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Dengue infection is one of the most important mosquito-borne diseases. More data regarding the disease burden and the prevalence of each clinical spectrum among symptomatic infections and the clinical manifestations are needed. This study aims to describe the incidence and clinical manifestations of symptomatic dengue infection in Thai children during 2006 through 2008.
Study Design
This study is a school-based prospective open cohort study with a 9,448 person-year follow-up in children aged 3–14 years. Active surveillance for febrile illnesses was done in the studied subjects. Subjects who had febrile illness were asked to visit the study hospital for clinical and laboratory evaluation, treatment, and serological tests for dengue infection. The clinical data from medical records, diary cards, and data collection forms were collected and analyzed.
Dengue infections were the causes of 12.1% of febrile illnesses attending the hospital, including undifferentiated fever (UF) (49.8%), dengue fever (DF) (39.3%) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) (10.9%). Headache, anorexia, nausea/vomiting and myalgia were common symptoms occurring in more than half of the patients. The more severe dengue spectrum (i.e., DHF) had higher temperature, higher prevalence of nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, rash, diarrhea, petechiae, hepatomegaly and lower platelet count. DHF cases also had significantly higher prevalence of anorexia, nausea/vomiting and abdominal pain during day 3–6 and diarrhea during day 4–6 of illness. The absence of nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, petechiae, hepatomegaly and positive tourniquet test may predict non-DHF.
Author Summary
Dengue infection is one of the most important diseases transmitted to human by mosquito bite. The disease may be mild or severe. This study reveals the occurrence and clinical features of diseases caused by dengue infection in a 3-year follow-up in school-children aged 3–14 years in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand using an active surveillance for the episodes of fever. Children who had fever were laboratory tested for the evidence of dengue infection and recorded for clinical features. It was found that most of dengue infected patients had headache, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, and muscle ache. About half of the patients had clinical symptoms that closely mimic other diseases, especially respiratory tract infection, and were incorrectly diagnosed by pediatricians. Only 11% of the patients had more a severe disease called "dengue hemorrhagic fever." This severe disease may be predicted by the presence of anorexia, nausea/vomiting, and abdominal pain after the second day of illness. This study provides better understanding in this disease.
Citation: Sirivichayakul C, Limkittikul K, Chanthavanich P, Jiwariyavej V, Chokejindachai W, Pengsaa K, et al. (2012) Dengue Infection in Children in Ratchaburi, Thailand: A Cohort Study. II. Clinical Manifestations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(2): e1520. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001520
Editor: Scott B. Halstead, Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative, United States of America
Received: April 20, 2011; Accepted: December 23, 2011; Published: February 28, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Sirivichayakul et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, and Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Dengue infection is one of the most important mosquito-borne viral diseases especially in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that some 2.5 billion people – two-fifths of the world population are at risk from dengue and there may be 50 million dengue infections worldwide every year [1]. Its clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic infection to undifferentiated fever (UF), dengue fever (DF), and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) [2]. In two studies, infected Thai children, ranging from 49 [3] to 87% [4], were asymptomatic. The available previous studies on the clinical manifestations in Thai children were a hospital-based study [5] which studied more severe disease, and a school-based study [3] which provided less detailed data on clinical manifestations. More data regarding the disease burden and the prevalence of each clinical spectrum (UF, DF, DHF) among symptomatic infections and the clinical manifestations are important for health care providers and policymakers to better understand the disease [6].
In 2005, a cohort epidemiological study of dengue infection in school-children aged 3–14 years was conducted in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. There were 481 subjects recruited in 2005 and then 3056 subjects were enrolled in February, 2006. The initial plan was to conduct the study up to the end of 2008. In 2009, the surveillance for dengue epidemiology was extended. However, because many subjects withdrew from the study to participate a phase 2b dengue vaccine trial, the data on clinical manifestations was collected only up to the end of 2008. This article aims to describe the incidence and clinical manifestations of symptomatic dengue infection occurring over the 3-year study of this cohort, from 2006 to 2008.
Study Site
Ratchaburi Province is approximately 100 km west of Bangkok, the capital province of Thailand. It was ranked among the top ten provinces of Thailand for dengue incidence rate as reported to the Thai Ministry of Public Health. The study site is Muang District which is the capital district of the province. The population in this area is quite stable. There are low rates of migration and high ethnic homogeneity. The total population and number of children aged 5–14 years in Muang District was approximately 188,000 and 24,000, respectively. The data from Ratchaburi Provincial Health Office (unpublished) showed that the incidences of dengue diseases during 2006–2008 were 1.05, 1.15, and 0.24% in children aged 5–9 years, 10–14 years and total population, respectively. The principal medical facility in this area is Ratchaburi Hospital (RH), which is an 855-bed hospital providing tertiary medical care. The hospital has 90 pediatric beds and 12 pediatricians on staff.
Study Population
School-children enrolled in 7 schools in Muang District were invited to participate in this cohort study. The inclusion criteria were healthy boys and girls aged 3–10 years at the time of recruitment, living in Muang District or nearby villages. Exclusion criteria included children suffering from serious or chronic severe diseases such as asthma, malignancy, hepatic, renal, cardiac disease or disease associated with insufficiency of immune system, and planning to move to another school within 48 months.
Study Design
This study was a school-based prospective open cohort study. It is a part of the epidemiologic study of dengue infection in school children in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. After explanation and obtaining informed consent, active surveillance for febrile episodes and laboratory confirmation for dengue infection were then conducted throughout the study period. Each year, new subjects were recruited to replace those who prematurely withdrew.
Active Surveillance for Febrile Episode
All subjects/parent were provided with digital thermometers and were instructed to use the thermometer to measure and record the subjects' body temperature. The subjects were asked to visit RH if they had fever, defined as oral temperature ≥37.5°C. At the hospital, the study pediatrician performed physical examination and recorded the detail of illness. Tourniquet test was done by inflating a blood pressure cuff on the patient's upper arm to the point midway between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure for 5 minutes. The test was positive if 20 or more petechiae per square inch were observed. Blood samples for dengue diagnostic tests were collected from all febrile subjects irrespective of clinical diagnoses. Other laboratory tests such as complete blood count, liver function test, etc. were done when clinically indicated. Treatment was provided at the discretion of the pediatrician. In the subject who dengue infection was clinically diagnosed or suspected, or had no definite localizing sign of infection (e.g. purulent tonsillitis, otitis media, pneumonia, bacterial meningitis, etc.) and dengue infection could not be excluded, the pediatrician gave a diary card and asked the parent to record daily symptoms of the subject until recovery. The investigator checked and verified all diary cards on the day of convalescent blood drawing and asked the parent/caretaker to complete the missing data. If hospitalization was indicated, the pediatrician in charge recorded daily symptoms and physical findings, and laboratory results on a data collection form.
In addition to self-reporting febrile episode, an active surveillance for febrile episode based on subjects' school absence was also done. During school session, teachers reported school absentees every day and then project field coordinators called the subject's parent or visited the subject's home to verify the reason of school absence. If it was caused by fever, the subject was asked to visit RH as mentioned above. During school vacation and holidays, project field coordinators called the subjects' parents at least twice a week or performed home visit to ask whether the subject had febrile illness and remind the parent to take the subject to RH if he/she had febrile illness.
Definition for Diagnosis
At RH, the pediatrician made clinical diagnosis without awareness of confirmatory laboratory test for dengue. Clinical diagnosis of DF, DHF and grading of DHF were made using WHO's criteria [2] after the subject recovered. Undifferentiated fever (UF) was defined if the subject did not meet the clinical criteria for DF (i.e. acute febrile illness with at least two of the following symptoms: headache, retro-orbital pain, myalgia, arthralgia, rash, hemorrhagic manifestations, leucopenia) or DHF (i.e. fever with hemorrhagic tendency, thrombocytopenia and evidence of plasma leakage) but was serologically proved to have dengue infection.
Laboratory Test for Dengue Infection
Each subject was bled for acute and convalescent blood samples. The interval for the blood samplings was at least 7 days. The paired sera were tested for IgM and IgG against dengue using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) described by Innis et al [7]. Acute dengue infection was diagnosed if there was an IgM level higher than the cut-off value or there was a seroconversion of IgG level. IgM and IgG levels against Japanese encephalitis were also measured to exclude cross serologic reaction due to this infection. In addition to ELISA test which was use as primary diagnostic criterion for acute dengue infection, acute samples of the ELISA positive cases were further tested for dengue virus serotypes. In 2006, mosquito inoculation in Toxorhynchites splendens [8] was used for serotype identification. In 2007–8, the serotype diagnostic test used detection of viral RNA by a modified nested serotype-specific reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) [9].
Statistical Analysis
Although this study design was a school-based prospective open cohort study, most of the data in this article were cross-sectional data. Only symptoms were obtained from all days of illness from each subject and were analyzed longitudinally. The data were analyzed using SAS version 9.1.3 and Epi Info version 3.5.1. Frequency and median were used where appropriate to describe the data. Chi-square test or Fischer-exact test was used for comparing categorical variables and Kruskal-Wallis test or ANOVA-Scheffe test was used for comparing continuous variable as appropriate. The statistical level was considered significant when the p-value was <0.05.
Ethical Approval
This study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee for Research in Human Subjects, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. The informed consent signed by at least one parent or other legal guardian and assent form signed by the children if their age >7 years were obtained before recruiting the subject into the study.
