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Millennium Seed Bank FAQs
Kew's Millennium Seed Bank - frequently asked questions
See below for commonly asked questions about Kew's Millennium Seed Bank. If you don't find what you're looking for here, try the search box situated at the top right of this page or check out our recommended links.
Seeds and species
- Can I request seeds from Kew's Millennium Seed Bank?
- Can samples of seeds be donated to (or duplicated at) Kew's Millennium Seed Bank?
- How many species are held in Kew's Millennium Seed Bank?
- How can I germinate seeds from my garden?
- How can I collect and store seeds from my garden?
- Is it all right for me to collect seeds for my garden when I'm abroad?
- Can all seeds be stored?
- How long can seeds live?
- I am looking for vegetable seeds. Can you help?
- Can you give me more information about a particular species?
Images and artists
- Can I use an image from the website, or can you provide me with a seed conservation related image?
- I am an artist and want to use seeds as subjects for my work. Can you help?
- How do you capture the seed morphology images?
- What do you use to take the X-ray images?
Working with the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership
General information
- I am an architecture student. Do you have any information about the building?
- How is the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership funded?
- How should I cite the website?
- I am a journalist and would like to know more about the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership. Can you help?
Seeds and species
Can I request seeds from Kew's Millennium Seed Bank?
Two seed lists are available. Seeds are sent out to registered customers for use in research or restoration.
One list relates to supply for general non-commercial research and trialling by organisations. The other relates to supply for research, breeding and training by organisations regarding food and fodder production, in respect of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA). There are instructions in English, French and Spanish. Please note that we are unable to accept seed requests from private individuals and will not normally be able to reply to such enquiries.
Can samples of seeds be donated to (or duplicated at) Kew's Millennium Seed Bank?
We would be interested to hear from organisations making seed collections from wild plant populations that might wish to send seed for long-term conservation.
- Have been collected legally (with appropriate permission from both landowner and government) and, if imported, that this has taken place legally (ie that plant health and CITES legislation has not been contravened).
- Are of wild provenance.
- Are in reasonable quantity (small collections of a few hundred seed, particularly from non-endangered populations, cause many processing and maintenance difficulties).
- Are recently harvested (collections that are more than a month or two old may well be dead).
- Are well documented and include at the very least, date collected, collector(s) and accurate location (preferably with a map reference or latitude / longitude) and, ideally, sampling, ecological and other data.
Contact: email@example.com
How many species are held in Kew's Millennium Seed Bank?
As of 14 March 2014 we have in total:
- 34,088 wild plant species
- 1,980,405,036 seeds in storage
How can I germinate seeds from my garden?
If recently harvested, filled, mature seeds have been placed on damp but not waterlogged compost and provided a little warmth, and they still won't germinate, the most likely causes are either inappropriate environmental conditions (particularly temperature and light) or dormancy.
The conditions required for germination, although partly genetically determined in many cases, are strongly influenced by the environment under which the seeds developed. Two seed-lots of the same species may behave in quite different ways. This said, with a little detective work and some experimentation, it is often possible to increase the likelihood of successful germination.
The most important thing to consider is whether the seeds have a hard seed coat or some covering structure that might prevent water uptake or physically inhibit germination. If so, they may need to be scarified. Filing through the seed coat with a narrow file until the contents are just visible may be possible with larger seeds. Smaller seeds might be gently rubbed within a folded piece of fine sandpaper.
The next thing to consider is the ecology of the species. Where does the species naturally occur in the world and at what altitude? For instance, seeds of many temperate species that are programmed to germinate in the spring often respond to a period of moist chilling. After scarification (if appropriate), the seeds can be placed on wetted tissue paper inside a reasonably airtight container and left within a refrigerator (+ 4°C) for up to three months. The moisture should be checked occasionally. Alternatively, the scarified seeds could be placed in or on moist compost and left within a cold-frame over winter. Following this treatment, the seeds can then be germinated on moist compost and in the warm as usual. Many small-seeded species need exposure to light for germination and also benefit from experiencing temperature fluctuations each day. This is an adaptation to prevent germination until the seeds are brought to the soil surface by disturbance.
If none of the above work, it might be necessary to try different germination temperatures. Unfortunately, the temperature range over which seeds germinate may change as the dormancy status of the seed changes.
The Seed Information Database (SID) provides germination data on seed lots that have been successfully germinated by the Millennium Seed Bank. This may help provide a number of clues.
Seed Information Database (SID)
How can I collect and store seeds from my garden?
Taking care during the collection of seed can make a huge difference to its storability.
Collecting before the seeds are fully ripe may mean that the seed is incapable of surviving drying. Where dry seed capsules are involved, the ideal harvest time is usually when the seeds are on the point of being shed eg when a seed capsule first splits. In the case of 'wet' fruits containing seeds, the ideal harvest time is when the fruits are fully ripe, and therefore attractive to mammals and birds. Quite often, fruit ripeness is indicated by a change of colour. Seeds that are very soft or that are green are usually not ripe. Where a range of seed colours is present on the plants, some indication of which seeds to harvest can usually be worked out by looking for those seed colours that equate to seed hardness.
Unlike most seed collecting for conservation that involves random sampling, gardeners may wish to be selective of the individuals to be harvested. This will increase (though not guarantee) the chances that some of the individuals in the next generation possess similar characteristics to those selected. Sexual reproduction results in a shuffling of the genetic variation present in the previous generation. Consequently, the greater the size of the next generation raised, the greater the chances of the desirable characteristics being found. Furthermore, F1 hybrid varieties will not breed true; these will need to be purchased afresh each season.
Sensible precautions should be adopted when handling all seed and fruits because some are poisonous. All such material should be kept out of the reach of small children. Seeds borne within fruits need to be extracted. This can be done by scraping the seeds onto a colander or sieve followed by washing to remove pulp and juice. Sometimes after extraction, the seed is covered with a mucilaginous layer. If the seeds are spread out and left to dry, this mucilage can usually be rubbed off. Similarly, obviously empty, damaged and poorly-developed seed, plus debris, is best removed from other seed collections prior to drying and storage.
Harvested seeds need to be dried if they are to be stored. Note that this will only be true for orthodox (desiccation tolerant) species. Most garden plants grown in temperate regions will have such seed.
Drying seed shares many of the same principles as drying clothes. The one difference is that seeds (and particularly moist seeds) should never be exposed to high temperatures (and certainly not above 40°C) if they are to be kept for any length of time. Seed batches will dry most rapidly and furthest if spread out in a dry place where there is some air movement. If it is necessary to keep the seed in bags for drying, use non-glossy paper bags that allow moisture to pass out. Do not use plastic bags. An alternative drying method is to place the seeds for up to two months inside a relatively airtight box above a layer of fresh silica gel using a ratio of gel to seed of about 3:1. Carefully follow the supplier's directions when using silica gel. Alternative drying agents include oven-dried rice. An ideal way of drying seeds from the garden is to use the mini seed bank.
When the seeds have been dried they should be kept dry by being placed within an airtight container. Lever-lidded fruit preserving jars with rubber gaskets are usually excellent because they seal well and have a wide opening. Certain other types of readily available container may also be sufficiently airtight. Once dried, packaged and labelled, the seeds can be placed in a cool location. Domestic refrigerators are good though the seeds should be well separated from food and kept out of the reach of small children. When seeds are required, let the container warm up and dry off before opening. Then re-close as quickly as possible. It may be advisable to let the seeds pick up moisture from the air for several days prior to sowing, scarifying them first, if necessary.
Is it all right for me to collect seeds for my garden when I'm abroad?
The collection and export of seed from most countries is covered by their national legislation.
Seed collecting is covered by national legislation in most countries. Import of seed into the UK is covered by quarantine restrictions. Endangered species are covered by international legislation (CITES).
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
Our collectors and collaborators abroad are experienced at working within these rules. To avoid breaking laws and harming wild plant populations, please do not collect and bring back seed yourself. Enjoy the plants where they grow!
Over-collection of plants can lead to them becoming endangered.
Storable seeds are those that can dry and not die. Drying is lethal for most organisms including mature plants. However, many seeds are tolerant of drying (desiccation-tolerant). When dry, seeds age slowly, but they will eventually die with time. Dried seeds can however also withstand freezing. When placed at sub-zero temperatures, the ageing process is further slowed down.
Species with desiccation-tolerant seeds are classified as 'orthodox'. It is these species that we store in the Millennium Seed Bank (MSB).
Species bearing desiccation-intolerant seeds are termed 'recalcitrant'. Because they cannot be dried, they cannot be frozen for conventional long-term storage. This is because, on freezing, the water in the cells turns to ice, which destroys the plant cells.
Dried and frozen seeds of orthodox species can live for tens or even hundreds of years. By far the majority of plant species studied are orthodox. However, the remainder are recalcitrant or intermediate between recalcitrant and orthodox in behaviour. Such species cannot be stored in the MSB. Research work is being carried out to determine why these differences exist and to explore the optimisation of cryopreservation for the long-term storage of these species.
How long can seeds live?
The life of a seed varies according to the species and the conditions it has been stored in.
There are many stories of the germination of seeds removed from ancient Egyptian tombs. To the best of our knowledge, none of these stories is strongly supported by archaeological evidence of the antiquity of the seeds. This aside, the conditions within Egyptian pyramids are very dry and would permit seed longevity in certain species to extend to thousands of years. Nearly all of the records of extreme longevity relate to seeds with hard coats (or testas).
Seed viability has been modelled for some 70 species and it is possible to predict their longevity, given moisture content, temperature and initial germination.These models have been developed by rapidly ageing batches of seeds at a range of high moisture contents and high temperatures, and then plotting their loss of viability. Extrapolation (often a risky procedure) to viability loss under more favourable storage conditions suggests that, for instance, mung beans might live for nearly 24,000 years, and the African grass, teff (Eragrostis tef), could live for 15,000 years.
Not surprisingly, few longevity experiments of any age that mirror seed conservation storage are available for us to study today. However, in 1987, samples of cereal and weed seeds were germinated that had been placed within sealed glass vials in Vienna 110 years earlier (reported by Steiner & Ruckenbauer in 1995). One of the aims of the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership is to set up a carefully controlled set of longevity experiments that future generations can study.
Although the seed viability equation predicts survival for hundreds to thousands of years under gene-bank conditions (15% RH, -20°C), there are only a handful of credible reports of seeds actually surviving for more than 150 years. Recently we have conducted germination tests on seeds of 33 South African species collected in 1802/3. The seeds were found at the National Archives in London among the papers of a Dutch merchant, Jan Teerlink, whose ship was captured by British privateers during its return from the Far East via the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Seeds of three species germinated: two legumes (Liparia sp. and Acacia sp.) and a Proteaceae (Leucospermum sp.). Our report in Seed Science Research (reference below) of seeds surviving for over 200 years (supported by carbon-dating) under sub-optimal conditions, suggests adaptation for extreme seed longevity in species of seasonally dry, Mediterranean environments.
Other examples of extreme longevity include a seed of Canna compacta that was reported to be germinated following extraction from inside a radio-carbon-dated 600 years old ceremonial rattle made of a walnut (Juglans australis) shell. Even older longevity has been reported in a seed of the Indian or sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera from an ancient lake bed in China. This seed has been germinated and subsequently radio-carbon-dated by Shen-Miller and colleagues in California as being 1,288 ± 271 years old. An interesting story relates to seeds of the legume Albizzia julibrissin on a pressed herbarium specimen collected from China in 1793 and deposited in the British Museum. This specimen was 'watered' while a fire was being extinguished in 1940 and several seeds (at least 147 years old) germinated.
Seed longevity in the soil is also well known to gardeners. In regions where the soil retains a high level of moisture, most (non-hard-coated) seeds will survive in a hydrated state, not in a dry state as in seed stores. For them to survive in this wet state they must be able to respire and must possess dormancy that prevents germination. In 1879, W.J. Beal, in Michigan, buried samples of seeds of 23 species in moist sand as an experiment in soil 'seed bank' longevity. Seeds of the moth mullein (Verbascum blattaria) from this experiment germinated in 1970.
Further information:
Daws, M.I., Davies, J., Vaes, E., van Gelder, R. & Pritchard, H.W. (2007) Two-hundred-year seed survival of Leucospermum and two other woody species from the Cape Floristic region, South Africa. Seed Science Research 17: 73-79.
I am looking for vegetable seeds can you help?
The Millennium Seed Bank Partnership specialises in collecting and storing seeds from wild plant species only.
Although many of these are the wild relatives of modern-day crops, we do not hold vegetable seed collections in the bank. In the UK the Heritage Seed Library run by Garden Organic safeguards rare vegetable varieties.
The Organic Gardening Catalogue Vintage Vegetables
Research workers may also wish to contact the Genetic Resource Unit at the University of Warwick at Wellesbourne.
Can you give me more information about a particular species?
Kew's scientific databases provide lots of species specific information.
View the full list of Kew's databases
Easy access to this data is available through a central portal, the Electronic Plant Information Centre (ePIC).
The major databases are:
- DNA Bank Database
- Economic Botany Data Collection Standard
- Herbarium Catalogue
- IPNI (International Plant Names Index)
- Library Catalogue
- Seed Information Database (SID)
- SEPASAL Database (Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands)
- World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
More information can be found on The Plant List
An external database for European Native Species Seed Bank holdings and germination data is ENSCOBASE.
Images and artists
Can I use an image from the website or can you provide me with a seed conservation related image?
Kew has an online image library 'Kew Images'. This is an extensive library of photographic and botanical art collections, historic archives and publications available for licensing and download. The Press Gallery has themed collections of photographs illustrating Kew's work in the UK and around the world.
Kew's Millennium Seed Bank gallery - seeds and fruit
Art on Demand allows high quality canvas or paper prints to be ordered of various works of art held at Kew.
There are many image galleries on the Kew web site including our own galleries of Seed and fruits, and X-rays.
Images from web pages should not be reproduced without permission as they are copyright.
Full information is available in our website terms and conditions
I am an artist and want to use seeds as subjects for my work, can you help?
If you are working for the Press
If you are an artist or photographer working for the Press, please contact Kew's Press Office at firstname.lastname@example.com in the first instance.
If you are an independent artist
The many commitments of staff at Kew's Millennium Seed Bank mean that we have only a limited amount of time for direct collaboration with artists and providing seeds for art projects. However, we ourselves are constantly delighted and inspired by the enormous variety of form shown by seeds and fruits and we want to do as much as possible to give artists access to that diversity.
Using seed images for inspiration
You may use the images as inspiration for private artwork, but please remember, all of the images are the copyright of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and you are not permitted to use them for anything other than private study (which would include making pictures of the seeds for your own personal enjoyment). Please also see the Terms and Conditions of Use of Kew's website, which sets out the permitted uses of the images. You may not use the images as the basis for art which is used in any kind of commercial context, for example, which is included in a book or which is displayed in a public exhibition, unless you have agreed a specific collaboration with us in advance.
Moreover, we would not hold these seeds in our collection, nor be able to work on them, without the co-operation of our network of partners around the world. Please give appropriate acknowledgement in any presentation of your work, both of Kew, and our partners in the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership. The source of seed is given on each image.
The images in the gallery are a selection from a growing number of digital photographs of seeds, arising from studies on the collections by our Seed Morphologist, Wolfgang Stuppy and his team. These are published on this website, via our Seed Information Database. It is not particularly easy to browse the full set of images in SID (hence we have made the gallery).
Seed Information Database (SID)
Come along to special events
In addition, once a year at 'The Big Draw' event, seeds are made available at Kew's Millennium Seed Bank for use by the public. This usually takes place in October. There may be other similar opportunities at other times during the year.
Other organisations of interest
Before approaching us about closer collaboration, please familiarise yourself with the procedures and requirements of organisations such as The Wellcome Trust, National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts and The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, all of whom have supported 'sci-art' and/or 'artist in residence' projects in the past. We would need a similar level of preparation before we could consider any application, and preferably firm ideas on potential funding.
Examples of completed works
We have had a very successful collaboration with Prof Rob Kesseler from Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in London, which, to date, has led to the publication of three popular scientific books: Seeds - Time Capsules of Life, Fruit – Edible, Inedible, Incredible and The Bizarre and Incredible World of Plants. Our palynologist colleague, Madeline Harley, was also involved in the last of these. These books are innovative 'Sci-Art-Adventures', as well as being illustrated popular-scientific natural histories of seeds, fruits and pollen, are based upon and woven around the Millennium Seed Bank Project, and thus promote both the artists' and our own work.
The artist and gardener Francoise Sergy has recently created a computer animation and web project featuring five common plants of the UK and the work of the Millennium Seed Bank, entitled 'Hop, Stock and Bent'.
Sophie Munns was the 2010 Brisbane Botanic Gardens Artist-In-Residence at Mt Coot-tha, Brisbane. The residency focused on the extraordinary regional and global seed heritage - the critical work of seed conservation and the future of seeds - coinciding with the 2010 International Year of Biodiversity. Sophie visited the MSB in October 2011 and you can see her work on her blog 'Homage to the Seed'.
Laura Hallen had a residency here at Kew. Her work has been on display in an exhibition at the Minnesota Landscape Arboretum entitled 'Ex situ' .
Accessing Seed Information Database images
- Open this page - http://data/sid/sidsearch.html
- Tick the small tick-box towards the bottom of the page on the right, labelled 'Morphology'; don't enter anything in any other box.
Press 'Search' and SID will return a list of species for which we have recorded morphological data, including images - indicated by 'Morph' in pink type at the end of each record. This could be a bit slow, please be patient.
- To view the images for each, click on the link (blue-underlined) for each record and SID will return all the data for that species.
- Scroll down towards the bottom for the morphological data and at the botom of that section you will see the links to the images, with names like 'S-LS' (short for 'seed - longitudinal section'), for instance, indicating the image orientation.
- Click each of these in turn to download the images. These images are only at low resolution, primarily intended for screen display. If you need a particular image at higher resolution, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
How do you capture the seed morphology images?
Digital image capture is via a Zeiss Axiocam HR system.
For small seeds the axiocam is mounted on a Zeiss Stemi SV11 stereomicroscope, with ring and sub-stage lighting provided by Schott KL 1500 sources.
For larger seed and fruits we mount a manual focus Nikon 55mm macro lens on the Axiocam camera, using them in conjunction with a Kaiser illuminated copy-stand (effectively a desk-top, or mini studio), which has fluorescent strip light sources above and below. For larger seeds and fruits we are also using a digital SLR (Nikon D700) and 60mm macro lens, together with the Nikon R1 lighting system.
What do you use to take the X-ray images?
X-rays are taken using a 'Faxitron' digital X-ray machine.
The seed samples to be X-rayed are laid out in Petri dishes or plastic grids with machine-punched holes set in a regular pattern, backed with waxed paper.
The X-rays are generated using very low voltages (much lower than are used for most medical applications) and the method is thus safe with the appropriate precautions. However, because there is a very small risk of genetic damage, the sub-sample is either discarded or used for germination testing.
Working with the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership
How can I find work with the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership?
Vacancies will be advertised online. See Kew's main job page for current opportunities.
We also have many volunteers who are a valued and integral part of the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership, playing an important role in supporting our work. All vacancies for volunteers will be advertised on the volunteer opportunities page.
A limited number of short work experience placements are available each year to secondary school students.
Who else is doing this kind of work?
Most other seed banks around the world are concerned with conserving seeds of crop species.
A visit to the Global Crop Diversity Trust, Bioversity International and FAO websites (links found below) would help you to find out more about crop seed conservation. The Millennium Seed Bank Partnership (MSBP) has links to all three organisations and many crop seed banks. It is also a partner with the GCDT on the conservation of crop wild relatives.
Find out more about the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership
In the UK, the UK Plant Genetic Resources Group draws together all of the agencies that are active in plant genetic resource conservation and use. The MSBP is represented on this group. A valuable source of UK information is the UK's Information Portal on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
There is an increasing interest in the ex situ storage of the seeds of wild species and new partners join the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership annually. Information about the activities of the many MSBP partners can be found on our partners page. In Europe, the MSBP is part of the European Seed Conservation Network (ENSCONET) which collaborates on the seed conservation of the European native flora.
Learn more about the MSBP partners
Many countries have seed banks storing forest tree seed over the short-term. Some of these are MSBP members.
General information
I am an architecture student. Do you have any information about the building?
Kew's Millennium Seed Bank was designed by the London-based architects Stanton Willliams. An important aspect of the brief was that the design of the building was in character with its location at Wakehurst. Stanton Williams created a low-level building with barrel-vaulted roofing, inspired by the surrounding landscape forms. The main materials used for the external walls and roof were fair-faced concrete, sand-blasted to expose the aggregate in specific areas, York stone, painted steel and structural glass panels. The building has been designed to maximise energy conservation, while providing the best possible conditions for seed storage.
Architecture at Kew - Welcome Trust Millennium Building
How is the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership funded?
In the mid-1990s, Kew secured large grants from the Millennium Commission and the Wellcome Trust to initiate a project to collect ten per cent of the world's wild seed-bearing plant species. This first phase was called the 'Millennium Seed Bank Project'.
Alongside donations from individuals, private foundations and companies, this funding enabled the construction of the Wellcome Trust Millennium Building and the development of global partnerships to safeguard one in ten of the world's flora.
We are very grateful to all the individuals and organisations that supported the Millennium Seed Bank Project during its first phase (1995 – 2009). The project has now been renamed as the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership to reflect the extensive work undertaken by our partners and contributions from other organisations.
This second phase of the project still requires further funding to achieve its target of saving 25 per cent of the world's plant species by 2020.
How should I cite the website?
As this website was a collaborative work by project members please cite it as follows:
Millennium Seed Bank Partnership (date) Title of webpage. [Online]. (URL e.g. www.kew.org/science-conservation/millennium-seed-bank). Ardingly: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Accessed DATE.
I am a journalist and would like to know more about the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership, can you help?
Kew has a dedicated Press Office which is happy to help with all media enquiries.


