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For UConn, Providence a 'tough, tough' matchup
STORRS -- In 2014, seven Big East Catholic schools will officially branch off, thus killing rivalries that span a few decades.
UConn and Georgetown, for example, is a classic. To an extent, so is UConn and Villanova.
It's hard, though, to truly deem UConn and Providence "rivals." From 1994 -- the year Kevin Ollie hit a game-winning layup to lift the Huskies to a 79-78 win over the Friars -- to 2006, UConn held a 16-6 advantage.
But since then, Providence -- by no means a Big East heavyweight -- leads the cross-state series 5-2.
"Whenever it's a New England team, they're always going to play their best," said UConn point guard Shabazz Napier. "Just like when we played Quinnipiac -- if we had lost that game, all bragging rights went to them."
After snapping its two-game losing streak with a 66-54 victory over Rutgers, UConn hopes to retain bragging rights when it visits the Dunkin' Donuts Center tonight for a 7 p.m. date with Providence.
"It's a tough, tough matchup for us," Ollie said. "We're going to have our hands full with them. Every team that comes down there is going to have their hands full with them."
Following a difficult start to the season that included losses to Brown and DePaul, the Friars (10-10, 2-6 Big East) have shown signs of improvement. And that's largely because they're finally healthy: The backcourt trio of Vincent Council, Bryce Cotton and Kris Dunn has played together in just eight games.
Of the three, Cotton has been far and away the most prolific, topping 20 points six consecutive times before scoring 19 in last Saturday's loss to Marquette. Council, an All-Big East performer a year ago, has seen his numbers decline due to a hamstring injury and the emergence of freshman Dunn, a McDonald's All-American from New London who chose Providence over UConn.
"He just adds an extra dimension to them," Ollie said. "Dunn is one of those long, versatile guards who can play the point and the two and the three for them."
More InformationFriars vs. Huskies
While UConn has often risen to higher levels than Providence in recent years, the Huskies' record against the Friars is an unimpressive 2-5 in the past seven meetings. Here's a skinny of those games:
JAN. 27, 2007 at Hartford -- Providence 84, UConn 72: Providence scored the first 16 points of the second half as part of a 37-12 run in a comeback win. Despite the presence of UConn's 7-footer Hasheem Thabeet, the Friars scored 48 points in the paint and converted 16 offensive rebounds into 20 points. Thabeet did block five shots.
JAN. 17, 2008 at Hartford -- Providence 77, UConn 65: Dwain Williams scored 23 points and made six of Providence's 14 3-pointers. Jeff Adrien, who had a double-double almost a year ago against Providence, had 16 points and 15 rebounds in this meeting.
MARCH 6, 2008 at Providence -- Providence 85, No. 13 UConn 76: Weyinmi Efejuku scored 25 points and Jeff Xavier 21 for Providence, which shot 59 percent in the second half and took advantage of 21 UConn turnovers in the game.
JAN. 31, 2009 at Storrs -- No. 2 UConn 94, Providence 61: Thabeet recorded his first career triple-double with 15 points, 11 rebounds and 10 blocks for UConn. A.J. Price scored 19 points, recording his 1,000th Husky point in the game.
JAN. 27, 2010 at Providence -- Providence 81, No. 19 UConn 66: One game after upsetting No. 1 Texas to reclaim a spot in the rankings, the Huskies fell. Jamine Peterson had 23 points and 14 rebounds for Providence. He scored eight of the Friars' 14 straight points as they completed their comeback from a 10-point, first-half deficit. Kemba Walker had 17 points, eight rebounds and seven assists for UConn.
FEB. 13, 2011 at Storrs -- No. 10 UConn 75, Providence 57: Jamal Coombs-McDaniel scored a career-high 25 points and Kemba Walker added 22 points as the Huskies pulled away to victory.
FEB. 28, 2012 at Providence -- Providence 72, UConn 70: Bryce Cotton scored 22 points for Providence, which trailed by 14 in the second half. Andre Drummond had 14 points and 12 rebounds for UConn.
Providence's three guards, who average a combined 38 points and 12.2 assists per game, should provide a formidable test for Napier, Ryan Boatright and Omar Calhoun (43.3 points, 9.9 assists). However, the Huskies (13-5, 3-3) experienced success with a traditional two-guard lineup versus Rutgers, and Ollie said he feels comfortable with DeAndre Daniels at small forward and Niels Giffey at the "four."
"I like anybody who can come in and give me an opportunity where we can be a little bit more versatile and a little bigger," Ollie said. "But I still like my three guards. They're going to play a lot of minutes and we're going to have Niels ready and DeAndre is going to be ready and we're going to let the game dictate to who is going to play. I don't go in and say, `I'm going to play this guy X amount of minutes.'"
Daniels, inconsistent all year, gave UConn a lift in the final minutes in its win over Rutgers. The 6-foot-8 small forward scored four points -- a tip-in and a dunk off a steal -- in six seconds as the Huskies opened up a double-digit lead. Daniels has grabbed seven or more rebounds in three of his past five games.
"He's getting closer, but he still has room to grow like all of our guys, and we're just going to keep pushing and keep challenging them," Ollie said.
firstname.lastname@example.com; @KevinRDuffy


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EL SEGUNDO, Calif., May 26, 2005 (PRIMEZONE) -- Australian firm Hawker de Havilland has signed a $70 million, long-term agreement with Northrop Grumman Corporation (NYSE:NOC) to produce composite parts and subassemblies for the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter center fuselage, a major section of the aircraft being developed by Northrop Grumman's Integrated Systems sector.
"International participation is imperative to achieving the program's goal of developing the world's most advanced multi-role stealth combat aircraft," said Janis Pamiljans, Northrop Grumman vice president and F-35 program manager.
"The F-35's unique blend of revolutionary and evolutionary technology from across the globe presents armed forces with the best combination of performance and price," Pamiljans said. "With development well underway, Northrop Grumman will continue to leverage the expertise of the program's international partners to help build an air system with unprecedented levels of interoperability for domestic and coalition forces."
Hawker de Havilland, wholly owned by The Boeing Company, specializes in the development, design, testing, manufacturing and repair of large composite and metal components for the commercial and military aircraft industry.
"Chosen for its best value approach, Hawker de Havilland exemplifies Northrop Grumman and the entire F-35 team's objective to bring unprecedented and innovative technologies to the armed forces," Pamiljans said.
Northrop Grumman has additional F-35 contracts with GKN Aerospace in Victoria, BAE Systems in South Australia, Cablex in Victoria, Micreo in Queensland, Production Parts in Victoria, Vipac Engineers and Scientists Ltd., Victoria and Ferra in Queensland.
The F-35 is a stealthy, supersonic multi-role fighter designed to replace a wide range of aging fighter and strike aircraft. Three variants derived from a common design will ensure F-35 meets the performance needs of the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Navy and allied defense forces worldwide, while staying within strict affordability targets.
The international signatories - Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Turkey, Canada, Australia, Denmark and Norway - have had direct input in the design phase of the aircraft and companies worldwide are participating in the F-35's development. More recently, Israel and Singapore have joined the F-35 program as security cooperative participants.
Currently, U.S. and United Kingdom sales alone account for nearly 2,600 aircraft and the Pentagon expects additional foreign purchases to be in the thousands.
Northrop Grumman plays a critical role in the development and demonstration of the F-35. Responsibilities range from integrating a major section of the aircraft's structure to producing key avionics and communications subsystems to developing mission-planning software and training systems. Working as an integrated team with its customers, teammates, and suppliers, Northrop Grumman delivers products and services that help make the F-35 the world's most advanced multi-role, stealthy combat aircraft.
Northrop Grumman's support of the F-35 program spans five of its seven sectors. The Integrated Systems sector is a principal F-35 teammate designing and building the center fuselage and providing systems test, vehicle systems, mission systems, and autonomic logistics products and service. The Electronic Systems sector provides the fire control radar and, in joint efforts with Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control, is developing the electro-optical distributed aperture system and the electro-optical targeting system. The Mission Systems sector provides system and software engineering support for the mission planning system. The Space Technology sector provides the integrated communications, navigation and identification avionics suite. The Information Technology sector, in joint efforts with Lockheed Martin Simulation, Training and Support, provides training management software.
Northrop Grumman Corporation is a global defense company headquartered in Los Angeles, Calif. Northrop Grumman provides technologically advanced, innovative products, services and solutions in systems integration, defense electronics, information technology, advanced aircraft, shipbuilding and space technology. With more than 125,000 employees, and operations in all 50 states and 25 countries, Northrop Grumman serves U.S. and international military, government and commercial customers.
CONTACT: Louise Muniak Northrop Grumman Mission Systems (703) 898-5353 email@example.com


