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Biodynamic agriculture is a method of organic farming originally developed by Rudolf Steiner that employs what proponents describe as "a holistic understanding of agricultural processes".[1]:145 One of the first sustainable agriculture movements,[2][3][4] it treats soil fertility, plant growth, and livestock care as ecologically interrelated tasks,[5][6][7] emphasizing spiritual and mystical perspectives. Proponents of biodynamic agriculture, including Steiner, have characterized it as "spiritual science" as part of the larger anthroposophy movement.[1][2][8]
Biodynamics has much in common with other organic approaches – it emphasizes the use of manures and composts and excludes the use of artificial chemicals on soil and plants. Methods unique to the biodynamic approach include its treatment of animals, crops, and soil as a single system; an emphasis from its beginnings on local production and distribution systems; its use of traditional and development of new local breeds and varieties; and the use of an astrological sowing and planting calendar. Biodynamic agriculture uses various herbal and mineral additives for compost additives and field sprays; these are sometimes prepared by controversial methods, such as burying ground quartz stuffed into the horn of a cow, which are said to harvest "cosmic forces in the soil", that are more akin to sympathetic magic than agronomy.[citation needed]
As of 2011 biodynamic techniques were used on 142,482 hectares in 47 countries. Germany accounts for 45% of the global total;[9] the remainder average 1750 ha per country. Biodynamic methods of cultivating grapevines have been taken up by several notable vineyards.[10] There are certification agencies for biodynamic products, most of which are members of the international biodynamics standards group Demeter International.
No difference in beneficial outcomes has been scientifically established between certified biodynamic agricultural techniques and similar organic and integrated farming practices. Critics have characterized biodynamic agriculture as pseudoscience on the basis of a lack of strong evidence for its efficacy and skepticism about aspects criticized as being magical thinking.[11][12][13][14]
- 1 History
- 2 Biodynamic method of farming
- 3 Biodynamic certification
- 4 Studies of efficacy
- 5 Criticism as pseudoscience
- 6 See also
- 7 Further reading
- 8 References
- 9 External links
The development of biodynamic agriculture began in 1924 with a series of eight lectures on agriculture given by philosopher Rudolf Steiner at Schloss Koberwitz in Silesia, Germany, (now Kobierzyce in Poland southwest of Wrocław).[15][16] The lectures, the first known to have been given on organic agriculture,[2] were held in response to a request by farmers who noticed degraded soil conditions and a deterioration in the health and quality of crops and livestock resulting from the use of chemical fertilizers.[17] The one hundred eleven attendees, less than half of whom were farmers, came from six countries, primarily Germany and Poland.[2] The lectures were published in November 1924; the first English translation appeared in 1928 as The Agriculture Course.[18]
Steiner emphasized that the methods he proposed should be tested experimentally. For this purpose, Steiner established a research group, the "Agricultural Experimental Circle of Anthroposophical Farmers and Gardeners of the General Anthroposophical Society".[19] This research group attracted, in the interval 1924 to 1939, about 800 members from around the world, including Europe, the Americas and Australasia.[19] Another group, the "Association for Research in Anthroposophical Agriculture" (Versuchsring anthroposophischer Landwirte), directed by the German agronomist Erhard Bartsch, was formed to test the effects of biodynamic methods on the life and health of soil, plants and animals; the group published a monthly journal Demeter.[8] Bartsch was also instrumental in developing a sales organisation for biodynamic products, Demeter, which still exists today. The Research Association was renamed The Imperial Association for Biodynamic Agriculture (Reichsverband für biologisch-dynamische Wirtschaftsweise) in 1933. It was dissolved by the National Socialist regime in 1941. In 1931 the association had 250 members in Germany, 109 in Switzerland, 104 in other European countries and 24 outside Europe. The oldest biodynamic farms are the Wurzerhof in Austria and Marienhöhe in Germany.[20]
In 1938, Ehrenfried Pfeiffer's text Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening was published in five languages – English, Dutch, Italian, French, and German; this became the standard work in the field for several decades.[8] In July 1939, at the invitation of Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne, Pfeiffer travelled to the UK and presented the 'Betteshanger Summer School and Conference on Biodynamic Farming' at Northbourne's farm in Kent.[21] The conference has been described as the 'missing link' between biodynamic agriculture and organic farming because, in the year after Betteshanger, Northbourne published his manifesto of organic farming, Look to the Land, in which he coined the term 'organic farming' and praised the methods of Rudolf Steiner.[21] In the 1950s, Hans Mueller was encouraged by Steiner's work to create the organic-biological farming method in Switzerland; this later developed to become the largest certifier of organic products in Europe, Bioland.[5]:5
Today biodynamics is practiced in more than 50 countries worldwide and in a variety of circumstances, ranging from temperate arable farming, viticulture in France, cotton production in Egypt, to silkworm breeding in China.[1]:141 Germany accounts for nearly half of the world's biodynamic agriculture.[9] Demeter International is the primary certification agency for farms and gardens using the methods.
Geographic developments
- In Australia, the first biodynamic farmer was Ernesto Genoni[22] who in 1928 joined the Experimental Circle of Anthroposophical Farmers and Gardeners, followed soon after by his brother Emilio Genoni.[23] Bob Williams presented the first public lecture in Australia on biodynamic agriculture on 26 June 1938 at the home of the architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin at Castlecrag, Sydney.[24] Since the 1950s research work has continued at the Biodynamic Research Institute (BDRI)[25] in Powelltown, near Melbourne under the direction of Alex Podolinsky.[26] In 1989 Biodynamic Agriculture Australia was established, as a not for profit association.
- In 1928 the Anthroposophical Agricultural Foundation was founded in England;[8] this is now called the Biodynamic Agriculture Association. In 1939, Britain's first biodynamic agriculture conference, the Betteshanger Summer School and Conference on Biodynamic Agriculture, was held at Lord Northbourne's farm in Kent; Ehrenfried Pfeiffer was the lead presenter.[21]
- In the United States, the Biodynamic Farming & Gardening Association was founded in 1938 as a New York state corporation.
- In France the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) was formed in 1972 with five founding members, one of which was the Swedish Biodynamic Association.[27]
- The University of Kassel had a Department of Biodynamic Agriculture from 2006 to March 2011.[28]
Biodynamic method of farming
In common with other forms of organic agriculture, biodynamic agriculture uses management practices that are intended to "restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony."[3] Central features include crop diversification, the avoidance of chemical soil treatments and off-farm inputs generally, decentralized production and distribution, and the consideration of celestial and terrestrial influences on biological organisms.[3][29] The Demeter Association recommends that "(a) minimum of ten percent of the total farm acreage be set aside as a biodiversity preserve. That may include but is not limited to forests, wetlands, riparian corridors, and intentionally planted insectaries. Diversity in crop rotation and perennial planting is required: no annual crop can be planted in the same field for more than two years in succession. Bare tillage year round is prohibited so land needs to maintain adequate green cover."[30]
The Demeter Association also recommends that the individual design of the land "by the farmer, as determined by site conditions, is one of the basic tenets of biodynamic agriculture. This principle emphasizes that humans have a responsibility for the development of their ecological and social environment which goes beyond economic aims and the principles of descriptive ecology."[1]:141–142 Crops, livestock, and farmer, and "the entire socioeconomic environment" form a unique interaction, which biodynamic farming tries to "actively shape ...through a variety of management practices. The prime objective is always to encourage healthy conditions for life": soil fertility, plant and animal health, and product quality.[1]:141–142 "The farmer seeks to enhance and support the forces of nature that lead to healthy crops, and rejects farm management practices that damage the environment, soil plant, animal or human health....the farm is conceived of as an organism, a self-contained entity with its own individuality,"[31]:148 holistically conceived and self-sustaining.[3] "Disease and insect control are addressed through botanical species diversity, predator habitat, balanced crop nutrition, and attention to light penetration and airflow. Weed control emphasizes prevention, including timing of planting, mulching, and identifying and avoiding the spread of invasive weed species."[30]
Biodynamic agriculture differs from many forms of organic agriculture in its spiritual, mystical, and astrological orientation. It shares a spiritual focus, as well as its view toward improving humanity, with the "nature farming" movement in Japan.[5]:5 Important features include the use of livestock manures to sustain plant growth (recycling of nutrients), maintenance and improvement of soil quality, and the health and well being of crops and animals.[17] Cover crops, green manures and crop rotations are used extensively and the farms to foster the diversity of plant and animal life, and to enhance the biological cycles and the biological activity of the soil.[3]
Biodynamic farms often have a cultural component and encourage local community, both through developing local sales and through on-farm community building activities. Some biodynamic farms use the Community Supported Agriculture model, which has connections with social threefolding.
Compared to non-organic agriculture, BD farming practices have been found to be more resilient to environmental challenges, to foster a diverse biosphere, and to be more energy efficient, factors Eric Lichtfouse describes being of increasing importance in the face of climate change, energy scarcity and population growth.[32]
Biodynamic preparations
In his "agricultural course" Steiner prescribed nine different preparations to aid fertilization, and described how these were to be prepared. Steiner believed that these preparations mediated terrestrial and cosmic forces into the soil.[33] The prepared substances are numbered 500 through 508, where the first two are used for preparing fields, and seven are used for making compost. A long term trial (DOK experiment) evaluating the biodynamic farming system in comparison with organic and conventional farming systems, found that both organic farming and biodynamic farming resulted in enhanced soil properties, but had lower yields than conventional farming. Regarding compost development beyond accelerating the initial phase of composting, some positive effects have been noted:[10]
- The field sprays contain substances that stimulate plant growth include cytokinins.
- Some improvement in nutrient content of compost.
Although the preparations have direct nutrient values, their purpose in biodynamics is to support the self-regulating capacities of the soil biota in the case of 500 and 501 and the biological life resident in the composting organics, as well as the mature compost itself, in the others.[34]
Field preparations
Field preparations, for stimulating humus formation:
- 500: (horn-manure) a humus mixture prepared by filling the horn of a cow with cow manure and burying it in the ground (40–60 cm below the surface) in the autumn. It is left to decompose during the winter and recovered for use the following spring.[35]
- 501: Crushed powdered quartz prepared by stuffing it into a horn of a cow and buried into the ground in spring and taken out in autumn. It can be mixed with 500 but usually prepared on its own (mixture of 1 tablespoon of quartz powder to 250 liters of water) The mixture is sprayed under very low pressure over the crop during the wet season, in an attempt to prevent fungal diseases. It should be sprayed on an overcast day or early in the morning to prevent burning of the leaves.[36]
The application rate of the biodynamic field spray preparations (i.e., 500 and 501) are 300 grams per hectare of horn manure and 5 grams per hectare of horn silica. These are made by stirring the ingredients into 20-50 liters of water per hectare for an hour, using a prescribed method.[36]
Compost preparations
Compost preparations, used for preparing compost, employ herbs which are frequently used in medicinal remedies. Many of the same herbs are used in organic practices to make foliar fertilizers, turned into the soil as green manure, or in composting. The preparations include:
- 502: Yarrow blossoms (Achillea millefolium) are stuffed into urinary bladders from Red Deer (Cervus elaphus), placed in the sun during summer, buried in earth during winter and retrieved in the spring.[37]
- 503: Chamomile blossoms (Matricaria recutita) are stuffed into small intestines from cattle buried in humus-rich earth in the autumn and retrieved in the spring.[38]
