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Pipelines and Pressure: The Story of Maple Syrup
by Casey Twanow
Picture a tall stack of pancakes—so big their edges hang off of your plate. Now, spread on some soft butter, and for the final taste treat, pour on golden-brown, deliciously sweet, pure maple syrup. Mmmmm. Not much beats the rich flavor of maple syrup fresh from the tree.
What? Fresh from the tree?
That's right—maple syrup is made from the sap of sugar maple trees, which grow in the midwestern and northeastern United States and eastern Canada. Maple syrup was first made by Native Americans hundreds of years ago, and when European settlers arrived, Native Americans taught them to make syrup from maple sap.
The Sap System
Sap is the watery substance that flows through every tree's roots, trunk, and branches. Sap provides food-energy for growth and maintenance.
In spring, the food-energy in sap is sugar made by the tree's leaves during the previous summer. Sugar maples have the sweetest sap. Farmers who own a sugarbush, a woods full of sugar maples, drill small holes in the trees and collect the sap as it drips or "runs" out of the holes. (Don't worry; they don't collect enough to hurt the trees.)
Farmers can only collect maple sap for a few weeks each year—usually during February or March, when the weather is just right to start the sap running. During most of the year, hardly any sap would drip from a hole drilled in a maple tree. On a warm spring day followed by a freezing cold night, however, two to three gallons might drip from a hole in a single maple tree. Scientists don't completely understand maple sap flow, but they do know that daily thawing and nightly freezing cause pressure changes in the wood of a maple tree and make the sap run.
If you looked at a tree's wood under a microscope, you would see long cells stacked on top of each other to make tiny pipelines. These move water, food, and sap up and down the tree. Spring thawing and freezing create positive pressure in the sap flowing through a maple tree's pipeline system. This means that sap presses against the walls of the tiny pipes, so if there is a hole in the wood (like the small ones drilled by sugar maple farmers), the sap drips out of the "leaky pipes" much like water drips from a leaky pipe under your sink.
The Spring Run
All trees have a pipeline system that carries food, water, and sap to their parts. But spring weather does not raise the pressure in all trees—just in sugar maple trees and their close tree relatives. This group of trees is unique because in the layer of tiny pipelines just under their bark, a lot of gas bubbles float around. These bubbles are like little balloons full of carbon dioxide. The bubbles help create positive pressure inside maple trees in spring.
If you have ever carried a balloon from a warm house into cold air outside, you may remember that the balloon shrunk (if you haven't seen this, you can blow up a balloon and put it in your freezer for a few minutes to see the change). This is because gases compress, or take up less space, at colder temperatures. So during a cold spring night, the gas bubbles inside a maple tree compress. Water is pulled up from the roots and through the tree's pipeline system to fill extra space around the shrinking bubbles.
If the next day's sun heats the maple tree above freezing, the gas bubbles expand (you can watch your balloon grow to its original size when you take it out of the freezer). Gases expand, or take up more space, at warmer temperatures. The growing bubbles crowd their pipelines because of the extra water sucked up during the night. Water moves from the crowded pipelines into any available space in the tree's pipeline system. It ends up crowding sap-carrying pipelines deeper in the trunk and the sap starts pushing against the walls of its pipes—it has positive pressure! This high pressure causes the sap to run into any open space (where pressure is lower)—even outside the tree—through a broken twig or a hole drilled by a farmer.
Sap dripping from a maple tree looks, smells, and tastes almost exactly like water, and about 97 percent of it is water. The rest is sugar made by the leaves, and dissolved minerals. Surprisingly, the two or three percent sugar in sugar maple sap is still a higher concentration than in other trees. Researchers are trying to discover if this extra sugar creates osmotic pressure, another force that could help maple sap run.
Osmotic pressure is created as water moves between cells in the maple tree, because for some reason water tries to even out the sugar mixture in different cells. If you made two glasses of lemonade, and put too much sugar in one, you might even out the drinks by diluting the sugary one with more water. Well, since cells in a maple's pipelines hold so much sugar in the spring, some scientists think that water moves from the roots (where there is less sugar) into the pipelines to dilute the sugar in those cells. This water from the roots could crowd the sap-carrying pipelines even more, and help produce high-pressure sap that will drip out of a drilled hole.
Collecting and Cooking
As long as warm days alternate with freezing nights, sap will run and can be collected for syrup. On traditional sugar maple farms, a farmer fits a metal or plastic spout, or spile, into the hole drilled in each maple tree and hangs a tin bucket from each spile. Sap drips through the spiles into the buckets, which are covered with tin roofs to keep out rain and insects.
In most commercial sugarbushes, however, vacuums actually suck sap from the trees. Technicians fit a spout into the hole drilled in each maple tree, and attach clear, plastic hoses to the spouts. The hoses from each tree join into a larger hose connected to the vacuum. This doesn't hurt the trees, and often collects about twice the sap of traditional methods.
Nothing is added to sap to make maple syrup. It is poured into a large, deep, metal pan called an evaporator, and heated to a boil. As it boils, water evaporates from the sap and it becomes sweeter and thicker and turns a gold color. When the boiling temperature reaches 219.1 degrees F (a farmer may test it with a thermometer, but some modern evaporators monitor temperature automatically), the liquid is 66 percent sugar—pure maple syrup. It is quickly drained from the evaporator, and is ready to be bottled and sold. Since sap is so watery, it can take more than 40 gallons of sap to make one gallon of syrup!
So the next time you enjoy maple syrup–drenched pancakes, take a moment to think about the special weather conditions and pressure changes that made that maple sap run, and the hard work someone put into collecting it and making your syrup. Your breakfast will taste even better!
- Is sap a mixture or a solution? How do you know which one it is?
[anno: Sap is a solution because it is made up of sugars and minerals suspended in water.]
- How are the parts of sap separated? What happens to each part? Why are these parts separated? Write a few sentences to explain your answer.
[anno: The parts of sap are separated by the boiling of sap. When sap is boiled, the water part of sap starts to evaporate. This leaves behind a solution with a higher concentration of sugar. The parts are separated because a solution with a higher concentration of sugar is needed for the solution to become maple syrup.]
- Think of another mixture or solution found in nature. How is this mixture or solution collected? What is done with it after it is collected? What is it used for? Write a few sentences to explain your answer.
[anno: Answers will vary.]


