
CANDY gets out his KEYS and opens the door for SAUL who goes straight to their BEDROOM which has a 40's ART DECO feel to it. He puts his PURSE on the BED and sits at the VANITY which is strewn with a STYROFOAM HEAD, MAKEUP, MAKEUP REMOVER, and OLD BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPHS of SAUL'S PARENTS and of SAUL AND HIS SISTER AS CHILDREN in the 40's.
SAUL looks at himself in the MIRROR and continues the process of becoming a man. He takes off his WIG and places it on the STYROFOAM HEAD, then he removes his MAKEUP and takes off his FUR STOLE and his FAKE BREASTS.
CANDY comes into the room in a FLOWERED HOUSE COAT with his long hair in a PONY TAIL. He is carrying SAUL'S TERRYCLOTH ROBE and he looks like a young woman.
Would you like a cup of tea?
CANDY hand's SAUL his ROBE. SAUL looks at CANDY and smiles.
That would be nice.
SAUL watches CANDY walk away. He turns to look at himself in the mirror. Tranformation complete.
CANDY first draft
Sc 1 ext night. candy came from out on the island in the back room she was everybody's darling but she never lost her head even while she was giving head hey babe talk a walk on the wild side. Ally way brick wall fire escape stairs dumpster doors.
A YOUNG MAN, CANDY, in his 20's is giving head to an OLDER MAN, SAUL, in his 60's dressed in new york drag in an ally way against a brick wall night. He leans against the wall he has black heels and make up on he has a fur stole and evening dress. He looks beautiful. The young man is not dressed in drag. He is wearing a black suit and has long hair, very clean. We see them walk away together once they are finished. The young man swallows and wipes the side of his mouth.
Do you want to go back to the party or go home?
(Smiling, drunk and slurring a bit)
Let's go home sugar.
CANDY hails a cab. They get in. The streets are shining. PEOPLE EVERYWHERE lined up to go into the party they were just at, RED VALOUR ROPES, CAMERAS FLASHING, STARS EVERYWHERE. The CAB pulls away from the party.
Sc 2 INT CAB. night.
SAUL's dress is hiked up to his knees. He is laughing as he takes a METAL CASE from his PURSE then a METAL LIGHTER. CANDY checks out his legs which are very shapely.
CANDY, this is for you.
SAUL gives the METAL LIGHTER to CANDY and takes a SMALL CIGAR out of his CASE. CANDY smiles, they kiss on the lips. CANDY lights his cigar. The CAB DRIVER adjusts his rear view mirror, he is a Jewish Indian who came from Isreal.
Cab Driver
(With an Isreali Indian accent)
You can't smoke in here.
(Laughs inhaling deeply blowing smoke straight out the window)
Do you have any idea who I am?
I know who you are. You still can't smoke in here. Anyway where are you going?
Ceci n'est pas un cigar
He throws it out the window.
Palmerston Blvd.
SC 3 EXT PAlmerston BLVD.
SAUL pays for the CAB from her purse. CANDY walks around the back and offers her his hand.
Thank you honey.
They walk up the stairs, CANDY helping him walk, we see him start to hunch over and she begins to look more like an old woman. CANDY hooks his arm around his. CANDY begins to look more like a young woman dressed as a man as they enter the house. We see CANDY is wearing light make up.
SC 4 int candy and sauls apartment. night.
CANDY gets out his keys and opens the door for SAUL who now looks like a grandmother. He goes to their bedroom and sits at the vanity which is strewn with a stirofoam head and make up and make up remover, and old phoptographs black and white. He looks at herself in the mirror and begins the process of becoming a man. Taking the wig off, then his make up, then his fur stole and his fake breasts. CANDY comes in in a flowered house coat with his long hair in a pony tail and looks like a young woman. He brings SAUL his terrycloth robe and wraps it around him and kisses him on the cheek.
Would you like a cup of tea?
SAUL looks at CANDY and smiles.
Sure Honey.
SAUL watches CANDY walk away.
Freud and Jung: The development of psychoanalysis
Posted by admin in Art Writing on September 13th, 2011
Freud and Jung: The development of psychoanalysis
Psychoanalytic Psychology 4130
April 15, 2002
Cassandra Hunter
The development of psychoanalysis cannot be understood without exploring the dynamics between Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung. In order to understand their relationship and the differences in the ways in which they viewed human nature it is important to briefly look at their backgrounds before going any further. Freud was an older Jew, 19 years Jung's senior, who grew up in Vienna. Freud worked with neurotics and came from a neurological background. His theory was primarily sexual in nature. Jung was a young German Swiss protestant who had a psychiatric background. He was working with psychosis, mainly schizophrenia and was theoretically interested in the occult and mythology.
This paper will survey the literature surrounding the historic relationship between the two men while highlighting the development of the theory, method and organization of psychoanalysis along the way. First a brief history of the invention of psychoanalysis will be discussed, then a look at Jung and Freud during the period of 1900 to 1906, the lead up to their correspondence. The period from 1906, when Jung first wrote to Freud, until 1913, the end of their correspondence will be explored with emphasis on the historical relationship between the two men and roles they played in the development of psychoanalysis. The manner in which the two men dealt with the split will be briefly discussed.
The official start of psychoanalysis is a bit blurry. It could be considered to be when Freud himself first used the term in the 1890's. Another possibility could be in 1897 "when Freud announced in a letter to Fliess that he had abandoned the hypothesis that adult neurosis had its origins in childhood sexual seduction, and instead Freud began to believe in the powerful role that the fantasy life of patients can play in their irrational problems" (1992, Roazen, "The historiography of psychoanalysis", pp3). Another option would be when Freud substituted his version of free association for Breuer's earlier method of hypnosis. Breuer can be seen as the inventor of psychoanalysis or the "talking cure" and Freud the modifier. It can also be argued that politically psychoanalysis began in 1902 when Freud began formally to assemble a following, the Vienna psychoanalytic society (Ibid.). According to Roazen, it would be agreed by most that in some sense psychoanalysis was underway by the time of the publication of The Interpretation of Dreams in 1900.
Before this however, Freud had undergone an intense self-analysis, which finally ended with this publication. His theories of dream interpretation came out of his self-analysis as well as from his early neurological work in Project for a Scientific Psychology, which he wrote in 1895 (1973, Fancher, Psychoanalytic psychology). There are various interpretations to the torment Freud underwent between 1894-1900. One could view psychoanalysis as an ill man's expression of neurosis or view the self-analysis as a heroic feat without precedence, where abysses of the unconscious were revealed to mankind for the first time. According to Ellenberger, Freud's self-analysis was one aspect of a complex process (other aspects being his relationship with Fliess, his father dying in 1896, his neurosis, and the elaboration of psychoanalysis) and that this process was an example of what may be called a "creative illness", which can also be found in shamans, mystics, philosophers and creative writers (1970, Ellenberger, The discovery of the unconscious, pp447). Some of the key "symptoms" to a creative illness are the self-obsessed tortured search for a certain truth and that the subject emerges from the illness transformed and with the conviction that he or she has discovered a great truth or a new spiritual world (Ibid.).
From 1900 on, Freud's personality appears in a new light. His self-analysis had transformed the unsure young practitioner into a self-assured founder of a new doctrine and school, convinced that he had made a great discovery, which he saw as his mission to give to the world (Ibid. pp459).
. In the same year that Jung had entered the Burgholzli, the Zurich Psychiatric Institute, as Eugen Bleuler's first assistant, Freud had just published The Interpretation of Dreams. It was during this period, 1900-1906, that Jung and Bleuler, "first began reporting that they could confirm some of Freud's theories with their own patients" (1993, Kerr, A Most Dangerous Method, pp9). When Jung arrived at the Burgholzli "he found himself exposed as never before to 'the unbearable torture of not understanding'" (1997, Hannah, Jung, pp77). The Burgholzli was regarded as the best of all Swiss hospitals at that time but psychiatric knowledge at the turn of the century was almost non-existent (Ibid.). Jung was asked by Bleuler to write a report on Freud's Interpretation of Dreams soon after he arrived. According to Jung, he "didn't grasp Freud's theories" at this time and he had to read it again in 1903 when he "discovered how it linked up with his own ideas" (1989, Jung, Memories, dreams, reflections, pp146). "What chiefly interested me was the application to dreams of the concept of the repression mechanism, which was derived from the psychology of the neuroses"(Ibid.).
