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Difference between revisions of "Salvation"
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*[http://www.campusbiblefellowship.org/cbf/gospel/gospel1.php God's Plan of Salvation-For You!]
*[http://www.campusbiblefellowship.org/cbf/gospel/gospel1.php God's Plan of Salvation-For You!]
* [http://www.christdiedfortheungodly.com/ "Christ Died for the Ungodly": From Creation to Christ], a salvation message that begins at Creation and leads to Christ
* [http://www.christdiedfortheungodly.com/ "Christ Died for the Ungodly": From Creation to Christ], a salvation message that begins at Creation and leads to Christ
[[Category: Christianity]]
[[Category: Christianity]]
Revision as of 06:53, 16 March 2013
Christian Theology
History and Traditions
Important Figures
Salvation, in the primary Biblical sense, is the free gift of God through the propitiatory (sacrificial atoning) death of Jesus Christ and His resurrection, in accordance with the Scriptures. When a person humbles themselves before God (in genuine repentance of the evil in their heart) and accepts Jesus as his or her Lord and Savior (authority in every area of life), that person is given the gift of salvation. Salvation means being forgiven and reconciled with God, being saved from Hell and receiving the gift of eternal life, and entering into a relationship with the Lord of Heaven. It is also more than just being saved from the consequences of sin; it also carries with it the idea of being saved out of the slave market of sin.
Terms such as saved or salvation are not restricted to the salvation of the soul, as God saves people daily from temporal evils, but its most supreme manifestation is in relation to the spiritual and eternal realm, that of the redemption of the soul, and which subject is theologically termed soteriology.
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia explains,
In English Versions of the Bible the words "salvation" "save," are not technical theological terms, but denote simply "deliverance," in almost any sense the latter word can have. In systematic theology, however, "salvation" denotes the whole process by which man is delivered from all that would prevent his attaining to the highest good that God has prepared for him. Or, by a transferred sense, "salvation" denotes the actual enjoyment of that good... Salvation from physical evil was a very real part, however subordinate, of Christ's teaching. (Mar_1:34, etc.)
The gospel of the grace of God
The Biblical gospel ("good news") is most essentially the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus Christ. (1Cor. 15:1-4ff) This "word of truth" (Eph. 1:13) has the God of the Bible as its object of faith, as "the Father sent the Son, the Saviour of the world." (1Jn. 4:10) This message reveals that "God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil; for God was with him." But whom men, "by wicked hands", nailed to a cross and killed, Christ suffering "once for sins, the just for the unjust, that He might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh, but quickened [resurrected alive] by the Spirit". And that Jesus Christ "showed Himself alive after His passion [suffering and death] by many infallible proofs, being seen of them [His apostles) forty days," as well as by over five hundred brethren at once. And "who is gone into heaven, and is on the right hand of God; angels and authorities and powers being made subject unto Him." It concludes that it is this Jesus "who is ordained of God to be the Judge of living and dead", and that "to Him give all the prophets witness, that through His name whosoever believeth in Him shall receive remission of sins." (Acts 1:3; 2:23; 10:38,40,42,43; 1Cor. 15:6; 1Pet. 3:18,22)
In addition to the living and true God of the Bible being the object of faith and obedience, a primary aspect of the Biblical gospel is that neither the sacrifices or good works of man (or church, etc.) can enable him to escape from his future just and eternal punishment in hell-fire, (Mk. 9:43-48; 25:41,46; Rv. 14:11; 20:10) or merit him eternal life with an infinitely holy and just God.(Rm. 4; Titus 3:5; 2Tim. 1:19) But that instead man must humble himself before God as a sinner, unable to justify himself, and then cast all his faith on the Son of God, Jesus Christ, whom God sent to be the perfect sacrifice for sin, and Savior of the world. (1Jn. 4:10,14) By so (truly) doing, one is choosing the Lord Jesus over sin, light over darkness. (Jn. 3:19-21) This faith decision is shown by being baptized in identification with the Lord Jesus.[1] (Mt. 28:19; Acts 2:41; 8:36,37; 10:47,48)
False gospels
The gospel of salvation has been subject to some confusion and much false teaching down through the ages, and which issue the Bible treats with utmost concern. The apostle Paul warned, "If any preach any other gospel unto you than that ye have received, let him be accursed."
Matthew Henry comments here, "This will not justify our thundering out anathemas against those who differ from us in minor things. It is only against those who forge a new gospel, who overturn the foundation of the covenant of grace, by setting up the works of the law in the place of Christ's righteousness..."[2]
"The gospel of the grace of God" (Acts 20:24) is shown to be made clear enough that a false gospel can be discerned by way of comparison with it.[3] It is principally here that false religions are seen to be in foundational contrast to the apostolic gospel, and which manifests who or what they worship, in which, officially or by way of informal conveyance, they teach that one's own sacrifices and works (or those of their religion) can or must merit them salvation. [4] The Bible also declares that man's own works, by which he supposes he is justified before the one true Holy God, are as filthy rags.[5] (Is. 64:6) In this the Bible is particularly evidenced to most uniquely stand apart from thousands of beliefs, in that it declares that there is only One Way to be justified before God and gain eternal life with Him, that being through true faith in the risen Lord Jesus and His sinless shed blood. (Rm. 3:25) There are different degrees of critical deviations from the Biblical gospel in this regard, and in the West it is often seen that one may have an outward profession of faith in Jesus Christ but not the inward reality, not having experienced the new birth.[6][7] (Jn. 3:3-7; Acts 10:43-47; 15:7-9; Gal. 4:6)
Another false gospel, among others, found within that which is broadly called Christianity, is one that that holds that one is saved by faith, but that a Christian no longer being "under the law", (Rm. 6:14,15) means that the Christian is not bound to the moral laws of the Bible. This teaching is called antinomianism, of which there are different variations, but which basically enables "turning the grace of our God into lasciviousness",[8] (Jude 1:4) and which idea Paul, the "apostle of grace", expounded at length against, as does the Bible as whole. (Rm. cps. 6-8) Being freed from the law basically refers to the law not being a means of salvation, as well as not being bound to literal obedience as regards ceremonial aspects of it.[9] (Gal. 4:10; Col. 2:16,17; Heb. 9:10)
Adam Clarke comments,
The Gospel proclaims liberty from the ceremonial law: but binds you still faster under the moral law. To be freed from the ceremonial law is the Gospel liberty; to pretend freedom from the moral law is Antinomianism.[10]
- See also: Leviticus 18
All false gospels are seen to be preaching a different Jesus, spirit, and gospel, formally or effectively. (2Cor. 11:4,13,14) Robertson comments, "It is a tragedy to see men in the livery of heaven serve the devil.[11]
Biblical means of Salvation
The Lord Jesus commanded His disciples that "repentance and remission of sins should be preached in His name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem." (Lk. 24:47). And thus did the apostles, even as Paul testified "both to the Jews, and also to the Greeks, repentance toward God, and faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ." (Acts 20:21) The Lord Jesus declared that the Holy Spirit would convict the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment (Jn. 16:7-11) and which conviction is necessary for man - whom the Bible evidences as sinful and (usually) self righteous - to realize his need for mercy and salvation. God "desires truth in the inward parts", (Ps. 51:6) and a soul needs to have a heart that can honestly admit his/her own sinfulness and guilt, but which wants a new life in Christ. Unless the sinner hardens his heart (Acts 19:9), this conviction works such a humble and a contrite heart, and it is those who be of such that God saves, when they believe on the Lord Jesus Christ. (Ps. 34:18; Acts 2:37,38 16:30,31) And which is to God's credit and honor, and not to that of man. (Eph. 1:6; 2:8,9)
This conviction and drawing to Christ can only by done by God, (Jn. 6:44) but usually He works through preachers of the word to do so, and the preaching of the holy apostles manifests the Holy Spirit working this through them. (Acts 2:14-27; 13:16-41) In so doing, the manner of early Christian preachers in reaching souls was to reason "with them out of the scriptures", (Acts 17:2; 18:28; 28:23; cf. Lk. 24:25-27,44; Rm. 10:17) though if their audience was primarily scripturally illiterate Gentiles, then natural revelation was invoked, (Acts 14:15-17; 17:24-28) with supernatural signs and miracles from God usually providing Divine attestation to both classes. (Acts 2:33; 3; Rm. 15:19) The Divinely inspired words of the apostles themselves were received as the word of God (1Thes. 2:13) being able to be proved by the scriptures, (Acts 17:11), which is the only tangible class of revelation which is given assurance of being wholly inspired of the one true God, (2Tim. 3:16) the finished canon of which man is not to add to, but all is tested by scripture. (Is. 8:20; 2Pet. 1:16-21) (Rev. 22:18,19) The conversion which resulted by such conviction and faith in the risen Lord Jesus and His sinless shed blood was manifested by radically changed hearts and lives, with those who were saved evangelizing as well. (Acts 2:42-47; 6:4; 1Thes, 1:8,9)
Recognition of sin
The Holy Spirit convicts man of the the fact that he is sinful, as by nature and in thought and action everyone does things which are contrary to the law of God, (1Jn. 3:4) and "by the law is the knowledge of sin." (Rm. 3:20) In God's eyes, stealing a paper clip is a sin, just as stealing a car is. (Ja. 2:10) While any sin is damnable,[12] the ultimate sin is rejecting the only One who fully lived righteously, but whom became the scapegoat for us, (Lv. 16:8,20-22; Is. 53:3-6) and whom God therefore raised from the dead (Acts 17:31) Jesus Christ being the only "name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved.(Acts 4:12) Those who will not be saved, but who die in their sins will face judgment, just as their master was and will be, (Jn. 8:21; 16:11; Rv. 20:10), in contrast to those "which die in the Lord." (Rv. 14:13)
Drawing upon the Old Testament, the Apostle Paul summed up the deleterious condition of man in Romans 1:
A holy God will not allow sin in His presence, (Hab. 1:13; Ps. 5:4; 94:20; Rv. 21:27) and on that basis alone mankind is excluded from the Kingdom of Heaven.