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What was feared is now decided.
Chargers linebacker Dwight Freeney is out for the year.
The 12th-year veteran will require season-ending surgery to repair a torn quad tendon, a source said Tuesday. He was placed on injured reserve, the team signing outside linebacker Thomas Keiser from the practice squad in a corresponding move.
Freeney tore his quad late in the second quarter Sunday against the Cowboys when rushing quarterback Tony Romo. Left tackle Tyron Smith appeared to grab Freeney's shoulder pads from behind to slow his momentum.
A flag thrown for holding was waved off after discussion between the officiating crew.
The loss is a significant blow to the Chargers pass rush. Freeney was an invaluable part of it, leading the team with 15 quarterback hurries and three hits.
The responsibility of replacing his production doesn't fall alone on one man's shoulders. Larry English, however, will be part of the collective effort to better pressure the quarterback, starting in Freeney's place for the foreseeable future opposite Jarret Johnson.
Rookie sixth-round pick Tourek Williams is part of the rotational depth.
Keiser joins him. From 2011 to 2012, the 24-year-old had 17 tackles, 4.5 sacks and one interception in 12 games with the Panthers. He is among the young players on the roster who have closely watched Freeney on the job, asking questions to strengthen their own game through his.
Options in free agency are considered bare.
Freeney, 33, signed a two-year, $8.75 deal in May.
The contract came shortly after outside linebacker Melvin Ingram suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament in practice and included a $500,000 roster bonus paid in increments for each game in which Freeney was active in 2013.
The Chargers hoped to pay every cent.
Instead, $375,000 is expected to go uncollected.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Food & Drink
Snowstorms and airports, planning and plowing
By Chloe Sommers, CNN • Updated 11th March 2013
Christopher Browne gets ready for snow long before any falls in Washington, which hasn't seen a stormy winter for a few years now.
It's a crucial part of his job as manager of Dulles International Airport, one of the busiest jumping off points for international flights and a hub for those traveling to and from the nation's capital for official business.
Delays, especially those due to turbulent weather, cost airlines money and passengers lost time and productivity. That puts pressure on airport personnel and heightens the need to plan far ahead for turbulent weather.
"If you were here earlier in the fall, you would see equipment running around and operating and acting as if there was 12 inches of snow on the runway," Browne said.
"It's better to set the expectation early, make the call and then with high assurance know that when you get back to an operation status that you will be able to meet all the demands," he said.
Snows delay flights
His crews jumped into action for a surprise early March storm that moved from the Midwest into parts of Northern Virginia and Maryland.
As heavy snow blanketed parts of the area, the Dulles plows moved swiftly up and down the long runways that handle jumbo jets and other big planes that need a lot of real estate to take off and land.
Airports like Dulles keep more than 50 pieces of snow equipment handy for extreme winter weather. Their small army of plows are constantly in motion during a storm, sweeping away snow and keeping accumulation at a manageable level.
Runways and other busy parts of the tarmac get priority. Gate areas themselves are generally the responsibility of the airlines.
Dana Pitts, the Dulles operations manager, said certain areas sometimes can go without constant plowing.
"We can have two or three inches of snow buildup here and still have safe taxiway. As long as we don't have any physical obstructions, like a hill of snow for them to taxi through, this can sort of be left until a convenient time." Pitts said.
On either side of the Washington storm, airport operations in Denver, Chicago and Boston took care of business as snowy weather blasted those cities.
Typically, airports remain open in snowstorms. It's up to airlines to decide the status of flights.
Carriers lose millions of dollars every year to winter storms that affect their operations.
Recent federal regulations penalizing them for long ground delays and stricter attention to costs of managing their fleets now prompt carriers to cancel flights ahead of big storms.
"Seventy-two hours out we start really closely watching storms and how they will impact us," said Megan McCarthy, a spokeswoman for United Airlines.
"We really do everything we can to cancel everything we have to cancel 24 hours out, giving people a chance to make a decision about their travel plans before they get to the airport," she said.
For instance, United canceled more than 250 flights ahead of a storm that was expected to hit Denver on Saturday. Southwest Airlines pulled back another 125.
McCarthy says that in the event of a snowstorm like the one that gave Browne's plows a workout, United will try to move as many planes as possible out of the area ahead of time so they are not sitting in the snow.
This puts a premium on clearing runways efficiently. The faster that work is completed, the faster airlines can get back to flying once the skies clear.
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text:
March 2012 InBox Letters to the EditorPosted in Features on March 1, 2012
Cover Truck
I was wondering about the criteria to make the cover of your magazine. A certain company will give me a full sponsorship if I can get a contract for one cover from an esteemed magazine such as 4-Wheel & Off-Road. I have a brand-new '11 Tundra TRD Rock Warrior and will be decking it out with their parts, and may also have a car audio sponsor lined up as well. Would my truck interest you at all once it is completed? Again, they will give me a complete sponsorship with a cover contract. Please let me know as soon as possible. Thank you!
Christopher Desautels
Batavia, NY
Sorry, we would never sell or promise a cover in exchange for sponsorship. There are no contracts for such and never will be as long as I am in charge. Covers only happen when we find the right vehicle on the right trail or right place at the right time, not simple staged shots or studio effects. The cover truck must be relevant to the issue at hand, relevant to the sport in general, relevant to the direction of the magazine, and attractive enough to help sell magazines. This ensures that all our coverage is on real-world vehicles used in the dirt. However, we are always interested in homebuilt creations, so send us a good photo for Readers' Rides when you are done so we can see it.
More Dirt Every Day
Hi guys, it's Tom again. I was just wondering what happens to your DED (Dirt Every Day) Jeeps when you revive them and bring them back home, like the '51 CJ-3A in "Supersonic DED" [Oct. '10]. Do you fully revive it? Or does it sit in its present condition? Do you take it on other DED trips, hopefully to revive another flatfender? Just wondering.
Tom Kyle
Via email
Thanks for asking, Tom. It depends on the vehicle, but as a rule I just keep them in the same condition or fix what needs attention. For example, on the Supersonic DED I need to replace the rear transfer case seal and the yoke before I can take it on another DED and maybe snag something else to bring back. But the basic vehicle stays pure to its form—no paint and body work for sure!
Copper or Aluminum Radiator?
I just got my October issue. Page 69, caption 2: "Under the hood the factory inline-six received a Howe aluminum radiator to help keep things cool" ["Clearance King"]. I have had the following discussion on many occasions with four-wheelers and even radiator shop owners, and all seem to think aluminum radiators are the best for heat dissipation. I totally disagree, and the following facts prove me correct.
To be able to transfer heat well, the finned tube or pipe material must have adequate thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity is calculated with the formula: BTU ÷ (hrs·ft·F). In the imperial system of measurement thermal conductivity is measured in Btu ÷ (hr·ft·F) where 1 Btu ÷ (hr·ft·F) = 1.730735 W ÷ (m·K). (Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 7th ed., Table 1-4).
Aluminum has 58 percent of the thermal conductivity of copper. 136 for aluminum, 231 for copper, therefore (136 ÷ 231 = 0.58) x (100) = 58 percent. So why do all the articles and advertising put so much emphasis on aluminum radiators? They do not dissipate heat better than copper, are much harder to repair, and are more brittle than copper. I realize price is most likely the main consideration, but since when has the price been the primary factor when purchasing "the best?"
Paul Clark
Klamath Falls, OR
You are exactly right, Paul. Radiator technology has evolved greatly since the first stills and cars were made, and copper/brass radiators do conduct heat more effectively. However, that alone is not the end of the story. Cost, weight, ease of manufacture, shipping, and many other factors go into designing and producing a radiator for any particular application. Just as a cross-flow radiator isn't any better at cooling than a down-flow, aluminum isn't any better at cooling than copper/brass. That's a myth. However, aluminum has the ability to cool nearly as well as a comparable conventional copper/brass radiator. This, combined with the other benefits of the aluminum design, makes aluminum a reasonable alternative and in many cases better for certain applications.
For example, a race vehicle that needs optimal weight savings would choose an aluminum radiator, while a deep desert explorer would choose a copper/bass radiator for heat conductivity. I personally run both styles depending on the vehicle and am happy with either one. And by the way, I can fix either one in a pinch as well.
Rear Winches
Hello to a great mag. I've been reading you for probably 20-plus years and have subscribed for most of them and am not going anywhere. I have seen several trucks belonging to Wildlife Control at Fort Benning, Georgia, that have small winches on the receiver rear receiver hitch. They say these small (maybe 4 kps or smaller) have saved them many times when they get stuck. My question is how much pull can be put on a receiver hitch winch, if it is pulling at a sharp angle, without damaging the hitch, etc.?
Most winches are mounted on the front (macho-looking but not really practical) but they will only pull you deeper into trouble and not pull you back out, which would be much more practical. I have not seen an article about these rear-mounted winches, although there probably have been some. An article would be appreciated on how to hook it up and operate it. I understand that front-mounted wenches—oops, left her at home (grin)—winches will pull you out and are great for pulling buddies out, but I seldom see them mounted on the rear.
Via email
Front-mounted self-recovery winches have been mounted on both ends of many vehicles for many years, either to pull the vehicle to safety on the other side or back where they came from. Each situation on the trail is different, but as a rule we like to keep going forward if possible, and go backward as a last resort.
The small winches you mention on a receiver hitch is there only for that little tug needed when you haven't really gotten stuck and your tires still roll. Yes, the winches work, but when you really need to get out, a small little winch won't cut it. That's why we recommend a capacity of at least 1.5 times your vehicle's weight; for example, a winch with a 9,000-pound capacity for a 6,000-pound vehicle. When you are stuck, every ounce makes a difference.
As for a receiver mount, there are far too many different variations, mountings, models, and capacities for us to give you a simple answer. If the hitch is rated to 9,000 pounds, then we would assume it could hold the force of a winch pulling on it straight—as it is designed to do. Any angle to the side, up, or down could give a different stress not designed for, and you could seriously tweak or break something. Stick with what the winch manufacturer suggests and you should be OK.
Irresponsible & Cruel!
Irresponsible and cruel! How else can I describe the heinous behavior witnessed in Nuts & Bolts in the Nov. '11 issue? In that issue you actually encouraged a 14-year-old in his obsession with off-roading. At the very least you have doomed him to a life of poverty, and most likely his exposure to the outdoors will lead to other addictions such as hunting and fishing. Even if he doesn't get all radical and decide that the wondrous beauty he finds himself in means there might be a Designer/Creator, these type of activities require self-reliance and can lead to independent thinking, separating him from the entitlement mind-set of our society's trend toward "change." What would happen if we had a majority of the next generation who wanted to think for themselves and take responsibility for their own actions? You may have contributed to the downfall of society as it is becoming!
Patrick McReynolds
Via email
Yeah, the downfall of society. Thankfully we are in our own way doing just that. I'll make sure Fred Williams gets 20 beers, not lashes.
[Yeah, beer!—Fred Williams]
End of the Line
Yesterday I received my last issue of 4-Wheel & Off-Road. I let my subscription run out. It was not an easy decision. As they say, "With tough times come tough decisions." Fixed income, savings going south, possible relocation. Some things had to be sacrifice. One causality was my off-road hobby. Sold off the last of the Jeeps, got rid of all the old parts. You were the last to go.
I'm writing to say thank you. I subscribed to your magazine for almost 30 years and enjoyed every issue. I can't begin to count the number of articles that have helped me through the years. Sure, I didn't agree with everything you wrote, but what's a friendship without a few disagreements? Hopefully somewhere down the line I'll be able to pick up a copy of 4WOR at a newsstand and relive the good old days. Thank you very much for an excellent magazine. I'll miss you guys. Take care and keep up the great work.
Jim Furno
Alden, NY
Thanks, Jim. But since you sent this by email I know you have a computer, and you can enjoy a lot of our mag right there at 4wheeloffroad.com, for free! Hang in there and thanks for the note.
Reader Rant
End of Discussion
I have been a reader for only a couple years when I got my first '88 Ranger 4x4 ($300). I now have an '00 J.E.E.P. (Just Empty Every Pocket) TJ, mild build. I get tired of people unnecessarily pointing out "safety infractions," anything from seatbelts to grinding/welding in flip-flops and street clothing, trying to point out a "beer" in a great off-road not-posed picture. It makes me mad. It was not the driver holding it anyway. We have the personal right to be stupid—one of the few liberties left in this great land. Be as safe as you want, and I will be as safe as I want. When you break down I will unfasten my stock three-point seatbelt, get out my tools, fire up my onboard air, fix your C-clip, fix your U-joint (give you an extra U-joint I had with me), plug your tire, laugh with you because it was a great ride that broke you rig, and drive away forgetting to fasten my belt while drinking an IBC Cream Soda!
Brian & Stephanie Forbs
Cedarburg, WI
Let that be the end to all the discussion. Thanks, Brian!
Submission Information
4-Wheel & Off-Road welcomes letters to the editor. Letters must include an address or a telephone number so the sender can be verified. Once verified, your name may be withheld at your request. Letters published in this magazine reflect the opinions of the writers, and we reserve the right to edit letters for clarity, brevity, or other purposes. Due to the large volume of mail we receive, we regret that we cannot reply to unpublished letters or return photos. Digital photos must measure no less than 1600 x 1200 pixels (or two megapixels) and be saved as a TIFF, an EPS, or a maximum-quality JPEG file. Write to: Editor, 4-Wheel & Off-Road, 831 S. Douglas St., El Segundo, CA 90245; fax 310.531.9368 Email to: email@example.com