A total of 9,448 (male 4,759, female 4,689) person-years were followed in the 3 years study period. There were 2,591 febrile episodes attended RH during this period. These represented 71% of the total febrile episodes occurring in the recruited subjects. Fifty-two percent of febrile episodes not attending RH were mild and were self-treated without medical attention. The remaining febrile patients who did not attend RH had attended either private clinics or hospitals. None of them were diagnosed as dengue infection because a study requirement was that a diagnosis of dengue outside RH would prompt a visit to RH. Our study follow-up team tracked all febrile patients to a conclusion and prompted all with a dengue diagnosis to visit RH. Among those who attended RH, 313 febrile episodes (12.1%) were due to dengue infections as diagnosed by ELISA test, including 41(13.1%) primary antibody responses and 272 (86.9%) secondary antibody responses. Dengue serotypes were identified by either mosquito inoculation or RT-PCR in 259 cases (82.7%) including 115 (36.7%), 80 (25.6%), 41 (13.1%), and 23 (7.3%) cases of DEN1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. There were 156 cases (49.8%) of UF, 123 cases (39.3%) of DF, and 34 cases (10.9%) of DHF including 22 cases (7.0%), 5 cases (1.6%), and 7 cases (2.2%) of DHF grade 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Among 41 cases with primary antibody responses, 26 cases had UF (63.4%), 14 cases had DF (34.2%) and 1 case had DHF grade 1 (2.4%). There was no significant association among infecting dengue serotypes and types of antibody response (data not shown).
The detailed data on clinical manifestations (i.e. daily symptoms until recovery) of 71 UF cases were not obtained. Therefore only 85 UF cases are used for analysis. The clinical diagnosis of these 71 and 85 UF cases are shown in table 1. Significantly more cases in the group whose data were obtained were diagnosed as acute febrile illness/suspected viral infection (p<0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in other clinical diagnosis between groups. There was also no statistically significant difference by age and gender [8.9 (SD 2.2) vs 9.2 (SD 2.2) years and 46.5% vs 61.2% male gender, respectively] although the male proportions were rather skewed.
The median age (interquatile range [IQR]) and percentage of males in the cases who had UF, DF and DHF were 9.3 (3.3), 9.6 (3.3), 10.0 (3.3) years, and 55.1, 55.3, 58.8 percent, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the age and gender among different disease spectra.
The symptoms of overall dengue infection and each specific disease spectrum (UF, DF, DHF) are presented in table 2. Headache, anorexia, nausea/vomiting and myalgia were common symptoms occurring in more than half of the patients. It was found that nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, rash, diarrhea and petechiae were statistically more common in DHF compared to DF and UF. Table 3 shows symptoms and disease severity from different dengue serotypes. DEN4 was found to cause only UF, DF and DHF grade 1 and seemed to have less headache, anorexia, nausea/vomiting and rash compared to other DEN serotypes. However, these differences are not statistically significant.
Regarding fever, the median (IQR) value of the peak temperature and duration of fever in UF, DF, and DHF were 38.4 (1.6), 39.0 (1.5), and 39.0 (1.7) degree Celsius and 5 (3), 6 (2), and 6 (1) days, respectively. It was found that UF had both lower peak temperature and shorter duration of fever compared to DF and DHF (p<0.001).
The prevalence of common symptoms in each day of illness is shown in figure 1. It was noted that the prevalence of most of the symptoms was highest during the first 2 days of illness and then slowly declined. The exceptions are for anorexia, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea that tended to increase in prevalence in DHF during day 3–5 of illness. It was also revealed that most symptoms were more common in DHF and, specifically, DHF cases had significantly higher prevalence of anorexia, nausea/vomiting and abdominal pain during day 3–6 and diarrhea during day 4–6 of illness (Chi-square test; p<0.05). Conversely, drowsiness/lethargy was significantly more common in UF during day 2–5 of illness.
It was also revealed that a higher proportion of DHF had prolonged (3 or more days) anorexia, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, retro-orbital pain and petechiae. In contrast, a higher proportion of UF had prolonged drowsiness/lethargy. It is worth noting that very few cases had prolonged hemorrhagic manifestation (Table 4).
Table 5 shows physical findings in dengue infection. Positive tourniquet test was found in 72% and flushed face was found in approximately half of the dengue infected patients. Hepatomegaly was found in approximately 40% of DHF. This proportion was significantly higher than that found in UF and DF. Clinical jaundice was found only in one DHF (2.9%). Table 6 shows the occurrence of selected clinical manifestations and their predictive value for DHF among symptomatic dengue infected cases. It was found that all of these clinical manifestations had low positive predictive value but high negative predictive value for DHF.
Complete blood count were done in 43, 11, 8, 2, 2, 2 UF and in 113, 69, 32, 20, 7, 4 DF, and 32, 19, 12, 8, 2, 2 DHF cases on day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 of illness, respectively. Figure 2 shows the median value of hematocrit, peripheral white blood cell and platelet count in these dengue-infected patients. It was revealed that DHF cases had higher median hematocrit during the later days of illness and the median hematocrit in DHF was significantly higher than DF and UF during day 4–6 of illness. All of the 3 spectra of dengue infection had lower median peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count during the later days of illness and cases with UF had significantly higher median WBC count compared to DF and DHF. All spectra of dengue also had lower median peripheral platelet count during the later days of illness, although the median value in DF and UF did not meet the WHO's criterion for thrombocytopenia, i.e. lower than 100,000/mm3. Moreover, the level of platelet count showed reverse correlation with the disease severity, i.e. highest in UF and lowest in DHF. The median platelet count in DHF was significantly lower than the other 2 groups during day 3–6 of illness, while DF had significantly lower median platelet count compared to UF only during day 3–5 of illness.
This was a prospective cohort study and the data represent mild to severe dengue illnesses. The data have been prospectively collected, diagnoses of dengue were serologically proven and the observations were representative of a defined pre-illness population. Because confirmatory laboratory results were available after convalescence, the pediatricians made diagnosis solely based on WHO's criteria [2] without bias from the etiologic investigation results. This provides us the opportunity to make the diagnosis of UF; one clinical spectrum of dengue infection that has been mentioned but poorly defined [2] and describe its clinical manifestations.
Although there have been many published data on clinical manifestations of dengue, this study addresses the large proportion of clinical dengue that is often unrecognized by physicians. This provides useful information for policy-makers in endemic countries because the impact of dengue has likely been underestimated, based on the more standard clinical definitions. Recently, prospective cohort studies on the dengue incidence in Cambodia and Nicaragua using community-based enhanced passive surveillance were published [10]–[11]. Similar to this study, they reported a high incidence of dengue infection in these endemic areas. However, the detailed clinical manifestations of dengue-infected cases were not mentioned.
This study describes the prevalence of each clinical symptom day by day starting from the onset of illness, which has never been reported in outpatient setting. It was found that some clinical symptoms, for example, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain are significantly more common in DHF compared with non-DHF. Although these clinical manifestations have low positive predictive value for DHF that might be due to much higher incidence of non-DHF cases (Table 6), they have quite high negative predictive value. The absence of these clinical manifestations suggests that the patient should have non-DHF while the presence of them should alert the physician to be watchful for DHF.
The high incidence of UF cases that did not meet the clinical criteria for DF or DHF was not anticipated in the study design. In a large proportion of laboratory confirmed cases of UF dengue (71 or 45.5%), the clinical manifestations of these cases were not obtained because the doctors on duty did not think that the patients might have dengue infection and did not ask the patients to record their symptoms. Moreover, many patients especially those who had UF and DF, had mild illness. They visited the out-patient department only once during the febrile phase and therefore many data on physical findings and laboratory investigations were not obtained. These may be sources of bias resulting in overestimating or underestimating the clinical manifestations of UF dengue infection and is a weakness in this study. Nevertheless, the largely similar clinical diagnoses and demographics between the UF patients whose clinical data were available and the patients whose data were missed implied that the available clinical data are generally representative of UF cases. The difference in the diagnosis of acute febrile illness/suspected viral infection is probably reflective of an overestimate of clinical severity among UF patients since the patients whose clinical data was collected were more likely to have a clinical presentation common to many viral illnesses. This would suggest that UF may be even milder than we report here. Nonetheless, these data demonstrate several interesting aspects of mild dengue infection, which we classified as UF, that do not meet case criteria for DF.
There may be argument that these UF cases may be asymptomatic dengue with co-infection by another agent. Although this is possible, we estimated that these events might not be very common because the time these cases presented was not the outbreak period of other infection. In addition, the high degree of similarity in many clinical symptoms in UF patients compared to DF and DHF patients (Table 2), suggests that most of the UF patients really had symptomatic dengue disease.
The prevalence of overall clinical manifestations of dengue infection presented in this report is within the range of that previously reported, including much older reports (Table 7). However, it is worth emphasizing that the data from each study presented in table 7 are not comparable due to different study design, population (age and ethnicity), settings (i.e. community vs. hospital-based and in- vs. out-patient setting), which all could lead to biases in the clinical manifestations.
Data from inpatients (usually DHF) are more reliable, have more detail, and are therefore less biased when compared to outpatients (usually DF and UF). However, among the subjects who were given diary cards, the 100% return rate of diary cards and verification of the diary card data with parent/caretaker on the day of convalescent blood drawing would decrease the bias in outpatient data. Because of the lower proportion of viral syndrome presented in the UF cases without diary card, we feel there was a conservative bias for the UF cases, i.e. the illness profile was likely even milder in this UF group than seen in the data we were able to collect.
It is not surprising that the more severe disease spectrum (i.e. DHF) had higher prevalence and longer duration of symptoms. The exceptions were found in headache and drowsiness/lethargy. We do not have an explanation for this finding. Further studies are needed to clarify this issue. It is interesting that rhinorrhea was commonly found in this study. Whether this symptom is one manifestation of dengue infection or is caused by co-incidental respiratory infection is still unclear. However, it has been suggested that dengue infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute infection of the upper respiratory tract [14]. Facial flushing was also commonly found. This distinct clinical feature was used as an enrolment criterion for suspected dengue infection in one study [5]. It is worth noting that some clinical manifestations (e.g. rash, positive tourniquet test) were considered as more specific to DF/DHF and are included in clinical diagnostic criteria for DF. This can explain why these clinical manifestations were more common in DF/DHF. The same reason is also applicable to the finding that hepatomegaly was more common in DHF.