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Seriously, where do you come from?! ;) This is such a great idea. I'm going to have to remember this when my boys get older. Love ya!
Will you send me this list? I've tried to copy, paste, print, nothing. I writing it down myself would take too much work. :)
Great topics and great idea to keep their minds working!
Logan looked so serious which isn't a bad thing.
Great idea (again, you are amazing)! I have been feeling like my kids are turning into mush this summer as well, so I made them start reading, but I like your idea! Although mine start school next week, so I am late reading this, but maybe during their breaks and next summer!
The idea of presenting a report every week is wonderful, it helps to keep a check on where things are going with kids. I found a lot of interesting ideas going through your post and will certainly employ them when the time is right.
kids birthday party Fort Lauderdale
You are so awesome! I seriously just stumbled upon your blog and this is very inspiring. I love the "Smart Kids=Scholarship=Happy Prents"! Keep it up. :)
Your ideas are amazing! Love them all. As I'm reading them, it is such a "YES!" moment. Thanks for sharing.
~gina hayes


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Howard and Hattie were found in St. Catharine's, Ontario in the 1901 and 1911 Canadian censuses.
Hattie and 3 of their daughters were found living in Buffalo, New York in 1925. Hattie states that she is a widow, but no death record has been found for Howard. By 1941, Hattie is back in Ontario, living in the town of Niagara Falls and later St. Catharines. No death record has been found for Hattie.
Howard and Hattie had 7 children:
- Louisa May STULL (22 Apr 1894 - ?) she married 1st Leo James BORER (19 Mar 1893 - 25 Dec 1965) on 15 Mar 1927 in Elmira, Chemung County, New York. She married 2nd Raymond A HANSON.
- Leslie Merritt STULL was born 30 Aug 1895 in St. Catharines. He married Gladys Viola SWATOUR (15 Jan 1902 - 28 Jan 1962) on 24 May 1930 in Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. He died in Cleveland on 4 Jan 1955.
- Anne Elizabeth STULL was born 20 May 1898. She married William Francis Elvey SUCKLING (10 Aug 1897 - 17 Nov 1976) on 30 Apr 1921 in Niagara Falls, New York. She died on 16 Feb 1958 in Cincinnati, Ohio.
- Ethel Pauline STULL was born 8 Jan 1901 and died 11 Jan 1901.
- Ada Belle STULL was born 25 Mar 1903. She married 1st William Harold BOWMAN on 5 May 1923 in Merritton, Ontario. She married 2nd George ZEIGER on 21 Oct 1930 in Niagara Falls, New York. She married 3rd Otto J KOLBE on 10 Sep 1935 in Erie County, Pennsylvania. She married 4th George VIRAY. She states that each of her first 3 marriages is her first marriage.
- Maud Elizabeth STULL was born 28 Nov 1906. She married George M BARCLAY.
- Hazel STULL was born about 1918. She has only been found in the 1925 New York State Census. She may be a grandchild to Howard and Hattie instead of a child due to the gap between births.


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Promoting multilingualism
Multilingualism in France
Learning and teaching languages in France
France promotes linguistic diversity by encouraging the teaching of a wide range of foreign languages, in both the national education system and through certified language centres.
In the French education system
In the French education system, modern foreign languages are taught at every level (primary education, secondary education both general and technical). While almost all French pupils learn English, the system also offers a wide choice of other modern and regional languages.
The high school (or upper secondary) reforms introduced between 2010 and 2012 were designed to reinforce the learning of foreign languages in all high school classes to ensure that every student leaving high school is proficient in at least two modern languages.
Pupils are divided into ability groups for language lessons, and a second modern language is made compulsory on all courses, both general and technical. Language proficiency in high schools is now assessed according to the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR).
Finally, each school must form at least one partnership with a school abroad as a basis for easier organisation of language trips and exchanges between French and foreign students.
International sections are systems established within primary schools, secondary schools and general high schools to:
- facilitate the integration of foreign pupils into the French education system
- create a setting conducive to French pupils learning a modern language to a high level.
High school international sections prepare pupils for the international option of the baccalaureate (OIB).
Teacher and pupil mobility
The French Ministry of Education strongly encourages language travel
The European Lifelong Learning Programme (Leonardo da Vinci and Comenius) also provides for individual student mobility initiatives.
Teacher mobility remains the best means of observing education practises in other countries and exchanging best practices between partner countries.
The European Lifelong Learning Programme (Leonardo da Vinci and Comenius) also funds mobility grants.
Cultural centres and institutes in France
Apart from Paris, the city with more cultural centres (46) than any other in the world, language centres can be found in a number of other French towns and cities.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry ofHigher Education and Research and the Ministry of Culture and Communication jointly award "Qualité français langue étrangère" (FFL Quality) certification. Over 130 language centres have already signed up to the scheme.
The Forum for Cultural Institutes in Paris (FICEP) is made up of 46 institutes, from Latin America to Asia by way of Europe, the Mediterranean, Russia, the Middle East and India. FICEP was founded with the aim of highlighting the key role that foreign cultural institutes in Paris play in promoting cultural diversity. Every autumn, the forum organises a "Foreign Cultures Week".
FFL centres in France
A centre awarded the "Qualité français langue étrangère" label in France is certified as providing French language teaching and reception services of a high standard.


