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Difference between revisions of "Porting"
(Interrupt stuff how has it's own page)
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# Serial driver and serial console - Get the real printk working with the serial console.
# Serial driver and serial console - Get the real printk working with the serial console.
# KGDB - KGDB can be enormously helpful in your development. It is highly recommended and it is not that difficult to set up.
# KGDB - KGDB can be enormously helpful in your development. It is highly recommended and it is not that difficult to set up.
# CPU support - If your MIPS CPU is not currently supported, you need to add new code that supports it.
# CPU support- If your MIPS CPU is not currently supported, you need to add new code that supports it.
# Board specific support - Create your board-specific directory. Setup [[Linux_Interrupts|interrupt routing/handling]] and [[System_Time_and_Timer|kernel timer services]].
# Board specific support - Create your board-specific directory. Setup [[Linux_Interrupts|interrupt routing/handling]] and [[System_Time_and_Timer|kernel timer services]].
# [[PCI_Subsystem|PCI subsystem]] - If your machine has PCI, you need to get the PCI subsystem working before you can use PCI devices.
# [[PCI_Subsystem|PCI subsystem]] - If your machine has PCI, you need to get the PCI subsystem working before you can use PCI devices.
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* Set the port parameters properly before you start kgdb_demux.
* Set the port parameters properly before you start kgdb_demux.
Next page: [[]]
Next page: [[
Revision as of 23:20, 8 November 2004
- 1 Prefix
- 2 An overview
- 3 Hello, world!
- 4 Add your own code
- 5 Early printk
- 6 Serial driver and console
This document reflects what I have learned through porting several MIPS machines and other related Linux work. Hopefully it will help beginners to get started and give the experienced a reference point.
This document goes through all the major steps to port Linux to a MIPS machine. The focus can perhaps be called "MIPS machine abstraction layer", i.e., the interface between machine-specific code and, mostly, MIPS common code. Another useful document focuses on "Linux hardware abstraction layer", i.e., the interface between Linux common code and architecture-specific code. The document is written by C Hanish Menon (www.hanishkvc.com).
There are some notations used in this document.
Reminder for incomplete part
Really need your help on this
Here is my opinion. What do you think?
Thanks to the person who pointed this out
Additional note added later, but the original comment may be still useful
An overview
- Know C programming.
- Have some knowledge of OS concepts, such as interrupt handling, system calls, memory management.
- Know how to configure and make Linux kernel. You can find many helps on this if you are not very comfortable.
- Have some knowledge of MIPS CPU. More than likely you will need to deal with CP0 registers, enable or disable interrupts, etc..
- You don't have to be an expert in MIPS assembly, but total ignorance of it might make you handicapped in some situations.
- Obviously, you need a MIPS hardware to play with.
- Finally but most importantly, you need a willing-to-learn heart and perhaps many restless debugging hours. :-)
It is also highly recommanded to read through the Linux MIPS HOWTO by Ralf Bächle, firstname.lastname@example.com. By the way, as part of the pre-requisite, you should also remember Ralf's name. :-)
Kernel source trees
The common MIPS tree is the CVS tree at linux-mips.org. See the instructions in "Anonymous CVS servers" section in Linux/MIPS HOWTO. The current kernel version as of 2004/01/26 is 2.6.1. You can always check out earlier stable revisions by using "linux_2_4" or even "linux_2_2" branch tag.
Kernel patches
For various reasons, a kernel tree may leave bugs there for a quite long time before a suitable fix is checked in. There are various places to get patches. Here are some of the more common ones:
Jun Sun patches Linux/MIPS FTP archive Maciej W. Rozyki patches Brad LaRonde's patches
Cross-compilation and toolchains
More than likely your MIPS box does not run Linux yet (why would you bother otherwise?). Therefore you will need another machine to build the kernel image. Once the image is built, you need to download this image to your MIPS machine and let it run your MIPS kernel. This is called cross-development. Your MIPS box is often called the target machine and the machine used to build the kernel image is called the host machine.
Cross-development is common for developing on embedded targets, because usually embedded targets do not have enough power or the peripherals to develop natively.
The most common host machine is probably Linux on i386/PCs
You need to have cross-development tools setup on your host before you can start. Several years of experience have show that hile you can find instructions to build cross-compilation tools, your best bet is probably to get some ready-made ones. Another reason is that a full toolchain build has become quite time consuming so you probably want to avoid it.
MontaVista used to offer for free Journeyman edition, which includes a full featured toolchain. Unfortunately, it does not offer that anymore. Instead you can download the preview kit, which includes a "slim" version of toolchain. You can get the kit from http://www.mvista.com/previewkit/index.html
Dan Kegel has a set of scripts that build cross-compiling tools. You can check it out here.
The following are links to pre-build toolchains, instructions to build your own toolchain and finally pre-compiled distributions for MIPS boards:
- Brad LaRonde's cross toolchain for Linux
- Steve Hill's toolchains for glibc and uClibc
- Toolchains from MIPS Technologies
- Distributions for MIPS
Overall porting steps
Depending on your specific cases, some of the following steps can be skipped.
- Hello World! - Get board setup, serial porting working, and print out "Hello, world!" through the serial port.
- Add your own code.
- Get early printk working - Make the first MIPS image and see the printk output from kernel.
- Serial driver and serial console - Get the real printk working with the serial console.
- KGDB - KGDB can be enormously helpful in your development. It is highly recommended and it is not that difficult to set up.
- CPU support - If your MIPS CPU is not currently supported, you need to add new code that supports it.
- Board specific support - Create your board-specific directory. Setup interrupt routing/handling and kernel timer services.
- PCI subsystem - If your machine has PCI, you need to get the PCI subsystem working before you can use PCI devices.
- Ethernet drivers - You should already have the serial port working before attempting this. Usually the next driver you want is the ethernet driver. With ethernet driver working, you can set up a NFS root file system which gives you a fully working Linux userland.
- ROMFS root file system - Alternatively you can create a userland file system as a ROMFS image stored in a ramdisk.
- Some words on Debugging.
Hello, world!
In cross development, the serial port is usually the most important interface: That is where you can see anything happening! It might be worthwhile to make sure you get serial porting work before you even start playing with Linux. You can find the sample code or gzipped tar ball of a stand-alone program that can do printf. Such a program can even be useful in later debugging staging, e.g., printing out hardware register values.
Before you rush to type 'make', check and modify the following configurations:
- The sample code assumes R4K style CP0 structure. It should apply to most CPUs named above number 4000 and the recent MIPS32/MIPS64.
- Check if you have 1MB RAM size. (You really should have at 1MB to run Linux at all.) It is recommanded you have 8MB RAM or more.
- Is your serial port a standard UART type? If yes, modify the serial code and parameters. If not, you will have to supply your own functions to utilize the UART.
- What is your cross-tool name and path? Modify the Makefile accordingly.
Now, fire your "make" command.
Depending on your downloader on your MIPS box, you may need to generate ELF image, binary image or a SREC image.
Download the barebone image to your target and give it a run! Connect the serial port to your host machine. Start minicom and hopefully you can see the "Hello, world!" message.
Trouble shooting:
- Make sure your bootloader downloads the image to uncached KSEG1 segment. If your bootloader downloads to the cached KSEG0 area, you will want to run the image from the KSEG0 area too.
- If your bootloader has already initialized the serial port, you may want to skip your own initialization.
- Did you set up minicom correctly? Test it with other machines.
- Hopefully it is not the toolchain problem...
Add your own code
Let us add some code to the tree and make a Linux image. For conveninence sake, let us say we are porting Linux to a MIPS board called Aloha.
Create the right directory for your board
Your code for a new board can be classified into board-support code (or board-specific code) and drivers. Driver code should be placed under the 'drivers' directory and board specific code should be placed under 'arch/mips' directory.
The easiest choice is to create a directory called 'arch/mips/aloha'.
However, a couple of other considerations might make it slightly complicated.
- If Aloha uses a chipset or System on a Chip (SOC) that is already supported or belongs to a bigger family, such as NEC VR41xx and gt64120, it makes sense to put Aloha code under those sub-directories. You can re-use and share a lot of common code.
- Similarly, if Aloha is the first board that uses a chipset or SOC which is expected to be used in many other boards, you may want to create similar directory structure. However, if you are not sure, just create your own board specific directory.
In the past people have created directories based on the board manufacturer's name, such as "mips-boards". This generally is not a good idea. It is almost certain that some of these boards do not share anything common at all.
To make things worse, sometimes boards made by different companies use the same chipset or SOC. Now what are you going to do? Are you going to duplicate the common code? Or are you going stick one company's board under another company's name?
For header files, you usually create similar directory or header files under include/asm-mips. [DEBATE] For board specific header files, I would encourage people to place them under the corresponding 'arch/mips' directory if possible.
In our exmaple, we will create 'arch/mips/aloha' directory.
Write the minimum Aloha code
Let us write some code for the Aloha board which can generate a complete Linux image without complaining about missing symbols.
Go to this directory to browse 'arch/mips/aloha' directory. Or download the gzipped file of the directory.
Obviously the code is not complete yet, but if you follow the following steps and everything is correct, you should be able to generate a Linux/MIPS kernel image of your very own!
Hook up your code with the Linux tree
Most of the steps are fairly straightforward:
- include/asm-mip/bootinfo.h - Add your machine group ID, machine group name and Aloha machine ID.
- arch/mips/kernel/setup.c - Add 'aloha_setup' function declaration and invocation code.
- arch/mips/Makefile - Add a section that links your Aloha code in.
# # Hawaii Aloha board # ifdef CONFIG_ALOHA SUBDIRS += arch/mips/aloha LIBS += arch/mips/aloha/aloha.o LOADADDR += 0x80002000 endif
LOADADDR is the starting address for your Linux image when it is loaded into RAM. Note that the first 0x200 bytes are used by the exception vectors on most CPUs. Some CPUs will requries a larger space, so modify the LOADADDR accordingly. Due to the linker's addressing limit, the start address is aligned on a 8KB boundary, so setting your LOADADDR to 0x80002000 should be reasonable.
- arch/mips/config-shared.in - Add necessary config information for Aloha board.