Mild dengue infection is quite similar to many other infections in that the prevalence of most of the symptoms was highest during the first few days of illness and then slowly declined. On the other hand, in severe dengue infection (i.e. DHF), the prevalence of anorexia, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea during day 3–5 of illness was found to increase instead of decrease and it will indicate the risk for more severe disease.
The presence of diarrhea in dengue infection has been mentioned in many previous studies [3], [12]–[14]. However, there has been no study on its mechanism. This study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first study suggesting that diarrhea may be a predictor for DHF. Its highest prevalence just before the stage of shock suggests that it may be related to plasma leakage that may cause malabsorption. Further study to clearly define the association between diarrhea and DHF and its mechanism is warranted.
This study shows that a decrease in peripheral platelet count occurs not only in DHF, but also in DF and UF, with a respectively less degree. It confirms that the cut off level for platelet count of 100,000/mm3 is appropriate for differentiation between DHF and non-DHF. Nevertheless, complete blood counts were done selectively by clinicians based on clinical need and may not be accurately extrapolated to all patients with UF and DF. In addition, there were variations around this median value and may reduce predictive value for individual patient.
Infecting dengue virus serotype has been postulated as a risk factor for severe disease. For example, DEN2 and 3 have been shown to be associated with more severe disease [16], [17] and DEN4 with mild disease [18]. This study also found that DEN4 did not cause severe disease. However, we could not show the statistically significant association between specific virus serotypes and disease severity.
While the WHO's new guidelines for dengue diagnosis [19] classifies dengue infection into severe and non-severe infection and has a potential for being of practical use in the clinicians' decision and management, this new guideline as well as the earlier WHO classification [2] may easily miss the UF cases because the clinician will not diagnose dengue when seeing patients who present in the fashion of the UF group described here, and therefore confirmatory diagnostic tests for dengue will not be done. These UF cases may have important role in spreading of infection and may explain the failure of disease control in some endemic area where vector control is implemented only around the house of index DF and DHF, but not UF patients.
It is stated in the WHO's new guideline for dengue diagnosis [19] that the presence of abdominal pain or tenderness, persistent vomiting, clinical fluid accumulation, mucosal bleed, lethargy, restlessness, liver enlargement are clinical warning signs of severe dengue disease. The finding in this study that DHF cases had higher prevalence of nausea/vomiting and abdominal pain supports this guideline. On the other hand, we found that the presence of lethargy or drowsiness in the first few days of illness may not necessarily indicate severe dengue infection. The significance of drowsiness/lethargy needs to be further defined.
In conclusion, this study describes the clinical manifestations of all spectra of symptomatic dengue infection as well as some possible early clinical predictors for DHF. It also reveals the epidemiological importance of UF as the most common spectrum of symptomatic dengue infection. This study presents additional information in the clinical spectra of symptomatic dengue infection.
Supporting Information
Checklist S1.
SEARD checklist.
We thank all subjects and their families for participating in this study, the staff from Ratchaburi Hospital for data collection, the staff from the Center of Excellence for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics for data management and analysis, and Center for Vaccine Development, Mahidol University, and Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences for assistance in dengue laboratories.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: CS KL PC VJ WC KP SS WD AS. Performed the experiments: CS KL PC VJ WC KP SS WD AS. Analyzed the data: CS KL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KL AS. Wrote the paper: CS GWL AS.
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|Source: Private Digital Photo Collection of J. Tracy
Madison County Courthouse
On the Square in Canton, Mississippi
As we continued to travel south on Interstate 55, the mega-sized Nissan-Canton Manufacturing and Assembly Plant on the east side of the freeway caught our attention. Built slightly over a decade ago, the auto manufacturing plant brought thousands of much-needed jobs to an area that had been economically depressed for several decades. According to Nissan's website, over 5,600 employees from all of Mississippi's eighty-two counties, make up the diverse workforce at the Canton plant. Further south, after we passed the exit for Gluckstadt Road near the former German farming village of Gluckstadt, now a growing area itself, is the ever-growing city of Madison, Mississippi. The newness of it all can be seen on both sides of the freeway. Each time I drive through Madison and its sister city of Ridgeland, I marvel at the constant growth of the two cities, as their city limits extend to the north of Mississippi's capitol city, Jackson. It wasn't so many years ago the cities of Madison and Ridgeland were very small railroad towns where the only noise at night was the whistle of the City of New Orleans as it made its way north to Memphis. Now these two cities are popular locations for businesses, corporate offices, medical facilities, churches, and schools. And let's not forget the abundance of newer upscale subdivisions and other housing where the cities' numerous affluent residents live. When I grew up in Jackson, the city ended at Briarwood Drive. My, how things change over time....
Other small communities in Madison County include Camden, once the home of former Governor McWillie and Flora, the site of Mississippi's Petrified Forest. Not to be forgotten, is the historic national parkway known as the Natchez Trace, which can be accessed from areas within the town of Ridgeland, situated on the banks of a portion of an enormous lake known as the Ross Barnett Reservoir. Besides the many historic landmarks in the area, locals and visitors alike can enjoy shopping at Mississippi's largest mall, North Park, also located in Ridgeland, Renaissance at Colony Park, and fishing swimming, boating and sail on what locals refer to as "The Rez."
Just south of Ridgeland, and slightly east of I-55, is a growing business and residential area known as Flowood, where we would be staying in a hotel for the next three nights. Surrounded by areas of Brandon and Jackson, Flowood is located along a portion of busy Lakeland Drive (Hwy 25) and is just minutes away from the popular Dogwood Festival shopping area and from Jackson-Evers International Airport. In addition to being a central location for visiting close family members, Flowood was an easy early morning commute to the Mississippi Department of Archives and History (MDAH), a few blocks away from downtown Jackson, and where I planned to conduct some research for my book about Tillman Branch.
Over the past few months, I had been searching for archived copies of the Lexington-Advertiser and the Durant News, newspapers once owned and published by Hazel Brannon Smith. Editorials and articles in the newspapers, I believed, would provide some facts and other information that would be useful in writing the book. Calls to the Lexington Library and to the Holmes County Circuit Clerk's Office in Lexington had revealed that copies of newspapers during the time periods I needed were not available. But I had researched further and found that MDAH in Jackson had microfilmed copies the newspapers for the years I needed. Our initial early morning visit to MDAH involved procedural items that included applying for and being issued an ID card at the front desk. The ID card, we were told, would be used to enter and exit the research area through turnstiles situated near the reception desk. Since we also needed to make some photocopies, we purchased a prepaid plastic card that could be used in the photocopy machines located in the media room.
Many things have changed since I last visited the MDAH. Located at North and Amite Streets near downtown Jackson, the MDAH, according to its website, "is headquartered in the state-of-the art William F. Winter Archives and History Building." Founded in 1902, the department has six divisions, specifically referred to as Administration, Archives and Library, Historic Preservation, Historic Properties, Museum, and Records Management. Named for William F. Winter, a former governor of the state, the gray granite building itself is a work of art, and its contemporary architecture on the outside is carried throughout the sleek interior. With lots of natural, filtered light and walls, floors and ceilings that seem to absorb any noise, the building is a perfect place to spend a few leisurely hours reading about Mississippi's history or, as it was in our case, do some serious historical research in a limited amount of time.
|William F. Winter Building
Mississippi Department of Archives and History
Jackson, Mississippi
After we had completed the registration process and were officially "checked in" and armed with our proximity and photocopy cards, we made our way to the media room. Once in the room, we soon found open microfilm reader desks and started searching the online catalog for microfilm rolls during the time period I planned to research. And we continued to research for parts of two days. Luckily, the archive department is open for a few hours on Saturday morning, since I needed the extra time to complete what we had started on Friday morning. I consider the newspaper research effort at MDAH a true success, and it didn't take nearly as long as I had planned. The latter was an important outcome, since it left more time for us to visit with family.
As most family researchers already know, microfilm research is tedious work. And reading through microfilmed newspaper print is even more difficult, not to mention time-consuming. Years of that sort of work must certainly damage one's eyesight. The process required to scan and microfilm the newspapers, I was told by one of the very helpful research assistants, is just as difficult and time consuming. First, the newspaper pages must be cut apart and ironed. That's right -- ironed, like with an iron and an ironing table or board! Can you believe that behind all of these archived newspapers on microfilm, there are dozens of people who came to work many mornings with one purpose in mind: to iron newspaper pages and ready them for scanning. And the scanning effort itself must have been a cumbersome and time-consuming operation. Just thinking about the process made me appreciate even more what others have done and keep doing to make these archived documents and records available to the public - at no cost, except for a minimal photocopy charge if copies are needed.
But the digital age is upon us, and things are about to change in the media room. One of the archive assistants also told me the State of Mississippi currently has a small grant that will likely be used for digitizing newspapers. She wasn't sure whether the effort will include digitizing more recent newspapers or some of the older ones. I suspect older newspapers from the time period we researched will require much work to digitize. This is especially true, since less than stellar print quality of many of these old newspapers will make optical character recognition almost impossible.
With the research complete at MDAH, we left to visit family who live in and around Jackson, a visit that concluded with dinner on Saturday evening at the historic Wynndale Restaurant south of Jackson near the town of Terry, Mississippi. According to one of my brothers, Wynndale was the name of the now extinct town where the restaurant, once a country store, is located. He added that the former store and restaurant have operated in the same location for almost 100 consecutive years - quite a record. After a delicious dinner of steak (one of my brothers was courageous enough to order the 16 ounce rib-eye), catfish, shrimp, and all the southern trimmings (the homemade slaw is served in a large tub!) we took a few pictures and said our goodbyes. Family, good food, and lots of fun....what more can anyone want?!