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Asia & South Pacific
- INTERPOL Manila
Member since :
13 June 1956
The Philippine Center on Transnational Crime (PCTC), which houses INTERPOL Manila, is the national law enforcement agency which carries investigations beyond the borders of the Philippines. Its priority crime areas include:
- Illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances;
- Money laundering;
- Terrorism;
- Arms smuggling;
- Trafficking in persons;
- Piracy;
- Any crime which impacts the stability and security of the Philippines.
The PCTC coordinates all transnational crime operations carried out by other government agencies of the Philippines. It designs new projects to strengthen the country's combined response and ensures the efficient exchange of information. The PCTC recommends ways to better prevent transnational crime and to detect and apprehend criminals operating across borders. A central database of national and international legislation underpins these recommendations. Activities are reinforced through training programmes delivered in cooperation with national government agencies, other countries and international organizations.
The PCTC is assisted by the Philippine's 22 national law enforcement agencies:
INTERPOL Manila
The National Central Bureau (NCB) for the Philippines is an inter-ministerial entity which is not part of the Philippine National Police but instead is directly attached to the Office of the President. As such it benefits from direct access to the services of all law enforcement agencies in the Philippines.
The NCB is referred to as "NALECC-SCILEC" (National Law Enforcement Coordinating Committee - Sub Committee on International Law Enforcement Cooperation).
INTERPOL Manila is an integral part of the PCTC. Its mission is to serve as the liaison office and main coordinating body for international police cooperation on behalf of all law enforcement agencies in the Philippines. Its main duties include:
- Monitoring and coordinating law enforcement activities relating to transnational crimes affecting the Philippines;
- Operating and maintaining an operations centre to serve as the focal point for international cooperation on transnational crime for all law enforcement agencies in the Philippines;
- Acting as a NALECC Sub Committee in the monitoring of crime and activities which threaten national security and the economy.
INTERPOL Manila works around the clock and uses English as its main working language.
INTERPOL border security training supports female ASEAN officers
INTERPOL operation in Southeast Asia targets movement of bomb-makers
INTERPOL border operation in Southeast Asia nets internationally wanted suspects
New drug trafficking routes and smuggling methods identified in INTERPOL-led operation
Red Notices 14
ARTURO BARIQUIT Age today: 58 years old
Nationality: Philippines
KHRISTOPHER IAN CASTRO Age today: 33 years old
Nationality: Philippines
Yellow Notices 4
LOLONG Age today: 37 years old
Nationality: Philippines
SAMI Age today: 42 years old
Nationality: Philippines
- 18th Asian Regional Conference - 2004 - Manila
- 49th INTERPOL General Assembly - 13-21 November 1980 - Manila
Department of Finance - Bureau of Customs
Philippines Bureau of Immigration
Philippines Bureau of Internal Revenue
Philippines Department of Foreign Affairs
Philippines Department of Justice
Philippines Drug Enforcement Agency
Philippines National Bureau of Investigation
See also


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Information Request
To request information from Cloud Nine Villas, please fill out the form below and click the "Send" button.
Or you can call us. Marcy, Allen or Linda will be happy to help you choose a villa and answer any questions that you have.
Items marked with an asterisk (*) are required.


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The Boyfriend Bracket
No Love Allowed
No Holding Back
No Second Chances
Romancing the Bookworm
The Reapers Series
Saturday, January 10, 2015
Can you smell it? His sweet spicy scent? Just one more day!
Please share this post.
And make sure to pre-order for .99c on
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Kate Evangelista
When Kate Evangelista, author of the Dodge Cove trilogy (No Love Allowed, No Holding Back, and No Second Chances), was told she had a knack for writing stories, she did the next best thing: entered medical school. After realizing she wasn't going to be the next Doogie Howser, M.D., Kate wandered into the literature department and never looked back. Today, she is a graduate of De La Salle University―Manila with a bachelor of arts in Literature. She taught high school English for three years and was an essay consultant for two. She now writes full-time and is based in the Philippines.
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March 5, 2008
Nashville, TN - Head coach Kristin Peck has been preaching to her team about having a killer instinct all season. The Lady Bisons displayed that killer instinct in their 11-1 win over Charleston Southern in five innings Wednesday afternoon.
The game was to be originally played on Tuesday evening as part of a double header but was rescheduled due to inclement weather.
The Lady Bisons were lead by freshman catcher Katie Brokmeyer who went two for three with a three run homer, and five total RBI's; and sophomore shortstop Abby Keese who also went two for three with two home runs of her own and three RBI's.
Senior first baseman Heather Collins and sophomore pitcher Christen Campbell each picked up an RBI apiece.
Altogether, the Lady Bisons picked up nine hits.
Campbell turned in an impressive performance in the circle, pitching the complete game allowing two hits and no earned runs and only facing two more than the minimum number of batters.
"I think it's a huge momentum builder going into this weekend," said head coach Kristin Peck on the win. "It gives our girls confidence and shows them what they are capable of."
The Lady Bisons are now 6-9 and head to Auburn, Alabama for the weekend to play in the War Eagle Classic where they will take on Bowling Green, Tennessee Tech, Auburn and Georgia Southern in a five game tournament.


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DailyDirt: Who Cares if You Went To A Good School?
from the urls-we-dig-up deptThe field of education seems ripe for disruption -- with Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and other forms of online classes. However, it's difficult to judge the quality of these online programs and compare them to the traditional classroom experience. The conventional wisdom has ranked prestigious universities in roughly the same order for decades, so it'll be interesting to see how online courses and degrees might factor into these lists. Here are just a few interesting links on the quality of higher education.
- The college/university rankings from US News & World Report is not as meaningful as most people assume, according to Malcolm Gladwell. Any ranked list generated by weighting multiple variables depends greatly on those weights -- and a simple, single score may be too simple to capture the most important characteristics of a diverse set of schools. [url]
- The US News college rankings don't heavily weight the value (or "bang for the buck") of the schools it covers, but the Washington Monthly ranking does. In 2013, Amherst College is listed as the "best bang for the buck" school, and Harvard/Princeton don't seem to be in the top ten.... [url]
- Northwestern University was once known as a horrible football school, setting a 34 consecutive game losing streak record in 1981, but its football team has turned itself around recently. Unfortunately, there's no special recognition for schools that simultaneously have good academic and athletic performance. [url]
- Newsweek and the Daily Beast have ranked 2,000 US high schools according to their effectiveness to produce college-ready graduates. But after going to college, how much does high school matter? [url]
Filed Under: certification, class, college, degree, education, high school, mooc, ranking, school, university


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Never miss a deal, always be up to date -
get the most important deals, events and
product news with our E-Mail Newsletter!
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"As one of the most popular drum kits ever, the fabulous success story of the Superstar Custom Hyperdrive 2015 enters the next round. For 10 years now, the superstar has been able to maintain this status through innovative design, grandiose sounds, renowned Tama hardware and above all the absolutely fair price".
Tamas Superstar goes Maple - Sensational Innovations
Contrary to the tiny changes of the last market launches, the Superstar Custom Hyperdrive 2015 will experience a real rebirth including sensational improvements. The biggest difference is probably the change from birch to maple. Maple sounds warmer than birch and has a balanced treble-middle ratio with an accentuated bass range. For an optimal sound experience, the Superstar Tom boilers and the SnareDrum each use 6 layers of maple with a thickness of 5mm and the BassDrum uses 8 layers with a thickness of 7mm. Another delicacy for all Tama fans is the new aluminium star-cast mounting system from the high-end Starclassic series, which ensures even better vibration behaviour and thus also significantly optimises the sound behaviour. On top of that, the black nickel look provides a cool look that matches the boiler hardware.
Other Superstar Highlights
With all the changes, the traditional flair that made the Superstar Custom Hyperdrive what it is today: a superstar among drum kits. The stylish Sound Bridge High Tension tensioning blocks also upgrade the 2015 Superstar series visually and provide the unmistakably reliable and easy to handle tuning behavior of the Superstar boilers. The whole thing is perfected by the noble cast tension tyres, which guarantee the optimal fit of the supplied Power Craft II skins. In addition, the Superstar Hyperdrive Set relies, as the name suggests, on the flat boiler construction, which on the one hand facilitates positioning and on the other hand provides the familiar crisp Superstar sound. Breathtaking finishes, lacquered or foiled, give Tama's superstars the final visual touch.
Completely professional hardware package
As with the predecessors, the Superstar Custom Hyperdrive comes with a complete hardware package consisting of two boom cymbal stands, a snare stand, a hi-hat stand and an Iron Cobra foot machine. All double braced and extremely stable.
TAMA Superstar Hyperdrive Custom Features
Shown is a set example! Cymbals are not included!
scope of supply