Jung, Riklin and Bleuler began to work with the Word Association Test in the first years of the 1900's. This test was developed by Galton "who showed how it could be used to explore the hidden recesses of the mind" (1970, Ellenberger, pp691). "This test consisted of enunciating to a subject a succession of carefully chosen words; to each of them the subject had to respond with the first word that occurred to him; the reaction time was exactly measured" (Ibid.). After Galton the test went through many permutations until,
Ziehen found that the reaction time was longer when the stimulus word was related to something unpleasant to the subject. Sometimes by picking out several delayed responses, one could related them to a common underlying representation that Ziehen called emotionally charged complex of representations, or simple a complex. Ziehen found that in giving these answers the subject was usually unaware of the connection between his answers and the complex (Ibid. pp692).
Bleuler introduced the test at the Burgholzli and entrusted it to Jung where he perfected the technique of the test. Jung's idea was to use the W.A.T "to detect the presence of a specific mental process with a particular ideational content in an individual patient" (1993, Kerr, pp57). Jung distinguished between normal, accidental and permanent complexes.
This test was crucial in that it served as the needed experimental validity to Freud's theories of repression. It helped to prove Freud's theory of repression in that "it demonstrates that emotionally disturbing material can be banished from consciousness" (1975, Storr, Jung, pp.25). Freud's many critics at this time needed this experimental data in order to take psychoanalysis seriously as a reliable and valid scientific method. The findings of psychoanalysis had to be replicable by others in principle, as a science therefore Freud presented himself to Jung and Bleuler as a scientific asset to be acquired (1993, Kerr). Freud personally didn't care much about experimental validation and once psychoanalysis got what it needed in that regard it branched off into an artistic and cultural movement with general aspirations as a totalizing worldview. Jung was happy to hasten this process; Bleuler was not. Property rights became more of an issue along the way because of the artistic cultural qualities to the movement (1993, Kerr, pp10).
In the early beginnings of the property rights struggles Jung felt at first that he need not give any credit to Freud. Jung had quoted Freud four times in passing throughout his 1902 dissertation on occultism, a few times in his articles written from 1902-1905, and in his writings of the word association test Jung eventually refers to Freud as an authority (1970, Ellenberger, pp694). This praise of Freud came about slowly for Jung and it was actually Riklin and not Jung who finally came out in a lecture before the Society of Swiss Physicians in the fall of 1904 and said "that the distinguishing trait of the hysterical-reaction type on the test was that 'the strong feeling-toned complex of ideas ('the complex') is repressed in the Breuer-Freud sense'" (1993, Kerr, pp.59). In Memoirs, dreams, reflections, Jung suggests a possible reason for not having given more credit to Freud early on.
Freud was persona non grata in the academic world at the time, and any connection with him would have been damaging in scientific circles…therefore the discovery that my association experiments were in agreement with Freud's theories was far from pleasant to me (1989, Jung, pp148).
Freud had dropped out of the academic scene during his self-analysis and only re-entered again in 1902. Jung also claims that he had worked out his own experiments "long before he understood his work" (Ibid.). Jung had however already read Interpretations of Dreams twice by 1904.
Meanwhile, Freud at this time was practicing a very different method then was known outside of his Vienna circle. He had neglected to publish anything from 1900 to 1905, partially due to his arguments with his old friend Fliess over the property rights of Fliess's bisexuality theory of repression. Freud had started using this theory, that all children must eventually repress their bisexual side thereby causing sexual repression and neurosis, in his therapy but had not published anything about it at Fliess's request. Fliess had come up with the theory but asked Freud not to use it until he had published his own version. Freud, not wanting to get into a property rights battle, especially with his reputation as tenuous as it was at the time, acquiesced. "Freud was in the frustrating position of knowing where his clinical theory was going – the direction was quite radical – but not being able to communicate it outside of a local circle of friends and patients" (1993, Kerr, pp81). This may be part of the reason why Freud had thus far refrained "from publishing a comprehensive, objective account of his method though he continued to insist he had one" (Ibid. pp64).
During these years Freud's theory had changed radically, for example he no longer accepted the seduction theory as true, replacing it with the theory of infantile sexuality causing wish fulfilling sexual fantasies, and yet hadn't published anything regarding the change except briefly in Lowenfeld's volume early in 1904 (Ibid.pp81). Most people, unless they had read the Lowenfeld article, were under the impression that Freud still supported the seduction theory. Freud's method had also changed by this time, yet every publication to date,
had consistently described the elicitation of the chance idea of "free" association in the context of an ongoing inquiry directed by the physician into the meaning of a specific symptom, slip of the tongue, dream symbol, or chance memory, all of it controlled and directed by the physician. That is to say Freud had not yet reported the method, which he had been using for a least four years, where the patient and not the doctor sets the day's agenda (Ibid. pp65).
Freud also did not publish his Dora case until 1905, although he had written it in 1900. This means that he also understood and used the concept of transference in therapy but had not published anything on the topic at this time. It should be noted that Freud's understanding of transference at this time would have been quite rudimentary (1995, Gabbard "The early history of boundary violations in psychoanalysis", pp1118). That Jung, in 1904, got permission from Bleuler to undertake the first test case of psychoanalysis outside of Vienna, without all of this knowledge and without consulting Freud could be seen as quite stubborn on Jung's part and potentially dangerous for the patient.
Freud and Jung had begun communicating through their publications and lectures before their correspondence ever began. Freud heard of the test case Jung was taking on, although we are not sure it was through his communications with Bleuler, which had begun that year. In a lecture Freud gave in 1904 he states,
I am now and then astonished to hear that in this or that department of a hospital a young (in German jung) assistant has received an order from his chief to undertake a "psychoanalysis" of a hysterical patient. I am sure he would not be allowed to examine an extirpated tumour unless he had convinced his chiefs that he was conversant with histological technique (1993, Kerr, pp.88).
Freud obviously felt that Jung should have contacted him prior to beginning the test case. It does seem reasonable that Freud would feel this way after having practiced psychoanalysis for ten years, therefore being the most knowledgeable in the procedure having learned from his mistakes and would therefore have much to offer. As the method was not yet formalized and therefore like a finding that cannot be replicated, it most likely would have been to Jung's benefit to consult Freud (Ibid. pp89). Jung however, did not contact Freud until afterwards.
Jung undertook the first psychoanalytic test case outside of Vienna with a hysterical patient of his, Sabina Spielrein a 19 year-old educated Russian Jew. She arrived in August and was analyzed by Jung for approximately two months (1993, Kerr). Following termination, Spielrein began working in Jung's lab and the two developed a working relationship. In 1905 she became a medical student and the friendship intensified. According to Spielrein's diaries, which were discovered in 1977 (1984, Carotenuto, A Secret Symmetry, ppxv), there was a letter dated Sept. 25, 1905 from Jung to Freud regarding her (1993, Kerr, pp72). It is possible that the relationship between Spielrein and Jung was what first inspired Jung to write to Freud in 1905, although this letter was never sent. It wasn't until 1906 that he finally asked for Freud's help with her case.
By mid-1905 Jung had "got over the temptation to present his theory of complexes as entirely original, and his publications now began to make increasingly clear and positive, comments about Freud's pioneering work in the area of repression and other topics" (1993, Kerr, pp72). In fact he went out of his way to praise Freud's method, which Freud stated had not been reported yet (1993, Kerr). Jung at this time had just published his Diagnostic Association Studies, which provided the scientific validity for Freud's theories of repression. It is ironic that Jung came out openly and praised Freud just before he published his Dora case and Three Essays on Sexuality in 1905, right before Freud's procedure was "about to become controversial as never before" (1993, Kerr, pp96).
For the first half of 1906 Jung acted as if the Dora case didn't exist. He grasped the concept but avoided the term. Jung used the word transposition instead (1993, Kerr). It is possible that in order for Jung to have accepted Freud's theory of transference and possibly even his theory of sexuality he had to accept that his first test case, which had turned into a very intense relationship, eventually of a sexual nature, was in fact due to the nature of psychoanalysis and not due to their mystical connection.
There is something inherently humbling in the psychoanalytic notion of transference. The analyst must reluctantly acknowledge that forces are at work that transcend his or her irresistible magnetism. If any other analyst were sitting in the chair, similar feelings would appear. Analysts who fall in love with their patients and become sexually involved with them often are longing to believe in the exclusivity of the patient's feelings toward them and cannot bear the pain of thinking that feelings of such intensity could be transferred to someone else (1995, Gabbard, pp1121).
