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JEC was designed to bring alumni working in the energy industry back to campus and provide a platform for them to share thoughts and experiences about their careers in the energy industry.
By Brianna Tufts, JGSM '11
Over the past few years our need for energy and our reliance on it for nearly every aspect of our lives has increased. This has been reflected in the student community at Johnson, with a marked increase every year of students interested in careers in this industry. Given the strong alumni network in traditional energy companies and the increasing presence of Johnson alumni in alternative energy companies, there has also been a growing chorus for an annual forum to facilitate a dialogue between alumni, students and faculty. This was the genesis for the Johnson Energy Connection.
In October, students, alumni, faculty and staff gathered for the first annual Johnson Energy Connection (JEC). JEC was designed to bring alumni working in the energy industry back to campus and provide a platform for them to share thoughts and experiences about their careers in the energy industry. The event also provided students an opportunity to interact with alumni on a one-on-one basis, learn more about the companies they represent and get advice on the job search. Alumni from the 80s, 90s, and 00s returned and offered perspectives on current renewable and traditional energy technologies as well as future development issues. Companies represented included American Governor, Corning, Chevron Energy Solutions, Widetronix, Acciona, GE, Maxim Group and EnerNOC.
The consensus from students was overwhelmingly positive. Nupur Pande MBA'11 reflected "Johnson Energy Connection not only provided current students an opportunity to interact with our strong alumni base who are in high-impact roles in the energy sector, but also served as a platform to discuss some of the burning issues and trends in this important industry." While students pursuing careers in the energy industry often attend energy conferences hosted by other schools, JEC offered a unique opportunity to connect with Johnson alumni and classmates.
The Johnson Energy Connections was a joint effort of many internal groups including the Energy Club, the SGE Club, the Office of Alumni Affairs and Development, the Center for Sustainable Global Enterprise, the Career Management Center and Chevron. The success of the event was a direct result of strong alumni interest in the event and once again highlights the valued relationship between alumni and students at the Johnson School. The organizing team hopes that the success of this year's event will help create a new Johnson School tradition with increasing participation every year.


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A soufflé(pronounced as soo-flay) is a dish which can be baked either into sweet dessert, or prepared as a savoury dish, depending on the 'base' chosen. Soufflé literally means 'puffed up', and this results from stiffly whipped egg whites which are folded in the base. During baking, the air incorporated by the egg whites expands, helping the soufflé to rise, and providing a feather light interior. Soufflés are usually served hot from the oven, because though it bakes very high, it also falls very quickly.
I chose this recipe from Food Network, because it does not seem too complicated, and the reviews are good too. Since I didn't have have Grand Marnier, I used expresso instead. I love pairing chocolate and coffee, they seemed to be very good partners in my chocolate cakes and frosting, and it didn't disappoint this time either.
I find it difficult to describe this dessert. It's rich (from the chocolate) but not overwhelming, sweet but not cloying. The top crust is crisp, yet the interior is so light. Looking at the picture above, it make look like a pudding, but actually it's very very 'cloud-like'. It's a great way to end off the meal.

subset: commoncrawl


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Individuals planning to sell cannabis or cannabis products beginning January 1, 2018, must register with the California Department of Tax and Fee Administration (CDTFA) for a seller's permit. Cannabis cultivators, processors, manufacturers, retailers, microbusinesses and distributors who make sales are required to obtain and maintain a seller's permit as a prerequisite for applying for a license with theBureau of Cannabis Control, the Department of Food and Agriculture, or the Department of Public Health. It is easy and convenient to register online with the CDTFA. Individuals who already have a seller's permit (including a permit previously issued by the Board of Equalization) do not need to register for a new one.
In addition, distributors of cannabis and cannabis products must also register with the CDTFA for a cannabis tax permit – which is separate from a seller's permit – in order to report and pay the two new cannabis taxes to the CDTFA starting in January 2018. Registration for the cannabis tax permit will be available on November 20, 2017.
Beginning Jan. 1, 2018, two new cannabis taxes will be in effect:
– A 15 percent excise tax is imposed on purchasers of cannabis and cannabis products. Retailers are required to collect the excise tax from the purchaser and pay it to the cannabis distributor.
– A tax on the cultivation of cannabis that enters the commercial market is imposed on cultivators, who are required to pay the cultivation tax to either a distributor or manufacturer depending upon the nature of the transaction. The cultivation tax rates are $9.25 per dry weight ounce of cannabis flowers, and $2.75 per dry-weight ounce of cannabis leaves.
Individuals who operate a cannabis business that does not make taxable sales will need to obtain a certification letter from the CDTFA indicating that their business does not require a seller's permit. The certification letter will be available through the CDTFA online registration system beginning November 20, 2017. Individuals may also sign up for CDTFA Cannabis ListServ notifications for the latest information on how to comply with the new laws related to cannabis businesses.
More information about the permits necessary to collect these new taxes is available in this special notice and in the Tax Guide for Cannabis Businesses.


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The Portugal-Sweden playoff matchup was seen by most as little more than a matchup of Cristiano Ronaldo and Zlatan Ibrahimović, two of the best players in the world. Portugal won on Friday in Lisbon, 1-0, after a late diving header from Ronaldo. For Sweden to advance, they'd have to win today. That meant that Ibrahimović, essentially Sweden's entire offense, would have to score. He did. It also meant that Sweden's defense would have to contain Ronaldo. They couldn't. No one can. Cristiano Ronaldo is the Antichrist.
Ronaldo opened the scoring. Of course he did. Five minutes into the second half, Sweden, pressing forward, became overstretched, which allowed Portugal midfielder João Moutinho to look up and thread a pass through three Swedish players to Ronaldo, who made a diagonal run across his opponent's back line into open space. It was a great goal from Ronaldo, but was only made possible from an unreal pass from Moutinho. With Portugal up 2-0 on aggregate with an away goal, as well, the difference between the two sides was stark. Ronaldo had players who could help, who could spring him open. Sweden needed three goals to advance, but their star Zlatan had almost no support. No matter.
Ibrahimović started the comeback in the 68th minute, off a corner kick. A ball was lofted in from the right, and the 6-foot-5 striker held off Portugal center back Bruno Alves, leaning into him, not allowing the defender to elevate for the clearance. When the ball came to Ibrahimović, he hopped up and headed the ball down to the back post for the goal.
The big Swede's second goal came just four minutes later, off a free kick from the top of the box. One player standing over the ball dummied the shot, and Portugal's wall inexplicably bit. Zlatan punished them with a low drive that beat the keeper to level the aggregate score at 2-2. Sweden only needed one goal to pull off the shock, but they had nearly 20 minutes to do so. Then, Ronaldo happened.
Ronaldo scored his second of the match in the 77th minute, off another Portugal counter. Sweden were overstretched, and Hugo Almeida collected a pass at half with Ronaldo sprinting down the left side. Ronaldo slowed at half just enough to beat the offside trap, and Postiga released him with a looping ball over the top. Ronaldo took one touch, then slapped it with his left past the keeper for the dagger.
The difference between Ronaldo (and Lionel Messi, for that matter) and the rest of the world is that in addition to being more technically gifted, having a better understanding of the game than anyone else in the world, and being clinical in front of goal, he's blindingly fast. This goal was a video game goal, because there was nothing anyone could do. He was just programmed with too much speed, and couldn't be caught.
His second goal clinched qualification, but Ronaldo wasn't done. Just two minutes later, he was put through on goal by another ridiculous pass from Moutinho, rounded the keeper, and scored his third in the game. It was his fourth in the playoff, and he accounted for each and every Portugal goal.
Portugal-Sweden was perhaps the most exciting of Europe's four World Cup playoff matchups, and in some ways, it was the saddest, too. We saw two of the world's biggest stars dominate, but only one, the better player with the better team, will be playing next summer. We don't know if we'll ever see Ibrahimović compete again on the world's biggest stage. But based on last week's displays, Ronaldo is more than enough.


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Daniel Martin (born 20 August 1986) is a Irish racing cyclist who currently rides for Garmin-Slipstream. In 2004 he was the British National Junior Road Race Champion, before deciding to ride for Ireland. His brother Tom will ride for the UC Aubenas squad in 2009. He is a nephew of 1987 triple crown winner Stephen Roche, and a cousin of fellow pro cyclist Nicholas Roche. Martin rose to prominence by winning the 2008 Route du Sud stage race and becoming the Irish National Road Race Champion in his first season as a professional .
Magnus Bäckstedt | Blake Caldwell | Steven Cozza | Tom Danielson | Julian Dean | Hans Dekkers | Jason Donald | Timmy Duggan | Huub Duyn | Lucas Euser | Tyler Farrar | Michael Friedman | Will Frischkorn | Ryder Hesjedal | Trent Lowe | Martijn Maaskant | Daniel Martin | Christian Meier | Cameron Meyer | David Millar | Danny Pate | Kilian Patour | Tom Peterson | Chris Sutton | Svein Tuft | Ricardo van der Velde | Christian Vande Velde | Bradley Wiggins | David Zabriskie | Manager: Jonathan Vaughters


