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Chassis Setup Is Critical To On-Track Performance, But So Is The Ability To Deliver Power At The Tire-Patch
Before digging into the subject, we need to review some assumptions on which our discussion will be based. This story isn't intended to identify specific gear combinations for equally specific track conditions. Rather, it's meant to establish some lines of thought that will enable you to make informed decisions while utilizing information that relates directly to how you can integrate various factors that help enable sensible gear choices.
In circle track racing, it's problematic that track conditions undergo a constant state of change during a race. Obviously, this can be more of an issue on dirt than asphalt. Some compensation for this can be made by driving technique while other solutions may be based on chassis setup and gearing, the latter of which we'll be reviewing. In addition, there is no such animal as "absolute traction." In fact, in some instances, a racecar will accelerate more quickly during tire spin, based on where in the rpm (torque) range this situation occurs. Then there are times when the engine is not at wide-open-throttle. But even though these conditions tend to dilute the "academic approach" to determining the best gear/track combinations, there are some guidelines we can discuss. There's more to working out proper gear combinations than just selecting gears. Part of the process involves what you'll be providing for their input.
Defining The Problem
Smokey once told me that circle track racing is little more than a "series of drag races, tied together with corners." For as much of an oversimplification as this may be, it does represent a measure of truth. We'd like to have the car accelerate as quickly as possible on those parts of the track that will reduce lap times the greatest, enable passing when the need arises, and provide the greatest level of control. Clearly, there are variables in play that include an ability to integrate available power with chassis setup and reaction. But unless the mechanical link between flywheel power and the driving wheels is properly matched, on-track performance will suffer. At this point, overall gearing enters the picture.
Torque Vs. Horsepower
In some areas of motorsports, there's an axiom stating "torque creates acceleration, horsepower makes speed." As discussed in earlier CIRCLE TRACK technical materials, torque may be defined as a potential twisting force. Acting over a period of time, torque creates horsepower. That's a generic and simplistic perspective. In terms of accelerating a mass (a racecar), what's important is the amount of torque available at the tire-patch. Since many circle track cars operate without a multi-gear transmission, the final-drive ratio becomes particularly critical to this issue.
Also included in the equation is driving tire circumference or roll-out, not to exclude the total weight of the tire/wheel combination. At the end of the day, tire/wheel units become "flywheels" that must be accelerated along with the dynamic mass of the vehicle. In fact, there are instances where a final drive ratio change may be necessary to overcome the rotational inertial resistance of a given tire/wheel package, simply because the package happens to be either required or the best compromise for the particular situation; e.g., track conditions, length, surface, rules, and so on.
Whether you should concentrate on torque or horsepower, the type of racing dictates which is more important. For example, a short track Sprint Car would benefit from an abundance of torque probably more than a Cup car on a superspeedway where the range of rpm variation is narrow and quite high. Consider the fact that camshaft and valvetrain technology (particularly the latter) have enabled Cup engines to run long-distance races at 9,000-plus engine speeds. These are cases where horsepower equates to speed, as previously suggested. For the majority of weekly racing engines, torque can be a saving grace. In this regard, there is some valuable information that can be derived from reading dyno sheets, according to the following section. Bear with us for a few more paragraphs. All this seemingly nonrelated information should then come into focus.
Reading The Dyno Sheet
Traditionally, translating dyno-measured power information to on-track performance can be difficult. Unless the dynamometer you're using actually accelerates a mass of vehicle-equivalent weight (inertial resistance), an engine doesn't experience the type of loads found in the vehicle. Even so-called dyno "acceleration" tests that incorporate a controlled unloading of the power-absorber doesn't duplicate what an engine sees on the track. So what information can you use from an engine dyno that will, at a minimum, help you anticipate on-track performance? Let's talk about brake specific fuel consumption data.
We know that BSFC is essentially a measure of how efficiently an engine (through the combustion process) is converting fuel into heat or power. The process involves observed horsepower and fuel flow, in units of time. So, in a sense, it's the time-rate measurement by which fuel is converted into horsepower. What can this tell us about track performance? As an example, let's assume you have two engines of essentially the same power characteristics. This might even be one engine with back-to-back, comparatively equal power levels that differ primarily in BSFC performance.
In either of these two cases, the BSFC differences outweigh the power differences. And, you could say BSFC includes a time-based perspective; the combination of parts (or tune) that produces the lower BSFC performance will tend to perform better on the track, particularly regarding acceleration (or throttle response), all else being equal. The kicker is this will also be the combination that responds best to gear changes you make. Thought we'd never get there, right? You'll also discover that on-track fuel economy will be the best with this same lower BSFC combination.