Judgment: the after-effects of sin
If the average man was to die at this moment, he would face judgment.
- It is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment. (Letter to the Hebrews, 9:27)
- Marvel not at this; for the hour is coming, in which all that are in the graves shall hear His voice, and shall come forth; they that have done good, unto the resurrection of life; and they that have done evil, unto the resurrection of damnation. (Gospel of John, 5:28-29)
The man facing judgment would stand before God's throne, where his life would be reviewed.
- And I saw the dead, the small and the great, stand before God. And books were opened, and another book was opened, which is the Book of Life. And the dead were judged out of those things which were written in the books, according to their works. (Revelation, 20:12)
Every single moment of this man's life would be exposed, from cradle to grave. There would be nothing hidden.
- For there is nothing hidden which shall not be revealed; nor became covered, but that it might come to the light. (Gospel of Mark, 4:22)
- But I say to you that every idle word, whatever men may speak, they shall give account of it in the day of judgment. (Gospel of Matthew, 12:36)
If the man's name was not found in the Book of Life, he is denied entry into God's Kingdom.
- Then He also shall say to those on the left hand, Depart from Me, you cursed, into everlasting fire prepared for the Devil and his angels. (Gospel of Matthew, 25:41)
- And these shall go away into everlasting punishment, but the righteous into everlasting life. (Gospel of Matthew, 25:46)
- And if anyone was not found having been written in the Book of Life, he was cast into the Lake of Fire. (Revelation, 20:15)
Only remedy for sin
- For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (Letter to the Romans, 6:23)
When a crowd was being preached to by the Apostle Peter in Acts, chapter 2, they were convicted and condemned of their own sin. Realizing the hopelessness of their situation in relation to God, many cried out "what can we do?"
- Then Peter said to them, "Repent and be baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ to remission of sins, and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit." (Acts of the Apostles, 2:38)
As in the first Passover, when God ordered the Hebrews to place blood on their doors as a sign of protection from death during the last plague on Egypt (Exodus 13), so God had so loved the world "that He gave His only-begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life" (Gospel of John, 3:16). These famous texts (among many) provide promises for lost souls to believe, who are looking for salvation. from judgment of eternal damnation to eternal life. (Jn. 5:24)
- Because if you confess the Lord Jesus, and believe in your heart that God has raised Him from the dead, you shall be saved.
- For with the heart one believes unto righteousness, and with the mouth one confesses unto salvation.
- For the Scripture says, Everyone believing on Him shall not be put to shame.
- For there is no difference both of Jew and of Greek, for the same Lord over all is rich to all who call on Him.
- For everyone, "whoever shall call on the name of the Lord will be saved. (Letter to the Romans, 10:9-13)
The Eternal Question
Standing before a crowd of sinful people, Pilate, unbeknown to him, is seen asking the eternal question, "What shall I do then with Jesus which is called Christ?" Their response was, "Let him be crucified." In the Christian gospel this represents a question asked of every soul, with the response essentially being either that of the crowd here, who follow the "broad way" of damnation which Jesus warned of, (Mt. 7:13,14) or those, who like the contrite official in Luke 18:13, humble themselves before the true God as sinners, sincerely seeking salvation from their sins. And who therefore, by God's grace, (Acts 11:8; Rm. 5:15) trust in the crucified and risen Lord Jesus, and so follow Him. This manner of salvation and the heart and faith it requires is what is seen consistently throughout the Bible, which even in its last few verses entreats "whosoever will may come" (Rv. 22:17), while warning those who alter its sacred truth, such as seek to "climb up another way". (Jn. 10:1)
See also
- ↑ Dr. John Gill (1690-1771), Mt. 28:19
- ↑ Matthew Henry (1662 - 1714), Gal 1:6-9
- ↑ Adam Clarke, LL.D., F.S.A., (1715-1832), Romans 1:6-9
- ↑ Barnes, Rm. 3:20-25, Gal. 1:6-8
- ↑ Barnes, Is. 64:6
- ↑ Are you born again? by J. C. RYLE - 1816-1900
- ↑ http://www.precious-testimonies.com/General/a-e/BornAgainIndex.htm PRECIOUS BORN AGAIN CHRISTIAN TESTIMONIES]
- ↑ Antinomianism, P. G. Mathew, M.A., M.Div., Th.M
- ↑ Albert Barnes, (Mt. 5:18)
- ↑ Clarke, Gal. 5:13
- ↑ Archibald Thomas Robertson, WORD PICTURES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT
External links
- God's Plan of Salvation-For You!
- "Christ Died for the Ungodly": From Creation to Christ, a salvation message that begins at Creation and leads to Christ
- Who can be saved? Who can not be saved?


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A man accused of robbing a person who placed a cellphone ad on Craigslist last week has been charged with committing three similar crimes in Allentown days earlier.
Jaylin J. Huggins, 20, of Allentown set up several victims by posing as a buyer or seller of smartphones on the classified ad website, according to court records.
Huggins was arrested last week and charged with robbing a man at gunpoint near Second and Chew streets. Huggins told police the gun was a toy.
Police said an investigation found three more victims.
According to a criminal complaint:
Huggins agreed to meet a woman at 1 p.m. Jan. 11 at Second and Chew so they could trade smartphones. When the woman met Huggins, she showed him her iPhone 4 and he grabbed it out of her hands and ran off with it. She said the phone cost $400.
Hours later, a man saw a Craigslist ad for a Samsung smartphone, contacted the seller and arranged a meeting at Fifth and Turner streets at 6:40 p.m. The victim gave Huggins $300 in cash and received the phone.
But Huggins took the phone back and ran. The victim chased him, asking for the phone or his money back. Huggins pulled a gun and the victim stopped chasing him.
On Jan. 13, a woman agreed to meet a potential buyer of her Samsung smartphone. When she met Huggins around 3 p.m. in the 200 block of N. Fifth Street, he pulled a handgun and demanded she give him everything. She gave him her phone and Huggins fled.
Huggins committed a similar robbery Jan. 14 and was arrested after running behind an apartment in the 300 block of Ridge Avenue.
Police found the two stolen phones, and all three victims identified Huggins as the robber, the criminal complaint says.
Huggins, of 521 Turner St., was charged with three counts each of robbery, theft and receiving stolen property. He was arraigned on the new charges Wednesday by District Judge Karen Devine and is in Lehigh County Prison under $150,000 bail.
Distributed by MCT Information Services
Man charged with 3 more Craigslist ad robberies in Allentown
A man accused of robbing a person who placed a cellphone ad on Craigslist last week has been charged with committing three similar crimes in Allentown days earlier.

subset: commoncrawl


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An elegant, slow and reflective solo piano piece, this track is perfect for romance, loss, graceful, soulful or tranquil scenes. The piano is almost haunting and alludes to feelings of sadness, loneliness, sensuality and reflection.
This song was generously donated by: MusicForMedia
Thank you for your support!
Keywords: Piano, simple, reflective, slow, duet, elegant, haunting, lonely, sensual, reflective, hopeful, longing, magical, loss, tranquil, soulful, passionate, heavenly, peaceful, emotional


text:
I know nothing of Java, however, I've got a class that demands it, and I'm stuck.
I got this code by using Visual Paradigm to convert this from UML to code. I changed what I could based on what we've learned in class, but it won't compile. It is supposed to compile but not execute. Any feedback is greatly appreciated.
I think next week we move on to XML, thank goodness.


text:
SkedgeMe needed a new banner ad design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 33 designs submitted by 8 freelance designers.
SkedgeMe believes that we can make the world more efficient by enabling online scheduling between businesses and their customers. The way we do it today (phone and email) is fraught with back and forth and only happens during business hours. SkedgeMe eliminates friction by allowing customers to self-book online and giving business owners a better scheduling system. SkedgeMe integrates with the products business owners already use such as Outlook, Google Contacts, Google Calendar, and Plaxo.
Business owner and schedulers (often administrative assistants and receptionists) within a business that want a more efficient way to do things!
We're looking for a series of banner ads to help raise awareness and adoption of SkedgeMe. The goal of the ad is to drive trial acquisitions from businesses looking for a better way to schedule.
Required Sizes
468 x 60
234 x 60
160 x 600
300 x 250
728 x 90
Web-optimized files
Look & Feel
Reference SkedgeMe.com and Skedge.Me for our design guidlines. Banners should be relatively consistent with our website and application.
Creative & Copy
Expecting a strong call-to-action: Try It Free, Start Free Trial, etc.
Expecting logo and tagline to be persistent:
SkedgeMe - Online Scheduling Made Easy
Benefit Bullets - feel free to modify copy, shorten, pick and choose, etc. I created these as thought starters. Was imagining they'd have to animate to fit.
