text:
\ \';
// var pos = getPosition(document.getElementById("RightPane"));
var wait_display = "";
document.getElementById("RightPane").innerHTML = wait_display;
var xhttp = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhttp.onreadystatechange = function() {
if (this.readyState == 4 && this.status == 200) {
var res = evalJSFromHtml(ad);
document.getElementById("RightPane").innerHTML = this.responseText;
var all = "../php/data_get.php?Topic=" + Topic + "&Type=button.list.summary";
xhttp.open("GET", all, true);
Romania România (Romanian)
Coat of arms
Anthem: Deșteaptă-te, române! '"Awaken thee, Romanian!"
Location of Romania (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green) – [Legend]
Capital and largest city Bucharest 44°25′N 26°06′E / 44.417°N 26.100°E / 44.417; 26.100
Official languages Romanian[1]
Recognised minority languages[2]
Albanian Armenian Bulgarian Czech Croatian German Greek Italian Macedonian Hungarian Polish Romani Russian Rusyn Serbian Slovak Tatar Turkish Ukrainian Yiddish
Ethnic groups (2011[3])
88.9% Romanians 6.1% Hungarians 3.0% Roma 0.2% Ukrainians 0.2% Germans
Demonym Romanian
Government Unitary semi-presidential republic
• President
Klaus Iohannis
• Prime Minister
Viorica Dăncilă
Legislature Parliament
• Upper house
• Lower house
Chamber of Deputies
• Kingdom of Dacia
• Roman conquest
• Migration Period
275 – 10th century
• First Romanian polities
10th century – 1330
Principality of Wallachia
Principality of Moldavia
Principality of Transylvania
• First union under Michael the Brave
• United Principalitiesa
24 January 1859
• Independence from the Ottoman Empire
9 May 1877 / 1878b
• Kingdom of Romania
14 March 1881
• Great Unionc
1 December 1918d
• Total
238,397 km2 (92,046 sq mi) (81st)
• Water (%)
• 2017 estimate
19,638,000 [4] (59th)
• 2011 census
20,121,641[3] (58th)
• Density
84.4/km2 (218.6/sq mi) (117th)
GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate
• Total
$474.032 billion[5] (42nd)
• Per capita
$25,533 (61st)
GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate
• Total
$204.943 billion[5] (49th)
• Per capita
$11,817 (67th)
Gini (2013) 34[6] medium
HDI (2015) 0.802[7] very high · 50th
Romanian Leu
Romanian Leu (RON)
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
• Summer (DST)
Date format dd.mm.yyyy (AD)
Drives on the right
Calling code +40
Patron saint Saint Andrew
ISO 3166 code RO
Internet TLD .roe
The double election of
Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Alexandru Ioan Cuza in Moldavia
Moldavia and Wallachia (respectively, 5 and 24 January 1859). Independence proclaimed on 9 May 1877, internationally recognised in 1878. The union of Romania
Romania with Bessarabia, Bukovina
Bukovina and Transylvania
Transylvania in 1918. Monarchy was abolished on 30 December 1947 upon the proclamation of the People's Republic
Republic and was changed with the new constitution upon its adoption on 21 August 1965 as the Socialist Republic. The Communist regime fell on 22 December 1989, the new democratic government was installed on 20 May 1990 and the new post-communist constitution was adopted on 21 November 1991. Romania
Romania joined the European Union
European Union on 1 January 2007. Also .eu, shared with other European Union
European Union member states.
Romania (/roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen) roh-MAY-nee-ə; Romanian: România i[romɨˈni.a]) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Southeastern and Eastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, and Moldova. It has an area of 238,397 square kilometres (92,046 sq mi) and a temperate-continental climate. With almost 20 million inhabitants, the country is the seventh most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city, Bucharest, is the sixth-largest city in the EU, with 1,883,425 inhabitants as of 2011;[8] other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Iași
Iași and Constanța. The River Danube, Europe's second-longest river, rises in Germany
Germany and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km (1,775 mi), coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania's Danube
Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to the southwest, include Moldoveanu, at 2,544 m (8,346 ft).[9] Modern Romania
Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia
Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania
Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire in 1877. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina
Bukovina and Bessarabia
Bessarabia united with the sovereign Kingdom of Romania. During World War II, Romania
Romania was an ally of Nazi
Nazi Germany
Germany against the Soviet Union, fighting side by side with the Wehrmacht
Wehrmacht until 1944, when it joined the Allied powers and faced occupation by the Red Army forces. Romania
Romania lost several territories, of which Northern Transylvania
Transylvania was regained after the war. Following the war, Romania became a socialist republic and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania
Romania began a transition towards democracy and a capitalist market economy. Romania
Romania is a developing country and one of the poorest in the European Union, ranking 50th in the Human Development Index,[10][11] although as of 2017 its economy grew at an annual rate of 7%, the highest in the EU.[12] Following rapid economic growth in the early 2000s, Romania
Romania has an economy predominantly based on services, and is a producer and net exporter of machines and electric energy, featuring companies like Automobile Dacia
Dacia and OMV Petrom. It has been a member of NATO
NATO since 2004, and part of the European Union
European Union since 2007. A strong majority of the population identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians and are native speakers of Romanian, a Romance language. The cultural history of Romania
Romania is often referred to when dealing with influential artists, musicians, inventors, and sportspeople.
1 Etymology
1.1 Official names
2 History
2.1 Early history
2.2 Middle Ages
2.3 Independence and monarchy
2.4 World Wars and Greater Romania
2.5 Communism
2.6 Contemporary period
NATO and EU integration
3 Geography and climate
3.1 Climate
4 Governance
4.1 Foreign relations 4.2 Military 4.3 Administrative divisions
5 Economy
5.1 Infrastructure 5.2 Tourism 5.3 Science and technology
6 Demographics
6.1 Languages 6.2 Religion 6.3 Urbanization 6.4 Education 6.5 Healthcare
7 Culture
7.1 Arts and monuments 7.2 Holidays, traditions and cuisine 7.3 Sports
8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Sources
11.1 Primary sources 11.2 Secondary sources
12 External links
12.1 Government 12.2 Culture and history links
Main article: Name of Romania
Romania derives from the Latin
Latin romanus, meaning "citizen of Rome".[13] The first known use of the appellation was attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia.[14][15][16][17]
Neacșu's letter
Neacșu's letter from 1521, the oldest surviving document written in Romanian.
The oldest known surviving document written in Romanian, a 1521 letter
known as the "Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung",[18] is also notable
for including the first documented occurrence of the country's name:
Wallachia is mentioned as Țeara Rumânească (old spelling for "The Romanian Land"; țeara from the Latin
Latin terra, "land"; current spelling: Țara Românească). Two spelling forms: român and rumân were used interchangeably[a] until sociolinguistic developments in the late 17th century led to semantic differentiation of the two forms: rumân came to mean "bondsman", while român retained the original ethnolinguistic meaning.[19] After the abolition of serfdom in 1746, the word rumân gradually fell out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form român.[b] Tudor Vladimirescu, a revolutionary leader of the early 19th century, used the term Rumânia to refer exclusively to the principality of Wallachia."[20] The use of the name Romania
Romania to refer to the common homeland of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was first documented in the early 19th century.[c] The name has been officially in use since 11 December 1861.[21] In English, the name of the country was formerly spelt Rumania or Roumania.[22] Romania
Romania became the predominant spelling around 1975.[23] Romania
Romania is also the official English-language spelling used by the Romanian government.[24] A handful of other languages (including Italian, Hungarian, Portuguese, and Norwegian) have also switched to "o" like English, but most languages continue to prefer forms with u, e.g. French Roumanie, German and Swedish Rumänien, Spanish Rumanía, Polish Rumunia, and Russian Румыния (Rumyniya). Official names
1859–1862: United Principalities
1862–1866: Romanian
United Principalities
United Principalities or Romania 1866–1881: Romania 1881–1947: Kingdom of Romania
Kingdom of Romania or Romania 1947–1965: Romanian People's Republic
Republic (RPR) or Romania 1965–December 1989: Socialist Republic
Republic of Romania
Romania (RSR) or Romania December 1989–present: Romania
History Main article: History of Romania Early history
The newly established
Roman province
Roman province of Dacia
Dacia Trajana and the lands temporarily incorporated into Moesia
Moesia province in the 110s AD
Decebalus, king of Dacia, as depicted in Cartea omului matur (1919)
The human remains found in
Peștera cu Oase
Peștera cu Oase ("The Cave with Bones"), radiocarbon dated as being from circa 40,000 years ago, represent the oldest known Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens in Europe.[25][26] The Neolithic-Age Cucuteni
Cucuteni area in northeastern Romania
Romania was the western region of the earliest European civilization, known as the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture.[27] Also the earliest known salt works in the world is at Poiana Slatinei, near the village of Lunca in Romania; it was first used in the early Neolithic, around 6050 BC, by the Starčevo culture, and later by the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
Cucuteni-Trypillian culture in the Pre-Cucuteni period.[28] Evidence from this and other sites indicates that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
Cucuteni-Trypillian culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage. Prior to the Roman conquest of Dacia, the territories between the Danube
Danube and Dniester rivers were inhabited by various Thracian
Thracian peoples, including the Dacians
Dacians and the Getae.[29] Herodotus, in his work "Histories", notes the religious difference between the Getae
Getae and other Thracians,[30] however, according to Strabo, the Dacians
Dacians and the Getae
Getae spoke the same language.[29] Dio Cassius draws attention to the cultural similarities between the two people.[29] There is a scholarly dispute whether the Dacians
Dacians and the Getae
Getae were the same people.[31][32] Roman incursions under Emperor Trajan
Trajan between 101–102 AD and 105–106 AD resulted in half of the Dacian kingdom becoming a province of the Roman Empire
Roman Empire called " Dacia
Dacia Felix". The Roman rule lasted for 165 years. During this period the province was fully integrated into the Roman Empire, and a sizeable part of the population were newcomers from other provinces.[33] The Roman colonists introduced the Latin
Latin language. According to followers of the continuity theory, the intense Romanization gave birth to the Proto-Romanian language.[34][35] The province was rich in ore deposits (especially gold and silver in places like Alburnus Maior). Roman troops pulled out of Dacia
Dacia around 271 AD.[36][37] The territory was later invaded by various migrating peoples.[38][39][40][41] Burebista, Decebalus
Decebalus and Trajan
Trajan are considered the Romanians' forefathers in Romanian historiography.[42][43][44] Middle Ages Main articles: Origin of the Romanians, Romania
Romania in the Early Middle Ages, and Romania
Romania in the Middle Ages
The three principalities of Wallachia,
Moldavia and Transylvania
Transylvania under Michael the Brave.
In the Middle Ages,
Romanians lived in three principalities: Wallachia (Romanian: Țara Românească – "The Romanian Land"), Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova) and in Transylvania.[45] The existence of independent Romanian voivodeships in Transylvania
Transylvania as early as the 9th century is mentioned in Gesta Hungarorum,[46] but by the 11th century, Transylvania
Transylvania had become a largely autonomous part of the Kingdom of Hungary.[47] In the other parts, many small local states with varying degrees of independence developed, but only under Basarab I and Bogdan I the larger principalities of Wallachia
Wallachia and Moldavia
Moldavia would emerge in the 14th century to fight the threat of the Ottoman Empire.[48][49]
Writ issued on 14 October 1465 by Radu cel Frumos, from his residence in Bucharest, indicating Ottoman victory.
By 1541, the entire
Balkan peninsula
Balkan peninsula and most of Hungary
Hungary had been conquered and integrated into the Ottoman Empire. By contrast, Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania, while under Ottoman suzerainty, preserved partial or full internal autonomy until the mid-19th century ( Transylvania
Transylvania until 1711[50]). This period featured several prominent rulers such as: Stephen the Great, Vasile Lupu, Alexander the Good and Dimitrie Cantemir
Dimitrie Cantemir in Moldavia; Vlad the Impaler, Mircea the Elder, Matei Basarab, Neagoe Basarab
Neagoe Basarab and Constantin Brâncoveanu
Constantin Brâncoveanu in Wallachia; and Gabriel Bethlen
Gabriel Bethlen in the Principality
Principality of Transylvania, as well as John Hunyadi
John Hunyadi and Matthias Corvinus
Matthias Corvinus in Transylvania, while it was still a part of the Kingdom of Hungary.[51][52] In 1600, all three principalities were ruled simultaneously by the Wallachian prince Michael the Brave
Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul), who was considered, later on, the precursor of modern Romania
Romania and became a point of reference for nationalists, as well as a catalyst for achieving a single Romanian state.[53]
Independence and monarchy Main articles: Early Modern Romania, National awakening of Romania, United Principalities, Romanian War of Independence, and Kingdom of Romania
Changes in Romania's territory since 1859.