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which is highly innovative, modern and at the same time energy-saving. There's no better way to put SomePlace Else in the spotlight."
-Jakub Adamowicz, Technical Director, Sheraton
The restaurant's eye-catching exterior and distinct décor provided many opportunities for delighting guests. In order to turn architect Jacek Jaskóła's team vision into reality, LED lighting was chosen. Sharp general lighting was used to welcome guests, while dynamic bar lighting was used to create tasteful effects around seating areas. Outside, modern exterior lighting was used to bring the façade to life.
To add some color to the restaurant, 300 iColor Flex Color Kinetics light points were installed. These fixtures create exciting light effects and animations, which can be varied for different seasons. In winter time, they can display warm, pastel colours and show the animations of a burning fire place. In summer, they can present graphics of flowing water, or ice sculptures bathed in cool crisp light.
The bar area is the centrepiece of the installation. The glass at the top of the bar gleams in multiple colors, projecting an air of rock 'n roll charm. To achieve this special effect, 117 iColor Cove QLX Color Kinetics luminaires were used. The whole system is powered by lighting control application Philips Dynalite. Its special touch screen panel enables users to select a pre-defined light scene or change individual settings in seconds.
From the stunning glass exterior to the sleek and sexy bar lighting, SomePlace Else is delighting diners with its newly improved ambience.


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Neighborhood & Housing Services Department
Mailing / Physical Address
1400 S. Flores
San Antonio, TX 78204
The Urban Renewal Agency for the City of San Antonio dba Office of Urban Redevelopment San Antonio (OUR SA) promotes efforts that eliminate urban blight and slums through legal activities such as slum clearance, redevelopment, rehabilitation and conservation. OUR SA also enhances opportunities for the City of San Antonio to create new jobs, revitalize neighborhoods and sustain livability. We do this with respect for our neighbors, integrity, stewardship and an open flow of communication.
The Urban Renewal Agency, originally referred to as the San Antonio Development Agency (SADA), was established by voter referendum in 1957. SADA was organized to develop and implement strategies to eliminate community slum and blight and also meet the revitalization and redevelopment directives of the City of San Antonio as identified by City management and as approved by the City Council.
In 1993, the mission of the agency was redefined to focus on affordable housing efforts inside Loop 410. Two years later, San Antonio Affordable Housing, Inc. (SAAH) was established by City Ordinance as a non-profit component of the OUR SA. The mission of SAAH was to develop affordable housing in targeted areas of the City. This mission was later expanded by amendment to include technical and economic assistance to promote both affordable housing and business and commercial development.
In 2006, Housing and Neighborhood Services assumed all SADA/SAAH responsibilities and functions. The Urban Renewal Agency underwent a rebranding in 2010 and changed its "doing business as" to Office of Urban Redevelopment (OUR SA) to give itself more name recognition within the community. SAAH remained a separate but associated entity.
OUR SA, through its non-profit SAAH, is responsible for all land bank activities involving the acquisition, maintenance and disposal of properties in targeted areas. The legal ability to acquire and hold properties, as well as the actions of SAAH, are subject to all applicable Federal, State and local guidelines and rules, as well as approval by the City Council.
Learn more about OUR SA through our Land Bank Program and our Infill Pilot Program.
Click here for a current agenda and list of SAAH board members.
Click here for the 2017 San Antonio Urban Renewal Plan (PDF).


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Product 32/48
I'm always looking for painted and stamped edges and decided to just make some myself. This product contains 4 full size transparent mixed media edges that have been saved in PNG format.
This product is ok for commercial use along with S4H, S4O, and Personal Use friendly. You may also use them for creating freebies as long as you modify them in some way.
No credit required for the use of these items, but it's always appreciated.
NOTE: This was part of my 2017 CU Mixed Media Gala Grab Bag.