- Save $2,000+ a year with fewer no-shows and automatic confirmations
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- Custom reporting gives new insights into your business


text:
I thought there was something odd about Rachel recently.
I thought there was something odd about Rachel recently.
Evil evil run away tess! Run away!
How can she? Cthulu Cut off her legs!!
Well ****. I spelled panel wrong in the last panel...
B-but.... I like Tess... She's sexy.
EVIL sexy
how will Tess redeem herself now!?
At first I was like oh god an edit.
But then I was like wow awesome an edit.
See first. Judge later.
awesome, I just love it ^_^
Aha, excellent.
Jess has a stare like, "You should find more corrupt friends, or I'll give him you instead."
There's something odd about this comic....OH MY GOD THERE'S AN AWESOME FACE IN THE LAST PANEL!
this is awesome
How high were you when this was created?
Oh god, I died laughing.
This is like Mount Massive asylum from Outlast! Lol!


text:
Nate Robinson Beats Dwight Howard In The 2009 Slam Dunk Contest!
NBA reports "Nate Robinson defeats Dwight Howard in the finals of the 2009 Sprite Slam Dunk Contest."
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


text:
Dollar/Yen up 0.10% @ 110.4860 Story provided by StockMarketWire.com
MoneyAM website is aimed at investors of all levels of experience including City professionals, investors and full-time traders.
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text:
Toby Keith said, 'How do you like me now?' with his sporty approach shot on Friday. PGA TOUR host Teryn Schaefer recaps Round 2 of the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, where Dustin Johnson co-leads with partner Wayne Gretzky and Rory McIlroy had a little trouble with the flat stick.
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text:
Your browser does not support iframes.
Halloween, a solution to a dumping problem and the effect of a gun ordinance's repeal on shooting a rattlesnake in the city were just a few of the topics discussed by the city commission.
Hey folks, can I get a "heck yeah" for our weather this week? My oh my, it was so nice to step onto the porch and get cool air in the face. It was good to drive the boat and feel a chill run through the spine. Dang it all, it was stinking nice. But it didn't last long. At least it isn't as hot, overall.
For Sept. 15-23
Compiled by Stephen Bainbridge,
Meet Mr. Powers, the new Science teacher
By MIKAYLA POPE
Shark Correspondent
If you are hungry for a sweet pick me up, a light lunch or just a cup of coffee, stop by the newest place on Dock Street — CKs Fine Foods at 490 Dock Street.
Cedar Key native George Thomas "Tom" Delaino, the younger brother of Bill Delaino of Cedar Key, will be honored Sept. 20 when Pensacola State College, formerly Pensacola Junior College, names a building for him.
It was a series of decisions by BP, Transocean and Halliburton that caused the April 20, 2010, Deepwater Horizon explosion, loss of 11 lives, and resulting oil spill according to a final investigative report released Wednesday.
A fundraiser bake sale will be on Saturday, Sept. 17, to raise money for the family of local oysterman, Douglas Booth, who died unexpectedly.
He left behind two young children and his wife, who also was his oystering partner.
Copyright © 2019
The Cedar Key Beacon is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Levy County and Cedar Key Florida, and the surrounding area.


text:
Tolegen Myrzabayev
Karaganda, Kazakhstan
Class Year:
Prior Education:
Karaganda State University (Kazakhstan), degree in "Law" (equivalent to Bachelor of Laws)
What I Did Before Law School:
I worked as a senior associate at an international law firm in Kazakhstan. Areas of my practice included corporate and finance law, oil and gas law and public-private partnership.
Why I Chose Penn Law:
I chose Penn Law because of the extreme excellence of its professors in Corporate and Finance Law, its cross-disciplinary focus, Ivy League school status and convenient location in a big city.
My Best Experience at Penn Law:
The Summer Program: it was a good time to meet other classmates and adapt to the US law school setting and new life.
Professor Who Influenced Me Most:
Professor Douglas Frenkel, who teaches the Mediation clinical course. His rich practical experience, supervision and comments were highly valuable.
My Favorite Course:
So far it is the Mediation clinical course. It equipped me with various useful practical skills and provided me with opportunity to see some aspects of the US court system, otherwise hidden from eyes of a foreign-trained LLM student. I look forward to the great courses in the spring semester.
My Favorite Philadelphia Moment:
Walking from the Center City to the University and chatting with my friends after our group dinners and lunches.
What I'm Most Proud Of:
Being part of such culturally diverse and accomplished LLM class comprised of open-minded people with different work backgrounds and life experiences
My Extracurricular Activities at Penn Law:
Various activities, organized by the Wharton and Penn Law Energy Clubs.
My Favorite Place or Activity on the University Campus:
Walk from my apartment to the Law School through the University campus area, which gives time to enjoy the surroundings and think about new knowledge and experience to be brought by a new day.


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P genealogical glossary terms
- A Spanish word for census.
Padrón de almas
- A Spanish term used in the Philippines to mean censuses taken by the parish clergy. These are likely to be in narrative, rather than columnar, form.
- A Spanish word meaning censuses. These are lists of the Spanish, Mexican, and Indian residents of California prior to statehood.
Padrones de chinos
- A Spanish term used in the Philippines to mean census records.
- The French term for peers, the highest group of noblemen. From highest rank to lowest, the French pairs include the titles of duc (duke), marquis, comte (earl), viscomte (viscount), and baron. The French peers were entitled to use a coat of arms.
- A region in southwest Germany. The German word for this region is Pfalz.
- A person who emigrated from the Palatinate (Pfalz) region of southwest Germany. Some people in the United States referred to all immigrants as Palatines, regardless of whether they came from the Palatinate or not.
- A term used in Catholic Church registers to describe a person from Spanish-speaking Latin America whose ancestry is a mix of Indian (1/2), African (1/4), and Spanish Caucasian (1/4). In Brazilian registers, pardo refers to a person whose ancestry is a mix of African and Caucasian. Racial classifications were often based on physical appearance or social status; therefore, they were not always accurate.
Parent county
- The original county from which another county was organized.
Parent Search
- A search available in the International Genealogical Index®, Ordinance Index™, and Scottish Church Records that lists all children who may be from the same family.
- A jurisdictional unit that governs a church's local affairs. The Church of England and Roman Catholic Church have parishes.
Parish archive
- An archive that houses records from a church parish.
Parish chest records, Church of England
- A type of record that relates to civil and other records, excluding christening, marriage, and burial registers, that were kept in parishes of the Church of England. These records were often kept in a chest (or strongbox), which was known as the parish chest. Parish chest records include vestry minutes, poor and other rates (taxes) assessed to parish members, bastardy bonds, churchwarden accounts, settlement and removal records, and apprenticeship records.
Parish court, Louisiana
- A court in Louisiana with jurisdiction over a parish, which is similar to a county in other states. Parish courts had jurisdiction over criminal and minor civil cases. Most were abolished in 1846.
Parish history
- An account of the historical events in a parish.
Parish of settlement, England
- The parish in England where a person is legally authorized to live and claim welfare benefits.
Parish records, Louisiana
- Records kept by a parish, which is similar to a county in other states. The term parish records also refers to records kept by a church that has jurisdiction over a local parish (usually a small town or village).
Parish register
- A book of church records kept by the minister of a parish. Typically, a parish register contains christening, marriage, and burial records.
Parish, Canada
- A division of a county in New Brunswick. Some parishes had their own municipal governments, although villages and towns within their boundaries may have had separate governments. Some parishes were only parcels of land.
- A French word for a document that shows the division of a deceased person's property among heirs. Also called succession.
Particular court, Connecticut
- The main court of jurisdiction in Connecticut for all matters of law, including appeals from town courts. This court lasted from 1636 to 1711 and was succeeded by the court of assistants.
Pasaportes de estranjeros
- A Spanish term meaning passports of aliens. These records documented the emigration of non-Filipinos in the Philippines.
Passenger and Immigration Lists Bibliography
- A list compiled by P. William Filby of more than 2,600 published sources about immigrants to the United States.
Passenger and Immigration Lists Index
- An index compiled by P. William Filby of the names found in about 1,300 published sources about immigrants to the United States.
Passenger arrival list
- A list of all of the people traveling as passengers (not as crew members) who arrived on a ship.
Passenger arrival record
- A list of people who arrived in a country by ship.
Passenger list
- A list of the people traveling on the same means of transportation, such as a ship.
Passenger Lists, PERiodical Source Index
- A record type used in the Locality and Research Methodologies sections of the PERiodical Source Index (PERSI) to identify articles that contain information about passenger lists.
Passport application
- A document an individual fills out to request a passport.
Passport, general
- A document that identifies a citizen of a country and allows that individual to leave his or her country, travel in another country, and return home.
Passport, Native American lands
- A document that allowed United States citizens during the 1800s to pass through Indian lands or go to these lands to recover stolen goods or collect debts.
Passport, permission to emigrate
- A document that some countries require before a person can travel or emigrate to another country.
Patent book
- A compilation of land patents.
Patent number
- An identification number for a land grant.
Patent, invention
- A grant from the government giving an individual or institution the exclusive rights to make, sell, or use an invention.
Patent, land
- A certificate that conveys ownership of a piece of land from the government to a private institution or individual. Also called a final certificate or first-title deed.
