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Our Biology Major demands comprehensive exposure to the entire field yet allows the flexibility to emphasize your particular interest. You may concentrate your studies in environmental biology, laboratory research, and secondary education in biology or graduate or professional school preparation. Students on a research track have the opportunity to publish a paper by their senior year. Research areas include studies in cell growth, DNA expression, botany, parasitology and recombinant DNA technology. Biology also offers a prep class for those interested in taking the GRE exam for graduate school admission.
Greenville professors are committed to providing an academic learning environment that allows you to thrive and grow into a highly competent professional. Course work is rigorous and you'll take the same courses as those designed for majors in each of the science disciplines. There are no abbreviated courses simply to meet minimum professional-school requirements. Our faculty takes a personal interest in all our students, both in and out of the classroom and will help you personally figure out your career plans. In fact, over the past 10 years, 85 - 90% of our students who applied to Medical School were admitted.
You will be encouraged to explore the ethical and moral implications of modern technology and you'll be challenged to respond to these issues in a thoughtful and Christ-like manner.
The Sciences at Greenville College offer "big school" opportunities in an intimate environment. Over 70% of all recent science graduates attend graduate school or gained employment related to their major in the first year. All full-time professors in the division of Science have a doctorate in their respective discipline.
And the Greenville University community produces some pretty amazing stories of transformation, character, and service. Learn more »


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Taylorsville man has been arrested and charged with assaulting a woman who was found lying on the side of Mount Eden Road 11 days ago.
Mark L. Bruner, 38, is lodged at the Shelby County Detention Center, charged with first-degree assault of Denisse Escareno.
Escareno, 24, of Shelbyville has not awakened and has remained in critical condition at the University of Louisville Hospital since she was taken there after being discovered on the afternoon of Nov. 5 by passersby about two miles south of Interstate 64.
One of the people who found her described her horrific condition including puncture wounds in her legs, and until now it was thought that those injuries were caused by a severe beating.
But Shelby County Police Det. Eric Hettinger said Tuesday that at least part of her horrendous wounds were caused when she jumped from a moving vehicle to escape from what was going on in the car.
"They didn't know each other; he just offered her a ride," Hettinger said, adding that Bruner had cooperated with the investigation. "He stabbed her twice in the vehicle, and she jumped out."
Hettinger said Escareno was not robbed, and there was no evidence that she was sexually assaulted.
She was transported to Jewish Hospital Shelbyville and from there airlifted to UofL.
Hettinger said the arrest came after some tips from the public and some good police work by deputies.
Bruner offered no resistance when taken into custody at 2:50 p.m. Tuesday afternoon at his home in Taylorsville.
Family members of Escareno could not be reached for comment, but her aunt, Krissi Tipton, who spoke to a reporter last week, expressed gratitude on her Facebook page to law enforcement for apprehending a suspect.
"Thank you, Jesus, for allowing them to catch that SOB that hurt my girl!!!" she wrote.
She had told The Sentinel-Newslast week that Escareno has shown some slight improvement had not regained consciousness.
Her updates on her condition on her Facebook page said that is still the case. She continues to ask for prayers for Escareno's recovery.
A cousin, Sharon Cutshaw-Miles, wrote, "It's the courtroom where justice fails. Let's hope and pray this Bruner guy doesn't walk."
Hettinger said the charge of first-degree assault could change if Escareno's condition changes for the worse. He added Bruner is the only suspect in the case.
Bruner's bond had not been established as of early Tuesday evening.
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Jade Diamond -Table Runners
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Our Table Runners are handpainted, cut, stitched and packaged with love in our Muizenberg studio. Table Runners make ideal gifts and are suitable when you have a beautiful table and do not want to hide the table or you simply want to add a splash of colour to your home.
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Rule #1 - Be Patient - Rule #2 - Don't ask when, if you don't contribute - Rule #3 - You have coding skills - LinuxMCE's small brother is available: http://www.agocontrol.com
Make sure you are using a null modem cable/adapter (cross over cable).Tim
Or check the pin outs with a continuity tester.
How did you get it going? Any details?


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"We want to become more involved and have it culminate with a children's costume contest at REBA," Stephens said, noting the event will be a fundraiser for San Diego Food Bank.
The End of Summer Fire Run, a four-mile run/walk fundraiser between La Jolla and Pacific Beach benefiting the San Diego Fire-Rescue Foundation will be Aug. 24 from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. from Prospect and Girard Street to Mission Boulevard and Felspar Street. For more information on the race, which costs between $35 and $48 to enter, call (619) 298-7400 or visit www.kathyloperevents.com-/firerun4m.
Naming rights are available for about 15 community benches available for "adoption" at a discounted rate of $2,500, which covers the plaque and five years of maintenance.


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(Wired.com) -- Editorial cartoonist Mark Fiore may be good enough to win this year's Pulitzer Prize, but he's evidently too biting to get past the auditors who run Apple's iPhone app store, who ruled that lampooning public figures violated its terms of service.
Fiore irked Apple's censorious staffers with his cartoons making fun of the Balloon Boy hoax and the pair that famously crashed a White House party, according to Laura McGann at the Neiman Journalism Lab.
Fiore won a Pulitzer Monday for animations he made for the SFGate, the online home of the San Francisco Chronicle. But Fiore, a freelancer who runs a syndication business, was rejected by Apple in December for an app called NewToons that features his work.
According to a December 21 e-mail reprinted by Neiman, Apple rejected his app because it "contains content that ridicules public figures and is in violation of Section 3.3.14 from the iPhone Developer Program License Agreement which states: Applications may be rejected if they contain content or materials of any kind (text, graphics, images, photographs, sounds, etc.) that in Apple's reasonable judgment may be found objectionable, for example, materials that may be considered obscene, pornographic, or defamatory."
Neither Fiore nor Apple responded to requests for comment.
The news of the rejection comes not long after Apple decided to purge its app store of content that included nudity, a retroactive ban that included apps from respected German publications such as Bild and Der Spiegel.
Fiore's rejection may be especially disconcerting to news and media organizations, many of which are betting heavily on iPad apps as a way to get users to pay to read magazines and newspapers, and to get advertisers to pay print-ad prices for online content. (Online ads cost a small percentage of what ads in glossy magazines cost, in no small part because the net has almost infinite advertising space.)
Apple has built a little slab of Disneyland with its iPad, which is meant to be an experience unsullied by provocative or crude material. It's beautiful and enticing -- the company has already sold more than a half million of them in the first two weeks it's been available -- but it's not the real world.
Publishers, including such august organizations such as The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and Wired.com's parent company Condé Nast, see a solution to their declining dead-tree ad sales in building a pay-to-play attraction in that park. But they need to understand that to do so, they have to play by Mickey Mouse's rules.
The signs have been there from the start, as Wired.com's Brian Chen pointed out in February. Apple banned an e-book reading application once because it figured out that iPhone users could use it to read a free version of the Kama Sutra. Then last week, Apple abruptly banned apps developed using programs that translate apps into multiple platforms.
Adding the news of Fiore's ban to that, the publishing world is now officially on notice that the iPad is Apple's, and unlike with their print and web editions, they don't have the final say when it comes to their own content on an Apple device.
Subscribe to WIRED magazine for less than $1 an issue and get a FREE GIFT! Click here!
Copyright 2011 Wired.com.