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Tuesday, September 21, 2010
Saying No
"No, I will not tell you where Laos is."
"No, I will not translate that for you."
"Do it yourself."
Been thinking about this recent TED talk by Sugata Mitra ever since catching it over at Will Richardson's blog. And over the last week or so, I've really been putting into action many of the ideas inherent in the talk. Most important I think -- and this is on top of a ton of important realizations in the presentation -- is the idea that if we want students to engage with learning, we won't tell them the answers.
Now, I work in a 1:1 environment. Which means that every single student in this school has a machine sitting in front of them that gives them access to the collected knowledge of recorded human history. So why would I treat them as if they do not wield such immense power?
And as an experiment, the way I've chosen to get them to realize the potential of what happens when they combine the power of their brains with the power of that access is to just say "no".
"No, I'm not going to define that for you."
"No, I'm not going to spell that for you."
"No, I'm not going to find that for you."
"No, I'm not going to repeat myself five times slowly for you."
You want to succeed in learning? Then learn to activate your own capacity to learn. Figure it out. Use that thing sitting on your lap and the connection to the world that it represents. And stop leaning on me; because soon enough I won't be here. And it will just be you and the world.
I asked a student yesterday if that made sense to her. And her response was simple, elegant, and telling. She said:
11 comments:
Passed this along to administration with the hope they see the power of empowering students!!! Now if we can just allocate the funds to put smartphones or iPads or SOMETHING in their hands!ReplyDelete
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
Thank you for posting this. It brings tears to my eyes thinking of how much waste our districts insist upon when forcing us to purchase archaic textbooks. The computers at my school are being used largely to test children, not to encourage learning.ReplyDelete
You've done a great job on finding Ted resources for education. This is generally something I've been aware of since I got access to my first computer, at the age of 35, an Apple IIe. An open mind, a healthy curiosity, and you can and will learn whatever you need to, and then some. As an adult with a learning disability, and ADHD, I was pretty much at the end of my rope, and the computer saved my life. I went back to school, and with the assistance of a word processor, became a Special Educator. I've been doing it for 23 years now, and I find it ironic that more people haven't used the technology to free their minds as I did. I've made it a point to always put kids in front of computers, and with great results.ReplyDelete
I use Skype regularly with my students, and we have a penpal class in Singapore (I'm from SoCal). Thanks again for this, as I will probably embed this video on my website, and share it with my parents and admin at back to school night.
Amazing Shelly! The rebellion continues!!!ReplyDelete
Bravo young man bravo!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousSeptember 26, 2010 at 12:36 PM
If we only had an electronic brain, connected to a vast network of other electronic brains, we could find the answer.ReplyDelete
From someone who is being dragged, kicking and screaming, into the world of Skype, netbooks, and paperless classrooms, this was eye-opening. My children run circles around me on the computer but I am slowly understanding how the world is opening up to us via the internet. I liked the comment "...when you have interest, then you have education." Even if the computer's only initial contribution to a child's education is an interest in using one, or something they find while surfing, education will follow. Skype is an amazing tool that can connect students all over the world and should be used in all classrooms. Knowledge is power and the more we know about the world and how other people live, the better equipped we will be, our children will be, to face global problems.ReplyDelete
Yes, yes, yes to NO. I think the children may melt, but the bottom line is that my quick reply does not give them anything long-lasting.ReplyDelete
I'm trying to be a life-long learner, should I deny any one else that opportunity?
I'm of the opinion that technology is hurting education more than enabling it. Yes, access to the collected knowledge of mankind is a good resource, but students still need a guide and interpretor of that knowledge, a guide, a teacher! I am trying to envision my students asking me about how an fission occurs, and I say go look it up. What I am there for then? Could I be replaced by a sign that says, "Turn on computer and don't bother anyone."?ReplyDelete
And I thought I was the only 'mean' person on this planet. My 4th graders are embarking on their first real research project where I provide them with good resources and stand back. Many struggle when I tell them...hmmm...what do you think? I have repeated many of the same phrases you have above.ReplyDelete
It's truly a transformation when at the end of the year a student comes up to me and says, "I really liked your class because you never told us the answer, you made us look for it." Woo hoo!!


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Washington DC – The January jobs report of 243,000 new jobs and unemployment down to 8.3 percent — shows progress. Robert L. Borosage, co-director of the Campaign for America's Future, made the following statement about the new jobs report and its indications for the U.S. economy:
"We've now had 10 quarters of economic growth and five quarters of jobs growth. The report shows growth across the private economy, notably in manufacturing and construction.
"But don't break out the bubbly. Any celebration should stay sober. The U.S. economy is still slogging slowly against fierce headwinds. We are still 6 million jobs short of where we were when the Great Recession began. There are still nearly 24 million people in need of full-time work. There are still more than four people lining up for every available job.
"Federal Reserve Chair Ben Bernanke stated the simple reality: `We still have a long way to go before the labor market can be said to be operating normally. Particularly troubling is the unusually high level of long-term unemployment.' Nearly one-third of the unemployed have been out of work for a year or more. These are the true casualties of Wall Street's excesses.
"American companies are producing more now than they did before the collapse. But Americans aren't sharing in the rewards. Profits margins are at record heights; CEO salaries have soared, but there is no recovery in jobs, and wages and benefits continue to fall behind.
"Austerity continues to impede the recovery. Government employment was flat last month, but state and local governments project more cuts. Austerity in Europe is driving the EU and the United Kingdom into recession. U.S. exports will suffer accordingly, even without a Greek default or a financial calamity. U.S. government spending will be constricted by the budget deals."


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Safe Sanctuaries Train the Trainer – From Discipleship Ministries
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Join people from across the United Methodist connection in this FREE, two-part webinar on how to train others on Safe Sanctuaries. This training provides you with the skills to establish safe sanctuaries in your church and train others in the work. ...
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Epworth UMC
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The Big Horn-Wyoming Circuit will hold its Charge Conference from noon to 2 p.m. Saturday, Dec. 2 at First United Methodist Church in Cody, 1405 Beck Ave., Cody, WY 82414. The church phone is 307-587-4430. Please contact your pastor to confirm your ...
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12/9/2017 at 10 a.m. Grace UMC Missoula, Montana The Missoula Area Circuit Charge Conferences will be held on Saturday, Dec. 9 at 10 a.m. at Grace UMC, 1756 10th St West, Missoula, MT 59801. Lunch will be served following the meeting. Please contact...
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Basic Lay Servant Class
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District Annual Conferences - Cultivating Beloved Community
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Wheatley Lectures
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Tax Changes & Local Church Giving
Thursday, March 22, 2018 5:30 PM
Few of us have seen changes to the Tax system as sweeping as those approved at the end of 2017 (to go into effect this year and beyond). One area of great interest, impact and anxiety for leaders in the church is the increase of the standard ...
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United Methodist Women Day of Giving
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United Methodist Women Day of Giving - March 23 On March 23, 1869, eight women gathered at Tremont Methodist Episcopal Church in Boston, Massachusetts, and organized the Women's Foreign Missionary Society, what would become United Methodist Women. ...
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Five Things Your Visitors are Thinking but Won't Ask Seminar
Saturday, April 14, 2018 9:00 AM to 3:00 PM
Gillette First UMC
It's been said that every church wants to grow. If that is statement is true, are we really poised for it in the way we treat and attend to our new visitors? While you might not think it, guest readiness is one of the most important issues facing the...
Native American Ministries Sunday
Sunday, April 15, 2018
One tribe in North America has told this story for centuries: when people "pale as birch" crossed the great water in large canoes, they brought with them "The Black Book." However, the bringers of the physical Book could not have known what it would ...
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UMW Western Mountains District Spring Meeting
Saturday, April 21, 2018
Kalispell Epworth UMC
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Administrative Professionals Day
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Wednesday, April 25 is Administrative Professionals Day! Don't forget to show appreciation to the administrative professionals in your office. Many churches, conference offices, and districts depend upon their administrative team to keep the office ...
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Thursday, May 10, 2018
May 10 is the last day of regular registration for 2018 Joint Annual Conference. May 11 begins late registration. Register here today! If you experience trouble while attempting to register, please email Patty Griffith at email@example.com...
First 12 Training Event
Monday, May 14, 2018 10:00 AM to Tuesday, May 15, 2018 at 12:00 PM
Evangelical United Methodist Church
Starting a new church, faith community, or place for new people? The first twelve people to join you in starting a new place for new people, new church, or new faith community will set the tone and shape for the future, set the pattern for ...
UMW Assembly 2018
Friday, May 18, 2018 to Sunday, May 20, 2018
Columbus Convention Center
INSPIRE Be inspired by cutting-edge speakers and deep spiritual experiences. MOBILIZE Learn to mobilize through a public rally, Town Halls, workshops and social justice exhibits. ACTIVATE Leave with action plans for your own community. At "The Power ...
JUBILEE: The 50th Anniversary of The United Methodist Church
Sunday, May 20, 2018
Congregations across the connection are invited to celebrate the 50th anniversary commemorating the event on April 23, 1968, when leaders of the Evangelical United Brethren Church and The Methodist Church declared the creation of a new denomination, ...
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Aldersgate Day
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Aldersgate Day is celebrated on May 24 (or the Sunday closest) to commemorate the day in 1738 when John Wesley experienced assurance of his salvation. Wesley reluctantly attended a group meeting that evening on Aldersgate Street in London. As he ...
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Over the years, The United Methodist Church has advocated for peace and justice through a broad spectrum of national and international ministries. Your support of Peace with Justice Sunday on May 27 allows ministries like these to flourish in ...
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Sunday, June 24, 2018 to Friday, June 29, 2018
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Senior High camp at Flathead United Methodist Camp is a great opportunity for those campers entering grades 10 - 13 to create and grow their love of God. Senior High week takes place June 24-29. Senior High Campers come to create relationships with ...
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Flathead Lake United Methodist Camp (Tween)
Saturday, June 30, 2018 to Tuesday, July 3, 2018
Flathead Lake UM Camp
Tween camp at Flathead United Methodist Camp in Rollins, Montana, is a great opportunity for those campers entering grades 4 - 6 to create and grow their love of God. This camp takes place from June 20 - July 3. Tweens come to camp to create ...
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Luccock Park Elementary Camp
Sunday, July 22, 2018 1:00 PM to Wednesday, July 25, 2018 at 2:00 PM
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Elementary Camp 2018 Send your 3rd – 6th graders to camp for fun, fellowship and awesome camp food! Register at luccock.org.
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UMW Mission u
Friday, July 27, 2018 8:00 AM to Saturday, July 28, 2018 at 5:00 AM
Mission u will hold two summer schools this year. The first will take place in Great Falls, Montana on July 27-29, and the second at Billings Grace in Billings, Montana August 17-18. More Information on the mission studies and books required for the...
Luccock Park Senior & Middler Camps
Sunday, July 29, 2018 1:00 PM to Friday, August 3, 2018 at 12:00 PM
Luccock Park Camp
Senior and Middler Camps 2018 2018 camp will be one week earlier – don't miss a day of camp, but be back in time for sports try-outs and training! Register at luccock.org.
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Flathead Lake United Methodist Camp (Middler)
Sunday, August 5, 2018 to Friday, August 10, 2018
Flathead Lake UM Camp
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Friday, August 17, 2018 8:00 AM to Saturday, August 18, 2018 at 5:00 PM
Mission u Dean
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UMC Family Fun Camp
Saturday, August 18, 2018 11:00 AM to Sunday, August 19, 2018 at 3:00 PM
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UMW Big Horn District Meeting
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Grace United Methodist Church
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9/28/2018 7 p.m. to 9/29/2018 4 p.m.