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Updated: 27/02/2018 at 5:34 AM
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zh-CN:Cron Template:Article summary start Template:Article summary text Template:Article summary heading Template:Article summary link Template:Article summary end
From Wikipedia:
cron is the time-based job scheduler in Unix-like computer operating systems. cron enables users to schedule jobs (commands or shell scripts) to run periodically at certain times or dates. It is commonly used to automate system maintenance or administration [...]
cronie is installed by default as part of the base group. Other cron implementations exist if preferred, Gentoo's Cron Guide offers comparisons. For example, fcron, bcronAUR or vixie-cronAUR offer a wider range of features and configuration options.
Users & autostart
cron should be working upon login on a new system to run root scripts. This can be check by looking at the log in
/var/log/. In order to use crontab application (editor for job entries), users must be members of a designated group users or root, of which all users should already be members. To ensure cron starts on boot, add the crond daemon to the daemons array of rc.conf.
Handling errors of jobs
Errors can occur during execution of jobs. When this happens, cron registers stderr output of job as e-mail and attempts to send it to the users mail spools via sendmail command.
To log this message use the -M option in the configuration file (
crontd), then write a script or install rudimentary SMTP subsystem (esmtp in this example):
# pacman -S esmtp procmail
After installation the SMTP program, configure it's routing (
/etc/esmtprc esmtp example):
identity firstname.lastname@example.com hostname mail.myisp.com:25 username "myself" password "secret" starttls enabled default mda "/usr/bin/procmail -d %T"
Procmail needs root privileges to work in delivery mode but it is not an issue if you are running the cronjobs as root.
To test that everything works correctly, create a file
message.txt with "test message" in it.
From the directory containing
message.txt run:
$ sendmail user_name < message.txt
$ cat /var/spool/mail/user_name
You should see in the terminal, the "test message", the time and date it was sent.
Thats all, all error output of jobs now will be redirected to
Due to the privileged issue, it is hard to create and send the email to root. So you could ask esmtp to forward all root's email to some ordinary users. Add the following lines in esmtprc
If the above test did not work, try creating a file
~/.esmtprc with the same content as
/etc/esmtprc, (you can just create a copy as normal user).
Run the following command to make sure it has the correct 710 permission:
$ chmod 710 ~/.esmtprc
Now just repeat the test with
message.txt exactly as before.
Crontab format
The basic format for a crontab is:
<minute> <hour> <day_of_month> <month> <day_of_week> <command>
- minute values can be from 0 to 59.
- hour values can be from 0 to 23.
- day_of_month values can be from 1 to 31.
- month values can be from 1 to 12.
- day_of_week values can be from 0 to 6, with 0 denoting Sunday.
Multiple times may be specified with a comma, a range can be given with a hyphen, and the asterisk symbol is a wildcard character. Spaces are used to separate fields. For example, the line:
*0,*5 9-16 * 1-5,9-12 1-5 /home/user/bin/i_love_cron.sh
Will execute the script
i_love_cron.sh at five minute intervals from 9 AM to 4:55 PM every weekday of the month except during the summer months (June, July, and August). More examples and advanced configuration techniques can be found below.
Basic commands
Crontabs should never be edited directly; instead, users should use the crontab program to work with their crontabs. To be granted access to this command, user must be a member of the users group (see gpasswd command).
To view their crontabs, users should issue the command:
$ crontab -l
To edit their crontabs, they may use:
$ crontab -e
To remove their crontabs, they should use:
$ crontab -r
If a user has a saved crontab and would like to completely overwrite their old crontab, he or she should use:
$ crontab saved_crontab_filename
To overwrite a crontab from the command line (Wikipedia:stdin), use
$ crontab -
To edit somebody else's crontab, issue the following command as root:
# crontab -u username -e
This same format (appending "-u username" to a command) works for listing and deleting crontabs as well.
To use nano rather than vi as crontab editor, add the following lines to /etc/bash.bashrc:
export EDITOR="/usr/bin/nano"
And restart terminal/s
The entry:
01 * * * * /bin/echo Hello, world!
runs the command
/bin/echo Hello, world! on the first minute of every hour of every day of every month (i.e. at 12:01, 1:01, 2:01, etc.)
*/5 * * jan mon-fri /bin/echo Hello, world!
runs the same job every five minutes on weekdays during the month of January (i.e. at 12:00, 12:05, 12:10, etc.)
As noted in the Crontab Format section, the line:
*0,*5 9-16 * 1-5,9-12 1-5 /home/user/bin/i_love_cron.sh
Will execute the script
i_love_cron.sh at five minute intervals from 9 AM to 5 PM (excluding 5 PM itself) every weekday (Mon-Fri) of every month except during the summer (June, July, and August).
More information
The cron daemon parses a configuration file known as crontab. Each user on the system can maintain a separate crontab file to schedule commands individually. The root user's crontab is used to schedule system-wide tasks (though users may opt to use
/etc/crontab or the
/etc/cron.d directory, depending on which cron implementation they choose).
There are slight differences between the crontab formats of the different cron daemons. The default root crontab for dcron looks like this:
# root crontab # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE MANUALLY! USE crontab -e INSTEAD # man 1 crontab for acceptable formats: # <minute> <hour> <day> <month> <dow> <tags and command> # <@freq> <tags and command> # SYSTEM DAILY/WEEKLY/... FOLDERS @hourly ID=sys-hourly /usr/sbin/run-cron /etc/cron.hourly @daily ID=sys-daily /usr/sbin/run-cron /etc/cron.daily @weekly ID=sys-weekly /usr/sbin/run-cron /etc/cron.weekly @monthly ID=sys-monthly /usr/sbin/run-cron /etc/cron.monthly
These lines exemplify one of the formats that crontab entries can have, namely whitespace-separated fields specifying:
- @period
- ID=jobname (this tag is specific to dcron)
- command
The other standard format for crontab entries is:
- minute
- hour
- day
- month
- day of week
- command
The crontab files themselves are usually stored as
/var/spool/cron/username. For example, root's crontab is found at
See the crontab man page for further information and configuration examples.
run-parts issue
cronie use run-parts to carry out script in cron.daily/cron.weekly/cron.monthly. Be careful that the script name in these folders should not have any '.', like backup.sh. Since run-parts without options will ignore them. Detail information see man run-parts.
Running Xorg server based applicatoins
If you find that you cannot run X apps from cron jobs then put this before the command:
export DISPLAY=:0.0 ;
That sets the DISPLAY variable to the first display; which is usually right unless you like to run multiple xservers on your machine.
If it still does not work then you need to use xhost to give your user control over X11:
# xhost +si:localuser:$(whoami)
I put it in my gnome `Startup Applications' like this:
bash -c "xhost +si:localuser:$(whoami)"
Asynchronous job processing
If you regularly turn off your computer but do not want to miss jobs, there are some solutions available (easiest to hardest):
- Dcron
- Vanilla dcron supports asynchronous job processing. Just put it with @hourly, @daily, @weekly or @monthly with a jobname, like this:
@hourly ID=greatest_ever_job echo This job is very useful.
- Cronwhip (AUR, forum thread)
- Script to automatically run missed cron jobs; works with the default cron implementation, dcron.
- Anacron (AUR)
- Full replacement for dcron, processes jobs asynchronously.


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Newcastle boss Alan Pardew bids Demba Ba farewell and says Chelsea deal is 'done'
Alan Pardew says Demba Ba's move to Chelsea is as good as done and insists he will leave with Newcastle's blessing.
Last Updated: 03/01/13 11:41am
The Blues have been given permission to talk to the Senegal international after triggering a release clause in his contract with a £7m bid.
Ba was withdrawn from the Newcastle squad to face Everton at St James' Park and speaking before kick-off, Pardew was confident the move would swiftly go through.
"It's done. He will go to Chelsea with our blessing," Pardew told Sky Sports.
"He has done fantastic for us and it's not a bad thing, all the uncertainty is now done and we can move on.
"The ball was always in Demba's court. But this club is bigger than any player for sure."
Chelsea officials held initial discussions with Ba's representatives earlier this week but had been unable to reach an agreement.
The Senegal frontman, who joined Newcastle on a free transfer from West Ham in June 2011, already has 13 goals to his name this season and has been pursued by several clubs.
Newcastle released a statement which read: "Newcastle United can confirm Chelsea Football Club has made an official offer for Demba Ba which has triggered the release clause in the player's contract.
"The club has given the player permission to speak to Chelsea FC and therefore he will not be included in the squad for tonight's game with Everton."
Chelsea's interim manager Rafael Benitez is keen to add another striker to his squad to provide competition for Fernando Torres, claiming the club's £50m record signing would have no problem with being used in a rotation system.
Benitez has also been linked with moves for Atletico Madrid striker Radamel Falcao and Bayer Leverkusen's Andre Schurrle.