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Cats sick of raw?
My 2 8 month old Bengals have now been on a raw diet most their lives. They started off on canned, but they had such a bad case of runny poops (for a month I couldn't find a commercial food they were both happy with), someone here suggested raw. I did research, chose to go with Dr. Lisa A. Pierson's diet. I have had to make adjustments to the diet (replacing taurine with actual chicken hearts as I can find it in abundance where I live, I have had to play around with egg quantity (cooked and raw - they don;t seem to like it), and now I am at a standstill! They just don't seem to like it anymore!!!
I package the raw I make in individual vacuume sealed packages, per meal, They went from eating it completely raw, to I had to nuke a small portion of it and then mix in a larger portion of raw, to half and half to all cooked They just are not eating it raw they refuse to eat it! So I am going between raw, raw/cooked and fresh pet select) because they will inhale this stuff and they do need to eat inbetween me trying to figure out what is wrong)
I have a couple of ideas to get them back to raw, but I am not sure if it will work.
1) I have had boiled a albacore tuna steak and I froze it in tablespoon sizes just for a treat. I know that canned tuna is extremely bad for them, and since albacore steak is something I already had in my freezer, I cooked up a steak for the kitties. So I plan on re-introducing the raw and mixing the albacore in the raw... hopeing that they go for the tuna smell they love so much.
2) change up the recipe? I wouldn't know to what? I currently make them both chicken and rabbit and I switch between the 2, they end up eating more chicken because rabbit is super expensive!
I would love to keep them on raw as I do feel it is better for them in the long run, less kidney failure complications and such, but I can't if they won't eat it? Unless I can continue them on this diet but make it cooked? I wonder what if any nutrients are lost once I cook the food? Is there something else I can add to this cooked diet to compensate?
Just so lost again with this food thing, and I always get nervous because it seems there is always an underlining issue, last time poops and now I have another thread out there about my one cat having trouble/seeming uncomfortable sitting and walking (muscle maybe, maybe nothing), waiting for him to get better or worse because right now it's just something I noticed recently and not going on a long at all and I don't think my vet can do anything right now with "I think my cat is uncomfortable walking and sitting" even though to someone who is not around him as much as I am, he seems to be walking fine.
I know I am a worry bug and I baby them.
It may likely just be that they're bored of the same 2 protein sources all the time. I know my cats looooooooove variety...... they eat probably a dozen different types of meat (everything from lamb to venison to wild boar and even kangaroo). I do feed them mostly commercial raw cause as a very busy vegan, it just makes the most sense for my situation. If you'd like to make your own with more exotic meats, try checking out farmer's markets or ethnic grocery stores. In some cases you may have to substitute another calcium source for bone, or feed a meal of chicken wings or necks every so often to make sure they kitties aren't eating too much muscle meat, but it should be doable.
Another tip would be to sprinkle the top of their meals with a 100% freeze-dried meat treat like PureBites or Whole Life. One of my cats is not a fan of kangaroo, but if that's what I've thawed out for the other cats' meals, that's what she's gonna get. I dust it with a liberal sprinkling of chicken or turkey powder and she almost always gobbles it down.
I'd have to advise against cooking any meals that were intended to be fed raw, like Dr. Pierson's recipe. Even if the bone is finely ground, it changes when cooked and would be less digestible, sharper, and more likely to cause a blockage. Plus the nutrient composition is altered. Would be better in that case to cook the muscle meat and organs separately and then add in everything else. Or you could get some Feline Instincts, which is a vitamin/mineral powder meant to be mixed with just raw muscle meat chunks.
Oh, one more thing: while the focus tends to be on canned tuna not being that great for cats, raw tuna should also be (mostly) avoided: http://catnutrition.wordpress.com/20...ding-for-cats/
Eight strikes against fishy feedingNow all that said, it probably wouldn't be a big deal if you mixed some raw tuna in very occasionally, but I think it would be a better idea to first find some other meats that your cats are interested in and rotate those around.
Hope that helps a bit!
"To close your eyes will not ease another's pain." ~ Chinese Proverb
We must not refuse to see with our eyes what they must endure with their bodies. ~ Gretchen Wyler
I am sorry to hear of your problems with the raw food and your 2 kitties seemingly to be getting turned off of it. Your issues seem to raise more questions that could give us a better handle on the problem. Your using the recipe of Dr. Pearson's and are you following it or are you making changes to it? The adding of too much heart or liver could also have a tendency of changing the flavor making a little more harsh, and not so palatable. Are you doing your own meat preparations in regards to grinding of the meat and bones? Is your meat grown locally or does it come from a factory farm, and hence the supermarket? Replacing the taurine with actual hearts is the best thing you can do. Our vet was saying that there are some issues with the man-made taurine seemingly causing some kind of skin issues, and she recommends going with the heart meat wherever possible for taurine. Are you still having loose bowel problems? If so it might be an idea next time you go to the vet take a fresh stool sample with you, and have it checked out for parasites.
I have found sometimes that the meat coming from the supermarket seems to have an off flavor that the cats can pick up on, and it makes it hard to persuade them to eat it. Could this be a problem? There is always a chance of there being an allergy to the chicken, but I wouldn't expect both cats to be affected that way. Their age at 8 months you would think would make it highly unlikely for being a allergy problem, but strange things do happen.
You might think of trying another meat like pork, it's a milder flavor than other meats, and the nutritional breakdown is very similar to a rodent, and there is no known allergy problem with pork. I will include to holisticat's website where you can see the recipe. I have been using the pork recipe for several years after having similar problems as you're having with chicken. As SCM mentioned have a wide variety of meat from time to time it helps to eliminate any allergy problems down the road. Chicken beef lamb, and I think Turkey all contain micro-digesting irritant which can cause inflammation in the digestive tract also leading to allergies, and irritable bowel problems. So it's a good reason to rotate your menus from time to time.
As far as cooking for the cats that's your call. As you know the best is raw, 2nd is if you cook for them, 3rd is canned, and kibbles rates last. If you're cooking stay away from the microwave. It does a major job in destroying the food nutrients from the radiation cooking method. I had a vet that gave me a hard time because I was using a microwave when I first started prepping food for Missy. I am enclosing a website for Food Data Search where you can correspond between raw and cooked meats. It'll give you wee bit of an idea on the changes in food between raw and cooked, and it doesn't start on the micronutrients like enzymes and chemical composition changes brought on from heat. The last website I use for doing my calculations for calcium and phosphorus in the cat's food.
Is pork and beef ok to give to cats? I mean I have never heard of feeding pig to cat but that would be close enough to wild boar wouldn't it?
I have tried turkey which got a big 2 paws down from my cats!
I would love to experiment with other meats, some of the ones you mentioned (except lamb) is pretty exotic. I don't know where I would find kangaroo, venision or wild boar if pork is not suitable.
I have tried going the commercial food route. I tried 2 different kinds, one was turkey and my cats hated it! and the other was in pucks and the 3 bags I opened were all freezer burnt so I never ended up feeding it to my cats (or leave the parking lot of the store). I found a place that sold this food called Raw Bold - comes in chicken, lamb, rabbit and beef. I am just not confident the establishment is knowledgeable in feline diet as I started buying this brand and when I called and enquired about all the ingredients used as only (the main meat and a mention of an organ or two was listed but nothing else) they informed me that the food was a balanced diet and contained the heart and kidney of the animal. Problem is, between rabbit and chicken neither has enough heart to provide the taurine a cat requires. So I decided to follow Dr. Pierson's diet instead.
Do you know of any other recepies involving other meats?
I am very open to try new things and put smiles on all our faces... there has to be a happy medium.
Hi Reg!
Thanks for the links!
To answer some of the questions you had...
Changes to Dr. Pierson's diet is the Taurine for heart, and the egg which she suggests cooking the white and add the egg whites cooked, or raw. They definately do not like it cooked! and I am not sure they are crazy about egg at all to be honest, but I know its good for them so I have played around with auantities to get some egg in their diet. I still use all the other vitamins, fish oil, water, etc... And as of late the change I make which is not advised or mentioned really is cooking the preperation.
I do grind the meat myself... bone is ground extra fine can't see any of it in the food and you gotta feel around in the food to see any. The chicken is mainly purchased at Costco so yes to supermarket meat but I try and get rabbit as fresh as I can.
No longer having loose bowel problems - switching to raw fixed that!
As far as stool samples... I have been down that route and have done 2 stool tests on both cats which they were both negative. I will have to reread my response in the morning to make sure I caught all your questions as I am dozing off as I write!
As for hating the turkey, sometimes it depends on what else is in the raw mix. My cats love turkey from one pet food company and not the turkey from another company. The second one even smells different to me (kind of musty, which might be from the psyllium husk that's added to it). So just because your cats didn't like one version doesn't mean they'll hate all turkey to the end of time. You just might have to experiment a bit. Also, my cats didn't always like everything I offered the first time I offered it. Kangaroo was initially a bust (probably because it was sooo different from everything else they were used to eating), but I tried again a few weeks later and this time it went over better. Now it's one of my cat's Favourite Food Ever.
There's also a way of feeding called Frankenprey, which cobbles together meat/organ/bone from various animals to come as close as possible to representing the nutrient profile of, say, a mouse. This can be handy when you can't always find the organs to match the muscle meat. For instance, you feed some venison with an appropriate amount of chicken liver and heart and maybe some lamb kidney, and then use chicken wings for the calcium. Requires more weighing, and you aim for a ratio of about 80% muscle meat, 10% organ, and 10% bone.
Here is some much more in depth discussion on that: http://catcentric.org/nutrition-and-...feeding-guide/
"To close your eyes will not ease another's pain." ~ Chinese Proverb
We must not refuse to see with our eyes what they must endure with their bodies. ~ Gretchen Wyler
"To close your eyes will not ease another's pain." ~ Chinese Proverb
We must not refuse to see with our eyes what they must endure with their bodies. ~ Gretchen Wyler
Thanks for all the advise!! REALLY!!!
I will be checkign out both those links! To be honest - I do want to start getting them chicken from a farm and I recently found a farm and just this past friday picked up half pig and 1/4 cow.... I did not get them chicken cause I still have about 9 chickens left and 3 rabbits and with them seeming stand-offish with the chicken and rabbit I was planning on seeing first what do do about that.
My local farmer does have:
I know where I can get quail and cornish hen, but that would be grocery store bought.
Sardine: Would i give that to them raw or cooked? I am affraid with sardines because they have soooo many small bones around their gut area! But they are fairly fatty under the scales!
As I also mentioned before I was purchasing the Raw Bold stuff with no added vitamins. They were gobbling that stuff down pretty good... it was once I started using the Vitamin A that they became more disinterested. Is there any natural replacements for all these vitamins?
For Taurine replacement I used 100g chicken heart per 4 pounds chicken.
Turkey... I am pretty sure it's the meat they just don't care for! I gave them some raw turkey before I started preparing the thanksgiving turkey and they told me to eat it
There just seems to be a very overflowing and overwhelming fountain of information and no two people seem to have the same opinion except that Raw is better! I know I have to find what works for my guys... but my fear is, what if I am unknowingly making them miss something essential from their diet?
we get this right!
Your shopping list brings back memories of when we had the family at home. We used to buy a half a pig and a quarter cow as well the chickens came by the half dozen, and it came from the local farmers. Now and again I'd be called to help with the butchering. Now with the butcher shop in town that deals with the local farmers all I have to do is to go there to buy local product.
If you're having trouble with vitamin A supplement use liver, and start with between quarter and half the recommended amount. Every time you make a new batch of food just add a little more liver to it and by the time you made 3 or 4 batches should be up to the recommended amount. It will help to let the cats get used to the liver being added to the food batch and it will give you a chance to monitor their reaction and adjust the liver accordingly.
The 100 grams of chicken hearts to 4 pounds of chicken looks to be about right according to the recipe I'm using. In regards to the raw egg I haven't been using them for years, and I've just started since Christmas to use the eggs again. And I'm receiving complaints from my crew the same as you and S CM have received from using raw egg, and wouldn't you know what I just completed baking 4 pounds of pork food using raw egg. The next batch I make I will be dropping the egg out going back to the vitamin D3. Using the raw eggs seems to help eliminate the throwing up hairballs but I guess we just can't have everything.
As far as sardines go and other types of fish I haven't had anything to do with it for years. If I'm making a sardine sandwich the cats will get water out of the can and maybe a piece or 2 of sardine as a treat the same goes for any other fish we eat.
You mentioned that you had tried turkey at Thanksgiving with the cats, and they didn't like it. If it was the first introduction of a new food this is a normal thing that happens. You have to work with them introducing the new food before they'll eat it without fussing over it.
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Convex Sport Decal Material
Convex is a series of soft, flexible, printable vinyl films (GearWrap and Convex High-Bond for example) and corresponding laminates used to create durable, thick graphics and decals for a variety of different applications. MotoWrap is not as aggressive as Convex High-Bond, but it is less expensive and easier to install. See the Convex Material Matrix.
Please choose a subcategory below.
ModelMark & Transfer Adhesive
ModelMark is a revolutionary ultra-thin material that allows you to create graphics that will adhere to rubber, hard surfaces, and textured surfaces. Print with the Gerber EDGE in reverse on the mico-thin ModelMark Thermal Printable media. Then apply either the 1-mil transfer adhesive for hard and textured surfaces, or apply the 2-mil transfer adhesive for rubber surfaces. When you apply the graphic, there is no film--just the colored foil, which becomes part of the adhesive. Watch this video to learn more: ModelMark
Convex Gear & Helmet Vinyl
Convex GearWrap is the vinyl for helmets and sports gear. GearWrap's adhesive is designed for high-energy surfaces such as helmets. Cleanly removable for up to one year. Available for thermal printers in 4 and 8 mil and for solvent based inkjet printers in 4 mil. Convex GearWrap UV, with extended UV resistance, is available for longer-term applications. Convex Clear for Lacrosse and Hockey Helmets is specifically formulated with a more aggressive adhesive AND you can apply it when it is cold--at the ice rink for example. Convex Material Matrix.
MotoWrap Vinyl
Create extremely durable decals and graphics for power sports vehicles using a thermal transfer printer or solvent-based inkjet printer. MotoWrap offers the best mix of adhesion, conformability, and economy. Printable, 4 mil, glossy, conformable vinyl with 1.5 mil of aggressive adhesive. MotoWrap is not as aggressive as Convex High-Bond and more translucent, but less expensive and easier for a less experienced installer to apply.
Convex High Bond Vinyl
Convex High Bond vinyl is ideal for creating durable graphics or decals on motocross bikes, ATV's, cars, gasoline pumps, vending machines, ATMs, outdoor power equipment and other interior & exterior markings. Available 6-mil for thermal transfer printers, and 6-mil for solvent inkjet printers. Convex Material Matrix
Pitbull MX Super Bond
Printable, 5-mil white vinyl with a super aggressive permanent adhesive to create SUPER BOND decals. Warning: this product is not removable. It has been designed for those who do not mind replacing the plastic with the graphics. Laminate Pitbull MX with Convex Laminate or PRO-SHIELD Laminate. Available in 15-inch punched for the Gerber Edge Series printers and for solvent- or eco-solvent inkjet printers.
Convex Reverse Print Clear
Coming soon: unique, super-flexible, 16-mil, sub-surface, printable decal material. It is crystal clear and glossy. Reverse print with the Gerber Edge.
Convex & Pro-Shield Laminate
Convex Laminate is highly flexible and will conform to complex curves such as helmets and gear. Convex Laminate is available in 4-, 8, and 17-mil. Use 7-mil or 12-mil Pro-Shield Laminate when you need extreme abrasion resistance. Designed to be used with Convex printable base vinyl materials. Convex Material Matrix
MotoWrap Laminate
Create extremely durable decals and graphics for power sports vehicles using printable MotoWrap vinyl and MotoWrap Laminate. The MotoWrap line offers the best mix of adhesion, conformability, and economy. MotoWrap Laminate is similar to the original Convex Laminate and less expensive. MotoWrap Laminate is more pliable and conformable than ProShield Laminate, but less durable. (ProShield is still recommended for high abrasion applications, such as motocross airboxes and shrouds.)