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by Eileen Goltz, Kosher Food Writer, Lecturer and Author, Perfectly Pareve Cookbook
At some point during Pesach preparations we've all tried to convert a main stream recipe into a Pesach one only to discover that we don't have a clue as to what to substitute for a chometz ingredient. This panic moment is why I started compiling my COMPLETE LIST OF PESACH SUBSTITUTES.
1 oz. baking chocolate (unsweetened chocolate) = 3 tablespoon unsweetened cocoa powder plus 1 tablespoon oil or melted margarine
16 oz. semi-sweet chocolate = 6 tablespoon unsweetened cocoa powder plus 1/4 cup oil and 7 tablespoon granulated sugar
14 oz. sweet chocolate (German-type) = 3 tablespoon unsweetened cocoa powder plus 2 2/3 tablespoon oil and 4 1/2 tablespoon granulated sugar
1 cup confectioners' sugar = 1 cup granulated sugar minus 1 tablespoon sugar plus 1 tablespoon potato starch pulsed in a food processor or blender
1 cup sour milk or buttermilk for dairy baking = 1 tablespoon lemon juice in a 1 cup measure, then fill to 1 cup with Passover nondairy creamer. Stir and steep 5 minutes
Butter in baking/cooking-use parve Passover margarine in equal amounts. Reduce salt.
1 cup honey = 1 1/4 cups granulated sugar plus 1/4 cup water
1 cup molasses =1 cup honey (and vice versa) now that the flavor will be different.
1 cup corn syrup = 1 1/4 cups granulated sugar plus 1/3 cup water, boiled until syrupy
1 cup vanilla sugar = 1 cup granulated sugar with 1 split vanilla bean left for at least 24 hours in a tightly covered jar
1 cup marshmallow cream/ 2.5 ounces =8 large marshmallows or 1 cup miniature marshmallows
1 cup of flour, substitute 5/8 cup matzo cake meal or potato starch, or a combination sifted together
1 tablespoon flour = 1/2 tablespoon potato starch
1 cup corn starch = 7/8 cup potato starch
1 teaspoon cream of tartar= 1 1/2 teaspoon lemon juice or 1 1/2 teaspoon vinegar
1 cup graham cracker crumbs = 1 cup ground cookies or soup nuts plus 1 teaspoon cinnamon
1 cup bread crumbs = 1 cup matzo meal
1 cup matzo meal = 3 matzo ground in a food processor
1 cup matzo cake meal = 1 cup plus 2 tablespoon matzo meal finely ground in a blender or food processor and sifted
3 crumbled matzo = 2 cups matzo farfel
Chicken fat or gribenes = 2 caramelized onions, Saute 2 sliced onions in 2 tablespoon oil and 2 tablespoons sugar. Cook until onions are soft and golden, then puree.
1 cup milk (for baking) = 1 cup water plus 2 tablespoon margarine, or 1/2 cup fruit juice plus 1/2 cup water
1 1/4 cup sweetened condensed milk =1 cup instant nonfat dry milk, 2/3 cup sugar, 1/3 cup boiling water and 3 tablespoons margarine. Blend all the ingredients until smooth. To thicken, let set in the refrigerator for 24 hours.
For frying: Instead of chicken fat, use combination of olive oil or vegetable oil and 1 to 2 tablespoons parve Passover margarine.
Eggs: Passover egg substitutes don't work quite as well as the chometz egg substitutes. For kugels, matzo balls, fried matzo and some cakes the recipes will probably be ok. However, if you want to avoid them, add one extra egg white and 1/2 teaspoon of vegetable oil for each yolk eliminated when baking. Use only egg whites as the dipping to coat and fry meats.
Italian Seasoning= 1/4 teaspoon EACH dried oregano leaves, dried marjoram leaves and dried basil leaves plus 1/8 teaspoon rubbed dried sage. This can be substituted for 1 1/2 teaspoons Italian seasoning.
Seasoned Rice Wine Vinegar= 3 tablespoons white vinegar, 1 tablespoon white wine, 1 tablespoon sugar, 1/2 teaspoon salt. Mix to combine. Makes 1/4 cup
Rice vinegar = 3 tablespoons lime juice plus 2 teaspoons sugar
Cider vinegar = 2 tablespoons lemon juice plus 1 tablespoon orange
Water Chestnuts = substitute raw jicama
Orange liqueur = substitute an equal amount of frozen orange juice concentrate
Chili sauce 1 cup = 1 cup tomato sauce, 1/4 cup brown sugar, 2 tablespoon vinegar, 1/4 teaspoon cinnamon, dash of ground cloves and dash of allspice
Eileen Goltz is a freelance kosher food writer who was born and raised in the Chicago area. She graduated from Indiana University and the Cordon Bleu Cooking School in Paris. She lectures on various food-related topics for various newspapers, magazines and websites across the U.S., Canada, and South Africa as well as the OU Shabbat Shalom Website. She is the author of the Perfectly Pareve Cookbook (Feldheim) and is a contributing writer for the Chicken Soup for the Soul Book Group, Chicago Sun Times, Detroit Free Press and Woman's World Magazine. You can visit Eileen's blog at CuisinebyEileen.com. If anyone has any other substitutions that they would like to share, please email Eileen at email@example.com or at her blog cuisinebyeileen.wordpress.com.


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Definitions of trine
a. - Threefold; triple; as, trine dimensions, or length, breadth, and thickness. 2
n. - The aspect of planets distant from each other 120 degrees, or one third of the zodiac; trigon. 2
n. - A triad; trinity. 2
v. t. - To put in the aspect of a trine. 2
The word "trine" uses 5 letters: E I N R T.
Direct anagrams of trine:
inert inter niter nitre
Words formed by adding one letter before or after trine (in bold), or to einrt in any order:
a - ratine retain retina c - cretin d - rident tinder trined e - entire retine triene g - engirt h - hinter i - tinier k - reknit tinker l - linter m - minter remint n - intern tinner o - norite orient tonier p - pterin s - estrin inerts insert inters niters nitres sinter triens trines t - retint tinter u - triune uniter v - invert w - twiner winter y - nitery
Shorter words found within trine:
en er ern et in ire it ne net nit nite re rei rein rent ret rin rite ten tern ti tie tier tin tine tire
List shorter words within trine, sorted by length
Words formed from any letters in trine, plus an optional blank or existing letter
List all words starting with trine, words containing trine or words ending with trine
All words formed from trine by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: tr ri in ne
Browse words starting with trine by next letter
Previous word in list: trindling
Next word in list: trined
Some random words: ovular enmesh mooing wrack via feal cage
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Seth Meyers on the Steroid Era of storms.
Seth Meyers just nails it with regards to Hurricane Sandy, albeit in front of an empty studio - what with the superstorm, and all. Here's the full quote:
None of the debates did they mention climate change. And I feel like every six months the worst thing that's ever happend in the world happens weather-wise. And I feel like we're going to look back on this time the way baseball fans in the 90s were like "No, nobody's using steroids."
We are in the Steroid Era of storms and yet there are more people in Congress who probably think this is because, like, gays are marrying… Than the fact that the world is just dying.
Read more on Sandy & climate change at SciAm and the NYT.


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Mini Reviews (February 2008)
Killing Zelda Sparks, Eye of the Beast, Definitely, Maybe, Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day, Charlie Bartlett, Semi-Pro
Killing Zelda Sparks is an effectively acted yet otherwise interminable piece of work that bears all the marks of filmmaker in over his head, as director Jeff Glickman has infused the proceedings with a number of progressively ostentatious cinematic tricks that are ultimately more of a distraction than anything else. The overtly quirky dialogue within Josh Ben Friedman's screenplay only exacerbates matters, and the end result is a limp thriller that hardly manages to hold the viewer's interest for even a fraction of its mercifully brief running time. The needlessly convoluted storyline follows two high school friends (Vincent Kartheiser's Craig and Geoffrey Arend's Terry) as they reunite a decade later and consequently plot their revenge against the sultry vixen (Sarah Carter's Zelda Sparks) who tormented them way back when. Friedman's efforts to build suspense and develop the characters prove fruitless, as the unreasonably deliberate pace all but assures that most viewers will check out long before the admittedly eventful third act rolls around (ie the payoff isn't even remotely worth the seemingly endless buildup). Kartheiser's engaging (albeit undeniably over-the-top) performance remains the one bright spot within the movie, although there's little doubt that his extraordinarily fake-looking wig often prevents one from taking his character completely seriously (and let's not even get into the ridiculous moustache he sports during a few flashbacks).
out of
Though saddled with a microscopic budget and an admittedly silly premise, Eye of the Beast generally comes off as a surprisingly entertaining little monster movie that benefits substantially from some unexpectedly above-average performances. The film kicks off with a tongue-in-cheek sequence in which a hapless teen couple is attacked by an unseen creature (the assault is, of course, preceded by the words "what was that noise?"), with the remainder of the proceedings devoted to aquatic scientist Dan Leland's (James Van Der Beek) efforts at solving the mystery of the enormous underwater assailant. Director Gary Yates effectively makes the most of the film's low-rent production values by taking the emphasis off of the monster and placing instead it on the problems of the various characters, which - thanks primarily to efforts of lead actors Van Der Beek, Alexandra Castillo, and Arne MacPherson - ultimately ensures that Eye of the Beast comes off as a cut above the usual straight-to-video creature feature. That being said, there's no denying that the film does suffer from a fairly saggy midsection - as screenwriter Mark Mullin plays up the conflict between the film's feuding native and white communities. Such sequences sporadically feel as though they'd be more at home within an entirely different movie, yet - as the characters are forced to put aside their differences to fight a common enemy - Yates does a nice job of infusing the third act with precisely the sort of action and suspense that one might've expected from such a premise (this is despite the rather underwhelming effects used to finally bring the titular beast to life).
Though filmmaker Adam Brooks does deserve kudos for attempting something different within the romantic-comedy genre, Definitely, Maybe ultimately doesn't fare much better than its mediocre brethren - with the almost unreasonably overlong running time certainly the film's most overt failing. Brooks' efforts at infusing the movie with a smarter sensibility than a typical romcom ensures that, at the very least, the whole thing is almost always entertaining, and there's little doubt that the uniformly compelling performances effectively sustain the viewer's interest even through a few less-than-enthralling patches. Ryan Reynolds stars as Will Hayes, a young father who agrees to tell his daughter (Abigail Breslin's Maya) how he met and fell in love with her mother - though he decides to complicate matters by including two other women in the story (Elizabeth Banks, Isla Fisher, and Rachel Weisz play the ladies in Will's life). The deliberate pace at which Definitely, Maybe moves proves to be an ideal fit for the material, as Brooks smartly takes his time in allowing things to unfold - with the end result a film that's been populated with a number of unusually well-developed characters. And while the off-beat structure does set Definitely, Maybe apart from other romantic comedies (A Lot Like Love, the 2005 Ashton Kutcher/Amanda Peet romance, being one notable exception), Brooks' mid-movie use of a fairly hackneyed plot device ensures that most viewers will be able to figure out the identity of Will's ultimate choice far sooner than one might've liked. Nevertheless, Definitely, Maybe generally remains an affable effort that surely proves Reynolds has what it takes to tackle more leading-man roles in the future.
Given the degree to which Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day is initially unable to hold the viewer's interest, it really is quite remarkable just how compelling and flat-out entertaining the film ultimately becomes. Director Bharat Nalluri's early efforts at infusing the proceedings with the energy of a '30s screwball comedy fall entirely flat, with the almost oppressively stagy atmosphere and conspicuous lack of plot certainly not doing the proceedings any favors. It's only with the inclusion of a few admittedly conventional elements - ie the whole thing eventually morphs into a fairly standard romantic comedy - that the story finally starts to hook the viewer, and there does reach a point at which one is essentially won over by the increasingly likeable characters. Frances McDormand stars as the title figure, a British governess who reports for work at the home of American performer Delysia Lafosse (Amy Adams) and subsequently finds herself drawn into her employer's various professional and social quandaries. While the frenetic yet wholly ineffective opening half hour of Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day doesn't seem to hold much promise, there's little doubt that the pronounced emphasis on the amorous escapades of both Miss Pettigrew and Delysia slowly but surely breathes some much needed life into an otherwise stale affair. Their romantic entanglements (Miss Pettigrew is wooed by Ciaran Hinds' Joe, while Delysia must choose from three suitors) undeniably save the movie from utter tedium, with the uniformly superb performances ensuring that one can't help but crave a happy ending for the majority of the players (in addition to Adams and McDormand's expectedly stellar work, Ciaran Hinds and Lee Pace offer able support as the pair's love-struck admirers).
Though uneven and overlong, Charlie Bartlett nevertheless establishes itself as one of the most effective high-school comedies to come around in quite some time - with star Anton Yelchin's winning performance certainly playing a key role in the film's success. Charlie Bartlett (Yelchin) is a precocious troublemaker who must use his upper-crust smarts to win over the students at his new school, where he immediately finds himself picked on by an angry bully (Tyler Hilton's Murphy) and generally viewed as a weird outcast. Much to the chagrin of the troubled Principal Gardner (Robert Downey Jr.), Charlie begins doling out prescription drugs as per his newly-created role of school psychiatrist and eventually leads a mini-revolution within the institute's hallowed halls. Screenwriter Gustin Nash initially infuses Charlie Bartlett with a wish-fulfillment sort of vibe that proves impossible to resist, as one can't help but root for Charlie to turn things around for himself (ie Charlie has the kind of high school experience that most people could've only dreamed of). The admittedly gimmicky opening half hour eventually does give way to a more substantive atmosphere, with the emphasis placed on the problems of the various students and also on Charlie's downright charming relationship with a fellow student (Kat Dennings' Susan). In terms of the latter, there's little doubt that the film is often more successful and compelling as a romance than anything else - as neither Charlie nor Susan are portrayed as prototypical teen-movie characters. And while the off-kilter structure employed by Nash does sporadically lend the proceedings an overlong and erratic feel, Charlie Bartlett - buoyed by the uniformly effective performances - ultimately comes off as a breath of fresh air within an exceedingly tired genre.
Impossible as it may seem, Semi-Pro actually fares worse than star Will Ferrell's prior stabs at sports-themed comedies - which, given the presence of such underwhelming efforts as Kicking & Screaming and Blades of Glory within his filmography, is certainly no small feat. Director Kent Alterman - working from Scot Armstrong's hopelessly meandering screenplay - has infused the proceedings with a limp, almost perfunctory vibe that's exacerbated by the almost total lack of laughs, and there does reach a point at which one can't help but shake their head at the relentless needlessness of it all. Set in the mid-'70s, Semi-Pro casts Ferrell as Jackie Moon - a flamboyant basketball-team owner/player who is forced to whip his colleagues into shape after learning that his organization is due to be shut down at the end of the season. It's worth noting that the film works neither as a raucous Ferrell comedy nor as an inspirational ragtag-team-makes-good sports drama, as the free-wheeling (yet wholly uneventful) structure effectively prevents the viewer from entirely connecting with the material (this is despite some fine work from a uniformly game cast, including Woody Harrelson, Will Arnett, and Andy Richter). The dreary visuals and erratic pacing only compound the movie's various problems, and - overlooking an expectedly entertaining cameo from Tim Meadows - Semi-Pro is devoid of positive attributes to such an extent that it's ultimately difficult to imagine even the most hardcore Ferrell fan walking away satisfied.