- Add the following to 'Machine selection'.
dep_bool 'Support for Hawaii Aloha board (EXPERIMENTAL)' CONFIG_ALOHA $CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL
- Add a set of default configs for the board, which depends on the features and drivers that Linux port will supports. Here is a very simple example for our minimum Aloha board configurations.
if [ "$CONFIG_ALOHA" = "y" ]; then define_bool CONFIG_CPU_R4X00 y define_bool CONFIG_CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN y define_bool CONFIG_SERIAL y define_bool CONFIG_SERIAL_MANY_PORTS y define_bool CONFIG_NEW_IRQ y define_bool CONFIG_NEW_TIME_C y define_bool CONFIG_SCSI n fi
There are two kinds of configuration options here. The first kind are those you cannot select interactively during 'make config' or 'make menuconfig' or 'make xconfig'. Examples are CONFIG_NEW_IRQ and CONFIG_NEW_TIME_C. You must put them here, or else they will not get selected. The second kind of options are those you can select interactively, such as CONFIG_CPU_R4X00 and CONFIG_SERIAL. However you may also put them here if you know which selection is right for the board. This way people will make fewer mistakes when they configure for the board.
For instant gratification, you can find a complete patch for adding the Aloha board support to the Linux/MIPS CVS tree checked out on January 20, 2004.
Configure and build a kernel image
Now you are ready to run your favorite configuration tool. Since we do not have much code added yet, do not be too greedy with selecting options. Just pick a couple of simple options such as the serial and serial console.
- If you denoted the Aloha board support to be EXPERIMENTAL, select 'Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers' under 'Code maturity level options'.
- Select 'Support for Hawaii Aloha board' and unselect all other machines under 'Machine selection'.
- Select the right CPU. Under 'CPU selection' select your CPU. If there is no entry for the CPU on your board, you will need to add support for it. Most recent CPUs can generally run to some degree with CPU_R4X00.
- Under 'Character devices', select 'Standard/generic (8250/16550 and compatible UARTs) serial support' and 'Support for console on serial port'. Unselect the 'Virtual terminal' option.
- Under the 'Kernel hacking' option, select 'Are you using a crosscompiler'.
- For other options either take the default or select 'no'.
Here is a sample minimum config for our Aloha board.
Before you type 'make', double-check the 'arch/mips/Makefile' and make sure the cross-toolchain program names are correct and in your execution path i.e. your PATH environment variable.
Now type 'make dep' and 'make'. Then wait for a miracle to happen!
Early printk
Assuming you are lucky and actually generate an image from the last chapter, don't bother running it because you won't see anything. This is not strange because all our board-specific code is empty and we have not told Linux kernel anything about our serial port or I/O devices yet.
The sign of a live Linux kernel comes from the output of printk, which is routed to the first console. Since we have configured a serial console, we should be able to see something on the serial wire if we have set it up correctly.
Unfortunately, setup of the serial console happens much later during the kernel startup process. (See Appendix A for a chart of the kernel start-up sequence). Chances are your new kernel probably dies even before that. That is where the early printk patch comes in handy. It allows you to see printk as early as the first line of C code.
By the way the first line of C code for Linux MIPS is the first line of code of 'init_arch()' function in the 'arch/mips/setup.c' file.
For kernel version earlier than 2.4.10, you can find the early printk patch here for boards with standard UART serial ports. Starting from 2.4.10 and beyond, a new printk patch is needed. If you have already got the stand-alone "Hello, world!" program running, the early printk should be easy to get going, and you should have printk output from the Linux kernel very soon.
Serial driver and console
While early printk is rather useful, you still need to get the real serial driver working.
Assuming you have a standard serial port, there are two ways to add serial support: static defines and run-time setup.
With static defines, you modify the 'include/asm-mips/serial.h' file. Looking through the code, it is not difficult to figure out how to add support for your board's serial port(s).
As more boards are supported by Linux/MIPS, the 'serial.h' file gets crowded. One potential solution is to do run-time serial setup. Sometimes run-time serial setup is necessary if any of the parameters can only be detected at the run-time where settings are read from a non-volatile memory device or an option is passed on the kernel command line.
There are two elements to consider for doing run-time serial setup:
- Reserve the 'rs_table[]' size, see the 'drivers/char/serial.c' file. Unfortunately there is not a clean way to accomplish this yet. A temporary workaround is to define CONFIG_SERIAL_MANY_PORTS in 'arch/mips/config-shared.in' for your board. This configuration reserves up to 64 serial port entries for your board!
- Call the 'early_serial_setup()' routine in your board setup routine. Here is a piece of sample run-time initialization code.
Serial parameters
Most of the parameter settings are rather obvious. Here is a list of some less obvious ones:
- line
- Only used for run-time serial configuration. It is the index into the 'rs_table[] array'.
- io_type
- io_type determines how your serial registers are accessed. Two common types are SERIAL_IO_PORT and SERIAL_IO_MEM. A SERIAL_IO_PORT type driver uses the inb/outb macros to access registers whose base address is at port. In other words, if you specify SERIAL_IO_PORT as the io_type, you should also specify the port parameter.
For SERIAL_IO_MEM, the driver uses readb/writeb macros to access regsiters whose address is at iomem_base plus a shifted offset. The number of digits shifted is specified by iomem_reg_shift. For example, all the serial registers are placed at 4-byte boundary, then you have an iomem_reg_shift of 2.
Generally SERIAL_IO_PORT is for serial ports on an ISA bus and SERIAL_IO_MEM is for memory-mapped serial ports. There are also SERIAL_IO_HUB6 and SERIAL_IO_GSC. The HUB6 was a multi-port serial card produced by Bell Technologies. The GSC is a special bus found on PA-RISC systems. These options will not be used on any MIPS boards.
Non-standard serial ports
If you have a non-standard serial port, you will have to write your own serial driver.
Some people derive their code from the standard serial driver. Unfortunately this is a very daunting task. The 'drivers/char/serial.c' file has over 6000 lines of code!
Fortunately, there is an alternative [THANKS: Fillod Stephane]. There is a generic serial driver, 'drivers/char/generic_serial.c'. This file provides a set of serial routines that are hardware independent. Then your task is to provide only the routines that are hardware dependent such as the interrupt handler routine and low-level I/O functions. There are plenty of examples. Just look inside the 'drivers/char/Makefile' and look for drivers that link with 'generic_serial.o' file.
[HELP: Would appreciate if you can share your experience of writing proprietary serial driver code or using the 'generic_serial.c' file.]
For many Linux kernel developers, KGDB is a life-saving tool. With KGDB, you can debug the kernel while it runs! You can set breakpoints or do single stepping at the source code level.
To do this, you will need a dedicated serial port on your target, and use a crossover-cable (also known as a null-modem) to connect it to your development host. If you are also using a serial console, this implies you will need two serial ports on your target. It is possible to do both kernel debug and serial console through a single serial port. This will be mentioned later in this chapter.
When you configure the kernel, select the 'Remote GDB kernel debugging' which is listed under "Kernel hacking". Do a 'make clean' and recompile the kernel so that debugging symbols are compiled into your kernel image. Try to make a new image. You will soon discover two missing symbols in the final linking stage:
arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o: In function `getpacket': arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x85ac): undefined reference to `getDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x85cc): undefined reference to `getDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x8634): undefined reference to `getDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x864c): undefined reference to `getDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x8670): undefined reference to `putDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x8680): undefined reference to `putDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x8698): undefined reference to `putDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x86a0): undefined reference to `putDebugChar'
You need to supply these two functions for your own boards:
int putDebugChar(uint8 byte) uint8 getDebugChar(void)
As an example, here is the dbg_io.c for DDB5476 board. DDB5476 uses a standard UART serial port to implement those two functions.
After supplying those two functions, you are ready to debug the kernel. Run the new kernel image. If you also use the early printk patch, you should be able to see something like this on your console:
Wait for gdb client connection ...
Assuming you have already connected a cross-over serial cable between the dedicated serial port on the target and a serial port on your host (say, COM0), you can then set the appropriate baud rate and start the cross gdb on your host:
stty -F /dev/ttyS0 38400 mipsel-linux-gdb vmlinux
At the gdb prompt, type
target remote /dev/ttyS0
And, voila! You should be talking to the kernel through KGDB - if you are lucky enough!
A couple of tips on using KGDB:
- Any functions preceded with the '__init' label will not break very well with breakpoints. Sometimes it will screw up the line numbers of other functions in the same file. Try undefining __init to be an empty macro in your 'include/linux/init.h' file. Refer to the patch. [NOTE: This problem is fixed in the latest gdb version, at least in gdb 5.2]
- Sometimes if you break on a function, you cannot see the correct value in variables and cannot do back-tracing. This is probably because certain registers are still not initialized [HELP: because kernel is compiled with -O2 flag?]. Step into the function a couple of lines, and you should see the variable and back-tracing fine.
What if the board only has one serial port?
Some boards only have one serial port. If you use it as serial console, you cannot really use it for KGDB - unless you do some tricks to it.
There are two solutions. One is GDB console, and the other is to use a KGDB demuxing script.
It is easy to use the GDB console. When you select 'Remote GDB kernel debugging' under the 'Kernel hacking' sub-menu, you are also prompted for 'Console output to GDB'. Simply selecting that choice will work! In fact, this option is so easy to use you might want to use it even if you have a second serial port.
However, this option has a limit. When the kernel goes to userland, the console stops working. This is because the KGDB stub in the kernel and GDB are not designed to provide interactive output. [HELP: any volunteers?]
The second option uses a script called 'kgdb_demux' written by Brian Moyle. It creates two virtual ports, typically ttya0 and ttya1. It then listens to the real serial port (such as ttyS0). It will forward console traffic to ttya0 and KGDB traffic to ttya1. All you have to do then is to start minicom on /dev/ttya0 (port setting does not matter) and KGDB on /dev/ttya1.
You can download the tarball here. A couple of usage tips.
- Untar the file to some place.
- Copy kgdb_demux script to your execution path, and modify it properly.
- Set the port parameters properly before you start kgdb_demux.
Next page: CPU Support