King Carol I of Romania
During the period of the Austro-Hungarian rule in
Transylvania and of Ottoman suzerainty over Wallachia
Wallachia and Moldavia, most Romanians
Romanians were given few rights[54] in a territory where they formed the majority of the population.[55][56] Nationalistic themes became principal during the Wallachian uprising of 1821, and the 1848 revolutions in Wallachia and Moldavia. The flag adopted for Wallachia
Wallachia by the revolutionaries was a blue-yellow-red horizontal tricolour (with blue above, in line with the meaning "Liberty, Justice, Fraternity"),[57] while Romanian students in Paris hailed the new government with the same flag "as a symbol of union between Moldavians and Wallachians".[58][59] The same flag, with the tricolour being mounted vertically, would later be officially adopted as the national flag of Romania.[60] After the failed 1848 revolutions not all the Great Powers
Great Powers supported the Romanians' expressed desire to officially unite in a single state.[61] But in the aftermath of the Crimean War, the electors in both Moldavia
Moldavia and Wallachia
Wallachia voted in 1859 for the same leader, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, as Domnitor
Domnitor ("ruling prince" in Romanian), and the two principalities became a personal union formally under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.[62] Following a coup d'état in 1866, Cuza was exiled and replaced with Prince Carol I of Romania
Carol I of Romania of the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. During the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War Romania
Romania fought on the Russian side,[63] and in the aftermath, it was recognized as an independent state both by the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire and the Great Powers
Great Powers by the Treaty of San Stefano
Treaty of San Stefano and the Treaty of Berlin.[64][65] The new Kingdom of Romania
Kingdom of Romania underwent a period of stability and progress until 1914, and also acquired Southern Dobruja
Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria
Bulgaria after the Second Balkan War.[66]
World Wars and Greater Romania
Main articles:
Romania during World War I, Greater Romania, and Romania
Romania in World War II
A 1917 British map showing territories with majority Romanian populations.
Romania's territorial losses in the summer of 1940. Of these
territories, only Northern
Transylvania was regained.
Romanian dictator
Ion Antonescu
Ion Antonescu meeting with Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler in June 1941.
Romania remained neutral for the first two years of World War I. Following the secret Treaty of Bucharest, according to which Romania would acquire territories with a majority of Romanian population from Austria-Hungary, it joined the Entente Powers
Entente Powers and declared war on 27 August 1916.[67] After initial advances the Romanian military campaign quickly turned disastrous for Romania
Romania as the Central Powers
Central Powers occupied two-thirds of the country within months, before reaching a stalemate in 1917. The October Revolution
October Revolution and Russian withdrawal from the War left Romania
Romania alone and surrounded, and a cease fire was negotiated at Focșani that December. Romania
Romania was occupied and a harsh peace treaty was signed in May 1918. In November, Romania
Romania reentered the conflict. Total military and civilian losses from 1916 to 1918, within contemporary borders, were estimated at 748,000.[68] After the war, the transfer of Bukovina
Bukovina from Austria
Austria was acknowledged by the 1919 Treaty of Saint Germain,[69] of Banat
Banat and Transylvania
Transylvania from Hungary
Hungary by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon,[70] and of Bessarabia
Bessarabia from Russian rule by the 1920 Treaty of Paris.[71] All cessations made to the Central Powers in the ceasefire and treaty were nullified and renounced.[72] The following interwar period is referred as Greater Romania, as the country achieved its greatest territorial extent at that time (almost 300,000 km2 or 120,000 sq mi).[73] The application of radical agricultural reforms and the passing of a new constitution created a democratic framework and allowed for quick economic growth. With oil production of 7.2 million tons in 1937, Romania
Romania ranked second in Europe
Europe and seventh in the world.[74][75] and was Europe's second-largest food producer.[76] However, the early 1930s were marked by social unrest, high unemployment, and strikes, as there were over 25 separate governments throughout the decade.[citation needed] On several occasions in the last few years before World War II, the democratic parties were squeezed between conflicts with the fascist and chauvinistic Iron Guard
Iron Guard and the authoritarian tendencies of King Carol II.[77] During World War II, Romania
Romania tried again to remain neutral, but on 28 June 1940, it received a Soviet ultimatum with an implied threat of invasion in the event of non-compliance.[78] Again foreign powers created heavy pressure on Romania, by means of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of non-aggression from 23 August 1939. As a result of it the Romanian government and the army were forced to retreat from Bessarabia
Bessarabia as well as from northern Bukovina
Bukovina in order to avoid war with the Soviet Union.[79] The king was compelled to abdicate and appointed general Ion Antonescu
Ion Antonescu as the new Prime Minister with full powers in ruling the state by royal decree.[80] Romania
Romania was prompted to join the Axis military campaign. Thereafter, southern Dobruja
Dobruja was ceded to Bulgaria, while Hungary
Hungary received Northern Transylvania
Transylvania as result of an Axis powers' arbitration.[81] The Antonescu fascist regime played a major role in The Holocaust in Romania,[82] and copied the Nazi
Nazi policies of oppression and genocide of Jews and Roma, mainly in the Eastern territories reoccupied by the Romanians
Romanians from the Soviet Union. In total between 280,000 and 380,000 Jews in Romania
Romania (including Bessarabia, Bukovina
Bukovina and the Transnistria Governorate) were killed during the war[83][84] and at least 11,000 Romanian Gypsies ("Roma") were also killed.[85] In August 1944, a coup d'état led by King Michael toppled Ion Antonescu
Ion Antonescu and his regime. Antonescu was convicted of war crimes and executed on 1 June 1946.[86] 9 October is now the National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust in Romania.[87] During the Antonescu fascist regime, Romanian contribution to Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa was enormous, with the Romanian Army of over 1.2 million men in the summer of 1941, fighting in numbers second only to Nazi
Nazi Germany.[88] Romania
Romania was the main source of oil for the Third Reich,[89] and thus became the target of intense bombing by the Allies. Growing discontent among the population eventually peaked in August 1944 with King Michael's Coup, and the country switched sides to join the Allies. It is estimated that the coup shortened the war by as much as six months.[90] Even though the Romanian Army had suffered 170,000 casualties after switching sides,[91] Romania's role in the defeat of Nazi
Nazi Germany
Germany was not recognized by the Paris Peace Conference of 1947,[92] as the Soviet Union
Soviet Union annexed Bessarabia
Bessarabia and other territories corresponding roughly to present-day Republic
Republic of Moldova, and Bulgaria
Bulgaria retained Southern Dobruja, but Romania
Romania did regain Northern Transylvania
Transylvania from Hungary. Communism Main article: Socialist Republic
Republic of Romania
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej was the communist leader of Romania
Romania from 1947 until his death in 1965
During the Soviet occupation of Romania, the Communist-dominated
government called for new elections in 1946, which were fraudulently
won, with a fabricated 70% majority of the vote.[93] Thus they rapidly
established themselves as the dominant political force.[94] Gheorghe
Gheorghiu-Dej, a Communist party leader imprisoned in 1933, escaped in
1944 to become Romania's first Communist leader. In 1947 he and others
King Michael I
King Michael I to abdicate and leave the country, and proclaimed Romania
Romania a people's republic.[95][96] Romania
Romania remained under the direct military occupation and economic control of the USSR until the late 1950s. During this period, Romania's vast natural resources were continuously drained by mixed Soviet-Romanian companies (SovRoms) set up for unilateral exploitative purposes.[97][98][99] In 1948, the state began to nationalize private firms and to collectivize agriculture.[100] Until the early 1960s, the government severely curtailed political liberties and vigorously suppressed any dissent with the help of the Securitate
Securitate (the Romanian secret police). During this period the regime launched several campaigns of purges in which numerous "enemies of the state" and "parasite elements" were targeted for different forms of punishment, such as deportation, internal exile and internment in forced labour camps and prisons, sometimes for life, as well as extrajudicial killing.[101] Nevertheless, anti-Communist resistance was one of the most long-lasting in the Eastern Bloc.[102] A 2006 Commission estimated the number of direct victims of the Communist repression at two million people.[103]
Nicolae Ceaușescu
Nicolae Ceaușescu ruled Romania
Romania as its Communist leader from 1965 until 1989.
Romanian Revolution
Romanian Revolution in 1989 was one of the few violent revolutions in Europe
Europe that brought an end to Communist rule.
In 1965,
Nicolae Ceaușescu
Nicolae Ceaușescu came to power and started to conduct the foreign policy more independently from the Soviet Union. Thus, Communist Romania
Romania was the only Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact country who refused to participate at the Soviet-led 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia (Ceaușescu even publicly condemned the action as "a big mistake, [and] a serious danger to peace in Europe
Europe and to the fate of Communism in the world"[104]); it was also the only Communist state to maintain diplomatic relations with Israel
Israel after 1967's Six-Day War; and established diplomatic relations with West Germany
Germany the same year.[105] At the same time, close ties with the Arab
Arab countries (and the PLO) allowed Romania
Romania to play a key role in the Israel– Egypt
Egypt and Israel– PLO
PLO peace talks.[106] As Romania's foreign debt sharply increased between 1977 and 1981 (from US$3 billion to $10 billion),[107] the influence of international financial organizations (such as the IMF
IMF and the World Bank) grew, gradually conflicting with Ceaușescu's autocratic rule. The latter eventually initiated a policy of total reimbursement of the foreign debt by imposing austerity steps that impoverished the population and exhausted the economy. The process succeeded in repaying all foreign government debt of Romania
Romania in 1989. At the same time, Ceaușescu greatly extended the authority of the Securitate secret police and imposed a severe cult of personality, which led to a dramatic decrease in the dictator's popularity and culminated in his overthrow and eventual execution, together with his wife, in the violent Romanian Revolution
Romanian Revolution of December 1989 in which thousands were killed or injured. The charges for which they were executed were, among others, genocide by starvation. Contemporary period Main article: History of Romania
History of Romania since 1989 After the 1989 revolution, the National Salvation Front (NSF), led by Ion Iliescu, took partial multi-party democratic and free market measures.[108][109] In April 1990, a sit-in protest contesting the results of that year's legislative elections and accusing the NSF, including Iliescu, of being made up of former Communists and members of the Securitate
Securitate — rapidly grew to become what was called the Golaniad. The peaceful demonstrations degenerated into violence, prompting the intervention of coal miners summoned by Iliescu. This episode has been documented widely by both local[110] and foreign media,[111] and is remembered as the June 1990 Mineriad.[112][113] The subsequent disintegration of the Front produced several political parties, including most notably the Social Democratic Party and the Democratic Party. The former governed Romania
Romania from 1990 until 1996 through several coalitions and governments with Ion Iliescu
Ion Iliescu as head of state. Since then, there have been several other democratic changes of government: in 1996 Emil Constantinescu
Emil Constantinescu was elected president, in 2000 Iliescu returned to power, while Traian Băsescu
Traian Băsescu was elected in 2004 and narrowly re-elected in 2009.[114] In November 2014, Sibiu
Sibiu mayor Klaus Iohannis
Klaus Iohannis was elected president, unexpectedly defeating Prime Minister Victor Ponta, who had been in the lead in the opinion polls. This surprise victory is attributed by many to the Romanian diaspora, of which almost 50 percent voted for Iohannis in the first tour, compared to 16 percent for Ponta.[115]
Romania has seen the largest anti-government protests in its history in the first half of 2017.
Former President
Traian Băsescu
Traian Băsescu (2004–2014) has twice been impeached by the Parliament of Romania
Parliament of Romania (in 2007 and in 2012), the second time on the background of street protest earlier in the year. Both times a popular referendum was called. The second time, in the Romanian presidential impeachment referendum, 2012, more than 7 million voters (88% of participants)[116] voted to oust Băsescu, compared to the 5.2 million voters who initially supported him in the Romanian presidential election, 2009. However the Constitutional Court of Romania, in a split decision, invalided the outcome of the referendum, stating the turnout (46.24% by official statistics) was too low.[117] Supporters of Băsescu were called upon by him and his former party to not participate in the referendum, so that it would be invalidated due to insufficient turnout.[118] The post-1989 period is also characterized by the fact that most of the former industrial and economic enterprises which were built and operated during the Communist period have been closed, mainly as a result of the policies of privatization of the post-1989 regimes.[119] According to Valentin Mândrăşescu, a Romanian-language editor of the Voice of Russia, the national petroleum company Petrom
Petrom has been sold to foreigners for significantly undervalued prices.[120][121] Furthermore, other major privatizations like that of Banca Comercială a României are criticized by opponents for being detrimental to the Romanian people.[122] Post-1989 regimes are also criticized for allowing foreign exploitations of mineral, rare metals and gold reserves at Roșia Montană,[123] as well as for permitting American multinational energy giant Chevron to prospect for shale gas using the hydraulic fracking technique which has been claimed to pollute the vast underground freshwater reserves in the affected areas. Both these actions have led to significant protests by the population in 2012–2014. In November 2015, Romania's prime minister Victor Ponta
Victor Ponta resigned as massive anti-corruption protests developed in the wake of the Colectiv nightclub fire.[124] NATO
NATO and EU integration
Romania joined NATO
NATO in 2004 and hosted its 2008 summit in Bucharest.
After the end of the Cold War,
Romania developed closer ties with Western Europe
Europe and the United States, eventually joining NATO
NATO in 2004, and hosting the 2008 summit in Bucharest.[125]
Romania joined the European Union
European Union in 2007 and signed the Treaty of Lisbon.