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Thanks, this is awesome of you! I just posted one for a $25 Starbucks Gift Card!
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My Giveaway: 2 People will each win Bath&Body Works- 1 Mini Candle and 2 Anti-Bacterial HandGels!
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"A Christmas Tori"
Season 3, Episode 1
|Air Date
December 3, 2011
Dan Schneider & Warren Bell
Steve Hoefer
|Episode Guide
The episode starts in the classroom; the Hollywood Arts students are celebrating the holidays, and the school is decorated for the occasion. André and Tori enter, and André is freaking out because of a bad grade he got on a Christmas song he wrote for a class. He explains to the class that he got a D for the first time ever. After that, Jade jokes around about her cup size. Before he can continue, Sinjin comes in to tell Sikowitz his Secret Santa assignment. Sikowitz is upset to find out that he will have to give a gift to Sinjin's sister, who he thinks is a weirdo. He asks to trade with someone, however the gang says they didn't sign up because they shouldn't have to give gifts to "random people they don't care about." Sikowitz, believing that they need to get in the holiday spirit, tells them that they will all be required to participate. Everyone must get creative and special gifts for each other, and the one who gives the worst present will be forced to go door-to-door Christmas Yodeling with Sikowitz.
Beck is Robbie's Secret Santa - he brings Robbie's old bully to school as his gift because Robbie has been talking about wanting to get things straight with the bully, Christy Vic-Harris. André is Beck's Secret Santa and catches him the cricket that had been keeping him up at night in his RV, but Beck gives it to Sikowitz, who gives it to his Secret Santa, Courtney Van Cleef. Cat is Jade's Secret Santa and buys her a new pair of scissors from a scary movie. Robbie is Cat's Secret Santa and gets her a cotton candy cart and a man that follows her around for a week, which she loves and thanks him by giving him a big hug and a kiss on the cheek. Jade is Tori's Secret Santa and gives her an idea on what to give André.
Tori is André's secret Santa, but has no idea what to get him. At first, she makes him a miniature ceramic guitar, but she decides it's not good enough after seeing Robbie's gift for Cat. Then, Jade gives Tori the idea to do her own take on André's song, which he got a D on, as her gift, along with Cat. Hoping to impress the teacher, Anthony, and show him that Andre's song is worth a better grade, they perform the song (It's Not Christmas Without You) at school. Eventually, André joins in and sings with them as well. André's music teacher gives him an A after hearing the song.
In the end, Sikowitz said that everyone gave good presents, and that he was the one who gave the worst one, so he goes Christmas yodeling with strangers.
Trina gets a giant Christmas tree for the Vega house, which is so big she has to climb it to get the star on. She asks Robbie for help decorating it, even though she says she still hates him.
Subplot 2
Beck can't sleep well due to a noisy cricket in his RV, so he keeps drinking a lot of coffee to stay awake, and it causes him to get jittery. Eventually, André manages to capture the cricket as Beck's secret Santa present.
- Beck has a similar outfit that Spencer Shay from the Nickelodeon show iCarly wore in the episode "iTake On Dingo."
- This is the first episode of Victorious where they celebrate a holiday.
- This is the 5th time Tori's name has been used in the title of an episode.
- The name of the episode, "A Christmas Tori", is a reference to the classic Christmas movie, "A Christmas Story" (1983).
- This is the second time that Tori, Jade, Cat,and André perform together. First being All I Want Is Everything in Locked Up.
- This is the first episode of Victorious to feature more than one writer (though Blooptorious comes before it production-wise).
- Tori said that she made the small guitar for Andre at Color Me Pot. Color Me Pot was mentioned before on Dan's other show, iCarly (in the episode iDon't Want to Fight). Color Me Pot is a parody of "Color Me Mine."
- There is a clash of who gave the most expensive gift; it is thought to be between Robbie or Cat.
- In iParty With Victorious, Beck says that nothing scares him, whereas in this episode, Sikowitz unknowingly makes Beck scared from being asleep, proving that some things do scare him, or at least startle him.
- Trina gets a new hair colour.
- Tori's hair got a little darker.
- Jade's hairdo is slightly different
- This episode was filmed the week of October 3–7, 2011.
- Jade's highlights are now green, and they were originally blue in Season 2. And she wears less dark make-up.
- In most episodes, Beck serves as the straight man; in this particular episode, he's the comic.
- Tori is wearing glasses in this episode again.
- Ending tagline: Jade: "Beg me."
- This is the first time it was notified Sinjin is not an only child. He has a sister named Courtney whose secret Santa was Sikowitz.
- "Grunge" was first used by Rex for Trina in the episode Tori Tortures Teacher, and a variation of the word was used in this, "Grunch" which is a play on "Grinch", or possibly, even "Grouch", as both the Grinch and Oscar the Grouch are grouchy characters who hate Christmas.
- From Dec. 3rd to Dec. 10th this episode was #1 on iTunes Kids.
- If you look closely at the whiteboard behind Sikowitz in the beginning of the episode you'll see "Cat and Jade's Christmas Carol Classic This Saturday at The Henry Smith Theater" written on it. View the picture here.
- Andre's locker is decorated with Christmas wrapping paper instead of a keyboard.
- Mr. Busey could be a reference to actor Gary Busey.
- Larry Stein and Mr. Busey can be seen Christmas Yodeling with Sikowitz in the last scene.
- In the episode, the gang all give each other Christmas gifts for a secret-Santa program. The gifts they give each other are:
- From Beck to Robbie: The chance to tell off his old bully and possibly date her.
- From Robbie to Cat: A cotton candy machine & maker to follow her around for a week.
- From Cat to Jade: Actual scissors from the movie, 'The Scissoring'.
- From Jade to Tori: An idea of what to get André for a secret-Santa gift.
- From Tori to André: A performance of his Christmas song to his teacher, resulting in an "A".
- From André to Beck: Capturing the cricket keeping that's been keeping Beck awake all night.
- From Sikowitz to Courtney Van Cleef: A used cricket (taken from Beck).
- Trina is the only one with an unknown secret Santa.
- Jade's present to Tori is the only non-physical present and indirectly, it's a gift to Andre, since the performance changes his grade back to an A.
- Beck "lost" his present from Andre.
- This is the second time a song was given as a gift, the first being Tori singing You're The Reason to Trina in The Birthweek Song.
- As of this episode, there's a new opening. Nothing changed except it focuses on season 3 episodes.
- This was the fastest episode of Victorious to air in South East Asia, airing twenty days after the U.S. premiere.
- This episode aired again on Saturday, March 24th (the day April Fools' Blank aired, which is far out of the time of the holiday season) at 4:30 PM EST. However, it is usually only shown on TV in December because it is a Christmas episode.
- This episode aired in South East Asia even if there were nine Season 2 episodes left to air.
- Jade says, "starting with the pretty girl" and looks at Tori. This indirectly implies that Cat is not pretty or Jade's way of showing her strong dislike for Tori again.
- Though it is filmed as part of season 3, this episode is aired as part of season 2, making it the 13th episode for season 2.
- In reality taking any kind of weapon to school can lead to suspension, expulsion or even arrest (as Trina and Tori's father is a police officer) as scissors can often be mistaken for weapons.
- For Ariana Grande's credit in this episode, a shot from this episode and a shot from Blooptorious were shown. This is the only episode that used those two shots for Ariana Grande's credit.
- The Scissoring mentioned in this episode is highly controversial because it references the sexual position.
- Robbie is celebrating Christmas in this episode. However, he is Jewish so he should be celebrating Hanukkah instead of Christmas (Although some Jews celebrate Christmas as well and he may not be a strict follower).
- Sikowitz texted all the students their secret Santa assignments, meaning he had all their cell phone numbers. In a lot of normal schools, this would not be allowed. But keep in mind that Hollywood Arts isn't a "normal" school.
- Jade said that the cricket has been keeping Beck awake for over a month. A month without sleep is extremely unhealthy and potentially fatal. Granted, he seems to be catching up on his lost sleep in class.
- At the end of the song, Beck is shown. But then he disappears for the remainder of the episode.
Running Gags
- Cat's brother's disgusting Christmas beef causing people to "be a mess".
- Someone saying "Ho ho" with another person saying "Ho" in response.
Robbie: Ho, ho, and ho!
Cat: Hi, hi, and HI!
Cat: I do love short pants.
Jade: Yeah. Guess what I love?
Cat: What?
Jade: Slapping perky red-heads.
Cat: Hahahaha... [plays with her hair and is shocked and scared when she realizes Jade is referring to her.]
Robbie: Ho ho ho! And... jingle bells. [André reaches for Robbie's chair.]
Tori: No no, André, don't do it, don't- [He knocks the chair over and Robbie falls to the floor.] Oh, you did it.
Jade: I bet that jingled his bells.
Beck: [after Jade yells next to him] Hey! Hey... (sighs) You woke me up.
Sikowitz: (sarcastically) Oh, sorry Beck! Certainly wouldn't want to keep you awake during my class!
Beck: Thanks, you're the best. (goes back to sleep)
Sikowitz: Why Becky so sleepy?
Tori: You bought a tree?
Trina: Yarp.
Jade: Why do I have to-
Beck: [hyperly cutting her off] He said he's not gonna change it, so just deal with it, why don't you just deal with it, why don't you just deal with it?!
Sikowitz: [holding Beck] His heart is vibrating. How much coffee have you drunk?
Beck: A lot, like a lot, I don't know like maybe seven cups, a lot! Is there a problem?
Jade: He's drinking coffee to stay awake at school cause of the stupid cricket that's keeping him up every night.
Beck: [bouncy] LOTTA COFFEE.
Jade: Look, I don't wanna be Tori's secret Santa.
Sikowitz: Too bad. [runs away]
Jade: Stop bouncing!
Beck: I can't help it!
Tori:: Hey Trina, Trina!
Trina: What?
Tori: You wanna see what I got André for his secret Santa gift?
Trina: No.
Tori: Look! It's a little ceramic guitar. I made it at Color-Me-Pot!
Trina: I thought Sikowitz said that your secret Santa gifts have to be really special and creative.
Tori: He did.
Trina: Well, that's ugly. And useless.
Trina: I'm embarrased for you *walking away*
Tori: That was mean *jazzy- accent*
Robbie: (excited) You bought me a girl?!
Jade: (Opening the present Cat gave her) Oh my God, Cat you did not!
Cat: *squeals*
Beck: (confused) Scissors?
Jade: (snapping) They're special scissors!
Beck: (mutters) Okay.
Cat:They're from a real movie!
Jade: I can not believe you got me these!
Tori: What movie were they used in?
Jade: The Scissoring.
Tori: Wait, that one about the girl who comes back from the dead and uses a pair of scissors on her two best friends?
Beck: Yep.
Jade: (Twirling her scissors around her finger and looking at Tori) Starting with the pretty girl...
Tori: I'm André's secret Santa, and I have like no clue what to give him.
Cat: Just get him a present!
Beck: (mutters) My God.
Jade: Two words.
Beck: I bet they won't be helpful.
Jade: Your problem.
Beck: I was right.
Tori: You're my Secret Santa?
Jade: Ho ho.
Tori: (Waves nervously) Ho...
Andre: How does a person go from an A to a D?
Jade: Happened to me in eighth grade.
Secret Santa
Secret Santa is program that Sikowitz organised in this episode. Every student is chosen to give other people a gift without them knowing. Secret Santa has started outside of Hollywood Arts. In this wiki, different users start their own Secret Santa program for other users.
Click here to see the photo gallery for A Christmas Tori.
- DanWarp blog post confirming episode.
- The name of the episode as shown here.