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Oral-History:Wayne Cowell
About Wayne Cowell
Wayne Cowell graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1954 with a doctorate in mathematics. After a few years of teaching, a stint at Bell Labs introduced him to computer applications. In 1961, he joined Argonne National Laboratory, where his interest in applied mathematics and computing led him to participate in the creation of NATS, EISPACK, Linpack and Toolpack, all software packages written in FORTRAN that were geared to solving specific classes of equations.
The interview focuses on the NSF funding of these software packages. Cowell describes the inspiration for the NATS project, which was based on the theoretical work of James Wilkinson, and goes on to detail the work on Linpack and Toolpack. He also mentions a US-Soviet collaboration on the Toeplitz Project, which took place in the days of détente prior to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. He emphasizes the satisfaction he has gained from producing useful software, even if it has been at the expense of his more theoretical work.
About the Interview
WAYNE COWELL: An Interview Conducted by Andrew Goldstein, IEEE History Center, July 31, 1991
Interview #119 for the IEEE History Center, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
Copyright Statement
This manuscript is being made available for research purposes only. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the IEEE History Center. No part of the manuscript may be quoted for publication without the written permission of the Director of IEEE History Center.
Request for permission to quote for publication should be addressed to the IEEE History Center Oral History Program, 39 Union Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8538 USA. It should include identification of the specific passages to be quoted, anticipated use of the passages, and identification of the user.
It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows:
Wayne Cowell, an oral history conducted in 1991 by Andrew Goldstein, IEEE History Center, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
INTERVIEW: Dr. Wayne Cowell
INTERVIEWER: Andy Goldstein
DATE: 31 July 1991
PLACE: Telephone interview
NATS, ALGOL and James Wilkinson
We are working on a book discussing the history of the National Science Foundation and its role in the development of computer science in America. One chapter is going to focus on research that was supported by the NSF, and I would like to talk to you about some of the research you did with NSF support, what its objectives were, what its consequences were, some of the impact it made, and how you and NSF interacted while you were doing the work.
Yes. I understood that that was your purpose.
Looking over the list of the awards granted by the NSF, I have down that you received money from them between 1973 and 1978. That may not be complete, and I know it stops at 1980. There may be some beforehand. But could you tell me about what those grants supported?
Yes. I do not have this list in front of me, but let me just speak extemporaneously. The original grant, as I indicated in my electronic mail message, was given, I think, in 1971. This supported what we called the NATS project. I do not remember the official title we gave to it, but the purpose of this project was to take a collection of algorithms in numerical linear algebra, algorithms that had been developed and perfected in ALGOL by James Wilkinson and his colleagues in England. I have to go back historically a little bit and say that Wilkinson was one of those people who made a seminal impact on numerical mathematics. And he worked with the National Physical Laboratory and had, together with his colleagues, created a number of algorithms that were highly stable. But they were not really available to the computing public, except those who were using ALGOL. In the United States that was not very many.
The algorithms were only implemented in ALGOL?
Yes. They were published in a book that Springer Verlag put out about 1970. What we proposed was to take certain of these algorithms and translate them to FORTRAN. And to certify them. That is, to test them thoroughly.
Prove their correctness?
Proof of correctness has a logical meaning that we would not be willing to usurp. That is, to say that an algorithm is correct in a logical sense is really beyond our ability to assert except for a very, very limited class of almost toy algorithms. But what we wanted to do was to prove that they met very stringent tests. That is, we subjected them to extremely rigorous testing. Not only within our own group, but we had a collection of test sites, people in universities and other laboratories. And so we went through this process of converting these algorithms to a very robust FORTRAN code and then testing it. We also said we were going to distribute these codes in their FORTRAN version, and support them. That was an interesting assertion because there was a sense in which the grant did not really provide any long term support. But we certainly did produce these codes. And they have become a standard, over the years, those original codes. I can go on to later work, but the original codes in numerical linear algebra have become ubiquitous in scientific computing.
Are the original codes still in FORTRAN?
Yes. They are certainly available in the form in which we did them, plus some later revisions. But when I say they are ubiquitous, I mean that they are to be found inside lots of scientific computing systems where people who are using these systems do not even really know they are there. I was talking with a colleague of mine this morning, Burt Garbow, whose name may come up here, because he was one of the people in our group in those days. Garbow has for the last year and a half or so been involved in working with some people on the advanced photon source project at Argonne. Partial support for this work was provided by DOE. These people are accelerator physicists, and he has been helping them build up a library. They have systems for designing magnets and for focusing magnets and all kinds of design systems they use in that branch of physics. Garbow recognized when he got into these systems that they have routines from those early days. And the physicists who are using these things do not need to know or do not know that those are the routines that we developed at that time, 20 years ago and more. That is just one example. I think I mentioned that the Department of Energy had identified some 22 all time great projects that they supported. I have their little report here. The EISPACK and LINPACK projects were identified as in that category, for instance. EISPACK and LINPACK were the names of the linear algebra software packages.
You say that Wilkinson had done the seminal work. Did he develop new numerical methods?
And he then wrote them up as algorithms?
That is right.
I was speaking with Dave Young a little while ago about some numerical methods, and he gave me several categories of methods. Where do the ones that Wilkinson developed fall? I mean there are his own SOR methods and then SSOR methods, and there is Chebyshev methods.
Right. These were routines in numerical linear algebra in matrix computations. They were particularly significant in Wilkinson's work because they were very good examples of Wilkinson's analysis. Wilkinson developed what was called backward error analysis.
So it may be a whole other species of method.
Did you have more to say about that?
One could go on and on about Jim Wilkinson. He was one of those very outstanding people. His impact on us was of the kind that I mentioned. We knew Jim very well over the years. He visited Argonne very frequently. So he was aware of and indeed very supportive of the work that we were doing, translating these linear algebra algorithms to FORTRAN. He gave us a lot of good advice.
The Role of NSF in NATS
Who else was involved in the NATS project? Were you the leader of the project? Did you have colleagues?
I was the leader, but, yes, there were colleagues involved. I am glad you reminded me of that. It was a collaborative project. There were NSF grants at Argonne and at the University of Texas. Actually, one of Dave Young's students was in fact the Principal Investigator at Texas. That was Yasuhiko Ikebe. At Stanford University the Principal Investigator was Cleve Moler.
Did you as a team get together and decide this would be a worthwhile project? Did Wilkinson ask you to do this, or did the NSF approach you?
No. The idea came out of discussions we had at Argonne with university people. We, within my group here at Argonne, had had a lot of interest in Wilkinson's work and we had then and still have a lot of interest in numerical software. This idea emerged really as a collaborative idea. In fact, the idea of going to the NSF was at that time regarded as unusual. We are a national laboratory; our primary supporter is the Department of Energy. At that time it was the Atomic Energy Commission.
National laboratories did not go to the NSF. That was a new idea. I talked with several NSF people about this during the process of writing the proposal, and they were a little surprised that we would come to the NSF. I pointed out that we were working with two universities and it seemed appropriate for us to come to the NSF. There was a grant administrator at the NSF, named Don Aufenkamp who saw the vision that was emerging here, and thought this was a great idea, and he pushed it. But it took somebody at the NSF to say, "We are going to break some new ground here and give some money to a national laboratory."
Were there any desperate circumstances that forced you to approach the NSF? Were funds from AEC drying up?
They were not exactly drying up, but we were sort of going through a trough in our funding. But I think the primary reason really was that we had this university association. Those were days in which the universities were playing quite a significant role in the management of Argonne. The discussions we had about this project, in fact, were held at meetings of the Argonne Universities Association. And at one time the AUA was one of the management organizations of Argonne. We were actually funded in part to develop this proposal by this AUA. I was working part time as an assistant to the president of AUA. So it came out of that close association with the universities, and it seemed natural to go to the NSF. The universities were their principal constituency, of course. We had Department of Energy support also, but the DOE, in this report I mentioned, does not mention NSF. There is an interagency problem there you may have to deal with as you write this.
Who was the principal funder, can you recall?
For us it was about half and half.
And any other funding streams, say DARPA or something other?
No, just those two. For the universities it was strictly NSF.
Distributing the Programs
I see. You say that it became ubiquitous. How did the distribution system work? Was it common knowledge that these programs were available?
And people approached you?