subset: commoncrawl


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How to conquer clutter
Writer's Digest Books, Jul 1, 1989 - House & Home - 164 pages
Finally, here's help for those clutter-bound souls who long for a clutter-free life. Features a "Clutter Quiz" to help identify problem areas and 53 clutter containers with an accompanying list of suppliers and resources. Illustrated.
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32 pages matching kitchen in this book
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How to conquer clutterUser Review - Not Available - Book Verdict
In this book, Culp sets down some clean-up guidelines even pack rats can live with; she even provides a checklist quiz to determine what type of pack rat one is! Not surprisingly, Culp is well ... Read full review
Common terms and phrases
Acme Corporation and/or appliances bags basket bathroom business cards catalogs charity clean clips closet CLUTTER CHECKLIST clutter containers clutter problem cosmetics craft supplies credenza Decorations desk dishes door equipment everything file folders Filing Cabinets filing system foot locker furniture gadgets garage gift give handbag hangers hanging file Heirlooms hold holiday inside junk drawer junk mail keep kids kitchen knickknacks laundry linens look magazines manila folder Memorabilia mess move National Geographic never office supplies organized pack pack rat paint pans paper paper clips Pendaflex pens phone numbers piece pile plastic Postcards rack recipes Rolodex shelf shelves shoes socks someone Souvenirs space spices stacked stationery storage stuff stuffed animals there's things throw tossed toys trash trunk Tupperware vacuum cleaner wear Yes No Yes


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NAJO beanie "Back widow"
Cool beanie from the swiss/swedish ski and surf brand NAJO.ch from Engelberg - where it all started with a surf bus and hand made customized beanies...
The beanie is foldable for a "chimney look" or "baggy look" depending on style.
Click on the image for additional style versions.
- Material: 50% Wool, 50% Acrylic
- One size
- Knitted in Sweden


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1 Like
Hidden away on the south-western shores of Derwent Water in the Lake District is Irene's View. It is a simple stone bench with a peaceful and scerene view over the lake.
The panorama was captured on the day before the dreadful flooding of November 2009, and already it is clear how high the lake is as the bench should be surrounded by ground, not water.


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Report This
Category : Flow Chart.
Topic : Creating process flow charts with actors. Author : Mira Rodriquez.
Posted : Fri, Feb 08th 2019 13:02 PM.
Format : jpg/jpeg.
One of the best things about systems is that they can be easily reduced to a graphical representation. You do not need to read about the processes and logically assemble them in your mind; you can look at a flowchart and "see" how the whole thing operates. A good flowchart is worth several times its weight in gold in the world of systems. It clarifies the system. It communicates processes to those who need to understand them. It provides an instantly interpretable and adjustable road map that allows for systems review and improvement.


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(Reuters) - "Jersey Shore" star Michael "The Situation" Sorrentino on Tuesday sued retailer Abercrombie & Fitch over what he claims was a publicity stunt to sell clothes using phrases associated with the reality TV actor.
The complaint, filed by Sorrentino and his company MPS Entertainment in federal court in southern Florida, stems from an offer Abercrombie & Fitch publicized in August to pay cast members of the hit TV show not to wear the company's apparel.
The offer, which Sorrentino claims was false, made headlines worldwide because typically companies want celebrities to use their products for promotion, but the "Jersey Shore" cast is known for partying and other qualities with which the company said it did not want to associate.
In August, the company said it was "deeply concerned" that Sorrentino "could cause significant damage" to its brand's "aspirational nature." Sorrentino, however, thinks the company had something else in mind, according to the lawsuit.
"Starting in August 2011, Defendant (the company) embarked on a grand, worldwide advertising campaign using Sorrentino's name, image and likeness to create brand awareness for its products by falsely claiming that Defendant had offered money to Sorrentino if he would stop wearing Defendant's goods," the lawsuit states.
"That offer was never made to Sorrentino, nor was it ever conveyed to Sorrentino by a representative," the suit states.
The suit claims the company "has significantly profited off of the use of its false affiliation with Sorrentino, and it has wrongly used Sorrentino's name, image and likeness for advertising purposes in violation of applicable law."
The suit targeted two of the clothing retailer's T-shirt designs featuring the phrases "The Fitchuation" and "GTL...You Know The Deal," and claimed Abercrombie & Fitch "obviously intended to create a false association" with the "Jersey Shore" star when it released it's statement in August.
An Abercrombie & Fitch spokesman was not immediately available to comment.
Sorrentino and MPS Entertainment trademarked his "Jersey Shore" nickname, "The Situation" and catchphrase "GTL" — an acronym for gym, tan, laundry — in 2009, after the first season of MTV's "Jersey Shore" became widely popular.
Sorrentino sells his own "GTL" and "The Situation" branded products, including T-shirts, on his official website.
MTV's "Jersey Shore" is a reality series following a group of young Italian-American men and women living, working and partying together.
The popularity of the show has earned great fame for its cast members, including Sorrentino, Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi and Paul "Pauly D" DelVecchio. All of them have branched out into endorsing and marketing their own products.
Reporting and Writing by Piya Sinha-Roy; Editing by Bob Tourtellotte


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I started blogging 10 years ago when blog was The New Thing. I found other bloggers, linked to them and we read each other.
Our blogs were mostly about every-day-life. Sometimes we talked about some topics in society and sometimes about politics.
My blog slowed down over the years but I never quite quit. We moved over to Facebook (everyone and his granddad is on Facebook in Iceland).
I started blogging more one or two years ago but now I mostly blog about social matters and politics. Often about feminism which is under a lot of fire now.
Few months ago I read an interview with a fitness guru and a medical student who said he didn't need to take any student's loans because his fitness blog supported him. He advised other Icelanders to try it but of course we had to write in English.
'Hmm' I thought. 'I've been blogging for ten years now and my English is OK s maybe I just give it a go.'
I realised of course blogging would never support me but a few extra bucks would be nice. So I started a new blog, in English.
It's just another personal blog. I don't know how to fix refrigerator and I put everything in the microwave. Well, not really, but you know what I mean.
Then I started to google to learn how to become a successful blogger. What I discovered is the following:
So, the best thing for me to do is to just forget about this.
I'm not going to do that because I discovered something else:
When I started my English blog I had no idea what to blog about. I just sat down in front of the computer. Then my fingers started hammering on the keyboard.
I lost my job awhile ago after being subjected to workplace bullying for five years. I was so angry it was making my life miserable. And I began writing about this under the freedom of another language and semi-pseudo name.
It was the most boring blog on the planet! And of course, nobody read it. I understand perfectly, I wouldn't want to read such angry and bitter blog myself.
But I began to feel better. A whole lot better. Just putting things in perspective, wording them and putting them 'out there' have been unbelievable therapeutic. And I totally believe that me feeling so much better is better for my family than bringing in a lot of money.
I have also discovered other blogs and other bloggers. I see what other people are doing, feeling and coping in the world. I'm not alone in being subjected to a horrible boss. And then there is laughter. A lot of laughter.
So, I'm going to continue blogging. And hopefully it is no longer the most boring blog in the world:)
Views: 7


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Marco Arment, creator of popular read-it-later service Instapaper, has sold a majority stake in the service to Betaworks. Arment was concerned that he alone was not able to give Instapaper the attention that it needed going forward, determining that to remain healthy, it would need a full team of developers.
Instapaper is much bigger today than I could have predicted in 2008, and it has simply grown far beyond what one person can do. To really shine, it needs a full-time staff of at least a few people. But I wouldn't be very good at hiring and leading a staff, and after more than five years, I'd like an opportunity to try other apps and creative projects. Instapaper needs a new home where it can be staffed and grown, but I didn't want to give it to a big company that would probably just shut it down in six months.
Betaworks is also the owner of the Digg brand, which they purchased last July. Arment has said that he will continue to advise the development of Instapaper indefinitely, while Betaworks takes over the day-to-day operations and workload. He says that Betaworks will be a good home for Instapaper, and they will be able to give it the attention that it deserves.
Source: Marco.org


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Rick Ross Interview On 102 Jamz: "This Monkey Is Doin Me The Biggest Favor In The World. I Can Take Advantage Of His Fans" + Shows Clip Of People With Rick Ross @ Firestone. N.Y, Chanting "F*ck 50" + Says Hes Gonna Style 50 For A Year
Rick Ross Interview On 102 Jamz
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text: Chairman of the House Budget Committee Paul Ryan at the U.S. Capitol on Thursday. Ryan has outlined the framework of a possible deal on the federal shutdown and the debt ceiling. Mark Wilson/Getty Images hide caption toggle caption Mark Wilson/Getty Images The Two-Way Shutdown Day 10: Obama, GOP To Meet Amid Signs Of Possible Thaw October 10, 2013 The president and a select group of 18 House Republicans are scheduled to go head-to-head at the White House at noon.