Emma Jung had written to Freud later on regarding her husband, "the women are all in love with him" (1988, Donn, Freud and Jung, pp132). Women responded to Jung with emotions that sometimes lasted all their lives. "Many years later Jung's son would understand; 'It was not so much what he did, so much as what he was" (Ibid.). Jung obviously had trouble dealing with issues of transference, counter transference and love in the psychoanalytic relationship.
In July 1906 Jung published his book The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, which "represents the first coherent attempt to apply psychoanalytic understanding to insanity" (1975, Storr, pp29). Jung, by this time was a respected Swiss psychiatrist and the publication of this work "drew world-wide attention to Freud's fundamental theories" (1966, Selesnick, "Carl Gustav Jung", pp66). Although outwardly at this time Jung had a great enthusiasm for Freud and an aggressive attitude toward any adversaries of psychoanalysis, he writes in the foreword to this work "that he does not concur with Freud's idea on the importance of the infantile sexual trauma, that he does not place sexuality as much in the foreground as Freud does, and that he considers Freud's psychotherapy as 'at best a possible one' (1970, Ellenberger, pp694). It is important to note, according to Storr, Jung was writing about schizophrenia and he "fairly soon concluded that Freud's ideas fitted hysteria very well, in many cases, they were less satisfactory when applied to schizophrenia" (1975, Storr, pp30). Sabina Spielrein was a hysterical case however, not schizophrenic.
When Jung did finally write to Freud in or before April 1906, his first letter to him is missing; it appears the reasons were two-fold. Firstly he wanted to send him a copy of his work with the association experiment, Diagnostic Association Studies, which provides experimental validity to Freud's theory of repression, sexual or not, Jung never fully accepted Freud's theory of sexuality, even when he wrote to him that he did, and secondly although it was two years after his initial assessment of Spielrein he was obviously still having trouble with his first test case. He wrote in his third letter to Freud, "at the risk of boring you, I must abreact my most recent experience. I am currently treating a hysteric with your method. Difficult case, a 20 year-old Russian girl student, ill for 6 years" (1974, McGuire, The Freud/Jung letters, pp7). He goes on to describe the case history not what his relationship with her had become. It wasn't until much later in their relationship that Jung "ultimately enlisted Freud's help in extricating himself from the situation, but Spielrein continued to feel that she had been used and deeply hurt by the relationship" (1995, Gabbard, pp1122).
It is understandable that Jung sought Freud's help in what he would have experienced as a most difficult situation. Jung's failure to speak about the nature of his relationship with Spielrein in his first contact with Freud shows that Jung from the very beginning of his relationship with Freud "could not get himself to admit to the importance of sex in human relations, and in neurosis" (1984, Carotenuto, ppxxiii). Jung's relations to Spielrein quite possibly forced him to "turn first for help to Freud, and his inability to face openly that a sexual involvement was pressing for abreaction presaged the issue over which his final break with Freud occurred. As it happens so often in complex psychological relations, the end was evident in the beginning," (Ibid.).
In 1907, after the first meeting of the two men, Jung returned to the Burgholzli and founded the Freud society. Jung was quite impressed with Freud at that time. Jung proceeded to organize the first international Psychoanalytical Congress in Salzburg in 1908, where the periodical, the Jahrbuch, exclusively devoted to psychoanalysis was founded with Jung as its editor. In 1909, the year they went to America, Jung left the Burgholzli to devote himself to psychoanalytic practice and activities, and in 1910 he was elected the president of the international psychoanalytic association (1966, Selesnick, pp68). All of these first psychoanalytic institutions were run out of Zurich, not Vienna (1993, Kerr).
It was Jung and Bleuler who possessed the institutional resources needed to turn psychoanalysis into a scientific movement (1993, Kerr). "The rise of psychoanalysis directly reflected these institutional realities…(and) it was Zurich where almost all of Freud's most important early followers first received training in the new methods" (1993, Kerr, pp9). The training was Jung's idea. Freud had in print accredited Jung for having invented the idea of requiring training analysis for future analysts (2001, Roazen, The historiography of psychoanalysis, pp39).
Freud was grateful to the Zurich group for their efforts to gain recognition for psychoanalysis. He was eager to establish psychoanalysis on a broader basis than could be provided by the Viennese intellectuals. He considered Switzerland the hub of international scientific activity, where as he felt that Vienna not only lay outside the great centres of Western European culture but was subject to strong prejudices…In a letter to Abraham in the spring of 1908 he wrote: 'It was only his (Jung's) emergence on the scene that has removed from psychoanalysis the danger of becoming a Jewish national affair '(1966, Selesnick, pp67).
It is obvious that it was Jung and Bleuler that put Freud on the map and not the other way around (1993, Kerr). Besides what the notoriety of the Zurich school and a gentile face could provide, Freud also considered Jung to be a "truly original mind" (Ibid.).
In order to understand more fully how "the career of Jung came to occupy such a pivotal place in Freud's life and work, the full extent of Freud's feelings of alienation from the medical science of his day must be appreciated" (1974, Roazen, Freud and his followers, pp225). Freud not only had to battle against anti-Semitism but he was also up against the criticism of Wagner who held the most prestigious chair in psychiatry at the University of Vienna at the time. Wagner in fact mocked Freud's ideas (Ibid.). When Jung wrote to Freud appreciatively in 1906 from one of Europe's most respected centers of psychiatric training it was just at the right time for Freud and his cause.
To the extent that Freud aimed to fulfill his early dream of founding a great intellectual movement, he could not hope to succeed until he had acquired Gentiles as followers; and as a Jew trying to subvert and overcome Christian standards of morality, Freud had to break out of the constricting confines of Jewish circles in Vienna (Ibid. pp227).
Through Jung, Freud could escape both "loneliness and anti-Semitism. Anti-Semitism impeded the growth of Freud's work. There were no possibilities for psychoanalysis at the university in Vienna (1977, Van Der Leeuw, "The impact of the Freud-Jung correspondence on the history of ideas", pp357).
In 1909 began the first phase of the eventual split between Freud and Jung. Ironically it was also a time of great progress for the psychoanalytic movement. They had been invited to America by G. Stanely Hall and surprisingly to them there views were well accepted (1993, Kerr). At one point on the journey, Freud fainted because he felt Jung had a death wish against him. Freud and Jung also analyzed each other's dreams at that time and Freud apparently did not divulge enough personal information to Jung, stating, "but I cannot risk my authority"(1989, Jung, pp158). This made a big impression on Jung. "At that moment he lost it altogether, that sentence burned itself into my memory; and in it the end of our relationship was already foreshadowed. Freud was placing personal authority above truth" (Ibid.). Their relationship had taken on the tone of father and son, mentor and heir from the very beginning which Jung, in the correspondence, happily accepted yet in his memoirs he states that he knew he would never be able to uphold Freud's views and be his heir (Ibid. pp157).
Jung's motives regarding their relationship and his actions are not as clear as Freud's. It is possible that he just couldn't say no to Freud, or maybe he wanted to impress Freud with his own ideas like a son to a father, Jung himself admitted that he "projected" the father onto Freud (Ibid.). Maybe he wanted to be treated as Freud's equal instead of like a son. It is also possible that Jung had not yet dealt with his own neurosis to the extent that Freud had and therefore he himself did not understand his own motives, therefore making it impossible for us to know. Maybe he was just an opportunist. It definitely appears however, as though the test case and eventual relationship Jung had with Spielrein was part of his motive to begin a relationship with Freud. According to Ellenberger, Freud was looking for a disciple worthy of succeeding him and Jung was looking for a father figure but there was misunderstanding from the start. Freud wanted disciples who would accept his doctrine without reservation. Bleuler and Jung saw their relationship as a collaboration that left both sides free. There was good will at the beginning, Freud was patient and made concessions, "although he remained unyielding in regard to his theory of the Oedipus complex and the libido. But these were the ideas that Jung never accepted, and so it was inevitable that Freud would come to reproach Jung for his opportunism, and Jung to reject Freud for his authoritarian dogmatism," (1970, Ellenberger, pp669).