- 504: Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) plants in full bloom are stuffed together underground surrounded on all sides by peat for a year.[39]
- 505: Oak bark (Quercus robur) is chopped in small pieces, placed inside the skull of a domesticated animal, surrounded by peat and buried in earth in a place where lots of rain water runs past.[40]
- 506: Dandelion flowers (Taraxacum officinale) are stuffed into the mesentery of a cow and buried in earth during winter and retrieved in the spring.[41]
- 507: Valerian flowers (Valeriana officinalis) are extracted into water.[42]
- 508: Horsetail (Equisetum).[43]
The compost preparations are applied with quantities of 1–2 cm3 each per 10 m3 compost, farmyard manure or liquid manure. The preparations should then be evenly sprayed out on the land as soon as possible after stirring.
One to three grams (a teaspoon) of each preparation is added to a dung heap by digging 50 cm deep holes with a distance of 2 meters from each other, except for the 507 preparation, which is stirred into 5 liters of water and sprayed over the entire compost surface. All preparations are thus used in homeopathic quantities. Each compost preparation is designed to guide a particular decomposition process in the composting mass. One study found that the oak bark preparation improved disease resistance in zucchini.[10]
Planting calendar
The approach considers that there are lunar and astrological influences on soil and plant development—for example, choosing to plant, cultivate or harvest various crops based on both the phase of the moon and the zodiacal constellation the moon is passing through, and also depending on whether the crop is the root, leaf, flower, or fruit of the plant.[44][45] This aspect of biodynamics has been termed "astrological" in nature.[46]
Seed production
Biodynamic agriculture has focused on the open pollination of seeds (with farmers thereby generally growing their own seed) and the development of locally adapted varieties. The seed stock is not controlled by large, multinational seed companies.[47]
Biodynamic certification
The biodynamic certification Demeter, created in 1924, was the first certification and labelling system for organic production.[5]:5 To receive certification as a biodynamic farm, the farm must meet the following standards: agronomic guidelines, greenhouse management, structural components, livestock guidelines, and post harvest handling and processing procedures.[48]
The term Biodynamic is a trademark held by the Demeter association of biodynamic farmers for the purpose of maintaining production standards used both in farming and processing foodstuffs.(This is not a trademark held privately in New Zealand) The trademark is intended to protect both the consumer and the producers of biodynamic produce. Demeter International an organization of member countries; each country has its own Demeter organization which is required to meet international production standards (but can also exceed them). The original Demeter organization was founded in 1928; the U.S. Demeter Association was formed in the 1980s and certified its first farm in 1982. In France, Biodivin certifies biodynamic wine.[49] In Egypt, SEKEM has created the Egyptian Biodynamic Association (EBDA), an association that provides training for farmers to become certified.[50] As of 2006, more than 200 wineries worldwide were certified as biodynamic; numerous other wineries employ biodynamic methods to a greater or lesser extent.[51]
Studies of efficacy
Studies have compared biodynamic farming methods to both other organic methods and to conventional methods. Most studies have found that biodynamic farms have soil quality significantly better than conventionally farmed soils but comparable to the soil quality achieved by other organic methods; the decisive factor is likely to be the use of compost and manure.[52] All organic and other integrated farming techniques,[53] result in an increased diversity of soil micro flora and fauna, for example, yet biodynamic agriculture has been found to result in particular improvements in this area over organic systems, indicating "less stressed soils and thus diverse and highly interrelated soil communities".[54]
A 2009/2011 review found that biodynamically cultivated fields:[54]
- had lower absolute yields, but achieved better efficiency of production relative to the amount of energy used;
- had greater earthworm populations and biomass than conventional farms.
Both factors were similar to the result in organically cultivated fields.
Individual studies
Individual studies have found:
- A long-term study conducted at a commercial vineyard in California compared vineyard blocks treated with biodynamic preparations alongside those tended with general organic farming methods, to examine effects upon soil and crop quality. "No differences were found in soil quality" during the first six years of the study, and analyses of other indicators including the yield per vine, clusters per vine, cluster and berry weight also showed there were no differences. The study did find a statistically significant (p-value < 0.05) difference in the yield-to-pruning weight ratio, indicating an "ideal vine balance for producing high-quality wine grapes" for the biodynamically treated crop, but noted the control vines had been "slightly overcropped". In one particular year of the study the biodynamically treated wine grapes had significantly higher Brix and notably higher total phenols and anthocyanins. In conclusion, the study found that biodynamic preparations "may affect" the vine canopy and chemistry, but showed no effects on the soil and tissue nutrient parameters measured in the study.[10]
- Decomposition was significantly faster in plots which received farmyard manure (FYM) treated with biodynamic preparations than in plots which received no FYM, FYM without preparations or FYM with an alternative preparation. "The application of completely prepared FYM led to significantly higher biomass and abundance of endogeic or anecic earthworms than in plots where non-prepared FYM was applied."[55]
- A 21-year study by Mäder et al for the FiBL Institute in Switzerland compared the agronomic and ecological performance of biodynamic, organic and two conventional systems. The study found that nutrient input in the biodynamic and organic systems was 34 to 51% lower than in the conventional systems but crop yield was only 20% lower on average, indicating more efficient production. The total energy (for fuel, production of mineral fertilizer and pesticides, etc.) to produce a dry-matter unit of crop was 20 to 56% lower for the biodynamic and organic systems, and pesticide input was reduced by 97% (by 100% for the biodynamic system). In regard to soil aggregate stability, soil pH, humus formation, soil calcium, microbial biomass, and faunal biomass (earthworms and arthropods), the biodynamic system was superior even to the organic system, which in turn had superior results over the conventional systems. With the significant increase in microbial diversity in the biodynamic and organic systems, there was a significant associated decrease in metabolic quotient, indicating a greater ability to use organic material for plant growth.[56]
- The methodology of this study was criticized by two wine writers—philosophy professor Douglass Smith and criminology professor Jesús Barquín—for failing to separate mystical elements in biodynamics from standard organic techniques and for comparing biodynamic farming with both organic and conventional, rather than solely with organic methods. Supplemental materials, found online but not in the published paper, described significant differences between the biodynamic and the organic methodology; for instance, unspecified chemicals were added to the organic farm's compost, possibly leading to its slightly poorer performance.[57][58]
- Leading[59] UK biologist Anthony "Tony" Trewavas criticized the study for poorly representing conventional integrated farm management (IFM) methods, with Mäder et al 's reported conventional yields some 40% lower than what he sees routinely.[60] Trewavas paraphrased Holger Kirchmann's conclusions in saying that Steiner's farming method "with its belief in cosmic forces has no place in any scientific discussion and is considered occult in character."[60]
- In 1999, Joachim Raupp of the Institute for Biodynamic Research reported that in a long-term trial across four fields of rotating crops, the use of biodynamic preparations with organic fertilizer was found to increase soil organic matter content significantly more than the same quantity of organic fertilizer without the preparations; both forms of organic applications increased soil organic matter more than mineral fertilizer. However, Raupp noticed that crop yield did not follow the same pattern: the yield of spring wheat was the same no matter which fertilizer was used, and mineral fertilizers produced 33% more winter rye and 10% more potatoes than organic fertilizers with or without biodynamic additives.[61]
- A further study investigated whether biodynamic preparations had any effect on the yield and growth of lentil and wheat crops, weed populations and soil fertility in the short term. The study found that "[i]n general, soils and crops treated with biodynamic preparations showed few differences from those not treated". Plots tended with biodynamically treated compost produced results for yield, crop quality and soil fertility that were the same to those tended with non-biodynamic composts and NPK fertilizers. Some alteration was observed in the nitrogenous chemistry of the soil and grain where biodynamic field sprays were applied, but the study did not ascribe or discern any biological significance to the difference. Among the variables considered by the study, some measured outcomes correlated with biodynamic field spray usage, including a higher per-unit biomass yield ratio for lentils and a lowering of carbon and crude protein contents in wheat grains. The study's conclusion remarked that "any additional short-term benefits from biodynamic preparations remain questionable."[62]
- Minor effects for the field sprays on the carbon content and soil microbial fatty acid profile, but no effects for the compost preparations[63]
- A 1993 study compared soil quality and financial performance of biodynamic and conventional farms in New Zealand. The study reported that, "The Biodynamic farms proved in most enterprises to have soils of higher biological and physical quality: significantly greater in organic matter, content and microbial activity, more earthworms, better soil structure, lower bulk density, easier penetrability, and thicker topsoil."[64] The biodynamic farms were just as financially viable on a per hectare basis.[64] The study compared biodynamic farms with adjacent conventional farms, but didn't attempt to compare farms of similar size, or with similar crops.
Criticism as pseudoscience
In a 2002 newspaper editorial, Peter Treue, agricultural researcher at the University of Kiel, characterized biodynamics as pseudoscience and argued that similar or equal results can be obtained using standard organic farming principles. He wrote that the biodynamic preparations more resemble alchemy or magic akin to geomancy.[65]
In a 1994 analysis, Holger Kirchmann, a soil researcher with the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, concluded that Steiner's instructions were occult and dogmatic, and cannot contribute to the development of alternative or sustainable agriculture and that many of Steiner's statements are not provable because scientifically clear hypotheses cannot be made from his descriptions (for example, it is hard to prove that one has harnessed "cosmic forces" in the foods). Kirchmann asserted that when methods of biodynamic agriculture were tested scientifically, the results were unconvincing.[14] Further, in a 2004 overview of biodynamic agriculture, Linda Chalker-Scott, a researcher at Washington State University, characterized biodynamics as pseudoscience, writing that Steiner did not use scientific methods to formulate his theory of biodynamics, and that the later addition of valid organic farming techniques has "muddled the discussion" of Steiner's original idea. Based on the scant scientific testing of biodynamics, Chalker-Scott concluded "no evidence exists" that homeopathic preparations improve the soil.[12] In Michael Shermer's The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, the author explains that the way biodynamic preparations are supposed to be implemented are formulated solely on the basis of Steiner's "own insight".[66] Skeptic Brian Dunning writes "the best way to think of 'biodynamic agriculture' would be as a magic spell cast over an entire farm. Biodynamics sees an entire farm as a single organism, with something that they call a life force."[67]
Anthroposophists Florian Leiber, Nikolai Fuchs and Hartmut Spieß, researchers at the Goetheanum, have defended the principles of biodynamics and suggested that critiques of biodynamic agriculture which deny it scientific credibility are "not in keeping with the facts...as they take no notice of large areas of biodynamic management and research." Biodynamic farmers are "charged with developing a continuous dialogue between biodynamic science and the natural sciences sensu stricto," despite important differences in paradigms, world views, and value systems.[1]:147
See also
- Agroecology
- Alan Chadwick
- Biointensive agriculture
- Ehrenfried Pfeiffer
- List of Biodynamic Farms
- List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
- Permaculture
- The Real Dirt on Farmer John - documentary on a conventional farm which converted to biodynamic and community-supported agriculture
- Wild farming
Further reading