The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the European Union
and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country
in 2004, and a full member on 1 January 2007.[126]
During the 2000s,
Romania enjoyed one of the highest economic growth rates in Europe
Europe and has been referred at times as "the Tiger of Eastern Europe".[127] This has been accompanied by a significant improvement in living standards as the country successfully reduced internal poverty and established a functional democratic state.[128][129] However, Romania's development suffered a major setback during the late-2000s recession leading to a large gross domestic product contraction and budget deficit in 2009.[130] This led to Romania
Romania borrowing from the International Monetary Fund.[131] The worsening economic conditions led to unrest and triggered a political crisis in 2012.[132] Romania
Romania still faces problems related to infrastructure,[133] medical services,[134] education,[135] and corruption.[136] Near the end of 2013, The Economist
The Economist reported Romania
Romania again enjoying 'booming' economic growth at 4.1% that year, with wages rising fast and a lower unemployment than in Britain. Economic growth
Economic growth accelerated in the midst of government liberalisations in opening up new sectors to competition and investment—most notably, energy and telecoms.[137] In 2016 the Human Development Index
Human Development Index ranked Romania
Romania as a nation of "Very High Human Development".[138] Following the experience of economic instability throughout the 1990s, and the implementation of a free travel agreement with the EU, a great number of Romanians
Romanians emigrated to Western Europe
Europe and North America, with particularly large communities in Italy
Italy and Spain. In 2008, the Romanian diaspora
Romanian diaspora was estimated to be at over two million people.[139] The cyclical nature of the world economy and economic disparities between Romania
Romania and advanced European economies has fueled further emigration from the country. The emigration has caused social changes in Romania, whereby the parents would leave for Western Europe to escape poverty and provide a better standard of living for their children, who have been left behind. Some children are left to be taken care of by grandparents and relatives; and some live alone, if the parents deem them to be reasonably self-sufficient.[140] Subsequently, the youth began to be called Euro-orphans.[141] Geography and climate Main article: Geography of Romania
Topographic map of Romania
Moldoveanu Peak, the highest mountain of Romania
Rodna Mountains
Rodna Mountains in Maramureș County
Danube Delta
With an area of 238,391 square kilometres (92,043 sq mi),
Romania is the largest country in Southeastern Europe
Europe and the twelfth-largest in Europe.[142] It lies between latitudes 43° and 49° N and longitudes 20° and 30° E. The terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains. The Carpathian Mountains
Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania, with 14 mountain ranges reaching above 2,000 m or 6,600 ft, the highest of which is Moldoveanu Peak
Moldoveanu Peak at 2,544 m or 8,346 ft.[142] They are surrounded by the Moldavian and Transylvanian plateaus and Carpathian Basin
Carpathian Basin and Wallachian plains. About 47% of the country's land area is covered with natural and semi-natural ecosystems.[143] There are almost 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi) (about 5% of the total area) of protected areas in Romania
Romania covering 13 national parks and three biosphere reserves.[144] The Danube
Danube river forms a large part of the border with Serbia
Serbia and Bulgaria, and flows into the Black Sea, forming the Danube
Danube Delta, which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and also a biosphere reserve and a biodiversity World Heritage Site.[145] At 5,800 km2 (2,200 sq mi),[146] the Danube
Danube Delta is the largest continuous marshland in Europe,[147] and supports 1,688 different plant species alone.[148] Romania
Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of the territory.[149] Some 3,700 plant species have been identified in the country, from which to date 23 have been declared natural monuments, 74 missing, 39 endangered, 171 vulnerable, and 1,253 rare.[150] The fauna consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085 invertebrate and 707 vertebrate,[150] with almost 400 unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians,[151] including about 50% of Europe's (excluding Russia) brown bears[152] and 20% of its wolves.[153] Climate Owing to its distance from open sea and position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania
Romania has a climate that is temperate and continental, with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is 11 °C (52 °F) in the south and 8 °C (46 °F) in the north.[154] In summer, average maximum temperatures in Bucharest
Bucharest rise to 28 °C (82 °F), and temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F) are fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country.[155] In winter, the average maximum temperature is below 2 °C (36 °F).[155] Precipitation is average, with over 750 mm (30 in) per year only on the highest western mountains, while around Bucharest
Bucharest it drops to around 600 mm (24 in).[156] There are some regional differences: in the western parts, such as Banat, the climate is milder and has some Mediterranean influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate. In Dobruja, the Black Sea
Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.[157]
Romania map of Köppen climate classification, according with Clima României from the Administrația Națională de Meteorologie, Bucharest
Bucharest 2008
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the eight largest cities in Romania[158]
Location July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)
Bucharest 28.8/15.6 84/60 1.5/−5.5 35/22
Cluj-Napoca 24.5/12.7 76/55 0.3/−6.5 33/20
Timișoara 27.8/14.6 82/58 2.3/−4.8 36/23
Iași 26.8/15 80/59 −0.1/−6.9 32/20
Constanța 25.9/18 79/64 3.7/−2.3 39/28
Craiova 28.5/15.7 83/60 1.5/−5.6 35/22
Brașov 24.2/11.4 76/53 −0.1/−9.3 32/15
Galați 27.9/16.2 82/61 1.1/–5.3 34/22
Main articles:
Politics of Romania
Politics of Romania and Government of Romania
This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Romania
1991 (adoption) 2003 (amendments) 2015 (amendments)
Constitutional Court
President (list)
Klaus Iohannis
Prime Minister (list)
Viorica Dăncilă
Cabinet (current list)
President: Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu Standing Bureau
Chamber of Deputies
President: Liviu Dragnea Standing Bureau
High Court of Cassation and Justice
Constitutional Court Ombudsman Judicial reform
Political parties
Social Democratic Party (PSD)
National Liberal Party (PNL)
Save Romania Union
Save Romania Union (USR) Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania
Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (ALDE) People's Movement Party
People's Movement Party (PMP) Other ethnic-minority parties
Romania Party(PRU) Greater Romania
Greater Romania Party (PRM) Green Party (PV)
Permanent Electoral Authority Recent elections
Presidential: 2014 2009 2004
Legislative: 2016 2012 2008
Local: 2016 2012 2008 2004
European: 2014 2009 2007
Administrative divisions
Development regions
Metropolitan areas
Municipalities Sectors
Cities Communes
Foreign relations
China European Union NATO
unification movement
Heads of state
National Salvation Front Council members
Presidents by time in office Prime Ministers Ministers of Finance
Other countries Atlas
v t e
Constitution of Romania
Constitution of Romania is based on the Constitution of France's Fifth Republic
Republic and was approved in a national referendum on 8 December 1991, and amended in October 2003 to bring it into conformity with the EU legislation. The country is governed on the basis of a multi-party democratic system and the separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches. It is a semi-presidential republic where executive functions are held by both government and the president.[159] The latter is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two terms of five years and appoints the prime minister, who in turn appoints the Council of Ministers. The legislative branch of the government, collectively known as the Parliament (residing at the Palace of the Parliament), consists of two chambers (Senate and Chamber of Deputies) whose members are elected every four years by simple plurality.[160][161] The justice system is independent of the other branches of government, and is made up of a hierarchical system of courts culminating in the High Court of Cassation and Justice, which is the supreme court of Romania.[162] There are also courts of appeal, county courts and local courts. The Romanian judicial system is strongly influenced by the French model, considering that it is based on civil law and is inquisitorial in nature. The Constitutional Court (Curtea Constituțională) is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state regulations to the constitution, which is the fundamental law of the country and can only be amended through a public referendum.[160][163] The 2007 entry into the EU has been a significant influence on its domestic policy, and including judicial reforms, increased judicial cooperation with other member states, and measures to combat corruption. Foreign relations Main article: Foreign relations of Romania
Klaus Iohannis, the current
President of Romania
President of Romania since December 2014.
Since December 1989,
Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the European Union
European Union albeit with its limited relations with Russia. It joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on 29 March 2004, the European Union
European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007, while it had joined the International Monetary Fund
International Monetary Fund and the World Bank
World Bank in 1972, and is a founding member of the World Trade Organization.[164] The current government has stated its goal of strengthening ties with and helping other countries (in particular Moldova, Ukraine
Ukraine and Georgia) with the process of integration with the rest of the West.[165] Romania
Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO
NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe
Europe and the Caucasus.[165] Romania
Romania also declared its public support for Turkey, and Croatia
Croatia joining the European Union.[165] Because it has a large Hungarian minority, Romania
Romania has also developed strong relations with Hungary. Romania opted on 1 January 2007, to adhere the Schengen Area, and its bid to join was approved by the European Parliament
European Parliament in June 2011, but was rejected by the EU Council in September 2011. In December 2005, President Traian Băsescu
Traian Băsescu and United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
Condoleezza Rice signed an agreement that would allow a U.S. military presence at several Romanian facilities primarily in the eastern part of the country.[166] In May 2009, Hillary Clinton, US Secretary of State, declared that " Romania
Romania is one of the most trustworthy and respectable partners of the USA."[167] Relations with Moldova
Moldova are a special case, considering that the two countries share the same language and a common history.[165] A movement for unification of Romania
Romania and Moldova
Moldova appeared in the early 1990s after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule,[168] but lost ground in the mid-1990s when a new Moldovan government pursued an agenda towards preserving a Moldovan republic independent of Romania.[169] After the 2009 protests in Moldova
Moldova and subsequent removal of Communists from power, relations between the two countries have improved considerably.[170] Military Main articles: Romanian Armed Forces
Romanian Armed Forces and Military history of Romania The Romanian Armed Forces
Romanian Armed Forces consist of Land, Air, and Naval Forces, and are led by a Commander-in-chief
Commander-in-chief under the supervision of the Ministry of Defense, and by the president as the Supreme Commander during wartime. The Armed Forces consist of approximately 15,000 civilians and 75,000 are military personnel—45,800 for land, 13,250 for air, 6,800 for naval forces, and 8,800 in other fields.[171] The total defence spending in 2007 accounted for 2.05% of total national GDP, or approximately US$2.9 billion, with a total of $11 billion spent between 2006 and 2011 for modernization and acquisition of new equipment.[172]
Romanian soldiers in Afghanistan during a joint operation in 2003.
The Air Force currently operates modernized Soviet
MiG-21 Lancer fighters which are due to be replaced by twelve F-16s, recently purchased.[173] The Air Force purchased seven new C-27J Spartan tactical airlifters,[174] while the Naval Forces acquired two modernized Type 22 frigates from the British Royal Navy.[175] Romania
Romania has contributed troops to the international coalition in Afghanistan since 2002,[176] with a peak deployment of 1,600 troops in 2010.[177] Its combat mission in the country concluded in 2014.[178] Romanian troops participated in the occupation of Iraq, reaching a peak of 730 soldiers before being slowly drawn down to 350 soldiers. Romania
Romania terminated its mission in Iraq and withdrew its last troops on 24 July 2009, among the last countries to do so. The Regele Ferdinand frigate participated in the 2011 military intervention in Libya.[179] In December 2011, the Romanian Senate
Romanian Senate unanimously adopted the draft law ratifying the Romania- United States
United States agreement signed in September of the same year that would allow the establishment and operation of a US land-based ballistic missile defence system in Romania
Romania as part of NATO's efforts to build a continental missile shield.[180] Administrative divisions Main article: Administrative divisions of Romania Romania
Romania is divided into 41 counties (județe, pronounced judets) and the municipality of Bucharest. Each county is administered by a county council, responsible for local affairs, as well as a prefect responsible for the administration of national affairs at the county level. The prefect is appointed by the central government but cannot be a member of any political party.[181] Each county is further subdivided into cities and communes, which have their own mayor and local council. There are a total of 319 cities and 2,686 communes in Romania.[182] A total of 103 of the larger cities have municipality statuses, which gives them greater administrative power over local affairs. The municipality of Bucharest
Bucharest is a special case as it enjoys a status on par to that of a county. It is further divided into six sectors and has a prefect, a general mayor (primar), and a general city council.[182] The NUTS-3 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) level divisions of European Union
European Union reflect Romania's administrative-territorial structure, and correspond to the 41 counties plus Bucharest.[183] The cities and communes correspond to the NUTS-5 level divisions, but there are no current NUTS-4 level divisions. The NUTS-1 (four macroregions) and NUTS-2[184] (eight development regions) divisions exist but have no administrative capacity, and are instead used for coordinating regional development projects and statistical purposes.[183]
Development region Area (km2) Population (2011)[185] Most populous urban center*[186]
Cluj-Napoca (411,379)
Brașov (369,896)
Iași (382,484)
Constanța (425,916)
Sud – Muntenia
Ploiești (276,279)
București – Ilfov
Bucharest (2,272,163)
Sud-Vest Oltenia
Craiova (356,544)
Timișoara (384,809)
Main article: Economy of Romania
Further information:
Agriculture in Romania
Agriculture in Romania and Industry of Romania
Dacia Duster concept at the Geneva Motor Show
Geneva Motor Show (2009).
In 2016,
Romania had a GDP (PPP) of around $441.601 billion and a GDP per capita (PPP) of $22,348.[187] According to the World Bank, Romania is an upper-middle income country economy.[188] According to Eurostat, Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was at 59% of the EU average in 2016, an increase from 41% in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making Romania
Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.[189] After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onward, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative macroeconomic stability, characterized by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. In 2006, according to the Romanian Statistics Office, GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7.7%, one of the highest rates in Europe.[190] However, a recession following the global financial crisis of 2008–2009 forced the government to borrow externally, including an IMF
IMF €20bn bailout program.[191] GDP has been growing by over 2% each year since.[192] According to The World Bank, the GDP per capita purchasing power parity grew from $13,442 in 2007 to an estimated $22,124 in 2015.[193] Romania
Romania still has one of the lowest net average monthly wage in the EU of €540 in 2016,[194] and an inflation of −1.1% in 2016.[195] Unemployment in Romania
Romania is at 5.4% in 2017, which is very low compared to other EU countries.[193]
Romania is part of the EU single market.