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I don't suppose there's a way to get around having to call
before making any calls to
in the Java implementation of OpenGLES is there? The main problem is that at the time I come to create the textures (loading scene graph from file) I don't yet have access to the Graphics object being used (it's a cross platform API... long story) and so I need to create the glTextures, but at this point have no Graphics object to use with eglCreateWindowSurface, to then use with eglMakeCurrent. So I'm getting an IllegalStateException with "no current context". Is it possible to create an "empty" context to make these calls with?
Basically I don't understand exactly why the Graphics object needs to be known at this point, I'm a little fuzzy on the ties between these function calls and the context. Are all textures created with a certain context set current only usable when that context is set current?
Er.. ta in advance. And if it sounds like I don't know what the chuff I'm talking about that's probably true.


text:
Plans call for the youthful chart-toppers to play major stadiums in Latin America, Britain and Ireland during the first leg of the mega-tour that begins in April.
U.S. dates are expected to be announced later.
The band announced the "Where We Are Tour" at London's Wembley Stadium, one of five venues they will play at in the U.K. and Ireland once the tour begins.
Band member Harry Styles said the idea of playing at Wembley "is incredible" and that the group is "very excited."
The U.K.-based band had for several days been dropping hints on various official Twitter pages indicating that a major announcement was planned.


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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Every once in a while in the live feed update there is something about the HGs talking about "the season that can't be mentioned". Does anyone know what is up with that? What season are they talking about and why can't it be mentioned?
That cracks me up! I think that was a term we coined here.shhhhh.......but it is the ill-conceived, gosh darn awful winter BB that nearly killed us all. Season 9.
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Southern California Seismic Network: a cooperative project of
U.S. Geological Survey, Pasadena, California
Caltech Seismological Laboratory, Pasadena, California
Version 1: This report supersedes any earlier probability reports about this event.
MAINSHOCK Magnitude : 5.0 Ml Time : 29 Sep 2004 03:54:53 PM PDT : 29 Sep 2004 22:54:53 UTC Coordinates : 35 deg. 23.31 min. N, 118 deg. 37.24 min. W 17 mi. ( 27 km) NE of Arvin, CA 21 mi. ( 34 km) E of Bakersfield, CA Event ID : 14095628
At this time (17 hours after the mainshock) the probability of a strong and possibly damaging aftershock IN THE NEXT 7 DAYS is less than 10 PERCENT.
Most likely, the recent mainshock will be the largest in the sequence. However, there is a small chance (APPROXIMATELY 5 TO 10 PERCENT) of an earthquake equal to or larger than this mainshock in the next 7 days.
In addition, up to approximately 10 SMALL AFTERSHOCKS are expected in the same 7-DAY PERIOD and may be felt locally.
This probability report is based on the statistics of aftershocks typical for California. This is not an exact prediction, but only a rough guide to expected aftershock activity. This probability report may be revised as more information becomes available.
Like most earthquakes, the recent earthquake is expected to be followed by numerous aftershocks. Aftershocks are additional earthquakes that occur after the mainshock and in the same geographic area. Usually, aftershocks are smaller than the mainshock, but occasionally an aftershock may be strong enough to be felt widely throughout the area and may cause additional damage, particularly to structures already weakened in the mainshock. As a rule of thumb, aftershocks of magnitude 5 and larger are considered potentially damaging.
Aftershocks are most common immediately after the mainshock; their average number per day decreases rapidly as time passes. Aftershocks are most likely to be felt in the first few days after the mainshock, but may be felt weeks, months, or even years afterwards. In general, the larger the mainshock, the longer its aftershocks will be felt.
Aftershocks tend to occur near the mainshock, but the exact geographic pattern of the aftershocks varies from earthquake to earthquake and is not predictable. The larger the mainshock, the larger the area of aftershocks. While there is no "hard" cutoff distance beyond which an earthquake is totally incapable of triggering an aftershock, the vast majority of aftershocks are located close to the mainshock. As a rule of thumb, a magnitude 6 mainshock may have aftershocks up to 10 to 20 miles away, while a magnitude 7 mainshock may have aftershocks as far as 30 to 50 miles away.


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Tentacle Hoodie
Betentacled Awesome
Cephalopods are awesome. Two of them show up at a party in the same dress? Bam. Chromatophores.They've been shown to use tools, so any time one of them locks itself out of the car, another's right there with a coat hanger. It's like magic, only science.
You know, it's a revelation when you see a DIY project you did in high school done really well. "Oh, so THAT'S what it's supposed to look like." That's exactly what we thought when we saw this bleach-stenciled apparel. For us, bleach stencils were mandated when our unique teenage combination of lazy and messy ruined our favorite shirts. This tentacle stuff elevates the common bleach stencil to a whole other level, so we were pretty excited when this artist out of Baltimore got to the point where she could accommodate ThinkGeek's cephalopodic needs. Note that because the design is handmade for each shirt, the placement of the tentacles on each garment is unique. We don't know what you're going to get, but we can promise it won't look just like it does in these photos. That's how art works.
Tentacles twine 360° around the body of this black, full-zip, 50% cotton / 50% polyester hoodie. Ribbed cuffs and waistband; two pouch pockets The artist's logo is at the back center of the neck. Note: Please reference the table below to choose your size.
|38 1/2 in.
|42 1/2 in.
|46 1/2 in.
|50 1/2 in.
|54 1/2 in.
| Front Length
(from where collar meets shoulder)
|26 in.
|27 in.
|28 in.
|29 in.
|30 in.


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9 Jan 2012, 11:43 AM
I have an editable grid, if I'm in a cell and then select another cell, that cell will become editable on a single click. However, if I change the value of the cell (tried numeric cells and combo boxes) a single click into another cell does NOT open up that cell for editing. I must click twice: first click commits the value and then no cell is editable, and if I click again the cell is then editable.


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Michael F. Gates, 74, Easton, Kansas, died Sunday, February 24, 2013, at his residence.
Michael F. Gates, 74, Easton, Kansas, died Sunday, February 24, 2013, at his residence.
Mass of Christian burial will be Thursday, February 28, 2013, at 10:30 a.m. at St. Lawrence Church, Easton, KS, with Father Mathew Francis as celebrant. Interment will follow in the St. Lawrence Church Cemetery. A parish and Knights of Columbus rosary will be recited on Wednesday, February 27th at 5:00 p.m. in the chapel of Arensberg-Pruett Funeral Home with visitation to follow until 7:00 p.m. Memorial contributions are suggested to Maur Hill-Mount Academy and may be left in care of the funeral home. Online condolences may be left at www.arensbergpruett.com.
Michael was born July 17, 1938, on the family farm in Easton, Kansas, the son of Michael F. and Emma Zelfer Gates. He attended elementary school in Easton #6 one room schoolhouse and then graduated from Maur Hill Prep School in Atchison.
Michael was engaged in farming all of his life.
He was member of St. Lawrence Church in Easton and Knights of Columbus Council # 723. He enjoyed watching Benedictine basketball, and Notre Dame football. He was a John Deere Equipment enthusiast. His love was farming and he took great passion in going out and checking his cows with his grandson by his side.
Survivors include a son Mike Gates, Easton, KS, a daughter, Kathleen "Kate" (Chris) Pennington, Lansing, KS, two brothers, Leslie Gates, Easton, KS, David Gates, Easton, KS, two sisters, Mary Margaret Ruhlman, Atchison, KS, Virginia Giller, Manhattan, KS, and a grandson Tyler Gates.
He was preceded in death by two daughters, Ellen Gates and Louise Gates.