- Biodynamic Agricultural Association (n.d.). "How does the Calendar work?". Biodynamic Frequently Asked Questions. The Biodynamic Agricultural Association (UK). Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
- Burkitt, L.L.; D R. Small; J.W. McDonald; W.J. Wales; M.L. Jenkin (2007a). "Comparing irrigated biodynamic and conventionally managed dairy farms. 1. Soil and pasture properties". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture (Melbourne, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Publishing) 47 (5): 479–488. OCLC 12490171. doi:10.1071/EA05196.
- Burkitt, L.L.; W.J. Wales; J.W. McDonald; D R. Small; M.L. Jenkin (2007b). "Comparing irrigated biodynamic and conventionally managed dairy farms. 2. Milk production and composition and animal health". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture (Melbourne, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Publishing) 47 (5): 489–494. OCLC 12490171. doi:10.1071/EA06085.
- Chalker-Scott, Linda (2004). "The Myth of Biodynamic Agriculture" (PDF). Horticultural Myths. Washington State University Puyallup Research & Extension Center. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
- Diver, Steve (1999). "Biodynamic Farming & Compost Preparation (ATTRA Publication #IP137)". ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
- Harwood, Richard R. (1990). "A History of Sustainable Agriculture". In Clive A. Edwards, Rattan Lal, Patrick Madden, Robert H. Miller and Gar House (Eds.). Sustainable Agricultural Systems. Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water Conservation Society. pp. 3–19. ISBN 0-935734-21-X. OCLC 20933949.
- Koepf, Herbert (2009). Research in Biodynamic Agriculture: Methods and Results. Biodynamic Farm and Gardening Association. ISBN 0-938250-34-5.
- Kristiansen, Paul (2006). "Overview of organic agriculture" (PDF). In Paul Kristiansen, Acram Taji and John Reganold. Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective (online sample reprint ed.). Collingwood, VIC: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 1–23. ISBN 978-0-643-09090-3. OCLC 71801183.
- Mäder, Paul; Andreas Fließbach; David Dubois; Lucie Gunst; Padruot Fried; Urs Niggli (2002). "Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming" (SUMMARY). Science (New York, NY: American Association for the Advancement of Science) 296 (5573): 1694–1697. OCLC 1644869. PMID 12040197. doi:10.1126/science.1071148. Retrieved 2007-10-11.[dead link]
- Martinez, A.W. (1952-05-31). "The City With Golden Garbage" (REPRINT). Collier's Weekly (Springfield, OH: Crowell-Collier). OCLC 8755061. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
- Nastati, Enzo (2010). "Commentary on Dr Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course". MM Publications.
- Pfeiffer, Ehrenfried (2006) [1938]. Soil Fertility, Renewal and Preservation: Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening. Delhi, India: Asiatic Publishing House. ISBN 81-87067-73-X.
- Schilthuis, Willy (2003). Biodynamic Agriculture. Floris Books. ISBN 0-86315-397-6.
- ^ a b c d e f Florian Leiber, Nikolai Fuchs and Hartmut Spieß, "Biodynamic agriculture today", in Paul Kristiansen, Acram Taji, and John Reganold (2006), Organic Agriculture: A global perspective, Collingwood, AU: CSIRO Publishing
- ^ a b c d Paull, John (2011). "Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924" (PDF). European Journal of Social Sciences'<span /> 21 (1): 64–70.
- ^ a b c d e Lotter, D.W. 2003. "Organic agriculture" J. Sustainable Agriculture 21(4)
- ^ Richard Harwood, former C.S. Mott Chair for Sustainable Agriculture at Michigan State University, calls the biodynamic movement the "first organized and well-defined movement of growers and philosophies [in sustainable agriculture] (Harwood 1990; p.6).
- ^ a b c d Paul Kristiansen and Charles Mansfield, "Overview of organic agriculture", in Paul Kristiansen, Acram Taji, and John Reganold (2006), Organic Agriculture: A global perspective, Collingwood, AU: CSIRO Publishing
- ^ Ikerd, John (2010). "Sustainability, Rural". In Leslie A. Duram. Encyclopedia of Organic, Sustainable, and Local Food. ABC-CLIO. pp. 347–349. ISBN 0313359636.
- ^ Abbott, L. K.; Murphy, Daniel V. (2007). Soil Biological Fertility: A Key to Sustainable Land Use in Agriculture. Springer. p. 233. ISBN 140206618X.
- ^ a b c d Paull, John (2011). "Biodynamic Agriculture: The Journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924-1938" (PDF). Journal of Organic Systems 6 (1): 27–41.
- ^ a b Paull, John (2011) "Organics Olympiad 2011: Global Indices of Leadership in Organic Agriculture", Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 1(4):144-150.
- ^ a b c d Reeve, Jennifer R.; Carpenter-Boggs, Lynne; Reganold, John P.; York, Alan L.; McGourty, Glenn; McCloskey, Leo P. (December 1, 2005). "Soil and Winegrape Quality in Biodynamically and Organically Managed Vineyards". American Journal of Enology and Viticulture (Davis, CA: American Society for Enology and Viticulture) 56 (4): 367–376. ISSN 0002-9254. OCLC 60652537.
- ^ Goode, Jamie (2006-03-01). The science of wine: from vine to glass. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24800-7.
- ^ a b Chalker-Scott, Linda (2004). "The Myth of Biodynamic Agriculture" (PDF). Master Gardener Magazine.
- ^ Smith, D. (2006). "On Fertile Ground? Objections to Biodynamics" (PDF). The World of Fine Wine (12): 108–113.
- ^ a b Kirchmann, Holger (1994). "Biological dynamic farming – an occult form of alternative agriculture?". J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 7 (2): 173–187. doi:10.1007/BF02349036.
- ^ Paull, John (2013) "Koberwitz (Kobierzyce); In the footseps of Rudolf Steiner'", Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, 109 (Autumn), pp. 7-11.
- ^ Paull, John (2013) "Breslau (Wrocław): In the footsteps of Rudolf Steiner", Journal of Bio- Dynamics Tasmania, 110:10-15.
- ^ a b Diver (1999), "Introduction".
- ^ Paull, John (2011). "The secrets of Koberwitz: the diffusion of Rudolf Steiner's agriculture course and the founding of biodynamic agriculture". Journal of Social Research & Policy 2 (1): 19–29.
- ^ a b Paull, John (2013) A history of the organic agriculture movement in Australia. In: Bruno Mascitelli, and Antonio Lobo (Eds.) Organics in the Global Food Chain. Connor Court Publishing, Ballarat, ch.3, pp.37-61.
- ^ Herbert Koepf and Bodo von Plato "Die biologisch-dynamische Wirtschaftsweise im 20.Jahrhundert", Dornach, 2001
- ^ a b c Paull, John (2011) "The Betteshanger Summer School: Missing link between biodynamic agriculture and organic farming", Journal of Organic Systems, 6(2):13-26.
- ^ Paull, John (2015) "Ernesto Genoni: Artist, Pacifist, Anthroposophist", Uriel Lecture, Christian Community, Hawthorn, pp.1-67.
- ^ Paull, John (2014) "Ernesto Genoni: Australia's pioneer of biodynamic agriculture", Journal of Organics, 1(1):57-81.
- ^ Paull, John (2012) "Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin, Architects of Anthroposophy", Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, 106: 20-30.
- ^ Biodynamic Research Institute (BDRI)
- ^ "A Brief History of Bio-dynamics - an Australian Perspective" Biodynamic Growing No 1 Dec 2003
- ^ Paull, John (2010) "From France to the World: The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)", Journal of Social Research & Policy, 1(2):93-102.
- ^ Biodynamic Agriculture Dept. of the University of Kassel
- ^ Harwood, Richard R. (1990). "A History of Sustainable Agriculture". In Clive A. Edwards, Rattan Lal, Patrick Madden, Robert H. Miller and Gar House (Eds.). Sustainable Agricultural Systems. Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water Conservation Society. pp. 3–19. ISBN 0-935734-21-X. p. 7
- ^ a b Demeter, USA, Farm Standard
- ^ Alsos, G. A., Carter, S., and Ljunggren, E. (2011), The Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship in Agriculture and Rural Development Cheltenham, GB:Edward Elgar Publishing
- ^ K. Padmavathy; G. Poyyamoli (2011). Lichtfouse, Eric, ed. Genetics, biofuels and local farming system. Berlin: Springer. p. 387. ISBN 978-94-007-1520-2.
- ^ Kirchmann, H.; Thorvaldsson, G.; Bergstrom, L.; Gerzabek, M.; Andren, O.; Eriksson, L.O.; Winninge, M. (2008). "Fundamentals of organic agriculture" (PDF). Organic Crop Production--Ambitions and Limitations. Retrieved 2009-07-01.[dead link]
- ^ Raupp, J. and U.J. König. (1996). "Biodynamic preparations cause opposite yield effects depending upon yield levels." Biol. Agric. & Hort. 13, pp. 175-188.
- ^ Proctor (1997), pp. 33-37
- ^ a b Proctor (1997), pp. 47–48
- ^ Proctor (1997), pp. 67-69
- ^ Proctor (1997), pp. 70-73
- ^ Proctor (1997), pp. 73-74
- ^ Proctor (1997), pp. 74-76
- ^ Proctor (1997), pp. 77-78
- ^ Proctor (1997), pp. 79-80
- ^ Proctor (1997), pp. 81-82
- ^ Desai, B K (2007). Sustainable agriculture: a vision for the future. New Delhi: B T Pujari/New India Pub. Agency. pp. 228–9. ISBN 978-81-89422-63-9.
- ^ Biodynamic Tea (2007), "Beyond Organic Biodynamic Tea".
- ^ Diver (1999), "Planetary Influences".
- ^ Nemoto, K. and Nishikawa, Y., "Seed supply system for alternative agriculture: Case study of biodynamic agriculture in Germany", Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Japan, Mar. 2007, pp. 73-81
- ^ Magali Delmas, Vered Doctori-Blass, Kara Shuster, "Ceago Vinegarden: How green is your wine?: Environmental differentiation strategy through Eco-labels". Case Study, Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, p.9
- ^ Paul Gregutt, "Not Woo-Woo Anymore: More and more wineries are tasting the benefits of saving the soil", The Seattle Times, November 20, 2005. Reprint copy. Accessed 2008-01-26.
- ^ Egyptian Biodynamic Association (EBDA)[dead link]. Accessed 2008-01-26.
- ^ Monty Waldin, Biodynamic Wines, ISBN 1-84000-964-0
- ^ Carpenter-Boggs, Lynne; Ann C. Kennedy; John P. Reganold (1 September 2000c). "Organic and Biodynamic Management: Effects on Soil Biology". Soil Science Society of America Journal (Soil Science Society of America) 64 (5): 1651–1659. doi:10.2136/sssaj2000.6451651x.
- ^ Altieri, Miguel (1999). "The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems" (PDF). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74: 19–31. doi:10.1016/s0167-8809(99)00028-6.
- ^ a b Turinek, M.; Grobelnik-Mlakar, S.; Bavec, M.; Bavec, F. (2009). "Biodynamic agriculture research progress and priorities". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 24 (2): 146–154. doi:10.1017/S174217050900252X.
- ^ Zaller, Johann G.; Koepke, Ulrich (2004). "Effects of traditional and biodynamic farmyard manure amendment on yields, soil chemical, biochemical and biological properties in a long-term field experiment". Biology and Fertility of Soils 40 (4): 222–229. doi:10.1007/s00374-004-0772-0.
- ^ Mäder, Paul; Fliessbach, Andreas; Dubois, David; Gunst, Lucie; Fried, Padruot; Niggli, Urs (2002). "Bodenfruchtbarkeit und biologische Vielfalt im ökologischen Landbau" [Soil fertilty and biodiversity in organic farming]. Oekologie & Landbau (124): 12–16.
- ^ Smith, Douglass; Barquín, Jesús (2006). "On Fertile Ground? Objections to Biodynamics" (PDF). The World of Fine Wine (12): 108–113. ISSN 1743-503X.
- ^ Smith, Douglass; Barquín, Jesús (November–December 2007). "Biodynamics in the Wine Bottle". Skeptical Inquirer 31 (6). ISSN 0194-6730.
- ^ Goode, Jamie; Harrop, Sam (2011). Authentic Wine: Toward Natural and Sustainable Winemaking. University of California Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-520-26563-7.
- ^ a b Trewavas, Anthony J. (2004). "A critical assessment of organic farming-and-food assertions with particular respect to the UK and the potential environmental benefits of no-till agriculture" (PDF). Crop protection 23 (9): 757–781. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2004.01.009. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
- ^ Raupp, Joachim (1999) "Manure fertilization for soil organic matter maintenance and its effects upon crops and the environment, evaluated in a long-term trial." In: Rees, R.M.; Ball, B.C.; Campbell, C.D. and Watson, C.A. (eds.) Sustainable Management of Soil Organic Matter. CABI Publishing, chapter 4.10, pp. 301-308.
- ^ Carpenter-Boggs, Lynne; John P. Reganold; Ann C. Kennedy (2000b). "Biodynamic preparations: Short-term effects on crops, soils, and weed populations". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 15 (3): 110–118. ISSN 0889-1893. doi:10.1017/S0889189300008614.
- ^ Carpenter-Boggs, L; Reganold, JP; Kennedy, AC (2000a). "Effects of biodynamic preparations on compost development". Soil Science Society of America Journal 64: 1651–1658. doi:10.2136/sssaj2000.6451651x.
- ^ a b Reganold, John P.; Alan S. Palmer; James C. Lockhart; A. Neil Macgregor (1993). "Soil quality and financial performance of biodynamic and conventional farms in New Zealand". Science 260 (5106): 344–349. PMID 17838252. doi:10.1126/science.260.5106.344.
- ^ Treue, Peter (13 March 2002). "Blut und Bohnen: Der Paradigmenwechsel im Künast-Ministerium ersetzt Wissenschaft durch Okkultismus". Die Gegenwart (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Archived from the original on 17 April 2003. Retrieved 15 November 2011. (Translation: "Blood and Beans: The paradigm shift in the Ministry of Renate Künast replaced by science occultism")
- ^ Shermer, Michael (2002). The Skeptic encyclopedia of pseudoscience 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 32. ISBN 1-57607-653-9.
- ^ Brian Dunning (2007-02-10). "Biodynamic Agriculture: Is biodynamic agriculture a modern innovation, or a throwback to the Dark Ages? ". Skeptoid: Critical Analysis of Pop Phenomena. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
- Proctor, Peter (1997). Grasp the Nettle: Making Biodynamic Farming & Gardening Work. With Gillian Cole. Random House.
External links
- "The methods behind biodynamic bounty", Telegraph, July 11, 2008
- Biodynamics Section at the Rudolf Steiner Archive, An Online Library
- "Biodynamic agriculture shows steady global growth" 2013