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UPDATE: Chevelle was recently announced to be the additional band performing during the upcoming RockWave Festival, coming to JetBlue Park Saturday, Sept. 21.
The first of a hopefully annual "96-KROCK presents Rockwave Festival" will be rocking the stage of JetBlue Park, 11500 Fenway South Drive, Fort Myers, Saturday, Sept. 21, featuring well-known, longtime alternative rock bands Jane's Addiction and Stone Temple Pilots with Chester Bennington (Linkin Park), along with performances from Filter, Anberlin, Beware of Darkness, and an opening band to be announced, performing on the Monster Main Stage. Doors open at 1 p.m.
A special discounted ticket pre-sale for the Rockwave Festival is offered between July 16 and 18 at RockwaveFest.com. During pre-sale, a limited number of discounted general admission tickets will be available for purchase for the following prices (plus fees):
Article Photos
Stone Temple Pilots, featuring Chester Bennington (Linkin Park). Photo by CHAPMAN BAEHLER.
-- Tuesday, July 16: $19.50
-- Wednesday, July 17: $24.99
-- Thursday, July 18: $34.99
Article Map
"I'm super excited to help launch the new 96-KROCK radio station in Fort Myers, with Jane's Addiction and Stone Temple Pilots, Filter, Anberlin and one of my new favorite acts, Beware Of Darkness," said festival creator and producer Danny Wimmer of Danny Wimmer Presents, who also put on the Fort Rock Festival earlier this year, featuring The Offspring, Stone Sour, Papa Roach and others. "What a great party it's going to be to close out the summer in Fort Myers."
Regularly priced general admission and VIP tickets go on sale Friday, July 19 at 10 a.m. at RockwaveFest.com, Ticketmaster.com and at all Ticketmaster outlets. Beginning July 19, general admission tickets will be $45 (plus fees) and VIP tickets will be $89.50 (plus fees).
VIP tickets include a VIP entrance into the venue; access to a covered VIP lounge area, featuring dedicated bar, beverage and food service; viewing of main stage (seated and standing areas); seated area with shade for dining and private restroom facilities; and a VIP guest laminate.
96-KROCK presents Rockwave Festival is produced by Danny Wimmer Presents and AEG Live, part of the team that produces the massively successful Rock On The Range, Carolina Rebellion, Welcome To Rockville, and Fort Myers' own Fort Rock music festival. 96-KROCK presents Rockwave Festival is fueled by Monster Energy.
JetBlue Park is the spring training home of the Boston Red Sox. It's also the home to the Fort Rock music festival, which debuted April 14, 2013.
For more information on the show, visit RockwaveFest.com, visit Facebook.com/RockwaveFest or Twitter.com/RockwaveFest.


text: Korean Job Discussion Forums :: View topic - used laptop for sale - SOLD - Thanks Dave! Speak Korean Now! Korean Job Discussion Forums"The Internet's Meeting Place for ESL/EFL Teachers from Around the World!" FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in used laptop for sale - SOLD - Thanks Dave! Korean Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Buy/Sell/Trade Forum View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message Davey J.Joined: 08 Jan 2006Location: Suwon Posted: Sun Jan 08, 2006 2:44 pm Post subject: used laptop for sale - SOLD - Thanks Dave! I have an english dell inspiron 6000: 15.4 inch widescreen display (1280X800) shared mobile intel graphics chip 1.6 intel centrino with 2 MB cache 768 DDR2 ram 60 GB HD DVD burner sd card slot, wireless g, 4 usb, firewire 4 hour or better extra capacity 7200 mah battery looking to get 700,000 obo I am in Suwon. Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Korean Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Buy/Sell/Trade Forum All times are GMT - 8 Hours Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Forums:----------------FAQJob-related Discussion ForumGeneral Discussion ForumOff-Topic ForumTravel ForumCurrent Events ForumTechnology ForumBuy/Sell/Trade Forum You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum This page is maintained by the one and only Dave Sperling. Contact Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2018 Dave Sperling. All Rights Reserved. Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2002 phpBB Group TEFL International Supports Dave's ESL Cafe


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Posted in Top Stories | 611 comments
It's football time in Tennessee where longtime gridiron traditions are cherished – from Rocky Top to the Pride of the Southland Marching Band. At the start of every game inside the colossal Neyland Stadium, thousands of the football faithful rise to their feet, remove their hats and pause for the pre-game prayer.
But in recent days the University of Tennessee Knoxville's pre-game prayer has come under attack. The Wisconsin-based Freedom From Religion Foundation sent a cease and desist letter to the public university calling for them to abandon the long-time tradition.
"This is a public university, not a Christian club," wrote Annie Gaylor, co-president of the FFRF in a letter to the chancellor. "When you're not religious or are of another faith and you get prayed at during events, it's really very grating."
"It's a sock in the gut for you to go for a sporting event and then be told to conform to someone else's religion," she said in a story published by the Knoxville News Sentinel.
Chancellor Jimmy Cheek responded by saying the pre-game prayers are protected by the U.S. Constitution and will not be silenced on his campus.
"The university will continue to allow prayers before university events," he wrote in a letter obtained by Fox News.
Cheek cited a court ruling from the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals that specifically held that "nonsectarian prayer at public university events does not violate the First Amendment."
And furthermore, Cheek said prayers will also be welcomed at other university events – outside the confines of the football stadium.
The Knoxville News Sentinel reported that the FFRF sent their cease and desist letter on behalf of UT alumni and students who "felt disenfranchised by the prayers."
"You roll your eyes and say why is this going on at a government-subsidized event?" retired ecologist and FFRF member Bob Craig told the newspaper. "I also see it at all the high school games where they have prayers before games and after games. It's really out of place. It's hurting all those people that don't have that belief and ostracizing them."
The university's decision brought praise from Kevin Brooks, a Republican state representative.
"I was at the game on Saturday and actually commented on how thankful I was that we began the game in prayer and how much I enjoyed the halftime musical performance of Amazing Grace," he told Fox News.
Brooks said it was alarming that an outside organization from Wisconsin would involve itself in the affairs of another state. There is no separation of church and state in the Constitution, he noted.
"I am so thankful that Tennesseans are going to stand up and say this is the Volunteer State and voluntarily we're going to keep praying," Brooks said.
Todd is the author of Dispatches From Bitter America – endorsed by Sarah Palin. Click here to get your copy!!
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The official Patch 3.3.3 patch notes have just been posted to the official site, so we're likely to see the PTR incredibly soon, if it isn't up right now. You can find the patch notes in full below. Do note, however, that this is Patch 3.3.3 and not Patch 3.3.5. This will not include the Ruby Sanctum raid dungeon.
Some highlights:
- Death Knights: Icy Touch: This ability now causes a very high amount of threat while the death knight is in Frost Presence.
- Many aura abilities such as Unleashed Rage, Abomination's Might, and Elemental Oath are now passive auras and do no need to be triggered by certain strikes.
- Frozo the Renowned has moved into the Dalaran Magus Commerce Exchange and will be trading your Frozen Orbs for various other trade goods. We do not yet know what these items are, but we'll be sure to look as soon as we get on the PTR.
These patch notes are up to date as of March 10th, 2010.