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OUHSC is built upon a rich tradition of innovative curricula and cutting edge research. In addition, OUHSC represents a unique opportunity to attend school surrounded by your future health care colleagues represented in seven different colleges: Allied Health, Dentistry, Graduate, Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy and Public Health.
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Abstract Deadline February 22, 2019
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By Judy Johnson Berna
When Syrian President Bashar al-Assad used chemical weapons on his country's citizens, killing more than 1,400 people, including defenseless children, he crossed a line for most Americans. While there is still much consternation over whether a military response is appropriate and, if so, how we limit our exposure and don't get sucked into another seemingly endless intervention, there seems to be some consensus that the act of gassing innocents in Syria deserves a response.
By Paula Noonan
Jeffco schools Superintendent Cindy Stevenson is traveling across the county to discuss various Jeffco education initiatives. One program, a large information technology pilot project called inBloom, will collect, store and distribute personal student data on off-site Amazon "cloud" servers managed by non-district employees.
Information will include, at least, student ID number, name, address, test scores, demographic information, grades, assessments and some medical information.
By John E. Watson
The mission of the Evergreen Park & Recreation District is to improve the quality of life of the Evergreen community by providing a wide range of excellent, financially responsible park and recreation amenities and programs while maintaining and enhancing the area's mountain character.
After spending two months trying to come up with a single argument that there is any reason for 10 counties in northeast Colorado to form the state of Northern Colorado, I've come up with a reason. It's not particularly compelling, but it's something. They've already got their state university. The university in Greeley is called the University of Northern Colorado.
By Ryan Ward
As I stand fly-fishing in the South Platte River, I feel a spirit come upon me.
At that very moment, Collin Backowski of Pine Junction was buried beneath a block of ice on Mount Hood that was as deadly as it was emblematic of the beauty that life has to offer. What I felt while standing in the river had to have been the light that sustained his being. His desire to explore the unknown took him to that fatal moment, one that literally took his breath away.
After months of conjecture, the shoe finally dropped last week and all but the most notorious of the cheaters from the biogenesis scandal accepted suspensions from Major League Baseball and agreed to sit out the rest of the 2013 regular season. And yet, this resolution leaves me feeling like the integrity of our national pastime is still suspect from at least a couple perspectives.
By Jim Rohrer
I grew up in Ohio where the rivalry with Michigan is taught as a family value. Further, I lived in Michigan, and I witnessed firsthand the difficulty of running a business successfully because the prevailing union mentality focuses on "what's in it for me vs. how can I help my company succeed."
So if I seem to be defending Detroit over its recent bankruptcy, that is not my intention. But I do see some who seem to be delighted that this once great city has had to admit to being broken. It is a very sad event.
During the 1983 session of the Colorado General Assembly, state Rep. Arie Taylor of Denver introduced legislation to prohibit a person from holding more than one elected office at the same time. She was unhappy that Bob Crider was simultaneously serving on both the Denver City Council and the Denver Board of Education. The bill easily passed its first committee vote and appeared headed for passage in the House of Representatives when a freshman legislator from northwest Colorado, Dave Wattenberg, got up to speak.
If there's anything I've learned in the past 40 years of fighting crime, it's that you need to be smarter than the crooks. Lately they've found a new place to prowl — online.
Copyright © 2019
Canyon Courier is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Evergreen, Colo, and the surrounding area.