Industrial output growth reached 6.5% year-on-year in February 2013,
the highest in the EU-27.[196] The largest local companies include car
maker Automobile Dacia, Petrom, Rompetrol, Ford Romania, Electrica,
Romgaz, RCS & RDS and Banca Transilvania.[197] Exports have
increased substantially in the past few years, with a 13% annual rise
in exports in 2010. Romania's main exports are cars, software,
clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic
equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment,
pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits,
vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centered on the member
states of the European Union, with
Germany and Italy
Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. The account balance in 2012 was estimated to be −4.52% of the GDP.[198] After a series of privatizations and reforms in the late 1990s and 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat lower than in other European economies.[199] In 2005, the government replaced Romania's progressive tax system with a flat tax of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, among the lowest rates in the European Union.[200] The economy is predominantly based on services, which account for 51% of GDP, even though industry and agriculture also have significant contributions, making up 36% and 13% of GDP, respectively. Additionally, 30% of the Romanian population was employed in 2006 in agriculture and primary production, one of the highest rates in Europe.[201] Since 2000, Romania
Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment, becoming the single largest investment destination in Southeastern and Central Europe. Foreign direct investment
Foreign direct investment was valued at €8.3 billion in 2006.[202] According to a 2011 World Bank report, Romania
Romania currently ranks 72nd out of 175 economies in the ease of doing business, scoring lower than other countries in the region such as the Czech Republic.[203] Additionally, a study in 2006 judged it to be the world's second-fastest economic reformer (after Georgia).[204] Since 1867 the official currency has been the Romanian leu
Romanian leu ("lion") and following a denomination in 2005, it has been valued at €0.2–0.3. After joining the EU in 2007, Romania
Romania is expected to adopt the Euro
Euro sometime around 2020.[205] At 1 July 2015, Romanian's external debt was €90.59 billion.[206] Infrastructure Main articles: Transport in Romania
Transport in Romania and Energy in Romania
Romania's road network.
Romania electricity supply mix 2015
According to the INSSE, Romania's total road network was estimated in
2015 at 86,080 kilometres (53,488 mi).[207] The World Bank
estimates the railway network at 22,298 kilometres (13,855 mi) of
track, the fourth-largest railroad network in Europe.[208] Rail
transport experienced a dramatic decline after 1989, and was estimated
at 99 million passenger journeys in 2004; but has experienced a
recent (2013) revival due to infrastructure improvements and partial
privatization of lines,[160] accounting for 45% of all passenger and
freight movements in the country.[160]
Bucharest Metro, the only underground railway system, was opened in 1979 and measures 61.41 km (38.16 mi) with an average ridership in 2007 of 600,000 passengers during the workweek.[209] There are sixteen international commercial airports in service today, with five of them ( Henri Coandă
Henri Coandă International Airport, Aurel Vlaicu
Aurel Vlaicu International Airport, Timișoara
Timișoara International Airport, Constanta International Airport and Sibiu
Sibiu International Airport) being capable of handling wide-body aircraft. Over 9.2 million passengers flew through Bucharest's Henri Coandă International Airport
Henri Coandă International Airport in 2015.[210] Romania
Romania is a net exporter of electrical energy and is 48th worldwide in terms of consumption of electric energy.[211][better source needed] Around a third of the produced energy comes from renewable sources, mostly as hydroelectric power.[212] In 2015, the main sources were coal (28%), hydroelectric (30%), nuclear (18%), and hydrocarbons (14%) .[213] It has one of the largest refining capacities in Eastern Europe, even though oil and natural gas production has been decreasing for more than a decade.[211] With one of the largest reserves of crude oil and shale gas in Europe,[211] it is among the most energy-independent countries in the European Union,[214] and is looking to further expand its nuclear power plant at Cernavodă.[215] There were almost 18,3 million connections to the Internet in June 2014.[216] According to Bloomberg, in 2013 Romania
Romania ranked 5th in the world, and according to The Independent, it ranks number one in Europe at internet speeds,[217][218] with Timișoara
Timișoara ranked among the highest in the world.[219] Tourism
Bran Castle
Bran Castle near Brașov, sometimes advertised as "Dracula's Castle", is a popular attraction for tourists.
Main article: Tourism in Romania
Tourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy,
generating around 5% of GDP.[220] According to the World Travel and
Tourism Council,
Romania was estimated to have the fourth-fastest-growing travel and tourism total demand in the world, with an estimated potential growth of 8% per year from 2007 to 2016.[221] The number of tourists has been steadily rising, reaching 9.33 million foreign tourists in 2016, according to the Worldbank.[222] Tourism in Romania
Tourism in Romania attracted €400 million in investments in 2005.[223] More than 60% of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from other EU countries.[224] The popular summer attractions of Mamaia
Mamaia and other Black Sea
Black Sea Resorts attracted 1.3 million tourists in 2009.[225][226] Most popular skiing resorts are along the Valea Prahovei
Valea Prahovei and in Poiana Brașov. Castles in Transylvanian cities such as Sibiu, Brașov, and Sighișoara
Sighișoara also attract a large number of tourists. Bran Castle, near Brașov, is one of the most famous attractions in Romania, drawing hundreds of thousands of tourists every year as it is often advertised as being Dracula's Castle.[227] Rural tourism, focusing on folklore and traditions, has become an important alternative,[228] and is targeted to promote such sites as Bran and its Dracula's Castle, the Painted churches of Northern Moldavia, and the Wooden churches of Maramureș.[229] Other attractions include the Danube
Danube Delta, and the Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuși
Constantin Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu.[230][231]
In 2014,
Romania had 32,500 companies which were active in the hotel and restaurant industry, with a total turnover of EUR 2.6 billion.[232] More than 1.9 million foreign tourists visited Romania in 2014, 12% more than in 2013.[233] According to the country's National Statistics Institute, some 77% came from Europe
Europe (particularly from Germany, Italy
Italy and France), 12% from Asia, and less than 7% from North America.[233] Science and technology Main articles: Science and technology in Romania
Science and technology in Romania and List of Romanian inventors and discoverers
Coandă-1910 was an early aircraft with ducted fan propulsion.
Historically, Romanian researchers and inventors have made notable
contributions to several fields. In the history of flight, Traian Vuia
made the first airplane to take off on its own power[234] and Aurel
Vlaicu built and flew some of the earliest successful aircraft, while
Henri Coandă
Henri Coandă discovered the Coandă effect
Coandă effect of fluidics. Victor Babeș discovered more than 50 types of bacteria; biologist Nicolae Paulescu discovered insulin, while Emil Palade, received the Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize for his contributions to cell biology. Lazăr Edeleanu was the first chemist to synthesize amphetamine and he also invented the procedure of separating valuable petroleum components with selective solvents, while Costin Nenițescu
Costin Nenițescu developed numerous new classes of compounds in organic chemistry. Notable mathematicians include Spiru Haret, Grigore Moisil, and Ștefan Odobleja; physicists and inventors: Șerban Țițeica, Alexandru Proca, and Ștefan Procopiu. During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including corruption, low funding and a considerable brain drain.[235] However, since the country's accession to the European Union, this has begun to change.[236] After being slashed by 50% in 2009 because of the global recession, R&D spending was increased by 44% in 2010 and now stands at $0.5 billion (1.5 billion lei).[237] In January 2011, the Parliament also passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".[238] The country has joined several major international organizations such as CERN
CERN and the European Space Agency.[239][240] Overall, the situation has been characterized as "rapidly improving", albeit from a low base.[241] The nuclear physics facility of the European Union's proposed Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) laser will be built in Romania.[242] In early 2012, Romania
Romania launched its first satellite from the Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guyana.[243] Starting December 2014, Romania
Romania is a co-owner of the International Space Station.[244] Demographics Main article: Demographics of Romania See also: Minorities of Romania
Minorities of Romania and Romanian diaspora
Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1866 4,424,961 —
1887 5,500,000 +24.3%
1899 5,956,690 +8.3%
1912 7,234,919 +21.5%
1930 18,057,028 +149.6%
1939 19,934,000 +10.4%
1941 13,535,757 −32.1%
1948 15,872,624 +17.3%
1956 17,489,450 +10.2%
1966 19,103,163 +9.2%
1977 21,559,910 +12.9%
1992 22,760,449 +5.6%
2002 21,680,974 −4.7%
2011 20,121,641 −7.2%
2016 (est.) 19,474,952 −3.2%
Figures prior to 1948 do not reflect current borders.
Ethnic map of
Romania based on 2011 census data.
According to the 2011 census, Romania's population is 20,121,641.[3]
Like other countries in the region, its population is expected to
gradually decline in the coming years as a result of sub-replacement
fertility rates and negative net migration rate. In October 2011,
Romanians made up 88.9% of the population. The largest ethnic minorities are the Hungarians, 6.1% of the population, and the Roma, 3.0% of the population.[d][245] Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of Harghita and Covasna. Other minorities include Ukrainians, Germans, Turks, Lipovans, Aromanians, Tatars, and Serbs.[246] In 1930, there were 745,421 Germans in Romania,[247] but only about 36,000 remain today.[246] As of 2009[update], there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from Moldova
Moldova and China.[128] The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2015 was estimated at 1.33 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world.[248] In 2014, 31.2% of births were to unmarried women.[249] The birth rate (9.49‰, 2012) is much lower than the mortality rate (11.84‰, 2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 39.1, 2012), with approximately 14.9% of total population aged 65 years and over.[250][251][252] The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 74.92 years (71.46 years male, 78.59 years female).[248] The number of Romanians
Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at around 12 million.[139] After the Romanian Revolution
Romanian Revolution of 1989, a significant number of Romanians emigrated to other European countries, North America or Australia.[253] For example, in 1990, 96,919 Romanians
Romanians permanently settled abroad.[254] Languages Main article: Romanian language The official language is Romanian, an Eastern Romance language
Romance language similar to Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian, but sharing many features with other Romance languages
Romance languages such as Italian, French, Spanish and Portuguese. (The Romanian alphabet
Romanian alphabet contains the same 26 letters of the Latin, plus 5 others, totaling 31.) Romanian is spoken as a first language by 85% of the population, while Hungarian and Vlax Romani
Vlax Romani are spoken by 6.2% and 1.2% of the population, respectively. There are 25,000 native German speakers, and 32,000 Turkish speakers in Romania, as well as almost 50,000 speakers of Ukrainian,[255] concentrated in some compact regions, near the border, where they form a majority.[256] According to the Constitution, local councils ensure linguistic rights to all minorities, with localities with ethnic minorities of over 20%, that minority's language can be used in the public administration, justice system, and education. Foreign citizens and stateless persons that live in Romania
Romania have access to justice and education in their own language.[257] English and French are the main foreign languages taught in schools.[258] In 2010, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie identifies 4,756,100 French speakers in the country.[259] According to the 2012 Eurobarometer, English is spoken by 31% of Romanians, French is spoken by 17%, and Italian by 7%.[260] Religion
Iași Metropolitan Cathedral, founded in 1833, is the largest historical Orthodox church in Romania.
Religion in Romania
Religion in Romania (2011 census)
Eastern Orthodox
Roman Catholic
Greek Catholic
Seventh-day Adventist
No data
Main articles:
Religion in Romania
Religion in Romania and Romanian Orthodox Church Romania
Romania is a secular state and has no state religion. An overwhelming majority of the population identify themselves as Christians. At the country's 2011 census, 81.0% of respondents identified as Orthodox Christians belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church. Other denominations include Protestantism
Protestantism (6.2%), Roman Catholicism (4.3%), and Greek Catholicism (0.8%). From the remaining population, 195,569 people belong to other Christian
Christian denominations or have another religion, which includes 64,337 Muslims (mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity) and 3,519 Jewish. Moreover, 39,660 people have no religion or are atheist, whilst the religion of the rest is unknown.[261] The Romanian Orthodox Church
Romanian Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church in full communion with other Orthodox churches, with a Patriarch as its leader. It is the second-largest Orthodox Church in the world[citation needed], and unlike other Orthodox churches, it functions within a Latin
Latin culture and utilizes a Romance liturgical language.[262] Its canonical jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania
Romania and Moldova,[263] with dioceses for Romanians
Romanians living in nearby Serbia
Serbia and Hungary, as well as diaspora communities in Central and Western Europe, North America and Oceania. Urbanization Main articles: List of cities and towns in Romania
List of cities and towns in Romania and Metropolitan Areas in Romania Although 54.0% of the population lived in urban areas in 2011,[3] this percentage has been declining since 1996.[264] Counties with over ⅔ urban population are Hunedoara, Brașov
Brașov and Constanța, while with less than a third are Dâmbovița (30.06%) and Giurgiu and Teleorman.[3] Bucharest
Bucharest is the capital and the largest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.8 million in 2011. Its larger urban zone has a population of almost 2.2 million,[265] which are planned to be included into a metropolitan area up to 20 times the area of the city proper.[266][267][268] Another 19 cities have a population of over 100,000, with Cluj-Napoca
Cluj-Napoca and Timișoara
Timișoara of slightly more than 300,000 inhabitants, Iași, Constanța, Craiova
Craiova and Brașov
Brașov with over 250,000 inhabitants, and Galați
Galați and Ploiești
Ploiești with over 200,000 inhabitants.[186] Metropolitan areas have been constituted for most of these cities.
v t e
Largest cities in Romania 2011 Census[269]
Rank Name County Pop. Rank Name County Pop.
Cluj-Napoca 1 Bucharest Bucharest 1,883,425 11 Brăila Brăila 180,302
2 Cluj-Napoca Cluj 324,576 12 Arad Arad 159,704
3 Timișoara Timiș 319,279 13 Pitești Argeș 155,383
4 Iași Iași 290,422 14 Sibiu Sibiu 147,245
5 Constanța Constanța 283,872 15 Bacău Bacău 144,307
6 Craiova Dolj 269,506 16 Târgu Mureș Mureș 134,290
7 Brașov Brașov 253,200 17 Baia Mare Maramureș 123,738
8 Galați Galați 249,342 18 Buzău Buzău 115,494
9 Ploiești Prahova 209,945 19 Botoșani Botoșani 106,847
10 Oradea Bihor 196,367 20 Satu Mare Satu Mare 102,441
Education Main article: Romanian educational system
University of
Bucharest was opened in 1864.