1909 was also the year that Jung's affair with Spielrein finally ended and both Spielrein and Jung wrote to Freud about it. The relationship was brought out into the open by Spielrein's parents who wrote to Jung asking him to end the relationship. "Sometime before March 1909, the love affair between Jung and Spielrein became known. Someone, in all likelihood Jung's wife, wrote to Sabina Spielrein's mother an anonymous letter, warning her that the relation might undo her daughter and asking her to put an end to it " (1984, Carotenuto, ppxxvi). Jung handled the situation very poorly, deeply hurting Spielrein who ended up attacking him and then disappeared for a while. Spielrein wrote to Freud asking for an interview, which he first refused. Jung had already written to Freud telling him about the situation and Freud didn't want anything to come between him and his relationship with Jung. Freud pretended to Spielrein that he knew nothing about the situation and tried to protect Jung. "Although Freud thus tried to cover up for Jung, Jung's betrayal of a person who he had loved, who still loved him, and who had given him no reason to turn against her, must have worried Freud" (Ibid. ppxxxi).
Jung moved out of the Burgholzli and resigned his position there, supposedly in order to focus on psychoanalysis, the same month that the scandal appeared it might come out. It is possible he moved to avoid this situation. The next time Freud and Jung saw each other was the day before they sailed for America on August 20, 1909 (Ibid). Jung says in his memoirs that "the year 1909 proved decisive for our relationship" (1989, Jung, pp156), yet he neglects to mention the potential scandal that Freud was privy to in his description of why this was the case. We should obviously accept Jung's story with considerable caution. "For if Freud indeed lost his authority for Jung entirely at that time, then his many expressions of deep respect in his letters to Freud during the following years would have been false" (1984, Carotenuto, ppxxxiii). Also if this were the case would Jung have been so concerned regarding Freud's take on his work Transformations and Symbols of the Libido in 1911?
Spielrein and Jung eventually reconciled and kept up a correspondence. She also continued to write to Freud. At this time Sabina Spielrein became the first female psychoanalyst and her work theoretically bridged the gap between Freud and Jung. She wrote about the sexual drive and destructive impulses before Freud (1993, Kerr). She therefore anticipated Freud's death instincts. In 1911 Spielrein went to Vienna and sat in on the Wednesday night meetings until 1912. It was here that she presented her paper on the destructive impulses of the libido. Her theory was more Freud than Jung.
Jung openly refused to accept the central role of sexuality in human affairs. What had originally been a personal need of his to deny the importance of sexuality became a theoretical issue. The fact that Spielrein had accepted Freud's sexuality theory and became one of Freud's followers must have difficult for Jung. He must have also felt threatened by what she could tell Freud. The Freud /Jung friendship "had begun when Jung turned to Freud with a request for help in dealing with his feelings for Spielrein, while doing so in an ambivalent way; and their friendship ended after Spielrein had changed from being Jung's lover and disciple to becoming Freud's follower – after she had changed her allegiance from Gentile to Jew" (1984, Carotenuto, ppxxxvi). Spielrein did in fact write to Freud about Jung and her relationship. In April 1912, Spielrein met with Freud and asked him if she could go into analysis with him the following fall to resolve her feelings for Jung, the man who had "smashed my whole life" (1993, Kerr, pp407). It is not clear what happened with this analysis.
Jung became tormented about writing and sending Freud Transformations and Symbols. "For two months I was unable to touch my pen, so tormented was I by the conflict…at last I resolved to go ahead with the writing and it did indeed cost me Freud's friendship" (1989, Jung, pp167). When Jung finally sent it to Freud, he did not respond to it for over a year (1966, Selesnick). Emma Jung wrote to Freud pleading with him for a response. In this new work Jung states his "genetic" revision of the libido theory to which Freud did not agree (1993, Kerr). This appears to be the second phase to the end of their relationship. Around the same time that Freud disagreed with Jung's theory, they both decided to publish Spielrein's paper in their journal, at Freud's request (1993, Kerr). Jung became a harsh critic of Spielrein from then on.
On May 24, 1912, before Freud left for Kreuzlingen to visit his sick friend Binswanger, he wrote to Jung what amounts to a psychoanalytic declaration of war.
In the libido question, I finally see at what point your conception differs from mine. (I am referring, of course, to incest, but I am thinking of your heralded modifications in the concept of the libido.) What I still fail to understand is why you have abandoned the older view and what other origins and motivation the prohibition of incest can have. Naturally I don't expect you to explain this difficult matter more fully in letters; I shall be patient until you publish your ideas in the subject. I value your letter for the warning it contains, and the reminder of my first big error, when I mistook fantasies for realities. I shall be careful and keep my eyes open every step of the way. But if we now set reason aside and attune the machine to pleasure, I own to a strong antipathy towards your innovation (1993, Kerr, pp410).
According to Kerr, Freud goes on to say that he will be coming to town but would not have time to see Jung. This became known as the "Kreuzlingen gesture" (Ibid.). According to Donn, Freud did want Jung to come to visit but Jung took it as a dismissal and attributed it to his displeasure at the libido theory (1988, Donn, pp143). Jung was apparently very hurt by the event but continued on with his Christianized version of psychoanalysis, which Freud had heard all about through Spielrein. Incidentally, Spielrein married around this time and moved to Berlin. Freud began to write to colleagues that Jung's neurosis was acting up again while Jung at the same time was preparing to go to America to lecture on his new theory of libido. "And so the two men entered the fall of 1912 with different strategies and different audiences in mind" (Ibid. pp417).
On November 24, 1912, the men met for the last time. Jung had gone to the Munich convention to show his support of psychoanalysis in the face of what was going on with his new theories. They took a long walk together and when they returned to the group Freud fainted. The issue surrounding the occurrence was again the son taking the place of the father (1993, Kerr). Jung rushed to his side and took Freud in his arms. According to Jung, Freud looked up at him like a son and said; "How sweet it must be to die"(1993, Kerr, pp429). When Freud regained his composure after the Munich incident, he wrote to Jung regarding the event as: "A bit of neurosis that I ought really to look into" (1993, Kerr, pp432). In this same letter Freud announced that Jung's own psyche was still under scrutiny (Ibid). "In effect, Jung was being put on notice that Freud felt free to use Spielrein's revelations as the implicit basis for a potentially devastating critique of Jung's mysticism and thus his work generally" (Ibid). Jung exploded and responded with the reminder of their trip to America in 1909 when Freud would not give up his authority for the analysis and wrote " these words are engraved on my memory as a symbol of everything to come" (1993), Kerr, pp433). The letters in December seemed to revolve around who was injured by whose neurosis combined with who had dealt with their own neurosis more, a battle of the psychoanalytic minds.
It seems as though Jung was happy to continue their relationship even if their theories did not agree, at least that is what he wrote in his letters. On December 18, Jung wrote:
I shall continue to stand by you publicly while maintaining my own views, but privately shall start telling you in my letters what I really think of you. I consider this procedure only decent (1974, McGuire, pp535).
Jung got no response and repeated his offer again (1993, Kerr, pp436). Freud however, could not continue with the situation the way it was and was frustrated with Jung's differing theories, his Christianized version, being under the umbrella of psychoanalysis as well as with his odd behaviour. He no longer trusted him for many reasons. On the 3rd of January Freud wrote:
It is a convention among us analysts that none of us need feel ashamed of his own bit of neurosis. But one who while behaving abnormally keeps shouting that he is normal gives ground for the suspicion that he lacks insight into his illness. Accordingly, I propose that we abandon our personal relations entirely (1974, McGuire, pp539).
January 6, 1913 Jung wrote to Freud:
I accede to your wish that we abandon our personal relations, for I never thrust my friendship on anyone. You yourself are the best judge of what this moment means to you. "The rest is silence" (1974, McGuire, pp540).
The remainder of the Freud/Jung correspondence was very sparse and mostly concerned with business affairs that year. Jung resigned as editor of the Jahrbuch in October and then in April 1914 he resigned as the president of the international psychoanalytic association (1974, McGuire, pp551). It is important to note that Jung never did give up his interest in mythology, symbolism and occultism. He never agreed fully with Freud's sexuality theory. Throughout their correspondence Freud tried to bring Jung over to his side and although on occasion Jung made it look like he would, he never did. "In spite of his attraction to psychoanalysis and his transitory defence of its fundamental principles, Jung was never to stray from the path he indicated in his earliest work in 1902" (1966, Selesnick, pp76).