Patent-certificate, Canada
- A document that is evidence of a crown land grant received by a person in what is now the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Québec. Quebec began issuing these grants in 1764 and Ontario in 1795. These grants were especially popular after the American Revolutionary War because all Loyalists or their children were entitled to free land in Canada. These grants were abolished in 1827 except for relatives and descendants of Loyalists. Patent-certificates give the name of the grantee, a description of the land, and the date of the grant.
Patriarchal blessing, Latter-day Saint
- A blessing given to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by ordained patriarchs. A patriarchal blessing is "an inspired declaration of the lineage of the recipient, and also where so moved upon by the Spirit, an inspired and prophetic statement of the life mission of the recipient, together with such blessings, cautions, and admonitions as the patriarch may be prompted to give" (First Presidency letter, 28 June 1957).
Patriot Rebellion (1837-1838)
- Another name for the Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada (Québec). The rebels in Québec took the name of patriotes.
Patriot War (1837-1838)
- An unsuccessful attempt by people calling themselves patriots or "patriot hunters" to remove Canada from British control. These people were mostly farmers who lived along the Canadian border from Vermont to Michigan and Canadians who fled to the United States after unsuccessful rebellions in 1837.
Patriotic society
- An organization of people who share common beliefs and interests about being a citizen of their country. These societies are involved in political, social, and financial activities.
Patron saint, Christian
- A saint who is believed to offer intercession with God in behalf of or protection to a particular person, society, church, or place. In the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and some Lutheran churches, veneration of saints is common. Most Protestant churches do not venerate saints but may dedicate buildings to them. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the term saint refers to a Church member.
Patron Section of the Family Group Records Collection
- A portion of the Family Group Records Collection that contains three million family group records. These records were gathered between 1924 and 1979 when members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints were asked to submit family history records for three or four generations.
Patronage, Scotland
- The Scottish practice of allowing wealthy landowners to choose local ministers. This practice caused many groups to leave the Presbyterian Church. Patronage was abolished in 1874, and by 1929 most of these groups had reunited with the Presbyterian Church.
Patronymic surname
- A surname that is based on the father's given name. Patronymic surnames were commonly used in Scandinavia, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, parts of England and Germany, Latin America, and other parts of the world.
- In Scandinavia, for example, -son or -sen was added to the end of the father's name to create the surname of his child. (Hans Pederson is the son of Peder.)
- In Wales the letters ap or ab appeared between the child's given name and the father's given name, or the letter -s was added to the father's name. (David the son of Owen could have been called David ap Owen or David Owens.)
- In Ireland Mac', O', or Fitz at the beginning of a surname indicates a patronymic surname (such as MacAllister, O'Henry, Fitzhugh).
- In Spanish-speaking countries, the letters -ez, -es, and -iz at the end of a surname indicate a patronymic surname (such as Domínguez).
Patroon, New York
- A member of the Dutch West India Company who was granted a patroonship (large tract of land) in New Netherland, which later became the state of New York. To keep the land, the patroon agreed to establish a settlement of at least 50 people within four years of receiving the land. Before the Revolutionary War, the patroon had the right to administer the land and control many aspects of the settlers' lives, including whom they could marry, whether they could move, and whether they could go into business. Some patroons had their own courts and exercised civil and criminal jurisdiction over the tenants who leased the land. All patroonships except the one owned by Kiliaen Van Rensselaer were ultimately unsuccessful.
Patroonship, New York
- A method of landownership used in New Netherland, which later became the state of New York, during the 1700s.
Pauline Myrna Jones Gandrud Alabama Records Collection
- A collection of transcripts that includes tombstone inscriptions; death, marriage, probate, land, church, court, and Bible records; newspaper obituaries; tax lists; military pensions; and other records concerning Alabama residents. Each volume is indexed.
Pauper register
- A list of individuals who cannot support themselves financially and thus depend on public support.
- A military officer charged with paying wages.
Peculiar court, England and Wales
- In the Church of England: a parish, church, chapel, or ecclesiastical court exempt from the jurisdiction of the diocese in which it is physically located. A Peculiar court is a local court authorized to handle probate matters outside the jurisdiction of the archdeacon and bishop for the surrounding area.
Pedigree chart
- A chart that shows an individual's direct ancestors—parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, and so forth. A pedigree chart may contain birth, marriage, and death information.
Pedigree, Ancestral File™
- A computer screen in Ancestral File that shows a person's direct ancestors (parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, etc.).
- The highest class of British and French noblemen. Peers (pairs in French) include the titles of duke (duc in French), marquis, earl (comte in French), viscount (viscomte in French), and baron. All nobles are entitled to use a coat of arms. In Great Britain, the peers compose the House of Lords in Parliament. Women who hold titles of peerage in their own right are also in the House of Lords. Peers may not serve in the House of Commons, which is the lower house of Parliament. Peers are also exempt from jury duty and free from arrest in civil cases for 40 days after a session of Parliament. Until 1948 peers accused of treason and felonies were tried in the House of Lords. A title of peerage passes to the title-holder's oldest son or closest male relative.
Penal Laws, Ireland
- Laws passed to persecute Roman Catholics in Ireland. The clergy were banished, and the Catholic Church was forbidden to keep records. Catholics also lost the rights to own property, hold office, and vote.
Pennsylvania Encyclopedia Biography Field Notes for American Guide Series
- Abstracts of biographical sketches found in local histories and various biographical encyclopedias. The Federal Writer's Project, which was part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), compiled this collection before World War II.
- Money given to an individual (or the individual's spouse or dependents) who has retired from the military or another organization that provides this benefit.
Pension application
- A formal, written request for a pension. A pension is money given to an individual (or the individual's spouse or dependents) who has retired from the military or another organization that provides this benefit.
Pension list
- A list of individuals receiving money and other benefits from a government in return for past military service.
Pension records
- Records created as part of the process of applying for and receiving a pension. A pension is money given to an individual (or the individual's spouse or dependents) who has retired from the military or another organization that provides this benefit.
Pensioner's schedule
- A lists of veterans and widows receiving pensions. The 1840 United States federal census recorded pensioners. A pension is money given to an individual (or the individual's spouse or dependents) who has retired from the military or another organization that provides this benefit.
- A group of religions that grew out of the religious revival of the early 1900s. Its doctrines include the infallibility of the Bible, the fall and redemption of man, divine healing through prayer, baptism by immersion, eternal punishment for the unsaved, and the return of Christ to rule on earth. Pentecostals believe that every Christian should be filled with the Holy Spirit.
People of Ontario 1600-1900
- An Alphabetized Directory of the People, Places, and Vital Dates: An index to people from Ontario, Canada, who are listed in many published biographies, cemetery records, census records, directories, family histories, Loyalist listings, marriage records, and vital records in newspapers.
PERiodical Source Index (PERSI)
- A bibliography of articles appearing in genealogical periodicals and an index to the people and topics covered in the articles.
Periodical, general
- A publication produced at fixed intervals that deals with topics of interest to specific groups of people.
Periodicals, FamilySearch Catalog™
- A subject heading used in the FamilySearch Catalog to categorize publications produced at fixed intervals that deal with topics of interest to specific groups of people.
Permission to emigrate
- An official document that authorizes an individual to move from the country where he or she currently lives.
- An official document authorizing a person to do something, such as drive an automobile, use federal land, operate a business, and so forth.
Perpetual Emigrating Fund
- An immigrant aid society organized by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to help Church members move to the United States. It existed from 1849 to 1887. The money came from Church assets and private contributions. It was loaned to members, who repaid the loan as they were able. Many members of handcart companies received funds from the Perpetual Emigrating Fund.
Personal Ancestral File®
- A computer program used to record, manage, and share genealogical information. Personal Ancestral File® is created and distributed by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Personal petition files, Latin America
- A type of military record used in Latin America. The files contain personal requests, such as petitions for military promotion. They may include a number of documents of genealogical interest, such as family baptismal and marriage certificates or an ancestor's military record. The Spanish term is expedientes personales.
Personal property
- An individual's belongings, not including land or the resources and buildings on the land.
- A German word for civil registration records.
Personnel files, Germany
- A type of military record used in Germany. The files may contain the enlisted soldier's name, date and place of birth, possibly parents' names, muster date, conscription information, occupation, and any changes of address. The German word for these records is Stammrollen.
Petite noblesse
- The French term for gentry, which is the lower group of noblemen. From highest rank to lowest, the petite noblesse included the titles of chevalier (knight), écuyer (esquire), and gentilhomme (gentleman). The French gentry was entitled to use a coat of arms.
Petition for Naturalization (Form 2204)
- A form an alien uses to formally request United States citizenship.
Petition, citizenship
- The second and final legal document an alien files when he or she wishes to become a citizen of the United States. It is generally filed two to five years after the declaration of intent. The petition is sometimes called second or final papers.
Petition, court
- A request made in court.
Petition, general
- A written request made to a higher authority. An oral request is called a motion.
Petition, governmental
- A document written to a government body that specifies some action the people would like the government to take. Government petitions are useful if one cannot find tax lists or census records for an area.
Petition, land
- The formal, written request submitted by an individual seeking a land grant.
Petition, probate
- An application to a court requesting the right to settle a deceased individual's estate.
- The German term for the Palatinate region in southwest Germany.