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U.S. merchants could sell up to 10 million bales of American cotton to Chinese textile mills this marketing year — if they can find a way to move those bales out of the country, says Globecot Chairman and CEO Ed Jernigan.
Jernigan's 10-million-bale estimate is 2 million to 3 million bales above the consensus of most U.S. cotton analysts and could have major ramifications for New York cotton futures if Chinese mills buy and U.S. merchants can transport that much cotton.
Currently, Globecot, a Nashville, Tenn.-based international marketing information services and cotton-trading firm, is forecasting total Chinese cotton consumption at 46 million bales, 3 million bales higher than USDA's latest estimate for the 2005-'06 marketing year.
"On one side, we are very bullish on consumption, given the level of investment the Chinese have been making in their textile sector," said Jernigan. He noted that investment was up 57 percent for January-November 2005 compared to the same period in 2004.
"That level of investment — which was up from a record level in 2004 — has driven China's consumption much higher than many would have expected."
China's National Bureau of Statistics is projecting Chinese 2005-'06 cotton consumption at 9.7 million metric tons or the equivalent of 44.566 million 480-pound bales. "With the much higher level of investment that is occurring, that could take us up to 49 million to 50 million bales," says Jernigan.
On the other hand, the Chinese government's "slow release" of quotas and imposition of import taxes ranging from 1 percent to 5 percent on cotton imports above the quota level of 4 million bales is forcing mills to pay higher prices for cotton. As a result, domestic prices have rallied 25 percent from a year ago.
"The price situation means that the mills are seeing their margins squeezed," he said. "For that reason, I'm a little more cautious than I have been."
Most forecasts now put China's 2005-'06 production at 26 million bales, which, if Jernigan's 46-million-bale consumption estimate is on target, would leave a gap between supply and demand of 20 million bales.
He believes the United States can fill at least half of that gap if merchants can resolve some of the transportation problems that have beset the industry, particularly on the Texas High Plains.
Reports indicate that warehouses on the High Plains, where growers are harvesting a record 5.63-million-bale crop, are running more than two weeks behind on shipments due to a shortage of trucks and lack of inside storage.
USDA's Farm Service Agency recently issued rules allowing temporary outside yard storage for 2005-crop cotton after merchants complained about contamination of bales that had to be stacked outside after the crop overwhelmed existing warehouse space.
The USDA notice (BCD-117) requires warehouses to identify bales that are being stored outside and establishes time limits to encourage warehouses to move the cotton to indoor storage as quickly as possible.
"We believe that the United States could sell 10 million bales to China in 2005-'06, but the question is can we ship it?" said Jernigan. "I think we can."
The much-maligned Step 2 payment that the United States government has promised to eliminate by the end of the current marketing year could be a positive for helping merchants reach that 10-million-bale figure.
"Merchants will get 3 cents a pound from Step 2 if they ship the cotton before July 31," said Jernigan, "and they get zero if they ship it after that. I'll bet they can figure out some way to get the cotton shipped."
It's ironic that the U.S. cotton industry, which profited from China's infrastructure problems for years, now faces similar problems of its own. For years, it reportedly was cheaper for Chinese mills to import cotton from overseas than to move it from the interior — where most of the cotton was grown — to mills, which were mostly located in coastal areas.
"China has invested billions and billions of dollars in its infrastructure," says Jernigan, whose company is involved in a number of joint ventures with Chinese firms. "Their ports are more modern than ours."
Cotton market "bulls" have been counting on increased U.S. sales and shipments to China to help keep carryover stocks down and New York futures in the mid- to upper-50-cents range.
"Were it not for China I would be worried about the 6.9-million-bale carryover levels for the current year (U.S. crop)," said O.A. Cleveland, professor emeritus with Mississippi State University, who spoke recently at the Cotton Economic Outlook Symposium at the Beltwide Cotton Conferences in San Antonio, Texas.
Cleveland, who works with Globecot on some projects, indicated he agrees more with Globecot's take on the Chinese supply/demand situation than with that of USDA and other forecasting institutions.
"China, as we have said for years, is the future of cotton as their cotton consumption continues to grow and will expand again next year," he noted. "Globecot has been predicting China would consume 45 million to 46 million bales for a year now, and they are proving to be correct again."
As of early January, the United States had sold 5.2 million bales of cotton to China in the 2005-'06 marketing year that begin Aug. 1 and appeared to be on track to sell between 7 million and 8 million bales by the time the marketing year ends in July. The 5.2 million bales are more than the United States shipped to China in 2004-05 (5.05 million).
The prospects for increased sales to China are critically important if merchants are to meet or exceed USDA's U.S. export forecast of 16.4 million bales for the current marketing year. China has been purchasing from 130,000 to 250,000 bales per week, sometimes accounting for half or more of U.S. weekly sales.
Analysts say U.S. export sales must average about 325,000 bales per week to keep from falling below the 16.4-million-bale export estimate. If the latter happens, the 2005-'06 carryover stocks will rise above USDA's current forecast of 6.9 million bales. When carryover stocks rise, market prices generally fall.
But sales of 10 million bales to China could help reduce carryover stocks to 3.9 million to 4.9 million bales, not a burdensome level at all, according to analysts.
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Happy Birthday, Elvis! Wherever you are.
*sigh* and THUD
It was hard, picking a clip to share with all y'all. This is one of my favourite moments from the '68 Comeback Special. I still squee every time I see it. Hope you enjoy it, Elvis "unplugged" in black leather is a sight to behold.
Now if you'll excuse me, I'm going to go watch an Elvis movie.