Illiteracy rate by county (2011). Cooler colors indicate a lower rate of illiteracy, and warmer colors indicate a higher rate of illiteracy. The national average is 1.22%.
Since the
Romanian Revolution
Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Romanian educational system has been in a continuous process of reform that has received mixed criticism.[270] In 2004, some 4.4 million of the population were enrolled in school. Out of these, 650,000 in kindergarten (3–6 years), 3.11 million in primary and secondary level, and 650,000 in tertiary level (universities).[271] In the same year, the adult literacy rate was 97.3% (45th worldwide), while the combined gross enrollment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary schools was 75% (52nd worldwide).[272] Kindergarten
Kindergarten is optional between 3 and 6 years. Since 2012, compulsory schooling starts at age 6 with the "preparatory school year" (clasa pregătitoare)[273] and is compulsory until tenth grade.[274] Primary and secondary education is divided into 12 or 13 grades. There also exists a semi-legal, informal private tutoring system used mostly during secondary school, which has prospered during the Communist regime.[275] Higher education is aligned with the European higher education area. The results of the PISA assessment study in schools for the year 2012 placed Romania
Romania on the 45th rank out of 65 participant countries[276] and in 2016 the Romanian government released statistics showing 42% of 15-year-olds are functionally illiterate in reading.[277] though Romania
Romania often wins medals in the mathematical olympiads[278][279][280] and not only. Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, University of Bucharest, and West University of Timișoara
Timișoara have been included in the QS World University Rankings' top 800.[281] Healthcare Main article: Healthcare in Romania Romania
Romania has a universal health care system, and total health expenditures by the government are roughly 5% of the GDP.[282] It covers medical examinations, any surgical interventions, and any post-operator medical care, and provides free or subsidized medicine for a range of diseases. The state is obliged to fund public hospitals and clinics. The most common causes of death are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Transmissible diseases, such as tuberculosis, syphilis or viral hepatitis, are quite common by European standards.[283] In 2010, Romania
Romania had 428 state and 25 private hospitals,[284] with 6.2 hospital beds per 1,000 people,[285] and over 200,000 medical staff, including over 52,000 doctors.[286] As of 2013[update], the emigration rate of doctors was 9%, higher than the European average of 2.5%.[287] Culture Main articles: Culture of Romania
Culture of Romania and National symbols of Romania
Sibiu was the European Capital of Culture
European Capital of Culture in 2007.
Mihai Eminescu
Mihai Eminescu is the national poet of Romania
Romania and Moldova.
George Enescu
George Enescu was an influential Romanian composer, violinist, pianist, conductor, and teacher
Angela Gheorghiu, one of the world's foremost sopranos.
Arts and monuments
Main articles: Romanian literature, Cinema of Romania, Music of
Romania, and List of World Heritage Sites in Romania
See also: List of films shot in Romania
The topic of the origin of the
Romanians began to be discussed by the end of the 18th century among the Transylvanian School scholars.[288] Several writers rose to prominence in the 19th century, including George Coșbuc, Ioan Slavici, Mihail Kogălniceanu, Vasile Alecsandri, Nicolae Bălcescu, Ion Luca Caragiale, Ion Creangă, and Mihai Eminescu, the later being considered the greatest and most influential Romanian poet, particularly for the poem Luceafărul.[289] In the 20th century, Romanian artists reached international acclaim, including Tristan Tzara, Marcel Janco,[290] Mircea Eliade, Nicolae Grigorescu, Marin Preda, Liviu Rebreanu,[291] Eugène Ionesco, Emil Cioran, and Constantin Brâncuși. The latter has a sculptural ensemble in Târgu Jiu, while his sculpture Bird in Space, was auctioned in 2005 for $27.5 million.[292][293] Romanian-born Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel received the Nobel Peace Prize
Nobel Peace Prize in 1986, while writer Herta Müller received the Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize in Literature in 2009. Prominent Romanian painters include Nicolae Grigorescu, Ștefan Luchian, Ion Andreescu
Ion Andreescu Nicolae Tonitza
Nicolae Tonitza and Theodor Aman. Notable Romanian classical composers of the 19th and 20th centuries include Ciprian Porumbescu, Anton Pann, Eduard Caudella, Mihail Jora, Dinu Lipatti and especially George Enescu. The annual George Enescu Festival is held in Bucharest
Bucharest in honor of the 20th century emponymous composer.[294] Contemporary musicians like Angela Gheorghiu, Gheorghe Zamfir,[295][296] Inna,[297] Alexandra Stan[298] and many others have achieved various levels of international acclaim. At the Eurovision Song Contest Romanian singers have achieved third place in 2005 and 2010.[299] In cinema, several movies of the Romanian New Wave have achieved international acclaim. At the Cannes Film Festival, 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days by Cristian Mungiu
Cristian Mungiu won Palme d'Or
Palme d'Or in 2007.[300] At the Berlin International Film Festival, Child's Pose by Călin Peter Netzer won the Golden Bear
Golden Bear in 2013.[301] The list of World Heritage Sites includes six cultural sites located within Romania, including eight Painted churches of northern Moldavia, eight Wooden Churches of Maramureș, seven Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania, the Horezu Monastery, and the Historic Centre of Sighișoara. [302] The city of Sibiu, with its Brukenthal National Museum, was selected as the 2007 European Capital of Culture.[303] Multiple castles exist in Romania, including popular tourist attractions of Peleș Castle,[304] Corvin Castle, and "Dracula's Castle".[305] Holidays, traditions and cuisine See also: Romanian dress, Romanian folklore, and Romanian cuisine There are 12 non-working public holidays, including the Great Union Day, celebrated on 1 December in commemoration of the 1918 union of Transylvania
Transylvania with Romania.[306] Winter holidays include the Christmas festivities and the New Year during which, various unique folklore dances and games are common: plugușorul, sorcova, ursul, and capra.[307][308] The traditional Romanian dress
Romanian dress that otherwise has largely fallen out of use during the 20th century, is a popular ceremonial vestment worn on these festivities, especially in the rural areas.[309] Sacrifices of live pigs during Christmas and lambs during Easter
Easter has required a special derogation from EU law after 2007.[310] During Easter, painted eggs are very common, while on 1 March features mărțișor gifting, a tradition likely of Thracian
Thracian origin.[311] Romanian cuisine
Romanian cuisine shares some similarities with other Balkan cuisines such as Greek, Bulgarian and Turkish cuisine.[312] Ciorbă
Ciorbă includes a wide range of sour soups, while mititei, mămăligă (similar to polenta), and sarmale are featured commonly in main courses.[313] Pork, chicken and beef are the preferred meats, but lamb and fish are also popular.[314] [315] Certain traditional recipes are made in direct connection with the holidays: chiftele, tobă and tochitura at Christmas; drob, pască and cozonac at Easter
Easter and other Romanian holidays.[316] Țuică
Țuică is a strong plum brandy reaching a 70% alcohol content which is the country's traditional alcoholic beverage, taking as much as 75% of the national crop ( Romania
Romania is one of the largest plum producers in the world).[317][318] Traditional alcoholic beverages also include wine, rachiu, palincă and vișinată, but beer consumption has increased dramatically over the recent years.[319] Sports Main article: Sports in Romania
Simona Halep
Simona Halep is currently ranked world No. 1 in singles by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA).
Association football
Association football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Romania with over 234,000 registered players as of 2010[update].[320] The governing body is the Romanian Football Federation, which belongs to UEFA. The Romania national football team
Romania national football team has taken part seven times in the FIFA World Cup
FIFA World Cup games and had its most successful period during the 1990s, when they reached the quarterfinals of the 1994 FIFA
FIFA World Cup and was ranked third by FIFA
FIFA in 1997.[321] The core player of this "Golden Generation" was Gheorghe Hagi, who was nicknamed "the Maradona of the Carpathians."[322][323] Other successful players include Nicolae Dobrin, Dudu Georgescu, Florea Dumitrache, Liță Dumitru, Ilie Balaci, Loți Bölöni, Costică Ștefănescu, Cornel Dinu
Cornel Dinu or Gheorghe Popescu, and most recently Adrian Mutu, Cristian Chivu, Dan Petrescu or Cosmin Contra. The most successful club is Steaua București, who were the first Eastern European team to win the European Champions Cup in 1986, and were runners-up in 1989. Dinamo București reached the European Champions' Cup semifinal in 1984 and the Cup Winners' Cup semifinal in 1990. Other important Romanian football clubs are Rapid București, UTA Arad, Universitatea Craiova, CFR Cluj
CFR Cluj and Petrolul Ploiești.
Cristina Neagu
Cristina Neagu is the only female handball player in history to win three IHF World Player of the Year
IHF World Player of the Year awards.
Tennis is the second-most-popular sport, with over 15,000 registered
Romania reached the Davis Cup
Davis Cup finals three times (1969, 1971, 1972). The tennis player Ilie Năstase
Ilie Năstase won several Grand Slam titles, and was the first player to be ranked as number 1 by ATP between 1973 and 1974. Virginia Ruzici
Virginia Ruzici won the French Open
French Open in 1978, and was runner-up in 1980, Simona Halep
Simona Halep played the final in 2014 and 2017 and is currently ranked 1st by the WTA.[325] The Romanian duo Horia Tecău
Horia Tecău and Florin Mergea
Florin Mergea won the doubles silver medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.[326] Other popular team sports are team handball,[324] basketball[327] and rugby union. Both the men's and women's handball national teams are multiple world champions. On 13 January 2010, Cristina Neagu
Cristina Neagu became the first Romanian in handball to win the IHF World Player of the Year award.[328] Basketball
Basketball is widely enjoyed, especially by the youth.[327] Gheorghe Mureșan
Gheorghe Mureșan was one of the two tallest players to ever play in the NBA. In 2016, Romania
Romania was chosen as a host for the 2017 EuroBasket. The rugby national team has competed in every Rugby World Cup. Popular individual sports include athletics, chess, judo, dancesport, table tennis and combat sports (Lucian Bute, Leonard Dorin Doroftei, Mihai Leu aka Michael Loewe, Daniel Ghiță, Benjamin Adegbuyi, Andrei Stoica, etc.).[324] While it has a limited popularity nowadays, oină is a traditional Romanian sporting game similar to baseball that has been continuously practiced since at least the 14th century.[329] Romania
Romania participated in the Olympic Games
Olympic Games for the first time in 1900 and has taken part in 21 of the 28 summer games. It has been one of the more successful countries at the Summer Olympic Games, with a total of 307 medals won throughout the years, of which 89 gold ones, ranking 15th overall, and second (behind neighbour Hungary) of the nations that have never hosted the game. It participated at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles in defiance of a Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact boycott and finished second in gold medals (20) and third in total medal count (53).[330] Almost a quarter of all the medals and 25 of the gold ones were won in gymnastics, with Nadia Comăneci
Nadia Comăneci becoming the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an Olympic event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.[331] Romanian competitors have won gold medals in other Olympic sports: rowing, athletics, canoeing, wrestling, shooting, fencing, swimming, weightlifting, boxing, and judo. At the Winter Olympic Games, Romania
Romania has won only a bronze medal in bobsleigh at the 1968 Winter Olympics. See also
Index of Romania-related articles
Outline of Romania
Romania – book
^ "am scris aceste sfente cărți de învățături, să fie popilor
rumânesti ... să înțeleagă toți oamenii cine-s rumâni
creștini" "Întrebare creștinească" (1559), Bibliografia
românească veche, IV, 1944, p. 6.
"... că văzum cum toate limbile au și înfluresc întru
cuvintele slăvite a lui Dumnezeu numai noi românii pre limbă nu
avem. Pentru aceia cu mare muncă scoasem de limba jidovească si
grecească si srâbească pre limba românească 5 cărți ale lui
Moisi prorocul si patru cărți și le dăruim voo frați rumâni și
le-au scris în cheltuială multă ... și le-au dăruit voo
fraților români, ... și le-au scris voo fraților români"
Palia de la Orăștie (1581–1582), București, 1968.
În Țara Ardealului nu lăcuiesc numai unguri, ce și sași peste
seamă de mulți și români peste tot locul ..., Grigore Ureche,
Letopisețul Țării Moldovei, p. 133–134.
^ In his literary testament
Ienăchiță Văcărescu
Ienăchiță Văcărescu writes: "Urmașilor mei Văcărești!/Las vouă moștenire:/Creșterea limbei românești/Ș-a patriei cinstire." In the "Istoria faptelor lui Mavroghene-Vodă și a răzmeriței din timpul lui pe la 1790" a Pitar Hristache writes: "Încep după-a mea ideie/Cu vreo câteva condeie/Povestea mavroghenească/Dela Țara Românească. ^ In 1816, the Greek scholar Dimitrie Daniel Philippide
Dimitrie Daniel Philippide published in Leipzig
Leipzig his work The History of Romania, followed by The Geography of Romania. On the tombstone of Gheorghe Lazăr
Gheorghe Lazăr in Avrig
Avrig (built in 1823) there is the inscription: "Precum Hristos pe Lazăr din morți a înviat/Așa tu România din somn ai deșteptat." ^ 2002 census data, based on population by ethnicity Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine., gave a total of 535,250 Roma in Romania. Many ethnicities are not recorded, as they do not have ID cards Archived 15 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. International sources give higher figures than the official census (e.g., UNDP's Regional Bureau for Europe, World Bank, "International Association for Official Statistics" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2008.