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The Idaho emerged from post-shakedown repairs first, and her initial mission was to help ensure a peaceful election in the Panama Canal Zone. She embarked part of a Marine expeditionary force at Philadelphia on 20 June 1908, sailed for Panama, and landed them at Colon on 25 June. The New Hampshire (Battleship No. 25) transported the other contingent from New York, arriving on the 26th. Later that year, the Idaho proceeded to Norfolk, where a cage mainmast was stepped, the first installed in a U.S. battleship. The sisters then showed the flag at Philadelphia for Founder's Week, 3-9 October 1908.
Representing the United States at the inauguration of Cuban President Jos?
Miguel Gomez was the Mississippi 's first important assignment. She joined the Maine (Battleship No.10) at Key West, Florida, and reached Havana on 25 January 1909. Soon thereafter, as part of the Atlantic Fleet's Third Squadron, the sisters, along with the Maine and New Hampshire , met the returning Great White Fleet, then proceeded to Hampton Roads, where President Theodore Roosevelt reviewed the fleet on Washington's Birthday. While visiting her namesake state in May, the Mississippi steamed up the Mississippi River, reaching Natchez on the 20th. Then, at Horn Island on the 25th, she received a silver service from the state.
During the summer of 1910, the duo provided the Rhode Island Naval Militia with practical instruction on board a modern warship and allowed them to work alongside officers and men of the "regular" Navy. Both returned to New York City and soon thereafter proceeded to European waters with the Atlantic Fleet's Third Division, receiving a "most cordial welcome" at Gravesend, England and Brest, France. En route to Guantanamo after the European sojourn, they formed part of an "enemy" battleship force being sought by armored cruiser and scout divisions and a division of destroyers, an evolution that proved a useful exercise in tracking a heavier adversary and employing wireless communication to do so.
The Idaho cruised up the Mississippi in May-June 1911, then trained members of the Rhode Island Naval Militia on her return. The Mississippi embarked men of the New York Naval Militia later that same summer. Both ships then formed part of what Secretary of the Navy George Von Langerke Meyer termed the "largest and most powerful collection of vessels ever possible under the United States flag" at a fleet review at New York City. Some 100,000 people visited the ships, and two million more viewed them from vantage points on shore. President William Howard Taft, who reviewed the assemblage on 2 November 1911, declared that anyone who had seen the massed naval might "could not fail to be struck with its preparedness and with its high military efficiency, and must be proud of its personnel."
"Disturbed conditions" in Cuba dictated the Mississippi 's transporting part of a force of Marines there and landing them at El Cuero in June 1912, and while she went into the First Reserve on 1 August, her sister remained active. The Idaho took part in search and rescue operations in heavy weather in the aftermath of the collision between the steamer Noreuga and the lumber-laden schooner Glenlui off Cape Hatteras on 4 November. A few months later, unrest in the wake of General Victoriano Huerta seizing power in Mexico in February 1913 soon led to the Idaho steaming to Vera Cruz to support the Wilson administration's policy of keeping three or four battleships in Mexican waters.
The Idaho joined her sister ship in reserve at Philadelphia on 27 October 1913, but the pair did not remain in proximity for long, for the Mississippi was recommissioned five days after Christmas of 1913 to serve as an "aeronautic station ship." The Mississippi and the Orion (Collier No. 11) embarked men and loaded equipment to establish an "aeronautic center" and transported them from Annapolis, Maryland, to Pensacola, Florida, in January 1914. There they transformed a run-down naval station into a burgeoning training center for naval aviators.
When worsening relations between the United States and Huerta's Mexico led to the landing of Leathernecks and Bluejackets at Vera Cruz in April 1914, the Mississippi transported an aviation unit to that port. Lieutenant (junior grade) Patrick N. L. Bellinger, as one of only two qualified pilots (the other being the Mississippi 's commanding officer) flew for 46 straight days. Fired on at least twice, Bellinger retaliated with the only means at hand: a bar of Octagon soap that Lieutenant (junior grade) Richard C. Saufley, his passenger, released over Mexican troops.
While the Mississippi was making history, her sister, recommissioned on 16 March 1914, embarked midshipmen at Annapolis on 9 May, among them Lynde D. McCormick and Robert B. Carney, future Cold War chiefs of naval operations. The "Ida," one midshipman remembered, was "comparatively speaking" a "happy ship," steaming to Tangier, Gibraltar, and Naples with the Naval Academy Practice Squadron. She then proceeded independently to Villefranche, where she was turned over to the Greek government on 30 July 1914 to become the Lemnos. The Mississippi , meanwhile, had returned to Hampton Roads, where she also joined the Greeks on 21 July, becoming the Kilkis .
Bitter naval rivalry in the Balkans had led Greece and Turkey to seek battleships abroad. The former approached the United States and ultimately acquired the Mississippi and Idaho through an intermediary. The sale funds allowed appropriations for three new battleships, two of which perpetuated the names Mississippi (BB-41) and Idaho (BB-42). The third became the California , later renamed New Mexico (BB-40). The Turks ultimately received the formidable battle cruiser Goeben from the Germans.
Early during the April 1941 German assault against Greece, Stuka dive bombers pounded the port of Salamis. Ironically, the two unique battleships that had begun life in the same yard died in the same port, far from Philadelphia. German bombs sank the Kilkis; the Lemnos was driven aground in an attempt to prevent her total loss. Both ended their lives under the scrappers' torch.