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GLOSSARY : Signs of age, wrinkles, firmness
Your face skin
Is there a term from the field of dermatology and cosmetics that you do not understand? Would you like to know what it means? View the full definition from the La Roche-Posay glossary.
Your face skin
Your skin in the sun
Your scalp
Make-up for sensitive skin
An allergen is a foreign substance that triggers an allergy in an individual. The body uses its immune cells to attack substances that are in fact not dangerous. The allergens that are likely to trigger eczema or sinusitis include pollen, dust mites and animal hairs.
This word also belongs to the categories Sensitive, dehydrated skin, Extremely dry, irritated and atopic skin, Dry and uncomfortable skin, Dry to very dry skin, Intolerant skin, Dry and rough skin, Skin prone to redness, Oily skin with imperfections, Pigmentation problems, Irritated skin, Sebaceous scaly patches, Skin sensitive to shaving.

subset: commoncrawl


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YEAR 1976 Heritage Stickers Scrapbook Family Tree History Birthday Ancestors
The Year 1976, Timeless Moments Stickers,
the entire sheet measures 5" x 12"
Acid-free and lignin-free clear sticker sheet, simply cut out the quote you need and apply!
Journaling snippets of headlines, facts and fun, these stickers will take you on a journey through time!
There are top headlines from the year, different facts and fun graphics. The year sticker is printed in the popular font from that time period.
They include US Statistics, such as a persons average income, the cost of a car or home, new debuts, even the top songs of that year.
Just think of all the different things these can be used for!
Heritage Scrapbook Pages
Wedding Scrapbooks
Baby Albums
Anniversary Cards
Birthday Cards
Genealogy Projects
And many other creative projects!


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Many social, economic and cultural factors divide states that tilt Republican from those that tilt Democratic. Now a website has uncovered a new and unexpected divide -- red states tend to have much higher traffic fatality rates than blue ones.
Partisans may try to torture a political explanation out of this data. Liberals might argue that friends don't let friends drive conservative. But the facts point toward a more prosaic explanation: Many "red states" offer up higher speed limits, longer drives and greater distances to hospitals and emergency services. Many blue-state residents take public transportation, so their chances of being killed on the road decline precipitously.
If governments could dredge up more money, this might make another argument for expanding bus and rail lines. But one hefty factor militates against, say, huge rail projects across rural America -- thinly populated red states don't offer enough customers to justify such huge public works spending.
PHOTOS: 2016 presidential possibilities
The discussion of traffic fatalities through a political prism comes to us via Fairwarning.org, a website that focuses on consumer safety and related issues and is piloted by a couple of former Los Angeles Times staffers.