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Recycle Your Empty Ink Cartridges For Cash
Do you want to get cash for your empty printer ink cartridge? As with many items discarded today, ink cartridges can be recycled and reused. Follow the simple steps below and start earning money by recycling ink cartridges. Open your account today, or donate your empty ink cartridges to our chosen charity Cancer Research using our FREE postage service. We will pay cash for that empty ink cartridge!
Our customers have donated over £8000 to cancer research. If you're not interested in opening an account you can simply donated your cartridges to our chosen charity who we have been supporting for over 10 years!
Our recycling schemes are open to charities, schools, businesses and individuals. Please check our pricelist for the current prices we pay for some empty ink cartridges.
We DO NOT recycle laserjet toner cartridges or Epson , Brother and Kodak ink cartridges
Any problems visit the FAQ page on the website click here.
Cash For Your Cartridges!!!
OK, so lets talk money. There are lots of ink cartridge brands such as Canon , HP , Dell & Lexmark, all these manufacturers produce several models of cartridge which all have different value to us as recyclers. We strongly recommend you check our current price list in order to check the value of your cartridge.
Which Empty Ink Cartridges Do We Recycle ?
We buy most but not all empty ink cartridges used in printers throughout the UK. When we say used ink cartridges we do not include " LaserJet toner cartridges ".The main brands that can be recycled with ourselves are:- HP & Canon. We do not recycle any Epson, Lexmark, Dell or Brother used ink cartridges.
We accept empty ink cartridges from individuals, schools, colleges , businesses & charities. Simply open an account with our simple online application with no obligation and start collecting empty ink cartridges.
We pay out your account on a monthly basis if your balance has reached over £25. Don`t worry, if your balance has not reached £25.01 it simply rolls over to the next month. This means that recyclers large and small can benefit from our cash for cartridges scheme.
Don`t forget that every ink cartridge that we can recycle does not end up in a landfill site. So the environmental benefits are considerable. If your looking for new original or compatible printer ink cartridges then we recommend www.internet-ink.com
Want More Information ? Call Us On 0845 094 9221
How Do I Access My Account Balance?
To view your account balance enter your account number into the yellow check balance box at the bottom of the page. Enter only the account number minus the 'R' value, an example is shown below.
If your account number is "R1234" - Enter "1234" in the account balance box and click check balance. Note: please don't enter the R value with your account number, it WILL NOT show your balance.
Any problems visit the FAQ page on the website click here.


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Bella 12345 necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 63 diseños de 11 diseñadores freelance.
mmula.com is a new website under development that helps people from lower income classes to change jobs and get a better paid jobs. Example: They are gardeners and want to become accountants. Or they work construction and want to become software engineers.
The logo should communicate to the viewer:
- financial success, job security
- happiness
- constant learning, self development and change
Geography: U.S. population.
Age: 25 - 45 years old
Race: 30% Hispanic, 30% African American, 40 White
Income: Lower income classes
All of them have a job, and want to change the job and become something else. Example: They are gardeners and want to become Accountants.
The people who visit our website and user our product want:
- a job that pays more money,
- a job they like better
- a job they don't get laid off (job safety)
These people are:
- driven and have ambition
- they want to learn and improve their lives
Logo needs to work well on white (#FFFFFF), gray (#ECECEC) and blue (approximate color code is #0264A3) background.
Need the logo for print and web. There please provide
- CMYK image in PDF and Adobe Illustrator AI format
- "layered RGB file" in Photoshop PSD
- uncompressed JPEG
I need the files in color, gray scale and black and white and I need them in different sizes from approx. 200 pixels width all the way up to 2200 pixels width (height needs to adjust too).
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Jo-Jo's Curried Crab Dip
Renowned Baltimore chef John Shields shares a zingy twist on crab dip
Joanne Turner-Slemp of Baltimore devised this curry-infused concoction as a kickier version of the standard party dip. Jo uses Madras curry, but any type of curry powder will work. If you have an Indian market nearby, experiment with various types to see which suits you. Buy curry in small quantities, though; it loses potency quickly.
Reprinted with permission from Coastal Cooking with John Shields.
Serves 16
1/2 cup dried currants
Boiling water, as needed
1 pound cream cheese, softened
2 tablespoons Madras curry powder
2 tablespoons mayonnaise
1/3 cup coconut milk
1/3 cup minced green onions or chives
1/3 cup finely diced red bell pepper
1 pound backfin or claw blue crabmeat
Melba rounds, water crackers or gingersnaps for serving.
1. Preheat oven to 350˚F.
2. Place the currants and just enough boiling water to cover them in a small bowl. Let stand for 15 minutes. Drain, reserving the liquid, and put the currants aside.
3. In a large bowl combine the cream cheese, curry powder, mayonnaise, coconut milk, green onions or chives, and red pepper. Beat until smooth and somewhat creamy. Mix in the crabmeat, currants, and reserved currant liquid.
4. Transfer the mixture to a greased casserole dish and bake for 25 to 30 minutes. Serve hot or warm with melba rounds, water crackers, or gingersnaps.
Nutrients per serving: 150 calories, 6g protein, 14g carbohydrates, 2g fiber, 9g fat, 29mg cholesterol, 207mg sodium.
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text:
Tupac Shakur - The Lost Interview Pt. 2 [VIBE Magazine Unearths Interview From 1996]
Vibe tv reports "VIBE Magazine unearths this candid interview with 2Pac from 1996. Here, the icon speaks on his influence on Biggie and getting shot at Quad studios. "
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text:
100 years of tractors
FOR MANY farmers, tractors are more than machines; they also invoke fond memories and inspire brand loyalty. A recently published book by longtime tractor photographer and historian Ralph Sanders recognizes this emotional aspect of the machine's identity. Sanders' work, entitled The Farm Tractor: 100 Years of North American Tractors and published by Voyageur Press, also comes close to earning the elusive label of "definitive."
This large-format, beautifully photographed book is perfect for general browsing. After a smartly written first chapter hailing the rise of the tractor as an example of "muscles to motors," Sanders provides thorough histories of the major and minor tractors organized by manufacturer. Readers are free to peruse the text, enjoying the engaging mix of old advertising and color photographs of restored vintage tractors.
The photography is first-rate and Saunders' prose is clear. The chapters on such stalwarts as Allis-Chalmers, J. I. Case, International Harvester and John Deere are impressive surveys that clearly demonstrate how the most successful companies constantly innovated to meet future needs. Yet the reader is also drawn to those companies that are no longer around. These "orphan" tractors provide fascinating glimpses into agriculture's past.
All told, The Farm Tractor: 100 Years of North American Tractors is an excellent book for those who know that tractors embody more than metal.
Price: $40.00. Contact Voyageur Press, MBI Publishing Company, 380 Jackson St., Suite 200, St. Paul, MN 55101, 800/458-0454, www.mbipublishing.com. — John Kestner


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Assist with Project Management
Бюджет $750-1500 AUD
Require assistance in upgrading Constitution to comply with new Association Act
20 фрилансеров(-а) в среднем готовы выполнить эту работу за $1114
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Hello I would be glad to help you with your project. I have experience writing constitution documents. I performed a governance review and wrote a new constitution for Napier Students' Association in Edinburgh. http Больше
I am a PMP holder from PMI. I have over 22 years experience in managing Complex projects . I am very my familiar with project concepts to delivery and I have gone through Project management life Cycle many times. Больше
This project requires understanding of the New Association Act to upgrade constitution accordingly. Once provided the details it will be easier as we did a lot of policy level work.
I'm a doctor in an international organization and I'm responsible for developing the medical service starting from the system to the quality of the service . I can help you very well.
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I am a certified project manager with 10+experience in managing projects of software applications. I'll be glad to help you in this.


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A New Way to Search
We all know that in some families names are repeated and used, over and over. Wouldn't it be nice if there were a search interface that worked like that?
Say for example I have a family with the following structure in 1850?
Father Asa
Mother Mary
Children: Emma, Ira, Lucretia, Edwin, Martha, Permelia. Places of birth are in Illinois, New York, and Canada.
Lucretia marries--I don't know his last name. But I think that she might have used the names of some of her siblings for names of her children. Wouldn't it be nice if there were a way to enter as search terms Lucretia's place of birth and the names of her children and search for households with a Lucretia above a certain age and with say maybe half of the children having the name Emma, Ira, Edwin, Martha, or Permelia? It would not be proof that I had the right family, but it would at least give me some families to work on. This is one of the difficulties in locating women when their married name is unknown.
Does this make sense (is anyone even listening)? I might not have formulated my thought as precisely as I wanted.