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Frisian march v1.3 Beta
Hello dear fans LS,
I look forward to you again to present your own map for LS 2015 s.
For LS 08 and 09, there was already the Frisian march. Maybe someone remembers it;)
This is actually not the V1 beta version because I have not had much time to test it yourself. Errors have me so far but no serious noticed. But since I have adapted many fields, and ha've calculated per pixel, it can there come in small discrepancies. Perhaps there are still one or the other "floating" object. But hope I've caught all the remodeling.
I wish you lots of fun on the map. If you notice something please leave a comment. Also like to write a comment and share with you what is good and what you like less. I can then make some changes still to V2.
The map can be set using my download links on other pages.
What's new example:
- Cows at the farm
- Lowlands Map
- Dikes
- Trenches
- Roads
- Signs
- A few more buildings
- This is a fully revised American Map
- Many new fields at the edge which must not be bought and are vorgesaet with grass.
- Pedestrian and Car History adjusted.
- Adjusted visibility
- Fruit growth extended somewhat.
- Several small .... :)
Many thanks
With best regards
2014-12-06 15:00
2014-12-06 15:00
2014-12-06 15:00
2014-12-06 15:00
2014-12-06 15:00
Danke an die Modder des Futterlagers, Straßen und Schildermodpacks.


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"No pleasures are more aesthetic than poetry and nature, so it is only natural that the two should unite. Editor Dungy here merges the worlds in a satisfying compilation that features over 100 poems by 93 African American poets, including celebrated writers June Jordan and Yusef Komunyakaa as well as newer artists like Remica L. Bingham and Indigo Moor."
—Library Journal
Black poets have a long tradition of incorporating treatments of the natural world into their work, but it is often read as political, historical, or protest poetry—anything but nature poetry. This is particularly true when the definition of what constitutes nature writing is limited to work about the pastoral or the wild.
Camille T. Dungy has selected 180 poems from 93 poets that provide unique perspectives on American social and literary history to broaden our concept of nature poetry and African American poetics. This collection features major writers such as Phillis Wheatley, Rita Dove, Yusef Komunyakaa, Gwendolyn Brooks, Sterling Brown, Robert Hayden, Wanda Coleman, Natasha Trethewey, and Melvin B. Tolson as well as newer talents such as Douglas Kearney, Major Jackson, and Janice Harrington. Included are poets writing out of slavery, Reconstruction, the Harlem Renaissance, the Black Arts Movement, and late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century African American poetic movements.
Black Nature brings to the fore a neglected and vital means of considering poetry by African Americans and nature-related poetry as a whole.
List price: $76.95
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List price: $26.95
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Bryce Canyon National Park
Thor's Hammer, monstrous hoodoos and a Sinking Ship. Bryce Canyon's red-orange-pink amphitheaters stage a Norse myth 70 million years in the making.
Wind, water and time have eroded Bryce Canyon National Park's sandstone cliffs into otherworldly characters plucked from the unconscious of a mad Viking. Rows of humanoid pillars crosshatched by rock strata look almost intentional but perfectly surreal. So silent, eerie and beautiful. So improbable it has to be true. Your first view of the park is a dramatic unveiling. Wind through stands of pine trees until they break at the rim of Bryce Canyon National Park, revealing a panorama of goblins, towers and fins of a color you can't quite name. Read more...
Explore Bryce
Travel Tips
Planning Your Trip to Bryce Canyon
Bryce Canyon Location & Directions
Bryce Canyon National Park is located in southern Utah near the city of Bryce (convenient, eh?), and is accessible by air or car from Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, St. George and even neighboring Zion National Park. Here's how we recommend getting to Bryce Canyon.
Nearest Airports to Bryce Canyon
Depending on where you're coming from, there are three airports we recommend near Bryce Canyon:
- MCCARRAN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT in Las Vegas: The nearest major airport to Bryce Canyon with direct flights from many foreign and domestic destinations. 4-hour drive to the park.
- ST. GEORGE REGIONAL AIRPORT: The closest airport to Bryce Canyon with limited commercial flights. 2.5-hour drive to the park.
- SALT LAKE CITY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT: Major airport with direct flights from many foreign and domestic destinations. 4-hour drive to the park.
- CEDAR CITY REGIONAL AIRPORT: Flights from Salt Lake City are available. 1.5-hour drive to the park.
Driving Directions to Bryce Canyon National Park
Take a look at how far Bryce Canyon is from some notable nearby destinations.
- FROM ZION NATIONAL PARK (72 miles): Take UT-9 E toward Mt. Carmel Junction. Take US-89 N for 43 miles, then turn right and head east on UT-12. Follow the signs to Bryce Canyon National Park.
- FROM SALT LAKE CITY, UT (268 miles): Take I-15 S toward Las Vegas for 213 miles. Take exit 95 and head southeast on UT-20 to US-89 S, then UT-12 E. Follow the signs to Bryce Canyon National Park.
- FROM LAS VEGAS, NV (260 miles): Take I-15 N toward Salt Lake City. Take exit 95 and head southeast on UT-20 to US-89 S, then UT-12 E. Follow the signs to Bryce Canyon National Park.
Getting Around Bryce Canyon
Once you get to the park, it's entirely possible to ditch your wheels and ride in style on the park's free shuttle service. This trusty metal steed takes visitors to all the must-see viewpoints and trails. It's not required but it conserves gas, money and time — so why not?
Where to stay near Bryce Canyon National Park
Done hiking and looking to rest your weary head? You've got options. The park itself is a one-stop vacation shop. Besides camping there's a quaint, rustic lodge at the center of the park built in the 1920s featuring cozy cabins, suites and motel rooms, plus a dining room and gift shop. If you want to take things off-site, there are plenty of accommodation options in Bryce Canyon City (just outside the park) or in nearby Tropic or Cannonville.
View a list of nearby hotels and campgrounds
Where to eat near Bryce Canyon National Park
Have you gobbled all your snack packs, granola and other trail treats? Not to worry. With an array of food options — from affordable comfort food to fine dining — Bryce is a great place to get your grub on. Below are some of our favorite options that will please foodies and coupon-cutters alike.
View a list of nearby restaurants
Bryce Canyon National Park Hours
The park is open all year (24 hours a day), giving you both winter wonderland and summer spectaculars. The road is plowed and sanded after each storm, but if it's a bad one you might have to wait a tick for clearance.
The visitor center is open year-round (except Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day) and is located 1.5 miles inside the park. Visitor center hours vary by season:
- Summer (May – September): 8:00 a.m. – 8:00 p.m.
- Fall (October): 8:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m.
- Winter (November – March): 8:00 a.m. – 4:30 p.m.
- Spring (April): 8:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m.
Visitor Center Phone Number: 435-834-4747
Bryce Canyon Fees & Permits
Weekly Passes
The following passes allow access to Bryce Canyon for seven consecutive days:
- Private vehicle: $30
- Motorcycle: $25
- Person entering by foot or bicycle: $15 (under 15 is free of charge)
Other Passes
These passes admit the pass owner and accompanying passengers to all U.S. national parks (including Bryce Canyon) and federal recreational lands:
- Annual Pass: $80
- 4th Grade Annual Pass: free
- Military Annual Pass: free
- Lifetime Senior Pass (62 and older): $80
- Annual Senior Pass (62 and older): $20
- Lifetime Access Pass (available for those with a permanent disability): free
- Bryce Canyon Annual Pass (Bryce Canyon only): $35
When to visit Bryce Canyon
Weather-wise, Bryce Canyon makes the mercury mercurial, with big temp shifts from season to season and even day to day. This is due to Bryce's dizzying elevation — a cool 8,000–9,000 feet — and makes it a much cooler park than nearby Zion. Below are some quick tips to maximize fun and minimize frostbite.
- SPRING: Bryce's spring is closer to winter and temps don't really start warming until May. Be prepared for snowstorms in March and April.
- SUMMER: Summer is beautiful in Bryce Canyon. The temps hover in the low 70s in June and hit the 80s in July and August, making hiking a much less sweaty affair than in other parts of southern Utah. It's a perfect time to beat the city heat and head out into the fresh, thin air. Exercise caution, however: Summer rains start in late July and August and can leave you drenched and exposed to lightning. So be smart. When the thunder starts, stop hiking.
- FALL: Winter can come quickly in Bryce, but September temperatures are ideal, usually staying in the 70s during the day. October is a weather checkerboard, with storms some days and perfect blue skies the next. As always, check the weather forecast and bring one layer warmer than you think you'll need.
- WINTER: Snow-capped hoodoos might be dazzling, but they come at a cost: Winter temps in Bryce almost always dip below freezing and the days can be brisk. Snow can start in October and can last until April, but the coldest months are December through February. So layer up, pack warm and check the weather. It might be nippy but it's worth it.
Best Hikes in Bryce Canyon National Park
- Navajo Loop: It's easy to see why this trail is one of the most popular in the park. It starts with a horizon-sweeping view at Sunset Point, then makes its way past the Silent City — a rock metropolis of hoodoos and spires — to Wall Street, where the trail heads into a narrow slot canyon surrounded by sweeping sandstone walls.
- Fairyland Loop: Nine out 10 fairies agree: This windswept, mind-boggling vista is the place to be. Stand on the edge and keep it casual or lace up your boots and descend into intricate hoodoo architectures on a strenuous 8-mile trail that will have even the biggest skeptics believing in magic.
- Sunset Point: Want to gawk without a big walk? Head over to Sunset Point, where you can take in the most awe-inspiring sections of the park without moving a muscle. The vista looks over the Silent City and gives you a 20/20 view of Thor's Hammer — an imposing and isolated hoodoo — and provides hours of bird-watching fun. If you want to stretch your legs, take the Navajo Loop Trail that departs from the parking lot.
- Bristlecone Loop
- Mossy Cave
- View all hikes at Bryce Canyon
Things to Do in Bryce Canyon National Park
*Overnight backpacking in Bryce Canyon requires a permit.
Only a half-mile section of the Rim Trail between Sunset and Sunrise Points is wheelchair accessible. The one-mile Bristlecone Loop at Rainbow Point has a hard surface and could be used with assistance, but several grades do not meet standards.
Camping / Lodging
Camp sites 223 and 224 in Loop A of Sunset Campground are reserved for those with mobility impairments. The Sunrise Unit of Bryce Canyon Lodge has rooms designed for handicapped access.
Dogs at Bryce Canyon National Park
Dogs are allowed (on leash):
- At campgrounds
- In parking lots
- On paved roads
- On paved viewpoint areas
- On the paved trail between Sunset Point and Sunrise Point
- On the paved shared use path between the park entrance and Inspiration Point
Dogs are not allowed:
- On any unpaved trails or viewpoints
- In public buildings
- On public transportation vehicles
Service animals are permitted anywhere in the park.
Photo Gallery
Request Information
Request Bryce Canyon Info & Brochure
Bryce Canyon Country Visitors Bureau
Garfield County Tourism Bureau
55 South Main Street
Panguitch, Utah 84759-0077
Visit Website