That is right. What happened were several things. First of all, there is a program distribution organization which today is called the National Energy Software Center, NESC. It had a different name in those days. I do not remember what it was. It was located here at Argonne, and any codes that were developed with DOE funding were turned over to them and they then acted as a distribution agency. We also made arrangements with the International Mathematical and Statistical Libraries in Houston, Texas. It was a company that was in this business. They knew that these codes were, of course, public domain, because they had been developed with public funds. But they said we think they are such good codes that we would like to distribute them for a handling fee. And they did. They, IMSL, distributed these codes for I think about a $75 fee, something like that, just enough to cover the cost of duplicating them, for nearly 20 years. Long enough so that the codes really became sort of embedded in software all over the world. In more recent years the codes became part of network libraries. You could get them by sending off a request to a network address.
Also IMSL, of course, took certain of these codes and used them in their library, which was perfectly okay. These were public domain and they could do anything they wanted to with them.
So these, you say, were routines to handle large matrices?
Not large necessarily. They were routines to carry out what are called Eigen analysis computations, determining the eigen values and eigen vectors of a matrix.
I assume to solve partial differential equations? Or a large system of linear equations?
Certainly that would be one of the applications.
Were they general purpose?
This is basic numerical software. That is eigen analysis computations are basic in the same sense that finding square root is.
I was just wondering whether when you fashioned them if you geared them or engineered them for any particular application?
No, we did not. We intentionally made them general.
Were most of your customers universities or did industry pick it up?
Yes to all of the above. As it turned out, we did not act as the distributor. As I said, the software center and IMSL distributed these things. And they would send us lists, IMSL would send us lists of people that they had sent them to, and it just included every imaginable kind of institution.
Was there much work in upkeep? You said something about maintaining these.
No. The codes were good enough that occasionally we would get a call saying, "Gee, I found this sort of funny behavior," or something, and we would look into it. But it turned out to be something we could almost do on the side, literally. It was not a major activity on our part.
Was this project the forerunner to the Linpack?
It was.
How did Linpack develop?
Linpack was another collection of Wilkinson routines actually. It was patterned after NATS in that it involved many of the same people. There were some new people involved. And I think the grant was to Argonne and the University of Maryland. By that time we had decided to ask for small grants, for a field test sits for this acceptance testing. With the NATS project we just got volunteers for that although we had a little money to pay for project meetings and so forth.
By acceptance testing you mean?
The field testing. We had test sites around. We did our field testing of the software at a number of universities and laboratories. They had small grants for that. The principal grants for the actual development were at Argonne and, I think, the University of Maryland (that is where Pete Stewart was), and at the University of New Mexico, because Moler by then had moved from Stanford to New Mexico.
In what ways did this differ from EISPACK and the NATS project?
It was very similar. That is, the conduct of the project and the outcome were very similar. In fact, the algorithms that we started with were also from Wilkinson.
Did they solve other systems?
Yes. They solved linear systems, rather than doing eigen analysis. And these were not sparse, you understand. These were full systems.
And in that way it differs from the work that say Young or Golub were doing?
Yes, or Ian Duffor. There were manuals that were published. EISPACK was documented in two volumes from Springer Verlag, in their "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" series.
Was the publication funded by the NSF or by the publisher?
The publisher. We just turned over a camera ready manuscript to him. Linpack was published as the Linpack Users Guide by SIAM in 1979. I understand this turned out to be a bestseller among the SIAM publications. SIAM is the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
And you had many repeat customers, people who had been using EISPACK, or was that addressing a different audience?
No, it was addressing the same audience; it really just added to the repertoire of routines that had been translated from ALGOL and thoroughly tested and so forth. EISPACK and Linpack, although they came out of different projects, were really very closely related. Today people tend to say EISPACK and Linpack together, as if they really had the same origin. And in a sense they did, but from the NSF's standpoint they were different projects. By the time of Linpack, we had pretty much abandoned the naming of software with all capital letters.
I want to make sure that I have for once the definitive chronology of the pack projects.
Toolpack and Other Packs
What else is there?
Minpack and in more recent years LApack.
The latter had NSF funding. I had gone on to Toolpack by then, so Jack Dongarra was the project leader for LApack. Toolpack is not a project specifically oriented toward numerical linear algebra. Were you focusing on numerical linear algebra?
For the purposes of this interview, yes, although the chapter on research actually discusses a number of different topics such as computer theory, graphics, interface, and coding theory. Numerical analysis is one whole section.
I do not know exactly how to categorize it, but there was NSF funding for the Toolpack project. It must have been 1979 or 1980 that we got the original grant for that. We collaborated with the University of Colorado and the University of Arizona.
If that was not in numerical analysis, did you have the expertise to work on that, or did you simply organize it?
We sort of reorganized it. We brought in new people. It was not specifically numerical analysis. It required a different kind of talent. It was, however, aimed at the problem of developing high quality scientific software. We were producing a collection of FORTRAN tools to aid the programmers who were developing this software. Tools that would analyze FORTRAN programs and detect semantic errors and reformat them and do lots of things that we had done by hand in the EISPACK and Linpack projects. And we felt that a collection of software tools would be a great aid for this kind of program development. So we did get support from the NSF and the DOE. And by that time, the idea of working with the DOE was established. And so the DOE and the NSF actually explicitly agreed. The program managers got together and said we will give joint support to this Toolpack project.
At this point had you started getting some input from the user community about what these packs should include and how they should work?
Yes. In fact, the idea of Toolpack came out of the user community. There was a professor named Welb Miller from the University of California at Santa Barbara who got up at a meeting in Pasadena and he said, "We need another pack." He said, "We need a Toolpack. And the approach to developing Toolpack ought to be patterned after the EISPACK and Linpack projects."
That is why you were brought in?
In that case, were you solicited by the NSF at that point too?
We were solicited by Welb Miller, who was in close contact with the NSF, and we approached the NSF.
How much interaction was there with you and the NSF? Did they provide any input into the nature of the pack or what its capabilities should be?
Not really at a technical level. When we approached them we did so with preliminary proposals. Let me just take an example. I remember going to Washington with Pete Stewart from the University of Maryland and sitting down with a program manager at the NSF, and we said, "This is what we want to do, this Linpack idea is what we want to do. It is patterned after EISPACK. And we have these ideas. And we will write up a prospectus for you, for your comment." So we went back, wrote a prospectus, and sent it off to him. And he said, "This is a good idea. Go ahead and send us a proposal." So we did not just drop a proposal over the transom so to speak. We did interact with them. They did not give us guidance at the level of, "Gee, we think this routine ought to be in the package" or "We think you ought to do that particular routine." The NSF people knew that the people who were coming to them knew more about the field than they did. But what we had to do was demonstrate that these people were not only experts in the field but they wanted to do this particular project; they wanted to use their expertise in this particular way. And it is not necessarily true that university professors always want to develop software. You had to sell the idea that indeed these people with well established reputations at universities and national laboratories are going to work on this, and they were going to produce this kind of result, and they believed that it was a good contribution to science.
Can you recall any of the items in your budget that you submitted to the NSF? Were they funding computer time or staff time or some other?
Yes. I think the largest part of the budget was probably for staff effort. There was travel. There was some computer time. It was not really a major item. It was primarily people, travel and some computer time, with people being the major item.
Chronology of Packs
I interrupted your flow. You were describing some of the other packs and I would like it if I could get a chronology so I knew which came when.
The principal packs, as I said, were EISPACK, Funpack, Linpack, Minpack, and Toolpack. Minpack is a collection of minimization routines. Funpack is a collection of special function routines. I think that is probably the right order. There were a lot of packs, Andy, but these were the ones that we were principally involved in.
Did other people take up the standard in other areas?
You might have heard of Fishpack or Elpack.
And was there any coordination?
Not really. Except that we knew the people within the community who were doing these things. And our packs, I think it is fair to say, were models on which they based a lot of their thinking about how to conduct a project. But we were not part of the funding or part of the work.
Continuing Relevance of FORTRAN
One thing I am curious about. This may be a modern perspective, and you should tell me if it is, but when you talk about implementing these routines in FORTRAN, I could see the sense of doing that then, but in current days FORTRAN is not the lingua franca that it was then, is it?
That is an interesting question. The computer scientists would tell you that it is not. Go out into the scientific community and talk to the people who are doing chemistry and physics and engineering and you will find that FORTRAN is still the language of choice.
I see. So at the time there was certainly no dispute that that a useful —
No, not really. There might have been a dispute as to whether code development was worthy activity for university people, for research oriented people.
Recruiting Personnel
That is interesting. Did you have trouble recruiting people to work on this?
No, not really. Because it was a small group anyway. There was not really that much recruiting. It was more an agreement among us that we needed to do this. There was a small group here that was of like mind, and so we did not have to go out and convince a lot of other people, because we already had formed the group before we started the project.
And seeing your work recognized as being one of the most significant, does that vindicate the decision that it was a useful way to spend your time?