After the split Jung was devastated. He entered a period, similar to that of Freud before him, that can be seen as his own type of self-analysis. Some even say it was a type of psychotic break. From 1913-1919 Jung underwent his "creative illness" and emerged with enough information to last him 20 years (1970, Ellenberger). From this self-analysis like with Freud, a school emerged, the Jungian school of analytical psychology. Freud had no idea that Jung suffered so after their split. " Freud did not know that the man he had once loved like a son was struggling for his life. He did not know that the man he now feared as a dangerous rival was unable to work and spending hours by himself building little villages out of stones and drawing pictures of his dreams" (1988, Donn, pp174). Freud on the other hand was furious and needed to return to his original way of working and take things into his own hands (Ibid).
In Freud's 1914 work On the History of Psychoanalysis, which he wrote in response to Jung, Adler and Stekel's departure, he states that Jung was "in full retreat from psychoanalysis" (1974, Roazen, pp264). "If it was to remain Freud's movement, if he was to impose his will on history, paradoxically Freud had to reduce psychoanalysis in talent as well as in numbers" (Ibid.). Freud starts the work with claiming ownership of psychoanalysis. He writes:
For psychoanalysis is my creation; for ten years I was the only person who concerned himself with it…I consider myself justified in maintaining that even today no one can know better that I do what psychoanalysis is…I have come to the conclusion that I must be the true originator of all that is particularly characteristic in it (1966, Freud, On the history of psychoanalysis, pp7-8).
Freud wanted to take back his authority over the psychoanalytic movement. Freud's openly admitted motive for writing this work was to distinguish his own ideas from the dissenting views of Jung and Adler, the same terminology was being used by all three and Freud wanted to clarify and distinguish the meaning of his psychoanalysis and his ideas from their views. It is apparent in this work that Freud was furious with those who dissented from him. It appears that his underlying motive in writing this was to consolidate his role in history as the creator and leader of the psychoanalytic movement in order to advance his cause. Freud was "imbued with the conviction that it was his mission to lead an intellectual revolution to transform the world by means of the psychoanalytic movement" (1970, Ellenberger, pp467).
According to Roazen "we may know virtually nothing about what Freud admired in his early reading…but he knew in his bones that shaping the past is a key instrument to becoming dominant in the future" (1992, Roazen, pp5). It does seem odd that Freud undertook a work on the history of psychoanalysis at such an early date in its young history. His decision to recount his own version of the quarrels between himself and his dissenters so soon after they had departed "proved politically a key move on his part" (Ibid. pp6). "For those who had momentously differed with Freud it would always be an uphill battle to combat the account of things which Freud had put into the history books (Ibid.). According to Roazen, the fact that Freud "succeeded against his rivals, or that his early critics are now forgotten, says nothing about the merits of any of the arguments in which they were engaged" (1992, Roazen, pp8). Jung was one of the deepest critics Freud ever had. Few professionals "appreciate that Jung was the first to insist before WWI that infantile material when it arises clinically may be used defensively as an evasion of the present" (2001, Roazen, pp39). Freud saw religion as in principle neurotic; Jung thought neurosis arose from a fundamental absence of meaning in this secular age. The confrontation between Freud and Jung represents enduring clashes between alternative temperaments and points of view. "Freud and Jung represent lastingly different outlooks in the history of ideas" (1992, Roazen, pp10).
Jung's contributions to psychoanalysis are extensive. He helped provide the experimental validity to Freud's theory of repression with the word association experiment which proved the cornerstone of psychoanalytic theory, suggested that all analysts must be trained, provided the institutional and academic support of the Zurich school, was instrumental in bringing Freud's writings to the attention of the scientific world coupled with providing the gentile face for the movement and played a huge role in organizing the psychoanalytic movement itself. "Jung's application of psychoanalytic theory to the understanding of myths and their relationship to dreams and neuroses rekindled Freud's interest in anthropology, eventuating in Totem and Taboo" (1966, Selesnick, pp76). Jung's even more vital contribution was pointing out that Freud failed to distinguish between neurotic and psychotic phenomena (Ibid.). Jung and Spielrein's work spurred Freud on to revise his theory of the libido resulting in a new understanding of narcissism, a response to Jung, (1993, Kerr) which paved the way for his final dualistic concept of the life instinct verses the death instinct, anticipated by Spielrein (1993, Kerr).
One cannot understand the development of psychoanalysis without looking into the relationship of Freud and Jung. Jung played a pivotal role in the rise of the psychoanalytic movement from 1900-1914. He experimented with, validated and supported many of Freud's methods and theories as well as participating heavily in the organization of the movement itself. Without Jung it is hard to say where psychoanalysis would be today, at least it seems hard to imagine the development would have been as rapid without him. When discussing the history of psychoanalysis it is important to look the dynamics present between Freud and Jung at the time of the development of the theories, method and organization of psychoanalysis.
Carotenuto, A. (1984). A secret symmetry: Sabina Spielrein between Jung and Freud. (A.Pomerans, J. Shepley and K. Winston, trans.). New York: Pantheon Books.
Donn, L. (1988). Freud and Jung: Years of friendship, Years of Loss. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Ellenberger, H. F. (1970). The discovery of the unconscious: The history and evolution of dynamic psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
Fancher, R.E. (1973). Psychoanalytic psychology: The development of Freud's thought. New York: Norton & Company.
Gabbard, G.O. (1995). The early history of boundary violations in psychoanalysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 43(4), 1115-1136.
Freud, S. (1966). On the history of the psycho-analytic movement (J. Riviere, Trans.).
J. Strachey (Eds.). New York: Norton & Company. (Original work published 1914)
Hannah, B. (1997). Jung: His life and work: A bibliographical memoir. Illinois: Chiron.
Jung, C.G. (1989). Memories, dreams, reflections. (Richard & Clara Winston, Trans.). A. Jaffe (Eds.). New York: Vintage Books.
Kerr, J. (1993). A most dangerous method: The story of Jung, Freud, and Sabina Spielrein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
McGuire, W. (Eds.). (1974). The Freud/Jung letters: The correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C.G. Jung. (R. Manheim & R.F.C. Hull, Trans.). New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Roazen, P. (1974). Freud and his followers. New York: Meridian Books.
Roazen, P. (1992). The historiography of psychoanalysis. In E. Timms & R. Robertson (Eds.), Psychoanalysis in its cultural context: Austrian studies III (pp.3-19). Edinburgh University Press.
Roazen, P. (2001). The historiography of psychoanalysis. London: Transaction Publishers.
Selesnick, S. T. (1966). Carl Gustav Jung: Contributions to psychoanalysis. In F. Alexander, S. Eisenstein, & M. Grotjahn (Eds.), Psychoanalytic pioneers (pp.63-77). New York: Basic Books Inc.
Storr, Anthony (1975). Jung. Fontna: Collins.
Van Der Leeuw, P.J. (1977). The impact of the Freud-Jung correspondence on the history of ideas. The International Review of Psycho-Analysis, 4, 349-362
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Mathematics Education
Bachelor of Science in Mathematics Education
A student majoring in Mathematics Education at Evangel completes coursework for both a Mathematics major and an Education major. Our program prepares students to teach math for grades 9-12 in public and private schools. Teaching certification is granted by the Missouri State Department of Education. This curriculum also meets the approval of the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education.
The Evangel University Department of Natural and Applied Sciences is dedicated to the spiritual, academic and social growth of every student. The department's purpose is to provide an excellent scientific education that is thoroughly integrated with the University's emphasis on the development of strong Christian character. Within this framework, students must contend with new scientific, social, ethical and technological challenges. Students learn to communicate technical concepts clearly and effectively and exhibit analytical thinking and problem-solving skills. A math education major normally requires four years of coursework in high school mathematics; this should include at least a precalculus or college algebra/trig course during the senior year. Students not having this background in high school mathematics can expect to take that course during their freshman year at Evangel. The mathematics portion of the major consists of 33 credits in mathematics satisfying Missouri certification requirements necessary to become a secondary mathematics teacher. The 34 credits in education are certification requirements for all secondary teachers regardless of major. In addition to the academic coursework in education, a math education major will have three field experiences in public schools assisting high school math teachers followed by the student teaching field experience during the final semester.
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|Want to see exactly what classes you will take? The Program Plan (sometimes called a degree sheet) includes all specific requirements - including University proficiencies, Frameworks courses and degree requirements.