text:
Preshil is easily accessible by public transport and dedicated school buses.
Preshil is in Zone 1. Auburn Railway Station is within walking distance to either Campus. It is situated on the Belgrave and Lilydale train lines however there are some express trains that do not stop at Auburn Station.
There are 3 tram lines all within short walking distance, Route 72 travels along Burke Rd, Route 16 travels along Glenferrie Rd and Route 109 travels along Cotham/Whitehorse Rd.
A bus service (624) stops outside Carey Grammar School, which is a short walk from either Campus, and runs between Kew & Oakleigh. The 548 bus leaves Latrobe Uni through Ivanhoe & stops nearby on Cotham Rd.
Further info about public transport including detailed ticket, route & timetable information can be found on the PTV website here.
© 2019 Preshil.


text:
Difference between revisions of "Edinburgh"
Revision as of 12:43, 26 January 2011
Edinburgh (Gaelic: Dùn Èideann; [9]) is the capital of Scotland located in the Central Belt region of the country. With a population of approximately 450,000 (1 million in the city region), "Auld Reekie" (Edinburgh) manages to combine both ancient and modern in a uniquely Scottish atmosphere. Watched over by the imposing castle, the symbol of the city, Edinburgh combines medieval relics, Georgian grandeur and a powerful layer of modern life with contemporary avant-garde. In Edinburgh, medieval palaces rub shoulders with the best of modern architecture, Gothic churches with amazing museums and galleries. Scotland's throbbing night-life centre, Edinburgh, "the Athens of the North", is also a feast for the mind and the senses, playing host to great restaurants, shops and an unequaled programme of city festivals throughout the year. Hogmanay, the Scottish New Year, kicks off the festivities, which culminate in the high summer with the Tattoo, the International and the Fringe, amongst many others.
The Old and New Towns of Edinburgh were listed as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 1995. In 2004, Edinburgh became the first member of the UNESCO Creative Cities initiative when it was designated a City of Literature.
In a 2009 poll by YouGov, Edinburgh was voted the most desirable city to live in the UK.
Edinburgh is on the east coast of Scotland's central Lowlands, situated on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth. Edinburgh's landscape is the product of ancient volcanism (both the Castle crag and Arthur's Seat are the eroded plugs of volcanoes) and more recent glaciation (carving out valleys south of the castle and the old Nor'Loch, presently the site of the Princes Street Gardens). Impress the locals by knowing that Princes Street is the correct spelling (dedicated plurally and not possessively for King George III's sons - hence the absence of an apostrophe). Don't make the mistake of pronouncing it Princess Street - though many of the locals won't know the difference! And watch out for these two commonly mis-pronounced streets as well: Cockburn (coe-burn) and Buccleuch (buh-clue) are nearly always gotten wrong, to the amusement of the locals.
Edinburgh's historic centre is bisected by Princes Street Gardens, a broad swathe of parkland in the heart of the city. Southwards of the gardens is the castle, perched on top of an extinct volcanic crag, and flanked by the medieval streets of the Old Town following the Royal Mile along the ridge to the east. To the north of Princes Street Gardens lies Princes Street itself - Edinburgh's main shopping boulevard - and the Georgian period New Town, built after 1766 on a regular grid plan.
Edinburgh has been the royal capital of Scotland since 1437.
Edinburgh is noted as a long-lived literary capital of the English-speaking world.
The great Scottish historical novelist Sir Walter Scott was born in the city and has his great monument on Princes Street. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was also a native of Edinburgh.
More recently, Edinburgh has variously been the home and inspiration for such well-known modern writers as Muriel Spark (author of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie), Irvine Welsh (author of the 1993 novel Trainspotting, set in the gritty district of Leith), Ian Rankin (a crime writer best known for the Inspector Rebus series, set in Edinburgh), Alexander McCall Smith (The No. 1 Lady Detective's Agency and several novels set in the Scottish capital) and J.K. Rowling of Harry Potter fame.
Edinburgh's climate is most comfortable for the traveler from May to September. That said, the weather in Edinburgh is always changeable and visitors should expect both sunshine and rain, whatever the season. Edinburgh tends to get windy while it rains as well, so be sure to pack either a raincoat or a sturdy umbrella! Many a tourist has abandoned an inverted umbrella due to the persistent, whipping winds. Summer, the main festival season, combines long daylight hours with lengthy evenings (being so far north, it rarely gets dark before 10 or 11 at night!). Winter can be bitterly cold, with short daylight hours, but Edinburgh has an abundance of indoor attractions and activities that make the cold winter days fly by. In other words, bring a coat big lad, will ya?
When to go
Travellers should note that Edinburgh becomes overwhelmingly crowded (accommodation-wise) during the main festival periods of high summer (August to early September) and Hogmanay (around New Year's Day / 1 January). Visitors at these times should plan well ahead (even more than a year in advance!) for booking central accommodation and event tickets at these times.
Get in
By plane
Edinburgh International Airport (IATA: EDI) [10], is situated some 10 miles west of the city. The airport offers a wide range of domestic and international flights to Europe and North America. Many visitors to the city arrive via a connecting flight from London. Edinburgh Airport does, however, have a daily flight to and from Newark (Continental Airlines), a short drive from New York City and also a daily flight to and from Atlanta, Georgia and New York City (Delta Air Lines). In comparison to most Scottish airports, Edinburgh's European flight network is well developed, with frequent scheduled flights to destinations such as Amsterdam, Berlin, Brussels, Copenhagen, Dublin, Frankfurt, Geneva, Helsinki, Kaunas, Madrid, Milan, Munich, Oslo, Paris, Rome, Stockholm,Warsaw and Zurich.
A dedicated airport bus service, Airlink Express [11], service 100, runs from outside the terminal building to Edinburgh city centre (Waverley Bridge) at least every 10 minutes until 00.22 and then every 30 minutes until 04.45. The bus leaves from Waverley Bridge (opposite entrance to train station) for the Airport at the same intervals 24/7. Adult fares are £3.50 for a single, £6 for an open return and the journey takes an average 25 mins. The buses offer free wi-fi connection, sockets for charging electrical equipment, CCTV allowing top-deck passengers to monitor their luggage, and electronic "next-stop" information. The Airlink buses have a dedicated blue livery which makes them easy to distinguish from the rest of the Lothian fleet.
A cheaper alternative is the ordinary Lothian Buses service 35, which runs from the bus stance outside the arrivals building to Ocean Terminal via the Royal Mile/High Street. Although much slower and with less provision for baggage than the 100, it is far cheaper at £1.20 a single and also allows the use of day tickets and other options that work on all Lothian Buses services, a great option for getting straight to the city if travelling lightly or on a budget.
By train
The main railway station in Edinburgh is called Waverley Railway Station [12] and is an attraction in itself. First opened in 1846, Waverley Station was rebuilt 1892-1902. It lies between the Old and New Towns, adjacent to Princes Street, Edinburgh Castle and the Princes Street Gardens, where it serves over 14 million people per annum. Despite various refurbishments, the past still survives in the station's elaborate, domed ceiling where wreathed cherubs leap amid a wealth of scrolled ironwork.
Waverley Station is a major hub for the Scottish rail network, operated by First Scotrail [13]. There is an hourly service to Dundee and Aberdeen, and two hourly to Inverness. Shuttle trains to Glasgow (Queen Street) run every 15 minutes throughout the day, dropping to 30 minutes on evenings and Sundays, and the journey takes 45-50 minutes. Some services run to Glasgow Central instead, but run via Lanarkshire with many more stops. Certain National Express East Coast trains originating from London also continue to Glasgow Central - again your ticket will be valid on these services but the journey will take slightly longer than the shuttle.
The vast majority of train services to Edinburgh from London (and most of eastern England) are operated by East Coast (which replaced National Express on 14 November 2009) [14]; an hourly service leaves from London Kings Cross station throughout the day until 6PM. Journey time is between 4hrs 20min and 5 hours. The cheapest tickets (£16 to £90) are advance single (one-way) fares for a fixed train time bought 2-12 weeks in advance, and the flexible Saver Ticket (roughly £100 single or return) is not valid at some times to/from London. Virgin Trains [15] operate a once daily service from London Euston via the West Coast route and a 2 hourly service from Birmingham New Street with an average journey time of 4hrs 4 mins.
For a different travel experience from London, try the Caledonian Sleeper service [16], which runs every night from London's Euston Station except Saturdays, and the journey takes approximately 8 hours. Bear in mind that if you are travelling alone you may have to share the sleeping compartment with a stranger of the same sex. Tickets can be booked in the usual manner at any main line railway station in Britain, and the cost of a return journey to Edinburgh from London varies from around £100 for two one-way "Advance" tickets rising to the full open return fare of £165. You can also travel for around £23 one-way in a seated carriage or £95 return (full fare). BritRail passes can be used to reserve tickets on the sleeper trains.
However, heavily discounted one-way tickets on the Caledonian Sleeper known as "Bargain Berths" are available for £19, £29, £39 or £49 depending on how early you book, but, confusingly, these cannot be bought from a railway station in the normal way but only from the First ScotRail website, and you will be emailed an e-ticket (similar to an airline), which you must print out and show to the conductor at the platform before getting on the train.
Trains to other English cities are operated by Arriva Cross Country (services via York, Birmingham and central England to the south coast and West Country) and Trans-Pennine Express (services to Manchester via Carlisle) from Waverley.
The "charged by the piece" left luggage service at Waverley railway station is much more expensive than the lockers a few blocks away at the Edinburgh bus station on St. Andrew's Square.
There is a second railway station in the centre of Edinburgh, Haymarket, around a mile to the west of Waverley. If you are arriving from the north, west or southwest, Haymarket is a better station to exit at if you are heading straight for the airport, zoo, or modern art gallery or if your accommodation is on the west side of town as you will avoid the city centre traffic, and it is on the major westbound bus routes.
Both Waverley and Haymarket stations had ticket barriers installed in 2004 so you will need to purchase a ticket in order to enter or leave the platform area. If you get on a train at an unmanned station, you can purchase a ticket from the conductor on the train or a ticket inspector near the barrier gates: note that there is usually a long queue during the peak rush hour period. The barrier gates will retain single journey tickets so be sure to get a receipt if you need one. If you have the larger kind of ticket that does not fit in the barrier, you will need to go to the gate manned by a member of staff who will check your ticket and let you through. If you do not have a ticket, you will need to go to the ticket office behind the barrier (platform 14 at Waverley) to buy one.
Edinburgh Park is a new train station that opened in 2004, which is some way from the city centre, serves business parks and "The Gyle" shopping centre. It should be noted that direct trains from Glasgow do not call at this station. You must either change in Linlithgow or travel past Edinburgh Park and change at Haymarket to double back on a train bound for Dunblane or Bathgate.
By road
By road, Edinburgh can be reached most immediately by the M8 motorway (from Glasgow and the west), M9 (from Stirling and the north-west), A90/M90 (from Perth, Dundee and northern Scotland), the A1 (from Newcastle upon Tyne and north-east England) and A702/M74 (from Carlisle and north-western England).
From London the fastest route to Edinburgh is the M1 motorway, followed by the A1(M) and the A1 - a journey of 398 miles and approximately 8-9 hrs driving time.
Edinburgh is not a particularly car friendly city with the myriad of one-way streets and the Old Town's medieval layout, and the dedication of parking wardens to ticketing anything that is not moving is legendary. In addition, the works to install the new tram line will be ongoing until 2012, and have caused numerous road closures and diversions throughout the City Centre and Leith. Finding parking can be difficult, though there are several multi-story car parks in the city centre (Castle Terrace for the West End, try St James Centre or Greenside at the East End). It is often cheaper and quicker to use the new Park and Ride systems now in place on all approaches to the City, (National Park and Ride Directory is available online [17]), so it's even easy to just abandon your car on the outskirts. For visitors arriving from the M8, follow directions for Edinburgh Airport to reach Ingliston Park and Ride; this facility is half a mile from the airport terminal.
By bus
The city is served by the major inter-city bus companies from around Scotland and England. Most long distance services start and end in the Bus Station in St Andrew Square. The left luggage lockers at the Bus station are much cheaper than the "charged by the piece" left luggage service at Waverly train station.
By boat
Get around
Edinburgh is a compact city - most of the sights and major tourist attractions are within the Old Town and New Town and are no further than a 15 minute walk apart. Walking along elegant or atmospheric streets is one of the pleasures of the city. There are however, a number of hills to be navigated; for example from Princes Street, up The Mound towards Edinburgh Castle requires some significant legwork, but it's worth it for the views en route.
The city's public transport system is relatively poor next to London and other major European cities - being heavily reliant on buses, which have to navigate the city's sometimes bustling traffic. Congestion charging similar to that found in the English capital has been proposed but was defeated at a referendum. Equally, the suburban railway network is very sparse compared to that of Glasgow, although there have been some slow and steady improvements over the years with work now begun on a tram system linking the city centre to Leith and to the airport. The tram line is due to open in 2012.
By bus
Edinburgh has two main bus companies, Lothian [21], which is majority-owned by the Edinburgh City Council, and First [22], a private operator. These two companies share the same bus stops, but the route numbers and tickets are not interchangeable and they operate different fare structures.