Yes. It does for me. I think probably if I had spent more time with theoretical computer science and mathematics and published more papers and worked less on computational software that I probably would have had a longer publication list, but all in all when you look at what gives you satisfaction and look at the impact that it has had, I would not want to change what we did.
Insights into Algorithms
In your work on this, did you achieve any insights into the algorithms or numerical analysis simply by trying to implement the algorithms?
Good question. There was feedback to Wilkinson and to other developers. I guess I cannot just offhand cite a real outstanding example, because the algorithms were really quite well developed. But at a detailed level, we did discover things that were useful to Wilkinson as he carried out his analysis. So, yes, there was feedback. It was not perhaps one of the major aspects of the project.
The Soviets and the Toeplitz Project
Is there anything in your list of grants there that relates to the collaborative work with the Soviets?
Actually I have seen a U.S.-Soviet collaboration, but I do not know if it was on this project. Tell me about it, please.
Okay. I mentioned Don Aufenkamp earlier. He was the guy at the NSF that saw that we were onto something that he liked when we came in with the NATS project, and he encouraged us in various ways. He sort of moved on though to another job at the NSF. There had been a treaty signed by President of the United States Richard Nixon and Premier of the Soviet Union Lenoid Breshnev in1972 that called for a scientific and cultural exchange between the United States and the Soviet Union. And it had many, many different aspects and layers. It was quite a bureaucratic thing. The money came from the State Department, though the National Science Foundation administered it. Aufenkamp had a job administering part of this U.S.-Soviet interchange. So he came to us and he said, "Hey, I think something along the lines of this numerical software development, this high quality software development, would make a good Soviet exchange project." And there was a group at Moscow State University that had an interest in software. And so he sort of put us together, and there were over a period of several years exchange visits.
Soviets came to see us; we went to Moscow a couple times. And the result of that was a package called Toeplitz. It did not have a pack name. Toeplitz is named after a person, actually. It is a collection of linear algebra routines that solve a particular class of linear algebra systems called Toeplitz systems. And these are important in signal reduction and various things. The result was a collection of software. We were going to pattern this joint project after the packs and we were going to have Soviet test sites and U.S. test sites. We did not find that was all that easy in the Soviet Union. We found that the people at Moscow State University were fun to work with, but the system was ponderous and the idea of just calling up somebody and saying, "Hey, will you test some software," was almost out of the question. So we had good interactions with this group at Moscow State University, but we did not really do a Soviet-style, full-scale pack project.
You intended to use it both in the Soviet Union and the U.S.?
Yes. We were going to publish it in both countries, and it was in FORTRAN, and their FORTRAN is the same as ours, so they might have had Russian comments in the code, but they did not even want that. They wanted English comments. Anyway, before we really finished this, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan and President Carter turned the whole program off. Well, in a sense we did finish it, because Toeplitz does exist, it has been documented, and it has been distributed. And the user guide, which I have in front of me here, has eight names on it of whom four are Russian and four are Americans.
When did the Toeplitz project begin? You say it was mandated by a 1972 treaty?
Right. That was when the treaty was signed. It was about the mid-1970s that the project was finished because I remember a visit to Moscow in 1978, and I see that the Toeplitz Users Guide is dated October 1983. We finished it ourselves.
The U.S. contributors?
Right, and we made it available in the U.S. And we never picked it up again.
How was the project born? You say the NSF got some money from the State Department to sponsor this scientific exchange?
Who decided on this project?
Aufenkamp. We submitted proposals to him. The NSF did the grants, and the State Department used them to actually make the selection.
Was there a large pool of possible grant proposals, and then Aufenenkamp decided which ones the Soviets would collaborate on?
I do not really know. Probably.
But you did not submit this as a joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. proposal?
We submitted a proposal for joint work with the U.S.S.R. As I recall, the process was this. One of these Soviets was spending a year in the United States, I think at Penn State, and Aufenkamp called us and said, "Would you like to come over and talk to this guy? Let's go to Penn State and talk to him about a joint project." So we did, and we wrote a proposal based on that.
That is interesting. In that case the NSF seems to have been fairly proactive in bringing you together with him to hammer out a proposal.
Right. Actually, Aufenkamp did not fit the usual NSF mold, I think. He did not wait around for somebody to have a bright idea. He sort of recognized people that were liable to have bright ideas and encouraged them.
Are there any other examples of that?
John Pasta was a good man at the NSF, and Kent Curtis. These guys are dead now, but they were good men.
Personnel Working on Pack Projects
What happened in the 1980s?
After the Toolpack project I myself did not make any more proposals to the NSF. I got the support that I wanted from the DOE here at Argonne, the research I wanted to do on software tools, and that is where my research led. However, you must have some proposals there, you must have some grants to a guy named Jack Dongarra.
Jack had been a part of the Linpack project. He had been sort of a junior guy on the Linpack project, but he really showed his ability and he emerged as a real leader and went on in the 1980s to lead the LApack projects.
You said before that it was not really an issue of persuading people to work on this. There were a small number of people. How many people?
When we were doing NATS and we had a project meeting, I suppose there were half a dozen people there.
Did people from the universities get graduate students involved?
Yes. I would say any of these projects involved at any institution would have involved just two or three people, a professor and a couple of graduate students. And here at Argonne maybe there would be three senior staff people and several more junior people.
So even Linpack was limited to about a dozen people?
Yes. Even if you include test site representatives. I think for EISPACK and Linpack we had as many as a couple dozen test sites. And if we would bring all them together, then we would have maybe 25 or 30 people in the room. Most of these people were doing very limited things for the project. They were not receiving any major funding.
Was the feedback any different on Linpack?
Pretty much the same. I think we sort of got this formula going and we pretty much stuck with it.
Use of Pack Algorithms
When I am writing about this I will want to describe the nature of the work, like I said at the beginning of this conversation, and then also some of its impact. Is there anything that you would like to comment about either of those? Anything you feel I should include?
I do not know that I need to add to what I already have said. I have already talked about its impact, the feeling I had is that this is going out to so many different places and been used by so many different people; that is where the satisfaction comes from. You go to a meeting and you hear somebody say, "Hey, I saw an EISPACK routine the other day being used in such and such a way," and I do not always remember all these ways in which they say had been used, but it is very satisfying.
That is interesting. I am not sure that I have got this. Were all the routines issued in a single package, or are the routines released in a single package, but then people pick out just the ones they need from libraries?
Yes. Most of them are used as a small subset. That is, you have a particular eigen problem to solve. You will generally use two or three or four of these sort of strung together in a certain way. And that is the way you will solve that probably. If you have a different eigen problem you will use another subset.
Are the submodules in either EISPACK or Linpack named? Do they have identifiers?
Certainly all of the routines are named, and there is a naming convention that we used especially for Linpack. If you know the naming convention, it will tell you whether it is a double precision or a single precision routine and basically what matrix problem it solves. But you have to know how to decode the names.
One thing it might be useful to know is there any major problems that are not included, such as commonly occurring matrix systems that cannot be handled by Linpack and then for what reasons?
Yes. Linpack is aimed at full matrices. EISPACK and Linpack are both aimed at full matrices as opposed to sparse matrices. The whole class of sparse matrices is another whole field, and EISPACK and Linpack do not address that. There are packs that address sparse problems. I think, in fact, there is one called Sparsepack. I do not know that the NSF had any role in funding it.
Biographical Information
Let me just ask you some personal information.
When did you get your doctorate, and in what field?
The University of Wisconsin 1954, Mathematics.
And how did you get involved with computer software?
Well, I taught mathematics for a few years and then I went off to Bell Labs at Murray Hill, NJ and got my introduction to computer applications and got quite interested in computing and came to Argonne a couple years later, 1961. By that time I was interested in applied mathematics and computing. I have been here ever since.
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- 1 About Wayne Cowell
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- 4.1 NATS, ALGOL and James Wilkinson
- 4.2 The Role of NSF in NATS
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- 4.4 Linpack
- 4.5 Toolpack and Other Packs
- 4.6 Chronology of Packs
- 4.7 Continuing Relevance of FORTRAN
- 4.8 Recruiting Personnel
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- 4.10 The Soviets and the Toeplitz Project
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- 4.12 Use of Pack Algorithms
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lucidinthe sky wrote:I suggest adding a topic called "Dream Science" for those who wish to discuss engage in discussing the purely scientific aspects of dreaming. It would kind of be a counterweight to the "Paranormal Activities" section which I think is also good. Some of the more scientific minded people on the forum would probably appreciate it.
I third it .. Maybe thou title something else other then only dream science thou so it can cover all the aspects of science topics which have been being discussed on this site lately eg paranormal, do we exist outside of our bodies?, maybe there is even some strange science out there on if God exists or not, quatum physics science too is coming up a lot at this site.. are we creating our reality?
I love interesting science