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Certain files and papers in the Archives Department may have restrictions on their use. These restrictions are imposed by law in some cases, and in others are the result of an agreement between the donor and Library & Information Services.
Saint Michael's College Archives
In general, most material in the College Archives is not restricted. Access to Saint Michael's College personnel and student records is restricted for 50 years or until the death of the individual(s) named, whichever is shorter. Other materials may be restricted for up to 25 years (or less) depending on the stipulations of the donor.
Society of Saint Edmund Archives
In accordance with the General Chapter resolution, the Society of Saint Edmund Archives are available to responsible researchers, while respecting requirements for confidentiality. The chief exception to the above is that access to the official personnel files of individual members or former members of the Society of Saint Edmund is restricted until thiry (30) years after the death of the individual. Administrative officers, in consult with the Archivist, can impose restrictions on the use of other materials for specific periods of time. The Superior General of the society may grant access to restricted records in extraordinary cases.
Interested parties may petition the Superior General for access to restricted materials. The Request must be made in writing, and should state the reason the request is being made. Exceptions will be made on a case by case basis and in consultation with the Archivist and any appropriate administrative officers.
Finding aids and/or Accession forms identify all restricted materials and stipulations for access and use of them.
For further guidelines on use of the Archives, see the Archives Policy - Statement of Purpose, Services, and Rules for Use.
Archives Home


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The Lakers announced Wednesday that Pau Gasol has a tear in the tissue on the bottom of the right foot, an injury CBSSports.com said will sideline him at least six weeks.
The team said in a statement Gasol, injured Tuesday at Brooklyn, will return to Los Angeles on Thursday for additional examinations and that a timeline for his return will be set then.
That's the news of the moment. The critical big-picture implication is that whatever plans the Lakers had of waiting to get healthy and then evaluating the roster before pushing the button on a shake-up deal just went away. The trade deadline is two weeks from Thursday, and the final opportunity for patience disappeared in Brooklyn.
Moving Gasol before was never as easy as most made it seem — it would have required an upgrade at power forward because the Lakers were already thin there with the injury loss of Jordan Hill. Moving Gasol also would have required a salary match that involved L.A. getting back something of value, not just a bunch of loose parts. That would have been a tough fit anyway. Now, with teams that would have been interested in Gasol knowing he is a question mark the rest of 2012-13, it became closer to impossible.
Dwight Howard (according to general manager Mitch Kupchak), Kobe Bryant and Steve Nash (according to logic) won't be traded, Gasol's value just plummeted and Metta World Peace didn't have much to begin with. In other words, any Lakers deal of real impact will rank alongside Gasol-from-Memphis on the surprise scale.
Life in L.A. has been bad enough, even after wins in six of the last seven games, and now the Lakers' hand is being dictated by outside circumstances. That's a very bad spot to be in.
As Bryant noted after the win in New York, the Gasol injury increases the pressure on Howard to return to the lineup after missing the last three games because of a shoulder injury. That pressure will certainly not come from the Lakers, though. Howard is a little less than five months away from becoming a free agent and already feeling what it's like to be underperforming under the spotlight. No one within the organization needs him feeling more of a squeeze.
Besides, they need him to permanently heal, not come back too soon and risk going out again. Howard is suddenly one of the few big men they have left.


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Tournament of Champions takes a story-based approach, putting players on the Pro Circuit as a new pro and protege of Chris "Jesus" Ferguson. Players test their skills at the premier Circuit Events in hopes of qualifying for the winner-take-all, invitation-only Tournament of Champions at the Rio Resort in Las Vegas. Along the way, they face-off against more top pros than ever before, including Joseph Hachem, the 2006 World Series of Poker Main Event Champion, and Jennifer Tilly, the Academy Award-nominated actress and World Series of Poker bracelet holder, among others in hopes of bringing home the Tournament of Champions trophy.
Also known as: World Series of Poker 2007, Harrah's World Series of Poker: Tournament of Champions [working title], World Series of Poker 2
Release Region: United States
Release Date: September 19, 2006
Publisher: Activision
Release Region: Australia
Release Date: November 29, 2006
Publisher: Activision
Also available on: PlayStation Portable, PC, PlayStation 2
For more info on these technical requirements and features, please view GameSpy's Specs FAQ.
World Series of Poker:... at IGN
World Series of Poker:... at GameSpy
World Series of Poker:... at TeamXbox
World Series of Poker:... at GameStats


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Industry Gets Cyber-Security Reality Check
Stuxnet attack points up vulnerabilities of control systems.
In early March the Security Incidents Organization (SIO), Sellersville, Pa., released its annual report on industrial control system (ICS) malware incidents. "This report shows the details of the continuing threats to manufacturing and infrastructure security around the world. As the Stuxnet malware showed in 2010, the threat continues and has become even more complicated and mature," says SIO executive director John Cusimano.
The emergence of the Stuxnet worm, which apparently targeted Siemens control systems at an Iranian nuclear-enrichment facility, certainly exposed serious knowledge gaps in how cyber security is implemented and maintained by process companies.
A new white paper, "How Stuxnet Spreads -- A Study of Infection Paths in Best Practice Systems," aims to help bridge those gaps. Published in late Feburary, it's co-authored by a trio of cyber-security experts: Eric Byres, chief technology officer, Byers Security, Lantzville, BC; Andrew Ginter, chief technology officer, Abterra Technologies, Calgary, AB; and Joel Langill, chief security officer, SCADAhacker.com, Lantana, TX.
The authors describe a hypothetical industrial site that follows the high security architecture and best practices defined in vendor documents. They then show the ways the Stuxnet worm could make its way through the site's defenses to take control of the process and cause physical damage.
While speculation continues as to the creators of Stuxnet, the worm underscores that ICSs now are the target of sophisticated attacks, note the authors, who add that owners and operators must adjust their security programs accordingly. In particular, stress Byers, Ginter and Langill, security programs must:
• Consider all possible infection pathways and have strategies for mitigating those pathways rather than focusing on a single pathway such as USB keys;
• Recognize that no protective security posture is perfect and take steps to aggressively segment control networks to limit the consequences of an incursion;
• Install ICS-appropriate intrusion detection technologies to spot attacks and raise an alarm when equipment is compromised or at risk of compromise;
• Deploy, operate and maintain at maximum effectiveness ICS-appropriate security technologies and practices. These include firewalls, antivirus technology, patching systems and whitelisting designed for supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and ICS, to make attacks by sophisticated malware much more difficult;
• Look beyond traditional network-layer firewalls to firewalls capable of deep packet inspection of key SCADA and ICS protocols;
• Focus on securing last-line-of-defense critical systems, particularly safety integrated systems (SISs);
• Include security assessments and testing as part of the system-development and periodic maintenance processes followed by correction of identified potential vulnerabilities, thereby decreasing the likelihood of a successful attack, and;
• Work to improve the culture of industrial security among management and technical teams.
"These changes to improve defense-in-depth postures for industrial control systems are needed urgently. Waiting for the next worm may be too late," they say.
Byers highlights two requirements in particular as being essential. The first is culture: "On the macro level you need upper management to really develop a security culture: enthusiastic engineers are not enough."
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text:
Kim E Clausen needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 85 designs submitted by 26 freelance designers.
Business Building University
We are the single online source for personal development professionals (primarily professional coaches) to learn the essentials of growing a business. Because so much of a coach's business is online, they are constantly being bombarded by every marketer about how they SHOULD implement THEIR strategy. We are giving the coach one SINGLE place to go to that is QUIET, SAFE, CONSISTENT and ROCK SOLID in information delivery, with no SNEAKY UPSELLS at the end. We are not an official University, but a place for business owners to come and learn the essentials of growing their business.
Personal development professionals, primarily coaches, wellness professionals, therapists who are looking for experts in the industry to help them build their businesses.
Somewhat informal (kind of middle ground between casual and stodgy), yet very professional, not too loud. Not formal, uptight, or academic, but definitely walking the professional line. But a safe, fun place to get educated and really feel connected and feel like the student is getting their BUSINESS BUILDING needs met.
company name: Let's create the acronym of BBU, but put Business Building University in the logo somewhere.
colors: these are just suggestions - royal blue or lighter (not dark blue or baby blue), gold, turquoise, greens, yellows.
Words only - type treatment
Can add some symbols or shapes, but no actual images like a person or a school or a book, etc
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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Now Foods L-Carnitine 1000 mg.
Now Foods L-Carnitine is a non-essential amino acid that helps to maintain overall good health by facilitating the transfer of fatty acid groups into the mitochondrial membrane for cellular energy production. L-Carnitine naturally occurs in red meat and other animal source foods, but NOW recommends supplementation to obtain optimal levels of this excellent amino acid. Now Foods L-Carnitine is the purest form, clinically tested, and vegetarian (non-animal sourced).
- Fitness Support
- 1000 mg
- Purest Form, Clinically Tested
- Transports Fatty Acids
- Boosts Cellular Energy
- A Dietary Supplement
- Vegetarian Formula
L-Carnitine is a vitamin-like amino acid derivative. It plays an important role for maintaining energy production by transporting long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix to be burned for energy. This function supports physical performance and weight management. Therefore, L-Carnitine and its esters, such as Acetyl-L-Carnitine and Propionyl-L-Carnitine, have received growing attentions for their uses in cardiovascular and neurological health.
L-Carnitine, along with its natural ester acylcarnitine, forms a critical part of the endogenous (natural to the body) carnitine pool in various tissues of mammals. The total L-Carnitine in human body is about 20 g, in which 98% is present in the skeletal and cardiac tissues, 1.4% in the liver and kidneys and 0.6% in extracellular fluids and other tissues. Of all these carnitine pools in the human body, about 25% are produced from the amino acids lysine and methionine and about 75% is derived directly from dietary sources such as meat, poultry, fish, and milk; with small amounts in wheat and avocados. So people with a limited diet of meat and dairy products tend to have lower L-Carnitine intakes.
L-Carnitine is a "conditionally essential" nutrient and a rare genetic disorder of L-carnitine metabolism causes carnitine deficiency, which is known to have major deleterious effects on the central nervous system. The limited intake of L-Carnitine can cause toxic accumulations of free fatty acids and the loss of energy. L-Carnitine is used worldwide as an effective treatment for carnitine deficiency and also has various nutritional and pharmaceutical applications. Several oral formulations, such as liquids, tablets and capsules, are available in the current market. NOW FOODS carries several L-Carnitine formulas and also carries Acetyl-L-Carnitine.
Since L-Carnitine powder is hygroscopic (water absorbing) and rapidly liquefies when it is exposed to air, NOW FOODS uses L-Carnitine-L-Tartrate, a stabilized form of L-Carnitine, in NOW formulas to offer their customers the full potency in stable products. Watch also for special moisture absorbing packets in some carnitine packages; keep these in the bottles until the product is all used.
L-Carnitine is has a sister form, D-Carnitine, which may be formed as an impurity when producing the natural "L form". The "D form" may have considerable side effects or even toxic influences on biochemical processes because it may inhibit an enzyme called carnitine acetyl transferase, leading to a depletion of the body's L-Carnitine reserves.
Separation and determination of any undesirable D-Carnitine is important to maintain the quality of our nutritional formulations and assure their proper function and safety. To maintain the quality of NOW products, NOW FOODS is developing an HPLC testing method for simultaneous separation of L-Carnitine, Acetyl-L-Carnitine and various impurities, which include D-forms and crotonoylbetain. The content of D-Carnitine NOW's HPLC method has high sensitivi:" ":es the best quality of L-Carnitine products for our customers, while avoiding potentially harmful impurities.
NOW's Mission
The NOW mission is - To provide value in products and services that empower people to lead healthier lives. NOW Foods is an award-winning and highly respected manufacturer of vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements and natural foods.
In 1948, with the natural food and supplement industry in its infancy, entrepreneur Paul Richard paid $900 for the purchase of Fearn Soya Foods—a Chicago based manufacturer of grain and legume-based products. This began a six-decade legacy of providing health-seeking consumers with high-quality, affordable nutrition products.
History of NOW
In 1968, NOW Foods was founded under the belief that good health was not a luxury available only to the wealthy. For the past forty years, NOW has made it their life's work to offer health food and nutritional supplements of the highest quality, at prices that are fair and affordable to all those who seek them. Today, NOW Foods is one of the top-selling brands in health foods stores, an award-winning manufacturer, a respected advocate of the natural product industry, and a leader in the fields of nutritional science and methods development. And while NOW has grown considerably over the past four decades, one thing has never changed – NOW's commitment to providing products and services that empower people to lead healthier lives.
NOW Commitments
- Customer Focused and Information Driven - NOW believes that their products, services, and the decisions they make should be primarily influenced by the desires and needs of NOW customers. The decisions that NOW makes should be based on accurate information and therefore NOW places a high value on knowledge and learning within their organization.
- Quality and Value Oriented - Acting in the best interest of NOW customers, NOW endeavors to produce the highest quality products at competitive prices. NOW's first priority is to maintain quality where it counts the most – in the products. NOW's exceptional cost-conscious team of employees then focuses their energies on driving costs down. Nurturing this competency of value drives NOW's ability to provide high quality products at the very best prices.
- Natural is Better - NOW is convinced that natural products are better than their synthetic counterparts and produce better results in human health. Therefore, wherever possible, NOW strives to provide products that contain natural ingredients because they are better for their customers.
NOW Science
NOW's experienced professional and technical staff formulates their products to be of the highest quality. NOW has a group of biochemists, chemists, nutritionists, and food technologists who review current science and nutritional parameters, and formulate our products to be effective for the intended use. NOW's structure/function claims are based on science for active ingredients, and on nutritional science for nutritional content. Serving sizes are based on doses from clinical studies and other published data. NOW's contemporary formulas are designed to meet the health and wellness needs of today's consumers. NOW uses ingredients that have been tested for effectiveness in clinical trials and laboratory studies. The heart of NOW science is third party independent research. NOW investigates and review clinical studies and other lab studies conducted on their ingredients and their formulas. Best science is used to support best formulations which lead to best quality. NOW products are constantly being tested in clinical trials conducted at top universities an:" ":upport, quality of life for cancer patients, cardiovascular support, and athletic endurance. Effective products mean health and wellness benefits, which mean quality.
GMP Quality Assured
NOW's GMP certification covers standard operating procedures, employee training, product specifications, expiration dating, vendor certifications and much more. Standard operating procedures include sampling and testing incoming materials according to NOW Foods specifications, inspecting manufacturing processes, and testing finished products to specifications. Tests include organoleptic evaluation (human senses such as sight, taste, smell), physical testing of tablets and capsules, chemical identity of ingredients, potency and contamination testing by the company's in-house state-of-the-art analytical testing lab, as well as microbiological testing by NOW Foods' in-house rapid analysis microbiological lab.
As a dietary supplement take 1 tablet 1 to 2 times daily before meals or on an empty stomach.
Please discard the inedible freshness packet enclosed.
Free of: sugar, salt, starch, yeast, wheat, gluten, corn, soy, milk, egg or preservatives.
Other Ingredients: Cellulose, Stearic Acid (vegetable source), Magnesium Stearate (vegetable source), Silica and Vegetable Coating.
Vetetarian Formula.