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Principal Proposed Natural Treatments
Low back pain is one of the most common health conditions today. According to some estimates, each year nearly 15% to 20% of the United States population experiences low back problems, and as many as 80% of all adults experience significant low back pain at some point during their lives. 1,2 Back pain is the second most common reason adults under age 45 miss days from work (after the common cold). The total cost of back pain has been estimated to reach $25 billion per year in the US. 3
When back pain occurs suddenly (after lifting a heavy object, for example), it is called acute back pain or sprain. In most cases, acute back pain eventually improves by itself, but there may be weeks of discomfort, time lost from work, and impaired function at home.
When back pain persists over months or years, it is called chronic back pain. In the majority of cases, the cause of chronic back pain is unknown. Identifiable causes include osteoarthritis , fracture, or injury to the discs between the vertebrae.
Conventional treatment of acute back pain involves anti-inflammatory drugs , muscle relaxants, and the passage of time. Chronic back pain requires a medical workup to make sure there are no serious underlying causes, although evidence suggests that, in most cases, x-rays are not necessary. 4 Treatment may also include physical therapy and a graded exercise program, which includes walking. However, there is little reliable evidence that these treatments actually provide much benefit. 64,65,94-97 Surgery may be recommended in certain cases, such as when there are severe disc problems, but most forms of back surgery also lack reliable supporting evidence.
Principal Proposed Natural Treatments
Extract of the herb white willow appears to be helpful for acute and chronic back pain, presumably because of its similarity to aspirin. The little-known injection technique known as prolotherapy may be effective for back pain as well. Lesser evidence supports the use of chiropractic and acupuncture.
White Willow
Willow bark has been used as a treatment for pain and fever in China since 500 BC. It contains the substance salicin, which is chemically related to aspirin. Another ingredient of white willow, tremulacin, may also be important.
In a 4-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 210 individuals with chronic back pain, two different doses of willow bark extract were compared against placebo. 5 The higher-dose group received extract supplying 240 mg of salicin daily; in this group, 39% were pain-free for at least the last 5 days of the study. In the lower-dose group (120 mg of salicin daily), 21% became pain-free. In contrast, only 6% of those given placebo became pain-free. Stomach distress did not occur in this study. The only significant side effect seen was an allergic reaction in one participant given willow.
Note: White willow should not be combined with standard anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen. For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full White Willow article.
Chiropractic spinal manipulation is one of the most popular treatments for acute and chronic back pain in the US, and it may provide at least modest benefit; however, as yet, research evidence has failed to find chiropractic manipulation convincingly more effective than standard medical care. 49,50,76
Chiropractic does seem to be more effective than placebo, if not by a great deal. For example, a single-blind, controlled study of 84 people suffering from low back pain compared manipulation to treatment with a diathermy machine (a physical therapy machine that uses microwaves to create heat beneath the skin) that was not actually functioning. 16 The researchers asked the participants to assess their own pain levels within 15 minutes of the first treatment, then 3 and 7 days after treatment. The only statistically significant difference between the two groups was within 15 minutes of the manipulation. (Chiropractic had better results at that point.)
In another single-blind, placebo-controlled study, researchers assigned 209 participants to one of three groups: a high-velocity, low-amplitude (HVLA) spinal manipulation; a sham manipulation group; or a back education program. 17 Though this has been reported as a positive study, 18 most of the differences seen between the groups were too small to be statistically significant.
Unimpressive results were also seen in a well-designed study of 321 people with back pain, comparing chiropractic manipulation, a special form of physical therapy (the Mackenzie method), and the provision of an educational booklet in treating low back pain. 25 All groups improved to about the same extent.
Several studies evaluated the effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation combined with a different kind of treatment called mobilization, but they too found little to no benefit. 43,45,46
On a positive note, one study of 100 people with back pain and sciatica symptoms (pain down the leg due to disc protrusion) found that chiropractic manipulation was significantly more effective at relieving symptoms than sham chiropractic manipulation. 57
For low back pain, several studies have found that chiropractic is at least as helpful as other commonly used therapies, such as muscle relaxants, soft-tissue massage , and physical therapy. 22-26,51,74 Furthermore, in one well-designed study, 2 months of chiropractic spinal manipulation produced somewhat greater pain relief than exercise therapy, and this relative superiority endured to the 1-year follow-up point. 41
For more information, see the full Chiropractic article.
The ancient technique of acupuncture has become increasingly popular as a treatment for pain and other conditions. However, thus far, research has not produced clear evidence of acupuncture's effectiveness for back pain. 52 In a review of 23 randomized trials involving over 6,000 patients with chronic low back, researchers concluded that acupuncture is more effective than no treatment for short-term pain relief, but there was no significant difference between the effects of true and sham. 79
A 6-month, double-blind trial of 1,162 people with back pain compared real acupuncture, fake acupuncture, and conventional therapy. 72 Both real and fake acupuncture were twice as effective as conventional therapy according to the measures used. However, there was only a minimal difference between real and fake acupuncture. These results do not, in fact, indicate that acupuncture is effective per se; rather, it shows the significant power of acupuncture as a placebo.
Similarly, in a single-blind, sham-acupuncture, and no-treatment controlled study of 298 people with chronic back pain, use of real acupuncture failed to prove significantly more effective than sham-acupuncture. 58 Also, in a fairly large randomized trial involving 638 adults with chronic back pain, there was no difference in pain at one year in patients receiving real compared to fake acupuncture (with neither group improving significantly over standard care). Both real and simulated acupuncture were, however, associated with improved function at one year. 80 Other studies have failed to find benefit as well; in several controlled studies enrolling a total of over 300 people, real acupuncture again failed to prove more effective than sham-acupuncture or other placebo treatments. 19,29,32,53
One study compared the effects of acupuncture, massage , and education (such as videotapes on back care) for 262 people with chronic back pain over a 10-week period. 28 The exact type of acupuncture and massage was left to practitioners, but only 10 visits were permitted. At the 10-week point, evaluations showed benefit with massage but not with acupuncture. One year later, massage and education were nearly equivalent, and both were superior to acupuncture.
Low level laser therapy (LLLT) is a technique similar to electro-acupuncture that uses precision laser energy instead of electricity conducted through a needle. In a detailed review of 7 randomized trials, researchers were unable to draw any conclusions regarding the effectiveness of LLLT for nonspecific low back pain. 73 A randomized trial of 144 adults with chronic nonspecific low back pain found no differences in pain or disability when comparing low- and high-dose laser acupuncture to sham treatments over 8 weeks.92
A review of 32 randomized trials compared acupuncture to no or other therapies with mixed results in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain. For pain reduction and function, acupuncture was better than sham acupuncture. Acupuncture was more effective for functional improvements when it was used in combination with usual care. Modest improvements in pain and function were seen with acupuncture treatment when compared to pain relievers and muscle relaxants, but the differences were not clinically significant. Biases included types of acupuncture used, duration of treatment, and number of treatment sessions in the patient population. Increased numbers of biases in trials affects the quality of the results.91
Many other studies have compared acupuncture to such treatments as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), physical therapy, chiropractic care, and massage. 14,33-37,59 In many of these trials, acupuncture provided benefits comparable to the other options tested. However, because TENS, physical therapy, and so forth, have not been proven effective for back pain, studies of this type cannot be taken as evidence that acupuncture is effective. One study did find acupressure massage more effective than standard physical therapy; however, it was performed in a Chinese population that may have had more faith in this traditional approach than in physical therapy. 60
For more information, see the full Acupuncture article.
Other Proposed Natural Treatments
Herbal Treatments
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolling 215 people with back pain, use of a topical cream made from the herb comfrey produced statistically significant benefits as compared to placebo. 61 A second randomized trial of 379 people with acute back pain also found a topical combination of comfrey and methyl nicotinate cream reduced back pain (at rest and with movement), decreased functional impairment, and reduced use of rescue medication compared to methyl nicotinate cream alone or placebo. 90 Topical comfrey was associated with reduced back pain (upper and lower) compared to placebo in a randomized trial with 120 adults.93
The herb devil's claw is used for the treatment of osteoarthritis , and has been tried for back pain as well. However, the results have been less than impressive. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 197 individuals with chronic back pain found devil's claw only marginally effective at best. 38 Similarly poor results were seen in an earlier 4-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 118 individuals with acute back pain. 39 However, a 4-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 63 people with mild to moderate chronic muscular tension in the neck, back, and shoulders did find some benefit. 27
The herb cayenne contains capsaicin, a substance that produces an immediate burning sensation but later reduces pain. One double-blind study found a topical cayenne treatment more effective than placebo in 320 people with low back pain. 54 However, on the face of it, one finds it difficult to believe that this study was truly double-blind. When cayenne is applied to the skin, it causes such an intense sensation that participants could hardly fail to notice it. When people in a study know whether they are getting real treatment or placebo treatment, the validity of the study's results is greatly decreased. In another randomized trial of 40 people with low back pain, a topical cayenne-based cream was associated with reduced acute low back pain compared to placebo.43
A randomized trial with 200 patients found collagen hydrolysate significantly reduced joint pain when compared to placebo. Patients, who were followed for 6 months, were over 50 years old with hip, knee, elbow, shoulder or lumbar spine pain. 87
Other herbs and supplements sometimes recommended for back pain, but with no real supporting evidence, include: boswellia , butterbur , chondroitin , ginger , glucosamine , and turmeric .
Manual Therapies
Osteopathic manipulation (OM) is a form of treatment related to chiropractic manipulation, but it tends to use gentle, extended movements (low velocity, high amplitude) rather than the quick, short, cracking movements of chiropractic. OM has shown some promise for the treatment of back pain, 15,20,40 including a randomized trial of 455 patients. The trial assessed the effects of 6 OM sessions over 8 weeks compared to sham treatments. At 12 weeks, OM was associated with moderate or substantial pain reduction compared to sham OM. OM also reduced the use of prescription pain medications. 89
However, one of the best-designed trials failed to find it a superior alternative to conventional medical care. In this 12-week study of 178 individuals, osteopathic manipulation proved no more effective than standard treatment for back pain. 40 Another study failed to find OM more effective than sham manipulation. 55
In a review of 13 randomized trials, researchers concluded that massage may be effective for nonspecific low back pain, and the beneficial effects can last for up to 1 year in patients suffering from chronic pain. 77 They also noted that exercise and education appear to enhance the effectiveness of massage. A subsequent large study involving 401 adults (aged 20-65 years old) with nonspecific back pain also supports the use of massage. 84 The patients were randomized to one of three groups: structural massage, relaxation massage, or usual care. At 10 weeks, those in the massage groups had improved function and fewer symptoms compared to the usual care group. But unlike the previous review, there were no differences, though, at weeks 26 and 52. See the article on Massage for more details.
The Alexander Technique is a special method of postural training popular among dancers and other performers. A review of the literature found no more than weak preliminary evidence that Alexander may help with back pain, but concluded that further research is warranted. 56 A subsequent controlled trial involving 579 patients with chronic or recurrent low back pain found that Alexander technique lessons, particularly when combined with exercise, was more effective than normal care or massage after one year. 78
Tai Chi
Tai Chi is a traditional form of martial art that involves gentle, dance-like movements. In one trial, 160 people with low back pain were randomized to do Tai Chi (18 sessions lasting 40 minutes each over a period of 10 weeks) or usual care. 85 Those who participated in Tai Chi experienced a greater improvement in their symptoms, including less pain and less disability. However, the lack of an attention control group diminishes the reliability of these results.
The use of prolotherapy to treat back pain has had mixed results in clinical studies.
Invented in the 1950s by George Hackett, prolotherapy is based on the theory that chronic pain is often caused by laxness of the ligaments that are responsible for keeping a joint stable. When ligaments and associated tendons are loose, the body is said to compensate by using muscles to hold the joint stable. The net result, according to prolotherapy theory, is muscle spasms and pain.
Prolotherapy treatment involves injections of chemical irritant solutions into the area around such ligaments. These solutions are believed to cause tissue to proliferate (grow), increasing the strength and thickness of ligaments. 9,10,11 This presumably serves to tighten up the joint and allow the associated muscles to stop having spasms. In the case of arthritic joints, increased ligament strength would allow the joint to function more efficiently, reducing pain.
Although two studies have suggested prolotherapy may be effective, 12,13 two more recent studies found prolotherapy to be ineffective. 47,48
In a review of five studies, three found prolotherapy to be no more effective than control treatments for treating low back pain. The other two studies suggested that prolotherapy was more effective than control treatments when used with therapies such as spinal manipulation and exercise. 81 Another review suggested prolotherapy may be effective when used with other therapies, but not when used alone. 82
What can one make of this contradictory evidence? When used alone prolotherapy is probably no more effective than a placebo injection for the treatment of chronic low back pain. However, there is some evidence that the technique may be beneficial when combined with other therapies.
For more information, see the full Prolotherapy article.
Other Therapies
Biofeedback , 21balneotherapy , 66-67hatha yoga , 62, 63,75magnet therapy , 70,71 and relaxation therapies69,83,99 have also shown at least a hint of promise for treating back pain. Though for some of these, there have been as many negative as positive studies, and for many of them only short-term benefits were shown.
In one interesting study, 444 people with acute low back pain were randomly assigned to receive either usual care or usual care plus a choice of alternative therapies (chiropractic, acupuncture, or massage). 68 The results showed that while the use of alternative therapies improved patient satisfaction, it did not significantly improve symptoms.
Yoga had positive effect on chronic low back pain in a randomized trial of 80 patients. Patients randomized to treatment with a yoga program showed improvement in pain, depression, and anxiety symptoms compared to patients in physical therapy. The program was carried out in a residential setting over seven days and included technique, counseling, and educational lectures. 86 Yoga had a minimal, but positive effect on chronic low back pain in a review of 12 radomized trials with 1,080 patients. Yoga was compared to no-exercise alternatives and participants were not blinded, meaning they knew which treatment they were getting. There was no clinical improvement with pain and function. It wasn't clear if yoga was better than no exercise or if adding yoga to exercise was better.98
Pilates showed symptom improvement in a small randomized trial involving 31 sedentary women with nonstructural scoliosis. Twenty-four 60-minute sessions of Pilates twice weekly was associated with decreased degree of scoliosis, improved trunk flexion range of motion, and decreased pain compared to no therapy. 88
Preliminary evidence suggests that proteolytic enzymes might be helpful for back pain. 44
Herbs and Supplements to Use Only With Caution
Various herbs and supplements may interact adversely with drugs used to treat back pain. For more information on this potential risk, see the individual drug article in the Drug Interactions section of this database.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 01/11/2018 -