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The binary options and Forex marketplaces are two of the most lucrative places to put your money, especially if you are focused on short term profits. Depending upon what your expertise is, either can be great for increasing wealth, but they do come at it from different directions. Binaries, for example, look at small amounts risked and try to get the most out of them. Trading currencies in the Forex market have more risk, but can have huge gains off of small quick changes thanks to that risk. Let's look at both quick and highlight the benefits of each. You'll be surprised.
Binary Options Trading
If you are starting small, are new to trading, or simply want to declutter your life, binary options are the best place to start. Binaries offer you a wide range of possibilities since you can trade pretty much anything, ranging from currency pairs, stocks and major indices, and a selection of the world's major commodities. Unlike any other type of trading, you can access all of these different type of assets from the same brokerage and you never need to use a different platform. This makes it a lot simpler for those with varied interests to do what they need to do with their trading and avoid a lot of hassle by moving money around to different accounts and continuously needing to switch screens. Everything is managed in one spot. This makes things a lot easier when trading.
Binary trading is great for beginners and those with smaller trading accounts. For as little as $500, you can be a successful binary trader and never need to add more to your account, provided you take the necessary steps to protect yourself and learn as much as possible. That's the beauty of binaries. You can make a big rate of return on every trade if you are correct in your prediction. A lot of sites will allow you to execute trades for as little as $10 each, which is a perfect amount for an account starting with $500 (2 percent). With a $10 trade, you can earn about $8 per correct trade, and you will lose the whole $10 when you're wrong. Even if you are wrong 1 in 3 times, you are still earning $6 every three trades. If those trades are each last 5 minutes, that's $6 every 15 minutes, or $24 per hour. If you can do this 5 hours per day, you're still making more than $100 every day. Not bad for only risking $10 at a time. Imagine if you were binary trading 60 second options. You can make a lot of money pretty quick.
Binaries alleviate a lot of long term risk, even if they don't seem like they do at a micro level. After all, the nature of binary options is that they are all or nothing. You're either making a high rate of return, or losing all you've risked. But you're not going to be wrong with every trade; hopefully, if you are a decent trader, you will be right far more often than you are wrong. Binaries, then, take away a lot of the uncertainty that you would find pretty much everywhere else in the world of financial trading.
Forex Trading
Trading currencies was once something privileged for just the big banks and Wall Street hedge funds. That's not the case anymore, thanks in a large part to the internet. Now, pretty much anyone with a few extra bucks to spare can create an account and start trading. And even starting small can lead to big results thanks to leverage. This allows you to multiply your buying power. Instead of buying $100 worth of the euro, for example, you can use leverage to buy up to 400 times the amount you had. So instead of $100, you now have $40,000. All the money you borrow needs to be returned, but the profit is now yours to keep. This allows you to make the most out of a tiny change in price. Instead of eeking out a few pennies here and there, you can now make substantial profits, even when the markets are not moving quickly.
There's a downside to leverage, of course. You are responsible for your losses. If you lose $40,000, you need to pay the broker back. Brokers will put an end to your trade automatically if you lose too much of their money, so be aware of this before you begin.
Which is Better?
Both types of trading are great for making a profit regardless of prevailing economic conditions. Both have benefits and negative consequences, and the best one for you is largely up to your individual circumstances. They are both worth examining, but you will need to determine which one is best for your own personal situation.


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She laid out the dough flat and added a piece some Smoked Coastal Cheddar from Costco and a large walnut piece. She then folded it over into a pretty square and baked it about the normal time according to the package.
Here is a photo of the one of them broken in half.
Aside from being attractive these were also easy, tasty and quick. When having soups, stews or chili, it is nice to have a bread product to help make it a full meal and this worked fabulously. I have to say these were a great return on investment in terms of both time and money. Also, they were a great way to use some of a large multipack of Crescent Rolls.
I am sure we will do something like this again and these would also make a cute and easy appetizer for a party or a potluck.


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Deep Blue needed a new other design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 51 designs submitted by 10 freelance designers.
we are a trophy company looking for a jack ass theme to make awards
the standard jack ass or horse butt is old and out of date - we are an established company 23 years in business - we will be adding more designs in the coming weeks http://www.sundeviltrophy.com
demographic would be male and female from 18-45 years old
college students - business men
a new market young urban hip edgy adults with a sense of humor
a full figure of a donkey kneeling down on the front legs sticking his butt up - the head of the donkey is coming around and has a big smart ass looking grin teeth showing on his face his ears are back - like he is smiling at you and saying your a big jack ass - this a jack ass award
the tail should be to the side in a swishy manner sticking up so it shows the butt - art needs to be in vector format - have some fun with the colors and lets see what you designers come up with - if you have any questions please do not hesitate to ask
we will be posting 5 more contests for different designs please keep an eye out for them


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Until recently, if anyone tried to tell you how many feral hogs there are in Texas, they were just blowing smoke, according to a Texas AgriLife Extension Service wildlife biologist.
"When it comes to feral hogs in Texas, separating fact from fiction is becoming a little easier as research reveals more about the pesky porcines," said Dr. Billy Higginbotham, AgriLife Extension wildlife specialist. "There remains much we don't know about this exotic that has inhabited our state for the past 450 years."
Highest ranking among the myths are estimates of the actual number of feral hogs in Texas, Higginbotham said. A common number that has been bandied about for years is 1 to 4 million. But there was just no data to support this estimate.
That is, not until Dr. Roel Lopez, associate director of the Texas A&M University Institute for Renewable Natural Resources, recently used geographic information system procedures to turn the guesstimates into reliable estimates, said Higginbotham, who collaborated with Lopez on the study.
The term "geographic information systems," usually simply called GIS, refers to a procedure that involves diverse data gathering means, from on-the-ground GPS referenced data to satellite to historical records, and organizes it geographically.
"A simpler way to put it is that it's just an electronic map," Lopez said.
Using GIS techniques, Lopez was able to quantify first the extent of the feral hog habitat in Texas. He estimates that "approximately 134 million acres, or 79 percent of the state's 170 million acres, represents feral hog habitat," said Higginbotham.
By knowing the range of feral hog habitat and the species population density in various types of Texas environments, Lopez also came up with a population estimate that has some meat to it, Higginbotham said. Lopez estimates that the actual number could range from a low of 1.9 million to a high of 3.4 million.
Exaggerated claims of feral hog population-growth rates are a related myth. Many of the population guesstimates are based on a purely arbitrary number of hogs in Texas being set at 1 million in the 1970s. This number, which also had no research basis, is then often extrapolated on using another bit of misinformation: That because of feral hogs' high birth rates, their population is doubling every year.
So what are the facts?
A 2011 consolidation of past studies done by graduate student, Janell Mellish, the average litter size in Texas and the Southeast is 5.6 pigs, Lopez said.
It is also known, that on average, a sow is about 13 months old when she has her first litter, and also on average, mature sows have 1.5 litters per year. This means there is a significant population growth rate, but a far cry from the doubling-yearly myth, Lopez said.
"We estimated the population growth of feral hogs in Texas averages between 18 percent to 20 percent annually," Lopez said. "This means it would take almost five years for a population to double in size if left unchecked."
The study, which was conducted by Lopez and Mellish, used three methods to estimate feral pig population growth in Texas: the statewide number of aerial permits issued for shooting feral hogs; the number of pigs processed in commercial processing facilities; and feral hog control data made available from U.S. Department of Agriculture-Wildlife Services.
Another common myth is that recreational hunting alone can control feral hog populations, Higginbotham said.
"Of the dozen studies conducted across the nation, hunting removes between 8 percent and 50 percent of a population, with an average of 24 percent across all studies," he said. "In order to hold a population stable with no growth, 60 percent to 70 percent of a feral hog population would have to be removed annually."
Another myth is that it's possible to identify the breed of a given feral hog by its color markings.
"Today's feral hogs are descended from domestic breeds, Eurasian wild boars and, of course, hybrids of the two," Higginbotham said. "But despite claims to the contrary, simply observing the color patterns, hair characteristics and size cannot let you definitively identify which of the three types an individual hog falls into."
Damage no myth
One thing about feral hogs is definitely not a myth—the huge amount of damage they do to crops, wildlife habitat and landscapes, Higginbotham said. And from all indications, the damage they do is expanding in scope and range.
"Feral hogs were once largely a rural or agricultural issue in Texas, inflicting over $52 million in damage annually," he said. "But the porkers have literally moved to town and are now causing significant damage in urban and suburban communities. This damage includes the rooting of landscapes, parks, lawns, golf courses, sports fields and even cemeteries, as they search for food. It has been estimated that a single hog can cause over $200 damage annually."
The $200-per-hog estimate doesn't include the damage feral hogs do as they compete with other wildlife species, such as whitetail deer, for food and habitat. And some of the species challenged by feral hog invasions are endangered.
It's important to keep in perspective that the bottom line is not an actual hog-head count, but the damage they do and how to develop ways to reduce it.
"For those landowners actively engaged in deer management, tolerance of feral hogs should be very, very low," Higginbotham said. "Can we (significantly) reduce the damage feral hogs do through control efforts? The answer is 'absolutely yes.'
"Texas AgriLife Extension Service has demonstrated that through education and outreach and Wildlife Services-led control efforts, damage can be significantly reduced by control efforts," he said. "In a 2006-07 study funded by the Texas Department of Agriculture, agricultural damage was reduced by 66 percent via control efforts in just two years."
Since 2007, subsequent studies done by AgriLife Extension and again funded by the state's department of agriculture confirmed that control measures such as trapping and shooting "prevented millions of dollars in damage by reducing feral hog populations," he said.
"Landowners remain the first line of defense since Texas is 95 percent privately owned land," Higginbotham said. "This means arming the public with Best Management Practices and using various legal control methods to abate the damage by reducing feral hog populations."
For more information on feral hogs, visit the AgriLife Extension website, "Coping with Feral Hogs," at http://feralhogs.tamu.edu