Where's The Power Being Produced?
Before we discuss applying available power to the track, it's necessary to determine what's available. Overall, you need to gear to the rpm range linked to the most power available. In other words, there's little value in trying to conclude final-drive gear ratios and an applicable rpm range without first making certain the engine's power range matches the gears you'll be using, or the opposite.
Once again, even though the ability to achieve optimal traction may not be possible, using "absolute" traction for the purpose of determining initial gear selection will eliminate one variable that's unavoidable. Whether through experience or after experiencing a given set of track surface conditions, you can make subsequent gear ratio changes to compensate for differences between absolute and those of the track on which you're racing. In any case, you'll need to begin somewhere and matching engine power range to on-track rpm (gearing) is a starting point.
Critical "Gearing Points" On The Track
If there is a consensus about the most critical track location that relates to a specific power range, it's the point of corner exit. In fact, you will find that you'd like the engine to be (at wide-open throttle) roughly 200 rpm below its peak torque value when the car reaches and begins to leave the corner exit point. This will encourage maximum acceleration up to peak power as the car travels the back straight (or that portion of a more circular track) or heads for the flag stand.
This optimization of corner exit acceleration, based on what you know about the engine dyno data, can be achieved by selecting a final-drive gear ratio that places the engine in this rpm range at that point on the track we've identified. In the end, you'll likely determine that corner exit speed is more critical than cornering speed, thereby placing particular importance on selecting a final-drive gear combination that allows the engine to begin this acceleration process just below its peak torque value where throttle response and its ability to rapidly increase in rpm (don't forget the lower BSFC notion) past peak power.
Ultimately, you may find that final-drive gear ratios that allow the engine to operate in this "just below peak torque" to "around peak power" range will provide the best corner exit speeds and lowest lap times, respectively. Proper gear choice will help make this happen, somewhat independent of available traction. In fact, this approach does a fairly good job of addressing the traction problem.
A Discussion With Dennis Wells On The Issue Of Gearing
Dennis Wells is well known to the CT readership. Wells Racing Engines has been prominent in both dirt and asphalt circle track racing for more than 25 years, and their exploits having been periodically chronicled on the pages of CT magazine. Relative to how Dennis works with his engine customers on the issue of relating dyno power to on-track performance, the following discussion took place.
CT – Let's assume, for the sake of this conversation, that there are four principle variables affecting on-track conditions over which we have little or no control: absolute traction, constant track conditions, continuous wide-open throttle, and primary environmental conditions. Would you agree these play a role but are not within our control?
Wells – Absolutely. However, even though all of these can affect our gearing choices, we need to first assume they are constant when making overall gear selections, and then adjust the car for how a given set of conditions impacts our choices.
CT – Let's assume I'm one of your customers and you've just handed me a dyno sheet that maps out my particular engine. Maybe I know just enough to be dangerous when it comes to gearing choices, so how would you guide me through the process?
Wells – First of all, you'll probably look at how much power is available and where it's being made. Let's say that's at 7,000 rpm and you figure this where you gear the car to run. However, it's not. My experience has been, especially on a "tacky track," that you want the engine to operate from about 800 to 1,000 rpm above peak power, at maximum rpm. For example, most of my dirt modified engines run best around 7,800 to 8,200 rpm. This means most of these engines, on the dyno, will run peak power around 6,800 to 7,200, depending upon camshaft and cylinder heads. But that's a pretty good estimate.
CT – Do you factor piston displacements into this?
Wells – Well, let's say you have a 400-inch engine with a long stroke. These tend to peak power earlier than the shorter-stroke engines that have about the same cylinder heads and camshafts, pretty much independent of displacement, unless you're talking about significant differences in cubic inches. Then, of course, the larger engines will peak at lower rpm than the considerably smaller ones. What we've found is that the guys who run the longer-stroke engines, without getting into elaborate heads that flow a lot of air, tend to complain about too much bottom end and not enough top end. These include the long-stroke 406-type engines, too.
CT – Specifically, how do you address the issue of "too much bottom end" and "not enough top end"?
Wells – What I generally do is build to either a 3.5-inch or a 3.5625-inch stroke combination so the engine is a little "softer" on the bottom end and doesn't just fall off in the upper rpm. This gives a lot more throttle control, makes gearing selections more effective, and improves lower end traction, plus the car is easier to drive and more predictable.