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Parents & Families
We know you want the best for your son or daughter. If you didn't, you wouldn't be considering an Evangel education right now.
The good news is that we want the best for your son or daughter, too. At Evangel, we recognize that sending your child to college is as much an event for you as it is for your student. Maybe your student will be a fourth-generation EU student with a legacy of Evangel alums in the family – or perhaps he or she will be the first person in your family to attend college. No matter the circumstances, we know this is a big deal for you, Moms and Dads.
You undoubtedly have questions and concerns. We're here to help. Please feel free to browse our website and contact us any time we can be of assistance to you. We have created pages specifically for Prospective Evangel Parents and Current Evangel Parents to help guide you through the Evangel experience. Welcome!
Important Links
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For a better look at what's going on right now at EU, take some time to check out our recent news, take a look at our academic calendar, or check our upcoming events and see how you can stay involved with Evangel.
Visit Campus
Tour with parents or a group of friends, or register for an official EU Visit. There are visit options to fit any schedule.
Evangel seeks to help students integrate every aspect of life in order to serve God holistically.


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January 24, 2010
The Northeast Ohio Association of Wabash Men welcomed Dean for Advancement Joe Emmick '92 for a reception and dinner on Saturday, January 23, 2010. The evening's festivities followed a Little Giant victory over Oberlin in basketball that afternoon.
Dean Emmick updated the attendees on the College, focusing on admissions, fundraising, our faculty, and our students. He explained that while the financial times have provided many challenges, Wabash continues to operate from a position of strength. He also gave a quick preview of a new fundraising initiative designed to further dampen the market's impacts on the college's endowment. A lively Q & A followed the Dean's short talk.
Many thanks to Duane Hile '67 for setting up the evening.
Bruce Cameron '72, Dean Joe Emmick '92, and Duane Hile '67 share a laugh at the Reception.
Dean Emmick answers a question.


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In a bold move this month the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) slashed interest rates by 50 basis points – to 3.75 per cent. This is the biggest cut since near the start of the GFC in February 2009, and has taken some economists … more »
Posts Tagged 'Reserve Bank of Australia'
Market expectations were subverted this week with the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) announcement that cash rates would remain at 4.25 per cent. After popular predictions that interest rates would be slashed after last year's cuts, this latest move from the RBA comes amid signs of … more »


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A bicycle might hide in any tall field – say, a field of chest- high corn. Then at harvest time, it sneaks bike to its home.
The whimsey, poetry, and inventive nature of a bicycle that goes where it wants with or without the owner is explored in a book by Paul Fattaruso.
Published in 08, the single-line poems could serve a Twitter account well or a bike-themed poetry slam.


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Special section / Saint Patrick's Day! Stories, music, videos, recipes, more! / Click here
The shortest parade, the worst, the longest, the coldest, the largest shamrock, and the snake race – all the information you need to make your St. Patrick's season fun.
The World's shortest St. Patrick's Day parade:
The shortest parade is always held on March 17th on historic Bridge Street in downtown Hot Springs, Arkansas. Bridge Street became famous in the 1940s when "Ripley's Believe It or Not" designated it "The Shortest Street in the World." Having earned this distinction, the Hot Springs Convention & Visitors Bureau deemed Bridge Street the most logical location for this novel parade.
World's worst St. Patrick's parade
Chicago's South Side parade got cancelled this year but local bar owner Gerry O'Connell is having his own parade – around his bar "Irish Eyes." O'Connell plans to pay homage to the currently defunct Chicago tradition.
"The South Side [parade] was cancelled," he said. "So what we're doing, is we're starting at the south side of the bar, and we're going to come around from the south side and parade the whole bar. And we're going to salute the South Side, because we'd like them to have their parade.
World's coldest St. Patrick's celebration:
Bering Sea Ice St. Patrick's Golf Classic: Third Saturday of March in Nome Alaska. Six -hole course played on the frozen Bering Sea with bright orange golf balls. Par is 41. Cash prizes for best scores. $50 entry fee includes a t-shirt, hat, golf balls, tees (old shotgun shells), snakebite remedies (small bottles of vodka) and a certificate of completion.
World's smallest St. Patrick's celebration:
Can you say one? That's right, this is a party for one, and it has occurred every St. Patrick's Day since 1993 in the town of Enterprise, Alabama.
A different person of Irish descent each year holds the Irish flag high above his/her head, carries a pot o' gold and recites limericks as he/she walks past the local courthouse and around the Bol Weevil Monument. (Yes, Enterprise is the only American city with a monument of a pest. Don't ask!)
Grand Marshals in absentia are nominated and selected on the basis of their written acceptance speech, plus their reasons for not being able to attend the parade. In other words, anyone can be a Grand Marshal.
World's largest St. Patrick's Day parade:
The New York parade has become the largest Saint Patrick's Day parade in the world. In a typical year, 150,000 marchers participate in it, including bands, firefighters, military and police groups, county associations, emigrant societies, and social and cultural clubs, and two million spectators line the streets
World's oldest St. Patrick's Day parade:
The New York celebration is the oldest and largest St. Patrick's Day Parade in the world. The parade dates back to 1762,
World's longest celebration of St. Patrick's Day
Montserrat in the Caribbean
In the 17th Century, Irish Catholic indentured servants were welcomed to the tiny volcanic island of Montserrat at a time when they were shunned in most other English-controlled islands of the Caribbean. The Irish mixed freely with the African slaves brought to work the English sugar plantations, and a unique Afro-Irish culture developed.
Some say St. Patrick's Day is a bigger deal in the U.S. than it is in Ireland, but Montserrat may top them both. The St. Patrick's festivities here go on for a solid week. In fact, Montserrat is the only nation in the world other than Ireland that considers St. Patrick's Day a national holiday.
St. Patrick's Week in Montserrat includes parades featuring costumed revelers wearing green shamrocks, concerts with calypso, soca, and iron band music, church services and dinners, and a special March 17 commemoration of an attempted slave revolt in 1768. You'll find Guinness on tap in the bars, hints of Irish cookery in the national dish (a stew called 'goat water'), and lots of Irish surnames among the people.
World's newest St. Patrick's Day celebration:
This year the Irish and Africans in Accra in Ghana are getting into the act with a St. Patrick's celebration. Irish aid workers will use the funds raised to help bring water to rural villages.
World's Weirdest St. Patrick's Day event:
Until recently San Francisco featured a snake race involving real snakes racing each other in their celebration, A recent winner was named Window Viper, I'm boa-ed was second.
World's largest shamrock
In Nebraska, the world's largest shamrock is painted on the road in the town of O'Neill, which is the Irish capital of Nebraska. Every year they install a huge blarney stone at the corner of the Shamrock and have many festivities, including a public reading of the book, "Green Eggs and Ham."
Special section / Saint Patrick's Day! Stories, music, videos, recipes, more! / Click here