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Welcome to Betws-y-Coed the official 'Gateway to Snowdonia'
And welcome to the official web-site for the Betws-y-Coed Region Tourism Marketing Group formerly the official website of Betws-y-Coed and District Tourism Association. All our members provide accommodation in or around Betws-y-Coed. Our aim is to provide tourist information about our beautiful home of Betws-y-Coed and the surrounding villages within the Snowdonia National Park.
You will find information about what to see, activities, attractions, where to stay, use our tailored search to find accommodation that suites you, where to eat and the answers to many other questions. We hope that you are inspired to visit us in person, where you will be guaranteed a warm Welsh welcome or croeso cynnes Cymraeg!
View our interactive business map which will let you see what can be found in and around Betws-y-Coed.
View an exciting Video about Betws-y-Coed and Conwy County.
Betws-y-Coed & The Snowdonia National Park
Betws-y-Coed is the principal village of the Snowdonia National Park. Covering more than 800 square miles, the park is a region of haunting beauty and grandeur, of wild rocky mountains, hidden valleys, cascading rivers, still glacial lakes and deep forests.
North Wales is an old country; geologically old, with some of the most ancient rocks in the world; old in its economy, based still on the immemorial pastoral or sheep-rearing way of life; old in culture, with traditions in poetry and music that may date back to the Bronze Age; and old in language, for the Welsh you will hear spoken everywhere in the mountain villages is Europe's oldest living language.
No wonder the deep valleys seem still to hold the echo of the myths, legends and bardic traditions of the past. The relics of the past lie undisturbed still in the hills the Neolithic stone circles, the Bronze Age chambers, the fortifications of the Celtic Iron Age, the Roman fort, and the monuments of the great Welsh princes.
Compared to southern Britain, Snowdonia is truly wild.
Snowdon & the mountains of Snowdonia
The Snowdonia National Park consists largely of blocks of undisturbed mountain and moorland divided from each other by deep valleys along which most of the main roads have been made.
A few beautiful villages such as Betws y Coed and Beddgelert are the only claims that man has placed on this truly magnificant landscape. The highest peak, which is also the highest point in England and Wales, is Snowdon (3,560 feet). There are 13 other peaks that top the 3,000-foot contour.
Snowdonia is ideal country for getting out and about. You can explore on foot, by car, on one of the magnificent mountain trains, or by horseback from one of the several pony-trekking centres. The Forestry Commission provides trails, car parks and picnic sites for visitors, but urges people to observe the Highway Code.
Special thanks to Dave Newbould for the use of so many of his stunning photographs of Betws-y-Coed Snowdonia and North Wales.
Tourist Information
This site offers selected information on what to see and do in Snowdonia as well as accommodation, Hotels,Guesthouses, Country Houses, bed and breakfast b&b, Inns and Cottages that have all been inspected each year by the Wales Tourist Board and have been awarded with a quality star grading.
Accomodation Search
All accommodation is located in the Snowdonia National Park and provides a perfect base from which to explore all that Snowdonia and North Wales has to offer to the visitor. Further information on where to eat along with answers to the most frequently asked questions.
Subscribe To Our Mailing List
Join our mailing list in order to receive our free newsletter about North Wales events,activities, attractions and special deals. Your details will only be used to send you our free newsletter about North Wales and never passed to a third party for any reason.
Welcome to Betws-y-Coed, Snowdonia National Park & North Wales.
If you are tired by life, come to the Snowdonia National Park, you will be breathless just standing still