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This is one of my favorite recipes that I make every October. I have been anxiously waiting to share it with you. I thought that being Halloween this would be the perfect time for any Halloween treats this evening or this weekend when you are hosting a party. Sometimes these tiny little pumpkins known as "sugar pumpkins" or "pie pumpkins" are very hard to come across. I was fortunate to be to pick up 4 this year at our Oshkosh Saturday Farmers Market so I could make this recipe each weekend for our guests. I hope you like it as much as I do.
Pumpkin Queso Fondue
1- 2-3# sugar pumpkin, 8 oz. chorizo, diced, 1 jalapeño pepper, chopped without seeds, 4oz. chopped green chilies, 1/2 tsp. cumin, 1/4 tsp. black pepper, 3 TB flour, 1 1/2 C chicken broth, 2 C shredded mozzarella cheese, 1 C monterey jack cheese, tortilla chips and parsley or cilantro for garnish.
Preheat oven to 375 degrees. Slice off the top 1.5″ of the pumpkin and toss. Scoop out the seeds and pulp and set pumpkin aside.
Heat the chorizo in a medium saucepan over med.-high heat about 5 minutes. Add the jalapeño, green chilies, cumin and black pepper and cook, stirring until the japapeno softens about a couple of minutes. Stir in the flour and cook, stirring until it is slight light brown about 2 more minutes. Add the chicken broth and bring to a boil. Reduce heat to medium and stir in cheeses. Cook, stirring occasionally until the all the cheese melts and is creamy, about 3 more minutes.
Place the pumpkin in an 8×8 baking dish with a 1/2 inch of water in dish. Pour cheese mixture into pumpkin. cover loosely with foil and bake until the pumpkin is tender but not soft for about 1 hour and 15 minutes. Remove foil and continue baking until the cheese is golden and bubbly about 15-20 more minutes. Let cool about 5 minutes and sprinkle with parsley or cilantro and serve with tortilla chips. YUMMMMMM!


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SIMULIA provides Design Engineers with powerful simulation capabilities and seamless integration into their CAD environment using the DesignSight and CATIA Analysis products. Guided workflows enable designers to evaluate nonlinear stress and thermal behavior during the design process.
SIMULIA DesignSight Structure
DesignSight Structure enables up-front realistic simulation of product assemblies under structural loading conditions.
DesignSight Structure, a member of the DesignSight product family, enables occasional users of simulation to simulate the real-world structural behavior of product assemblies. DesignSight Structure leverages proven Abaqus Multiphysics technology to simulate the realistic behavior of products under a variety of mechanical loading conditions. By enabling realistic simulation earlier in the design cycle, DesignSight spurs product innovation, reduces time to market, and ensures product competitiveness.
- Fosters creativity through up-front simulation
- Enables occasional users of simulation to simulate their models under realistic loading conditions
- Provides a 3D lifelike user experience
- Manages simulations automatically leveraging V6 lifecycle management
- Provides high-quality results using the latest Abaqus Multiphysics technology
- Enables rapid turnaround time of large models using high-performance computing resources to permit more design iterations
Stress simulation on individual parts and assembliesIn a structural simulation, as input the user defines loads and restraints at specific regions of the model, and as output DesignSight determines the model's response. Stress simulations generate valuable results output such as the deformed shape, the internal stresses, and permanent deformation of the model. These output quantities can help indicate whether or not a design will move too much or will be likely to break. The end goal is to improve design decisions through an understanding of how a design will respond under real-world conditions.
Simulates realistic behavior under structural loading conditionsDesignSight provides several fundamental load and restraint tools with which to create realistic simulation scenarios. Available structural loads are pressure, force, torque, gravity, applied translation, centrifugal force, and bearing load. Additionally, forces and torques can be offset from the surface and rotated to the desired orientation. Available restraints include clamp, grounded hinge, grounded ball joint, planar symmetry, and general displacement restraint.
Interactions between parts in an assemblyEnables simulation on assemblies of multiple parts. When working with assemblies, DesignSight makes it easy to define how the parts will interact with each other. The user can choose to let parts contact each other naturally by choosing the "general contact" option and specifying a friction value. Using this powerful approach, users need not specify which surfaces will contact each other; rather, it is all handled automatically. Another option is to bond surfaces together where they initially touch. Again, the user need not select these surfaces manually, as the automatic detection approach finds all touching surfaces for the user. It is then the user's choice whether or not to create a bond at each of the detected interfaces.
Leverages proven Abaqus Multiphysics technologyDesignSight uses Abaqus Multiphysics technology to provide solutions that even seasoned analysts can trust, because it is the same technology that they use. Using Abaqus Multiphysics also means that nonlinearity is handled naturally. When material properties include data defining how a material yields and hardens under large stresses, DesignSight automatically utilizes this information when solving. Likewise, when a structure experiences large motions and deformations, DesignSight automatically provides an accurate solution using nonlinear solution methods.
Automatically generates the right mesh with adaptive refinementUnderlying the simulation is a mesh of finite elements, and all analysts understand that the solution is only as good as the mesh. Meshing is often treated as an art form only to be handled by experienced meshing experts. DesignSight takes a different approach, utilizing Abaqus technology to remove uncertainty from the end user. DesignSight gives the user a choice between a reasonable solution as quickly as possible or a highly accurate solution using multiple passes of automatic mesh refinement.
High performance on multi-core workstationsDesignSight uses Abaqus Multiphysics technology that is optimized to run in parallel on multiple cores, enabling users to take advantage of the performance of the latest workstations.
Runs on remote HPC clusters when Abaqus tokens are availableWhen a higher level of performance is desired than is available on the local workstation, users can run DesignSight solutions directly on remote HPC clusters. With this approach DesignSight can run very large simulations rapidly and without tying up the local workstation, which can then be used for other work while the cluster completes the solution.
Based on V6 lifelike user experienceOne of the fundamentals of DesignSight is its modern user experience, which treats the computer screen as an extension of a user's experience in real life.
Provides guidance at all times to help the user understand what to do nextThe DesignSight user interface includes the Assistant to always provide valuable information and tips related to the current context. For example, when applying loads, the Assistant explains what types of geometry can be selected, what load types are available, and how to position loads to the desired offset.
Natural extension of the design experienceDesignSight provides a number of advanced capabilities, such as nonlinear solutions and high-performance computing. But perhaps its most valuable attribute is that it is a natural extension of the designers' existing experience using Version 6. In the course of creating a new design and making design modifications and enhancements, it is natural for the designer to wish to evaluate how the design will perform in a real environment. When working with models in Version 6, DesignSight is always close by, making it easy for a designer to take advantage of the insights that DesignSight can provide to improve the design.
Advanced simulation technology with an easy-to-use interfaceTo make simulation attractive to designers when answering important design questions, the user interface must be very easy to use. We recognize that designers and design engineers are unlikely to work with DesignSight every day or even every week. If they were working with simulation so often, they would become comfortable with any user interface, no matter how quirky and difficult. That's not the audience for DesignSight, which is intended for occasional users of simulation who cannot be bothered with relearning a difficult system whenever they need simulation results.