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The secret lies in the NAND flash chips!
SSDs are a solid choice for your PC as an upgrade or add-on because of their remarkable performance.
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1:00 pm
Ethics In America II "A Better Brain: The Ethics of Neuro-Enhancement" Maria and her daughter Camilla are meeting with several challenges in this difficult time in their lives, from the exhaustion of working two jobs, to the pressure and loneliness of being an average, unpopular kid at school. Yet it appears that some new pharmaceuticals may help each of them.G
2:00 pm
Unfinished Nation "Battle City" South needs support of England and France to win war; North needs to maintain status quo. North needs to win militarily; South needs to avoid defeat. Most of American West removed from fighting. Lee appointed commander of Army of Virginia; takes war into Northern territory. Union forces have parade of generals. Battles extremely costly to both sides; Lincoln uses near victory at Antietam to issue Emancipation Proclamation. Both sides resort to draft.G
2:30 pm
Unfinished Nation "Final Stages" 1863 pivotal year in determining outcome of war. Decisive battles at Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and Chattanooga. Ulysses S. Grant named Commander of Western Theater for Union after victory at Vicksburg. Material superiority of North begins to make a difference. South devastated by Sherman's march through Georgia. Grant and Meade pursue Lee in Virginia in 1864. Vastly outnumbered, Lee holds on behind fortifications at Petersburg; finally surrenders to Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in April of 1865. In military terms, long war is over.G
3:00 pm
Discovering Psychology "Cognitive Neuroscience" Cognitive neuroscience represents the attempt to understand mental processes at the level of the brain's functioning and not merely from information-processing models and theories. It relies heavily on an empirical analysis of what is happening in the brain, and where, when a person thinks, reasons, decides, judges, encodes information, recalls information, learns, and solves problems.G
3:30 pm
Discovering Psychology "Cultural Psychology" This newly emerging field is integrating cross-cultural research with social and personality psychology, anthropology, and other social sciences. Its main new perspective is focused on how cultures construct selves and other central aspects of individual personality, beliefs, values, emotions, and much of what we are and do.G
4:00 pm
DragonflyTV "Planet Earth" Los Angeles rafters learn to read and ride the whitewater as they shoot down American River, exploring the ecology, geology and splashy thrills of the infamous rapids known as Satan's Cesspool. And DRAGONFLY TV spins a new query: how can you prove that the Earth actually rotates around the sun?. D
4:30 pm
Biz Kid$ "Scam-A-Rama (Protect Yourself from Being Scammed)" It's a complicated world and there are many ways you can be taken advantage of or cheated. Learn how to recognize a scam, and how to protect yourself from identify theft, pyramid schemes, and more. D
5:00 pm
The Electric Company "Shrink, Shrank, Shrunk!" Manny has borrowed the Skeleckian Shrinkanator 3002, an invention with the power to shrink anything down to a very small size. When Marcus and Jessica accidentally get shrunk, The Electric Company has to get the Shrinkinator back from Manny to get them back to normal size! This becomes even more difficult when Manny shrinks himself and is nowhere to be found. D
5:30 pm
Cyberchase "Raising The Bar" The main Cybrary is under attack. Hacker, disguised as an exterminator called the Vermin Vexer, has released a mysterious cyberbug that is systematically destroying certain information - but Ms. Fileshare, the overworked Cybrarian, is too busy to notice. When Hacker uses bar graphs to confuse Ms. Fileshare, the kids create bar graphs of their own to counter his contentions. D
6:00 pm
Lidia's Italy In America "Italian American Sandwiches" The Italians love their small Panini, but here in the U.S. those traditional sandwiches took on lives of their own. In this episode, Lidia shows the New Orleans Muffaletta sandwich, the Veal Hamburger Parmiciano from St. D
6:30 pm
Cook's Country from America's Test Kitchen "Italian Favorites Revisited" NULL
7:00 pm
Pati's Mexican Table "Tequila!" This episode puts a twist on tequila by using it in a number of tasty, savory and sweet recipes sure to impress special guests. A noted mixologist shows Pati how to make a unique cocktail, and she uses tequila to ignite a main dish. Ancho Chile and Orange Juice Tequila Chaser (Sangrita); Fresh Jicama and Orange Pico de Gallo; Tequila, Mexican Cream and Chipotle Shrimp; Derek Brown's Cocktail; Coffee Flan with Tequila Whipped Cream. D
7:30 pm
Christina "The Sweetness of Life" With the average American eating 49 pounds of sugar a year and 63 pounds of high fructose corn syrup, I'd say we're losing the battle with our sweet tooth.and the incidence of diabetes is the evidence, along with our rapidly expanding waistlines. In this show, I'll satisfy your desire for sweet without risking your health. D
8:00 pm
This Old House "Essex 2012/13, Design for Everyone" Richard and son Ross Trethewey recap the geothermal system's installation with Norm. Tile installers Mark and Erik Ferrante lay reclaimed marble tile in the foyer and designer Keith Musinski's custom-ordered hand-painted border tile in the kitchen. Kevin learns about universal design touring the Seattle home of architect Emory Baldwin. D
8:30 pm
Rick Steves' Europe "Siena and Assisi: Italy's Grand Hill Towns" Rick tours the innovative medieval hospital in Siena and a bakery that makes panforte. He explores the Chianti region and spends a night at a farmhouse where he learns about the Slow Food Movement before following the footsteps of St. Francis of Assisi.G
9:00 pm
Travelscope "The Islands of Malaysia" Joseph travels the islands of Penang and Langkawi on this adventure through the multicultural country.G
9:30 pm
Lidia's Italy In America "Italian American Sandwiches" The Italians love their small Panini, but here in the U.S. those traditional sandwiches took on lives of their own. In this episode, Lidia shows the New Orleans Muffaletta sandwich, the Veal Hamburger Parmiciano from St. D
10:00 pm
Cook's Country from America's Test Kitchen "Italian Favorites Revisited" NULL
10:30 pm
Simply Ming "Blanching with Guests Seth & Angela Raynor" On the premiere episode of Simply Ming, it's all about blanching - the secret to improving color, taste and texture in foods. In the studio Host Ming Tsai cooks on the fly with Nantucket chefs Seth & Angela Raynor. Using the blanching technique and secret ingredients they team up to create two new dishes: Grilled Lobster with Summer Herbed Butter Roasted Potatoes and Fried Pork & Couscous with Peach Sesame Compote. D
11:00 pm
Taste of Louisiana with Chef John Folse & Co.: Our Food Heritage "German Christmas" Chef Folse celebrates a traditional German Christmas with Glenn Falgoust, Frieda Arwe and Josie Thevis as they share stories of German contributions to the cultural fabric of Louisiana. Even St. Nicholas joins in the kitchen fun. D
11:30 pm
Rick Steves' Europe "Siena and Assisi: Italy's Grand Hill Towns" Rick tours the innovative medieval hospital in Siena and a bakery that makes panforte. He explores the Chianti region and spends a night at a farmhouse where he learns about the Slow Food Movement before following the footsteps of St. Francis of Assisi.G


text:
Two branches of the U.S. military have reported a record number of suicides in 2012, according to USA Today.
The Army has reported 168 soldiers have taken their lives, while 53 Navy sailors have done the same, both records. The Air Force and Marine Corps are just short of seeing their highest numbers since 2001, when the statistic was first recorded.
The high numbers are possibly attributable to simply more troops coming home, USA Today reported, as the war in Iraq recently ended and the conflict in Afghanistan is winding down.
President Obama signed an executive order in August directing federal agencies to expand mental health care for veterans, including suicide prevention. The order called for the Veterans Affairs Department to add 800 support counselors, with incentives to hire 1,600 more by June 2013.
The suicide rate was higher in the military than the general population for the first time in 2012, with 30 incidents per 100,000, compared to 24 per 100,000 for a demographically comparable civilian population.
Military officials said they can do more to help those in need.
"Suicide is preventable and its prevention is a shared responsibility among all members of the Army family," said Gen. David M. Rodriguez, U.S. Army Forces Command commander.
Navy Adm. Jonathan W. Greenert echoed the need to work together."We have to empower our sailors to be able to deal with stress," Greenert said at an event Friday. "We have to look out for each other and we have to embed . . . in all of our shipmates to make sure that, if somebody is reaching out, we're ready to take care of them."