^ "Constitution of Romania". Cdep.ro. Archived from the original on 7
September 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ "Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European
Charter for Regional or Minority Languages". Council of Europe.
Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
Retrieved 3 December 2015.
^ a b c d e "Romanian 2011 census (final results)" (PDF) (in
Romanian). INSSE. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2013.
Retrieved 28 August 2012.
^ "Annual official estimate" Archived 30 August 2017 at the Wayback
Machine..(PDF) 2017 Revision
^ a b "Romania". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the
original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
^ "
Gini coefficient
Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC)". Eurostat
Eurostat Data Explorer. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2015. ^ "2016 Human Development Report
Human Development Report Romania" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2016. pp. 2–3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2017. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014. ^ " Romania
Romania Geography". aboutromania.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017. ^ ""Country Comparison : GDP - Real Growth Rate", CIA World Factbook, accessed 26 July 2017". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017. ^ "Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language, 1998; New Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language, 2002" (in Romanian). Dexonline.ro. Archived from the original on 12 March 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ Verres, Andréas. Acta et Epistolae. I. p. 243. nunc se Romanos vocant ^ Cl. Isopescu (1929). "Notizie intorno ai romeni nella letteratura geografica italiana del Cinquecento". Bulletin de la Section Historique. XVI: 1–90. ... si dimandano in lingua loro Romei ... se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano, ... ^ Holban, Maria (1983). Călători străini despre Țările Române (in Romanian). II. Ed. Științifică și Enciclopedică. pp. 158–161. Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandati quì quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli ... ^ Cernovodeanu, Paul (1960). Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople, fol 48. Studii și materiale de istorie medievală (in Romanian). IV. p. 444. Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transilvanie a eté peuplé des colonies romaines du temps de Traian l'empereur ... Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain ... ^ Ion Rotaru, Literatura română veche, "The Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung" Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine., București, 1981, pp. 62–65 ^ Brezeanu, Stelian (1999). Romanitatea Orientală în Evul Mediu. Bucharest: Editura All Educational. pp. 229–246. ^ Goina, Călin. How the State Shaped the Nation: an Essay on the Making of the Romanian Nation Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. in Regio – Minorities, Politics, Society. ^ " Wallachia
Wallachia and Moldavia, 1859–61". Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2008. ^ See, for example, "Rumania: Remarkable Common Ground" Archived 31 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine., The New York Times (December 21, 1989). ^ See the Google Ngrams for Romania, Rumania, and Roumania. ^ "General principles" (in Romanian). cdep.ro. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2009. ^ T. Douglas Price (2013). Europe
Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages. OUP USA. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-19-991470-8. ^ Zilhão, João (2006). "Neanderthals and Moderns Mixed and It Matters". Evolutionary Anthropology. 15 (5): 183–195. doi:10.1002/evan.20110. ^ John Noble Wilford (1 December 2009). "A Lost European Culture, Pulled From Obscurity". The New York Times (30 November 2009). Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. ^ Gibbs, Patrick. "Antiquity Vol 79 No 306 December 2005 The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania
Romania Olivier Weller & Gheorghe Dumitroaia". Antiquity.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2012. ^ a b c Hitchins 2014, p. 7. ^ Herodotus. Histories, 4.93–4.97. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History (Volume 10) (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1996. J. J. Wilkes mentions "the Getae
Getae of the Dobrudja, who were akin to the Dacians" (p. 562) ^ Mócsy, András (1974). Pannonia and Upper Moesia. Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-7714-9. See p. 364, n. 41: "If there is any justification for dividing the Thracian
Thracian ethnic group, then, unlike V. Georgiev who suggests splitting it into the Thraco- Getae
Getae and the Daco-Mysi, I consider a division into the Thraco-Mysi and the Daco- Getae
Getae the more likely." ^ Hitchins 2014, pp. 13–14. ^ Matley, Ian (1970). Romania; a Profile. Praeger. p. 85. ^ Giurescu, Constantin C. (1972). The Making of the Romanian People and Language. Bucharest: Meridiane Publishing House. pp. 43, 98–101, 141. ^ Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History BOOK IX. ^ Watkins, Thayer. "The Economic History of the Western Roman Empire". Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. The Emperor Aurelian recognized the realities of the military situation in Dacia
Dacia and, around 271 AD., withdrew Roman troops from Dacia, leaving it to the Goths. The Lower Danube
Danube once again became the northern frontier of the Roman Empire
Roman Empire in Eastern Europe ^ Jordanes
Jordanes (551). Getica, sive, De Origine Actibusque Gothorum. Constantinople. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Iliescu, Vl.; Paschale, Chronicon (1970). Fontes Historiae Daco-Romanae. II. București. pp. 363, 587. ^ Teodor, Dan Gh. (1995). Istoria României de la începuturi până în secolul al VIII-lea. 2. București. pp. 294–325. ^ Constantine VII, Porphyrogenitus (950). Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio. Constantinople. Archived from the original on 23 October 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Lupșa, Cristian (1 March 2008). "Regele Decebal" (in Romanian). Lumea-Copiilor. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015. ^ "Împăratul Traian, strămoșul uitat" (in Romanian). Adevărul. 4 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015. ^ "Mitul strămoșilor în "epopeea națională": Dacii, Columna și Burebista" (in Romanian). Realitatea TV. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015. ^ Pop, Ioan-Aurel (Winter 2001). "The Romanians' Identity in the 16th Century According to Italian Authors" (PDF). Transylvanian Review. Romanian Cultural Foundation. 10 (4): 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2014. ^ "Gesta Hungarorum, the chronicle of Bele Regis Notarius". Scribd.com. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ Makkai, László (2001). Köpeczi, Béla, ed. "History of Transylvania: III. Transylvania
Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526)". New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Columbia University Press. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Ștefănescu, Ștefan (1991). Istoria medie a României. I. Bucharest. p. 114. ^ Predescu, Lucian (1940). Enciclopedia Cugetarea. ^ Várkonyi, Ágnes R. (2001). "Columbia University Press". In Köpeczi, Béla. History of Transylvania: VI. The Last Decades of the Independent Principality
Principality (1660–1711). 2. New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ István, Vásáry. "Cumans and Tatars". cambridge.org. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2009. ^ Copy of Domnitori Romani. Archived from the original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015. ^ Giurescu, p. 211–13. Giurescu, Constantin C. (2007) [1935]. Istoria Românilor (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura All. ^ David Prodan, Supplex Libellus Valachorum, Bucharest, 1948. ^ Kocsis, Karoly; Kocsis-Hodosi, Eszter (1999). Ethnic structure of the population on the present territory of Transylvania
Transylvania (1880–1992). Archived from the original on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Kocsis, Karoly; Kocsis-Hodosi, Eszter (2001). Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin. Simon Publications. p. 102. ISBN 1-931313-75-X. ^ Gazeta de Transilvania, year XI, no. 34 of 26 April 1848, p. 140. ^ Dogaru (1978), p. 862. ^ Căzănișteanu (1967), p. 36. ^ Năsturel (1900/1901), p. 257. Năsturel, Petre Vasiliu, Steagul, stema română, însemnele domnești, trofee (The Romanian flag [and] coat of arms; the princely insignias [and] trophies), Bucharest, 1903. ^ Charles Jelavich; Barbara Jelavich (2012). The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920. University of Washington Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-295-80360-9. ^ Bobango, Gerald J (1979). The emergence of the Romanian national State. New York: Boulder. ISBN 978-0-914710-51-6. ^ "San Stefano Preliminary Treaty" (in Russian). 1878. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ The Treaty of Berlin, 1878 – Excerpts on the Balkans. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Berlin: Fordham University. 13 July 1878. Archived from the original on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Patterson, Michelle (August 1996). "The Road to Romanian Independence". Canadian Journal of History. Archived from the original (– Scholar search) on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Anderson, Frank Maloy; Hershey, Amos Shartle (1918). Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870–1914. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office. ^ Horne, Charles F. "Romania's Declaration of War with Austria-Hungary". Source Records of the Great War. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. ISBN 5-93165-107-1. ^ Bernard Anthony Cook (2001). Europe
Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Taylor&Francis. p. 162. ISBN 0-8153-4057-5. ^ "Text of the Treaty of Trianon". World War I
World War I Document Archive. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Malbone W. Graham (October 1944). "The Legal Status of the Bukovina and Bessarabia". The American Journal of International Law. American Society of International Law. 38 (4): 667–673. doi:10.2307/2192802. JSTOR 2192802. ^ "World War I: The Players". www.mtholyoke.edu. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ "Statul National Unitar (România Mare 1919–1940)" (in Romanian). ici.ro. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "his1". Aneir-cpce.ro. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2014. ^ "VIDEO Înregistrare senzațională cu Hitler: "Fără petrolul din România nu aș fi atacat niciodată URSS-ul"". adevarul.ro. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2014. ^ "Business in Romania: a country that's fast off the Bloc – Two years of EU membership have transformed the business face of Romania and savvy UK firms are reaping the rewards. Paul Bray reports". The Daily Telegraph. London. 24 February 2010. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2010. ^ "Post-War Romania". www.shsu.edu. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ Ioan Scurtu; Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu; Georgiana Margareta Scurtu (2002). Istoria Românilor între anii 1918–1940 (in Romanian). University of Bucharest. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. ^ Nagy-Talavera, Nicolas M. (1970). Green Shirts and Others: a History of Fascism in Hungary
Hungary and Romania. Hoover Institution Press. p. 305. ISBN 973-9432-11-5. ^ Ioan Scurtu; Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu; Georgiana Margareta Scurtu. "Decret regal privind investirea generalului Ion Antonescu
Ion Antonescu cu depline puteri". Istoria românilor între anii 1918–1940 (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011. ^ M. Broszat (1968). "Deutschland – Ungarn – Rumänien. Entwicklung und Grundfaktoren nationalsozialistischer Hegemonial- und Bündnispolitik 1938–1941". Historische Zeitschrift
Historische Zeitschrift (in German) (206): 552–553. ^ Note: follow the World War II
World War II link: Ronald D. Bachman, ed. (9 November 2005). Romania: World War II
World War II (Report) (2 ed.). Washington D.C.: Library of Congress.Federal Research Division. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Ilie Fugaru (11 November 2004). " Romania
Romania clears doubts about Holocaust past". UPI. Archived from the original on 2005-03-11. ^ International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania
Romania (28 January 2012). "Executive Summary: Historical Findings and Recommendations" (PDF). Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Yad Vashem (The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012. ^ Associated, The (17 April 2012). "Study: More than 280,000 Jews killed in Romania
Romania in WWII – Haaretz Daily Newspaper Israel
Israel News". Haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2012. ^ " Ion Antonescu
Ion Antonescu ruler of Romania". Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016. ^ "Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research in Romania". holocaustremembrance.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015. ^ Axworthy, Mark; Scafes, Cornel; Craciunoiu, Cristian (editors) (1995). Third axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces
Romanian Armed Forces In the European War 1941–1945. London: Arms & Armour Press. pp. 1–368. ISBN 963-389-606-1. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) ^ "The Biggest Mistakes in World War 2:Ploesti – the most important target". Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Constantiniu, Florin, O istorie sinceră a poporului român ("An Honest History of the Romanian People"), Ed. Univers Enciclopedic, București, 1997, ISBN 973-9243-07-X ^ Clodfelter, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 (2 ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 582. ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. ^ Tomiuc, Eugen (6 May 2005). " World War II
World War II – 60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Giurescu, "«Alegeri" după model sovietic", p.17 (citing Berry), 18 (citing Berry and note); Macuc, p.40; Tismăneanu, p.113 ^ "Romania: Country studies – Chapter 1.7.1 "Petru Groza's Premiership"". Federal research Division, Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "Romania". CIA – The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ " Romania
Romania – Country Background and Profile". ed-u.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Rîjnoveanu, Carmen (2003). "Romania's Policy of Autonomy in the Context of the Sino-Soviet Conflict" (PDF). Czech Republic
Republic Military History Institute, Militärgeschichtliches Forscheungamt. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Roper, Stephen D. (2000). Romania: The Unfinished Revolution. London: Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 90-5823-027-9. ^ Cioroianu, Adrian (2005). On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Curtea Veche. pp. 68–73. ISBN 973-669-175-6. ^ Stoica, Stan (2007). Dicționar de Istorie a României (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Merona. pp. 77–78; 233–34. ISBN 973-7839-21-8. ^ Ionițoiu, Cicerone (2000). Victimele terorii comuniste. Arestați, torturați, întemnițați, uciși. Dicționar (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Mașina de scris. ISBN 973-99994-2-5. [page needed] ^ Consiliul National pentru Studierea Ahivelor Securității, Bande, bandiți si eroi; Grupurile de rezistență și Securitatea (1948–1968), Editura Enciclopedica, București, 2003 ^ Raportul Comisiei Prezidențiale pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România (Report). Comisia Prezidențială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România. 15 December 2006. pp. 215–217. ^ Political Tension 1968 (in Romanian). Bucharest: British Pathé. 21 August 1968. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. ^ "Romania: Soviet Union
Soviet Union and Eastern Europe". Country Studies.us. Archived from the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "Middle East policies in Communist Romania". Country Studies.us. Archived from the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Deletant, Dennis. "New Evidence on Romania
Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1989" (PDF). Cold War
Cold War International History Project e-Dossier Series. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2012. ^ Carothers, Thomas. "Romania: The Political Background" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. This seven-year period can be characterized as a gradualistic, often ambiguous transition away from communist rule towards democracy. ^ Hellman, Joel (January 1998). "Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist". Transitions World Politics. 50 (2): 203–234. ^ "Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului si Memoria Exilului Romanesc". mineriade.iiccr.ro. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011. ^ "Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului si Memoria Exilului Romanesc". mineriade.iiccr.ro. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011. ^ Bohlen, Celestine (15 June 1990). "Evolution in Europe; Romanian miners invade Bucharest". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 August 2008. Responding to an emergency appeal by President Ion Iliescu, thousands of miners from northern Romania
Romania descended on the capital city today ^ "Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului si Memoria Exilului Romanesc". mineriade.iiccr.ro. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011. ^ Presa internationala despre alegerile din Romania: Traian Basescu a castigat la limita; Romanii au mici sperante sa se dezghete ajutorul de la FMI – International Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. HotNews.ro. Retrieved on 21 August 2010. ^ " Romania