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Every Tuesday, 12:00 PM - 1:00 PM
Every Tuesday at Noon, St. John's holds a service of Holy Eucharist with a special Rite for Healing. During this service we gather together and offer prayers to God for the needs of the Church, for each other, and for acquaintances and loved ones. Healing prayer, laying-on of hands and anointing with blessed oil will be offered by the priest using these or similar words: "We lay our hands upon you, and anoint you with oil in the name of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, beseeching him to uphold you and fill you with his grace, that you may know the healing power of his love. Amen."
Following the prayers for healing, we will continue the service with a joyful and informal Eucharist, sharing in the Sacrament of Christ's Body and Blood.
You are most welcome to come and join us as we seek the wholeness of Christ within our lives and the life of the world, for yourself or for those in your life in need of healing.


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The present QTP (QuickTest Pro) video tutorial covers the following:
- How to use QTP to capture text from the page
- Settings from QTP 'Output Text Value Properties' dialog
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- Explanation for left & right boundaries
- How to save QTP Output text value into QTP DataTable
- Differences between Global and Local QTP DataTable sheets
- How to read value from QTP DataTable
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April 28, 2006
Division II (The Humanities and Fine Arts) have announced the following awards given at a recent Student Honors, Awards, and Prizes Chapel held at the College.
The awards and their recipients are:
• Randolph H. Deer Prize for Outstanding and Continued Work in Art: Nicholas R. Bitting and James D. Gillespie
The Deer Prize is made possible by a gift from Randolph H. Deer. The prize is set up to reward and encourage art majors for exceptional work during their freshman and sophomore years. The recipients are selected by the Art Department faculty based on their achievements in the art department. The prize will be awarded in two installments: half before the junior year, and renewable before the senior year.
• Paul J. Husting Art Award: William E. Whited
The Husting Art Award is given annually to the art major who, in the judgment of the Art Department, has accomplished distinguished work in art. The award was established in 1983 in memory of Paul Husting, Class of 1937, by his daughters Betsy Husting and Suzanne Husting Phillips and friends of Paul Husting.
• McLain Prize in Classics: Peter A. Joslyn and Max T. Kinkead
The McLain Prize in Classics is awarded to the member of the senior class whose achievement in Greek and Latin or in the Classics has been the most distinguished. The prize honors the memory of Henry Zwingli McLain, a professor of Greek and Secretary of the Faculty, 1874-1907.
• Walter L. Fertig Prize in English: Martin T. Brown
The Walter L. Fertig Prize in English is given to a member of the senior class who, in the judgment of the English Department, has accomplished distinguished work in his study of English and American literature.
• Walter L. Fertig Prize in Freshman Writing: Royce V. Gregerson
The Fertig Prize in Freshman Writing is given for distinguished pieces of expository or creative writing nominated by the members of the faculty and judged by the English department. It is named in honor of Walter L. Fertig, long-time Milligan Professor of English Literature and chairman of the English Department.
• Ruth Margaret Farber Award in English: Joseph C. Cooper and Adam R. Hawkins
The Farber Award was created by John Farber, a 1915 Wabash graduate, in honor of his mother, the award goes to the member of the junior class who has shown the most promise as a student of English and American literature.
• Nicholas Harrison Essay Award: Christopher M. Woodside (1st) and Adam R. Hawkins (2nd)
The Harrison Essay Award is made each year from a fund established in 1944 by Mrs. Nancy E. Harrison in memory of her husband, Class of 1895. It is awarded to the students who submit the best essays in the field of American studies.
• Robert S. Edwards Award in Creative Writing: Clarence I. Shelton III
The Robert S. Edwards Award is given to one who demonstrates the greatest skill and originality in creative writing in a course offered by the English Department.
• Kudlaty Senior Spanish Award: Gregory M. Bercos
The Kudlaty Award was established to honor and extend Professor Jack Kudlaty's life-long commitment to teaching and scholarship in Spanish language and literature and is given to the outstanding Spanish major at Wabash.
• Robert A. King German Prize: Lukasz T. Polisiakiewicz
The Robert King Prize is given to student of the graduating class who has an exceptionally fine record in German and who will continue his education after graduation from Wabash. The prize was established to honor the memory of Professor King, who as a teacher and registrar served the College from 1891 to 1919.
• J. Harry Cotton Philosophy Prize: Tyler J. Carr
The J. Harry Cotton Prize is given to the student judged by the department to have done the best work in philosophy during the year.
• John N. Mills Prize in Religion: Paul T. Prosinski (1st), Benjamin A. Cunningham (2nd), Patrick D. Millikan (2nd), and Adrian R. Starnes (2nd)
The Mills Prize is awarded to three students who have done excellent work in religion courses, including courses in the Bible, in the Department of Religion
• John N. Mills Fellowship in Religion: Philip W. Eubanks, Dane L. Fowler, Jacob W. Juncker, Travis E. Ross, Andrew J. Sargent, and Joseph R. Seger
The John N. Mills Fellowship, to be used for graduate study, is awarded to a senior who has done excellent work in the Department of Religion.
• Baldwin Prize in Oratory: Jeremy D. Burton (1st), James F. Stephens (2nd), Joshua W. Paul (3rd)
The Baldwin Oratorical Contest is held each year and the prizes are awarded to three students who "compose and pronounce the best orations."
• James E. Bingham Award: Aaron M. Cook and Zachary J. Mulholland
Given to distinguished seniors who will enroll in an A.B.A.-accredited law school for the next academic year.
• David W. Peck Medal: Andrew J. VanLandingham
The David W. Peck Medal is awarded each year to a senior to recognize "promise or eminence in the law.
• Daniels Prize in Constitutional Law: Kyle A. Cassidy
The Daniels Award is given to the student whose paper provides the most effective understanding and evaluation of the philosophical bases on which the Anglo American legal order is constructed. It was established in 1974 by Katherine D. Kane in memory of her father.
• Joseph O'Rourke, Jr. Award in Speech: David T. Fitzgerald
The O'Rourke, Jr. Prize was established by the family of long-time speech professor Joseph O'Rourke, Jr., the prize is awarded annually to the student with the best Senior Project in the Speech Department.
• William Nelson White Scholarship Award: Jacob G. Straub
The White Scholarship Award is given to a senior selected by the college on the basis of scholarship, personal integrity, and an understanding of the professional requirements of the practice of law.
• Ryan Champion Theater Performance Award: Denis S. Farr
The Theater Prize is given to the student who, in the judgment of the theater department staff, has shown exceptional merit in his onstage production work. The criteria for the award include energy and commitment to high standards throughout the rehearsal process, artistic growth and excellence in performance.
• Kloth Design and Technical Theater Award: Donald E. Claxon
The Kloth Award, presented to the Wabash student who, in the opinion of the Theater Department faculty and staff, has done outstanding work in the areas of scenic or costume design or technical theater.
• Erminie Leonardis Theater History Award: Sterling P. Carter
The Leonardis Theater History Award is presented to a student who, in the estimation of the Theater Department faculty, has done outstanding work in the study of theater history, dramatic literature or criticism.
• R. Robert Mitchum Glee Club Leadership Award: Christopher J. Jackson
The Mitchum Award is derived from the R. Robert Mitchum Glee Club Endowment. It was established by former glee club members in honor of the late director and is awarded to a member of the Glee Club who demonstrates outstanding leadership qualities.
• The Glee Club Senior Award: Christopher J. Jackson and Steven A. Zusack
The Glee Club Senior Award is presented to a student or students who has made the most valuable contribution of effort and talent to the group.
• Lewis Catuogno Piano Prize: Steven A. Zusack
The Louis Catuogno Prize in Piano, made possible by a gift from Mrs. Edward McLean in memory of her brother who was chairman of the Department of Piano at Texas Technological University at Lubbock, Texas, is awarded to that student who, in the estimation of the chair of the Music Department at Wabash College, demonstrates ability and appreciation of piano as a medium of musical expression.
The Student Honors, Awards, and Prizes Chapel is held every year at Wabash to honor students with awards and prizes for their outstanding work they have demonstrated throughout their college years.
Photo: Denis Farr, recipient of the Ryan Champion Theater Performance Award, with Champion's family. Farr is the first recipient of this award.