Lothian are the larger operator in the city itself whose distinctive madder-red (burgundy) and cream coloured buses had become as much a symbol of Edinburgh as its buildings. For some reason Lothian saw this as a negative and this livery was almost completely phased out in favour of Harlequin colours, which are predominantly white, with red and gold rhombuses of different sizes along the sides. Some of the more important routes also have different colours on the front and roof of the bus to help passengers spot their required bus. As of March 2010, they have started to repaint the fleet into the traditional "madder" livery. By 2012, the Harlequin livery will have been consigned to the history books, but in the short term travellers should be aware that both colour schemes will be in operation.
Single tickets for Lothian Buses are £1.20 (70p for under 16s) and are valid for only one journey. If you have to change bus, you have to buy another £1.20 ticket! Bear in mind that bus drivers will not give change, so save up those £1.00 and 20p coins. Some busy stops on main routes have red ticket machines, which sell single tickets for £1.10, as well as day tickets (no discount). The machines do not give change either.
More conveniently, Lothian offer an all-day ticket for £3.00 (as of June 2010) that covers all transport (except sightseeing, airport express and night services). The all-day ticket is a great way to see the city without the expense of the tour buses, as you can get on and off all Lothian buses for the whole day. Kids' day tickets are generously discounted to £2.40.
Lothian are in the process of rolling out their BusTracker[23] service. This provides "real time" bus service information. Electronic signs are being installed along major routes, showing the wait time for the next bus on each service at that stop. Online, it's possible to view the information for every bus stop in the city, not just those stops with electronic signs. Every stop has a unique eight-figure code, which are listed on the website and also displayed at the stop. You can access Bus Tracker via a mobile phone at mobile.mybustracker.co.uk. A free apps named "Edinbus" for iPhone and "My Bus Edinburgh" for Andriod provide similar information with route maps and a stop locator.
First [24] buses mostly service farther-flung areas to the east and west of the city.
Edinburgh Coach Lines operate service 13 [25], a bus of use to many visitors as it is the only route serving the National Gallery of Modern Art and the Dean Gallery. Single tickets are in line with Lothian fares at £1.20 for adults and 70p for children (under 16). Lothian season tickets and day tickets are not valid on service 13.
There are also four companies that operate sightseeing buses [26], all of which are now owned by Lothian Buses. All have a policy that a sightseeing ticket is valid for 24 hours, so you can get around central Edinburgh quite handily using the sightseeing buses. Each sightseeing bus follows a different route around the city, but they all start and finish at Waverley Bridge, adjacent to Waverley Station on Princes Street.
By train
A small number of suburban rail routes run from Waverley station, most of the stations lying in the south west and south east suburbs of the city, and are useful for reaching the outer suburbs and towns of Balerno, Currie, Wester Hailes, Portobello, Prestonpans, Musselburgh and a useful link to Edinburgh Park which is adjacent to the Gyle shopping complex. Services to North Berwick, Bathgate or Glasgow Central will make stops at these various stations. Note that standard National Rail fares apply to these trains - there are no credible daily season ticket options available. Check at the station before you board!
The "charged by the piece" left luggage service at Waverly train station is far more expensive than the storage lockers a few blocks away at the Bus station on St Andrew's square.
By car
Central Edinburgh is a nightmare to drive in, particularly the Old Town with its tangle of medieval streets with their associated one way systems. The New Town fares slightly better, but the scourge of the city is the infamous parking attendants, locally known as "Blue Meanies" who mercilessly swoop on vehicles which may have only been illegally parked for a matter of minutes. Edinburgh operates a "controlled parking zone" - on-street parking is illegal within a large central area (see map [27]) without a residents parking permit. Parking fines are £40 and vehicles parked in an obstructive manner are liable to be towed away with a £150 release fee to be paid for its retrieval. Even the suburbs (especially Morningside, The Grange, The Meadows) have little parking available (and on-street parking is illegal within the controlled parking zone). Take a bus and/or walk. Leith seems to fare a bit better for parking, but there's no guarantee. Park and Ride facilities provide access to the city centre [28]. Additionally, until 2012 drivers should take heed of tram construction taking place at various loctions throughout the city centre, Leith, and the west of the city.
By foot
Edinburgh is a beautiful city that's full of history. There is no better way to see it than to walk.
By tram
There is a single tram line currently being built in Edinburgh that will link Leith on the east to Edinburgh Airport on the west, passing through the New Town in the city centre. This is due to be finished by 2012, but disputes with the main construction contractor and delays in construction may mean that the project will not be completed until 2014, if at all. As it will link the airport, rugby stadium, both main train stations, Princes Street, Leith and the Cruise Liner terminal it may be helpful for some visitors to the city. However, buses are likely to remain the main and most practical method of public transport in Edinburgh for the foreseeable future.
By taxi
Like most major British cities, Edinburgh offers a choice between Black Cabs, carrying up to 5 passengers, which can be hailed on the street, and minicabs, which must be pre-booked. Black cabs display an orange light above the windscreen to indicate that they are available to hire. It's usually quite easy to find a cab in and around the city centre, and on the main radial routes running out of the centre. There are also Taxi Ranks dotted around the city, where black cabs will line up to be hired. Taxi Rank locations include:
The main taxi firms operating within the city are:
For the budget-conscious and/or avid sightseer, the Edinburgh Pass [30] is well worth bearing in mind, offering a maximum of £155 worth of entry to 27 of Edinburgh's top attractions, a 90-page guidebook, retail and restaurant offers and discounts. All this, as well as free public transport around the city and airport transfers. A one-day pass costs £24, two days £36, three days £48. Can be purchased online or at Tourist Information Centres.
If you are staying in Scotland a little while, it might be worth getting a Historic Scotland Membership [31]. Passes last for a year, and cost about £40 for adults and £30 for concessions (including full-time students). They provide unlimited access to about 70 paying sites in Scotland, including Edinburgh's Castle and Craigmillar Castle. You also get a lot of discounts for their shops, a quarterly magazine, and 50% off all English, Welsh and Manx historical sites.
Museum and galleries
Refer to the district articles for listings.
Edinburgh in the summer becomes "festival city" when a huge number of major national and international arts festivals are hosted by the city. Most of these occur virtually simultaneously in August. These cater for a wide variety of interests and include:
One important thing to decide when planning a trip to Edinburgh is whether you wish to go at festival time, which runs from early August through to mid-September. Hotel rooms in and around the city are noticeably much more expensive then, and you will need to book well (at least six months!) in advance.
Edinburgh in the winter festive season is also huge with various concerts and other activities taking place starting a couple of weeks before Christmas and running up to a week into January. Princes Street Gardens play host to a Big Wheel, outdoor ice rink and various festive markets. As in most of the rest of Scotland, Hogmanay, the New Year celebrations, are the main focus of the festive season rather than Christmas. On the night itself whole sections of central Edinburgh are roped off and accessible only by ticket for the Hogmanay street party [57], which takes place across several stages and is easily the largest in Scotland.
Edinburgh is host to a number of higher and further education organisations including 4 Universities. The following offer summer schools of a week or more on topics such as creative writing or printmaking:
Edinburgh is a popular destination for language students, looking to learn English, or build on their existing English language skills. Most schools offer a "homestay" option where accommodation is with a local family, which can be a great introduction to Scottish life. Language schools in the city include:
Refer to individual district articles for detailed listings.
Edinburgh is a great city for the food lover. There is a vast selection of eateries scattered throughout every part of the city, catering for all tastes, prices and styles - from fast-food to Michelin-starred grandeur. Just be careful around the castle and in the Grassmarket area, where many restaurants are tourist traps. Refer to the District articles for individual listings.
As well as the centre of Edinburgh, it is also worth checking out Leith and the West End when looking for a place to eat.
Rose St, running parallel to Princes St is a pedestrian precinct that has a huge number of pubs offering a variety of pub fare food.
And if you're up to it, be sure to drop by a chippy (fish and chip shop) and experience such Scottish delights as deep fried pizza, deep fried hamburgers, deep fried Black Pudding (a type of blood sausage), deep fried haggis and deep fried Mars bars. Edinburgh chippys are unique in the UK for offering salt'n'sauce as standard in place of the salt'n'vinegar usually provided elsewhere in the country. The sauce is a kind of runny, vinegary version of HP or Daddys style brown sauce. Most chippys will provide vinegar on request if you prefer, but you really should try salt'n'sauce at least once!
There are establishments to suit all tastes scattered throughout every pocket of the city. Be careful, some of the more local pubs can be a little rough around the edges, especially in Leith.
For a non-alcoholic beverage give Scotland's second national drink a try - Irn-Bru . It's a great cure for hangover.
As for Scotland's first drink, you will find The Scotch Whisky Heritage Centre [63] at the top of The Royal Mile, which offers an interactive "tour" of the history and practise of Whisky distilling. This is a good place to go if you want to sample whisky, as they have a very large selection (200+?) at reasonable rates. Older whiskys tend to cost more. The atmosphere is less pub-like than some might like as it tends to be fairly quiet - if you don't fancy the interactive tour and just want to try some whiskys then check the listings for some good whisky pubs. The food is reasonably priced and fairly good.
See the district articles for individual listings.
Edinburgh has been established as a tourist destination for centuries, and so there is a huge choice of accommodation available for travellers. If you're planning a visit during festival time (August), around Christmas and New Year, or on the weekend of a Scotland home game in the 6-nations Rugby [64] (Mar/Apr, 2 or 3 matches per year), then you will find that all types of accommodation get booked up well in advance, and a premium may be applied to the room-rate. It's not impossible to get somewhere to stay at short notice at these times, but you won't be able to be fussy and it will probably be expensive. Note however that the average cost of hotel accommodation in Edinburgh is higher than anywhere else in Scotland.
For those on a budget, there are cheap youth hostels available with prices from £10 and above. The private/independent hostels centre around the Cowgate area, the lower Royal Mile and its side streets. The hostels of the HI affiliated Scottish Youth Hostel Association [65] can be booked on-line and are an especially good deal during summer, when the SYHA rents student accommodation as summer hostels: Single rooms in the city centre for a very modest price.
There are Guest Houses and small hotels dotted around almost every part of the city, however there are high concentrations in 2 areas, namely around Newington Road and Minto Street on the South side, and on Pilrig Street and Newhaven Road in Leith. Both areas are within a brisk 15-20 minute walk of the city centre and both have excellent round-the-clock bus services. If arriving in town without having booked accomodation, it may be worth heading for one or other of these areas and looking out for the "Vacancies" signs, though probably not during the festival or around Hogmanay.
Some of the Guest Houses and even hotels can be booked for as little as the hostels at certain times of year, while more upmarket accommodation ranges from boutique B&B's, with just a few rooms, lovingly run by a family, to world-renowned large 5-star hotels.
Another good alternative for accommodation is self-catering holiday apartments. Edinburgh has a wide offer of short term holiday apartments steps away from its main tourist attractions. It is a great opportunity to experience the city as a local. Apartments can be booked on-line. For summer months, especially August, it is highly recommended to book well in advance as most tourists tend to make their bookings in February for this period.
Due to the excellent and frequent rail links between the two cities, savvy travellers can cut the costs by basing themselves in Glasgow, where deals in mainstream chain hotels are easier to come by - and you get the advantage of being able to "do" both cities - bear in mind of course when your last train leaves!
Multiple internet cafés and hotspot venues exist throughout Edinburgh (see district articles for details).
Stay safe
In general Edinburgh can be considered a safe destination for visitors, but like all other major cities, it pays to remain attentive and use some common sense.
Stay healthy
In emergency, dial 999 (preferably from a landline, a free call from any phone including payphones), 112 also works. For advice on non-emergency medical problems, you can ring the 24-hour NHS 24 service on 08454 242424.
During normal shopping hours (Monday to Friday 9am-5.30pm, Saturday 9am-12.30pm), you won't have any problem locating a pharmacy as they are dotted all around the city. Any row of local shops will usually include one. Common brands include Boots (city centre branches in the New Town at St James Shopping Centre, 11 Princes Street, 101-103 Princes Street and 48 Shandwick Place; in the Old Town at 40-44 North Bridge), Alliance and Numark.
Outside of these hours you will face more of a challenge. There are no 24 h pharmacies in the city. In the city centre the best option is probably the Boots branch at 48 Shandwick Place (western extension of Princes Street), which opens 7.30am to 8pm Monday to Friday, 8am to 6pm Saturday, and 10.30am to 4.30pm Sunday.
Some of the major supermakets include a pharmacy counter, but note that the pharmacy does not necessarily follow the same opening hours as the supermarket itself. The pharmacy counter within the Tesco supermarket at 7 Broughton Road in Canonmills is quite close to the city centre and opens 8am to 8pm Monday to Saturday and 10am to 5pm on Sunday.
Many countries run consulates in Edinburgh [69]
Clothing Repairs
Cash Machines
Almost all cash machines in Edinburgh will dispense Scottish bank notes, but there are a few listed here that usually have Bank of England notes, which may be convenient if you are leaving Scotland, (for more info see Scotland#Currency).
Get out