Phelps and Gorham Purchase: A large tract of land in New York purchased by Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham that contained present-day Ontario, Yates, and Steuben Counties; the eastern portions of present-day Monroe and Livingston Counties; the western parts of Wayne and Schuyler Counties; and part of Allegany County. This land was originally part of the land given to Massachusetts as part of the Hartford Treaty of 1786. Phelps and Gorham could not meet the payments for the land and ended up giving most of it back to the state of New York.
Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902)
- A conflict between the United States and the Philippines in which the Philippines tried to obtain its independence.
Phonetic index
- A type of index that groups together names or words that sound alike but that are spelled differently. Soundex and Miracode are examples of phonetic indexes.
Phonetic spelling
- Spelling that is based on how a word sounds. The phonetic spelling may or may not be considered correct in modern usage. However, spelling was not standardized when most early records were made. For example, a name might be spelled differently than it is today or even spelled differently in different records about the same individual.
Photocopy: A paper copy of a document created by a photostatic process.
- The process of making a photostatic copy of a document.
Photoduplication order form
- A form used to request a photocopy from an institution.
Physical age
- A person's age as calculated from the birth date.
Picts, Scotland
- An ancient group of people, probably descendants of pre-Celtic aborigines, who lived in the north of Scotland. The Romans called them Picts, meaning "Painted People," because they painted or tattooed their skin. After the Romans invaded what is now Britain, the Romans built many forts and walls, such as Hadrian's Wall, to protect themselves from attacks by the Picts and other native groups. The Picts began merging with the Scots and disappeared as a race about A.D. 900.
Pièces annexes
- A French term for a type of marriage record filed by a bride or groom to support a civil marriage application. Also called pièces justificatives. The English translation is marriage settlements.
Pièces justificatives
- A French term for a type of marriage record filed by a bride or groom to support a civil marriage application. Also called pièces annexes. The English translation is marriage settlements.
Pioneers Foundation Collection
- A collection of 520 oral interviews from Caucasian families in southwest New Mexico. It is held in the Special Collections Room of the University of New Mexico Library. The recordings are restricted to members of the family, but photocopies of the index and transcripts are available for a fee.
Piscataqua Pioneers Membership Applications
- A collection of applications that people made to become members of the Piscataqua Pioneers, a lineage society for descendants of pre-1776 settlers along the Piscataqua River. The applications, which give detailed lineages, are arranged alphabetically by the name of the applicant.
Place of arrival
- The place where an immigrant first arrived in the new country. Though many immigrants stayed in their place of arrival for many years, the place of arrival may not be the place where the immigrant settled permanently.
Place of departure
- The place from which an immigrant left. The place of departure may or may not be the immigrant's birthplace.
- The individual who initiates a lawsuit. Also called the accuser.
Plantation of Ulster, Ireland
- A plantation that James I, king of England, started in 1605 when he sent thousands of Presbyterians from Scotland to live in northern Ireland (Ulster). The king did this to displace Irish Catholics and to strengthen English rule.
Plantation, general
- A large farm. Plantations usually produce one main crop, such as tobacco, cocoa, sugar cane, rice, or rubber. Many plantations are found in rich, level land, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. In the American colonies and later in the Southern states, slaves and indentured servants provided most of the labor on these farms. After the Civil War, low-wage hired hands and sharecroppers (people who work for a share of the crop) provided much of the labor. Many of these plantations also abused workers, forcing them to purchase all of their supplies at high cost through a plantation store. The workers would accumulate high debt and be forced to work that debt off. In more modern plantations, skilled labor and machinery perform much of the work, and abuses happen less frequently.
Plantation, Ireland
- Land in Ireland granted to English and Scottish families. Queen Mary I started this practice in 1549 as a means of strengthening English rule of Ireland.
Plantation, New England
- The system used to establish new settlements.
Plat book
- A compilation of plat maps.
Plat map
- A map that gives the legal description of a piece of land by lot, street, and block numbers. It shows townships and the divisions within them.
Plymouth Colony
- The second English settlement in the United States, located in what is now the state of Massachusetts. Settled by the Pilgrims in 1620, Plymouth Colony became part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691. The Congregational Church has its roots in Plymouth Colony.
Poland Act of 1874
- A federal law that limited the jurisdiction of probate courts to matters pertaining to estates, guardianships, and divorces. It was passed, in part, to discourage the practice of polygamy in Utah.
Police census
- Censuses taken by the police.
Police court, Arizona
- A court with citywide jurisdiction over violations of state law committed within the city's limits. Police courts share jurisdiction with the justice courts. Also called magistrate's court.
Police court, general
- In some states, a court with jurisdiction over minor offenses and violations of city ordinances.
Police court, Massachusetts
- A court in Massachusetts with jurisdiction over a municipality, such as a city or town.
Police court, Ohio
- A court in Ohio with local jurisdiction over some criminal and civil cases.
Police list or registration, Germany
- A record kept by the police that listed the residence (address) of each person. Germany started keeping these lists in the 1830s. When citizens of the city moved, they had to tell the police their new address. The German word for these records is Politzeimelderegisters.
Police registration
- A list kept by the police of the citizens or transients in a city. Police registrations were common in Germany and other European countries beginning in the 1830s.
Poliskammaren, Sweden
- A Swedish word for police authorities. In Sweden passenger departure lists were kept by the police authorities.
Political boundary
- A dividing line that separates two countries, states, counties, cities, or other governmental units.
Political division, geographical
- A dividing line that separates two countries, counties, cities, states, or other governmental units.
- A disagreement between individuals or groups regarding a political issue.
Politzeimelderegisters, Germany
- A German term for police lists or registrations, which are records kept by the police that listed the residence (address) of each person. Germany started keeping these lists in the 1830s. When citizens of the city moved, they had to tell the police their new address.
Poll book
- A book that lists people who are eligible to vote. Also called a voting register.
Poll tax, taxation
- A tax of a fixed amount required of all persons in a group, regardless of their personal assets. A person subject to such a tax is tithable (qualified to be taxed). The tax is also called a head tax.
Poll tax, voting
- A tax paid to be eligible to vote.
Poor law union, Ireland
- One of 159 districts in Ireland set up to care for the poor. These districts were established in 1838 and named after market towns. Poor law unions are also the Irish Civil Records districts.
Poor rates, Great Britain
- Taxes assessed on parishioners to care for the poor.
- A government-sponsored place where poor people are cared for.
Poorhouses, Poor Law, Etc., FamilySearch Catalog™:
- subject heading used in the FamilySearch Catalog to categorize records related to the care and support of poor people.
- A term referring to the people living in a particular area.
Population register
- A list of people living in an area. Population registers were common in Belgium and the Netherlands.
Population schedule
- The part of a census that lists and describes the residents of an area.
Population trend
- A pattern of changes over time that affect or characterize the people in an area, such as births, deaths, immigration and emigration, gender, ethnicity, and so forth.
Population, FamilySearch Catalog™
- A subject heading used in the FamilySearch Catalog to categorize information that describes the people who live in an area.
Port city
- A city in which a ship can load or unload passengers and cargo.
Port of entry:
- he place where people enter a new country.
Post-Revolutionary War records
- Records kept after 1783, when the Revolutionary War ended.
Postal and Shipping Guides, FamilySearch Catalog™
- A subject heading used in the FamilySearch Catalog to categorize information about postal and shipping guides.
Postal directory: An alphabetical list of everyone living in an area.
Postleizahlenbuch, Germany
- A German term for the postal code book. This book contains the postal codes for each city in modern-day Germany.
- A stamp or other mark placed on a letter or package being mailed that identifies where it was mailed from.
Prairie provinces, Canada
- A grouping of Canadian provinces comprising Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta.
- In the Church of England, a prebend was the revenue derived from the lease of specific church-owned lands which was given to a Cathedral church officer, such as a canon, as his stipend. A prebendary was the person who received the prebend.
- A subdivision of a town, city, or county organized for a specific purpose, such as voting.
Preemption grants
- A grant given to a settler in Texas who lived on a tract of land for three years. These were given from January 1845 to 1899.
Preemption law
- A law passed by the United States Congress in 1841 to protect the rights of those who had settled and improved public land before they had obtained a legal title. It allowed the head of a family, including a widow, to make a claim and purchase that land from the government.
Prefect's court, New Mexico
- A court in New Mexico with statewide jurisdiction over civil and criminal cases. Prefect's courts were used from 1846 to 1850.
Prerogative Court of Canterbury, England
- A court with jurisdiction over (1) probates in which the deceased owned property in more than one diocese or owned property outside of England, (2) people who were not English subjects who owned property in England, and (3) military personnel.
Prerogative Court of York
- A court with jurisdiction over probates in which the deceased owned property in more than one diocese.
Prerogative court, New Jersey: A court in New Jersey with jurisdiction over probates beginning in 1670.
Prerogative court, New York
- A court in New York City with jurisdiction over probates in the New York City area and over larger estates in the New York Colony. The prerogative court lasted from 1686 to 1877 and was presided over by the governor or his delegate. The court also registered marriage licenses but did not have jurisdiction over matrimonial proceedings like divorce.
Presbyterian Church
- A type of Protestant church that developed out of John Calvin's teachings during the Protestant Reformation of the 1500s. Presbyterianism is distinguished by its form of church government. Local congregations are overseen by a board of ministers and lay elders. All ministers have equal rank, and the lay elders and ministers participate equally in church government. The ministers and lay elders participate in meetings called sessions or consistories, which send representatives to councils called presbyteries or classes. The presbyteries or classes oversee the congregations in an area. Presbyterianism became the official church in Scotland in 1690, known as the Church of Scotland.
Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)
- A church formed when the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. and the Presbyterian Church in the United States merged in 1983. Presbyterianism came to the United States in the 1600s with the Puritans, who preferred the Presbyterian system of church government over the Congregational, which was favored by the Separatists. Also during the 1600s, many Scots-Irish and English Presbyterians came to America. In 1706 some local congregations formed a presbytery, which was expanded into a synod in 1716.
Presbyterian Church of Wales
- A religion, also known as the Calvinistic Methodist Church, that began to spread throughout Wales during the late 1730s. At first leaders advocated reforming the Church of England but not separating from it. Members would meet weekly for singing and preaching but attend their local parishes for communion. In 1811, however, members began ordaining their own ministers and keeping their own records, thus distinguishing themselves as a separate church. Their beliefs are based on the teachings of John Calvin.
Presiding Bishop, Latter-day Saint
- The General Authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who is responsible under the direction of the President of the Church to serve as a judge in Israel, to oversee the temporal affairs of the Church, to receive offerings for the care of the poor, and to preach and build up the kingdom of God on earth.
Presumed dead
- A person who has been missing for long enough that it is assumed he or she has died.
- A term used in Brazilian Catholic Church registers to describe a person from Africa. Racial classifications were often based on physical appearance or social status; therefore, they were not always accurate.
Previous research
- A source of information created or compiled from other records or sources. Previous research is an important source of information, but it must be evaluated for accuracy.
Previous residence
- The place where an individual used to live.
Previous submission
- A name that has already been submitted for temple work.
Priesthood records, Latter-day Saint
- Records kept by early priesthood quorums of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Priesthood records may be more complete than early ward or branch membership records and may contain personal histories.
- A term used in Catholic Church registers to describe a person from Latin America whose ancestry is a mix of African (7/8) and Spanish Caucasian (1/8). Racial classifications were often based on physical appearance or social status; therefore, they were not always accurate.
Primary goal
- The main piece of information for which someone is looking.
Primary source
- A record that was created at or near the time an event took place by someone closely associated with the event. Also called original document, original record, or original source. See Primary sources for more detail.
Primitive Methodist Church
- A church that broke away from the main Methodist Church due to the autocratic habits of some ministers.
Prince Edward Island, Canada
- An island off of the coast of Nova Scotia. It was called Abegweit by the Micmac Native Americans who originally inhabited the island. The French were the first Europeans to settle the island, which they called Ile-Saint-Jean. In 1763 the French ceded the island to Britain, who placed it under the jurisdiction of Nova Scotia. The island separated from Nova Scotia in 1769, and its name was changed to Prince Edward Island in 1799. It became a province of Canada in 1873, with its capital in Charlottetown.
- A building where people who commit crimes are confined.
Private cemetery
- A cemetery owned by an individual or institution.
Private claim
- A claim registered by landowners to verify their ownership of land received before the Louisiana Purchase.
Private land claim
- A claim on a piece of property that is now within the United States but that was previously owned by another country and was allegedly sold or given to an individual by the other government.
Privy Council, Great Britain
- A court that heard final appeals from the court of arches after 1832. The Privy Council is composed of cabinet members or people selected by the king or queen to serve on the council.
- The process of dividing an individual's belongings among the heirs and paying expenses and debts.
Probate (not including Wills), PERiodical Source Index
- A record type used in the Locality and Research Methodologies sections of the PERiodical Source Index (PERSI) to identify articles that contain information about probate records, except for wills.
Probate Act, also known as probatum
- A short record found at the end of most wills, giving the date the will was proved, and the name(s) of the person(s) to whom court authorization was given to execute the terms of the will. The names were usually the executor or executrix.
Probate court, general
- A court with jurisdiction over paying a deceased individual's debts and distributing his or her property.
Probate court, Idaho
- A court with jurisdiction over probates, adoptions, and minor civil cases. These courts were abolished in 1971.
Probate court, Missouri
- A court established to handle probates. Probates in Missouri are sometimes handed by courts of common pleas and circuit courts.
Probate court, Montana
- A court established to handle probates, marriages, and minor civil and criminal cases. These courts were abolished in 1889 and their authority was transferred to the district courts.
Probate court, Ohio
- A court in Ohio with jurisdiction over guardianships, general probate, land sales, some divorces, and naturalizations.
Probate court, Ontario, Canada
- A central court in Ontario, Canada, that handled probate cases that involved a certain amount of money. This court operated from 1793 to 1858. The surrogate courts took over this responsibility after that time.
Probate court, Utah
- A court established in 1850 by the provisional government of the State of Deseret to handle probates. These courts were also used when Utah was a territory but were abolished when it became a state. The authority was assumed by the state district courts.
Probate court, Washington
- The primary probate court in Washington until 1891, when the authority was transferred to the superior courts.
Probate court, Wisconsin
- A court in Wisconsin with jurisdiction over probate cases. Probate courts operated from 1839 to 1849, when county began courts handling probate cases.
Probate district
- The area over which a court has probate jurisdiction.
Probate estate papers
- A file of all documents relating to the settlement of an individual's estate. Also called probate packets, case files, loose papers, or estate files.
Probate file
- A file of all documents relating to the settlement of an individual's estate. Also called probate packet, probate estate papers, case files, loose papers, or estate files.
Probate minutes
- Brief daily accounts of actions taken by a probate court.
Probate packet
- A file of all documents relating to the settlement of an individual's estate. Also called probate file, probate estate papers, case files, loose papers, or estate files.
Probate proceedings
- An account of how an estate was probated in court.
Probate Records, FamilySearch Catalog™
- A subject heading used in the FamilySearch Catalog to categorize legal documents dealing with the distribution of an individual's property after his or her death.
Probate records, general
- Legal documents dealing with the distribution of an individual's property after his or her death.
Probatum or Probate Act
- A short record found at the end of most wills, giving the date the will was proved, and the name(s) of the person(s) to whom court authorization was given to execute the terms of the will. The names were usually those of the executor or executrix.
Professional directory
- A list of the names and addresses of people engaged in a specific occupation.
Professional researcher
- An individual who specializes in family history research and does research for a fee.
Property dispute
- A legal claim involving a disagreement over land or other real property.
Proprietary colony land grants
- Land grants given by the Lords Proprietors of Carolina to other people. The Lords Proprietors had received this land from King Charles III in 1663. In 1729, seven of the eight Lords Proprietors sold their land to King George II, making North Carolina a crown colony.
Proprietary court, South Carolina
- A type of court used in South Carolina before 1769.
Proprietary land
- Land that a king gives to a proprietor, who has the right to sell or give the land to other people.
- An owner or manager of a piece of property. Historically, a proprietor was the person who received the land for a town or colony from the king. This person had the right to give or sell the land to other people.
Proprietors' records
- Records kept by colonial proprietors of land grants they issued. In New England proprietors' records were the earliest town records kept.
Protestant churches
- A term referring to hundreds of Christian churches that deny the universal authority of the Roman Catholic Church. Most Protestant churches rose out of the Reformation movement in Europe during the 1500s. In general, Protestant churches believe in salvation by faith alone and believe that the Bible is the only source of religious authority. The Baptist, Lutheran, Methodist, Presbyterian, and Congregational Churches are examples of Protestant churches. While Christian, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is not a Protestant church.
Protestant Episcopal Church
- A church that was formed in 1789 when Anglicans in the United States separated from the Church of England after the American Revolution. The church is part of the Anglican Convention. The Protestant Episcopal Church was known by that name until 1967, when a general convention changed the name to Episcopal Church.
Protestant Irish
- An Irishman who belongs to a Protestant church. The term can also refer to an Ulster Scot (a person of Scottish descent who lives or lived in Northern Ireland). Most Ulster Scots are descended from a group of Presbyterians that King James I sent to live in northern Ireland. The king did this to displace Irish Catholics and to strengthen English rule.
Protestant Records in Montréal, Canada
- An index to Protestant church records.
Protestant Reformation
- A religious movement that began in Germany in 1517 when Martin Luther, a German monk, publicly condemned several Catholic teachings and practices. The movement quickly gained momentum throughout Europe and led to the creation of many different churches. Members of these new churches were called Protestants, meaning those who protest.
- A term used in Spain, Latin America, and the Philippines to mean judicial records. The term notarios may also be used.
- A French term for the government official who receives and stores records from individual notaries.
Province of Canada
- A province that existed between 1841 and 1867. It consisted of Canada West (Ontario) and Canada East (Québec).
Province of Maine of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
- A section of the Massachusetts Bay Colony that was formed between 1652 and 1658 when Massachusetts increased her claim to include parts of what is now Maine. In 1660 the heirs of Fernando Gorges, the original owner of Maine, disputed Massachusetts' ownership of Maine. In 1664 an English board of commissioners gave Maine back to the Gorges family. Massachusetts bought Maine from the Gorges family in 1677. Maine became a separate state in 1820.
Province, general
- An administrative division of a state or country. Canada and Ireland, for example, have provinces. The term province can also refer to a region of land that has the same type of geographical features.