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RA's Jordan Rothlein visits the Berlin-based duo, whose open-minded approach in the studio has resulted in one of the best albums of 2012.
Both Sam Barker and Andreas Baumecker are ardent gearheads, the former catching the bug from a music tech course in secondary school and the latter regrouping after selling much of his gear to Rajko "Isolee" Muller some years back. Now the nexus of their obsession is a joint studio on a side street in the east of Berlin. Though their computer seems purposely pushed off to the side, their shared surface resembles a particularly plugin-stuffed Logic session, with an assortment of small- and medium-sized boxes jockeying for space on the desktop. (With a number of live dates looming, some of their larger machines sat in stacks along the studio's perimeter.) The "constellation," as they'd occasionally refer to it, seemed to exert a hold over the two: as I'd talk to one, the other would invariably gaze into the tangle, compulsively tweaking, re-plugging or rearranging. By the end of the afternoon, its allure had begun to sink in.
I read that you only recently switched the studio computer on, that you guys were just recording to DAT from hardware. What role does the computer even play in here?
Sam Barker: Putting things on SoundCloud? [laughs]
Andreas Baumecker: I think it plays a huge role in the final arrangement. The sound is made in the computer later on, so we really need the computer. I think we couldn't even live without a computer. I can't imagine!
Sam Barker: I mean, you can, definitely. It's just, what do you do once you've got a bunch of DAT tapes of jams? There's also the problem of having something as a stereo recording. I would like to have an 8 track A-DAT or some kind of reel-to-reel I could record things to. I guess the only difference is the immediacy: we might be messing around, haven't switched the computer on. We've got some real nice loop going or whatever and then go, "Right, OK, where's my computer?" It's over there, because I've been at work during the day or whatever. Plug it in, start it up, start up Logic… you know, ten minutes down the line, where was that amazing track that we had like ten minutes ago? It's sort of floated off. You need to get it recorded at the moment you're excited about it. That's the main thing I've learned about doing stuff in a spontaneous way: recording needs to be spontaneous too.
But with just a stereo output to DAT, you're a little stuck. Spontaneous is good, but you want to be able to clean everything up afterward.
Sam Barker: "Crows," "No Body" and "Tranq," these were all just like stereo tracks that we had. We did put a few layers on afterwards, but mainly just to kind of cover up things that we couldn't change about the original, or to fill in a hole in the frequencies.
Let's talk about Jomox. The drum machine of theirs you've got here, the XBase 999... it seems like one of the central components of your sound.
Andreas Baumecker: Yeah, it's the main drum machine we use on Transsektoral. That's it. We used the Dave Smith Tempest, but we got it very late [in the recording process], so we didn't really use it that much. On two tracks it's pretty obvious, maybe on "Schlang Bang" and "Trafo"—
Sam Barker: And "Silo." The good thing about the Jomox stuff is the attention that's put into the sound quality. It just doesn't seem to have any compromise in that area. There's some digital sounds in this, but the way they've decided to do the digital is kind of copying the 909's way of doing it, which is having 8-bit samples on the same sort of chips that they use, which kind of degrades the sound but gives it this real crunchy full sound, and then each of those has its own VCA. There's way easier ways of doing that, but he's decided to do it in this really old way that does a lot to the sound, gives it its own character. Rather than just clean 24-bit samples coming out, you've got these really gritty things.
Andreas Baumecker: I don't know. I might be obsessed a little bit with the Moogerfoogers. They don't have a digital, clean sound; they are completely analog. They have this dirty, old school-sounding thing to them. It's really special.
Sam Barker: Yeah, I don't know, I guess I'm probably not so into really clean-cut and digital-sounding things.
Andreas Baumecker: Of course we like the digital side of things as well. I think you should not lock yourself from digital.
Sam Barker: Yeah, I'm really into the sort of hi-fi sound, but digital doesn't have to mean hi-fi and analog doesn't have to mean lo-fi. I don't know. I guess it's just how the record sounds.
You can hear that on Transsektoral: it really messes with how we normally conceptualize the analog/digital divide. The record sounds rough around the edges, but often when people describe dance music like that, it translates to "old school." And what comes out of this studio doesn't really sound old school.
Andreas Baumecker: Yeah, that's good. Even though the sounds might be sounding like old, the overall feeling is not.
Sam Barker: I think no matter what, sounds have to sit in a space together. So when I say this sounded too clean and digital, it's only because everything else in the track doesn't sound digital, so it has to find its way to sit in that family of sounds. I guess that's kind of an important thing for us and why we use different types of reverb, and we're always doing a lot of EQing stuff at the desk. It's to aim for that good relationship between all of the sounds and putting it in an acoustic space. You could imagine hearing it in a certain room or a certain atmosphere.
Is that placement a part of tracks from the beginning, like when things are starting to take shape in a jam?
Andreas Baumecker: I think it starts when we're doing it.
Sam Barker: I think just naturally, like—we'll be playing with the desk the whole time and just pushing things forward and back and EQing frequencies in and out. It sort of feels like you're making a diorama. I don't know if you ever did this in school, but you get a shoebox and you cut out pictures from magazines, stick them on card, and put these different layers back, so when you look in, you have mountains and you have this 2D/ 3D thing. [Mixing is] a bit like that, where you have elements, and you want to push this sound right towards the back, and this over here at the front left and another sound over here to balance that out.
What's a technique you use for making a sound fit that might not otherwise?
Sam Barker: The Yamaha S30 through the [Roland RE201] Space Echo—it can be quite clean and digital, but if you push a digital string sound through a spring reverb, it brings it back to life. It can take a stale, digital sound, and make you imagine it was an orchestra playing in some cathedral recorded on some old 78 or something. It gives it a totally different character. Stuff like that disguises the fact it's a modern digital sound.
Sam Barker: The [Eventide] Space and the [Boss RX-100] spring reverb are really essential tools.
Let's talk about the Space. For something so small, it seems like it's been a very powerful tool for you guys.
Sam Barker: This is really tweakable.
Andreas Baumecker: It's almost like an instrument. You can use it for so many different things.
Sam Barker: It's pretty much like synthesizing a reverb. You can make all kinds of acoustic spaces.
I think the Space speaks to a larger point. You sent over a gear list before the interview, and I noticed that quite a lot of the stuff you guys use is portable—stomp boxes, guitar pedals, stuff you wouldn't normally think of as studio gear.
Andreas Baumecker: These [Moogerfoogers] are basically all guitar pedals.
Sam Barker: Yeah, but what's inside is like pulled out of a high-end studio rack. The only thing is it's small and transportable. We've been thinking more and more that we want to get the process the same between writing the live set and writing music [in the studio], not two separate processes. At the moment the live set is two flight cases of 23 kilos, so we're at the absolute maximum capacity of stuff we can take without bringing someone else to carry cases as well. So I don't know. I think stomp boxes for me are kind of a size compromise. Their size is important, because then you can have that sound when you play live as well.
I'm guessing you're not finished putting this modular synthesizer together, either.
Andreas Baumecker: This is, like—this is his thing. Sam's addiction, totally.