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Over at National Geographic, marine ecologist Dr. Enric Sala is posting photos and accounts from his expedition, diving off the huge oil rigs in Gabon. The oil company TOTAL is allowing him and his team to dive off "several of their oil rigs." And this first view of the massive dark shape underwater, with coral covering its legs, is utterly breathtaking. Sala writes:
The oil platforms look eerie at night, with flares lighting the sea with a hellish glow. During the day, they are imposing structures that made us feel very little. But as soon as we jumped in the water all worries disappeared. The pilings were covered by orange and yellow cup corals, contrasting strikingly with the deep blue. Fish schools were swimming around the platform, including large red snappers, barracudas, jacks, and rainbow runners.
Be sure to check back at Sala's author page at National Geographic for more of these stunning photos as he posts them.


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She was an orphan, a 14-year-old Jewish girl, when she went to the Berlin train station on a summer day in 1939, leaving behind all that she had ever known.
She had already experienced loss: her parents claimed by illness, her brother taken by the Nazis. Now Dora Gostynski was about to get on a train that would take her and hundreds of other Jewish children to safety — but they had to go without the comfort of their parents.
She remembered the other children's sobs as they embraced their parents, who had made the agonizing decision to give their children a chance at life, even if meant never seeing them again. And she remembered the parents who relented when their child didn't want to leave them. They walked away from the train station, and back into a world of danger.
"There was like an ocean of people and an ocean of tears," she said.
She was escaping Nazi Germany through the rescue mission Kindertransport, which carried about 10,000 youths to Britain and elsewhere for shelter during the Holocaust. Many — more than 60%, according to various estimates — never saw their parents again.


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Graduates of majors with initially low earnings experience faster earnings growth during the early-career years.
Since about 1980, the growth of single-parent families has been driven almost entirely by an increase in childbearing outside of marriage, often the result of people sliding into relationships and having an unplanned baby.
The United States does not currently invest heavily in vocational training compared with other countries, and funding for vocational training has declined over the past decades. The United States spends less than 0.05 percent of its gross domestic product on vocational training opportunities for workers.
This chart illustrates the cumulative risk of imprisonment for parents—or the projected lifetime likelihood of having served time for a person born in a specific year—by the time their child turns fourteen, by child's race and their own educational attainment. Regardless of race, fathers are much more likely to have been imprisoned than are mothers.
Nearly one out of two families in the struggling lower-middle class is headed by an adult who has attended college. Among household family heads with income between 100 and 250 percent of the FPL, 48 percent have attended some college, and 14 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher. In stark contrast to those living at or below 250 percent of the FPL, 77 percent of household family heads above 250 percent of the FPL attended at least some college, and about half have a bachelor's degree or higher.
The most competitive colleges cost the least for low-income students while providing the most instructional expenditure per student. The most competitive colleges spend over $25,000 on instructional expenditure for each student yet the average low- income family pays less than $8,000 out of pocket for these schools. At the least selective four year colleges, low-income families pay over $15,000 out of pocket yet their students receive only around $5000 in instructional expenditure.


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