Province, Ireland
- An administrative division of Ireland. Present-day Ireland has four provinces: Connacht, Leinster, Munster, and Ulster. The provinces are divided into counties, and counties are divided into baronies. In ancient times, Ireland had five provinces, also called the "fifths" of Ireland: Leinster, Munster, Connaught, Ulster, and Meath. A king ruled each province. When the English took control of Ireland, the provinces were reorganized, and the province of Meath was abolished.
Provincial archive, Canada
- A governmental archive established in each province of Canada to collect records about that province.
Provincial archive, general
- An archive that collects records from and about a province within a country.
Provincial archive, Sweden
- One of seven archives in Sweden that house records pertaining to the province they cover. Most Swedish records of genealogical value are kept at the provincial archives, including church records, census records, land records, emigration records, and court records.
Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- An archive that collects records about the Canadian provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador. This archive is one of the main sources of family history information for Newfoundland residents. It has land records, census records, church records, some emigration and immigration records, and probate records.
Provincial census, Canada
- A census taken of a Canadian province and not the entire country.
Provincial court, Canada
- A court with jurisdiction over a Canadian province. Many provinces have several levels of courts: a superior or supreme court, a court of appeals, midlevel county or judicial district courts, and lower-level provincial courts.
Provincial court, Maryland
- A court in Maryland with statewide or colonywide jurisdiction over capital crimes, land disputes, and other civil matters. This court existed from 1637 to 1805. It was also called the general court.
Provincial court, Pennsylvania
- A court in Pennsylvania with jurisdiction over appeals from lower courts and criminal and civil cases. Provincial courts were used from 1684 to 1722.
Provincial marriage license
- A marriage license that the government in colonial America required unless a couple published the banns in church.
Provisional Government of the State of Deseret
- A temporary government created in 1849 to replace The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as the civil government in the Utah Territory. It provided the territory with a government until the Utah Territory was formed in 1850. The State of Deseret included parts of present-day California, Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah.
Provisioning list, Canada
- A list of American Loyalists for whom the British government provided provisions after the American Revolution.
Proxy, court
- An individual who is appointed to act for and in behalf of another individual in legal matters.
Proxy, Latter-day Saint
- An individual who acts on behalf of a deceased individual in receiving a temple ordinance.
Public Domain Index
- A computerized index to all federal land patents in Illinois. This index was compiled by the Illinois State Archives.
Public domain, copyright
- Works or records that are not protected by copyright law. Works in the public domain may be copied and used freely, without consideration of United States copyright law.
Public domain, land
- Land and water owned and managed by federal or state governments.
Public Record Office of Northern Ireland
- An archive in Belfast, Northern Ireland, that collects records for all of Ireland but focuses particularly on counties in the province of Ulster. The Public Record Office has an excellent collection of church records (all denominations) for all of Northern Ireland as well as the counties of Donegal, Cavan, and Monaghan in Ireland. The office also has estate papers, gravestone inscriptions, census records, Tithe Applotment books, valuation lists, and other historical and genealogical sources.
Public Record Office, England"
- An archive in England that collects records of the central government, such as parliamentary papers and court records.
Public Records, FamilySearch Catalog™
- A subject heading used in the FamilySearch Catalog to categorize information about records available to the public.
Public service claim
- A claim that a private citizen made at a county courthouse to receive compensation for crops, cattle, weapons, and labor used by the military during the Revolutionary War.
Publicationes de mariage
- The French term for the publication of the banns, a religious custom in which a couple announced to their local congregation that they planned to marry.
Published collection
- A collection of materials that have been produced for wide distribution.
Published index
- An index to records that has been published.
Published source
- A source of information that has been formally published.
- Members of a religious movement in England whose original goal was to cleanse the Church of England of its Roman Catholic beliefs and practices. The Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. A related group, known as the Separatists, believed that the Church of England could not be purified and decided to break away from it. The Separatists settled Plymouth Colony. Presbyterianism and Congregationalism developed out of Puritanism.
Purity of blood report, Latin America
- A type of record used in Latin America that served as proof of nobility so that hidalgos (members of the untitled Spanish nobility) might join fraternal orders or obtain government positions. The Spanish term is limpieza de sangre.
- An official on a ship who manages finances and provisions.


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Paul is a 1L at the University of Notre Dame Law School, but is too busy to keep up this blog. He likes country music and Chesterton, and plans to marry The Convert next summer.
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Layla is a senior studying political science and philosophy in the middle of a soybean field. She likes bluegrass and Virgil and, conveniently enough, plans to marry The [cradle] Catholic a month after graduation.
Sts. Olaf and Canute, bed imitlertid os.
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Gives new meaning to a sting operation.
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What Type of Technology Graduate Program is Right For You?
Graduate degrees in Technology range from administration and analysis to engineering, computer science, and visual arts. With all the choices out there, how does one actually choose between a graduate program in computer science, computer engineering or information technology?
Do I Need a Graduate Degree in Computer and Technology Fields?
There are some areas where a Bachelor's of Science suffices. And then there are others where a graduate degree is required. Here is some recent data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics:
- The majority of computer and information research scientists need a Ph.D. in computer science or a related field, such as computer engineering[iii].
- Employers of network architects sometimes prefer applicants to have a Master's of Business Administration (MBA) in information systems[iv]
- Some employers prefer to hire Computer Systems Analysts who have a master's degree in business administration (MBA) with a concentration in information systems, or for technically complex jobs, a master's degree in computer science may be more relevant[v].
- Organizations with large databases may prefer applicants who have a master's degree focusing on data or database management, typically either in computer science, information systems, or information technology[vi].
- Information security analysts who have a Master's of Business Administration (MBA) in information systems are often preferred.[vii]
- Chief technology officers often have an MBA in an area related to their field[viii]
Take Away? Do some legwork by checking what the most appropriate academic path is for you. Use the 'request info' button to submit your questions or get in touch with a guidance counselor.
The Different Program Levels: Masters, Doctorate, Certificate
Once you have refined your search enough to know what specific field beyond the general 'Technology Graduate Programs' click through to view the program level you need, or are planning ahead for.
Masters Degrees in Technology are often designated Master of Science (e.g. MS in Cyber Security with a Concentration in IT Management, MS in Computer Science), Master of Business Administration (e.g. MBA –Information Systems & Knowledge Management, MBA-Management of Engineering and Technology) or Master of Arts (e.g. Master of Fine Arts in Art of Game Design).
Doctorate Degrees in Technology range from the Doctor of Philosophy (e.g. PhD in Technology, PhD in Computer Science) to the Doctor of Business Administration (e.g. DBA in Applied Computer Science)
Graduate Certificates often take your education to a focused place by providing specific skill-sets (e.g. Post-Bachelor's Certificate in Geographic Information Systems, Graduate Certificate: Computer Science Software Design & Development)


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Monday, September 21, 2009
Pulp Fantasy Library: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Ah well.
Written by an English mathematician and logician named Charles Dodgson (under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll -- a complex linguistic pun on his own name) and first published in 1865, the novel has proven extremely influential in the development of the literary genre we now call "fantasy." Indeed, for many English-speaking people, the novel, or some adaptation of it, is one the first encounters we have with a fantasy tale, at least a memorable one. And Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is nothing if not memorable.
I can still recall my own first reading of it as a boy, from an old edition my mother had in our basement, which included illustrations by John Tenniel and consequently seared into my brain ever since. That's because the novel wasn't written as what we'd today call a "children's book." That's not to say it's unsuitable for children, but Carroll didn't publish the story solely to appeal to children. Consequently, it's language, imagery, and characters are quite sophisticated and, on many levels, unsettling. That's what sticks with me after all these years: all the things I read in this book that made my young mind uneasy -- not frightened exactly, although some of it was frightening, but shaken and excited.
I think that's part of the book's lasting appeal. It's very hard to read it without thinking strange thoughts and considering odd possibilities. I hesitate to say it's a "mind expanding" novel, as that's a mite more pretentious than I wish, but there's no question that it does expand my sense of what fantasy is and could be. Speaking personally, that's a good thing, since I need little pushes into the phantasmagoric realm from time to time. My own tastes in fantasy tend to be more staid and conservative, so Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is a much needed tonic. I doubt I'll ever be much of a surrealist, but novels like this help me see the value in such an approach.
Gary Gygax obviously agreed, since he included trips to Wonderland in his old Greyhawk campaign, a tradition many other gamers have observed over the years as well. It's not hard to see why. Stripped of its specific details, the novel is the story of a person from our world journeying into a fantasy realm where the laws of reality are different. That's a standard trope of many genuine pulp fantasies, such as Burroughs's Barsoom stories, and one that was strongly influential on the development of D&D, despite the lack of citation in Appendix N. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland shows, I think, that fantasy can be intelligent without being stuffy and that there's no reason why we shouldn't let our fantasies differ greatly from our everyday experiences. Those differences can be both wondrous and unsettling at the same time and the retreat from both qualities can make fantasy -- and fantasy gaming -- all the poorer.
18 comments:
I read Alice in Wonderland to my then five year old daughter. She loved it so much that she demanded I read it to her again. Then we read Through the Looking Glass.ReplyDelete
It's curious that fantasy has come to be such a male character dominated genre, when two of the its founding works had both female protagonists and villains... Alice in Wonderland and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
An extraordinarily creepy and influential work, no doubt. James, take a look at the free JAGS rpg sourcebook "Wonderland," a setting that really captures the darker essence of the tale (http://www.jagsrpg.org/?download=Wonderland.pdf). I used the Call of Cthulhu rules to run it, and it was a fantastic campaign. The author portrays Wonderland as a voracious, sentient entity, the faerie land of myth that gobbles people up and takes them far, far away...to play with them. Very good stuff (not unlike this blog!).ReplyDelete
Today's word verification is "insituse," which makes me think of "institute." Very Winderland indeed.