Romania profile – Leaders – BBC News-GB". Archived from the original on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016. ^ "Biroul Electoral Central, rezultate". Biroul Electoral Central. 2012. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016. ^ "Curtea Constitutionala a invalidat referendumul cu scorul 6–3. Traian Basescu revine la Cotroceni". Hotnews. 2012. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016. ^ Bucharest, Ian Traynor Roberta Radu in; agencies-GB (30 July 2012). "Romania's president Basescu survives impeachment vote". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ Claudia POPESCU. "DEINDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBAN SHRINKAGE IN ROMANIA. WHAT LESSONS FOR THE SPATIAL POLICY?". Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016. ^ "Statul român a pierdut 20 miliarde de dolari prin privatizarea Petrom". Vocea Rusiei. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016. ^ "Statul a oferit OMV Petrom
Petrom zăcăminte de 14 miliarde de dolari". www.jurnalul.ro. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016. ^ "CER Romania's Unforeseeable Turning Point". www.ce-review.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ " Romania
Romania shuts door on Gabriel's giant Rosia Montana gold mine". Financial Post. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ " Romania
Romania PM Ponta resigns over Bucharest
Bucharest nightclub fire Archived 15 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine.". BBC News. 4 November 2015. ^ " NATO
NATO update: NATO
NATO welcomes seven new members". NATO. Archived from the original on 11 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "EU approves Bulgaria
Bulgaria and Romania". BBC News. 26 September 2006. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "Adevarul". Adevarul.ro. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ a b Human Development Report
Human Development Report 2009 – Country Fact Sheets – Romania
Romania Archived 1 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. Hdrstats.undp.org. Retrieved on 21 August 2010. ^ Tracking the Millennium Development Goal Archived 26 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. MDG Monitor. Retrieved on 21 August 2010. ^ Joe Parkinson (4 December 2009). " Romania
Romania Faces Crucial Vote". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. ^ Romania
Romania and the IMF
IMF Archived 9 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Gheorghe Stoica; Lavinia Stan. "Romanian Politics in 2012: Intra-Cabinet Coexistence and Political Instability". South-East European Journal of Political Science. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. ^ "Romania's Infrastructure and International Transport Links". Assessment of the Romanian Economy. Romania
Romania Central. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ Romania, world's 53rd country in quality of life index « Denisa Morariu[dead link]. Denisamorariu.wordpress.com (8 January 2010). Retrieved on 21 August 2010. ^ Sistemul de invatamant distrus de lipsa reformelor – Cluj Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. citynews.ro. Retrieved on 21 August 2010. ^ D+C 2010/03 – Focus – Roos: In Romania
Romania and Bulgaria, civil-society organisations are demanding rule of law – Development and Cooperation – International Journal Archived 9 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Inwent.org. Retrieved on 21 August 2010. ^ " Romania
Romania is booming". The Economist. 17 December 2013. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. ^ " Human Development Report
Human Development Report 2016 – "Human Development for Everyone"" (PDF). HDRO ( Human Development Report
Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2017. ^ a b "Romania". Germany: focus-migration.de. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2008. ^ Thorpe, Nick (2 January 2014). "EU migration: Romania's absent parents". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016. ^ Schmitt, Caroline (27 November 2014). "Mothering via Skype: Europe's absentee parents". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016. ^ a b "Geography, Meteorology and Environment" (PDF) (in Romanian). Romanian Statistical Yearbook. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2009. ^ "Romania's Biodiversity". Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection of Romania
Romania (via enrin.grida.no). Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2008. ^ "Protected Areas in Romania". Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection (via envir.ee). Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2008. ^ " Danube
Danube Delta". UNESCO's World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2008. ^ " Danube
Danube Delta Reserve Biosphere". Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection (via envir.ee). Archived from the original on 26 April 2005. Retrieved 10 January 2008. ^ " Danube
Danube Delta". UNESCO's World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2008. ^ Wohl, Ellen (2010). A World of Rivers: Environmental Change on Ten of the World's Great Rivers. University of Chicago Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-226-90480-1. ^ "Romania". Fao.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014. ^ a b "Flora si fauna salbatica" (in Romanian). enrin.grida.no. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2009. ^ "EarthTrends: Biodiversity and Protected Areas – Romania" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2008. ^ "Bears. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2014. ^ "Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan" (PDF). IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2014. ^ "Romania: Climate". U.S. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 23 September 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2008. ^ a b "Permafrost Monitoring and Prediction in Southern Carpathians, Romania". CliC International Project Office (CIPO). 22 December 2004. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "The 2004 Yearbook" (PDF) (in Romanian). Romanian National Institute of Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Clima Romaniei Site-ul Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie Archived 22 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Klimatafel von Rumänien". Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ Verheijen, Tony (14 March 1990). "Oxford Scholarship Online: Semi-Presidentialism in Europe". Oxfordscholarship.com. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ a b c d Romania. The Europa World Year Book. 2 (48 ed.). London and New York: Routledge. 2007. pp. 3734–3759. ISBN 978-1-85743-412-5. ^ "Se schimbă sistemul de vot. Deputații au adoptat noua Lege Electorală propusă de USL". Antena3.ro. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012. ^ "Presentation". High Court of Cassation and Justice
High Court of Cassation and Justice -—Romania. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "Romanian Legal system". CIA Factbook. 2000. Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2008. ^ "Understanding the WTO – members". WTO. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ a b c d "Foreign Policy Priorities of Romania
Romania for 2008" (in Romanian). Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008. ^ "Background Note: Romania
Romania – U.S.-Romanian Relations". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. ^ [1] Archived 12 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Gabriel Andreescu; Valentin Stan; Renate Weber (30 October 1994). "Romania'S Relations with the Republic
Republic of Moldova". International Studies. Centre for International Studies. Archived from the original on 23 February 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Ihrig, Stefan. "Rediscovering History, Rediscovering Ultimate Truth" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008. ^ "Moldova, Romania
Romania open new chapter in bilateral relations". People's Daily. 29 April 2010. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2011. ^ "Press conference" (Press release). Ministry of National Defense of Romania. 21 January 2003. Archived from the original on 3 April 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "MoND Budget as of 2007" (in Romanian). Ziarul Financiar. 30 October 2006. Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ " Romania
Romania Finally Settles On Portuguese F-16s" Archived 6 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "PICTURES: Romania
Romania accepts first C-27J Spartans-12/04/2010-London". Flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010. ^ "Spartan Order". Aviation Week & Space Technology. 11 December 2006. ^ "Romania: 2 soldiers killed, 1 injured in Afghanistan". Colorado Springs Gazette. Associated Press. 7 May 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ " Romania
Romania To Send 450 More Troops To Afghanistan". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 21 December 2014. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ " Romania
Romania ends combat mission in Afghanistan with visit from Prime Minister". Associated Press. 30 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2016. ^ "Traian Basescu: Romania
Romania va trimite fregata Regele Ferdinand cu 205 militari in Mediterana pentru operatiuni de blocare a oricarei nave suspecte ca transporta armament" (in Romanian). HotNews.ro. 22 March 2011. Archived from the original on 25 March 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2011. ^ " Romania
Romania ratifies US missile shield agreement". SpaceWar. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. ^ "Geografia Romaniei" (in Romanian). descopera.net. Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2009. ^ a b "1.8". Administrative Organisation of Romanian Territory, on December 31, 2005 (PDF) (Report) (in Romanian). Romanian National Institute of Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ a b "Hierarchical list of the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics – NUTS and the Statistical regions of Europe". Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "LEGE nr. 151 din 15 iulie 1998" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2012. ^ "2011 Regions Population". INSSE. 4 July 2013. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013. ^ a b "Population at 20 October 2011" (in Romanian). INSSE. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013. [dead link] ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017. , IMF
IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2017 ^ World Bank
World Bank – Data for Romania
Romania 2016 Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "GDP per capita, consumption per capita and price level indices". Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017. ^ "GDP in 2006" (PDF) (in Romanian). Romanian National Institute of Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2008. ^ nytimes.com: " Romania
Romania to Get Next Installment of Bailout" 1 Nov 2010 Archived 31 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Veste excelenta pentru Romania
Romania de la Banca Mondiala (Video)". Archived from the original on 18 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014. ^ a b "In January 2017, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was estimated at 5.4%" (PDF) (Press release). National Institute of Statistics. 31 January 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017. ^ "Average gross earnings in Romania" (PDF). 16 March 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2017. ^ "Eurostat, HICP – monthly data (12-month average rate of change)". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017. ^ Industrial production up by 0.4% in euro area and EU27Eurostat. Eurostat
Eurostat (12 April 2013). Retrieved on 13 May 2013. ^ Chirileasa, Andrei (9 June 2014). "Top 20 companies in Romania
Romania by turnover". Romania-Insider.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014. ^ " IMF
IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011 – Central and Eastern Europe". IMF. April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011. ^ "Index of Economic Freedom: Romania". heritage.org. Archived from the original on 5 January 2005. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Taxation trends in the EU (PDF) (Report). Eurostat. 26 June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "Romania". CIA World Factbook. 2010. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011. ^ "Romania: FDI reached over EUR 8.3 bn". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Economy Ranking. Doing Business (Report). World Bank. 2007. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Doing Business 2007 Report (Report). World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "Fifth Report on the Practical Preparations for the Future Enlargement of the Euro
Euro Area" (PDF). Commission of the European Communities. 16 July 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2013. ^ "Banca Națională a României". bnr.ro. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015. ^ "Length of roads in Romania
Romania 2015" (PDF). INSSE. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2017. ^ "Reteaua feroviara" (in Romanian). cfr.to. Archived from the original on 8 June 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2009. ^ "Metrorex ridership" (in Romanian). Financial Week newspaper. 23 April 2007. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Ann.aero database Archived 26 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine. ^ a b c [[[List of countries by electricity consumption]] "List of countries by electricity consumption"] Check url= value (help). Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2014. ^ "Raport Anual 2015 energie" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017. ^ Ana Hontz-Ward. " Romania
Romania Expects to be Energy Independent Despite Ukraine
Ukraine Crisis". Voanews.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014. ^ "Contractul pentru unitatile 3 si 4 de la centrala nucleara Cernavoda se va parafa in mai. Chinezii v-or avea 51% din actiuni – Nicolae Moga (PSD) – Energie – HotNews.ro". Economie.hotnews.ro. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014. ^ "Numărul conexiunilor la internet a crescut cu 22,8%. Câte milioane de români au acces la internet". Gândul. 4 December 2014. Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. ^ • Chart: Blistering BroadBand: Europe's fastest downloaders -> Statista Archived 22 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Top 10: Where to Find the World's Fastest Internet". Bloomberg. 23 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 June 2016. ^ "Romanian city comes out first in the world in Internet download speed ranking". Net Index. 3 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 July 2013. ^ "Country/Economy Profiles: Romania, Page 329 Travel&Tourism" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2017. ^ "WTTC spells out policy recommendations for Romania
Romania to tap travel and tourism potential". WTTC. Retrieved 11 January 2008. [dead link] ^ "Worldbank Tourism in Romania". worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017. ^ "Tourism attracted in 2005 investments worth €400 million" (in Romanian). Gandul Newspaper. Retrieved 11 January 2008. [dead link] ^ Report from Romanian National Institute of Statistics (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2008. for the first 9 months of 2007 an increase from the previous year of 8.7% to 16.5 million tourists; of these 94.0% came from European countries and 61.7% from EU ^ Criza ne strică vacanța Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine., 9 July 2010, jurnalul.ro, accessed on 21 August 2010 ^ "Tan and fun at the Black Sea". UnseenRomania. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2008. ^ "Castelul Bran, marcat de istorie, dar şi de legenda lui Dracula atrage anual sute de mii de turişti". www.digi24.ro. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016. ^ "Turismul renaste la tara" (in Romanian). Romania
Romania Libera. 5 July 2008. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008. ^ "Bine ati venit pe site-ul de promovare a pensiunilor agroturistice din Romania !!!" (in Romanian). RuralTourism.ro. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008. ^ "Turism in Romania". Turism.ro. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ "Ansamblul sculptural Constantin Brancusi din Targu Jiu". Romaniaturistica.com. 16 March 1957. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ How important is tourism in Romania's economy? Archived 6 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine. ^ a b Over 1.9 million tourists visit Romania, where do they come from – Romania
Romania Insider Archived 4 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. ^ " Traian Vuia
Traian Vuia in a Century of Aviation". Romanian Academy
Romanian Academy Library. p. 1. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2012. ^ "Science in post-communist Romania: The future is not inviting" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2011. ^ "Laserul de la Magurele: Institutul de Cercetare pentru Fizica si Inginerie Nucleara a semnat contractul de 66 milioane euro pentru realizarea Sistemului Fascicul Gamma – Esential". HotNews.ro. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014. ^ "Bulgaria: Science fortunes of Balkan neighbours diverge – Novinite.com – Sofia News Agency". Novinite.com. 13 January 2011. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011. ^ "Science fortunes of Balkan neighbours diverge : Nature News". Nature.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011. ^ "Funeriu: Stiinta din Romania
Romania 'se imbunatateste', insa mai sunt multe lucruri de facut". Epochtimes-romania.com. 13 January 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011. ^ " Romania