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By Glenn Ruffenach
Older workers, especially the self-employed or those who hope to retire early, have a lot at stake financially in the nation's efforts at health-care reform, since people in that demographic often struggle to find affordable health insurance. Even if you have health insurance through your employer and are perfectly happy with your coverage, health-care changes in the coming decade will likely touch upon many aspects of your life: taxes, decisions about retirement, medical coverage for dependents, and the economy as a whole.
Bottom line: The more you know about the coming changes in the system, the better. So if you're confused about health-care reform and – in particular – what your state is doing (or not doing ) when it comes to establishing "health insurance exchanges," an invaluable tool from the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation can help clarify matters.
The foundation's Health Reform Source, which is among the best guides online about health-care reform, features a service titled "The States" – a state-by-state "view of health-care reform implementation and news." More specifically, this tool shows:
— Where each state stands in creating and implementing insurance exchanges
— How individual exchanges will be governed
— Total federal exchange grants
— The legislative process behind state actions
Some background: Starting in 2014, people will be able to shop for health-care coverage through new insurance exchanges. (Four tiers of health plans will be available – bronze, silver, gold or platinum – with varying costs and coverage.) Individual states have the option of setting up their own exchanges; the federal government will operate exchanges for states that decide against doing so.
Late last week, the Obama administration gave states an additional month – until mid-December – to declare whether they plan to set up their own exchanges.
So…using the Kaiser Foundation's tool, a resident in Georgia, for instance, would learn that Gov. Nathan Deal announced last week that Georgia had stopped planning for an exchange. Assuming the state doesn't change course, the federal government will begin running an exchange in Georgia in 2014. Or, a resident in New Jersey could find that the legislature has passed a bill to establish a health insurance exchange – but that Gov. Chris Christie hasn't yet signed the legislation.