CT – In terms of how you recommend gearing these cars, have you found that what you might call "driver preference" comes into play, too?
Wells – Yes, and sometimes this can complicate the matter. For example, you may have a driver that has really good throttle control with his foot and will want an engine that's really powerful. He'll hunt for the tacky spots on the track. Then you'll get another driver who wants to gear the car higher to where the engine is really "soft" most of the time, so he doesn't spin the tires because he doesn't have the good "foot feel" like the first driver I described. So the bottom line is that no two drivers will want the exact same thing regarding where the engine makes power or how the car is set up or geared.
CT – So is it fair to say that with the number and range of variables that come into play, it's difficult to lay down any hard and fast rules about gearing for all circumstances?
Wells – I think a more accurate way to look at this is to say there are some "guidelines" to be considered, not strict rules.
CT – Let's talk about guidelines.
Wells – Well, first you need to consider that some of the variables over which you have no control, like track conditions, weather, on-track traffic, and other uncontrollable factors, not only change from week to week but even during the course of a race. So what I'll call the "gearing target" is constantly moving. So black and white steps just aren't practical. However, there are places on the track where you'd like more power or torque than others. This is especially true during corner exiting. In our experience, you'd like the engine to be geared where it's slightly below peak torque rpm when you begin to exit the corner so it'll accelerate toward peak power in the straight. Based on track conditions anticipated, this will provide you a starting point from which ratio changes or driving technique can be adjusted accordingly to fit the needs of the track. We've also found that this approach will help compensate for traction problems during corner exit. Of course, much of this is a compromise that's driven by the fact that there are variables like the ones we mentioned, over which you have much less control than when selecting gear combinations.
CT – Let's go back and talk a bit more about where you think engine rpm should be when corner exit begins, if you're running a longer stroke combination. Stroke and rod length, all else being equal, can affect the rpm span between peak torque and peak power.
Wells – That's right. In these cases, where the rpm between peak torque and peak power becomes more narrow, you'd probably want to gear the car to a slightly lower rpm below peak torque so you won't run out of rpm between there and peak power during acceleration onto the straight. Normally, these guys will run a higher gear ratio than those with the shorter-stroke engines, primarily to compensate for how the longer stroke affects low-end torque.
CT – OK, where else on the track do you consider gear selection critical?
Wells – Some of the drivers I work with like to use lower gears to help engine braking during corner entry, rather than rely more heavily on the brake pedal. Of course, like in so many situations, compromise enters the picture. For example, gearing lower for braking into a corner means the car will try to accelerate more quickly out of the turn, but the tendency to break the tires loose is increased. Depending on traction conditions, this can become another problem.
CT – Is there anything else you pull from a dyno sheet when reviewing this type of information with your customers?
Wells – I like to see my engines geared to run about 1,000 rpm above peak power at maximum straightaway speeds. Of course, this assumes customers have maintained the valvetrain so it'll sustain 8,000 or so rpm under these conditions. From an overall track performance standpoint, that seems to work best and it'll still provide sufficient margin to make sensible gear choices. I know this isn't high rpm for today's Cup engines, but it's about the limit for the weekly racer who's running stainless steel valves and trying to keep springs in the engine, considering the ramps we run on these type of cams.
CT – Earlier in this story, we mentioned evaluating engines with comparable power where one had a lower BSFC curve (numerically) and quicker on-track acceleration. Have you had any experience with this?
Wells – Yes. In fact, that's not only true but the one with the lower BSFC curve will also be more responsive to the final gear changes, especially when you're able to match corner exit rpm to the rpm range we discussed earlier. These engines just seem to have more throttle response anywhere on the track.
CT – Any other thoughts about relating dyno charts to gearing and on-track performance?
Wells – Overall, I like to see relatively flat torque curves. In fact, I don't like peaky torque or powerbands. The flatter the torque curve, the more driveable the car becomes, and it'll also be more sensitive to gear changes. I compare this with how two-stroke engines come up "on the pipe," so to speak. If the torque hits all at once, the car becomes less driveable. Plus, torque curves that fall off too quickly can cause you to incorrectly gear a car in an effort to make up for torque (through ratio multiplication) that's not there. And this, of course, can cause problems in areas where the engine is actually making decent torque. I've found this to also cause similar problems with powerbands that are too peaky.
CT – Final thoughts?