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|Learning outcomes describe the knowledge and skills you will have gained and be able to demonstrate by the end of this program. Download the pdf to view
Each of Evangel's academic programs is made up of a set of core curriculum, program requirements and electives. The courses listed below are just a small sample of courses that might be taken as a part of this specific program.
|Calculus I
|Introduction to the concepts of calculus, including coordinate systems, curve analysis, derivatives and differentials, time-related changes, maxima and minima, integration, and related topics.
|Calculus III
|Includes rectilinear and curvilinear motion, parametric equations, polar coordinates, improper integrals, partial differentiation, and multiple integrals.
|Differential Equations
|Equations of the first, second, and higher order; linear equations with constant coefficients and systems of equations; the Laplace Transform, power series, and other standard methods of solution; introduction to difference and partial differential equations; and applications to physics and engineering.
|Numerical Analysis
|Polynomial approximations, finite differences, numerical differentiation and integration, methods of least squares, and numerical solutions of differential equations.
|Probability and Statistics
|Descriptive statistics, probability modeling, random variables, sampling distributions, central limit theorem, estimation, and hypothesis testing.
Evangel University's world-class faculty is made up of caring, Christian professionals who are distinguished in their fields and dedicated to the development of tomorrow's Christian leaders.
- High school or middle school mathematics teacher with Missouri certification. In general, most states recognize Missouri certificates and require few additional courses for certification in those states.
|Achieve a 3.0 grade point average in content area and professional education courses, while maintaining a 2.75 cumulative grade point average across all courses.
|Admittance to Program
|Application for provisional admittance to teacher education is made in EDUC 225 Introduction to Curriculum and Instructional Planning. This class is prerequisite to all teacher certification courses unless an equivalent course has been transferred from another college. Applications for admittance are available in the Department of Education office.
|Satisfactory recommendations from all university supervisors of practica.
General Undergraduate Requirements
The following are general requirements for all students beginning an undergraduate program at Evangel. For more information visit Undergraduate Admissions Requirements.
|Graduation from high school, or having the equivalent of a high school diploma such as the General Education Development (GED) examination.
|Core Subjects
|A minimum of a 2.0 GPA in core college prep classes (English, math, social sciences and science with a lab) or high school final GPA if no college credits have been earned.
|Standardized Tests
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My approach to this headstone was from the back; the front of the stone faces away from the other stones in this section of the cemetery. When I saw it initially I thought it was a stone wall, not a marker. The marker appears to be only for father and son, but that is not the case.
According to Paul Wilson, "Vic Copps rarely said no to his people. He rode horses in parades, drove go-carts, put his smiling face forward for pie-throwing contests, bounced on trampolines, rode in bike races and marched hundreds of miles in fundraising walkathons. In March 1976, he was running near the back of the pack in the 'Around the Bay Road Race' when he had a heart attack. A week earlier, he had turned 57." His heart attack resulted in brain damage, and he was never again the same man.
In Hamilton, there now stands a coliseum which bears his name. It was the choice of his family that his grave bear no stone. He was so much admired that the family didn't want the grave used as a site of pilgrimage.
Reference: Paul Wilson, The Hamilton Spectator, 2008.
Photographs: Copyright ©J. Geraghty-Gorman


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Opinion: Is Hugo Chavez Dead or Alive?
Columnist Mary Anastasia O'Grady on the delay of Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez's inauguration. Photos: Getty Images
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... welcome back to Opinion Journal why Mary Kissel Venezuela delayed ... Chavez has inauguration today ... prompting even more speculation about his health ... and the political stability ... of that important country America's columnist Mary Anastasia O'Grady joins me now on set to discuss ... Mary where a Chavez ... in China was in Cuba ... exactly my Arrington about when someone on hospital room apparently ... aam but he was able to ... I'm ... not taking the oath of office but extend his presidency today in other words the Supreme Court ... an ounce today even though he was not able to ... come to Venice Whelan and stand before the National Assembly for the Supreme Court as the Constitution requires he will still remain president ... I and and and going to his next term which is six years answers and so grievous that settle the question important to you that as some analysts of alleged think they were beginning to see the beginnings of a constitutional crisis in Venezuela ... why don't think I mean generally when you think of a constitutional crisis you would think that the other side is going to have some leverage to push back and I think the opposition actually has any ... there to try to go through the organization American States and make the case that this is a violation of the Constitution ... in fact the Constitution provides for what would happen if the president is deemed ... permanently incapacitated ... and which case the vice president would I'm ... sorry in which case the president of the National family when takeover and I would be another election in thirty days and you know you would ... get a new president ... and it provides for what happens if the president ... who's already swine EU ... is temporarily incapacitated but it does not provide for a president who is not sworn in a president elect has not sworn in ... but who is somehow incapacitated and there's also a discussion about whether he is temporarily incapacitated ... or permanently incapacitated because his health is a state secret so Merry for viewers out there listening in California or New York or Florida or Iowa ... what do we care why is it matter that Venezuela ... gets through this in a way that the results it is constitutional Thompson ... into the future well I think the US has felt generally that I've democracies in the hemisphere are more stable ... and less likely to ... attack their neighbors and less lately likely to miss Street their own people and will look at this and ... many of his supporters in this country had maintained ... for a long time since he took office in nineteen ninety nine if you can believe it has received years ago ... Venice Whelan remains a democracy ... and democracies suggests that there is Clara was some ... there's an opportunity for dissent ... ay there's the quality end of the law there's the rule of law there's justice before the court ... and out you know in in that as we see you with this ruling ... that's more and more eroding I think I think that's very troubling in fact on one of the most important TV stations to ... remaining independent television stations ... is now being ... accused of inciting he traded over the course of this period because any body open their mouth and the opposition to suggest that ... you know there was a problem here with the Constitution it is I'm in uni and trouble with that with the government and that's where we're Supreme impresses a big issue okay well we're going to keep tabs and situation America's columnist Mary Anastasia O'Grady ... thank you for being with us ...


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Emmy-nominated designers celebrate TV costumes
Even vintage-inspired costume designers need a thoroughly modern muse.
For longtime film and television costume designer Ruth Myers, nominated this year for an Emmy for her tailored 1930s and '40s-based dress slacks and suits in the HBO movie "Hemingway & Gelhorn," that muse came in the form of the film's sleek, svelte, 5'10" costar Nicole Kidman, whom she worked with on the 2007 movie "The Golden Compass."
"Nicole has the best bum in the world. She has the perfect figure," said Myers at the recent Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising party for its sixth annual "Outstanding Art of Television Costume Design" exhibit.
Myers and other Emmy-nominated costume designers came to celebrate the clothes from multiple shows and TV movies, including "Hemingway & Gelhorn," FX series "American Horror Story," PBS favorite "Downton Abbey," ABC's fairy tale drama "Once Upon A Time" and HBO's Prohibition-era series "Boardwalk Empire." Co-presented by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, the exhibit runs Tuesday through Oct. 20. The 64th Primetime Emmy Awards airs Sept. 23 on ABC.
The gray wide-legged, high-waisted trousers worn by Kidman as Spanish Civil War and World War II correspondent Martha Gelhorn, Hemingway's third wife, are on display with a textured beige cardigan and rose-colored blouse. Myers gave the look, so in line with the current high-waisted pants trend, a contemporary twist, using vintage fabrics recut and redesigned.
"I wanted to be true to the period, but also modern," said Myers. "The pants are not totally accurate. In the 1940s, the crotch area was more droopy. These are somewhat more flattering."
"Downton Abbey" may be taking fashion the other way - injecting some period flair into modern design, cited as a muse by the likes of Marc Jacobs and Ralph Lauren. Six looks are on display from the show, which last season revolved around the British aristocratic Crawley family during World War I. A long, smooth dark blue velvet dress with sheer paneling worn by Maggie Smith as matriarch Violet Crawley, Dowager Countess of Grantham, stands near a long-sleeved floor-length brown velvet coat paired with an off-white gown decorated with swirling rows of beads and lace worn by Elizabeth McGovern as American heiress Cora Crowley, Countess of Grantham.
Other standouts from the exhibit include a gloriously bright yellow halter bathing suit with a matching yellow and black striped A-line skirt with black buttons from Starz series "Magic City," set in 1959 Miami, a stiff red and gold embroidered Mandarin-style top worn by Peter Dinklage in HBO period fantasy "Game of Thrones" and a classic lipstick red shoulder-baring cocktail dress from soapy ABC drama "Revenge."