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'Reign' Pilot Recap: Introducing Mary, Teen of Scots
There are good historical dramas, bad historical dramas, and then there is 'Reign,' a CW-tastic historical drama packed with pretty people, Forever 21 meets ren-faire clothing, and glorious, glorious, teen angst.
The year is 1557. Mary (Adelaide Kane), the teen queen of Scotland has been sequestered at a convent for her protection since she was 9. But after Mary's food taster goes face down in bowl of porridge with foam coming out of her mouth, the reluctant monarch is whisked off to the French royal court to reunite with her betrothed, the hunky Francis (Toby Regbo), heir to the French throne.
Soon all eyes are on Mary, and her fashion-forward ladies in waiting/BFFS, as she awkwardly greets Francis, the would-be object of her affection. She trips over her tongue. He smiles. For one hot moment it really seems like everything is going to work out between these gorgeous teens! Then Nostradamus (Yes. THE Nostradamus, played here by the rugged Rossif Sutherland) tells Queen Catherine (Megan Follows) that Mary will cost Francis his life. Future MIL already wasn't too keen on Mar, so this development isn't going to help.
To make matters worse, French court is kind of a bummer when you're young and looking for love. Between being distracted by his mistress and worrying about his country, Francis can be a bit of a "moody, arrogant ass," as Mary says. Plus, the King's tall, dark, and Bastard son, Bash (Torrance Coombs) is definitely flirting with his half-brothers intended. OMG!
Thank goodness Mary and her ladies in waiting, Greer, Kenna, Aylee and Lola (traditional Scottish names) can doll themselves up in Parisian dresses from Anthropologie, get their dance on at a royal wedding, and then sneak a peep at the, ahem, bedding ceremony. Oh, girls will be girls. And sometimes girls will be girls so much that they get super turned on by said bedding ceremony and sneak off to masturbate in a staircase only to be discovered and seduced by the King of France. Kenna, I'm looking at you.
But this is Mary's life we are talking about here, and not only does she have to suffer assassination attempts to both body and character, she doesn't know how she feels about Francis or the cold reality of being a pawn in European alliances. Plus, her girls are mad because she sort of inadvertently caused the beheading of Lola's boyfriend. It's too much you guys!
But if anyone can handle this awkward situation, it is Mary, Queen of Scots. As the muddled Francis admits, she's "beautiful, clever, and unpredictable." Queen Mary is a monarch who will try to do what is right for her friends, her country, and her heart. Long may she reign!
Also, there may be a ghost.


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In San Francisco, George Roehm got the chills and reached for his smartphone to text an out-of-state friend. In Long Beach, Stan Mallard thought about how far this struggling country has come — and the great distance still ahead to achieve anything like progress.
And dance instructor Chaz Knight, an urban dweller if ever there was one, found himself wondering Monday how President Obama's words would sound to a teenage kid in the rural South. How freeing it would be, he figured, to hear the president declare that this country's work would not be done "until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law."
"I thought of a small family in Arkansas and their 13-year-old son who hasn't come out yet, and how great he's got to feel," Knight, a West Hollywood resident by way of New York, said as he strolled along Santa Monica Boulevard, headphones on, iced coffee in hand.
The president took the stage with the Supreme Court justices — who soon will consider the constitutionality of gay marriage — arrayed behind him. When he told the world that "if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well," Obama brought the issue of gay marriage "into everyone's home, whether they like it or not," Knight said.


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Sunday, March 27, 2011
Two hands & one heart per human.
Where to start?
It has been more than a month since I have last posted. How long since I have posted a recipe? A good picture? Thank you for being so patient, I know a lot of you have been wondering how I am.
I should start by saying that I am good.
My mum was a tad sick and I took some time to be with her. I thought I was losing my mum and I am so thankful that she is well again. Thank you for saving her heart.
Things happen that make you think differently. Have you ever stopped and looked at a stranger and wondered what their life is? What are they presently living as they are driving that car? Why are they smiling so much, or why do they look so sad? Life just goes on, whatever you are going through. I walked a long hospital hallway and sobbed openly one day. The other, I watched a friend cry and could do nothing more than put a hand on her back, a few soft strokes in her hair and a hug. If only there was a window into other people's lives to understand them better.
Music plays a big part in my life, nowadays and always.
What does this have to do with food? It influences my moods. My thoughts. It inspires. I have a 'song phrase' for many moments in my life. Good and bad. (umm. good and sad)
This was a very Tori month.
Desserts at the shop went from a very reasonable amount per day to 'how can my two hands produce this much?'
Full display in the morning, empty at the end of the day. You can't hope for anything fresher - and I would not want it otherwise... I come in early every day and do it how it should be for any pastry shop.
(insert here Tori singing 'baker baker, baking a cake, make me a day, make me whole again...)
I love doing desserts. I secretly wish this was my job, 8 hours a day.
And how to do all day brunch without thinking of 'here in my head' - Tori sings: breakfast, any hour, it could save the world...
Brunch has been getting busier since xmas. Familiar faces. Oooohhh and aaaahhh. Camera phones. Lineups.
But when breakfast gets too intense, for tooooo long, I hear Tori singing Slayer's 'raining blood'
All this silliness aside, I have to admit that it is hard keeping all the pieces together.
Take-home food has really been taking off. Need to produce more. More.
These delicate king oyster and bok choy dumplings I loved...
Thinking of the take-home food, the day-to-day menu, the desserts, the brunch, soups, salads... Then putting in orders, shopping, cooking, accounting, paperstufffff, taking pictures, returning emails, cooking some more. And most of this as there are people in the shop, talking to me, eating in front of me. Radiohead surrounds me and I keep replaying 'In Limbo' - Nowhere to hide, trapdoors that open, I spiral down.. I lost my way... I lost my way.
But then I have these great moments. I make people smile.
I make myself smile.
These little sweets made their first appearance this week and it was love.
Nutmeg beignets filled with lemon curd and rolled in cinnamon sugar.
Grapefruit bars (email me for the recipe!)
Honey fig and blood orange cheesecakes.
Other things that make me smile? The fact that Lynne and Katie eat potatoes as no one is watching. That means that they really want them. I love you ladies. ( I think Lynne kept those in her apron pocket... )
18 comments:
Great to hear that your mom is doing well.
- March 27, 2011 at 9:36 PM
- Michael said...
Grapefruit Bars? Oh my, I would like to see that recipe!
- March 27, 2011 at 10:02 PM
Oh Marysol. You are such a delight. We have never met, but your blog & tweets have charmed me. One day soon I hope to make it to Chez Edgar where I know that the charm will only grow!
Take care of yourself!!! & please give Miss Lynne a hug for me, too!
- March 27, 2011 at 10:48 PM
ps. Grapefruit Bars recipe, please!
lindsay (at) organicpixels (dot) ca
(Thank you!!)
- March 27, 2011 at 10:50 PM
- Ottawa613 said...
Marysol, you fill our tummies and light up our weeks. Two hands, one endless heart.
- March 27, 2011 at 11:04 PM
- Mélodie said...
Super de lire comment ça se déroule depuis 1 mois et que ta maman va bien. Gros changements dans ma vie, alors j'ai été assez occupée, mais je devrais passer cette semaine :-) À bientôt!
- March 28, 2011 at 7:56 AM
- Moonlight said...
Nutmeg beignets filled with lemon curd and rolled in cinnamon sugar.
And yes please, do send in that recipe there for the grapefruit bars!
Also, Im very happy you came back AND that your mom is doing good now! I was worried!
Keep it up! Bisous!
- March 28, 2011 at 8:35 AM
- One of Ottawa's Real Foodies said...
Thank you for saying it. And so well.
- March 28, 2011 at 10:55 AM
- kirsten said...
Grapefruit bars please!
It's awesome that Edgar is a hit, I only hope to one day come and eat there.
- March 28, 2011 at 11:53 AM
- Eva said...
Ah ma belle, c'est bon d'avoir de tes nouvelles. Je m'inquiétais de toi et de ta mère. Je comprend ce que tu veux dire quand tu parles de savoir à quoi pensent les gens surtout quand ils pensent que personne ne les regardent. What makes them tick? Parfois ça me donne la frousse lire tes textes car ils sont souvent plein de mes pensées... weird... Au plaisir de se revoir bientôt! Chin up, look forward, un jour à la fois, une pâtisserie à la fois, une assiette à la fois.
- March 28, 2011 at 2:43 PM
So glad to hear that you're making it through yet another overdose of Life.
Grapefruit bars look amazing! I would love the recipe, if you wouldn't mind.
- March 28, 2011 at 7:42 PM
- kaitlin said...
two hands, one endless heart. absoultely. <3
you continue to amaze me, marysol!
- March 28, 2011 at 9:22 PM
- Lake Jane said...
What a great post. I've been quietly reading your blog for several months now and am so inspired by your adventures. I am originally from Ottawa and am so excited to go back home and visit Edgar in person. In the meantime, thanks for sharing and keep on trucking! Marie-Eve
- March 29, 2011 at 12:25 PM
- Rachelle said...
Marysol, when I read your posts, I shed a tear, I laugh out loud, and I remember how wonderful the little things are in life and my appreciation is heightened.
- March 29, 2011 at 6:20 PM
- theRachel said...
Marysol, I live far away (Victoria!), and have never been to Edgar, but love reading your blog and dreaming of one day tasting your delicious eats! It is wonderful that Tori (& Thom and the boys) keep you going :)
Because I haven't before, I just spied the urbanspoon rating for Edgar - 100% !!!!! I have never seen anything like it. If I were closer I would give you a hug.
- March 30, 2011 at 7:31 PM
- Hula Hoop da Loop said...
I would love to get the recipe for the grapefruit bars...how do I email you for that?
- April 2, 2011 at 12:11 PM
- Breenuh said...
Oh my gosh, every single item here looks fantastic! I wish I lived close enough to stop by and try them all!
- April 19, 2011 at 2:35 AM
- May 5, 2011 at 4:18 PM