I adore Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. I'm working on a series of novels right now (which with some luck has interest from one publisher already). The second will involve the sojourn of a modern young girl named Becky through Wonderland and Looking-Glass Land, guided by the ghosts of two Alices.ReplyDelete
American McGee. Gygax. Too cool. Hope the upcoming movie is good.ReplyDelete
Jag looks interesting too, will have to read it. Thanks.
"One of these days, I should probably rename this weekly feature of the blog, because novel's like Alice's Adventures in Wonderland really do need to be discussed, but they're by no means "pulp fantasy," at least as I usually use the word."ReplyDelete
A suggestion: add them as separate tags "pulp" "fantasy" and a new one "literature". Then apply as needed. AiWL strikes me as "fantasy" "literature" and obviously not needing a "pulp" tag. If literature is too debatable a term, maybe "library" would work. This would still keep Alice out of any "pulp" searches but rightly in "library" to denote it's a narrative and not a gaming resource. You could also add "sci-fi" to any pulp novels more geared in that vein.
Blogger is great for making edits to tags, and though you have a lot, one evening's worth of sorting and re-tagging should do it. You may even find a few that you missed along the way.
/doing a lot of taxonomy at work these days!
Thanks, James. It is amazing, when I think about it, the impact Carroll's work has had on pop culture, from Jefferson Airplane to The Matrix to D&D.ReplyDelete
I love Alice. I still have an ancient edition, with the cover coming off, on my shelf. Sadly, I read THE LOOKING GLASS WAR a few years ago.... and it wasn't uite as good.ReplyDelete
I know these only through pop media, this would be a great story to read to the kids, as I would become acquainted with it at the same time.ReplyDelete
i suspect edgar rice burroughs did not make appendix N, because his estate threatened to SUE Gygax for inclusion of Barsoomian beasts in the little brown books . . .ReplyDelete
from the Warlord of Mars
"If I sometimes seem to take too great pride in my fighting ability, it must be remembered that fighting is my vocation. If your vocation is shoeing horses, or painting pictures, and you can do one or the other better than your fellows, then you are a fool if you are not proud of your ability." (Chapter VI, p. 61)
Alice and Wonderland was political satire of its day. The Mad Hatter and the Tea Party was a spoof of the board of directors or some other academic establishment either at Oxford or Cambridge, where Dodgson taught. All lost now to history and only psychodelic trace remains.ReplyDelete
D&D is too linear and wargame oriented to be well suited to Alice in Wonderland type play, but it CAN be done. The spirit of D&D and sword and sorcery genre is more akin to adventures of Sinbad the Sailor and 1001 Nights than to high fantasy of the LOTR, which is not really a fantasy at all, if you look at it. LOTR is a world with sorcery in it, which is disenchanted of mystery, unknown, or magic and is depressingly finite, with Dark Lord a menacing abstraction.
i suspect edgar rice burroughs did not make appendix N, because his estate threatened to SUE Gygax for inclusion of Barsoomian beasts in the little brown books . . .ReplyDelete
Burroughs is included in Appendix N -- the Pellucidar and Barsoom books, specifically.
Alice and Wonderland was political satire of its day. The Mad Hatter and the Tea Party was a spoof of the board of directors or some other academic establishment either at Oxford or Cambridge, where Dodgson taught.ReplyDelete
Well, I think it's fairer to say that the book includes satire of many sorts, including the political. That's not the book's primary purpose so far as I have ever ascertained.
FWIW, I don't think we know for certain who the Mad Hatter is supposed to spoof. There are several candidates, including a furniture dealer in Oxford.
I have an annotated text, I have to pull it out. The Md Tea Party - the Hatter, the Hare and the Sloth refer to Trinity College, Trinity Committee or something .ReplyDelete
I hesitate to say it's a "mind expanding" novel, as that's a mite more pretentious than I wish...ReplyDelete
Hesitate no more, let your pretentiousness run amok! You now have statisticians to back you up:
me bad . . .ReplyDelete
must be the dyslexia
I apologize for the error
I have a home brew Barsoom game that I wrote / copyrighted in 1990;
72 pages of goodness . . .
send me an address IF
you would like a print copy
LouisL2 at COX dot COM
Clovis, I'd really love to see a copy of the game you wrote. I tried emailing you from Gmail and Hotmail, but I got the following error message both times: Mailbox unavailable or access denied. Is that email address correct? Thanks.ReplyDelete
shrug I don't think everything in the "Pulp Fantasy Library" need be "pulp fantasy". They need merely be books that may be of interest to the pulp fantasy enthusiast.ReplyDelete
Or, like "wargame" or "role-playing game" or the "spin" of elementary particles et cetera ad naseum, you can just accept that names are often imperfect.
I don't know about that Robert. I get what you're saying, but making things more generic doesn't make them less confusing or easier.ReplyDelete
"Alice" is fantasy for sure, but it was written well before the pulp era.


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Apology accepted, prosecution expected
After a hit-and-run then a tweet about bloody cyclists and an uproar online, Cycle Tweet girl has apologized on ITV. Feeling sorry or not, according to Carlton Reid she's facing two criminal offense. I linked to Carlton's post in mine earlier this week when news of the story first broke.


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By Sheila Pursglove
Legal News
Attorney Steven Mercatante, who has a passion for history and World War II, explores a fascinating premise in his new book, "Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe."
According to Mercatante, Germany came far closer to winning the war than has previously been recognized - and Hitler, through his invasion of the Soviet Union, came within a whisker of cementing a European-based empire that would have allowed the Third Reich to challenge the Anglo-American alliance.
This is not Mercatante's first foray into writing about World War II - "In sixth-grade, I won a young author's award for my book about a B-17 bomber crew fighting over Europe in the Second World War."
History has always held an appeal for this tax attorney, the owner and founder of TIR Consulting LLC in Brighton.
"It was really a combination of exposure to different people and things that came together all around the same age," he says.
His grandfather, a sergeant in the U.S. Army who served in the Philippines during WWII, gave Mercatante his medals and memorabilia. Mercatante's father, a U.S. Army veteran who served in Korea in the early 1960s, gave him similar memorabilia; and his great uncle was a Korean War U.S. Army veteran.
Mercatante read history books at a young age, including old WWII Bantam Paperback series he found at a local used bookstore, and he also loved to draw planes, tanks, and ships.
"I was hooked," he says. "I think history is absolutely fascinating."
He continued to study World War II, reading thousands of books, articles and other documents. Beginning in the 1990s he tracked the wealth of new documentation and information that emerged from Russian archives following the fall of the Soviet Union, and disagreed with the conventional wisdom that had evolved over time - one that seemed to place more of an emphasis on quantitative measures as key to deciding the war and not what his research had discovered - that qualitative elements would prove crucial to determining the war's outcome.
His interest in the war led to an interest in all things international - and after earning his undergrad degree from the University of Michigan, he chose Michigan State University College of Law because of its an international law program.
Between his first and second year, Mercatante worked for British international law firm Allen & Overy in their Rome, Italy office, gaining exposure to practice areas associated with conducting international business transactions such as securities, contracts, and mergers & acquisitions.
"I met a lot of interesting people and when I revealed that I'd been debating about writing a book even though the time commitments of law school were so great - they helped encourage me to push myself and do it," he says.
Returning to Michigan, he used the resources of the MSU and U of M libraries and collections to actively test and research his thesis for explaining the outcome of the war in Europe.
"The more I looked for evidence to disprove my theories, the more I realized I was on to something - and research turned to writing," he says.
During his third year of law school Mercatante clerked at a small local firm that specialized in probate matters. But when that didn't hold his interest, he moved on to a small firm in Detroit specializing in corporate matters before landing a job as an in-house attorney at a company in Ann Arbor that handled tax issues. He then launched his own business, where he specializes in international, federal, state, and local tax compliance matters.
Through all this time, he worked on his manuscript, submitted it to several publishers and in 2010 signed a contract with ABC-CLIO's Praeger imprint that led to the book's publication. It is available from Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and other major retailers.
"The book has already generated quite a bit of buzz," Mercatante says.
Several international publishers are currently looking at the book, including from Italy, Norway, Sweden, and the U.K. The Economist recently asked to see a copy, as have scholarly journals including those published by the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, The Journal of Military History, The Quarterly Journal of Military History, German Studies Review, and the Michigan War Studies Review.
Mercatante, whose website globeatwar.com draws hundreds of daily visitors, also has to date received numerous endorsements from military historians internationally recognized for their own work regarding World War II.
"I hope my book - written to be accessible or of interest to a wide range of people, from laypersons to professional historians - will positively contribute to what we know about World War II and leave readers with better insight into why the war in Europe ended as it did," he says.
Barnes & Noble, at 17111 Haggerty Rd. in Northville, will host a book launch party/signing from 2-4 p.m. on Saturday, March 3 - complete with local World War II re-enactors, a raffle, and a brief presentation by Mercatante.
Published: Mon, Feb 20, 2012