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Hours before Camden Yards went dark for the final time this baseball season, the Orioles clubhouse emptied out quickly Sunday evening as lockers were cleaned out, moving boxes filled and good-bye hugs given.
The Orioles' 2013 season ended with a 7-6 comeback win over the playoff-bound Boston Red Sox on Sunday in front of an announced sellout crowd of 44,230. The club O's ended the season with 85 wins, tied for third-place in the American League AL East. For the first time since 1996 and 1997, the Orioles finished with back-to-back winning seasons.
But for this team and this city, this season ended with an unmistakable level sense of disappointment because coming off last year's breakout playoff berth, the Orioles expected to once again play October baseball.
"It was a frustrating season, a difficult, maybe disappointing season, for a lot of us and that's because we have expectations of where we should be," said closer Jim Johnson, who became the first AL pitcher to record back-to-back 50-save seasons with his 50th save Sunday. "And that's unfortunately [not] where we ended up."
The Orioles (85-77) ended the season winning four of their last five games and were the only division team to have a winning record (10-8) against the AL East champion Red Sox.
On Sunday, they rallied from an early five-run deficit, getting contributions throughout a lineup that was without center fielder Adam Jones and catcher Matt Wieters.
First baseman Chris Davis, who received the annual Louis M. Hatter Most Valuable Oriole Award award before the game, became the first Orioles' player to lead the major leagues in home runs (53) since Frank Robinson's Triple Crown season in 1966, but left the game after suffering a left wrist sprain following a collision with Boston's Jacoby Ellsbury at first base in the top of the fourth inning.
His replacement, Ryan Flaherty, drove in the eventual game-winning run in the bottom of the sixth on a two-out double to right field.
"We get down 5-0, it eats at the players and us and Chris and everybody," Orioles manager Buck Showalter said. "This isn't a club that went into the season trying to be the wild card. We were trying to win the division. And we competed well with the team that's probably the best in the American League, record-wise."
When the gates at Camden Yards opened two hours before first pitch on Sunday afternoon, long lines of orange-and-black-clad fans had already snaked around the outside of the ballpark. The announced sellout was the seventh of the season and the Orioles' season total surpassed the 2.3-million mark for the first time since 2005.
"I thought they just came for the bobbleheads," Johnson said jokingly, referring to the 25,000 Chris Davis bobbleheads given to fans. "No, but the fans here, if you've been around for the last several years, you see how the crowds have changed and how you can walk around the town and see orange all the time, even during football season, so that's a good sign. Hopefully it's something that continues for a long time here."
Few outsiders believed that the Orioles could duplicate their 93-win season in 2012. And They couldn't replicate the 29-9 record in one-run games, going 18-31. Johnson blew a majors-leading nine saves after blowing just three saves in 2012. The starting rotation and bullpen battled through roadbumps of injury and inconsistency and the offense fell flat with runners in scoring position down the stretch.
But after last year's success, this year's club wasn't sneaking up on anyone.
"Last year, with the one-run wins and extra-inning wins, that's something that's really tough to duplicate," Davis said. "But I think we might be more of a complete team this year. I think last year we really rode the fact that it was all kind of new to us and we were just kind of riding a high -- even into the postseason. I think a lot of guys had some expectations this year. Last year, we were just kind of playing and having fun. It's definitely a positive thing to be in the mix. It gives the fans something to cheer about."
Showalter realized that this team would have to find new paths to success. But the expectations this season were the same, if not higher.
"That's our goal," Showalter said. "When you don't reach the goal, it's frustrating. Frustrating and disappointing sometimes are two different things. I'd be disappointed if we didn't have effort or if we hadn't been sincere about it. I've been there. I've watched them. They don't give themselves days off. ... I've been fortunate to watch it. I know. I've seen it when it's not that way this time of year. But I also know what the bottom line of the business is."
Breakout seasons by Davis, who became the second Orioles player to lead the majors in RBIs (138), and third baseman Manny Machado, who led the majors AL in doubles (51), helped. The Orioles also finished the season with a .991 fielding percentage, the best in major-league history.
In their final game, the Orioles came back from an early 5-0 deficit and took a lead in the sixth inning on a wild pitch by Boston's Matt Thornton, scoring Jonathan Schoop from third base. Later that inning, Flaherty's two-out double to right field scored Brian Roberts to give the Orioles a two-run cushion.
Johnson stranded the tying run on third base in the top of the ninth, needing a 5-4-3 double play to secure for his 50th save of the season. Johnson became the first player in AL history to record back-to-back 50-save seasons after Eric Gagne did it for the National League's Los Angeles Dodgers in 2002 and 2003.
Following the game, the teams went their separate ways. The Red Sox moved on to the AL Division Series, while the Orioles retreated to the offseason.
"Our guys, it's more than just them expecting," Showalter said. "I don't think anybody felt last year was good enough, as evidenced by the competitiveness again that came in — and will be again. These guys, you are not always going to be laying in the weeds, Cinderella, all that stuff. You got to graduate."
Orioles right-hander Chris Tillman struggled in his fourth attempt for his 17th win of the season. He allowed five runs, including two homers, in five innings.
Despite Sunday's outing, Tillman emerged as the club's ace — though he allowed 33 homers, third-most in the majors.
Injuries mounted for the Orioles last week, and one more on Sunday took the breath out of the crowd in the fourth inning.
The crowd fell silent in the fourth. With two on and one out, when catcher Steve Clevenger fielded Jacoby Ellsbury's grounder to the left of home plate and threw to first. Clevenger's throw was down the line and as Davis reached out to catch the throw, Ellsbury ran through his left arm, jolting Davis' wrist back as his mitt flew off.
Davis held his left hand in pain as Showalter and head trainer Richie Bancells rushed out of the dugout. After examining Davis on the field, Davis took a few practice tosses before leaving the game to a standing ovation from the fans. Davis received another standing ovation following the seventh inning, when he was shown on the video board sitting in the dugout.
"It's a weird feeling because you don't have a chance to go back in the game, but the fact that they hung around and showed their appreciation is huge," Davis said. "It makes it all that much more sweeter whenever you get a chance to go out and play in front of the group of fans that we have."
After Johnson induced the game-ending double play, the sea of black and orange at Camden Yards lurked before leaving, almost as if waiting for something more.
Showalter said he hoped the Orioles are able to give that to them sooner than later.
"We don't take it for granted," Showalter said. "My dad never was a great patter-on-the-backer. It was just expected. But every once in a while he'd say 'I'm proud of you,' and them showing up today, that's their way of saying they're still proud of the team and the competitiveness they've had.
"It's frustrating for our fans not to get where we wanted to get," Showalter added, "But I think a lot of it, they want it for the right reasons because that knew that our club effort-wise and sincerity-wise, was worthy of it. And that's what's frustrating."


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Coming into Saturday's game against Illinois, the Wisconsin football team (5-2 Big Ten, 9-2 overall) had struggled on the road. However, a second half comeback helped exorcise the Badgers' road demons and sets up a do-or-die matchup with Penn State (6-1, 9-2) Saturday at Camp Randall Stadium.
Defensively, the Badgers were able to come back on Illinois thanks to timely interceptions by seniors Antonio Fenelus and Aaron Henry as well as another by junior defensive back Shelton Johnson. Sophomore linebacker Chris Borland was again able to make an impact by recording double-digit tackles (18) for the sixth time this season in addition to forcing a fumble. Offensively, Bielema credited senior fullback Brady Ewing as well as junior running back Montee Ball with the offensive surge in the second half.
"Montee Ball was our offensive MVP, as well as Brady Ewing. [Brady] had his best game of the year, he was always at the point of attack clearing space for the backs," Bielema said. "A lot of times Brady is throwing the key block that the running back is able to read and go for yards."
Runs by senior quarterback Russell Wilson and Ball capped a comeback win that set up a winner-take-all scenario against Penn State (6-1, 9-2) on Saturday where the victor will advance to the first ever Big Ten Championship game to be played Dec. 3 at Lucas Oil Field in Indianapolis.
Let's hope the Badgers are playing in Indy next week. GO BUCKY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