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Pascual-Ezama, David and Fosgaard, Toke R. and Cardenas, Juan C. and Kujal, Praveen and Veszteg, Robert and Gil-Gómez de Liaño, Beatriz and Gunia, Brian and Weichselbaumer, Doris and Hilken, Katharina and Armenak, Antinyan and Delnoij, Joyce and Proestakis, Antonis and Tira, Michael D. and Patromo, Yulius and Jaber-López, Tarek and Branas-Garza, Pablo (2015) Context-dependent cheating: experimental evidence from 16 countries. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 116 . pp. 379-386. ISSN 0167-2681


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We here at GMS to revel in a bit of schadenfreude from time to time, but you really have to feel for Australia back Kurtley Beale, whose profligacy in front of the posts condemned his side to defeat against the British and Irish Lions.
The 24-year-old had two opportunities late on during Saturday's dramatic encounter in Brisbane to secure victory for his side, but spectacularly fluffed both efforts as the Lions triumphed 23-21.
Beale's first failure from 30 metres was inexplicable but, while the second miss was more difficult, it will remain the one that replays in the head Randwich star for the months and years to come.
With seconds ticking down, Beale approached the ball knowing a success would guarantee a win for Australia, but he proceeded to slip as he went for his kick, sending his effort wide of the posts and the Lions to glory.
It was the most epic of penalty fails for the distraught Australian, but he is far from alone when it comes to slipping up at the most vital of moments.
Here are some examples of the same thing happening in football...


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A sportswriter once asked hockey great Wayne Gretzky why he was so much better than other players.
"A good hockey player focuses on the puck," Gretzky replied. "I skate to where the puck is going to be."
Even if you lace up work boots instead of skates, you can still use Gretzky's strategy. Bill Horan, a Rockwell City, IA, farmer, told individuals attending last winter's Iowa State University 2001 Agricultural Forum that agribusiness resembles a moving hockey puck. Rather than dwelling on its current status, farmers should instead determine where the industry is heading.
"Corporate agriculture is going to be somewhere five years from now where it isn't today," says Horan, who farms in partnership with his brother Joe. "We have to make sure our farm is where the rest of the business will be."
Some folks vilify agricultural corporations — sometimes justifiably so. Yet, like it or not, agribusiness drives many agricultural trends. Rather than letting industry changes blindside you, Horan advises positioning your farm so it may move in synch with agribusiness. If you do, lucrative opportunities may unfold in your future.
Earn an invitation. To join the agribusiness party, you first must be invited, Horan says. One method that Horan and his brother use is to grow contract crops for companies.
"Most all of our beans and 30% of our corn is grown for a specific end user," Horan says.
They figure that this is one way to position themselves if these companies someday offer contracts for high-value crops used for such markets as pharmaceuticals.
"When these products become commercialized, companies won't go to the coffee shop to look for growers," Horan says. "They will go to a seed company for a list of farmers who have a record of growing contract crops. My brother and I have a record with three seed companies that show the quality of seed that we raise. We are on a list. That list may never get us a high-value contract. But it if we're not on a list, our chances are zero of getting such a contract."
Horan also links with agribusiness by obtaining business cards of company officials at seed and chemical meetings. "Over the next couple of weeks, I'll call that man or woman and tell them something that might help their business. I start to build a relationship. To keep the relationship going, I'll call that person every six months or every year."
In the future, this networking opportunity may pay dividends. The company official may someday become a product manager who needs a farmer to grow a high-value crop. By forming an early relationship, Horan positions the farm for potential profitable opportunities.
Be a pro. Updating your professional skills is another way to position your farm for future success. Horan works with the Iowa Corn Growers Association to establish a certified farmer project for biotechnology. Plans are to model it after a successful hail insurance program in which participants receive a 5% discount for steps they have taken to reduce risk.
"We thought that if a group of farmers with training can reduce risk for hail insurance companies, we could certainly reduce risk for biotech companies," Horan says. "There's value there. We would certify growers in matters like knowing why a refuge is necessary for Bt corn."
It's unknown how much farmers will profit from such training. Yet, such skills can help farmers mimic Gretzky's foresight and drive. "Farmers don't use lots of networking strategies that other segments of the economy use," Horan says. "We haven't had to use it because we are traditionally No. 2 yellow corn producers."
Due to the identity preservation of grains, that won't cut it anymore, Horan says. "Everyone in 21st century agriculture will get paid according to the value they bring to the party," he says. "We have to start to employ some of the same revenue-generating techniques that all other business sectors in this country have routinely done.
"Don't wait four to five years," Horan warns. "Be like Wayne Gretzky. Go there now."


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It is possible that the main title of the report Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma is not the name you expected. Please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and disorder subdivision(s) covered by this report.
Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA) is a rare childhood brain tumor. In most cases, the tumor is a benign, slow growing tumor that usually does not spread to surrounding brain tissue. Symptoms of a JPA will vary depending upon the size and location of the tumor. Most symptoms result from increased pressure on the brain and include headaches, nausea, vomiting, balance problems and vision abnormalities.
A JPA develops from certain star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes. Astrocytes and similar cells form tissue that surrounds and protects other nerve cells found within the brain and spinal cord. Collectively, these cells are known as glial cells and the tissue they form is known as glial tissue. Tumors that arise from glial tissue, including astrocytomas, are collectively referred to as gliomas.
Astrocytomas are classified according to a grading system developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Astrocytomas come in four grades based upon how fast the cells are reproducing and that likelihood that they will spread (infiltrate) nearby tissue. Grades I or II astrocytomas are nonmalignant and may be referred to as low-grade. JPA are Grade I tumors and, unlike the low grade astrocytomas of adults, rarely up-grade and become malignant. Grades III and IV astrocytomas are malignant and may be referred to as high-grade astrocytomas. Anaplastic astrocytomas are grade III astrocytomas. Grade IV astrocytomas are known as glioblastoma multiforme.
American Brain Tumor Association
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Tel: (800)422-6237
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: http://www.cancer.gov
Children's Brain Tumor Foundation
274 Madison Avenue, Suite 1004
New York, NY 10016
United States
Tel: (212)448-1595
Fax: (212)448-1022
Tel: (866)228-4673
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: http://www.cbtf.org
Brain Tumor Foundation for Children, Inc.
6065 Roswell Road Suite 505
Atlanta, GA 30328-4015
Tel: (404)252-4107
Fax: (404)252-4108
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.braintumorkids.org
Rare Cancer Alliance
1649 North Pacana Way
Green Valley, AZ 85614
Tel: (520)625-5495
Fax: (615)526-4921
Internet: http://www.rare-cancer.org
MUMS National Parent-to-Parent Network
150 Custer Court
Green Bay, WI 54301-1243
Tel: (920)336-5333
Fax: (920)339-0995
Tel: (877)336-5333
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.netnet.net/mums/
Genetic and Rare Diseases (GARD) Information Center
PO Box 8126
Gaithersburg, MD 20898-8126
Tel: (301)251-4925
Fax: (301)251-4911
Tel: (888)205-2311
Email: http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD/EmailForm.aspx
Internet: http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD
Madisons Foundation
PO Box 241956
Los Angeles, CA 90024
Tel: (310)264-0826
Fax: (310)264-4766
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: http://www.madisonsfoundation.org
Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation
302 Ridgefield Court
Asheville, NC 28806
Tel: (828)665-6891
Fax: (828)665-6894
Tel: (800)253-6530
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.pbtfus.org
PLGA Foundation
98 Random Farms Drive
Chappaqua, NY 10514
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.fightplga.org/
Cancer Support Community
1050 17th St NW
Washington, DC 20036
Tel: (202)659-9709
Fax: (202)974-7999
Tel: (888)793-9355
Internet: http://www.thewellnesscommunity.org/
Lance Armstrong Foundation
2201 E. Sixth Street
Austin, TX 78702
Tel: (512)236-8820
Fax: (512)236-8482
Tel: (877)236-8820
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.livestrong.org
National Brain Tumor Society
124 Watertown Street, Suite 2D
Watertown, MA 02472
Tel: (617)924-9997
Fax: (617)924-9998
Tel: (800) 770-8287
Email: email@example.com
Internet: http://www.braintumor.org
This is an abstract of a report from the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. ® (NORD). A copy of the complete report can be obtained for a small fee by visiting the NORD website. The complete report contains additional information including symptoms, causes, affected population, related disorders, standard and investigational treatments (if available), and references from medical literature. For a full-text version of this topic, see http://www.rarediseases.org/search/rdblist.html
The information provided in this report is not intended for diagnostic purposes. It is provided for informational purposes only. NORD recommends that affected individuals seek the advice or counsel of their own personal physicians.
It is possible that the title of this topic is not the name you selected. Please check the Synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and Disorder Subdivision(s) covered by this report
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through the date at the end of the topic. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
For additional information and assistance about rare disorders, please contact the National Organization for Rare Disorders at P.O. Box 1968, Danbury, CT 06813-1968; phone (203) 744-0100; web site www.rarediseases.org or email email@example.com
Last Updated: 10/22/2007
Copyright 2007 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information.