Romania is to sign agreement on joining European space agency convention". Actmedia.eu. 20 January 2011. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011. ^ "Romania's high hopes for science : Nature News". Nature.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011. ^ "ELI-NP Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics". Eli-np.ro. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ "VIDEO Romania's first satellite Goliat successfully launch from Kourou base in French Guyana – Top News". HotNews.ro. Archived from the original on 6 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014. ^ " Romania
Romania will own a part of the International Space Station
International Space Station and will contribute to the development of the latest European rocket, Ariane 6". Romanian Space Agency. 3 December 2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. ^ "European effort spotlights plight of the Roma". usatoday. 10 February 2005. Archived from the original on 23 January 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ a b Official site of the results of the 2002 Census (Report) (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "German Population of Romania, 1930–1948". hungarian-history.hu. Archived from the original on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2009. ^ a b The World Factbook
The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency
Central Intelligence Agency Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Eurostat
Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table Archived 27 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Villeret, Graeme. "Roumanie". PopulationData.net. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ " Romania
Romania demographics profile (2011)". Indexmundi.com. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ "CIA World Factbook: Romania". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2013. ^ "Focus-Migration: Romania". focus-migration.hwwi.de (in German). Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ MIGRATION AND ASYLUM IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE Archived 16 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. European Parliament ^ "2011 census results by native language" (xls). www.recensamantromania.ro, website of the Romanian Institute of Statistics. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015. ^ "IARNA UCRAINEANĂ – Află care sunt localitățile din Maramureș în care se prăznuiesc sărbătorile de iarnă după rit vechi" [Ukrainian winter: find out in which communes of Maramureș are the Winter holidays celebrated by the old calendar], Infomm.ro, archived from the original on 18 May 2015, retrieved 5 May 2015 ^ "Constitutia României". Cdep.ro. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ "Two-thirds of working age adults in the EU28 in 2011 state they know a foreign language" (PDF). Eurostat. 26 September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2014. ^ "Roumanie – Organisation internationale de la Francophonie". francophonie.org. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. ^ "EUROPEANS AND THEIR LANGUAGES, REPORT" (PDF). Eurostat. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2014. ^ "2011 census results by religion" (xls). www.recensamantromania.ro, website of the Romanian Institute of Statistics. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015. ^ Profiles of the Eastern Churches Archived 29 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. at cnewa.org ^ European Court of Human Rights – Case of Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia
Bessarabia Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Urbanization of Romania: how urban population increased from 3.7 million in 1948 to 12 million in 1989". Businessday.ro. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2012. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) ^ "Urban Audit". Urban Audit. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ "Proiect – Zona metropolitana Bucuresti". Zmb.ro. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ "Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest
Bucharest will be ready in 10 years" (in Romanian). Romania
Romania Libera. Archived from the original on 3 April 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "Official site of Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest
Bucharest Project" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 2 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "Population at 20 October 2011" (in Romanian). INSSE. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013. ^ The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition (Report). UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "Romanian Institute of Statistics Yearbook – Chapter 8" (PDF) (in Romanian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "UN Human Development Report
Human Development Report 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2007. ^ Clasa pregătitoare, obligatorie din septembrie. Ce vor învăţa copiii şi cum vor fi evaluaţi – Mediafax Archived 26 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. ^ The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition (Report). UNESCO. Archived from the original on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "Limited relevants. What feminists can learn from the eastern experience" (PDF). genderomania.ro. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2008. ^ Rezultate PISA 2012: Aproape 40% dintre elevii romani au dificultati sa citeasca si sa inteleaga un text si pot rezolva doar exercitii de baza la Matematica (Report). Hotnews.ro. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. ^ "Over 40pct of Romania's children struggling with functional literacy Nine O`Clock". www.nineoclock.ro-US. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017. ^ "Romania's brains rank first in Europe, 10th in the world after Math Olympiad" (in Romanian). romania-insider.com. 16 July 2012. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. ^ "Romanian students win four medals, two gold, at the European Girls Mathematical Olympiad". business-review.eu. 16 April 2014. Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. ^ "Romanian students win 32 medals at SEEMOUS International Mathematical Olympiad". AGERPRES. 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2015. ^ " QS World University Rankings
QS World University Rankings 2013". topuniversities.com. October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. All four universities are ranked at 700+ which means they are ranked among the 701–800 places. ^ "Ritli: Ministry of Health budget for 2012 can provide the assistance at least at the level of previous year" Archived 24 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine., Mediafax.ro ^ "Romania, 4th in Europe
Europe in TB" Archived 24 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine., România Liberă ^ "Our patients vs. theirs: How many hospitals has Romania
Romania compared to other EU countries", Wall-Street.ro ^ "Fewer hospital beds for sick Romanians" Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine., România Liberă ^ "Personalul medico-sanitar pe categorii, forme de proprietate, sexe, macroregiuni, regiuni de dezvoltare și județe" Archived 23 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine., Institutul Național de Statistică ^ "«De profesie: medic în România». Cum încearcă ministrul Nicolăescu să-i țină pe doctori în țară" Archived 1 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine., Adevărul, 2 April 2013 ^ "Cultural aspects". National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008. ^ "Mihai Eminescu" (in Romanian). National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2008. ^ Tom Sandqvist, DADA EAST: The Romanians
Romanians of Cabaret Voltaire, London MIT Press, 2006. ^ Ștefănescu, Alex. (1999). Nichita Stănescu, The Angel with a Book in His Hands (in Romanian). Mașina de scris. p. 8. ISBN 978-973-99297-4-5. ^ "Brancusi's 'Bird in Space' Sets World Auction Record for Sculpture at $27,456,000". Antiques and the Arts Online. Archived from the original on 13 February 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2008. ^ "November 9, The price record for a Brancusi masterpiece was set up in 2005 when "Bird in Space" was sold for USD 27.5 M". Romanian Information Center in Brussels. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2008. ^ "George Enescu, the composer". International Enescu Society. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2008. ^ "Sounds Like Canada feat. Gheorghe Zamfir". CBC Radio. 17 January 2006. Archived from the original on 28 April 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "Gheorghe Zamfir, master of the pan pipe". Gheorghe Zamfir, Official Homepage. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2008. ^ " Inna
Inna Biography". BBC. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013. ^ "10 One-Hit Wonders to Be or Not to Be?". vh1.i. 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. ^ Arsenie, Dan. "Paula Seling despre rezultatul la Eurovision 2010: "Mai bine de atât nu se putea!"". EVZ.ro. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ "Cannes 2007 Winners". Alternative Film Guide. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ Mike Collett-White (16 February 2013). "Romanian film "Child's Pose" wins Berlin Golden Bear". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. ^ " World Heritage Site
World Heritage Site – Romania". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 31 January 2008. ^ "Report on the Nominations from Luxembourg
Luxembourg and Romania
Romania for the European Capital of Culture
European Capital of Culture 2007" (PDF). The Selection Panel for the European Capital of Culture
European Capital of Culture (ECOC) 2007. 5 April 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ "Muzeul National Peles Site-ul oficial al castelelor Peles si Pelisor". Peles.ro. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ "Castelul Bran". Viaromania.eu. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ "Public holidays enacted by labour code" Archived 18 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine., Labor code, 22 March 2017 ^ Improve It Grup S.R.L. "Traditii si obiceiuri romanesti. Artizanat traditional romanesc. Arta populara". Traditii.ro. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ Insider, Romania
Romania (21 December 2012). "Winter holidays and Christmas traditions in Romania: the Bear dance, the Masked carolers and the Goat". Romania-Insider.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014. ^ "ROMANIA – Traditions and Folklore – Official Travel and Tourism Information". Romaniatourism.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014. ^ "Ministrul Agriculturii: UE accepta ca mieii de Pasti si porcii de Craciun sa fie sacrificati in mod traditional – Actualitate". HotNews.ro. 11 August 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014. ^ Martisor, a Spring celebration for Eastern Europeans (29 June 2014). "Martisor, a Spring celebration for Eastern Europeans". Foreigners In Uk. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014. ^ "Christina Bradatan, Cuisine and Cultural Identity in Balkans". Scholarworks.iu.edu. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014. ^ Recipes, Gourmet European. "Romanian Recipes – like mom used to make". www.gourmet-european-recipes.com-gb. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ "28 Romanian Foods The Whole World Should Know – oneJive". onejive.com-US. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ "Retete traditionale Moldova: retete peste sau cu carne de porc". Bucataras.ro. 15 December 2008. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ "Bucatarie romaneasca – Cultura si retete – Articole". Gastronomie.ele.ro. Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ "Țuica production consumed 75% of Romanian plums in 2003". Regard-est.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ "Study in Romania". Educations.com. 5 February 2008. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2011. ^ " Beer
Beer consumption per capita in 2008". kirinholdings.co.jp. Retrieved 17 March 2017. [permanent dead link] ^ "Topul sporturilor în funcție de numărul de sportivi legitimați". zf.ro. 12 January 2012. Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. ^ "Romania: FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking". FIFA.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014. ^ "Hagi leaves Romania
Romania post". BBC Sport. 26 November 2001. Archived from the original on 22 January 2003. Retrieved 31 August 2008. Hagi earned a legendary status in Romania
Romania where he spearheaded the 'Golden Generation' of players ... ^ "Hagi snubs Maradona". BBC Sport Online. 6 April 2001. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. ^ a b c "Romania". The Europa World Year Book. 2. Routledge. 2007. ^ Rankings WTA Tennis English Archived 12 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Rio 2016 – Tennis: Mergea and Tecau win silver in men's doubles tournament", Agerpres, 13 August 2016, archived from the original on 19 August 2017, retrieved 25 August 2016 ^ a b "What's the most popular sport in Romania?". cesport.eu. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016. ^ " Cristina Neagu
Cristina Neagu – World Handball Player of the Year 2010". Ihf.info. 13 January 2011. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2014. ^ "Originea jocului de Oina – Sport National Roman". Oina.ro. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2014. ^ "Recurs la ISTORIE: De ce s-a "prăbușit" România la Olimpiada de la Londra?". adevarul.ro. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014. ^ Herman, Robin (28 March 1976). "Gymnast Posts Perfect Mark". New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
Sources Primary sources
The Ancient History of
Herodotus (Translated by William Beloe) (1859). Derby & Jackson. Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History (Translated by John Selby Watson) (1886). George Bell and Sons.
Secondary sources
Hitchins, Keith (2014). A Concise History of Romania. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87238-6. Pohl, Walter (2013). "National origin narratives in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy". In Geary, Patrick J.; Klaniczay, Gábor. Manufacturing Middle Ages: Entangled History of Medievalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe. BRILL. pp. 13–50. ISBN 978-90-04-24487-0.
External links
Find more aboutRomaniaat's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity
Country Profile from BBC News.
Romania Article and Country Profile from Encyclopædia Britannica Romania
Romania Profile from Balkan Insight. "Romania". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Romania
Romania information from the United States
United States Department of State. Portals to the World from the United States
United States Library of Congress. Romania
Romania at UCB Libraries GovPubs. Romania
Romania at Curlie (based on DMOZ) Wikimedia Atlas of Romania Geographic data related to Romania
Romania at OpenStreetMap Key Development Forecasts for Romania
Romania from International Futures. Romanian Law and Miscellaneous – English
Romanian Presidency Romanian Parliament
Culture and history links
Treasures of the national library of Romania Historic Houses of Romania
v t e
Romania articles
Timeline Prehistoric Romania Dacia Roman Dacia Early Middle Ages Middle Ages Early Modern Era National awakening United Principalities Kingdom World War I Greater Romania World War II Communist Romania Revolution Since 1989
Cities Climate Counties Earthquakes Fauna Flora Historical Regions Islands Lakes Mountains Protected areas Rivers Topography
Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights
LGBT history Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties Unification with Moldova
Agriculture Energy Exports Foreign investment Foreign trade Industry
automotive construction mining petrochemical
Leu (currency) National Bank Property bubble Science and technology Services Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport
Crime Demographics Education Healthcare Immigration Languages Minorities
Hungarians in Romania
Public holidays Religion Romanians Social structure Urban planning Welfare
Academy Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Folklore Humour Literature Media Music Philosophy Sport
Outline Index
Book Category Portal Commons
v t e
Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe
Sovereign states
Albania Andorra Armenia2 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus2 Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland1 Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City
States with limited recognition
Abkhazia2 Artsakh2 Kosovo Northern Cyprus2 South Ossetia2 Transnistria
Faroe Islands1
autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark
United Kingdom
Akrotiri and Dhekelia2
Sovereign Base Areas
British Overseas Territory
Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey
Crown dependencies
Special areas of internal sovereignty
Åland Islands
autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921
unincorporated area subject to the
Svalbard Treaty
United Kingdom
Northern Ireland
country of the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom subject to the British-Irish Agreement
1 Oceanic islands within the vicinity of
Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf. 2 Some countries completely outside the conventional geographical boundaries of Europe
Europe are commonly associated with the continent due to ethnological links.
Geography portal
Europe portal European Union
European Union portal NATO
NATO portal
Authority control
WorldCat Identities VIAF: 124251001 LCCN: n79049551 GND: 4050939-4 SUDOC: 026400030 BNF: cb11865467h (data) HDS: