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12.1 Data Governance and Management
(Last Modified on April 29, 2014)
Policies and procedures provide oversight and guidance of the various data governance and management processes which inform USG business operations, including but not limited to: definitions, collections, usage, reporting, protection, and preservation. The appropriate management of data is the responsibility of all USG employees and faculty members, but is of particular concern to the offices and/or positions responsible for the activities described above. Policies and procedures for the governance and management of data are required for all USG institutions and organizations.
Policy originates from the Board of Regents and is captured in the BOR Policy Manual. This policy, as well as procedures and guidelines from the USG Business Handbook and USG Information Technology Handbook, inform the governance and management of USG enterprise data. All USG organizations must comply with these policies and procedures. Individual USG institutions may develop additional procedures for the institution's specific data governance and management processes, provided these procedures do not conflict with the policies described herein.
12.1.1 Overview of Data Governance and Management
(Last Modified on April 29, 2014)
The USG Data Governance Committee regularly consults with USO leadership to obtain information necessary to effectively discharge their decision-making responsibilities. The Data Governance Committee reviews these requests and identifies the information requirements and associated data necessary to satisfy said responsibilities.
The Office of Research and Policy Analysis (RPA) assists the committee by informing its members of existing data elements satisfying these requirements and informs the committee of those data elements necessary for compliance with internal and external reporting requirements.
RPA receives the committee's requirements, and in conjunction with the expertise of the Administrative Committee for Institutional Research and Planning and other USG institution representatives, develops standardized definitions for specific data elements. RPA authors and maintains a data element dictionary for all standardized USG data elements, describing the purpose, origin, method of measurement, collection and reporting process, and ownership. RPA submits the data element dictionary and/or subsequent amendments, additions, or deletions to the Data Governance Committee for approval. The Data Governance Committee periodically reviews, updates, and adopts the data element dictionary.
The USG Chief Information Officer (CIO) implements the current data element dictionary as well as any subsequent amendments, revisions, or deletions, and the collection and reporting technologies necessary to fulfill the document's informational needs. The CIO or designee may provide guidance to RPA in the development of data element definitions by providing technical expertise related to data management.
184.108.40.206 Data Governance Committee
The committee chair is the USG Chief Academic Officer. The Chief Academic Officer or designee will identify additional members consisting of representatives from other USG functional areas, including Research & Policy Analysis, Information Technology Services, Internal Audit & Compliance, Fiscal Affairs, Human Resources, Student Affairs, and Real Estate and Facilities.
The Data Governance Committee is responsible for implementation of data governance and management policies. Specific responsibilities include, but are not limited to, the following:
- Obtaining perspectives and input about information needs from USG leadership;
- Identification of other USG enterprise information and data needs;
- Approval of data element definitions;
- Designation of authority for data management processes; and
- Resolution of conflicts related to the development, use, collection, or reporting of data throughout the USG.
12.1.2 Data Owners
(Last Modified on April 29, 2014)
Individual USG campuses are responsible for the data created, updated, deleted, collected, read, and reported by the institution. The president of a USG institution is the owner of all respective institutional data. At other USG organizations, the respective chief executive officer is the owner of the organization's data.
Data owners are responsible for identifying, appointing, and holding data trustees accountable. Data owners will inform the Data Governance Committee of trustee appointments, including the name, title, office, and contact information for all data trustees. Data owners are the final approvers of data governance and management procedures unique to that organization.
The institution's Chief Information Officer is responsible for managing the necessary technical infrastructure so that information and data needs are adequately satisfied, including availability, delivery, access, and security of data throughout the entity.
12.1.3 Data Governance and Management Responsibilities
(Last Modified on April 29, 2014)
Data owners may assign the responsibilities for all or some specific portion of the institution's data to designees. These designees (or Data Trustees) act as advisors to the data owner, and typically have responsibility for data management and administration in their respective functional areas. USG institutions and organizations are expected, to the extent possible, to leverage existing roles in assigning the duties related to data governance and management.
Responsibilities to be assigned include, but are not limited to, the following:
- Establishing procedures to fulfill the requirements of USG data governance and management policies. These procedures will provide guidance for access, completeness, accuracy, integrity, privacy, and security of the data for which the designee is responsible
- Ensuring satisfactory standardization of data element definitions
- Cataloging data generated by the organization, including the following:
- The functional data owner;
- The purpose of the data;
- Current uses;
- The manner in which the data are generated, maintained, and reported;
- Data security and/or privacy requirements and needs; and,
- Classification of the data as unrestricted, sensitive, or confidential.
- Assessing data quality and communicating concerns about data quality and/or the use of data to the functional data owner.
- Ensuring that data will be used and reported in a manner consistent with the mission of the office, institution, or organization.
- Participating, as needed, as a member of the Data Governance Committee.
- Leading or serving as a member of institutional data committees and/or subgroups on an as-needed basis.
12.1.4 Data Users
(Last Modified on April 29, 2014)
Data users are any USG faculty or staff, authorized by the appropriate institutional authority, to access USG enterprise data or data related to their respective institutions. This authorization should be for specific usages and purposes, and designed solely for conducting institutional business.
All data users are responsible for the following:
- Compliance with the policies and procedures related to the appropriate use of USG data;
- Using institutional data only as required to conduct assigned business activities;
- Ensuring and maintaining compliance with privacy laws, regulations, and policies;
- Maintaining a secure environment for the use of USG data; and,
- Ensuring the accuracy and timeliness of USG data.
12.1.5 Data Governance Training
(Last Modified on April 29, 2014)
An essential factor in helping to ensure the quality of data governance is a sound and effective data governance training plan. The responsibility for planning, providing, and assessing the effectiveness of data governance training is the responsibility of the committee as a whole, as well as the designated leadership within each individual participating organization of the USG.
The CIO or the CIO's designee will be responsible for providing and assessing training in the use of the technical environments and systems used to collect, store, and protect the data.
RPA will be responsible for providing and assessing training for the business processes associated with data governance.
The data owners at the USG organizations will be responsible for providing and assessing training to the institutional users on how to enter the data.
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YouTube hits don't lie: 11-year-old Birke Baehr is a celebrity. Over 200,000 people have watched his TEDx Next Generation Asheville talk on sustainable food, making him the movement's youngest star. In a mere five minutes, he hits on all of the biggest problems with our food system (no easy feat!) and tells kids what they can do differently to make a positive impact. I had to find out how this kid got so smart, so I spoke with Birke while he was visiting his Granddad in Central Kentucky and was blown away by the enthusiasm and intelligence of this future organic farmer.
I read in an article about you that your family didn't start eating organic or local until a few years ago. Can you explain how this change came about?
It all started when I peered over my mom's shoulder while she was reading her email and I saw an article about mercury in high-fructose corn syrup. I knew what mercury was and I knew that it could kill people and I was like 'Ok, what's up with high-fructose corn syrup?' My mom told me it's in sodas and, well, I was like "I'm not going to drink sodas anymore." Then I started reading the labels on things and I realized there was high-fructose corn syrup in bread and a lot of different things you wouldn't think it would be in. That was really the eye opener and the gate to the whole food system. After that I started researching even more and I found out about pesticides and herbicides and GMOs and all that kind of stuff. I brought a lot of information to my family and my mom got into it too and we would share our findings. I also noticed that you guys did The Meatrix! That was one of the things that helped me learn about factory farming.
Who are your role models?
One man that really inspired me is Joel Salatin of Polyface Farms. Just the way that he farms is amazing and how he thinks about things. He really makes chickens do what they're supposed to do—peck around and find bugs. He's just such an inspiration—he made me want to be an organic farmer.
A lot of people think what you're doing is great because it proves that kids can care and be informed about food sustainability. What do you think are the most important steps we can take to get more kids to where you are at?
At first I didn't know what was going on with our food system, so I think if people understand and are educated about what's wrong they would do better. You know better, you do better.
What particular issues about sustainable food do you find to be most effective with people?
One thing that I think really encompasses all of the issues and hits home is the idea that you can pay the farmer or pay the hospital. All of the main issues—GMOs, CAFOs, corn products—can cause illnesses. It's simple: would you rather have $600,000 on your hospital bill or $50 on your grocery bill?
What are your favorite foods?
Hard question! I like all kinds of food; I'm not a very picky eater. I like green vegetables, and I'm from the south so I like my collard greens. One thing in particular that I don't like is a McDonald's hamburger, but I never said I don't like an organic free-range, grass-fed hamburger with organic potatoes on the side.
What is it about being an organic farmer that is most appealing to you?
The lack of them. I want to be an organic farmer because I want to make an impact on the world and help people.
Some people who commented on your video have said "Birke for President!" and others have said they'd like to see you as a politician in the future. I know you plan on being an organic farmer, but any chance we'll be seeing you on a ballot some years from now?
Actually when this thing started a politician from East Tennessee where I'm from sent an email to my mom asking if I could go to the Tennessee House Agriculture Committee. I've been asked, but I haven't heard too much from that. I'm not going to be a politician or anything but I'd really like to go speak in front of the USDA.
The YouTube video of your talk has over 200,000 views! I think this qualifies you for celebrity status. How does it feel to be one of the famous faces of the sustainable farming movement?
It feels good! It was really frustrating a couple years ago when I was 8 or 9, because I felt like a kid that age couldn't do anything about our food system. After learning about GMOs I said "I'd really like to wake people up but I don't know how I can do this at age 8." Three years later I found this application on my mom's facebook for the TEDx Next Generation event in Asheville. It's really awesome for me to be able to help people in this way—to wake them up, help them to start eating organic and stop them from getting sick and obese and things like that.
What are some of your other favorite pastimes?
I still like football. As an 11-year-old boy, its still fun to knock somebody's head off. I really like studying Civil War history, which is something not a lot of people know about me. I also like to be out in the mountains—I'm from East Tennessee so the Smokey Mountains are my home.
What's next for you? Any projects or talks in the works?
I've been contacted by a bunch of groups that have wanted me to speak at conferences, including a lot that haven't gotten back to me, but we'll see. I would love to do more talks. Hopefully I can start speaking in different places. One thing that's crazy that I've heard people say is that I was told what to say and I was reading off a teleprompter. When I heard that I was like, 'Give me a break!' On my YouTube video there are 891 likes and 30 dislikes—it's pretty funny. [The critics] don't bother me. I knew there would be people who wouldn't like me. I'd just love to be able to tell people more about me and what's wrong with our food system.
Thanks to Birke and his Mom, Tricia, for their participation in this piece and their continued efforts to educate people about sustainable food.

subset: commoncrawl


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Sickle cell and thalassaemia screening: programme overview
Read an overview of the NHS sickle cell and thalassaemia screening programme (SCT), its services, and contact information.
Screening is the process of identifying people who appear healthy but may be at increased risk of a disease or condition.
Healthcare professionals will offer information, further tests and appropriate treatment to reduce their risk or any complications arising from the disease or condition.
The NHS Sickle Cell and Thalassaemia (SCT) screening programme is a genetic screening programme. This means that it also identifies people who are genetic carriers for sickle cell, thalassaemia and other haemoglobin disorders.
If 2 people who are carriers have a baby together, there is an increased risk that their baby could inherit a haemoglobin disorder.
The screening process is not perfect and in every programme there are a number of false positives and false negatives.
The SCT screening programme is one of the antenatal and newborn NHS population screening programmes.
It screens for:
- genetic carriers for sickle cell, thalassaemia and other haemoglobin disorders
- sickle cell disease
- thalassaemia
- haemoglobin disorders
It offers screening to:
- all pregnant women
- fathers-to-be, where antenatal screening shows the mother is a genetic carrier
- all newborn babies, as part of the newborn blood spot screening programme
Evidence and recommendations
The UK National Screening Committee (UK NSC) assesses evidence and makes recommendations to the 4 UK governments about population screening programmes.
Sickle cell disease
Sickle cell disease is the name for a group of related conditions which affect the quality of haemoglobin and the capacity to carry oxygen around the body.
The most serious form of the disease is sickle cell anaemia.
Other conditions that need treatment include Haemoglobin SC disease and S beta thalassaemia.
There are a number of haemoglobin conditions which have no symptoms or very mild symptoms. Healthcare professionals can refer individual to a specialist haemoglobinopathy counsellor to explain the significance of these conditions.
Thalassaemia is the name for a group of related conditions affecting the amount of haemoglobin that the body produces and its capacity to carry oxygen around the body.
Haemoglobin disorders
There are about 1000 different genes for unusual red blood cells. Most conditions arising from inheriting these genes are not of clinical significance.
The SCT programme does identify and report some of these genes. This is because a person who has a haemoglobin condition, or who carries an unusual gene, can pass on a clinically significant condition if they have a baby with another person in the same situation.
The type of condition that a baby can inherit depends on the exact genes for haemoglobin from both parents.
The laboratory handbook explains which genes to report.
Genetic carriers
People with haemoglobin disorders have inherited 2 unusual genes for haemoglobin: 1 from their mother and 1 from their father.
People who are carriers have inherited 1 unusual gene for haemoglobin from 1 parent. This is sometimes known as having sickle cell or thalassaemia trait. It usually causes no health issues.
Health professionals should make sure that carriers of the sickle cell (S) gene know they can have health problems in rare situations where there is a lack of oxygen.
These situations include having an anaesthetic and taking part in some extreme sports.
If a carrier has a baby with a partner who is also a carrier of an unusual gene for haemoglobin, the baby can inherit a haemoglobin condition.
The severity of the condition depends on the exact combination of genes that the baby inherits.
Where both partners know they are genetic carriers and wish to have a baby, they can consider the option of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).
For PGD the couple undergoes in vitro fertilisation (IVF). The resulting embryos are screened. A maximum of two embryos which do not contain the genetic mutation are replaced in the uterus. Further information is available from Genetic Alliance UK.
Being a carrier for these conditions is more common in people whose families came from malarial regions of the world. This is because carrier status gives some protection against malaria in infancy. This genetic advantage means the conditions are more common in those areas.
Health professionals ask about family origins as part of antenatal screening. Ensure carriers know they should still take the normal precautions when travelling to malarial areas.
Recommendations and guidelines
The UK National Screening Committee (UK NSC) makes recommendations to ministers about all decisions regarding screening policy for the antenatal and newborn screening programmes.
The service specification sets out how the recommendations apply to every stage of the screening journey for SCT.
The laboratory handbook sets out how recommendations apply to laboratory processes, including which types of carrier to report.
DNA testing for transfused babies sets out the recommendations and processes for offering DNA tests to babies who have received a blood transfusion before newborn blood spot screening.
All SCT screening recommendations are evidence based.
Screening process
The SCT care pathway provides a visual representation of the process of antenatal and newborn screening with quick links to supporting information for each stage.
The screening tests for you and your baby leaflet explains the tests in antenatal and newborn screening.
SCT currently offers:
Testing before conception
The UK NSC has not recommended population screening before conception, but individuals may want to know their carrier status when planning to have a baby.
Advise individuals to request a test for carrier status from their general practitioner (GP) or a trained haemoglobinopathy counsellor.
Antenatal screening
Antenatal screening identifies expectant parents who are genetic carriers of an unusual form of haemoglobin.
In rare cases, screening will detect a woman with a haemoglobin condition that she did not know about. This enables healthcare professionals to make special arrangements for care during pregnancy.
If both parents are carriers there is a 1 in 4 chance that their baby will inherit a haemoglobin disorder.
Offer known carrier parents counselling and a diagnostic test for the fetus, known as prenatal diagnosis (PND).
If PND shows that the baby has inherited a disorder, offer parents further counselling with the option of termination of pregnancy if required.
Aim to offer the initial screening test by 10 weeks of pregnancy. This gives couples time to complete all the tests and have the option to choose an early termination.
NHS Choices provides information for patients about antenatal screening for sickle cell and thalassaemia.
Newborn screening
Sickle cell
The heel prick test detects babies with sickle cell disorders so they can receive prompt treatment.
This procedure also identifies babies who are genetic carriers for sickle cell and is part of the NHS Newborn Blood Spot screening programme.
The UK NSC does not recommend newborn screening for thalassaemia because the test is not sufficiently reliable and there is no immediate treatment for babies with thalassaemia.
However, the newborn blood spot test does detect the most serious form of thalassaemia, beta thalassaemia major. It does not detect babies who are thalassaemia carriers.
Risks and limitations of SCT screening
There are no significant risks associated with screening for sickle cell and thalassaemia.
Patients need to understand that the test identifies whether they carry a gene for a SCT condition. If they are a carrier, this will have implications for planning to have a baby.
Screened individuals will have to make their own decisions about informing partners and other family members about their carrier status.
It is possible that patient's blood relatives could also be carriers. This may be important information for them if they are planning to have a baby.
Encourage parents of babies identified as carriers to explain the significance of the result as the child grows up.
Providing and commissioning screening
There are resources and guidelines to help commission and provide SCT screening.
These include:
- programme standards
- failsafe procedures
- key performance indicators
- incident management guidance
- leaflets and resources to give to the public
The guidelines on handling patient information explain how to use and safeguard personal data in screening.
Education and training
Read about the education and training for healthcare professionals working in SCT screening.
This includes e-learning and other training resources.
NHS population screening helpdesk
PHE Screening
Floor 5
Wellington House
133-155 Waterloo Road
Contact form http://legacy.screenin...
Helpdesk phone number 020 3682 0890
The helpdesk is not for media enquiries and does not have access to screening results. For queries about results, contact your GP or local screening service. Order screening leaflets at www.gov.uk/phe/screening-leaflets.


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Despite their wide occurrence, cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are considered neglected diseases by the World Health Organization. The epidemiology of these diseases and microsporidiosis in humans in developing countries is poorly understood. The high concentration of pathogens in raw sewage makes the characterization of the transmission of these pathogens simple through the genotype and subtype analysis of a small number of samples.
Methodology/Principal Findings
The distribution of genotypes and subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in 386 samples of combined sewer systems from Shanghai, Nanjing and Wuhan and the sewer system in Qingdao in China was determined using PCR-sequencing tools. Eimeria spp. were also genotyped to assess the contribution of domestic animals to Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi in wastewater. The high occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. (56.2%), G. duodenalis (82.6%), E. bieneusi (87.6%), and Eimeria/Cyclospora (80.3%) made the source attribution possible. As expected, several human-pathogenic species/genotypes, including Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, G. duodenalis sub-assemblage A-II, and E. bieneusi genotype D, were the dominant parasites in wastewater. In addition to humans, the common presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Eimeria spp. from rodents indicated that rodents might have contributed to the occurrence of E. bieneusi genotype D in samples. Likewise, the finding of Eimeria spp. and Cryptosporidium baileyi from birds indicated that C. meleagridis might be of both human and bird origins.
The distribution of Cryptosporidium species, G. duodenalis genotypes and subtypes, and E. bieneusi genotypes in urban wastewater indicates that anthroponotic transmission appeared to be important in epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and microsporidiosis in the study areas. The finding of different distributions of subtypes between Shanghai and Wuhan was indicative of possible differences in the source of C. hominis among different areas in China.
Citation: Li N, Xiao L, Wang L, Zhao S, Zhao X, Duan L, et al. (2012) Molecular Surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi by Genotyping and Subtyping Parasites in Wastewater. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(9): e1809. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001809
Editor: Judd L. Walson, University of Washington, United States of America
Received: April 16, 2012; Accepted: July 25, 2012; Published: September 6, 2012
This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31110103901, 41001316); the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Project) (2011CB200903); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China; Open Funding Projects of the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology at the Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and microsporidia infections are significant causes of diarrhea in humans worldwide [1], [2]. Despite their wide occurrence, cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are considered neglected diseases by the World Health Organization, largely due to a lack of studies in developing countries [3]. In addition to infecting humans, these parasites are found in a wide range of animals including domestic and wild animals. Humans can acquire Cryptosporidium infections through several transmission routes, such as direct contact with infected persons (anthroponotic transmission) or animals (zoonotic transmission) and ingestion of contaminated water or food [4]. Although the epidemiology of Giardia and microsporidia is less clear, potential sources of infections can be identified by comparing the distribution of genotypes of each parasite among different hosts [5], [6].
The host-adaptive nature of different species/genotypes of these parasites helps us understand the potential infection sources and transmission routes of the disease. Among the over 70 species and genotype of Cryptosporidium, five species are responsible for most human infections, including C. hominis infecting humans, C. parvum infecting ruminants, C. meleagridis infecting birds, C. felis infecting cats, and C. canis infecting dogs [7]. In contrast, giardiasis in humans and most other mammals is caused by Giardia duodenalis (also known as Giardia lamblia or Giardia intestinalis) [6]. Giardia duodenalis has at least eight genotypes, assemblages A-H. Among them, assemblages A and B infect humans and a broad range of other hosts, including livestock, cats, dogs, and wild mammals. Within the assemblage A, there are three major subtypes groups (sub-assemblages), A-I, A-II and A-III, with A-I mainly infecting most animals, A-II mainly infecting humans, and A-III mainly infecting wild ruminants. Assemblages C-H appear generally to be mostly restricted to companion animals, livestock, rodents, and seals [6]. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common microsporidian species infecting humans, domestic animals, wild mammals, and birds [5], [8]. Enterocytozoon bieneusi forms several phylogenetic groups of genotypes, with group 1 infecting humans and most animals and groups 2–5 infecting different animals [1], [9]. Groups 2–5 represent host-adapted genotypes that have no major public health significance [10], [11]. Therefore, using both an understanding of the host-specificity of various pathogen species/subtypes and describing the most common pathogen species/subtypes in wastewater can shed light into the potential infections sources and transmission routes of diseases. For example, a common occurrence of the human-specific C. hominis rather than potentially zoonotic C. parvum would indicate that anthroponotic transmission is important in cryptosporidiosis transmission.
The monitoring of raw wastewater for pathogens has been used in surveillance of a few bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens in urban communities [12]–[16]. The identification of pathogens in human specimens is still the standard method for the elucidation of disease transmission. However, because of the low prevalence of most pathogens, the screening of a large number of specimens is frequently needed, which is time-consuming and expensive. In contrast, the high concentration of pathogens in raw sewage facilities the detection of these pathogens via the analysis of a small number of samples and can provide a quick overall picture of the disease transmission at the community level, although some zoonotic pathogens in wastewater may also come from domestic animals. Therefore, this approach is especially useful for emerging infectious pathogens, such as E. coli O157:H7 and H5N1. Because some emerging infectious diseases are also endemic in urban communities in addition to causing large-scale outbreaks of illnesses, simple detection of the pathogens in raw wastewater is not enough for molecular surveillance of the pathogens. For these endemic pathogens, molecular epidemiologic tracking (subtyping) is frequently needed to assess the endemic transmission at the community level and to identify the occurrence of outbreaks, which are characterized by the presence of one or a few subtypes at high frequency.
In two U.S. studies, genotyping and subtyping parasites in raw wastewater was used as a rapid and cost-effective tool for characterizing the transmission of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in an urban community [15], [17]. In one study, promising results were obtained in molecular surveillance of an outbreak strain of C. hominis in urban wastewater [15]. Our previous study on species and subtype distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic wastewater in Shanghai, China suggested that anthroponotic transmission might play an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology, and the dominant C. hominis subtypes in this region were different from those in other countries [16]. The objectives of this study were to identify the species/genotype distribution of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi in domestic wastewater in four large cities in China, to assess endemic transmission of cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis and microsporidiosis based on the species or genotype identified and our knowledge on their host sources and geographic distribution, and to determine whether the unique subtypes of C. hominis identified in Shanghai also existed in other areas in China. Because domestic animals may contribute to parasite occurrence in urban wastewater, Eimeria spp., which commonly infect domestic mammals and birds and have strong host specificity, were also analyzed to facilitate the animal source attribution of Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi genotypes found in wastewater.
Materials and Methods
Wastewater sample collection and processing
A total of 386 raw wastewater samples were collected from four cities in China from 2006 to 2009, including 90 from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Shanghai (December 2006 to April 2007), 87 from five WWTPs in Nanjing (July 2007 to May 2009), 109 from five WWTPs in Qingdao (April–July 2008), and 100 from five WWTPs in Wuhan (April–July 2008). All WWTPs in each city were located at areas with high population density. The four cities were selected based on the following criteria: (1) different population densities, with 3,631 people/km2 in Shanghai, which is the highest in mainland China, and 815 to 890 people/km2 in the other three cities; (2) different pet densities, with the highest in Shanghai; (3) different conditions of the sewage system, with the best in Shanghai and more antique in Qingdao. Qingdao has separate storm water and domestic wastewater systems, and the other three cities use combined sewer systems in the inner city areas. Grab samples of 500 to 1,000 ml of raw wastewater were collected at the input of WWTPs. Cysts, oocysts and spores of parasites in samples were concentrated by centrifugation at 6,000×g for 10 min. Samples were stored in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution at 4°C prior to DNA extraction.
DNA extraction
After washing the samples twice in distilled water, genomic DNA was extracted from 0.5 ml of concentrate using a FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil (BIO 101, Carlsbad, CA) and eluted in 100 µl of reagent-grade water as described previously [18]. DNA was stored at −80°C until analyzed by PCR. DNA from each sample was analyzed at least five times for each genetic target using 2 µl of the extraction DNA in PCR. Following analysis with a nested PCR described below, secondary PCR products were detected by gel electrophoresis in 1.5% agarose.
Cryptosporidium detection, genotyping and subtyping
A ∼830-bp fragment of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene was amplified by nested PCR as previously described [19]. Cryptosporidium species and genotypes were differentiated by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the secondary PCR products using restriction enzymes SspI and VspI [20]. Cryptosporidium muris and C. andersoni were further differentiated by RFLP analysis using restriction enzymes DdeI [21]. To identify C. parvum, C. hominis and C. cuniculus subtypes, a ∼850-bp fragment of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene was amplified by nested PCR [16]. The secondary PCR products were sequenced using the secondary PCR primers and an intermediary sequencing primer (5′-GAGATATATCTTGTTGCG-3′). The established subtype nomenclature [22] was used to classify gp60 subtypes.
Giardia duodenalis detection, genotyping and subtyping
To detect G. duodenalis, a 530-bp fragment of the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) gene was amplified by nested PCR [23]. Genotypes and subtypes of G. duodenalis were determined by sequence analysis of the secondary PCR products.
Enterocytozoon bieneusi detection and genotyping
To detect E. bieneusi, a ∼392-bp fragment of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was amplified by nested PCR [10]. Genotypes of E. bieneusi were determined by sequence analysis of the secondary PCR products, and named according to the established nomenclature [24].
Detection and identification of Eimeria spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis
To detect Eimeria spp. and Cyclospora spp., a 294-bp fragment of the SSU rRNA gene was amplified by nested PCR [25]. The differentiation of Eimeria and Cyclospora species were done by sequence analysis of the secondary PCR products.
DNA sequencing and data analysis
After being purified using the Montage PCR filters (Millipore, Bedford, MA), the secondary PCR products were sequenced directly with the secondary PCR primers using an ABI BigDye Terminator v. 3.1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and the manufacturer-suggested procedures. Sequences were read on an ABI3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). To confirm the accuracy of the sequence and to detect multiple genotypes and subtypes in a sample, all positive PCR products from each sample were sequenced, except for C. muris-positive samples in Qingdao, which was identified mostly by SspI and DdeI RFLP analysis, and for Eimeria/Cyclospora-postive samples, for which only one PCR product per sample was sequenced. The nucleotide sequences of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi, and Eimeria/Cyclospora spp. were aligned with reference sequences downloaded from the GenBank using ClustalX (ftp://ftp-igbmc.u-strasbg.fr/pub/ClustalX) to determine their genotype or subtype identity. Each pathogen genotype or subtype was presented as the number of positive samples or PCR products, with its frequency calculated based on the total number of samples analyzed in each area.
Phylogenetic analysis
The genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi obtained were compared to known E. bieneusi genotypes by phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences. After eliminating sequences with ambiguous positions, 579 E. bieneusi ITS sequences were obtained from wastewater samples, representing 23 genotypes. They were used in a neighbour-joining analysis together with reference sequences downloaded from the GenBank, using 500 replicates in bootstrap assessment of the robustness of clusters. Likewise, 298 clean SSU rRNA sequences of Eimeria/Cyclospora representing 39 genotypes were assigned to host groups based on their phylogenetic positions in a similarly constructed neighbour-joining tree with reference sequences from known animal hosts.
Cryptosporidium species/genotypes in wastewater
Based on PCR analysis of the SSU rRNA gene, 63 of 90 (70.0%) wastewater samples from Shanghai, 32 of 87 (36.8%) samples from Nanjing, 75 of 109 (68.8%) samples from Qingdao, and 47 of 100 (47.0%) samples from Wuhan were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. RFLP analysis and DNA sequencing of PCR products revealed the presence of 14 species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium in these samples: C. hominis, C. parvum, C. andersoni, C. canis, C. suis, C. cuniculus, C. meleagridis, C. baileyi, C. muris, pig genotype II, Avian genotype III, rat genotype I, rat genotype IV, and a new genotype (Table 1).
Among the five major human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species (C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. canis, and C. felis), both the human-specific C. hominis and bird-adapted C. meleagridis were found in samples from all four cities. The occurrence of C. hominis was more common than C. meleagridis in Shanghai (59 versus seven), Nanjing (six versus two), and Wuhan (19 versus six). The only exception was Qingdao where C. hominis was found in only one sample while C. meleagridis was found in seven samples (Table 1). Similar to the common existence of C. meleagridis (22 samples), other species from birds, such as C. baileyi was also detected in 15 samples from the four cities studied. Cryptosporidium parvum, which is a common parasite of cattle, was found only in one sample in Shanghai and two samples in Qingdao. The rare occurrence of C. parvum was consistent with the frequency of other species infecting cattle, such as C. andersoni (found in four samples only). Cryptosporidium canis, commonly found dogs, was only seen in one sample each in Qingdao and Wuhan, where the common species in cats, C. felis, was not detected in any of the samples.
Surprisingly, C. muris and other Cryptosporidium genotypes infecting rodents were the most commonly detected species/genotypes in Qingdao, being found in 70 samples, or 93.3% of all Cryptosporidium-positive samples. Within C. muris from Qingdao, the detection in 12 samples was confirmed by DNA sequencing and the other 58 diagnosed by RFLP analysis with restriction enzymes SspI and DdeI (Table 1). Although these species/genotypes were also found at a high frequency in Nanjing (19 samples, or 59.4% of Cryptosporidium-positive samples), they were less commonly seen in Wuhan (13 or 27.7% Cryptosporidium-positive samples), and were only rarely seen in Shanghai (two samples, or 3.2% Cryptosporidium-positive samples) (Table 1).
The partial SSU rRNA gene sequence of a novel genotype in this study (FJ153238) was identical to that isolated from a patient in the United Kingdom (HM191258) [26]. A recently identified zoonotic species, C. cuniculus [27], which was responsible for a waterborne outbreak in the United Kingdom in 2008 [28], was also found in five samples in this study. The concurrent presence of multiple Cryptosporidium species/genotypes was seen in many samples: two species/genotypes in 44 samples, three species/genotypes in 13 samples, and four species/genotypes in six samples.
Cryptosporidium hominis, C. parvum and C. cuniculus gp60 subtypes
Samples positive for C. hominis, C. parvum or C. cuniculus were subtyped by sequence analysis of the gp60 gene. For C. hominis-positive samples, 47 of 59 samples in Shanghai, four of six samples in Nanjing, one sample in Qingdao, and 10 of 19 samples in Wuhan were successfully subtyped. Altogether, there were 12 subtypes in five subtype families in the 62 C. hominis-positive wastewater samples: Ia (three subtypes in seven samples), Ib (three subtypes in 30 samples), Id (two subtypes in six samples), Ie (two subtypes in 18 samples), and If (two subtypes in five samples) (Table 1). Although Ib subtypes were commonly detected in Shanghai samples (30/48 C. hominis-positive samples subtyped successfully), only one sample in Nanjing was positive for one of the Ib subtypes (IbA19G2). In contrast, the Ie subtype IeA12G3T3 that previously thought to be unique to Shanghai, was found in 11 samples in the other three cities. Of the five C. cuniculus-positive samples in Nanjing and Wuhan, only one was successfully subtyped as VaA31 (Table 1). Two of the three C. parvum-positive samples were subtyped as IIdA19G1 (Table 1). Concurrent presence of two subtypes was found in five samples, including IbA19G2 and IbA21G2 in one sample from Shanghai, and IdA16 and IeA12G3T3 in one sample from Wuhan. Except for samples from Qingdao, all C. meleagridis-positive samples were also analyzed by gp60 PCR. Only four of the seven samples from Shanghai and one of the six samples from Wuhan produced the expected gp60 PCR products, all of which belonged to C. hominis subtypes indicating the concurrent presence of C. hominis.
Giardia duodenalis genotypes and subtypes
The PCR analysis of tpi gene identified a high occurrence of G. duodenalis in the four cities studied, with positive rates of 67.8% (59/87) in Nanjing, 69.0% (69/100) in Wuhan, 94.5% (85/90) in Shanghai and 97.2% in Qingdao (106/109). All of them belonged to two known genotypes of G. duodenalis (assemblages A and B) of humans. The prevalent genotype was assemblage A, which was detected in 76.1% (243 of 319) G. duodenalis-positive samples, including 51 samples in Shanghai, 38 samples in Nanjing, 97 samples in Qingdao, and 57 samples in Wuhan (Table 2). Assemblage B was found in 59 samples, but in 53 of them it was in concurrence with assemblage A (Table 2). In 27 samples, the presence of mixed genotypes was identified by the occurrence different assemblages in different replicates of analysis while in the remaining 36 samples the presence of mixed genotypes was demonstrated by underlying peaks in DNA sequencing trace files. All samples containing assemblage A had the A2 subtype. Sixteen assemblage B subtypes were found in this study, only one of which was identical to a sequence reported before (GenBank No. L02116).
Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes
Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected in more than 90% of samples in Shanghai, Qingdao and Wuhan, with prevalence lower in Nanjing (62.1% or 54/87 samples). In the 338 E. bieneusi-positive samples, a total of 23 ITS genotypes were seen in 579 sequences obtained (Table 3). Genotype D was the most prevalent, being found in 279 of 338 (82.5%) E. bieneusi-positive samples or 469 of 592 (79.2%) sequences.
Two new groups of E. bieneusi genotypes were found in this study. A new group named 1i consisted of five genotypes seen in 33 sequences and formed a cluster sister to the previously designed subgroup 1 h [9]. This cluster was within the large group (group 1) of ITS sequences originated from humans and animals [1], [9], [29]. The other new group was named as group 6 in this study and consisted of two genotypes seen in five sequences (Fig. 1). In addition, we also found two new genotypes belonged to the so called Outliers group from dogs [1]; one was seen in five sequences and the other one in one sequence. Consistent with the high prevalence of E. bieneusi, 34 samples had concurrent presence of two genotypes.
The relationship of new E. bieneusi genotype groups (1i and 6) identified in this study to established E. bieneusi genotype groups was inferred by a neighbor-joining analysis of nucleotide sequences of the ITS, based on Kimura 2-parameter distances. Some sequences generated in the study are italicized, while the remaining 538 sequences in Groups 1a–1g and one sequence in Group 3 are not shown (see Table 3). Several unique ITS sequences from AIDS patients in a recent Nigerian study [43] are designed as Group 7.
Eimeria spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis
Among 386 samples analyzed, 310 samples (80.3%) were positive for Eimeria spp. or Cyclospora spp. The majority of the PCR products were from Eimeria spp., such as Eimeria alabamensis and its relative from cattle (167 samples), E. acervulina, E. tenella and their relatives from chicken (six samples), E. nieschulzi, E. falciformis, E. separata and their relatives from rodents (95 samples), E. flavecens from rabbits (one sample), and E. arnyi relatives from snakes (four samples). Cyclospora spp. were detected in 13 wastewater samples; in two samples, the sequence obtained had minor differences from C. cayetanensis. Nine Eimeria spp. of unknown animal sources were also found in 13 sequences from 13 samples in this study (Table 4).
The transmission of Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in humans in China is poorly understood. There are only three studies that have genotyped and subtyped Cryptosporidium spp. in humans. All five specimens collected from diarrheic children in Tianjin had C. hominis [30]. Nine specimens were positive for C. hominis and one for C. felis in a small study of out-patients in Henan Province [31]. In a study conducted in in-patients in three pediatric hospitals in Shanghai, C. hominis was identified in 92, C. meleagridis in 6, C. felis in 2, and C. canis in 2 cases, but the majority of C. hominis-positive patients (74/92) were from a hospital-associated outbreak of cryptosporidiosis, which had made less samples available for the examination of transmission dynamics in the general population. Likewise, there are only three small-scale studies of G. duodenalis genotypes in humans in China. In one study in Anhui Province, assemblages A and B were each found in four patients [32]. In another study in Hebei Province, sub-assemblage A-II was found in three patients [33]. In a recent study in Henan Province, sub-assemblages A-I and A-II and assemblage B were was found in eight, four and six patients, respectively [31]. In the only study on E. bieneusi infection in China, genotypes I and J and four novel genotypes were found in nine diarrheic children in Jilin Province [34].
Data generated in this study suggest that anthroponotic transmission is important in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in the study areas. This was supported by the common finding of C. hominis in the wastewater samples in Shanghai and Wuhan, where 93.7% and 40.4% of Cryptosporidium-positive samples had C. hominis, respectively. The proportion of samples positive for C. hominis was lower than Nanjing, where 18.8% had C. hominis. In contrast, only one sample from Qingdao was positive for C. hominis. In Nanjing and Qingdao, the occurrence of C. hominis was probably more common than the data suggested, as C. muris and other genotypes from rodents in the wastewater distribution system were the dominant Cryptosporidium spp. in samples from the two cities, which could have masked the concurrent presence of C. hominis. It is known that minor populations of other species or genotypes in specimens are frequently under-detected with Cryptosporidium genus-specific primers [35]. The higher occurrence of C. muris in samples from Nanjing and Qingdao could be the result of higher number of rodents in the wastewater distribution system. Therefore, the distribution of Cryptosporidium species in these cities may be affected by human populations in the city as well as rodents in the sewer system.
In agreement with this conclusion, other human-pathogenic species that are traditionally associated with zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis were mostly detected in wastewater samples from the four cities at low frequencies. Thus, C. felis was not found in any samples, and C. parvum, C. canis, and C. cuniculus were each found in only 2–5 samples. The only exception was C. meleagridis, which was found in all four cities studied and in 22 of 210 (10.1%) Cryptosporidium-positive wastewater samples (Table 1). The isolated detection of C. parvum, C. canis, and C. cuniculus was probably largely the result of Cryptosporidium contamination from domestic animals, as rodents, dogs and rabbits are known hosts of these Cryptosporidium species, respectively, in addition to humans. Likewise, pet birds and other domestic birds like chickens and pigeons might have also contributed to the relative high occurrence of C. meleagridis, as the more common avian Cryptosporidium species, C. baileyi, was also found in 15 of the 217 (6.9%) Cryptosporidium-positive samples. Nevertheless, the higher occurrence of C. meleagridis than C. baileyi in wastewater samples indicated that some of the C. meleagridis probably originated from humans. In a recent study conducted in in-patients in three hospitals in Shanghai, C. meleagridis was detected in 6 of 28 (21.4%) sporadic cases of cryptosporidiosis [36]. Although some of the C. meleagridis could have been transmitted anthroponotically, we could not rule out the possibility that some zoonotic transmission of C. meleagridis may be occurring in the study areas. Previously, anthroponotic transmission has been identified as a major route in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology in most other developing countries [37].
There could be some differences in the transmission of C. hominis among the cities studied, at least between Shanghai and Wuhan. In Shanghai, 29 of the 47 (61.7%) C. hominis-positive samples subtyped had three unique subtypes (IbA19G2, IbA20G2, and IbA21G2) of the Ib subtype family. In Wuhan, however, none of the Ib subtypes were found in any of the 10 C. hominis-positive samples subtyped. There are not enough C. hominis-positive samples from Nanjing and Qingdao to infer C. hominis transmission, although IbA19G2 was found in one of the three C. hominis-positive samples from Nanjing. Interestingly, the Ie subtype IeA12G3T3 that was previously thought to be unique in Shanghai [16] was found in all other cities studied, and was the dominant C. hominis subtype in Wuhan, being found in 9/10 C. hominis-positive samples.
Anthroponotic transmission is probably also important in the epidemiology of giardiasis in China. The majority (296 of 319 or 92.8%) of samples genotyped and subtyped had the G. duodenalis sub-assemblage A-II. The predominance of sub-assemblage A-II, a parasite mainly found in humans, and the absence of sub-assemblage A-I, a parasite more often found in animals [6], suggests that zoonotic transmission might not play an important role in giardiasis transmission in the study cities. In some samples, several subtypes of assemblage B, which infects humans, ruminants, dogs and other mammals, were also found. Like the sub-assemblage A-II, humans are the likely source for these parasites. This was supported by the absence of animal-specific assemblages of G. duodenalis, such as C and D, which are common in dogs, E, which is common in livestock, F, which is common in cats, and G. which is common in rodents [6]. The absence of assemblage G was surprising considering the common presence of rodents in wastewater in cities studied and the high prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. of rodents (Table 1). This was possibly because rodents were more commonly infected with G. muris than G. duodenalis assemblage G [38], [39]. The primers used in this study are largely G. duodenalis-specific, thus have a poor sensitivity in detecting G. muris. Only a single target was used in genotyping and subtyping G. duodenalis, which could be problematic for assemblage B, as it has been shown to exhibit heterozygosity at some genetic loci.
The transmission of E. bieneusi in China is less clear. The majority of E. bieneusi found in this study belonged to Group 1 [1], [9]. Parasites in this group infect both humans and animals. Within this group, genotype D was the dominant one, being found in 279/338 (82.5%) E. bieneusi-positive samples. The known hosts for genotype D include humans, cattle, pigs, dogs, and some wild mammals. In this study, the contribution of these animals to genotype D was probably limited, as host-adapted E. bieneusi genotypes of cattle (BEB6 of group 2), pigs (EbpD of 1e), and wild mammals (groups 3–5) were not found or only found in one sample each (Table 3). The only host-adapted genotypes found in wastewater samples were the called outlier genotype from dogs and two novel genogroups (group 1i and group 6). As they were mostly found in samples from Qingdao, rodents were the likely sources for the two new genogroups. We also cannot rule out the contribution of rodents to genotype D and other minor genotypes in group 1 found in wastewater, as these genotypes generally lack host specificity.
Genotyping data from Eimeria spp. and Cyclospora spp. generated from wastewater samples mostly support the interpretations on transmission of human-pathogenic protists and attribution of contamination sources. As Eimeria spp. and Cyclospora form host-specific clusters in phylogenetic analysis of the SSU rRNA sequences, they serve as good markers for contamination source attribution. Thus, the contribution of birds to C. meleagridis in wastewater was supported by the occasional finding of Eimeria spp. from chickens and other birds. The latter were probably from pet birds, which are known to be infected with C. meleagridis in China [40]. Likewise, the common occurrence of Eimeria spp. from rodents (seen in 97 samples) was also in agreement with the occurrence of C. muris in wastewater samples, especially those from Qingdao and Nanjing. The only discrepancy was the common occurrence of E. alabamensis (AF291427) or E. alabamensis-like sequences in 167 wastewater samples. Although E. alabamensis is a known parasite of cattle, C. parvum, C. andersoni, G. duodenalis assemblage E, and E. bieneusi group 2, all of which are common parasites of cattle, were largely absent in wastewater samples in this study. Whether the E. alabamensis sequence seen in this study was from cattle is still uncertain, as there are two very different SSU rRNA sequences of E. alabamensis in the GenBank (AF291427 and AY876926), with AY876926 forming a cluster with other bovine and ovine Eimeria spp. while AF291427 (the type seen in wastewater samples) was alone by itself in a different part of the phylogenetic tree.
In summary, results of this study indicated that molecular surveillance of enteric parasites in wastewater can be used to assess of the characteristics of endemic transmission of pathogens. The data acquired have shown a common occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in urban communities in China, although traditional epidemiologic studies are few and routine surveillance of these pathogens is non-existent. These data have also shown a major role of anthroponotic transmission in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and microsporidiosis in four cities in China. They have also led to the identification of the occurrence of several rare parasites in China, including a new Cryptosporidium genotype recently seen in a patient in the United Kingdom [26], the newly identified human pathogen C. cuniculus, which was responsible for a recent waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in the United Kingdom [28], and C. cayetanensis, which was only recently identified in humans in China [41], [42]. Thus, genotyping and subtyping enteric parasites in wastewater can be an effective and economical supplement to conventional surveillance and epidemiologic tools. For example, giving the complexity of C. hominis population in wastewater in Shanghai [16], the finding of only two major subtypes from C. hominis in 86 of 3,245 in-patient in a pediatric hospital in Shanghai has led to the recent identification of a hospital-associated outbreak of cryptosporidiosis [36]. Nevertheless, caution should be exercised when interpreting transmission routes and dynamics using data from molecular surveillance of pathogens in urban wastewater. When some species are shed in larger numbers or longer durations than others, molecular techniques that can detect minor species should be adopted to avoid the misinterpretation of the data. More studies of wastewater samples from other areas are needed to validate the utility of the molecular surveillance system, perhaps in concurrence with case-control or longitudinal studies in humans.
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: LX YF. Performed the experiments: NL LW XZ LD MG. Analyzed the data: NL LW LL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SZ LL. Wrote the paper: NL LX YF.
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Ask Matt: True Detective, Olympics, Ralph Waite, Teen Wolf, Justified
Feb 18, 2014 9:58 AM EST
Send questions and comments to email@example.com and follow me on Twitter! Question: True Detective is by far my new favorite show! The acting, storyline, intensity (especially last week's episode on Feb. 9) is incredible! I've heard th… Read more


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Michael Schumacher just a few races away from the end of his career proclaimed that he sees the next big German F1 driver in Sebastien Vettel. He went on to call the young German the new Mr.F1 from Germany. Speaking to a German newspaper he was quoted as saying :
"I also think he will win this year's title, he has the right conditions for it.
"In the long term, I think he should go on to become Germany's Mister Formula One."
Speaking about his retirement, the German cautioned others into following his example and returning from retirement :
"There has to be some sense behind it. I have seen examples where people return and are hopelessly out-driven," Schumacher said.
"To get confirmation that you are no longer good enough is of course a negative thing.
"So I wouldn't like to motivate anyone to try it and throw themselves into their own misfortune."
"Mercedes made it clear that they wanted to keep working with me," he said.
Schumacher also admitted that the experience has changed him from a behavioral standpoint but as a person he is still the same.
"Yes and no. As a person, I am still the same as before, but I've learned to be more open and not to despair of the difficult situations, but to understand them," he said.
"It has given me a certain looseness that people have noticed.
"I am still the same person I was, but I have taken the blinkers off with which I used to walk through the pit lanes."


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This is such a busy time of the year, so it's nice to take some time and have some fun. Last night was our quilt guild's Christmas Party and it always delivers fun. We had potluck, games, great show and tell items, and a mug rug exchange. I incorporated an ornament I designed into the mug rug I made. I think it turned out great and the lady who received seemed happy with it.
I received a lovely mug rug in exchange. I love the reproduction civil war fabrics and the colors coordinate with my great room perfectly!
I had a wonderful time and ended up with a mug rug that I will really enjoy.
If you would like a copy of my Octagon Ornaments, please look in my sidebar and if you make any, I would love pictures of them!


text:
Our Price: £165.00
Complete Fuel Pump
To Fit: Saab 9-3SS 2003 model year only, 4 cylinder petrol models (B207) (Not suitable for 2004 models onwards)
If you are at all unsure as to fitment of this part for your vehicle, please email us with your chassis/VIN number and your location prior to ordering and we can check suitability for you.
Swedish supplied alternative complete fuel pump to replace the in tank petrol fuel pump, includes fuel gauge level sensor and connector hoses.
Equivalent to Saab part number: 12805467 (ref only)
VAT (Value Added Tax) is charged at 20% on all purchases shipped within the EEC (with the exception of certain items such as books).
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3) Orders shipped to addresses outside the EEC will NOT be charged VAT, once shipping address is set and you are logged into your website account, VAT is automatically removed from all prices.
4) Orders being shipped within the EEC will be VAT inclusive where applicable.
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PFS Parts Ltd. is registered for VAT in the United Kingdom, VAT no: GB809914994
To accurately identify manufacturer specified vehicle model year (which can frequently be different to year of registration), please enter your 17 digit VIN or Chassis number below. This number is generally located at the base of the windscreen, or on the vehicle documents.
Only Suitable for Vehicles 1986 onwards


text:
Do you like Montecito's left-hand freeway exits?
|I think they are charming.
|105 votes
|I hate them.
|140 votes
|I am indifferent to them.
|123 votes
|368 total votes
Independent Discussion Guidelines
If one cannot negotiate a left lane exit, one should critically examine whether or not they deserve the privilege of piloting an automobile, or consider becoming more familiar with the intricacies of the town. There's always the next exit.
spacey (anonymous profile)
February 21, 2013 at 1:22 a.m. (Suggest removal)
I think they are fine for me. However, there are many nitwit drivers that enter these things at 45-50. People need to realize that the traffic in that lane will likely be travelling at 70+.
So the question is "do we improve the quality of the drivers using the road?" or "do we dumb down and standardize the roads to the low level of some of the people that drive our streets?" CalTrans definitely thinks the latter is in order.
Botany (anonymous profile)
February 21, 2013 at 2:54 a.m. (Suggest removal)
"It's not my fault Officer that I was traveling 75 miles an hour on a 55 mile an hour freeway and sailed my car over the intersection from the left side off ramp....", "It's the fault of the Government for not making the off-ramp the length of an International Airport Runway, cause, 'I can't Drive Fifty-Five!' ".
Was the excuse of the next 100 thousand drivers to be in an traffic accident trying to exit the freeway from the number 2 lane.
dou4now (anonymous profile)
February 21, 2013 at 5:07 a.m. (Suggest removal)
Do we have any 55 MPH freeways anymore?
Botany (anonymous profile)
February 21, 2013 at 6:25 a.m. (Suggest removal)
It is your fault for not knowing the speed limit though.
Num1UofAn (anonymous profile)
February 21, 2013 at 7:39 a.m. (Suggest removal)
And will merging drivers on the inside also expect the full-speed, through-way drivers to yield their legal right of way arbitrarily like is expected by some merging into the outside freeway lanes?
John_Adams (anonymous profile)
February 21, 2013 at 12:46 p.m. (Suggest removal)
these ramps are basically just used by locals in SB, which is why they really are not a problem. Caltrans own data shows that the accident rate on the left lane ramps is less than the SB right lane ramps.
evolution (anonymous profile)
February 21, 2013 at 7:47 p.m. (Suggest removal)
Forget "charming"
(how stupid that was that you asked that!!)
the left exits preserve what "Montecito" is!
And anyone who understands "Montecito" understands that! these people at CalTrans are people who are in "cubicles looking at maps"!
they do not understand the community; nor do they care!!!
Bravo to the Montecito Association!~
penelopeb (anonymous profile)
February 22, 2013 at 12:25 a.m. (Suggest removal)
That's an Idiotic framing of the question. You should be ashamed of yourselves. "Charming" has nothing to do with it.
The question is whether it makes more sense to retain a left-lane exit for local beach traffic if the alternative costs much more and takes twice as long to execute.
Answer: yes.
chubbco (anonymous profile)
February 22, 2013 at 12:59 a.m. (Suggest removal)
I'll agree that the left hand exits are unique to Montecito (tho other towns and cities DO have them).
But to say they "preserve what Montecito is" is a bit superficial. I really don't think they are integral to Cito's existence, spirit, character ect. They are freeway on/offramps. Nothing more, nothing less.
What's more damaging is when Cito's small, local businesses go down.
Ken_Volok (anonymous profile)
February 22, 2013 at 12:47 p.m. (Suggest removal)
The only way that the left hand ramps "preserve what Montecito is" is by the fact that Montecito residents are fighting the change. But, I guess if you want your community legacy to be that you use exorbitant amounts of money to fight any and every change to your local area regardless of cost, safety, or logic then hey...I wish I were your lawyer.
Num1UofAn (anonymous profile)
February 22, 2013 at 11:06 p.m. (Suggest removal)
False assumption ,Num. 1. Closing ramps will force feed more traffic onto already congested surface streets.Think arterial sclerosis.
geeber (anonymous profile)
February 23, 2013 at 5:03 a.m. (Suggest removal)
So you're saying geeber the reason they have left lane on/off ramps instead of the normal right lane is to keep people out of Montecito, period?
Don't the signs alerting people that if they wish to exit they'd better get into the left lane defeat that purpose?
Ken_Volok (anonymous profile)
February 23, 2013 at 11:35 a.m. (Suggest removal)
I have no opinion re left or right - hand off ramps. I have a very strong opinion regarding installing signs informing drivers of left-hand exits far enough in advance of exits to allow safe lane changes by drivers using left-hand as well as right-hand exits, and I don't think the Coast Village Road exit signs qualify.
14noscams (anonymous profile)
March 15, 2013 at 9:51 a.m. (Suggest removal)


text:
Information and forms (Article 19-A)
Sign up for our LENS program to get CDL abstracts
Reason for special requirements
A tragic school bus and train accident near Congers, NY on March 24, 1972, was the impetus for legislation passed in 1974. This legislation amended the New York State Vehicle and Traffic Law by creating Article 19-A (19-A), Special Requirements for Bus Drivers. 1
Requirements for motor carriers who employ bus drivers
Bus drivers are not allowed to operate a bus for a motor carrier unless they are qualified according to Article 19-A and Part 6 of the Commissioner's Rules and Regulations. Therefore, motor carriers must verify that drivers comply with 19-A requirements including
- completion of pre-employment and biennial medical examinations and any required follow-ups
- submission of pre-employment and annual driver license abstracts
- submission of fingerprints of school bus drivers for a DCJS & FBI criminal history review
- completion of annual defensive driving observations
- completion of biennial road tests
- completion of biennial oral/written tests 2
Motor carriers must review the driving records of their 19-A drivers annually and file an affidavit of 19-A compliance with the DMV no later than July 1 each year. Motor carriers must attest to compliance with the requirements.
DMV review
DMV will review your 19-A driver records periodically and record any violations.
19-A records are not complete
DMV may require you to attend an administrative hearing. You may be suspended and you may be required to pay civil penalties of $500 - $2,500 per violation. A repeat offender may be subject to civil penalties of up to $5,000 per violation.
- 1. The corresponding Commissioner's Regulations for 19-A can be found in Part 6. Article 19-A has furthered highway safety by creating standards for the qualification of bus drivers. While not all bus carriers are subject to 19-A, some of the most common carriers that are regulated are those that have New York State Department of Transportation authority and those that transport school-aged children for academic purposes.
- 2. Individuals who have been certified by the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) administer the examinations for the last three items on this list. These individuals are called Certified Examiners and are qualified through the Bus Driver Unit (BDU). They are required to keep a good driving record and take periodic refresher courses to maintain their certification.


text:
|Coming Home
|Never Comin Down
|Somebody Like You (Album Version)
|Cop Car [Album Version]
|Long Hot Summer
Apr 2018 • 15 songs
May 2016 • 13 songs
Jan 2012 • 13 songs
Although born in New Zealand and raised in nearby Australia, Keith Urban made his biggest splash in Nashville, where he helped rewrite the rules of contemporary country music. By embracing drum loops and elements of Top 40 pop, Urban wrote songs that appealed to a wide audience, effectively satisfying his Nashville fans without alienating those more accustomed to pop music. He also became a genuine celebrity, known for his good looks, his marriage to Nicole Kidman, and his outsp... Read more


text:
Cisco Welcomes Rowan Trollope as New Head of Collaboration Business
The network is transforming how we work. It is enabling us to collaborate more socially; to communicate more visually; to work on-the-move, with any device, and to leverage the Cloud to securely take our collaboration experiences with us. This is a dynamic market, with multiple simultaneous transitions occurring, and our customers are highly focused on evolving their IT and business models to adapt to the new norms of the workplace.
Today Cisco is announcing an evolution of its own in the form of a new leader for our Collaboration Business. I'm pleased to welcome Rowan Trollope as our new senior vice president and general manager. Rowan brings to Cisco an excellent track record in the software-as-a-service (Saas) market; vital experience of end-user product development expertise, and a proven background in security and category leadership.
He joins us from Symantec where he was most recently group president of the company's Symantec.cloud Business Unit. There he oversaw product development, strategy, product sales, and marketing teams. He also oversaw the consumer, enterprise and small and mid-sized business segments and was previously instrumental in the turnaround of the Norton brand and for growing it into a recognized global leader with over 80% market share.
Starting on Monday, and reporting to me, Rowan will assume responsibility for the Cisco collaboration portfolio which includes Cisco TelePresence, Cisco Unified Communications Manager, and Cisco WebEx and which is comprised of Cisco's collaboration software, devices, infrastructure and services that enable video and social collaboration, unified communications, customer contact centers, conferencing, mobility, and desktop virtualization technologies.
Rowan is an engineer at heart, and he has consistently demonstrated a passion for technology and user experience throughout his long and distinguished career at Symantec.
As I welcome Rowan, it is with some sadness that Cisco says farewell to OJ Winge, who has decided to leave Cisco for personal reasons. I want to sincerely thank OJ for all he has done to ensure a thoughtful and well planned transition, and for his leadership in setting the collaboration vision and strategy. I wish him well with the next phase of his career.
In an effort to keep conversations fresh, Cisco Blogs closes comments after 60 days. Please visit the Cisco Blogs hub page for the latest content.