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Today is the launch of the Gold version of the BlackBerry 10 SDK for Adobe AIR. Thank you to everyone that has been helping us test it so far! For a full list of API updates and fixes, please head over to the release notes. Below are some of the benefits of using the gold release of the BlackBerry 10 SDK for Adobe AIR.
BlackBerry UI / Same components as native
The BlackBerry 10 SDK for Adobe AIR has been rebuilt from the ground up to allow developers to create applications that adhere to the BlackBerry UI branding guidelines. Basically all of the components you would get if you were a native developer, you also get in the BlackBerry 10 SDK for Adobe AIR.
Developing Adobe AIR applications that perform well on mobile is a challenge, and is also one of the main reasons why so many Flash developers shy away from mobile development. The BlackBerry 10 SDK for Adobe AIR was built specifically for BlackBerry 10 and mobile development. If you use the components of the SDK, you can be assured that they are the best performing components for BlackBerry 10.
Multi-screen development
With the BlackBerry 10 SDK for Adobe AIR, developers can use the Container API to organize the application's UI controls. By using a layout, a Container manages the positioning and size of any UI component that it contains. This allows developers to target multiple aspect ratios and orientations easily without having to specify set dimensions for their application.
Native capabilities
The BlackBerry 10 SDK for Adobe AIR has native capabilities baked right in. You can easily take advantage of things such as invocation, sensors, push, notifications, payment and more.
Port your AIR apps
Re-compile your existing BlackBerry PlayBook AIR applications to BlackBerry 10. If you're already using the fuse component set that debuted with the BlackBerry PlayBook SDK for Adobe AIR, the port should be quick and easy. You can get more details from this blog post.
For more details on what's coming after Gold for the BlackBerry 10 SDK for Adobe AIR, please visit our Adobe AIR roadmap.


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化合物半導体:世界市場と技術 - アジア太平洋地域
Global Markets and Technologies for Compound Semiconductors -- Focus on Asia-Pacific
|BCC Research
|英文 130 Pages
|化合物半導体:世界市場と技術 - アジア太平洋地域 Global Markets and Technologies for Compound Semiconductors -- Focus on Asia-Pacific
|出版日: 2012年09月13日
|ページ情報: 英文 130 Pages
Global sales from compound semiconductor components totaled nearly $25.5 billion in 2011 and should surpass $27 billion in 2012. Total sales are expected to reach nearly $47.5 billion in 2017 after increasing at a five-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.9%.
The Asia-Pacific (APAC) region is expected to have sales totaling nearly $13.4 billion in 2012 and nearly $22.3 billion in 2017, a CAGR of 10.7%.
Japan should have sales totaling $3.7 billion in 2012 and nearly $4.6 billion in 2017, a CAGR of 4.2%.
Compound semiconductors have captured the attention of researchers, semiconductor device makers, and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) for several years on account of their superior physical and chemical attributes in relation to silicon, the mainstream semiconductor material. The greatest value that they bring to the table is that of variety and customization. It is not surprising that compound semiconductors are the prime ingredients of some of the most complex semiconductor components ever synthesized.
Compound semiconductors occupy important places in the scheme of the manufacturing of lasers, optical components, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), filters, mixers, power amplifiers, solar panels, and other devices. The advantages that compound semiconductors offer are higher operating speed, lower power consumption, lower noise, higher operating temperature, light emission/detection, and superior photovoltaic attributes compared to silicon. Additionally, these attributes change from compound to compound, offering considerable design flexibility.
On the flip side, the variety of compounds works unfavorably in terms of scale and consequent pricing. Considering that these materials are pitted against silicon, the most widely available material with the most refined and cost-efficient fabrication process, there is a real danger of the competition being rendered lop-sided in favor of silicon.
However, it is not entirely accurate to compare and confine compound semiconductors to the benchmarks set by silicon. Compound semiconductors have a distinct character of their own and they spawn several use-cases of application that can be catered to only by them. This report is an attempt to capture the value added by compound semiconductors to the larger semiconductor component industry. The value is assessed at two levels in the component manufacturing process: the material stage and the component stage. The report assesses the value of compound semiconductor material sold to component manufacturers as well as the value of the components manufactured by these companies. The focus of the report is on the component, which has a perfect balance in the unitary nature of its composition and the diverse nature of its application.
This study has the following goals and objectives:
Compound semiconductors provide a welcome departure from the cut-throat cost-competitive scheme of silicon fabrication. It will not be out of place to mention that the bulk of innovation on the process and device front is driven by compound semiconductors and that they occupy a disproportionately large share of this activity. It is undisputable that compound semiconductors win hands down in terms of physical and chemical attributes over silicon. It is equally clear that silicon will continue to enjoy a substantial competitive advantage in terms of operating scale and availability for the foreseeable future. This report aims to provide a quantitative point of view with regard to the tightrope traversed by compound semiconductors. The report tries to bring out the quantitative contribution of compound semiconductors to the components driven by them, in terms of plain bill of materials (BoMs). At the same time, the report examines the value added by compound semiconductors in qualitative terms.
Essentially, the report focuses on components, which can be easily quantified and whose physical attributes can be compared, contrasted, tracked and analyzed.
Each component has its own dynamics, benefits and challenges with respect to levels of adoption of compound semiconductors. On a larger note, each component has its own market momentum dictated by the health of the end-application verticals as well as relevant macroeconomic factors. When these aspects are mapped for individual countries, they produce a fascinating collage of local market conditions that add to the larger picture. This report provides a granular view of individual country markets in volume and value terms for 17 key nations spanning all global regions. There are several variables to be considered: preferred compounds, cost benefits of competing compounds, entry-level barriers, level of fragmentation, state of innovation, and attitude of governments in terms of support, as well as future avenues for market expansion. This report attempts to look at all of these factors and quantify their impact on the state of the demand for compound semiconductors and their components.
The report measures and forecasts the size of the market in current U.S. dollars as well as in millions of shipment units for components that contain compound semiconductors as primary parts. This report also measures and forecasts dollar sales of compound semiconductor materials from 2012 through 2017.
The report forecasts the market size for the following:
The Executive Summary provides a snapshot of key findings of the report.
The chapter on theory of compound semiconductors highlights important technology concepts behind compound semiconductors. It also introduces the reader to the various categories and types of compound semiconductor materials and components, as well as manufacturing and fabrication technologies.
The chapter on global markets for compound semiconductor components provides a thorough breakdown of the market for compound semiconductor materials and components. The breakdown focuses on the components that employ compound semiconductors as primary parts. This chapter also provides a comprehensive, quantitative view of the compound semiconductor material and component market.
The chapter on regional analysis for APAC presents an overview of the region and the overall market metrics, followed by analyses of individual major countries such as China, Japan, India, South Korea and Indonesia.
The chapter on stakeholders highlights stakeholder categories and analyzes the activities in this domain. It also clarifies where and how stakeholders fit in the larger picture.
The U.S. Patent Analysis chapter highlights the patenting activity underway in the area of compound semiconductor components. The chapter classifies the patents awarded according to categories such as LEDs, lasers and optical components, solar panels, and RF power amplifier and front-end chipsets.
This report will be relevant to the following audiences:
Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in this study. Industry experts were interviewed as primary sources; secondary sources included industry consortia, individual company financial statements, published opinions, and other published sources including technical dissertations.
Kaustubha Parkhi has worked in a broad range of functional roles with leading telecommunications operators and service providers such as Reliance Infocomm, Ramco Systems, and BPL Cellular. He has written on an array of telecommunications and electronics-related subjects based on his critical analysis of the underlying technology and its business impact. Kaustubha holds a Bachelor of Engineering (equivalent to a Bachelor of Science) in Electronics and Telecommunications and a Master of Business Administration in Systems.


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Stellar "Infant Mortality" in Spiral Galaxy NGC 1313
[Left] - This is a view of the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1313 taken with the the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile on Dec. 16, 2003 through various broad-band (B, R, z) and narrow-band filters (H-alpha, [o I], [O III]). The color composited image was made by assigning B to the blue channel, [O I] and [O III] to the green channel, and R, z, and H-alpha to the red channel. This gives many of the nebulous shells along the outer spiral arms a yellow/red hue. The outline of the central region indicates the area observed with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys.
[Right] - This is a NASA Hubble Space Telescope image of the central region of the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1313. Hubble was used to resolve stars within the galaxy to do a census of various classes of stars distributed across the galaxy. The observations show that hot blue stars (of class B) are widely scattered across the galaxy. This is evidence of "infant mortality" in which the young, so-called open clusters where stars are born, quickly became gravitationally "unglued" and scattered their resident stars into the galaxy. NGC 1313 is 50,000 light-years across and lies 14 million light-years away in the southern constellation of Reticulum.
The image is a combination of many separate Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) exposures using several different filters which sample broad wavelength ranges. The color results from assigning different hues to each monochromatic image. In this case, the assigned colors are: F435W (B) blue, F555W (V) green, and F814W (I) red. Although no direct oxygen filter was used in the ACS observations, the strong {O III} emission falls within the range of the visible filter. Shells of gas and nebulosity therefore appear green in the ACS images, while in the ground-based VLT image, they appear yellow/red. The H-alpha emission is not perceived in the ACS filters selected. The Hubble data were taken in November 2003 and February 2004.
Left image: H. Boffin (FORS/VLT/ESO)