Does he ever let you touch it?
Andreas Baumecker: Well I look at some of the things, but for me I think it's more important to learn the equipment that I have. The modular is a step further, and I'm not there yet.
Sam Barker: We've been sending things—like, the Moogs [on Baumecker's side of the desk] have inputs for control voltages so we've been trying to do a few things where we're sharing control voltages.
Andreas Baumecker: I also bought the Moogerfooger CP-251 to understand the whole process of control voltage. I have the Slim Phatty at home, so I can just like totally rewire [all the Moog pedals]. I think that's kind of what he does with the modular but that's—like I said, that's further, so I have to start with the basics.
Andreas Baumecker: [whispers] Yes.
Sam Barker: Yeah…
Andreas Baumecker: He's been getting on my nerves. [laughs] Joke! Joke!
Sam Barker: I've been sort of interested in having a modular for a while. The [Korg] MS-20, that's pretty much as modular as I've got before, but I had a lot of fun plugging things in and out of that and other synths like the Pro One's filter input. But yeah, I sort of had in my head that this was the next stage. I wasn't going to buy any more vintage synths. I've got a few other friends that started around the same time, so it was a shared obsession for a few of us.
It looks like it's a pretty custom setup, like it's not necessarily all one make.
Sam Barker: No, that's the nice thing about it. There are more manufacturers now. There's a unifying format for the size and for the ins and outputs and stuff. Everything can communicate with everything else. There's this kind of infinite nature to it, because the chances of someone having exactly the same constellation of modules is pretty slim. Everyone's got their own way of using it as well.
How have you been using it?
Sam Barker: The last half of the album was [heavy on it], I think the latter tracks like "Trans_it" and "Databass133 1/3" had a lot of it.
Andreas Baumecker: It's really interesting. You can do so many unusual things, things that don't sound totally normal—like, "What? What's it doing now?" I really like that level to it.
Sam Barker: But I might not really know what it's doing either. [laughs]
Are most of your sounds synthesized? Do you ever work with samples?
Sam Barker: I think the only thing we've sampled is, like, voices sometimes.
Andreas Baumecker: Yeah, for the live set we have a bass sound that we use, or noises from the original tracks that we can't reproduce live. But it's really rare actually that we use samples. With the [Elektron] Octotrack track, I have to say, I think we should really try and sample more, because it does really interesting things—like totally fucked-up things.
With the Octotrack specifically? What can you do with samples on it?
Sam Barker: The way it handles samples is really elastic. You can pull it in any direction, make it play from this or that end, set loop points and time-stretch. It's got really good algorithms.
You told me it's the central hub of your live setup, and it looks like the studio is really geared toward building music for those shows right now. How improvisational can you get with this setup?
Andreas Baumecker: I think we did it already in the first show we did at Berghain, plus we extended like 25 minutes or something. The last 20 minutes were really like a jam session, but of course we can't do it everywhere like that.
Sam Barker: We have the basic sequence of the track, and then from there we can decide kind of how authentic to the [studio version of the] track we'll play it. We can't really just create a new track, like jam out a totally new track. There will always be some parts that were sequenced before. But with the modular and a couple of drum loops—
Andreas Baumecker: And if the Octotrack works fine then we can use that—just program on the fly.
Sam Barker: So at the moment it feels like we've built this kind of instrument in the sense that this constellation of boxes is its own thing that needs learning, and I guess at the moment we're maybe a little bit above amateurs with this particular instrument as a whole.
That's really interesting. It's sort of backwards: you created something, and then you figure out what it does.
Sam Barker: We're good with individual boxes but looking at it as a whole, it's unique: it's a unique instrument to us. You're not really judged on the same kind of professional level [of musicianship] because it's doing something already a little bit unusual. I don't know if that makes total sense…
Would you ever want to get to the point where you knew everything that's going on with this constellation?
Sam Barker: That's the thing. I don't know if we ever would.
Andreas Baumecker: But I think it would be also good to know at least 95% of what we're doing.
Sam Barker: [If] we know the set and the setup a bit more, we're going to feel more confident in taking it off in different directions.
to know at least 95% of what
we're doing." - Andreas Baumecker
I get the sense that while you guys have your areas of expertise in the studio, there's a real collaboration going on here. Is there ever a compromise process that happens in here?
Sam Barker: I don't know. Maybe at some point we'll be jamming, and Andy will have an idea for how all of these parts can reveal themselves over the course of time. We might be like, "OK, we should use this as an intro," we might roughly plan out a jam verbally, then I'll bring some of the high percussion in and then we'll leave it as long as we can before we feel like it's the right time to put the main beat in or whatever. We do reach over to each other's stuff sometimes and, like, turn the cut-off down a little bit.
Andreas Baumecker: When the modular takes over too much...
Sam Barker: Yeah, if one or the other is getting too sucked into our own thing, then we pull each other out. But we've never had any, like, studio falling-outs where we're like "Hi-hat's too sharp, for fuck's sake!" "The hi-hat's not too sharp!" It's usually more like, "The hi-hat's a bit sharp." "Oh yeah, you're right." Because I think what we both think is good is fairly similar, apart from a lot of Andy's—
Andreas Baumecker: —the '80s—
Sam Barker: —questionable—
Andreas Baumecker: —questionable pop songs. I'm totally hooked!
And then is it like, "Well, we'll bring in this 80's pop thing, if I can have the modular doing this…"
Sam Barker: If I can put a gabber kick under there. [laughs]
What do you think you guys have learned from each other about making music?
Andreas Baumecker: Well I'm definitely learning from Sam how to use a synthesiser. Before I was just playing along and seeing what happens, not really knowing what everything means. He can explain it in a really good way. I watch him [work on sounds], so I'm understanding what I have to do to get the sound really interesting. I know a lot of tricks that are also very good, because Logic is difficult if you don't have the time really to get into it if you're working during the day and play on the weekends then you don't have much time.
Sam Barker: I guess [from Baumecker I've learned] the structure, dynamics and tension of dance music, the restraint. Just learning a different way of composing.
How does communication work here in the studio? Do you just meld minds, or is it more verbal?
Sam Barker: We don't talk much, really.
Andreas Baumecker: I think if you listen to music, or make music, you shouldn't talk so much. You listen. You don't need to speak.
Sam Barker: Sometimes we might be like, "Oh, this is good, we should press record."
What spurs on that feeling that it's time to press record?
Andreas Baumecker: That's when it's already too late.
Sam Barker: You should have pressed record—
Andreas Baumecker: 20 minutes ago.


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The emphasis of this lesson is deepening students' understanding of how and why we measure precipitation across the globe. Students will look at NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data gathered during hurricanes and how this data can... (View More) prove essential in helping scientists forecast the amount of precipitation. Students will also learn how the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission is enabling scientists to collect new information on hurricanes. The lesson uses the 5E instructional sequence. (View Less)
Keywords: Hurricanes; Tropical cyclones; Precipitation; Natural hazards
Audience: Middle school
Materials Cost: Free
Materials Cost: Free