text:
June 21, 2004
From Prada purses and SUVs to Tiffany jewelry and designer clothes, these pre-teens and teens are obsessed with luxury items. Dr. Phil talks to parents and kids about materialism and values.
Fashion Foreclosure
Theresa has maxed out her credit cards and put her family in debt to buy luxury items for her kids. Her daughter Leah, 17, has everything a teen could ask for, and now wants a Cadillac or Lexus SUV.
"You're creating a monster," says Dr. Phil.
Designer Daughter
Ryan and Alyse are concerned about their very fashion- and label-conscious daughter, who's only 11. Is this the media's influence and how do they rescue her values?
Dr. Phil talks with their daughter.
"Material Girl"
Erica, 17, looks up to rich girls like Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie, and says it's just a matter of time before she's rich and famous too. Her mother Alana thinks Erica's obsessed with this fantasy.


text:
In response to a recent post from Fabien Potencier with some reasons to use the Symfony2 framework, Evan Coury has posted some of his thoughts on why to use the Zend Framework (now in v2 stable).
Fabien Potencier just wrote an interesting post where he outlines what he believes to be the selling points of the Symfony project. First, let me point out that all of his points are 100% valid, and there's no doubt that Symfony is a great framework. I have great respect for Fabien and the Symfony project as a whole. That said, my concern with Fabien's post is that usually "selling points" for something imply that they are things that set something apart from the alternatives.
He goes through some of Fabien's points and makes his own counterpoints from the perspective of someone that's involved in the development of the Zend Framework. He notes that several of the points Fabien made are also valid about the ZF community and project as well - thriving community, a component-driven framework, code reuse, etc.
In closing, I'd like to re-iterate that Symfony 2 and Zend Framework 2 are both fantastic frameworks with a ton of brilliant people behind them. While Fabien makes some realistic points about things that make Symfony a great framework, he failed to point out that the same can be said about not only Zend Framework, but a handful of other high-quality PHP frameworks as well.