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One of the most commonly used examples of the Book of Mormon contradicting the Bible is the alleged location where Jesus Christ was born. The Bible names Bethlehem as the place where Jesus was born, but The Book of Mormon claims he was born "at Jerusalem".
"And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judæa, unto the city of David, which is called Bethlehem; (because he was of the house and lineage of David:)"
Luke 2:4
Apparently conflicts with...
"And behold, he shall be born of Mary, at Jerusalem which is the land of our forefathers, she being a virgin, a precious and chosen vessel, who shall be overshadowed and conceive by the power of the Holy Ghost, and bring forth a son, yea, even the Son of God."
Alma 7:10
If one says he was born in Bethlehem and the other says he was born in Jerusalem, how can they both be correct?
Jesus was born "at" Jerusalem
One way to answer this question is to look at the word choice in the Book of Mormon account.
The Book of Mormon does not claim that Jesus was born "in" jerusalem. It says that he was born "at" Jerusalem. This is important because the word "at", according to most, if not all, english dictionaries, not only means "in", but also "nearby", "within the vicinity of" and even "toward". Bethlehem is only six miles from Jerusalem, which is certainly "nearby" to someone thousands of miles away in the Americas.
Certainly the Lord could have revealed the name of the town of Bethlehem, but it would not have meant anything to the people in America who would have had no point of reference. However, the Book of Mormon describes Jerusalem as a place of special significance for the ancient "Nephites", so they would have been familiar with it's general location so using it as a landmark would have been made the prophecy of Christ's birth much more informative.
For example, I lived in the Philippines for two years. During that time many people asked me where I was from. I had grown up less than an hour from San Francisco, but when I named my small town, they looked at me with confusion. After all, most people in California had never even heard of my town. However, when I told them I was from "near San Francisco", a much larger city, it was a much more helpful answer.
Therefore, in using the word "at", it was not necessarily intended to mean that Jesus would be born "in" Jerusalem, but "near" Jerusalem.
This interpretation is substantiated by the discovery of the Amarna Letters.
The Amarna Letters
The Amarna Letters are a series of clay tablets sent from Egyptian administrators to the members of Canaan and other regions. These tablets were discovered in 1887 and have been dated to around the 1350s – 1330s BC. These documents refer to the "land of Jerusalem" as a region covering about 500 square kilometers. This would include Bethlehem.
So even if one were to ignore the full meaning of the word "at", the fact remains that the phrase "at Jerusalem" still includes the area around Jerusalem. Just as New York City is a city within the State of New York, and Rome was a city within the Empire of Rome, or the Roman Empire, so to is Jerusalem a city within "the land of Jerusalem".
So even though the Bible and the Book of Mormon claim two different places as the birth place of Christ, there is no contradiction. "Jerusalem", at that time, also referred to the surrounding area, but even if The Book of Mormon refers specifically to the city, the word choice still implies that the birth would happen in or near the city, which it was.
So was Jesus born in Jerusalem or Bethlehem? Both.


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Re: substitute in a selection
how can I substitute text in a selection, instead of the entire page?
Last edited by kroiz (2006-11-21 13:40:13)
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how can I substitute text in a selection, instead of the entire page?
Last edited by kroiz (2006-11-21 13:40:13)
You can use the visual mode to highlight the area where you want to do the replacement (pressing v or V when in normal mode) and then pressing : to enter in command mode, which automatically will put for you the markers for the beginning and end of the selection, and after that you can just type the substitute command you want. For example, to change foo for goo in a selection type this:
Hope this helps
Nando, thanks for helping out.
Kroiz, Nando's explanation has it. Just for clarification, you can only do this in a range of lines, as ex commands only understand ranges based on lines. '< and '> refer to the 'last visual selection start' and 'last visual selection end' marks, which ViEmu maintains all the time (you can jump to them by using '< or `< at any moment), and the 'gv' command uses them to go back to visual mode with the last range there was.
As Nando said, you'll see how just pressing ':' in visual mode brings up the ex command line with :'<,'> already typed in, so that whatever you type will be applied to the current selection instead of the command's default extension.
Thanks alot guys.
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This year′s Bitar Memorial Lecturer is premier Christian philosopher, Dr. Alvin Plantinga.
Alvin Plantinga (A.B. Calvin College 1954; Ph.D. Yale 1958) is William Harry Jellema Professor of Christian Philosophy at Calvin College, as well as emeritus John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. Prior to his 28 years at Notre Dame, he taught at Calvin College for 19 years. Acclaimed for his work on metaphysics, the problem of evil, and the epistemology of religious belief, his books include God and Other Minds (1967), The Nature of Necessity (1974), God, Freedom and Evil (1974), Does God Have a Nature? (1980), Warrant: The Current Debate (1993), Warrant and Proper Function (1993), and Warranted Christian Belief (2000). One of the most important living philosophers of religion, he is credited with helping revive Christian philosophy. Dr. Plantinga is best known for his Christian epistemology that justifies belief in God without external evidence, his "free will defense" to the logical problem of evil and his evolutionary argument against naturalism.
Dr. Plantinga′s lecture series topic is "Science, Religion and Naturalism." Lecture 1 is entitled "Science and Religion: Where the Conflict Really Lies"; Lecture 2 is entitled, "Divine Action in the World." The topic reflects his current work.
Dr. Martin X. Moleski, S.J., will serve as Respondent to Dr. Plantinga′s lectures. Martin Moleski (B.A. Boston College, 1973; Society of Jesus, 1973; M.A. Fordham University, 1978; M.Div. Regis College, 1981; Ph.D. Catholic University of America, 1991) is Professor of Religious Studies and Theology at Canisius College, where he has taught for 21 years. His books include Personal Catholicism, The Theological Epistemologies of John Henry Newman and Michael Polanyi (2000); Michael Polanyi: Scientist and Philosopher (with William T. Scott, 2005); and Judging Religion Justly: A Catholic Introduction to Religious Studies, (2011). He has contributed numerous essays and reviews to the Polanyi Society′s journal, Tradition and Discovery, as well as to other theological and philosophical journals.
In addition to the lectures, the Bitar event includes a book table featuring Dr. Plantinga′s and Dr. Moleski′s works, a book signing reception, a coffee for philosophy program alumni, a buffet dinner for faculty and invited guests, a faculty luncheon, a master class for philosophy students, a dinner for current philosophy majors, and this year′s awarding of the Bitar Cash Prize for Best Student Philosophy Paper.
The Bitar Memorial Lecture Series is endowed by the William C. Kriner Family in memory of Geneva College′s beloved professor of a quarter-century, in order to continue his legacy and vision for philosophy. The Lecture was inaugurated in 2004, a year after Dr. Bitar′s untimely death. The annual Bitar Cash Prize is a gift from Mrs. Gail Bitar. The Kriner and Bitar families host the event, along with Geneva College′s Philosophy Program.
Past Bitar Lecturers include:
Find the schedule of public activities and their locations here. For additional information, contact the Philosophy Program, 724-847-6700, or email firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com.
© 2018 Geneva College | All rights reserved


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Living the dream
News anchor keeps Richmonders in the know
By Darcie Roberge ('06)
Julie Bragg Sheppard ('94) is living her dream of being a local news anchor at CBS affiliate WTVR-6 in Richmond, Va. "When I was a teenager, I dreamed of doing exactly what I'm doing right now," says Bragg.
A "light bulb" moment
Her inspiration to pursue broadcast journalism came from a "light bulb" moment she had when she walked into the studios of CBS 6 at age 15. She entered the studios of WTVR and immediately knew that she wanted to be a broadcast journalist. "I thought, 'I could do this. This would be a different and interesting job,'" says Bragg.
Bragg started working for WTVR in October 2005. Her favorite memory with WTVR is her first newscast at 5 a.m. on Oct. 17, 2005.
Hectic and demanding schedule
The life of a broadcast journalist is very hectic, especially if it involves reporting the morning news. "After eight months on this schedule, I'm still trying to adjust," she says. Her day starts at 3:30 a.m. when she arrives at the studio. A long day follows during which Bragg and her co-anchor, Greg McQuade, give the morning news report, record live updates and go out into the field to report local stories. Despite the long and unusual hours, Bragg loves her job. "I feel so lucky working with great people at such a wonderful station in my hometown and being so close to my family," says Bragg.
Her job may sound glamorous, but it isn't always easy. According to Bragg, the hardest part of her job is staying cool under pressure. "Things can change in an instant," she explains. "You could have spent six hours of your day working on a story and then be told that something major has changed. You'd have to fix the story with the remaining time in your day."
Madison memories
Bragg graduated from JMU with a bachelor's in mass communication and a minor in political science. Her favorite JMU memories involve moving into her residence hall or apartment to start a new year. "That moment was full of so much excitement and anticipation," says Bragg. "I knew I was about to begin another fantastic year."
Her favorite D-hall memory was "frost your own cupcake" night. "You would go to the dessert section of D-hall and they had tons of naked cupcakes sitting out. They had every kind of icing imaginable, including an amazing peanut butter icing," says Bragg.
During her time at JMU, Bragg could usually be found hanging out on the hill by The Commons. Bragg loved everything about JMU. "To me, JMU is the perfect size school. You can walk into an activity and see new faces and familiar faces at the same time."
Bragg is very proud of her JMU education. In fact, her ties to Madison helped land her first job. "Marilou Johnson, one of my professors, called me about a job as a news director at a local station in Martinsville. That was my first job," says Bragg.
Published: Monday, October 1, 2012
Last Updated: Thursday, October 20, 2016