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Walter D. Von Braunsberg, 79, of Fort Myers, Fla., Bushkill and Lindenhurst, Long Island, N.Y., went to the loving arms of our Lord on July 5, 2013.
Walter grew up in Brooklyn, N.Y., and was the son of the late Fred H. and Nora (Kennelly) Von Braunsberg. He graduated from St. Leonard's Academy and shortly after, he joined the reserves and served as a medic in the U.S. Army during the Korean War. After the war, Walter attended the State University of New York (SUNY) in Farmingdale, N.Y., while working for Brooklyn Union Gas Co. and retired in 1984 as an engineering assistant.
He was an avid baseball player, and a Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Mets fan. He was involved in numerous civic and social organizations, in addition to coaching Little League. He will be remembered as a kind, generous, loving family man with a great sense of humor that would help anyone that was in need. Walter was very proud of his Irish heritage, and often told stories of his Irish upbringing and his memorable trip to his mother's hometown of Ardagh, County Limerick, Ireland.
Walter leaves behind, to cherish his memory, his adoring wife, Theresa "Terry" (Mulroy) of 53 years; his loving children: Eileen McGovern of Fort Myers, Fla.; Johanna Von Braunsberg (Jack Shoemaker) of Delaware Water Gap; and Thomas Von Braunsberg (Kelly) of Lutz, Fla.; his 10 loving grandchildren: Justin, Bryan and Matt McGovern of Fort Myers, Fla.; Katie, Krissy and Carolyn Von Braunsberg of Lutz, Fla.; and Isabel, Nora, Tommy and Danny Von Braunsberg of Chicago.; his daughter-in-law, Elizabeth Von Braunsberg of Chicago.; his "like-a-twin" cousin, John "Junior" (Mimi) Von Braunsberg of Oceanside, Calif.; lots of loving nieces, nephews, cousins and friends; and his beloved dog, Daisy.
In addition to his parents, he was preceded in death by his loving children: Walter J. "Von" Von Braunsberg, Craig M. Von Braunsberg and Lisa A. Von Braunsberg; his sisters, Johanna Huber (Tom) and Theresa Von Braunsberg; his brothers, John Von Braunsberg and Fred Von Braunsberg (Kathleen); his in-laws, Albert and Catherine Mulroy; his niece, Marilyn Von Braunsberg; his nephew, Kevin Von Braunsberg; and his son-in-law, Kevin Martin.
A memorial Mass to celebrate both Walter D. and Walter J. "Von" Von Braunsberg's lives will be held at 11 a.m. Tuesday, July 30, at Blessed Pope John XXIII Catholic Church, 13060 Palomino Lane, Fort Myers, FL 33912. Funeral arrangements are by Fort Myers Memorial Gardens, Fort Myers, FL 33907, 239-936-0555.
It was Walter D's request that a memorial fund be established for the benefit of his grandchildren, his son — who died April 21, 2013, at age 49 — Walter J. "Von's" four young children's education. In lieu of flowers, please make donations to Von's Childrens' Fund and mail to Fifth Third Bank, 13350 Metro Parkway, Fort Myers, FL 33966; or make donations in person at any Fifth Third Bank branch.
Walter D. Von Braunsberg
Walter D. Von Braunsberg, 79, of Fort Myers, Fla., Bushkill and Lindenhurst, Long Island, N.Y., went to the loving arms of our Lord on July 5, 2013.


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The BlackBerry Gaming team is back from an awesome Game Developer Conference 2013 held last week in San Francisco. The crew was there with the BlackBerry Gaming Booth to show off gaming on BlackBerry to gamers and game developers from around the world.
During BlackBerry Jam Europe 2013, we made a big announcement about Unity support for BlackBerry 10. The big news this time around was the announcement of the Open Beta SDK release that will start in the next few weeks. We have been hard at work to provide a Unity Add On integrated with cool BlackBerry 10 features that game developers have been asking for.
Gamers and game developers got to experience some of the features of the Unity Add On for BlackBerry 10 at Unity's BlackBerry Pod space. That turned out to be the busiest station we have ever manned. The gamers were stunned at seeing a BlackBerry Z10 turn into a high performance mini console with a simple HDMI cable and a Bluetooth HID Steel Series gamepad controller. They were further excited by the fact that BlackBerry 10 now supports some very popular gamepads out there right out-of-the-box and this feature integrated directly with the Unity SDK. The goal is to have game developers make as little code changes as possible to port their games over along with seamless gamepad support.
Along with the BlackBerry Lead Developer from Unity and CEO of Darkwind media, Scott Flynn, I was co-presented three exciting Unity Booth sessions and a very well received GDC session on Professional Game Engines for BlackBerry 10. For those who missed the sessions, the GDC Session will be directly made available through the GDC vault.
If you are looking to be the first ones to port your Mobile Unity Games to BlackBerry 10, pre-register here for the Unity BlackBerry 10 Open Beta. As a participant in our open beta for the Unity BlackBerry 10 add-on, you get the chance to see how your content will run on this new global platform, and give feedback for improvements directly to Unity developers.
And of course, for any questions, comments, concerns or kudos on the Professional Game Engines, Middlewares or Gaming frameworks for BlackBerry feel free to reach out to me directly at email@example.com or connect to me directly on Twitter at @rmadhavan7.
Happy BlackBerry Gaming!


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wolverinetodd wrote:TeamAutobots51817 wrote:mattj972 wrote:They are awesome figures. Thundertron is one of my new favorites.
Thundertron's foot is blue and gold but on the box it shows silver blue and gold so i painted his foot silver and keep blue and gold on his foot. and i agree Thundertron is the most awesome figure of all time.
Cooler if his sword would lock in place.
BTW, found one Ultra Magnus and one Thundertron at the Lexington, NC Wal-Mart SuperCenter and bought both. These guys are ringing up $22.96 at the registers yet the shelves still have $19.96 price labels (next to the $22.96 price) for the DOTM Voyagers listed, even when there aren't anymore DOTM Voyager figures. Idiots! Guess what price I've been paying at the register for each Prime Voyager? Yep! $19.96! Too bad the Deluxe figures aren't as easily mispriced.
I merged this topic with the existing Texas sightings topic.


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LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - The alien superheroes of Disney's "Guardians of the Galaxy" not only stormed the movie box office, but the Marvel superheroes' throwback 1970s-style soundtrack climbed to the top spot on the weekly U.S. Billboard chart on Wednesday.
"Awesome Mix Vol. 1," which includes classic hits such as Blue Swede's "Hooked on a Feeling," The Jackson 5's "I Want You Back," and David Bowie's "Moonage Daydream," sold 109,000 copies in its second week, according to figures from Nielsen SoundScan.
It had entered the chart last week at No. 3 with first-week sales of 60,000.
The 12-track retro mix is featured heavily throughout the film as rogue hero Peter Quill's own soundtrack as he battles evil intergalactic villains to save the galaxy. It is the second soundtrack this year to top the album chart, following the success of Walt Disney Co's animated hit "Frozen."
At No. 2 this week is the 51st installment of the "Now That's What I Call Music!" album franchise, featuring hits by Iggy Azalea, Katy Perry and Justin Timberlake, which sold 94,000 copies in its first week.
Other new entries in the top ten of the weekly Billboard 200 chart include metal rockers Godsmack at No. 3 with "1000hp," which sold 58,000 copies.
Rock group Spoon debuted at No. 4 with its latest record "They Want My Soul," and British boy band The Vamps rounded out the new entries at No. 10 with its "Somebody To You EP."
Last week's chart topper, "Hypnotic Eye," by Tom Petty and The Heartbreakers, dropped to No. 6 this week.
For the week ended Aug. 10, total album sales clocked in at 4.27 million, down 9 percent from the comparable week in 2013, while year-to-date album sales totaled 146.4 million, down 14 percent from the same period a year ago, Billboard said.
Reporting by Piya Sinha-Roy; editing by Patricia Reaney, G Crosse


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take notice needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 52 designs submitted by 19 freelance designers.
The website is for House Sitters, Pet Sitters, Home owners (needing a sitter) and Holiday Home exchange. It is brand new, initially for Australia/New Zealand and eventually the international market.
We have used 99designs before (for a different website) with great success so are excited about using this site again.
We have a great new site (still in the construction stage) and need a good 'strong' logo that will be easily identifiable for anyone looking to become a House/Pet Sitter or someone looking for a Sitter.
The space at the top of the website is narrow so that needs to be taken into account.
The logo will of course be used on the site and business cards but also probably used on promotional items including T Shirts & Hats.
You can view the website at http://www.mindahome.com.au
- The design needs to make two things easilyrecognisable - our name and what we do.
- Ideally we would like to see some logos that are a bit different to others that are around for house sitting. - Fully editable in either Illustrator or Photoshop I would like to be able to alter colours from time to time.
- Anything too busy
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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Please pass the peas — and the wallet — Thanksgiving dinner will cost quite a bit more this year.
According to the American Farm Bureau Federation's survey, turkey dinner and all the fixings will cost about $49.20, or about 13 percent more than it did last year.
That's the biggest increase in years. Blame the recent boom in crop and livestock prices, which pushed up the cost of nearly every item on the Thanksgiving shopping list.
Prices for commodities have risen due to poor weather, which shrank the size of U.S. crops, and retailers are being more aggressive about passing those costs along to consumers.
Click ahead to see how the costs break down per item. All costs are based on the prices collected by 141 volunteer shoppers in 35 states, who are asked by the AFBF to hunt for the least expensive prices, but not take advantage of promotional coupons or other purchase deals.
By Christina Cheddar-Berk,
Posted 21 November 2011


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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Based on the black and red dress, I would guess that the girl behind Kara is Jenn, not JoJo.
Quote from: Mug Costanza on July 08, 2012, 12:37:48 AMBased on the black and red dress, I would guess that the girl behind Kara is Jenn, not JoJo. I got the info off twitter but you may be right. It's one or the another.
house guest backyard pic
Quote from: ugot2bekidinmeny on July 09, 2012, 03:01:41 PMhouse guest backyard picDoes tarzan really have a banana hammock on??
whats with the tvs behind the hg?? comp??
Quote from: PotatosPunkGirl on July 09, 2012, 05:05:11 PMwhats with the tvs behind the hg?? comp??Those are the tinted windows in the Backyard
Interesting pic. Guess we know who legs are those behind the towel?
The picture all but confirms Britney as a HG. Look how skinny the legs of the second person are. Britney weighs about 100 pounds.
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