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The Sepia Saturday image prompt this week shows a cased daguerreotype of a young Texan woman, judging by the clothing and hairstyle probably taken in the 1850s or early 1860s. My contribution is not a daguerreotype, or the superficially similar and slightly later ambrotype, but it does have a superficial resemblance to both formats.
Portrait of unidentified woman, undated, c.1862-1865
Gem ferrotype mounted with preserver on carte de visite mount
Image © and collection of Brett Payne (Allen Album)
This tiny gem tintype (aka ferrotype) is mounted within a gold-coloured foil or pinchbeck preserver (aka matte), which is then attached with two small lugs to a carte de visite mount (58 x 97mm), itself pre-printed with an ornate oval frame. It was one of 47 cartes de visites in an album which I purchased a few years ago, portraits from New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Ontario and Darlington (England). The pinchbeck preserver appears to be an imitation of those used for cased daguerreotypes and ambrotypes prevalent in the 1840s and 1850s, and still present in the 1860s, along with the carte de visite.
Detail of gem tintype and preserver
These foil-edged, card-mounted gem tintypes are not uncommon, but the subject of this diminutive image is rather nice - a clear image of a young woman with spectacles, ringlets and slightly rouged cheeks. Her hair is combed flat with a central parting and hangs in ringlets, almost entirely covering her ears, the fashion suggesting it may have been taken in the early to mid-1860s. The preserver measures 19.5 x 26mm, implying that the tintype is the standard ¾" x 1" gem format, although the oval-shaped portion of it visible is only 15.5 x 21mm.
Reverse of carte de visite mount
Taken by George W. Godfrey & Co. of Rochester, New York
Image © and collection of Brett Payne
The reverse of the card mount shows the two lugs which have been pushed through slots cut in the card and folded over towards each other to secure the portrait. Printed on the back are the following details about the photographer and process used:
|Made with Wing's Patent Multiplying Camera
At GEO. W. GODFREY & Co.'s
Over 81 Main Street, Rochester, N.Y.
This deceptively simple fragment of print provides a clue to the origin of the gem tintype format, which was to survive for many decades and undergo several reincarnations. George W. Godfrey was a moderately successful photographer who operated the Sunbeam Studio in East Main Street, Rochester from the early 1860s until his death around 1889, but it is the name Wing which resonates. In the words of renowned photographic researcher and collector Mike Kessler, "after Simon Wing, photography was never quite the same."
Portrait of man with Simon Wing's Patent Multiplying Camera, c.1865
Tintype by unidentified photographer
Image © and courtesy of The Spira Collection
The tintype was invented in France in 1853 and became enormously popular in a very short space of time in the United States, being cheap and simple to produce. In the late 1840s and early to mid-1850s, Albert S. Southworth of Boston and others had designed and patented a number of daguerreotype cameras which, using a combination of several lenses and a moving plateholder back, could produce multiple images on a single photographic plate. Simon Wing of Waterville, Maine and Marcus Ormsby of Boston purchased Southworth's patents and applied the technology to the then new wet collodion process used to produce ambrotypes and tintypes.
Uncut tintype sheets of unidentified husband and wife
Images © and courtesy of Rob Niederman
In June 1862 Wing patented his own "multiplying camera" to take up to 72 tiny images on a thin metal plate, which were then cut up into separate "gems," thus reducing the cost per portrait considerably.
Improvement on Photographic Card Mounts
Patent No. 40,302 by Simon Wing, 13 October 1863
Original box for Ferotype (sic) Preservers
Image © and courtesy of Matthew R. Isenburg
The gem portraits could be mounted behind preservers on cartes de visite, also designed by Wing, making them seem larger than they actually were, and in a style somewhat reminiscent of cased daguerreotypes and ambrotypes.
Henry H. Hinckley's Gem tintype album, c.1861-1874
Image © and collection of Brett Payne (Hinckley Album)
A popular alternative was to insert them into slots in a miniature album designed specifically for the format. The gem tintype album of Henry Hersey Hinckley Jr. (b. 1853) of Massachusetts, shown above (from the author's collection), includes portraits taken as early as c.1861-1862, although the compilation may have taken place at a later date.
9-tube "Gem" wet-plate camera, by unknown U.S. maker
Images © and courtesy of Rob Niederman
Wing and other manufacturers made many versions of the "Gem" wet-plate cameras. Some, such as the one pictured above by an unknown U.S. maker, could be converted into a four-lens arrangement for taking carte-de-visite-sized portraits.
Unidentified young woman (left) and man (right), c.1862-1865
Gem tintypes (20 x 25mm) on carte de visite mount (60 x 101mm)
By Geo. W. Godfrey & Co.'s Sunbeam Gallery, over 81 Main St, Rochester
Images © and courtesy of George Eastman House and Mike Rosebery
Several similarly mounted gem tintype portraits from the Sunbeam Gallery have been found on the web, with a variety of printed frames demonstrating that Godfrey used this particular format for some time. Similar to the manner in which Beard and Talbot had managed their rights to the daguerreotype and calotype patents in the United Kingdom, Wing sold cameras, photographic materials and "franchise" licences to a large network of studio operators, and assiduously pursued through the courts those whom he regarded as infringing his patents.
Two portraits of unidentified men, c.1864
Gem tintypes (20 x 25mm) on carte de visite mount (60 x 101mm)
By E. Parker's Gallery, opposite Village Hall, Brockport, N.Y.
Image © and courtesy of the Library of Congress and eBay
These two gem portraits by E. Parker of Brockport have almost identical text on the reverse, indicating that they have been taken using "Wing's Patent Multiplying Camera" and providing further evidence of the franchises already put in place by then. A pencilled inscription on the back of the older man's portrait gives a useful date of February 1864. Kessler (1994) describes the arrangements thus:
When a photographer bought a Wing camera, he also bought a territory for a number of miles around. No other Wing cameras would be sold in the area for as long as the purchaser remained in business. If the photographer couldn't afford to buy the package outright, Simon would set him up with a pay-as-you-go program, with a percentage of the profits to be returned to the company until the debt was paid off.
Portrait of unidentified young woman, c.1864
By Maynard & Nelson of Milford
Image © and courtesy of PhotoTree.com
This gem tintype in a very similar style was produced at roughly the same time at "Maynard & Nelson's Picture Gallery, over the P.O. Milford," almost certainly with one of Wing's competitors' cameras, and most likely a target for the never-ending series of prosecutions.
Private Michael Malone, "D" Co. NY 14th Heavy Artillery Regt, c.1864
Taken by George W. Godfrey & Co. of Rochester, New York
Image © and courtesy of Mike Medhurst
By mid- to late 1864, Godfrey was already trying out alternative, simpler methods of mounting the gem tintypes, even though they were still being taken with his Wing camera. This example of a Union soldier's portrait in uniform at the Sunbeam Gallery in Rochester is mounted cartouche-style behind, rather than on top of, an embossed card. It is particularly useful because the subject has been identified from a pencilled annotation, and a revenue stamp is affixed of the back, thus making it possible to infer a fairly accurate date.
Malone enlisted at Rochester on 4 September 1863 and was killed at Blicks Station, Virginia on 19 August 1864. The blue revenue stamp, cancelled with a single stroke with a black pen, signified that a 2c Civil War federal tax, imposed on photographs costing 25c or less from 30 June 1864 until 1 August 1866, had been paid. While the portrait was most likely taken between the time of his enlistment and his company's deployment to Virginia in late April 1864 (Phisterer, 1912), it must only have been mounted after the tax had come into effect (Harrell-Sesniak, 2012).
President Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln, c.1865
Copied by George W. Godfrey & Co. of Rochester, New York
Images © and courtesy of Cowan Auctions
George Godfrey continued to produce tintypes from the Sunbeam Gallery for a few years, although embossed and printed cartouche-style card mounts appear to have rapidly replaced those attached with foil preservers. The portraits of President Abraham Lincoln and his wife Mary Todd Lincoln shown above are typical examples and were probably produced in large quantities in 1865 after Lincoln's assassination.
Wing Prototype Multiplying Box Camera, 1914
Image © and courtesy of Rob Niederman
Although the popularity of gem tintypes started to decline somewhat after the end of the Civil War, they were still produced in significant numbers throughout the 1870s and 1880s, and remained the format of choice for many travelling photographers. Simon Wing's cameras remained fundamentally the same until the late 1880s, when he and his son Harvey introduced a number of new designs, including the Ajax Multiplying Camera (c.1900) and the Wing Prototype Multiplying Box Camera (above) patented in 1914. Although only two of Harvey Wing's prototypes were ever produced, it is remarkable that the inherent concepts of these multiplying cameras were revived once again for the Polyfoto camera twenty years later, which I wrote about here on Photo-Sleuth three weeks ago.
I'm very grateful to The Spira Collection, Mike Kessler, Rob Niederman, Matthew R. Isenburg (via Marcel Safier), George Eastman House, Mike Rosebery, the Library of Congress, PhotoTree.com, Mike Medhurst and Cowan Auctions for the very useful scans of and information provided about items in their collections.
By kind courtesy of the author, the late Mike Kessler, I am now able to offer you a PDF of the Summer/Fall 1994 issue of the Photographist containing the excellent article about Simon Wing as a direct download (click on the image above). Many thanks to Rob Niederman for facilitating this. It's an important resource to have available online.
Antique & 19th Century Cameras by Rob Niederman
Anon (1870) Who Infringe the Sliding Box Patent, The Philadelphia Photographer, Vol. VII, p. 45-46, courtesy of Archive.org.
Phisterer, Frederick (1912) 14th Artillery Regiment, Civil War, in New York in the War of the Rebellion, 3rd ed., Albany: J. B. Lyon Company, courtesy of the New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center, NYS Division of Military and Naval Affairs (2008).
Griffiths, Alan (nd) Revenue stamps during the American Civil War, on Luminous Lint.
H., Christine (2012) Civil War Revenue Stamps, on The Daily Postcxard, 19 October 2012.
Harrell-Sesniak, Mary (2012) Dating Old Family Photographs with Civil War Revenue Stamps, on Genealogy Tips from GenealogyBank, 14 November 2012.
Kessler, Mike (1994) After Simon Wing Photography Was Never Quite the Same, in The Photographist (Journal of the Western Photographic Collectors Association), No 102 (Summer 1994), p.6-47.
Safier, Marcel (2012) The Gem & Carte de Visite Tintype