Costume designer Chrisi Karvonides, nominated for an Emmy for the first season of "American Horror Story," was inspired by multiple actresses on the show, including Jessica Lange, who played a ladylike neighbor with a killer edge, and Connie Britton, who played a pregnant wife and mother living in a mansion haunted by murder victims of decades past.
The show's creator, Ryan Murphy, didn't want the audience to know by the clothes what period the characters were from, or whether they were alive or dead, said Karvonides. Lange's character Constance Langdon wore cinched 1960s and '70s dresses with a Southern air of Blanche DuBois from "A Streetcar Named Desire." A red wrap silk knit dress on display is literally blood red to have "a strange glow" in the light, said Karvonides, since it's worn during an especially bloody scene.
"Jessica is the most elegant actress you could hope to work with. It was never about choosing beautiful items of clothing. It was always about the character," said Karvonides. "Connie has broad shoulders, so she could carry loose shapes beautifully,"
As for the black rubber S&M suit worn by Dylan McDermott and other actors on the show, it's also on display in all its skintight glory. It turns out a half dozen suits were used because they ripped easily, said Karvonides.
Lisa Padovani, Emmy nominated with co-designer John Dunn for '20s set "Boardwalk Empire," said she saw both Steve Buscemi, who plays the show's lead, Atlantic City gangster and politician Enoch "Nucky" Thompson, and Gretchen Mol, playing a mother and burlesque stripper, as hybrids of old and new.
"Steve's body type is an old-fashioned body type. He's not a body builder. He's slim. He wears the clothes well," said Padovani, who added that it's harder to fit suits on men with muscles. And Mol's slim hips and long legs made her easy to dress: "What we consider a model to look like began during the '20s."
The costumes, made in New York by a shop of eight sewers, are mainly hand made out of vintage fabrics, with even button holes hand stitched on suits. The three-piece plaid one worn by Buscemi on the show is on display complete with his signature cardigan. A long-sleeved blush-hued dress worn by Kelly Macdonald as Buscemi's love interest is embroidered with dainty white flowers and piping.
For Eduardo Castro, nominated for a costume design Emmy for "Once Upon A Time," current designers such as Rodarte, John Galliano, Paco Rabanne and late designer Alexander McQueen cast a long, muse-worthy influence on his interpretation of the show's modern take on fairy tales such as Snow White and Red Riding Hood.
The FIDM exhibit has 16 costumes from the show, from a gorgeous dark bamboo velvet overlay dress encrusted with Swarovski crystals worn by the Evil Queen, played by Lana Parrilla, to a white wedding gown with a fitted bodice and full skirt of feathers worn by Snow White, played by Ginnifer Goodwin. It took hours to make, with fabric imported from Paris.
"I wanted to keep in mind it's very accessible to the public as a romantic fairy tale, not avant-garde," said Castro. However, a new Snow White outfit he's designing for an upcoming episode of the show's second season, being filmed until April, will be more edgy, he said, and guided by the artistic, rebellious visions of McQueen.
So what is the real appeal of period costumes, with so many shows now set in the '60s, such as "Mad Men," and earlier? Maybe he's being humble, but Castro said it goes beyond style.
"It goes to the writing. 'Downton Abbey' is one of the most perfect costume shows done," said Castro. "It echoes the writing."
Highlights: ECC girls basketball final NL 54, Bacon Academy 40
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Bills introduced to change state law regarding mileage payments to legislators
Republicans could regret allowing Trump to use sham emergency
Kevin P. McMahon, 'The People's Judge' of New London County, dead at 68


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of Gold from Hutterian Kitchens
Forest River Hutterian Brethren, 109 pages, Softcover.
Their heritage, as Hutterites, originates as an Anabaptist Protestant sect from Europe's 16th Century Reformation movement. Since immigrating to North America in 1874, over 300 colonies have been established in north central United States and southwestern Canada. With each colony averaging one hundred-fifty persons, their community kitchen and dining hall serve three daily meals.
Many recipes will be recognized as survivals of traditional German foodways, originating from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Readers are advised that recipe proportions are intended for large feedings of 70 to 130 people per meal.
"Appetizers, Relishes and Pickles," features dill pickles, freezer pickles, pickled cantaloupe and mustard beans. "Soups, Salads and Sauces," includes homemade soup, potato soup, cabbage Borscht, beet Borscht, carrot soup and sauerkraut relish. "Main Dishes," (casseroles) includes potato pancakes, and Shooten Kroffeln (cottage cheese perogies), cheese souffle and "Fleisch Krofeln."
"Breads, Rolls and Pastry" includes Maul Toschen, dumplings, noodles, herb batter bread, cottage cheese pie, coconut tarts, poppy seed buns and Easter bread. "Cakes, Cookies and Confections" presents recipes for molasses cookies, carrot cake and poppy seed bake. "Desserts" describes dough and apple dumplings, old-fashioned rice pudding and dream bars. "Beverages and Sandwiches and Miscellaneous" shares recipes of home processed cheese, sauer fleisch, rhubarb juice, oven cleaner and soap.
The Germans from Russia Heritage Collection is pleased to offer this unique recipe book sharing the foodways culture of the Hutterite community from the northern plains and prairies of Canada and the United States.
Pots of Gold from Hutterian Kitchens
$16.00 plus Shipping & Handling


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| NWA 7678 Carbonaceous Chondrite Meteorite
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Thursday, April 26, 2012
The Emergency Room Bag
I found some nice upholstery fabrics half off at Joann's. Thankfully my 1950's heavy duty sewing machine named Beverly is able to handle bulky, heavy fabric. The bag contains my current, portable hand work which is either some sewing, embroidery, crocheting or knitting. Right now it's a happy tangle of yarn just waiting to be tranformed into something else.
On my most recent trip to the ER it contained a couple balls of this yarn.
It's Lily and Cream cotton which I use to make old-fashioned crocheted dishcloths. I always used a sponge in the kitchen but the Mother and the Other Mother swore by their cotton dishcloths. After we combined households I decided to give them a try. The fact that they can be thrown in the washing machine and washed in hot water is a plus for me.
You know the unwritten rule around here - what's created in the ER is offered in a giveaway. I'll be giving away the dishcloths that I crocheted whilst sitting in the ER.
Would you like to win them? Just leave me a comment telling me what you prefer to use in your kitchen, sponge or dishcloth. If you prefer a sponge this will be your chance to try something different.
Have a great day everyone. I appreciate the fact that you've stopped by here "At Home".
15 comments:
- Dorothy said...
I prefer dish "rags" which I crochet myself or buy at craft shows. Oh yes I love the story of the cayotes(sp) yesterday. My sis and I use to sit on the front porch in the evenings and listen to their beautiful music. The joys of living way out in the country.
- April 26, 2012 at 7:56 AM
- Vee said...
What a lovely color! Ever consider creating a table runner from the dish cloth pattern? It would be so easy to wash up.
- April 26, 2012 at 8:05 AM
I am of the sponge persuasion. In fact, I use that which has the scrubbie on one side. Where do you put the dish cloth when not in use? I have a large farm sink in the kitchen without the dividing hump thingy. My sponge sits in the under sink cabinet. Am I over-thinking this?
- April 26, 2012 at 9:10 AM
I use a dishcloth and just throw it in the laundry every day, get a clean one out each morning, and life is dandy.
- April 26, 2012 at 10:51 AM
- Karen Deborah said...
Suzanne if I mail you a shirt and some fabrics can you make up an apron in time for mothers day?
- April 26, 2012 at 11:15 AM
Would love to win the rags although you probably don't want to ship them to Germany.;)
When I lived in Canada, I used to buy balls of cotton yarn that came ready with instructions for crocheting dish rags -- I still have a couple of rags left but the instructions seem to have been lost in one transatlantic move or another. Would you mind sharing yours for those of us not winning the actual rags?
- April 26, 2012 at 11:22 AM
- Terri said...
I've always washed with the cloth. Sponges always seemed too stiff to get into the little spaces, and there is that convenience of laundering them.
(I hope these are from a long ago trip and not the results of another recent trip to the ER.)
- April 26, 2012 at 1:03 PM
I use a dishcloth but have a scrubbie that I use also. I buy the scrubbies at craft fairs and I think they are crocheted!
Love your blog!
- April 26, 2012 at 8:03 PM
- MaddiesMom said...
I have always used a sponge (the one with the scrubber on one side) because, I suppose, my mother did. I would love to try something new.
Do the dish cloths (hand crocheted) last longer?