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Definitions of sack
n. - A name formerly given to various dry Spanish wines. 2
n. - A bag for holding and carrying goods of any kind; a receptacle made of some kind of pliable material, as cloth, leather, and the like; a large pouch. 2
n. - A measure of varying capacity, according to local usage and the substance. The American sack of salt is 215 pounds; the sack of wheat, two bushels. 2
n. - Originally, a loosely hanging garment for women, worn like a cloak about the shoulders, and serving as a decorative appendage to the gown; now, an outer garment with sleeves, worn by women; as, a dressing sack. 2
n. - A sack coat; a kind of coat worn by men, and extending from top to bottom without a cross seam. 2
n. - See 2d Sac, 2. 2
n. - Bed. 2
v. t. - To put in a sack; to bag; as, to sack corn. 2
v. t. - To bear or carry in a sack upon the back or the shoulders. 2
n. - The pillage or plunder, as of a town or city; the storm and plunder of a town; devastation; ravage. 2
v. t. - To plunder or pillage, as a town or city; to devastate; to ravage. 2
The word "sack" uses 4 letters: A C K S.
Direct anagrams of sack:
Words formed by adding one letter before or after sack (in bold), or to acks in any order:
b - backs e - cakes h - hacks shack j - jacks l - calks lacks slack m - macks smack n - snack p - packs r - carks racks s - casks sacks t - stack tacks w - wacks y - casky yacks
Shorter words found within sack:
as ask ka kas sac ska
List shorter words within sack, sorted by length
Words formed from any letters in sack, plus an optional blank or existing letter
List all words starting with sack, words containing sack or words ending with sack
All words formed from sack by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: sa ac ck
Browse words starting with sack by next letter
Previous word in list: sachets
Next word in list: sackbut
Some random words: glim fuss lux nyala iolite biker rya
This is not a dictionary, it's a word game wordfinder.
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Joey Jihad Calls Out Murda Mook! "He Can't Keep Up With Me Lyrically" + Takes Shots At Tone Trump "Shout Out To All The Fake Rappers In Philly"
Joey Jihad on Batcave Radio
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


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Adrenaline-6 released – Base game/activation no longer needed!
Adrenaline, one of the most popular pieces of software for the PSVita/PSTV, got updated so that everybody could use it! Thanks to Adrenaline-6, you can now use Adrenaline (a.k.a the infamous ePSP hack for HENkaku-enabled Vitas/PSTVs) even if you haven't activated your device (or have a basegame).
What's Adrenaline?
This ePSP hack is one of the biggest reasons for which you should get a PSVita/PSTV running 3.60. It has the following features:
- PSP ISO/CSO support so you can virtually play all dumped PSP games. You can dump your own legally-owned games!
- PSX game support (via PSX2PSP) with sound support.
- Support for PSP plugins, even CXMB works!
- Ability to use ux0,ur0 and uma0 as the partition where your PSP files are located.
- Full XMB so you could get the authentic PSP experience.
- Homebrews that need 64MB of RAM (i.e ones that need a PSP Slim/2000+) are supported since unlike with other ePSP hacks, with Adrenaline, 64MB is allocated to the PSP emulator.
- Now, you don't even need activation or a base game to use it.
- Many other features including save states and screen filters.
What got updated/changed in Adrenaline-6?
This is what got updated/changed in Adrenaline-6:
- To use Adrenaline, you don't need an activated PSTV/Vita and a base game! This means that you could use Adrenaline on virtually any PSVita/PSTV on FW 3.60.
- Uma0 can now be used as the partition where your PSP files are located (Memory stick location becomes uma0:/pspemu). imc0: can now also be used.
- Support for longer ISO file names got added.
- Some bugs were fixed and the core was updated.
- You get a bubble for Adrenaline with a custom theme when you install it.
- The installation process got changed and now you must install a VPK to install/update Adrenaline. The Network Update function doesn't work when trying to update from Adrenaline-5.1 so you must install Adrenaline-6 manually. The 6.61 PBP gets downloaded from the new installer so you need to be connected to the internet to install Adrenaline-6.
There are two important release notes to read before installing:
- Add "ux0:app/PSPEMUCFW/sce_module/adrenaline_kernel.skprx" to the *KERNEL section of taiHEN's config.txt and reboot your device. It's recommended you do this since Adrenaline-6's installer didn't want to open after downloading the PSP firmware 6.61 file for me before adding this line. I also removed the line that pointed to adrenaline.skprx from the config.txt file to avoid any conflicts.
- If you had Adrenaline already installed, it is advised you remove or rename "ux0:adrenaline" to avoid any conflicts.
- (Extra) Save states from older versions can no longer be used so make sure you do a proper save before updating Adrenaline.
After reading the release notes above, you can download and install the VPK from the link below. If you have any issues report them to "TheFlow" on GitHub/Twitter in a civil manner.
Adrenaline-6 download link (+ changelog): https://github.com/TheOfficialFloW/Adrenaline/releases
Adrenaline Readme (release notes included, check before reporting any issues): https://github.com/TheOfficialFloW/Adrenaline/blob/master/readme.md
Link to donate to "TheFlow" for his great work (DIRECTLY COPIED FROM HIS TWITTER PAGE/ WOLOLO DOESN'T BENEFIT IN *ANY* WAY FROM THIS. I personally believe that "TheFlow" deserves some donations for his work but remember, Adrenaline is free and open-source software so you shouldn't feel forced to donate!): https://t.co/tZIXilWvoD
TheFlow's Twitter announcement: https://twitter.com/theflow0/status/904734513535778818
Adrenaline-6 got an update which fixed CSO game crashing: https://github.com/TheOfficialFloW/Adrenaline/releases/tag/v6_fix


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Discount codes, vouchers and promo coupons 2019
C & J Clark Limited (Clarks)
C & J Clark Limited was founded in 1825 in Street, Somerset. Clarks is one of the UK's largest, privately owned company's. Sold in nearly 150 countries worldwide Clarks has a broad reach, creating footwear for men, women and children.
Womens Shoes & Boots
Trainers & Footwear
Kids Clothing
Clarks UK
Lots of great reductions across Menâs, Womenâs, Kids and handbag styles.


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Tuesday, August 25, 2009
It's tough to say something EVERY WEEK
Man! This is harder than I thought. I don't have any trouble blogging about my racing pigeon training or my catch-all blog (that has revolved around beekeeping lately) . I've got ideas for a couple of other blogs too. But, what to say about my baby-talk Perl that won't be ridiculed? Well, one thing, in response to the co-workers who said "Perl is dead", I thought this news about the new Android phone using Perl spoke for itself!
Labels: Android, beekeeping, ironman, perl, racing pigeons
3 comments:
I agree, that Android announcement is great news!ReplyDelete
I've decided to write daily (http://onperl.ru in Russian). You know, it is much easier than forcing yourself to write once a week :-)ReplyDelete
Interesting. Did you know I dabbled with Russian? http://myratnest.blogspot.com/2008/12/blog-post.htmlReplyDelete
or is this a coincidental plug for your site? (Which I like - nice small updates - small, like my Russian vocabulary).
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Do some data entry
Orçamento $30-250 USD
I have some work, in an Excel spreadsheet.I'm looking for someone that understand Excel Macros, On-Time Events, VBA and Userforms. would like to have designed, a bulletin board display with static and mostly dynamic fields which will be updated daily or as set up in the excel calendars I will provide. and also static fields which will need to have the capability to be updated manually. And need someone that will provide support and also make sure its complete.
19 freelancers estão ofertando em média $163 para esse trabalho
Hello, I am audit manager Main skills: Excel, VBA for excel macros Have great experience with data entry I can provide accurate and qualitative result Please, feel free to contact Ask any questions you have abo Mais
Hello. 35 % of employers hiring me once hired me again. I have experience in the same. I CAN do this job, and do it well!
Hi, I always make sure everything is completed even after you've released the payment. Feel free to send me your existing Excel template/design so I could get further understanding. I can do anything with vba code Mais
Hi there, My name is Redouane. I am very interested in your project. Kindly start messaging so we can discuss further details. Thank you
Hi, I'm interested in the job. I have rich experiences in Excel VBA/Macro programming and can help you complete the job. Look forward to hearing from you soon. Best Regards,
Hello how are you? I am capable with excel and VBA and i am working dedicated for the tasks. I am also giving support after the work done, if there is any problem. Please check my references. I'm looking for mo Mais
I can fill spreadsheet with data effectively. And my typing skills are perfect. I'am free to work more than 10 hours per week. I can work with excel & Word perfectly. I can complete this project. give me more details Mais
I can develop your file very fast. I'm new here, so I'd love if you give me a chance to work. Thanks a lot!


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The Sun City Leadership Development Committee is looking for volunteers who have gone "above and beyond" in their contributions to the community.
The SCHH Annual Board of Directors Awards will be presented April 22 acknowledging the importance of those volunteers and volunteerism.
The simultaneous Volunteer of the Year Awards will be given in several different categories for those residents who have exhibited exceptional volunteerism in one or more of the noted categories: Group awards (not to exceed 10 members), club awards, governance awards, a wild card category and those contributing outside the gates.
Applications to nominate these volunteers will be available in Pinckney Hall, in SunSations, at Magnolia Hall, in Hidden Cyprus and at Palmetto Commons. Return completed applications to Palmetto Commons by Feb. 15.
For more information, contact Paul Russo pauldots@flashnet 705-2674; Lois Barton firstname.lastname@example.com 705-6050; Harriette Russell email@example.com 705-6712; and George Weyhrich firstname.lastname@example.com 705-7480.