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Point-per-reception (PPR) leagues get mixed reviews from the masses. Some people love it, some people hate it and there are of course those that are indifferent. It is undeniable that PPR scoring is far from perfect and that it has some definite pros and cons. Frankly, there are numerous reasons why fantasy football participants could find themselves in favor of PPR or opposed to it. Strangely, many of the arguments made for each side, at least those that I have heard/read and given consideration to, have at least a small amount of merit to them.
Among the chief concerns of much of the PPR format's opposition is that it inflates the values of players with specific skill sets, namely those with high reception totals. Players that wrack up numerous receptions without necessarily posting huge or even significant yardage totals have the most to gain in this format. Deep threat receivers with high yard per catch averages stand to lose significant value, as due grind-it-out RBs that catch few passes and QBs (since they typically catch no passes). All of this begs the question, is PPR a fair scoring system? This is a difficult, if not impossible question to answer, particularly when looking at its impact on individual players or even small pools of players that have a similar skill set (i.e. WRs that have an uncommonly high YPC average).
So instead of delving into the dicey business of determining the "fairness" of the impact of PPR on specific players, I thought it would be interesting, as well as telling, to examine how PPR affects the relative value of each of the positions compared to one another (QB, RB, WR and TE). Which position gains the most in a PPR league and which loses the most? And is the gain or loss significant? Does the PPR format usher in improved balance in positional scoring? Answering these sorts of questions will provide us a much better understanding about how PPR can impact a league.
There are probably 1,000 different ways one could analyze this situation and address the aforementioned questions, but here is the approach I decided to take:
- Using standard scoring at The Huddle (Non-PPR), I created my data sample consisting of the top-scoring 24 QBs, 48 RBs, 72 WRs and 24 TEs from 2007 (168 total players). This is exactly double the amount of players at each position that are required to start in a basic 12-team head-to-head league (assuming starting requirements of 1 QB, 2 RBs, 3 WRs and 1 TE per team).
- After generating this list of 168 players, each of them was assigned a ranking based upon total points scored (#1 was the highest scorer and #168 was the lowest).
- Next, each player's ranking was recalculated with a change in the scoring system to include one point awarded for each reception recorded.
- Each player's ranking change from Non-PPR to PPR was then calculated.
- For analysis purposes, players were then broken into tiers at their respective position. Tier 1 consisted of the top quartile (25%) of scorers at the position within the data sample (using Non-PPR scoring). These players can basically be considered studs. Tier 2 would be the next 25% of players at each respective position and were great starters or borderline studs in 2007. The third tier is made up of the next quartile of scorers and is primarily players that were marginal starters in a typical 12-team league. The final group of 25% at each position consisted mostly of spot starters and fill-in type guys that only occasionally made it off of most benches.
- For all four positions, their average net change in point ranking from Non PPR to PPR was calculated. The same was done for each tier within every position. This average net change in ranking serves as a quantifiable impact of PPR on each of the positions relative to one another, as well as each of the tiers. If a given position's or tier's average net change in point ranking substantially increases (shown via positive figures), then we'll know that the shift to PPR was a favorable shift for this group. Conversely, if a position or tier experiences a significant average net change in point ranking decrease (shown via negative figures), then we'll know that moving from Non-PPR to PPR was harmful to the group's relative value.
The results of this study are quite interesting and provide us a real look at how PPR can impact positional values in a basic head-to-head league. Let's take a look at the table below…
The elite (Tier 1) QBs are not nearly as impacted as the later tiers at the position. As would be expected, the deeper into the QB position you go, the more they are adversely impacted on the points ranking board by the implementation of PPR.
RBs lose some relative value in the PPR format. The first tier at the position hold value the best in the switch from Non PPR to PPR.
Tier 2 and Tier 3 WRs fly up the rankings board in PPR leagues. This position gained the most overall, which is very much intuitive.
The first two tiers of TEs also climb dramatically up the rankings board in PPR leagues. Upward movement in later tiers at the position is far less significant.
In the Non PPR scoring format, Tier 1 and Tier 2 RBs both rank better than Tier 1 and Tier 2 WRs, on average. This completely changes in PPR and WRs in the first two tiers rank higher than their RB counterparts. Overall, the average ranking for RBs and WRs tracks much more closely together in all tiers when PPR is used.
Tier 1 TEs are brought much more closely into line with other positions in PPR. In Non PPR scoring, they were far inferior to the first tier of all other positions in this study.
Tier 4 QBs lose a huge amount of ground on the points ranking board when switching to PPR. However, Tier 4 as whole becomes much more balanced from a positional standpoint when PPR is used. The variation in PPR Avg Rank among the positions is much less than that of Non PPR Avg Rank in Tier 4.
While using the data set from only the 2007 season is not definitive in any manner, this study has used real seasonal data to exhibit a quantifiable difference on the value of the given positions in a Non-PPR vs. a PPR league. There are definitely drawbacks to implementing the PPR format, but there is also the significant and quite likely trumping gain of increased balance among the value of the different positions. This is not to say that PPR is superior necessarily, but this study helps make the case that PPR generally increases positional scoring balance; and most should readily accept that this is a positive thing for a league.
Here is the ultimate take away from this study -- Hopefully when you are deciding what type of league to join, or even create, you now have a better understanding about how the PPR scoring format could impact your league. And further, if you are drafting in a PPR league and are relatively new to it, this study may provide you with an edge on draft day, assisting you in appropriately tweaking your player rankings or perhaps helping you devise an improved draft strategy to employ.
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Medicare vs. Medicaid: Defining coverage options in nny
Gov. Cuomo announces $1.8 million to give seniors access to farmers markets
Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo announced Wednesday an award of $1.8 million in federal funds for a state-administered program aimed at providing low-income senior citizens with access to fresh produce at farmers markets across the state.
This year, the Farmers' Market Nutrition Program aims to distribute more than 100,000 booklets — which contain five $4 checks each — to eligible seniors who can use the checks at 470 farmers markets across the state, including eight in Jefferson County, three in Lewis County and 13 in St. Lawrence County.
The program is administered through the state Department of Agriculture and Markets in cooperation with the state Office for the Aging, state Department of Health's Commodity Supplemental Food Program and Cornell Cooperative Extension.
The checks will be issued by county-based Offices for the Aging.
Eligible recipients must be 60 or older and have a gross monthly income at or below 185 percent of federal poverty guidelines:
? $1,772 per month for a one-person household.
? $2,392 per month for a two-person household.
? $3,011 per month for a three-person household.
Seniors 60 and older also are eligible for the program if they are receiving or eligible to receive Supplemental Security Income, public assistance or a Section 8 housing subsidy.
A complete list of farmers markets that will be accepting the checks, categorized by county, is available at http://wdt.me/J9acLU.
-Daniel Flatley, Watertown Daily Times


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5 Amazing Antique Gold Eyeshadows
5 Amazing Antique Gold Eyeshadows
Any other beauty buffs as enthusiastic as I am when it comes to antique golds? It's absolutely one of my favorite shades to wear. My two top favorites are both difficult to get, as one is only available overseas (Giorgio Armani #14 Eyes to Kill Intense) and the other was a limited edition shade from eons ago (MAC Rye). An honorable mention goes to Urban Decay Maui Wowie, which has frustrating fall out from the micro-glitter, but the color itself is amazing–it's one of the few fallout-prone eyeshadows I'll bother to work with.
- Make Up For Ever #11 Aqua Cream — medium-dark molten gold with a metallic finish
- OCC Cruising — brassy gold with a very shimmery, metallic finish
- Le Metier de Beaute Chameleon — lightened antique gold
- Giorgio Armani Khaki Pulse — bronzy antique gold–it's just on the edge of your traditional antique gold hue
- Maybelline Bold Gold — warm, antique gold with a burnished yellow tone