- April 26, 2012 at 8:38 PM
- Glenda in Florida said...
I use either knitted or crocheted cotton cloths--I don't know which they are, because I can't do either. I have some made by friends, and some I've bought at craft shows, and I'd love to win one of yours! I enjoy your blog--I was born and raised in Illinois.
- April 26, 2012 at 9:05 PM
Hi Suzanne...I have always used dish rags. I never knew that there was anything else to use, until I got older :>). I love the home made ones and buy them whenever I have a chance. I would love to add a couple of yours to my collection. I try to buy from my blogger friends when I can. Take care and keep being creative. Enjoy your blog very much. I am Bella Della's mom :>).
- April 26, 2012 at 11:03 PM
- Jayne Honnold said...
I prefer dishrags, and have used the knitted/crocheted ones. They are wonderful! I need to learn this skill...could be making my own!
- April 27, 2012 at 8:23 AM
- Ruta M. said...
I use both a scrubber sponge and a nylon brush. A recent tv 'cleaning' programme showed that a washing sponge has more nasty bacteria than a toilet seat. That did horrify me. I've never tried using a cotton cloth which at least you could boil to kill off the bacteria though as my husband says we don't seem to have suffered from all those germs.
- April 27, 2012 at 10:52 AM
- Melissa Jo - mjp photography said...
I love these, my hubby's grandmother made me some many years ago, but they've worn out. Blessings to you~
- April 28, 2012 at 9:55 AM
- dara said...
dish rags! I love the feel of them so much more than a sponge.
- May 1, 2012 at 2:33 AM


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(AP) — The New Year is bringing new savings for families visiting the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield.
Families who download a special coupon found on Facebook will pay a $10 admission fee for the whole family.
The deal is valid every Sunday for the month of January.
Officials say the family must consist of at least one parent and can include any number of directly related children.
The normal price of admission is $12 per adult and $6 per child.
Museum visitors can see one of the museum's permanent exhibit galleries, "The Tide Turns," which features a section on the 13th Amendment. That's the official act that abolished slavery and the central issue in the recently released "Lincoln" film.


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With mobile device usage continuing to grow, it's no surprise many customer relationship management (CRM) users now access their system on these devices. For example, according to our research, nearly 48 percent of respondents access their CRM software on smartphones, while 45 percent use tablets.
To meet the needs of these on-the-go workers, many CRM vendors now offer mobile-compatible systems. While some of this software is accessible via the Internet and optimized for mobile browsers, other vendors meet the demand by offering native mobile apps. In this guide, we'll provide an overview of this mobile CRM technology. Here's what we'll cover:
Types of Mobile CRM Software
Popular Functionality of Native Mobile CRM Apps
Benefits of Mobile CRM Software
Web-Based: These are browser-based applications, allowing users to access the CRM system via the mobile device's Web browser. For this reason, Web apps don't usually require any software installation, and can be accessed from most mobile devices.
Because the system is accessible from anywhere with an Internet connection, all users always have access to the latest versions of documents and important information. On the downside, Web apps generally only work when there is an existing Internet connection, and cannot make use of other features of the mobile device (the GPS or camera, for example).
Native Apps: Native mobile CRM apps are designed to run on a specific mobile device operating system (i.e., iOS or Android).
Because they aren't dependent on a data connection, native apps can run offline, and usually run faster than Web apps. However, these apps may not be designed to work on all devices, and some limit functionality to a few core capabilities. (See our guides on iPad and Android CRM for more information about solutions optimized to run on specific operating systems.)
Generally, businesses should look for a mobile CRM system that is responsive, synchronizes well with the primary cloud-based CRM system in use and loads quickly. Whether accessed through a browser-based or native app, businesses should look for a system that offers the functionality staff need most often when away from their desks.
Because the activities professionals perform in the field are often different from those done in the office, native mobile CRM apps may only offer the features most likely to be used in remote environments. This helps streamline the mobile experience for on-the-go users.
Here are some examples of common tools for native mobile CRM apps:
|Contact management
|Provides end-to-end management of clients, contacts and prospects and offers comprehensive contact history tracking.
|Activity logging
|Offers ways to document and share activities with others, as well as ways to store them for future reference and retrieval.
|Schedule and task management
|Provides the means for coordinating and managing calendars, creating to-do lists and assigning tasks to team members.
|Account locator
|Enables users to find nearby leads, contacts and opportunities and optimizes routes using the mobile device's GPS-enabled maps.
|Pipeline push notifications
|Sends notifications to sales representatives when the status of an opportunity in the pipeline changes.
|Sales content management
|Provides users with the ability to access and share frequently used sales content, such as product information, price lists, contract documents and sales presentations.
|Sales orders
|Automatically creates, processes and routes sales orders made in the field.
There are many benefits that come from having mobile access to a CRM system. These include:
Our service is simple and 100% free to customers like you because software vendors pay us when we connect them with quality leads. You save time and get great advice. Vendors get great referrals. It's a win for everyone!


text: Lycoming College names Dr. Kent C. Trachte as 15th president November 19, 2012 Download Image: Web The Lycoming College Board of Trustees has selected Dr. Kent C. Trachte as the College's 15th president, effective July 1, 2013. He is dean of the College at Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pa. Trachte succeeds Dr. James E. Douthat, who will retire in June after nearly a quarter-century at the helm of the College. The appointment was announced by Peter Lynn, board chair. To see video from this announcement, click here. To see photos from the event, click here. "We welcome Dr. Trachte to the presidency of Lycoming College," Lynn said. "His deep understanding and belief in the benefits and importance of a liberal arts and sciences education have prepared him well to lead Lycoming. He has a proven ability to translate the mission and vision of an institution into both strategic and effective actions. The members of the board look forward to working with him as he leads the College community in ways to further enhance the College's mission, reputation and service to its students. We also extend a very warm welcome to Dr. Trachte's wife, Dr. Sharon Trachte." "I am humbled and honored by my selection as the 15th president of Lycoming College," Trachte said. "I look forward to building upon the leadership of President Douthat and his many accomplishments during the past 24 years. Lycoming College can approach the next phase of its history from a position of strength that lies in the excellence of its students, the distinction of its faculty, the dedication of its administrative staff and alumni, the commitment of its board of trustees and the prudence with which its finances have been managed. I anticipate deepening the educational excellence embodied in the 'Lyco' experience and moving the College toward even greater recognition." Trachte earned a B.A. in government from Dartmouth College, an M.A. in international relations from the University of Kentucky and a Ph.D. in political science from Binghamton University. He taught political science at several institutions prior to being named dean of freshmen at Franklin and Marshall College. As dean of freshmen, he collaborated with members of the faculty to create a highly successful first-year residential seminar program. In 2003, Trachte became dean of the College. During his term as dean, he worked with faculty, students and administrative colleagues to build F and M's distinctive College House System, promote internationalization of the campus, and deepen and extend the College's commitment to civic engagement. Trachte has also led initiatives that have helped Franklin & Marshall become a more diverse and inclusive campus, including serving as liaison to the Posse Foundation. He also oversaw greater integration of athletics and recreation into the fabric of campus life. Finally, he raised major gifts in support of the College House Commons, athletic facilities, summer study abroad, a leadership program, and F and M's Life After College Success Program. Trachte and his wife, who holds a Ph.D. in French literature, have one son. He and his wife live in New York state, where he practices law. Lynn, a 1969 Lycoming alumnus, praised the work of those involved in the search process. The 16-person search committee was comprised of trustees, faculty, staff, students and alumni. It recommended four final candidates to the board of trustees, after concluding its review of a nationwide pool of more than 80 applicants. Lynn also expressed the board's gratitude for President Douthat's service to the College. During his tenure, Lycoming's academic profile was raised to that of a national liberal arts and sciences college, and its overall financial position was significantly strengthened, as illustrated by the growth of the endowment from less than $19 million to $165 million. He also praised Emily Douthat as a committed partner and an exemplary volunteer on behalf of the College. Lycoming College is a four-year residential liberal arts and sciences school dedicated to the undergraduate education of 1,400 students. Located near the banks of the Susquehanna River in Williamsport, Pa., the College fosters academic rigor, a supportive faculty and successful student outcomes. It offers 36 academic majors and is recognized as a Tier 1 educational institution by U.S. News and World Report. Founded in 1812, Lycoming is one of the 50 oldest colleges in the nation.