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Margaret Fisher, a distinguished practitioner in residence at the law school and court program analyst with the Washington State Administrative Office of the Court, is the 2012-2013 recipient of the Sandra Day O'Connor Award for the Advancement of Civics Education by the National Center for State Courts (NCSC). The award honors an organization, court, or individual who has promoted, inspired, improved, or led an innovation or accomplishment in the field of civics education related to the justice system.
"The shear breadth of Margaret Fisher's work in the field of civics education, which spans more than 35 years, is so worthy of recognition," said NCSC President Mary McQueen. "Through her steadfast commitment, Margaret has made a difference to so many. She has developed innovative programs for school children, college students, juvenile offenders, prison inmates, immigrants and more. Margaret's perspective is that everyone, including society, benefits from a strong civics education program, which she delivers."
Throughout her career as an attorney and educator, Fisher has brought civics education to thousands of students and raised the bar on how it is taught. She began her career at Georgetown University Law Center, where she conducted the Street Law Program in which law students teach civics education programs in prisons. After moving to Washington State in 1982, Fisher launched the Street Law program at Seattle University School of Law. This program continues today. More than 25,000 high school students in Washington State have benefited from this semester-long program. Last year she coordinated the city's first Youth Traffic Court, a collaboration between the law school, the city of Seattle and Garfield High School.
In 2003, Fisher established a new version of Street Law, in which judges commit to teach civics once a week in a high school. She also developed lesson plans for Washington State Courts' flagship civics education program, Judges in the Classroom, where K-12 teachers request judges for classroom visits. In 2009, she became the Washington State coordinator for iCvicis, retired Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor's web-based program. In addition, Fisher, a Senior Fullbright Scholar, introduced Street Law to Southern Africa.
Her accomplishments and contributions are far-reaching. "I have seen Ms. Fisher work tirelessly to strengthen judicial participation in civics education," wrote Washington State Chief Justice Barbara Madsen in a letter of recommendation. "She actively conducts civics education programs with youth, and she has created one of the most innovative programs involving judges in the education of youth in civics and judges in partnership with teachers to teach Street Law course in high schools."
Fisher also served as an advisor to the NCSC during the development of its Justice Case Files graphic novel series, which teaches civics education to elementary, middle and high school children.
This is the third year the O'Connor Award has been presented. The first recipient was South Carolina Chief Justice Jean H. Toal and last year's winner was the Louisiana Center for Law and Civic Education. The award is named for retired U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in honor of her commitment to improving civics education. Since retiring from the bench in 2006, Justice O'Connor has become a tireless advocate of civics education, working to increase awareness and understanding of how our government works. She also established iCivics, a program that uses Web-based educational tools to teach civics education and to inspire students to be active participants in society. Justice O'Connor personally approves the selection of each recipient.


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New Tesla Roadster To Be Called "Model R"
When Tesla Motors got its start, it offered for sale just a single vehicle; the Lotus Elise-based Tesla Roadster. The Roadster model, and name, has been retired, though CEO Elon Musk has already suggested that it will return. And when the two-seat electric sports car makes a comeback, it will be called the Tesla Model R.Read more


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MIDDLEBURY — The Middlebury Aquatic Club had two swim meets last week, hosting Edge Swim Club on Tuesday and visiting Essex on Thursday. The Panthers won in their home meet when Edge forfeited due to not bringing the required officials, and lost to Essex 384-114.
The Panthers won 20 races against Edge, with the under-10 boys winning all four individual events and both relay races, free and medley. The Panthers won five backstroke and breaststroke events, taking two butterfly races and three freestyle races. They won five relay races overall.
MIDDLEBURY — Middlebury Area Land Trust (MALT) trustees will meet next month to discuss future operations of the organization in wake of the resignation of its most recent executive director, Josh Phillips.
Trustees stressed that MALT will continue what has been a 24-year run as a local conservation organization, but noted that Phillips' departure presents a good opportunity for some bureaucratic introspection.
VERGENNES — Vergennes teens looking to keep their brains active during the summer months without missing out on fun and games need look no further than the Summer Adventures in Learning (SAIL) program now taking place at Vergennes Union High School.
SAIL is a summer enrichment program that offers numerous classes designed to be both educational and exciting for students from 7th to 11th grade.
BRISTOL — After five months of heavy editing, the Bristol Planning Commission has released a new draft of the town plan for the first time since it took a public poll on Town Meeting Day about gravel extraction, which found town sentiment solidly against language in the commission's February 9 draft.
NEW HAVEN — Put on your best dancing shoes, save room for the pie-eating contest and get ready to learn some history at New Haven's 250th birthday bash on Saturday July 16, 2011. Join friends, family, community members and local legislators on New Haven's town green for a wide range of activities at this year's town fair from 2 p.m. until the fire department barbecue at 5 p.m.
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FERRISBURGH — Three Ferrisburgh residents have stepped forward offering to fill the seven-month balance of a term recently vacated by Selectman Bob Jenkins, who wants to devote more time to local fire department issues.
The Ferrisburgh selectboard will interview all three candidates on Tuesday, July 12, beginning at 5 p.m. at the town offices. Selectboard Chairwoman Loretta Lawrence anticipates she and her colleagues will select a candidate that evening, following the interviews.
ADDISON COUNTY — The severe thunderstorm that rolled through Vermont last Wednesday caused extensive damage, leaving 1,500 Addison County residents temporarily without power and toppling five utility poles.
Crews from Central Vermont Public Service (CVPS) worked around the clock to restore power to homes in Middlebury, East Middlebury and Weybridge, where the majority of the damage took place.
Christine Rivers of CVPS said the storm was highly localized, hitting certain areas extremely hard, but missing others entirely.
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New Studies
Please note the following changes to PRC submission processes:
- Effective February 01, 2013, all initial submissions of Pharmaceutical/Industry Sponsored studies and studies sponsored by other institutions for which UNC is a participating site must be submitted via IRBIS (i.e., the online IRB system) to be scheduled for PRC review. Studies submitted by the relevant deadlines will be scheduled for both a PRC Meeting and a related IRB Meeting to take place five days subsequent to the PRC Meeting. There may be circumstances when this is not possible, in which case it will assigned to the next available meeting(s). Please note: The one exception to the above are Pharma/Industry studies receiving Centralized IRB (CIRB) review (see last bullet below for more information).
- To ensure your study can be reviewed at both the PRC and IRB as above, submissions to the IRBIS system must include all required PRC submission materials uploaded into the IRBIS system. In addition, all departmental signoffs must be completed prior to the PRC Deadline. Incomplete submissions or submissions which do not meet the above requirements will not be considered for review.
- Additionally, please note: In order to provide consistency in review and maximize oncology expertise on the IRB, we have worked in conjunction with the IRB to designate Committees B and D of the standing Biomedical IRBs as oncology-specific. These two Committees will manage initial reviews for all oncology trials, while amendments and renewals will continue to be assigned to any committee.
- At this time, all UNC Investigator Initiated studies, Cooperative Group (and/or studies which have received external scientific peer review), and studies using CIRB for IRB processing, should still be submitted directly to the PRC Coordinator via email with all required documents by the PRC deadline to ensure timely review. These studies should NOT be submitted through IRBIS until AFTER PRC review and final PRC approval is achieved.
Submission information and requirements:
The PRC reviews oncology studies from UNC investigators, including clinicians and research scientists, as well as cooperative groups, pharmaceutical companies and other institutions. Some of these studies will involve the use of the Clinical Protocol Office (CPO), while some trials will use other resources. If you are not sure what you need, please contact the PRC Coordinator for guidance.
Information Regarding RDRC Review for studies with radiopharmaceuticals
Please note: If your study utilizes radiopharmaceuticals to address basic science questions, an IND is not necessary. Instead, your study will be reviewed/approved by the Radioactive Drug Research Committee (RDRC). In this case approval by the Radiation Safety Subcommittee (RSS) is not required. For more information, please see the RDRC site here.
Required Documents for PRC Review:
PLEASE NOTE: If your study references a separate DSM Charter (or other document that provides information regarding data and safety oversight), you MUST include this as one of your submission documents. This includes any separate documentation that outlines study monitoring and oversight, particularly if this is not clearly outlined in the protocol. Studies which do not provide clear evidence of DSM oversight and/or study monitoring will be deferred from PRC review.
1. PRC Submission Cover Sheet – (UPDATED! For CPO Managed Studies please use the form here. For Non-CPO managed studies, please use the form here.)
Any study which recruits from the UNC Health Care Clinical Settings for cancer patients must have sign off from the relevant Disease Group Leader (see table below). This sign off ensures that the Disease Group Leader responsible for the patient population you are approaching for your study are aware of the study, and have approved of you approaching their patients for inclusion in your trial. Additionally, this form provides an avenue for the Disease Group Leader to indicate if the trial will compete for resources with other existing trials, and how said trails may be prioritized in light of competing resources.
For studies recruiting from a specific patient population, please refer to the table below for appropriate Disease Group Leader to contact for signoff. For studies which involve multiple disease types, please obtain a signature from each Leader from the relevant group.
To obtain a signature, please ensure you forward your final protocol and the signoff form linked above to the appropriate Leader. Electronic signatures are perfectly acceptable.
- As above, Industry Sponsors/Other Institution trials should include this document as one of the materials uploaded and submitted via IRBIS to ensure your submission is complete for PRC review.
- All other trials should include this document, submitted via email to the PRC Coordinator
|Autumn McRee
|Head and Neck
|Jared Weiss
|Tracy Rose
|Phase I
|Claire Dees
|Breast Cancer
|Claire Dees
|Simon Khagi
|Jared Weiss
|Anne Beaven
|Stergios Moschos
|Multiple Myeloma
|Sascha Tuchman
|Cellular Therapeutics
|Jon Serody
|Josh Zeidner
|Gynecology Oncology
|Victoria Bae-Jump
2. RAFT Approval (CPO Managed studies only)
Approval by the RAFT Committee is required for all CPO managed studies. Please ensure documentation of this approval is included in your submission (Please note: this replaces the requirement for Prioritization Checklists).
3. Final Protocol
- If an Industry Sponsored, please upload into IRBIS the most recent, approved version of Sponsor protocol for review.
- If a protocol is investigator-initiated from an outside institution (such as a protocol originating from Dana Farber, MGH, USC, etc.), please upload the most recent, approved version of the sponsoring institution protocol into IRBIS for review. This protocol MUST have a cover page/header indicating that the submitted document is the FINAL VERSION and either feature a version number or version date. All protocols without this information clearly indicated will not receive PRC review.
- If no version is available with this information, please upload the IRB Approval from the sponsoring institution of the version of the protocol you are providing to ensure this is an approved, current version of the study.
- If your study is a UNC Investigator Initiated study, you must submit your protocol using a Lineberger Protocol Template. This should be submitted, along with all other relevant submissions documents, directly to the PRC Coordinator via email.
- NEW!!: For UNC IIT's, please note the policy governing Single Subject Exceptions here. This policy applies to ALL UNC IIT's and is effective December 01, 2017.
- If your study is a correlative science study (any study involving sample collection with or without supporting data), you must use the Correlative Science Template. This should be submitted, along with all other relevant submissions documents, directly to the PRC Coordinator via email.
- If a Cooperative Group/ Externally Peer Reviewed trial, provide the most recent, approved version of Sponsor protocol for review. This should be submitted, along with all other relevant submissions documents, directly to the PRC Coordinator via email.
4. Investigator's Brochure
- Industry Sponsors/Other Institution trials should include this document as one of the materials uploaded and submitted via IRBIS to ensure your submission is complete for PRC review.
- All other trials should include this document, submitted via email to the PRC Coordinator (along with all other required PRC documents).
- Note: An Investigator's Brochure is required for all non FDA approved drugs for Phase I, II and III Studies. A PRC reviewer may request an Investigator's Brochure for an approved drug if he or she finds it to be necessary to adequately review a study. The PRC Coordinator will inform PIs and or Study Coordinators if an IB has been requested by the PRC reviewer.
5. Biostatistician Sign-Off Sheet – (If UNC Investigator Initiated trial)
Any UNC Investigator Initiated study which qualifies for PRC review (Expedited or Full) must have some form of statistical justification. This includes smaller studies, such as those that are sometimes referred to as 'feasibility' or 'pilot' studies. A smaller study does not abrogate the need for statistical justification. (More about small studies later)
To underline the need for statistical justification and statistical design input, the PRC has enacted a rule whereby all studies submitted to the PRC for review require a statistical sign-off.
While all projects submitted to the PRC for review require a statistical sign-off, that sign-off need not come from a LCCC statistician. However, it should be noted that LCCC statisticians are uniquely qualified to assist UNC investigators, since they have extensive experience in designing studies that meet the requirements required to pass the rigor of PRC Review. Excellent statisticians from the SPH Biostatistics department and other university statisticians may be available to you.
If you are unsure about whether or not you need to use a LCCC statistician, a good first step would be to visit the BIOS Walk-In Clinic that takes place in the atrium of Lineberger on Tuesdays or Thursdays from 12 noon to 1 pm. This provides an opportunity to discuss your project and converse with a LCCC statistician about what steps you might want to take next. Alternatively, you may visit the Lineberger BIOS Core Webpage and find a LCCC statistician to email directly. This statistician may not be the one you work with, but this person would be a good first step to help you find a good fit for your project.
Most researchers are familiar with the use of power and sample size calculations that are used for the statistical justification for a comparative study that tests a primary research hypothesis. However, not all studies are about hypothesis testing. Sometimes the researcher may be interested in estimating a parameter of interest. In this case, the 'precision' of this estimate would provide the statistical justification for the study. In all study descriptions, there has to be a measureable 'something' that informs whether the study was 'successful' or not. It is critical that the PRC be able to easily see what defines and makes your study a 'success', and how this success was measured.
Small Study Design
The following describe 'feasibility' and 'pilot' studies. It should be noted that many studies contain aspects of both:
- A 'feasibility' study is a small study that is often conducted just to see if some aspect of the proposed research is 'doable'. For example, an investigator may want to see if a questionnaire can be completed by patients at a particular point in time during their treatment. The primary measure of success for this feasibility project would be the proportion of completed questionnaires. The measure of precision for this objective would be the width of the 95% confidence interval of this proportion.
- A 'pilot' study is often a small study with a sample size (often no more than 5 to 15 subjects). A pilot study is often done as a precursor to a larger study. While data from a small study of this kind rarely produces results that are publishable, these studies may gather crucial information that will be used in power and sample size calculations for a larger study, and may also provide important insight into the study design. Regardless, a pilot study must still contain a clear primary objective and a description of what constitutes a successful completion of the study. A successful pilot study may gather important estimates about measures of interest and their statistical variability. Again, these numbers would be useful in future power and sample size calculations.
Often, a small study will contain components of both these studies. Sometimes these studies may be referred to as 'exploratory' studies. The main point to remember is that ALL studies, regardless of size, must have a definition of success that is clear and measureable, and must have some justification for the sample size and/or a measure of precision
6. DSM Charter and/or Monitoring Plan – For industry sponsored/cooperative group/other institution studies, you must provide any DSM Charters and/or monitoring plans that outline safety and data oversight for PRC review (if applicable), particularly if this is not already clearly outlined in the protocol. Studies without clearly outlined plans for data and safety monitoring will receive stipulation at time of PRC review (or may be deferred).