text:
lindam necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 95 diseños de 31 diseñadores freelance.
Doggy Paddle Products llc
This is a company that encompasses unique ideas about dogs. In fact we have created the 1st trademarked all encompassing breed for Mutts and that company's branding is done. However we've never designed a logo for our holding company Doggy Paddle Products.llc. What out of the box picture do you have in your mind right now? Give it a shot. Let's get a unique logo designed for Doggy Paddle Products. Looking for CREATIVE, UNIQUE, OUT OF THE BOX ideas. Good Luck!
Dog owners, owners of Muttts, rescue organizations, shelters, Big pet brand companies.
Unique, one that makes people smile when they see it (humor). All ideas will be seriously & professionally considered.
1. No Cartoons - we want it to be playful but not cheap or childlike
2. Nothing too elegant - we do not want to come across as being fancy. We do want to appeal to C level executives at large Pet Brand Companies however.
3. Please feel free to experiment with colors!
4. We will want files that allow us to print on dark clothing as well as white/light.The files we will require are:
Print file format - .
Web file format - .jpg .psd (RGB);
Version to print on black material - psp
5. Please do not use any often seen stock images. No clip art in the logo
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


text: Home- Academics- Departments and Programs- East Asian Languages and Literatures- Facilities Menu Menu East Asian Languages and Literatures Facilities We conduct our studies of East Asian languages and literatures in the well-equipped study spaces of Lawrence Hall. Join us in our exploration of this fascinating discipline and its cultural assets. Japanese Studies Center The center is located in Lawrence Hall (campus map). It provides the department with a seminar room dedicated to the discipline, as well as a multipurpose room with a Japanese-style tatami section and Tokonoma. The center includes computer and audiovisual resources that are complemented by a library of Japanese reference works, films, periodicals, and current newspapers for you to consult during your studies of Japanese language and culture. Japan Club activities also are frequently held at the Japanese Studies Center. Robert Ho Center for Chinese Studies This center, dedicated to Chinese studies, includes modern classrooms and a reading room with Asian architectural features. It also includes a kitchen, audiovisual equipment, newspapers, journals, reference materials, and an expanding collection of books on China that you can use and reference during your studies. The center also is frequently home to extracurricular activities such as brushwriting, celebrations of Chinese festivals, and meetings of the Chinese Interest Association (CIA). Academics Majors and Minors Departments and Programs Africana and Latin American Studies Art and Art History Asian Studies Biology Chemistry The Classics Computer Science East Asian Languages and Literatures Academic Program Department Courses Faculty and Staff Facilities Economics Educational Studies English Environmental Studies Film and Media Studies Geography Geology German History International Relations Jewish Studies LGBTQ Studies Linguistics Mathematics Medieval & Renaissance Studies Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies Music Native American Studies Neuroscience Peace and Conflict Studies Philosophy Physics & Astronomy Political Science Psychological and Brain Sciences Religion Romance Languages and Literatures Russian and Eurasian Studies Sociology and Anthropology Theater Women's Studies Writing and Rhetoric Off-Campus Study Core Curriculum Research Fellowships & Scholarships Scholars Programs Pre-Professional Planning Academic Calendar University Catalogue Course Offerings Libraries RELATED LINKS


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Fall is here! Thanks for an incredible summer — so many great shows all over the West. We're spending the Fall working on new material but we do have a few shows around the NW that we'll be emerging from the laboratory for. Check the dates below. Show this Friday in Boise at Hyde Park Street Fair!
Also wanted to share this moving video done by a Boise friend about his family using our song A President, A Pacifist, An Auto Restorer. He submitted it to the 208 Music Video Showcase that happened last week here in Boise. Very cool.
A President, Pacifist, an Auto Restorer, Finn Riggins from Clam City on Vimeo.
9/14 BOISE, ID @ Hyde Park Street Fair (7pm – 7:45pm)
9/15 LA GRANDE, OR @ I Art LG Block Party
9/28 ASTORIA, OR @ Pacific Northwest Brew Cup
9/29 PORTLAND, OR @ Mississippi Studios (Tender Loving Empire Party)
10/19 SEATTLE, WA @ City Arts Fest
10/26 SPOKANE, WA @ Nyne w/ House of Ghosts and Nude Pop
10/27 MOSCOW, ID @ John's Alley w/ The True Spokes
11/1 BOISE, ID @ The Red Room w/ Mr. Gnome


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Who are they? They are over 2000 Canadian scholars, artists, and scientists, peer-elected as the best in their field. The fellowship of the RSC comprises distinguished men and women from all branches of learning who have made remarkable contributions in the arts, the humanities and the sciences, as well as in Canadian public life.
Today the fellowship comprises four categories: Honorary Fellows, Regularly Elected Fellows, Specially Elected Fellows and Foreign Fellows. The initial fellowship was selected by a committee headed by the Principal of McGill University, Sir John William Dawson, and by the former Premier of Quebec, Pierre J.O. Chauveau, who served respectively as the first two Presidents of the Society. This founding cohort of Fellows included Sir Sandford Fleming, the originator of the world system of Standard Time, and Sir William Osler, one of the greatest physicians of his day. Since 1882, new Fellows have been nominated and elected by their peers who are themselves Fellows of the Society. Over 3 700 scholars and artists have been inducted into to the fellowship over the past hundred and thirty years.
Today, the Society counts over 2 000 Canadian Fellows. While the early fellowship was drawn primarily from Quebec and Ontario, since that time its geographic reach has expanded to include scholars and artists drawn from every region of Canada.
The initial cohort of Fellows was composed exclusively of men. The first woman elected to the Society was Alice Wilson, who joined the fellowship in 1938. Today there are over 300 women members of the Society, including Patricia Demers, who in 2005 became the fi rst woman to hold the position of President. During the past 25 years the percentage of women elected has grown from 5% to 28%.
Approximately 20% of the fellowship indicates French as their first language. Most Fellows hold, or have held, positions in Canadian universities, although many are primarily affi liated with research institutes, government agencies, or private sector laboratories and think tanks. Today the By-laws provide that up to 75 nominees may be elected each year. In addition to Regularly Elected Fellows, the Society also inducts up to seven Specially Elected Fellows per year for contributions to the objectives of the Society other than by scholarship and research.
Annually, the Society also elects up to four Foreign Fellows who, at the time of their election, are neither residents nor citizens of Canada and who, by their exceptionally distinguished intellectual accomplishments in the arts, humanities and sciences, have helped promote the object of the Society in ways that have clear relevance for Canadian society. Finally, the By-laws envisage the election by the Council of the Society of up to two Honorary Fellows upon recommendation of the President during each presidential term.


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Rule is a clean, transparent, super flexible, retina-ready and fully
Rule theme developed on the Bootstrap — beautifull boilerplate for responsive
Support for all our themes is conducted through the ColorTheme support forums, if you'd like to start a new thread over there either myself or another member of the support team can take a look at your issue
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Interracial DesireFavorites [+]
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Colette, a director with a self-titled studio, has given IR porn fans a six-scene visual feast with Interracial Desire, newly released on VOD. Among the many amazing things to discover in this flick is the famous, fabulous Riley Reid in her first interracial gangbang.
Riley is first up, because you shouldn't have to wait for something this awesome. She's one of the cutest girls in porn, a spinner with a whole lot of energy in a tiny body. When you watch Riley in action, you can always tell she's having a lot of fun. With Isiah Maxwell, Tee Reel, and Jack Blaque fondling her tight body and filling her up just right, she's having the time of her life. This is a hard, deep, rough gangbang with some of porn's most well-hung Black studs and one of the industry's biggest stars at her best. You can see how much Riley loves it, and the harder they fuck her the more she gets off on it.
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Petite Asian stunner Marika Hase is back for another group fuck, but this time she's the only girl in a fuck sandwich with Jack Blaque and Tee Reel. Marika has been a fan favorite for a while and this time she's giving us her all with her first DP scene. She enjoys herself so much that she wants to go airtight next time!
French beauty Tiffany Doll has done a lot of group sex scenes too, but on this occasion she's alone with Tyler Knight, who clearly knows how to please her pussy. Tiffany's body is super fine as she sucks him and lies back to get her pussy eaten, her 34Bs still perky and lickable even when she's on her back. Tyler fucks her pussy before moving his attention to her sweet, tight ass.
Interracial Desire from Colette is streaming exclusively on AEBN now.


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Big Up Powder Bloom Booster 0-33-23 (10 lb)
Big Up powder delivers high levels of phosphorus and potassium to the flowering plant. It triggers massive flower growth and also helps to finish off flowers with all the nutrients they need. NPK ratio of 0-33-23.
Big Up Powder Bloom Booster 0-33-23 (10 lb)
- Efficiently delivers high levels of phosphorus and potassium to the fruit or flower
- Sends plants immediately into an intense flowering cycle in the first week of flowering
- Provides the final boost of energy that plants require to finish the bloom cycle with huge flowers
- Contains a diverse array of ingredients while avoiding unnecessary additives such as fragrances and dyes
- Produces amazing results such as larger flowers and higher yields than with previous crops
- Derived from Monopotassium Phosphate and Ascophyllum Nodosum
- Contains Non-Plant Food Ingredient 2.0% Humic Acid (derived from leonardite)
- NPK ratio: 0-33-23
Big Up Powder is designed to promote huge blooms and excellent yields. It provides plants with an easy to absorb source of phosphorus and potassium that they use to improve and multiply their flowering and fruiting. This bloom booster contains no artificial colors or dyes and only delivers premium ingredients.
Big Up is designed specifically for the first week and final weeks of the flowering period. When used during the transitional phase between vegetative growth and flowering, plants are "switched" to full blown flower development. At the very end of the flowering cycle this bloom booster helps to promote larger flowers and improved overall yields. This is a powerful and consistent fertilizer that provides amazing results harvest after harvest.
Directions and Application Rates:
- Start using Big Up Powder during the final 3 weeks of your flowering period using a total of 2 applications per growing cycle.
- First Application: Add 1 tsp per gallon of nutrient solution. This will increase your concentration by 300-400 PPM. Apply with 3 weeks left.
- Second Application: Add 2 tsp per gallon of nutrient solution. This will increase your concentration by 500-700 PPM. Apply with 2 weeks left.
Unit Ship Weight: 12 lbs