4 Comments
Rowan Trollope
Thank you! Glad to be on board with the Cisco family. :)
Hello Rowan, Wish you all the best with Cisco - Congratulations! John Casavant Symantec Corp.
Welcome Rowan!! Andy Dignan Director - Collaboration Solutions CDW


text:
Wednesday, August 26, 2009
I feel like we just parted ways only last month. How are you here again so quickly? Don't get me wrong it's not that I hate you, there's just too much of you and your already putting a dent in my Lifetime tivoing schedule. So, I'm thinking maybe you could do me a solid and shorten your games from 4 hours to 30 minutes, toss in a little celebrity gossip amongst the commentating and add a few home decorating tips here or there during all that down time.
Hello? Are you there?
A Bored Wife
10 comments:
- Heather said...
I have a love/hate relationship with football and football season. I like it, but it DOES take up too much time, esp. my hubby's time!!! :)
- August 26, 2009 at 5:23 PM
- Whitney said...
Are you a football widow?
- August 26, 2009 at 5:25 PM
- Breadwinner Wife said...
Haha, I used to be this way, but one day I realized I do like some aspects of football, so now we watch together! I'm still not as into it as my husband is though. 4 hours is def too long!
- August 26, 2009 at 5:49 PM
- d.a.r. said...
If football was only 2 hours long, I would actually probably enjoy it!
- August 26, 2009 at 8:21 PM
- Marissa said...
Ha ha :)
- August 26, 2009 at 8:32 PM
- Lauren Kelly said...
I am so with you, haha!! :)
- August 27, 2009 at 7:24 AM
- Aubs said...
TOO FUNNY! I love it! I enjoy football but not to the point of sitting saturdays and sundays ALL day watching.....i'm down w/ home decorating tips during down time!
- August 27, 2009 at 8:58 AM
- Tina said...
My favorite line in football is when they say, "no part of this broadcast can be reproduced....." means it is almost over!! Love your post. And love your blog.
- August 27, 2009 at 9:31 AM
- Heather said...
LOVE this post!!!!! Luckily my bf doesnt watch football all that much but I just don't like hearing everyone talk about it so much!!!!
- August 27, 2009 at 5:25 PM
- Breadwinner Wife said...
New Orleans is awesome...if you ever come wait until Hurricane Season is over. You don't want to be here during the summer heat anyways! ;)
- August 27, 2009 at 8:41 PM


text:
Mayor Don Wesely and City Council member Jon Camp will host a Town Hall meeting from 7 to 9 p.m., Monday, January 22 at Lux Middle School, 7800 High Street. The meeting is the fourth in a series of quarterly town hall meetings held in the four City Council districts over the past year.
Although this Town Hall is being held in southeast Lincoln, all city residents are welcome. All city departments will be represented, and invitations have also been sent to the City Council, Lancaster County Board, City-County Planning Commission, area State Senators and neighborhood representatives.
The town hall begins at 7 p.m. with a reception. At 7:30, Wesely and Camp will speak briefly. Representatives of the city departments will be introduced, and the public will then have an opportunity to ask questions. Members of the public will be allowed only one question and one follow-up question until all wishing to speak have been heard. At 8:30, there will be an opportunity for informal follow-up discussion.
The city's government access channel, 5 CITY-TV, will tape the 7:30 to 8:30 portion of the meeting to be aired at later dates on cable channel 5.
Media Release


text:
12:00 pm
Caillou "New Places and New Things!" Caillou and family go on a trip on Helen's boat, an old friend of Mom's. Caillou is surprised to find there's a whole house packed into the boat. Caillou learns about wind and sails, and even gets to steer the boat too! When Mom and Dad are getting ready to go out to a restaurant, Caillou doesn't understand why he can't go too! He's disappointed until Julie the babysitter suggests they make their own restaurant, complete with menus! When Caillou accidentally breaks one of his toys because his room is a mess, Mom suggests a way to make cleaning up fun: with colourful stickers and a chart. D
12:30 pm
Barney & Friends "The Blame Game and What's Your Name" The Blame Game: Marcos accidentally breaks an art show project that Melanie has made. Afraid that she will be angry, he doesn't say anything, but then feels guilty. Barney helps him see that honesty and taking responsibility for what we do is always best. D
1:00 pm
Cat in the Hat Knows A Lot About That! "Surprise Surprise/A Howling Good Time" Surprise Surprise - Try as they might, Nick and Sally just can't learn to do a somersault. Luckily Cat's friend Luis the Armadillo is the king of the roly polys! But when they find Luis, they learn that he only rolls when he gets surprised. They take turns trying to surprise him, and when they finally do, they're the ones surprised when they learn that not only can Luis roll, but he can even run underwater! Back at home, they follow Luis' advice and are now able to somersault! A Howling Good Time - Nick and Sally are pretending to be lost adventurers when Sally wonders what to do if you really do get lost. D
1:30 pm
Zoboomafoo "Snake Bellies" Zoboo is very excited when an Amazon tree boa and her babies show up in Animal Junction. He gets even more excited when the Kratt Brothers find a snakeskin. In the snakeskin hunt that follows, they find out that the skin doesn't fit the anaconda in the pool.G
2:00 pm
Curious George "Free Hundley/Bag Monkey" George, Gnocchi and Charkie join forces to try and rescue Hundley from the local pet shelter.G
2:30 pm
Martha Speaks "Td's Magic/Scaredy Cat" TD's Magic - TD has found the best birthday gift of all time for his cousin CD: He's going to put on a magic show at his party. He wants to really "wow" the crowd, so the bigger the trick, the better. But what happens when his magic gets out of control? Vocabulary: (E) feat, rational(ly), vanish, illusion, dubious (I) disappear, magic, appear, explanation, powers. D
3:00 pm
The Electric Company "The Potato Custom" Jessica is named Junior Ambassador to the planet Skelecki, that is, until she makes an intergalactic faux pas. D
3:30 pm
WordGirl "Granny Mayor/Tobey Goes Good" Granny Mayor - Granny May uses her wily ways to become the Mayor's Senior Aide. WordGirl has to help the Mayor see past her "nice old lady" act to stop him from signing laws which actually help villains commit more crimes. Tobey Goes Good - In order to win WordGirl's heart Tobey decides enters "The Young Inventors Challenge and Friendly Competition. D
4:00 pm
Wild Kratts "Octopus Wildkratticus" When Martin accidentally knocks Aviva's creature power suits into a deep Arctic trench, the Martin and Chris dive down in search of them in Aviva's newly invented Octopod submarine. Science Concepts: An Octopus can use ink, jet propulsion, tentacle regeneration, and camouflage in order to escape or hide when in danger. Each feature has an important function for survival. D
4:30 pm
Cyberchase "Trading Places" The kids learn to trade, barter and create a monetary system to rebuild their crashed cybercraft.G
5:00 pm
Fetch! With Ruff Ruffman "A Whole Flock of Cheese" Chet has gone on a cheese craze, replacing everything in the doghouse (including the furniture) with cheese-inspiring Ruff to send Emmie on a cheese-themed challenge. Meanwhile, Ruff is searching for his long-lost parents and decides to employ the help of a carrier pigeon. He sends Jay and Rubye out to learn about carrier pigeons and then compete in a race against one!. D
5:30 pm
Nightly Business Report China's growth slows, as its housing market overheats. Washington Correspondent Darren Gersh looks at if this could derail the global recovery. The U.S. D
5:56 pm
NewsHour Promo NULL
6:00 pm
PBS NewsHour NULL
7:00 pm
7:30 pm
Need to Know NULL
8:00 pm
Iceberg That Sank The Titanic This film traces the story of a single snowflake that triggered the creation of an iceberg set on a collision course with history. The show examines the glacier that produced the iceberg and the arctic wildlife that calls the glacier home. And it examines the warming future that could produce a new generation of "mega-bergs" to move into today's busy shipping lanes.G
9:00 pm
Midsomer Murders "Garden of Death, Part 2" More deaths occur and within the current investigation, Barnaby and Troy solve a five-year-murder. But as the investigation deepens, Barnaby finds older and more deep-seated motives than the threat of the new tea room poses. Part 2 of 2G
10:00 pm
Art in the Twenty-First Century "Change" This intermittent series begins a new season of shows with art that represents change. Artists Ai Weiwei, El Anatsui and Catherine Opie bear witness through their work, to transformation - cultural, material and aesthetic - and actively engage communities as collaborators and subjects. Part 1 of 4G
11:00 pm
Charlie Rose NULL