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2012 Youth Community Action Grants Program
Deadline extended to Monday, February 13th by 8pm!
A pool of money is available for community based projects initiated, designed and run by youth 21 and under. The Youth Action Grants Program will provide grants of up to $1,000 to any youth in Portland who want to take action that makes Our Bill of Rights: Children + Youth a reality!
Youth Projects Must:
Help make Our Bill of Rights: Children + Youth a reality.
The Bill of Rights is the official vision for youth rights, adopted by both City Council and County Board. Your project needs to represent one or more of the articles in the bill. Please take a look at the Sample Application for an example.
Be planned and carried out by youth.
Youth 21 and under should be the primary organizers of your project. Your project must also benefit youth beyond those who are organizing the project.
Create strong youth-adult partnerships.
You must have a sponsoring adult partner from a non-profit organization, government agency or school in order for your project to be eligible.
Be short term.
Grant funding must be spent within three months. Youth Grant projects must be ready to begin this spring and be completed by June 30th, 2012.
Involve as many people as possible.
Over 5,000 youth from all over Portland and Multnomah County were involved in creating the Our Bill of Rights: Children + Youth. We want to ensure that youth are equally engaged in taking action. You should engage as many youth and volunteers as possible. Grants MUST create strong partnership with youth and adults collaborating with one another to reach youth projects gorals. We are looking for adults who support youth success and development, not take over, so that youth leadership can thrive. If you looking for an organization to support your idea, we can help connect you.
Be creative.
We are seeking new, exciting and creative ideas. Be bold and use your imagination!
Apply Now
- Youth Community Action Grants Program (PDF Document, 2,654kb)
- Youth Action Grant Application (Word Document, 311kb)
Sponsored By


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WOODLAWN — A two-vehicle accident on Drew Ridge Road lead to serious injuries for one of the drivers on March 8, according to a Virginia State Police report.
The accident occurred at about 7:45 a.m., about two-tenths of a mile south of U.S. 58, when Richard Kilby Hall, 55, of Woodlawn drifted into the opposite lane, according to Trooper K.D. Blackburn.
The 1994 Ford F150 struck a 2004 Toyota Celica, driven by Samantha Leath of Woodlawn.
Leath was transported to the hospital for treatment of serious injuries, according to the report.
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Daily budget: Definition
An amount that you set for each ad campaign to specify how much, on average, you'd like to spend each day.
- You set an average daily budget for each Google Ads campaign, and then the system will aim to show your ads as much as possible until your budget is met.
- When your budget is reached, your ads will typically stop showing for that day. How quickly your ads are shown during a given day is determined by your ad delivery option.
- It's possible that you'll be charged less or sometimes slightly more than your average daily budget amount on a given day. To help make sure that your ad can run a little more on days when it's very popular, your daily budget is used like an average: on any single day, you can spend up to 2 times your daily budget, but on other days your spend will be capped at a lower amount to make up for it. This is called over-delivery.
- However, in a given billing period, you're never charged more than the average number of days in a month (roughly 30.4) times your daily budget. For campaigns that are paused in the middle of the month or that otherwise don't run for the full month, you may see discrepancies between your average daily budgets and your total charges.
How to change your daily budget
About ad delivery options
See more articles


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Surveyor 1
Goals: This was the first of 7 robotic spacecraft in the Surveyor program, which prepared for the upcoming Apollo missions by developing and validating technologies for soft landings on the Moon and acquiring information about the lunar surface.
Accomplishments: Following on the heels of the troublesome Ranger series of lunar missions, Surveyor 1 was a complete success. It achieved the first true soft landing on the Moon, using a retrorocket and then a bank of 3 thrusters to reduce its speed from 9,600 km/h (almost 6,000 mph) at an altitude of 76 km (47 miles) to just 5 km/h (3 mph) before the thrusters were shut off to avoid disturbing the landing site, and it was allowed to free-fall the remaining 4.3 m (14 feet) to the surface. The spacecraft transmitted more than 11,000 pictures along with information about the lunar surface's bearing strength, radar reflectivity, and temperature.


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Kombizz Kashani 11/18/2006 3:43:04 AMJUST EXCELLENT portrait of that sweet young girl
KOMBIZZ (Kambiz) #558780
Inge Linden 11/23/2011 6:17:03 AMvery nice #9826658
Little girl, northern Thailand
Uploaded on 8/12/2002 5:05:17 PM
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