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2013-01-24 • POTUS expectations
Start: 12:09:19
Seventies: good afternoon alt
alt: hi Seventies, how ya doing today?
Seventies: wonderful How about you?
alt: good, glad to hear you are doing 'wonderful" LOL
Seventies: worked out yesterday.. a little sore, but I have more energy.
alt: I'm okay, just came from Facebook and reading some of the postings & comments great, keep up the exercise while you're young and can do it... pays off in the long run.
Seventies: ah okay. I watched the latest and greatest episode of Unsung about Isaac Hayes. It was very enlightening.
alt: why is Isaac Hayes "unsung"?
Seventies: Well you know though an artist can be great, they don't always get the public recognition they deserve...
alt: most don't.....
Seventies: I didn't know he wrote many of the songs on Stax.. I was very surprised to learn that. and didn't know that he grew up dirt poor...
alt: I think his music from the Shaft movie was the CLASSIC!!!!!
Seventies: Yes it was. I was listening to some of the songs featured in the show and realized that some were sampled for very popular rap songs during the 80's
alt: not sure of the title, but one of my favorites from the movie was Eleanor/Ellie's Theme
Seventies: okay. When this stuff came out I was very, very young. Don't remember much of those songs. I do remember the Shaft soundtrack though...
alt: a sound track from the movie Shaft would be a treasure!!! guess one could go to youtube and pretty much make their own, huh?
Seventies: yes some do.. You should check out the show when you get a chance. Its great. I love it! Hi Selma!
alt: Hello Ms Selma... recovered from the inauguration?
Selma: Good afternoon seventies and alt... Yes recovered
Seventies: Good.
alt: good, then you're ready to do the 'wobble' LOL LOL
Selma: LOL
Seventies: LOL
alt: I've got a compliant/observation on responding to AfriGeneas postings.
Selma: When did Isaac Hayes become "unsung"...His soundtrack to Shaft made the movie
Seventies: lol I don't know. But its good to see that he's recognized still today...
Selma: What is your compliant/observation alt?
Seventies: I'm laughing because alt asked the same question.
alt: folks who post and don't give a more complete picture of where they are in their question.
Selma: Yes..it is a problem some time...
Seventies: I agree.
alt: The DNA Forum thread and the postings by a Kathleen are a classic example of what I'm talking about.
Selma: I saw that alt...why did you apologize?
alt: my response to her left me with 'egg on my face' when she explained where she was in DNA testing and what she was really asking about.
Selma: So why didn't she ask in the first place...exactly what is was her question?
alt: I thought she was asking about how to research her grandson's AA ancestry from a genealogical perspective it was an "any thoughts" question Selma.. she mention her g-son's haplogroup (African) and the surname of hayes and the location of Tappahannock, VA.
Seventies: oh speaking of, my son wanted to take the 23andme test... It came out of the blue!
alt: "Why", in the 1st place, I can't answer that Selma Inquiring minds want to know Seventies LOL LOL LOL
Selma: Interesting seventies..did he say why he decided?
Seventies: He just said he was curious about his own genetic makeup..
Selma: So alt..I still don't understand what "any thoughts" she was looking for..will have to read the thread
alt: that was part of my confusion Selma .... what was she referring to with "any thoughts".
Khathu: Hello everyone
Seventies: Heeeyyyy Khathu
alt: that's nice Seventies and his will be different % wise from your's and the other person you tested, was it your father, or grandfather? Hello Khathu Hello HistoryBuff
Selma: Afternoon Khathu and History Buff
Seventies: It was my maternal grandfather that was tested. But I'
Khathu: alt - i alway try to ask clarifying questions before actually answering
HistoryBuff: Hey all
Selma: Alt..your response to her initial posting was correct
Seventies: I'm sure he will be nearly 100% African... high 90's Hi HistoryBuff
alt: that's a good policy Khathu, I'll consider that before I respond to any more postings on AfriGeneas.... what the heck are you asking, why & how much do you know
Khathu: Exactly and what records have your examined have you conducted any research at an actual repository or just online
Seventies: good points.
alt: altho', there are some postings that can be responded to without getting into those depths.
Seventies: Anyone seeking any new record sets or doing community research?
alt: now for a little controversy.... any thoughts on Dr. Cornel West's "angst" over Pres. Obama using the MLK bible during his swearing-in ceremony?
Khathu: I didn't read his comments so I do not have an opinion
Seventies: Well you know my thoughts...
vkn: Hey hey hey all y'all
Selma: Afternoon vkn
alt: hello vkn.... didn't get my email for the 9:AM webinar, what happened?
vkn: Selma I thought you be doctoring
Khathu: However, we need to stop comparing him to Dr. King. He is not a civil rights leaders but an elected official
vkn: My boo boo alt
Selma: I did vkn..got home at Noon
Khathu: It is a disgrace to continue to align President Obama with Civil Rights Leaders.
vkn: ahhhh my time clock was off. Hope the bill of health was a clean one Selma
alt: I agree 100% Khathu
Seventies: Which is what Dr. West was alluding to.
Khathu: I did not read it, so I can not comment on his statement.
alt: I must have mis-read Dr. West's commentary Seventies
Selma: Not totally clean, but looking good.. LOL
vkn: and also a historical disservice Khathu grrrrrrrreat, Selma
Khathu: agreed
alt: IMHO, West & Smiley are still having a 'pee-ing' fit over Pres. Obama not attending there "conference' a few years back. again, my opinion, but that is a small minded perspective by West & Smiley
vkn: good analysis alt
alt: oh well, off my soapbox LOL LOL
Seventies: I don't agree. The POTUS asked for his feet to be put to the fire and when they do it people get mad. Oh well. They = Tavis, West and any other person who criticizes the faults of this Administration.
vkn: It ain't whatcha do BUT the way that you do it I always say
Seventies: Is there a nice way to say, hey you're ignoring the needs of this group? This is politics, quid pro quo.
Khathu: I disagree with that. Tavis and West have been preaching the same thing for the past 10 years - hold elected officials accountable What they were saying was okay until Obama because President
alt: not when you have "facts' that support your argument, but when you're just pontificating and bumping your gums that is different.. again that's MHO.
Khathu: President Obama is above criticism amongst too many AA
alt: now that may be true Khathu .... too many, some, but certainly not all.
vkn: and then there is how do you spell accountable and what is the criteria for success?
Khathu: To criticize him is akin to treason within the AA We are supposed to support him like our lives depended on it but we can not demand anything in return
Seventies: Yep, perfect example this Dr. West piece and how AA just went NUTS. I cannot tell you how many times I saw that video on my facebook feed... ugh.
Khathu: I just think this type of thinking is down right insane.
Seventies: And it was followed usually by, Barack Obama is not the president of African/Black America...
Khathu: Politic in the US is about give and take. Every other group understands that but us.
alt: question... is it realistic to expect the Black POTUS to solve 150-200 years of problems Black folk have been having in 4 years?
Khathu: I don't think it is realistic for any President to solve those problem. I am referring to federal policies in which he has some control over.
Seventies: I don't think anyone expected that, but hey we gave him over 90% of our voting bloc, TWICE.
alt: and WE did the same for Gore, Clinton, Kennedy to name a few in recent history and certainly Roosevelt
vkn: Well what if we look at health care reform
Khathu: You think he is tackling immigration or gays rights because it is the right thing to do? No he is doing it because they made demands @alt and that is why his victory for our community will only be a feel good moment
alt: As WE did in the Civil Rights movement.
Khathu: while other communities with obtain tangible gains
Seventies: alt, we are 16% unemployment nationally, and the subprime loan fiasco completely stripped away more of the little wealth we did have...
Khathu: I went to a meeting after the election and a person representing Native Americans stated that Indians do not vote Democratic or Republican but they vote "I" for Indian
Seventies: wow! Good for them!
Khathu: Collectively we need to get to the point.
alt: so Seventies, what you're syaing is that this POTUS is expected to solve all of the problems you have just mentioned?
Khathu: Then we will be able to better leavage our vote and make strong demands regarding federal policy that impact us.
Seventies: Can he do something about the subprime fiasco. Sure! They had several hearings on it.
vkn: What means POTUS ?
alt: President of the United States
vkn: ahhhhh so
Seventies: They passed legislation on it and were discussing it extensively this year as well.
Selma: Yes vkn..POTUS is for Obama..FLOTUS is for Michele
Khathu: He is promoting an educational policy that is furthering the privatization of education and creating a system that benefits the wealthy - testing industry, hedge fund, for profit charter schools, etc.
vkn: ahhh ha Now I am behind the times thanx
alt: WE were 'on point' in the 50's & 60's.... what has the younger generations done to keep us on point except reap the benefits of those hard fought victories.
Khathu: alt the battle is not over so the struggle must continue until one departs this earth so regardless of age one must continue to fight
alt: exactly Khathu, so get in the trenches and continue to fight.
Khathu: in every way s/he can.
vkn: One must pick battles
Selma: I think schools and teachers should be held accountable..but not sure that I agree with this Charter School model
alt: right Selma....
Khathu: i am there everyday challenging the inequities in the school systems but are you there we have to continue the struggle and yes we can all point fingers at each other
alt: good Khathu ..... and yes I am still there locally as an older senior citizens fighting for the rights of my great-grandchildren as I did in the 50's for my children... you betcha I'm there!!!!!
Khathu: because there are things that my parents generations did not pass on to my generations so the struggle continues I had the opportunity to hear Rev. Jeremiah Wright speak at Howard University on Sunday. He gave a very powerful sermon
Seventies: Khathu, I meant to ask, is that available online?
alt: and the continuing problems cannot be solved by the POTUS
vkn: For me the struggle has narrowed from "the struggle" to A struggle
alt: I hear you vkn.......
Khathu: But as an elected official we need to hold him accountable and make demands that he address federal policy issues that negatively impacts our community you can't deny that
Khathu: i am not talking about the legacy of slavery and racism
vkn: and what is doable in my value system and in my lifetime
Selma: No all elected officials need to be held accountable
alt: no doubt Khathu, but let us also hold those local elected and appointed official responsible for the implementatton of existing programs,
Khathu: All elected officials who claim to represent the people need to be held accountable to address the policy needs and issues of their contituents
alt: and enforcement
vkn: Particularly local officials
Khathu: i agree with you alt. the problem is that we have given President Obama a pass
vkn: equitable implementation
alt: I agree.. let us not get wrapped up in having the POTUS becoming a micr-manager of America's ills
Khathu: but not only him but others
Selma: Gerrymandering is not new..but that is the contention of many Congressmen who claim they only have to answer to their own "constituency"..and not to the benefit of the whole country
Khathu: alt that is not the point i am making. i have never stated he needed to do that. i am focusing solely on federal policies that are within his control.
Seventies: I need to go shopping. Have a wonderful afternoon all.
alt: exactly Selma.... are we holding the other Black elected officials to the same standard we seem to be expecting of the POTUS?
vkn: and there are SO many WE's
alt: yes vkn
Khathu: the expectation must be the same for all elected officials. if not then why vote
Selma: Gotta run folks..therapist here. Have a great day
Khathu: if you can not expect anything from them then why vote?
alt: may I say... are ALL elected officials being held to the same standard as is being expected by the POTUS from the constituency?
Khathu: No they are not. that is a fact. now why they are not being held accountable varies
alt: but the fault or blame goes to the top of the pyramid
vkn: Well one thing I learned today is what POTUS means lol
Khathu: no the fault goes toward the people
alt: Lol lol lol @ vkn
vkn: Y'all be good
Khathu: i need to finish reading this report
alt: now on that I agree with you again Khathu
Khathu: have a great day
alt: okay Khathu., laters


text:
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Upon arrival at the cis face of the Golgi complex, vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum fuse with the organelle, merging their membranes as well as the material contained in their lumens. As the substances travel through the cisternae of the Golgi stacks, they generally undergo a number of ordered modifications before they are released from the trans face of the apparatus. Among the most important of these modifications are changes to carbohydrate groups, certain enzymes resident in the Golgi complex modifying the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins by detaching various mannose residues and replacing them with other sugars. In addition to modifying preexisting molecules, however, the Golgi complex also manufactures various new macromolecules, such as pectins, on its own. Both the modification and production activities of the organelle occur in stages, products being transferred through the stacked cisternae via vesicles and the groups of enzymes specific to those cisternae acting upon the molecules in turn.
Employing a combination of ultraviolet, blue, and green excitation Alexa Fluor (350, 488, and 568, respectively) dyes, the monolayer culture of HJ1.Ov cells illustrated above was triple-labeled using double immunofluorescence and a phallotoxin. Nuclei were visualized with mouse anti-NPCP (nuclear pore complex protein) primary antibodies, while the Golgi complex was stained with rabbit anti-giantin antibodies. Secondary antibodies were goat anti-mouse and anti-rabbit conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488 and 568. The filamentous actin network was counterstained with Alexa Fluor 350 conjugated to phalloidin. Images were recorded in grayscale with a QImaging Retiga Fast-EXi camera system coupled to an Olympus BX-51 microscope equipped with bandpass emission fluorescence filter optical blocks provided by Omega Optical. During the processing stage, individual image channels were pseudocolored with RGB values corresponding to each of the fluorophore emission spectral profiles.
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