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Head Coach Scott Anderson was in pain all day last Friday but not the pain of defeat since the East Gadsden High School Jaguars were coming off a win a week ago. Anderson was having stomach pains but he put them aside to take on Union County in this season's final game.
After the game the pain was worse and at around 2 a.m. he was taken to the hospital, where doctors discovered his appendix had burst, but not before his team burst the Union County Tigers' hopes of a win.
The first real football weather of the season seemed to invigorate the Bobcats of Robert F. Munroe Day School as they clicked on all cylinders en route to a 53-14 victory over the Peniel Baptist Academy Warriors of Palatka. With the win, the Bobcats improved their season record to 4-5.
• First Baptist Church in Quincy holds Sunday School each week at 9:45 a.m., followed by worship at 10:55. Sunday evening worship begins at 6 p.m. Sunday morning worship services are broadcast on Sunday events at 6 p.m. on 93.3 FM.
• Church services at Mt. Pilgrim Primitive Baptist Church are held the first, second and fourth Sundays at 11 a.m., and at 8 a.m. on the third Sunday of each month. Church school begins at 9:45 a.m. each Sunday morning.
Wyoma Durden of Sneads is proud to announce the engagement and forthcoming marriage of her daughter, Brandee Yon. Yon's children, Autumn, Shane and Peyton Yon, are also pleased to announce the nuptials.
Yon will wed Brian Godwin of Quincy Nov. 20 at the Gadsden County Courthouse at 1 p.m. The ceremony will be followed by a reception at the home of the groom's parents in Quincy.
The bride-elect is the granddaughter of the late Hinton Hatcher and Jeannette Barber of Chattahoochee, and is employed at Florida State Hospital.
When James T. Godwin saw Myra Jean Oswald in her yellow sun dress at a spring dance in 1949, he was smitten – and he's remained so for 60 years.
James and Jean Godwin, formerly of Quincy and now living in Atlantic Beach, celebrated their 60th anniversary Nov. 7 with a family dinner.
Married Nov. 12, 1949 at the bride's home in Greenwood, the couple has spent the past 30 years traveling to Germany, France, England and most of the United States. They have two daughters: Cynthia Godwin of Quincy and Melody Godwin of Atlantic Beach.
"Artfully Aging: Lifelong Learning through the Arts" is an exhibition currently open at the Gallery for Innovation & the Arts in Tallahassee. The exhibition features works from Quincy artist William H. McKeown.
International Boxing Federation Light Heavyweight Champion of the World and Quincy native Tavoris Cloud came home Oct. 30 to receive the key to the city and to be formally congratulated by city officials and the community. "Every time you get in the ring, the city of Quincy is standing in your corner," said Mayor Andy Gay before presenting the key. Gay, left, and commissioner Angela Sapp, right, congratulated Cloud on his latest victory and urged him to continue setting an example for Gadsden County students.
Jack McLean, Quincy city manager, could hardly contain himself Tuesday night during the regular meeting of the board of city commissioners.
"I have some really good news. We were informed that we will receive $2.47 million from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, also known as the stimulus bill, for Smart Grid technology. We are one of the few small cities in the nation to get the grant and the only small city in Florida to get it," McLean said.
A recent comment by a Gadsden County commissioner has caused the previously mum Gadsden Community Health Council to speak out.
According to Max Martinez, executive director for the council, and Sherry VanLandingham, council chair, a commissioner was quoted in another local newspaper saying the community has been misled when it comes to the half-cent sales tax.
Jerome Maples, Gadsden County School District student school board member and West Gadsden High School senior, has organized a canned food drive for all district schools.
"It's to replenish the organizations that provide food to those who need it, especially this time of year," Maples said. "I feel sure that with the economy, the will be a lot of families who will need the help."
Copyright © 2019
The Gadsden County Times is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Gadsden County and Quincy, FL, and the surrounding area.


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We've ramping up another business, announcing that soon, and didn't write our annual Hell of the North posts, but check our archives. Including Mark V's Freaks on Parade series and Rob Anderson's sportiff ride. Also on Suffer Faces, tweeting, and we're watching in the Seattle area live on Cable.
The cobbles, pavé, aren't about bikes with gimmicky suspension or dampers, but tires and handling skills. Our bet is on @hutchinsontires.
— byron@bikehugger (@bikehugger) April 7, 2013
That hadn't got to the cobbles yet, and Offredo ran into a road sign
Another shot of Offredo's crash. twitter.com/bikehugger/sta…
— byron@bikehugger (@bikehugger) April 7, 2013


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In 2011, SME week will be held on 3-9 October and its aim is to provide information on the support provided by the EU and national, regional and local authorities to micro, small and medium-sized businesses; to promote entrepreneurship and to give recognition to entrepreneurs for their contribution to Europe's welfare, jobs, innovation and competitiveness.To illustrate this, the European Commission's audiovisual service has produced a 3-part series of video stockshots covering:Part 1 (070899):- Cross Country Cooperation - Food Cluster - Aviation ClusterPart 2 (070900):- Green Industry - Forestry and Agriculture - Food Industry - Women in Business - Erasmus for Young EntrepreneursPart 3 (070901):- Innovation- Entrepreneurship- Social Inclusion.The 23 million SMEs in the EU represent 99% of businesses, and are a key driver for economic growth, innovation, employment and social integration. The European Commission (EC) aims to promote successful entrepreneurship and improve the business environment for SMEs, to allow them to realise their full potential in today's global economy.The EC works on broad policy issues affecting entrepreneurship and SMEs across Europe, and assists SMEs through networks and business support measures. It helps existing and potential entrepreneurs to grow their businesses, giving special attention to women entrepreneurs, crafts and social economy enterprises.The Small Business Act for Europe (SBA) embodies the EU's commitment to SMEs and entrepreneurship. Member States have committed to implementing the SBA alongside the EC in an effort to make the EU a better place to do business.Since SMEs have to be supported at local level, the EC helps Member States and the regions to develop policies aimed at promoting entrepreneurship, assisting SMEs at all stages of development, and helping them to access global markets. The identification and exchange of good practices are key elements of this policy.


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A doctoral program includes more than just attending and passing courses. As the highest level of formal learning, it is important to develop skills in scholarly writing, literature reviews, critical analysis, and making recommendations. These skills transfer to the dissertation process and the colloquium provides a strong foundation upon which to build.
After completing the core foundations and research courses, doctoral students are asked to begin to explore the literature about a chosen topic which will eventually lead to a dissertation topic. According to our doctoral handbook,
"This requires the student to write a scholarly paper and to present that paper in a formal, public seminar to the educational community. Presentations are scheduled each summer. The scholarly expectation is that the paper will not be simply descriptive, but will also include (the student's and not someone else's) analysis and evaluation. This will generally require the student to state and defend his/her own thesis about the topic."
After multiple edited drafts of the paper, the students present their papers in formal and public forums which are held each summer. Students present their papers in a research presentation format. They are limited to 20 minutes which is followed by a question and answer period. This format is modeled after the format of a research conference.
Below is a list of the 2013 Colloquium papers being presented this year. There are a wide variety of educational topics which reflect the varied professional and personal interests of the students.
School Board Impact on Student Achievement: A Review of the Research on the Influence of Locally Elected School Boards, by Jon Holmen
Computer Algebra Systems (CAS) Use and Students' CAS Self-Efficacy in Undergraduate College Mathematics Classes, by Daphne Sluys
Service-Learning and Character Development, by Owen Sallee
Discipline-Based Art Education K-8 and Student Achievement, by Patti Hayes
Passive Recipients or Active Participants: Exploring Views of Children in the Christian Church, by Heather Ingersoll
Principal Technology Leadership Attributes for Effective Integration of Information and Communication Technology in Schools, by Jon Tienhaara
Toward a Transformative History Education: Project- and Problem-based Learning, Reflective Assessment, and Academic Discussion, by Kimberly Jensen
Principal Instructional Leadership and Improved Student Growth, by Alison Brynelson
The Role of Resilience among High School Principals Leading Change, by Paige Wescott
An Application of Jerome Bruner's Cultural Psychology Theory to Teaching and Learning in the History Classroom, by Eric Boyer
Pedagogical Reform in Tanzania: Issues Raised When Adopting a Learner-Centered Instructional Approach for Implementing the Competency-Based Curriculum of the Tanzanian Primary Schools, by Michael Msendekwa
Supporting Preservice Teachers in Preparation of Teacher Performance Assessment through Facilitating Reflective Writing in E-portfolios, by Daihong Chen
The Relationship Between Leaders' Supervisory Behavior and Teacher Reflective Practice, by Lisa Truemper