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NWSB insider Blair Thomas brings us his analysis on the Gonzaga Bulldogs basketball program. He lays out a number of reasons why he respects Mark Few and job he's doing with the Bulldogs program. The Bulldogs are simply better than their Pac-12 counterparts. McCarthey Athletic Center. Finding under the radar players and great guards, John Stockton, Matt Santangelo, Quentin Hall, Richie Frahm, Dan Dickau, Blake Stepp, Derek Raivio, and Jeremy Pargo.
Five reasons why I respect Gonzaga Bulldogs basketball
My Starting Five – Gonzaga Bulldogs All Time Starters
NWSB Insider and Gonzaga Bulldogs blogger Blair Thomas tells us the five players that make up his all time starting team in the next chapter of our Moments In Time series on northwest sports teams. The players mentioned on this list include Adam Morrison, Ronny Turiaf, Jeff Brown, Frank Burgess, and Matt Santangelo. Apologies to John Stockton, Richie Frahm, Blake Stepp, Dan Dickau, Derek Raivio, and Jeremy Pargo.


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Nat just posted this on Facebook:
"To the person who thought it was a good idea to remove the receiver hitch pin on my boat trailer so it would disconnect from my truck and cause an accident and wreck my boat you should know you could have killed an innocent person on the highway.
If you have a problem with me don't be a coward, come see me and tell me what your problem is. I will even give you the first punch. What you did was criminal, stupid, cowardly, and without any regard!
What The Fuck??????
By the way YOU failed and I and my boat are fine. The Cow fence on the other hand took a beating. You owe me 20 bucks for repairs. I hope to see you! Bring it!!"
Wow. Really?


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0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
This is false advertisement.I'm so suing your ass.
Well that explains it. A lot of people pronounce it hen-tay
*claps her hands together after she figures out the joke*Hee.
I just had to comment that this pic had me laughing so hard
...I don't think that's a beaver...xD
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Men's Visual by Van Styles explicit graphic T-Shirt made of 100% cotton, high quality screen print and short sleeve styling. For Adult Men.
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For years, the political atmosphere surrounding our State Senate could only be described as puzzling. New Yorkers have seen coups, broken promises and plenty of corruption.
Last week, with his majority barely hanging on, Senate Majority Leader Dean Skelos, a Republican from Rockville Centre, announced that he had formed a new coalition government, combining the Senate Republican Conference with the Independent Democratic Conference, led by Sen. Jeff Klein.
This maneuver gives the coalition 36 votes, thus allowing Skelos to remain in his position as majority leader.
In response, on Dec. 5, Governor Cuomo penned an op-ed for the Albany Times Union. The piece, titled "Cuomo's Terms," was the governor's attempt to explain the political maneuvering. It also outlined policy positions that he believes the new majority should take.
Cuomo reminded us of a recent two-year period when the Democrats controlled the Senate. He wrote, "The Democratic Conference was in power for two years and squandered the opportunity, failing to pass any meaningful reform legislation despite repeated promises. The Democratic Conference's dysfunction was legendary."
Let's be clear. If the Republican Party had not formed the coalition with the Independent Democratic Conference, the Democratic Party possibly would have taken back control of the Senate, as it already has 31 of the 63 seats and could possibly win in two more districts when the votes are finished being counted.
Instead, Skelos remains the majority leader, which is incredibly important for our state. He has worked across party lines with the governor to ensure that the bills being passed in Albany are for the common good of the people, and not for a particular party or interest. With Skelos and Cuomo workings together, there has been success.
The governor wrote that he has formulated a "litmus test" of policy issues that the new coalition must pass in order to garner his full support. The list includes campaign finance reform, increasing the minimum wage, reforming the infamous stop-and-frisk policy, tax cuts on the middle class, education reform and introducing casinos as economic development generators.


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Just a few days ago, Andrew Garfield went on The Tonight Show and told Jimmy Fallon that he was having nightmares preparing for his first time as host of Saturday Night Live. But despite his nerves and fear, The Amazing Spider-Man 2 star made a superhero leap into live American comedy by showing his range and stepping outside his comfort zone. He did impressions, he acted stupid and he danced. Twice. Emma Stone dropped by for moral support – but she really wasn't needed. Garfield took care of himself.
Here are the highlights:
It's too bad SNL couldn't have lambasted Los Angeles Clippers owner and racist Donald Sterling with a funnier opening sketch – but at least Bobby Moynihan and his makeup artist were trying. The biggest Sterling joke was how disgusting Moynihan looked – greasy slicked back hair, an embarrassing fake tan and some of the worst pockmarked, zit-scarred skin seen outside a Proactiv infomercial.
And the award for most predictable SNL cameo of the season goes to…Emma Stone in Andrew Garfield's monologue! Yes, not surprisingly, Garfield's Amazing Spider-Man 2 co-star and girlfriend stopped by the studio to cheer him on and give him some advice. Lucky for him, she didn't upstage her man by lip-syncing to Blues Traveler, like she did on The Tonight Show earlier in the week.
An unsuspecting man (Garfield) is terrorized and has his identity erased by a secret organization called "The Beygency" after he innocently admits to friends he's not a fan of Beyonce's song Drunk in Love. Nice surprises in this pre-taped short include an appearance by Kiefer Sutherland as a Rihanna fan who tries to help out Garfield's character (before getting shot in the head) and Beygency enforcer (Taran Killam) forcing Garfield to perform the Put a Ring On It dance sequence. This horror scenario is PROBABLY an exaggeration, but just to be safe, be careful about what you say about Queen Bey.
The Beygency ~ SNL Hosted by Andrew Garfield by HumanSlinky
This is a fake commercial for underwear that blocks gas from escaping and inflates your pants like a bubble butt. It's gross and for the eight-year old in all of us.
Charles Dickens' most pathetic character has some competition when it comes to getting that second helping of gruel at the workhouse. Cecily Strong plays a full-grown woman with an American accent who eats all of Oliver's (Garfield) food and sounds like she's read every self-help book at Indigo. Although Strong really commits to the character and tries to make it work, the sketch just goes on a little too long.
After Emma Stone showed up several times during the show, you knew that there was just going to be a great kiss onstage. Or not. After the two repeatedly failed to do a convincing smooch, Coldplay's Chris Martin made a move, planting a big wet one on Garfield.
The singer donned a blonde wig as he held Garfield in his arms and said, "Now you listen to me, you beautiful spidery man, with great power comes great responsibility and our responsibility right now is to make sweet, sweet love. So why don't you go ahead and show me that beautiful tongue."
As the actor resisted, Martin said, "Come on, come to papa!"
Considering Chris Martin and his consciously uncoupled ex-wife Gwyneth Paltrow have been seen together more now than when they were legally married, it's disappointing Gwynny wasn't there to make a cameo or introduce her ex's band. Now THAT would be something to write about. Instead, we're left with two low-key performances of two slow songs (Magic, Sky Full of Stars) performed on a stage decorated like the band crashed an elementary school play. It was nice, but nothing memorable.
Rob Ford's rehab inspired one unfunny joke from The Weekend Update desk: "You know if this Rob Ford saga has proven anything," Colin Jost said. "It's that crack must be great." Thankfully, Update special guest and SNL writer Leslie Jones put everything back on track with her very edgy bit on how she would have made a great slave. Yes, it's enough to make your jaw drop, but this lady is funny. Hopefully, this won't be her final Update appearance.


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Hi guys,
I have recently received the assembled RigidBot. Yesterday I got my stock of blue tape and wanted to try the machine out. However to my surprise I was unable to load the filament. The fibre seems to be inside the hot end but pushing it manually or using extrude manual control does not seem to do anything. The reported temperature seems fine. I have tried to push an 0.2mm wire into the extruder from the outside, but was also unable to do that.
Do you guys have any suggestions?