Wells – Over time, we've seen suspension systems technology make some incredible improvements. As this has happened, we've found that you often need to re-evaluate how a car is geared. In particular, use of four-link systems has led the way for some significant traction improvements in recent years. I never thought I'd see the ability to lock down 650 hp on the size tires (small) we're using today. As this has happened, we've had to rethink how we gear these cars. Where before we might have needed to run higher ratios, improved traction and how this tends to lug engines down into lower rpm ranges has caused higher ratios to be required in order to place the engine in a speed range where it's most torque efficient.
Some Concluding Thoughts
While there are software simulation packages that address the optimization of on-track gearing for circle track cars, an assortment of assumptions prevent results from being absolute, although helpful. Some degree of trial-and-error testing is typically required, although such computer programs are improving as they evolve. Meanwhile, and for racers who do not have access to such programs, information shared in this story can hopefully clarify certain issues while bringing others to the point of consideration. If you've come to the realization that there's more to gear selection than matching peak power with maximum speed, then this particular story stayed on track.


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Opinion: McCain on Boston, Immigration, Global Disorder
In a wide-ranging interview, Senator John McCain (R-Ariz.) discusses the Boston Marathon bombings investigation, immigration policy and President Obama's global disorder. Photo: Getty Images
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... welcome to Opinion Journal why Mary Kissel ... the bipartisan Senate gang of eight release the plan for immigration reform this week ... and we won one of the authors of the bill here in studio era Center Arizona Senator ... John McCain and Senator McCain ... before we get to immigration though just a ... quick question about the events ... in Boston ... aam ... should Americans be worried by the use ... of these alleged bombers and how he's leaving ... in seemingly integrated into our society ... I mean we should be very worried about ... a young ... man or women ... going on the internet in the new move to ... adopt its technology and I think that the way these ... terrorists have ... but I think we should take some comfort ... in that the reaction to this bombing has been so much more efficient ... then it would have been before nine eleven the coronation of the different ... long Forstmann and ... agencies local governments state and federal government ... and the rapidity with which we're able to identify these individuals ... that we should give us some comfort that all the money we've invested at least in response to it ... but you know I won lessons his we ... do everything we can to ensure the safety of our citizens ... but we also have to give people their individual rights and there's always gonna be tension between ... those two commitments and obligations we have to the American people ... I ... also fastening story or falling on the beest dot com and here on the beest live ... I'm going to move to integration now in this new reform bill ... um ... this was tried before in two thousand and seven and failed ... and why did it fail in one of the lessons for this time around ... I think it failed for several reasons including disenchantment from both right and laughed ... failure to get ... sufficient base of support ... and go also and that the controversy it critique Lee about guest workers ... on ... the specific product and not all reason the Pacific was amendment ... then ... Senator Obama supported that low which time said the guest worker program and the rest of it would not be that ... that was the final below ... aam but also was dragged out but I'll the major factor this time in my view is the view of the American people ... over seventy percent of the American people according to Wall Street Journal ... poll ... the Irish says that people should have a path to citizenship to pay a fine ... back taxes learn English ... and get in line behind me ... everybody who came here legally yours waiting legally ... that's a big issue to the American people and I think they're ready for I think Americans ... no we have to do something about the issue of eleven million people living in the shadows and finely finely ... it's my obligation as a ... center from a border state to make sure that we don't have a third way ... our first wave was when we ... under Ronald Reagan gave amnesty premium people and said we'd never have to ... worry about League and now am eleven Ian people ... I've got a sure I'm sure my constituents that would not be a third way that means border security while center of it but it also means a flexible guest worker program that allows the economy to just get to the needs Santa hats and even that bill back in two thousand and seven has a far higher cap ... for those guest worker he says mom it even if it's built in past or are we just have this problem five ten ... or twenty years from ... what we're gonna have the lead main people who would be working illegally because they will have the legal status here and that will ... follow some um are already working legally there some other sugar still ... standing on street corners waiting to be picked up and work at someone's home for the day ... and that'll be important we do have a very generous stamp program ... if you have a graduate degree in your in this country and you want to stay ... in a in one of the scientific pursuits ... you're you're going to be you have a green card ... also we are greatly escalating those numbers ... but it's not everything that I wanted but I ... think ... the fact that business and labor have signed on is important ... yesterday and that the center Graham Sumner flake and I met with the National Restaurant Association ... the employee third t mean people ... in our favor restaurants ... are favourites to McDonald's NECA equity and bond ... Olive Garden center Grant favorite Italian rash ... the yet so ... that they are all one for one of the unborn because it's got everything they want known ... but you know many of them on knowingly hire people who were ... illegally in this country and are always worried about ... I show now that there were establishments in ok these ... sold ... out we have the the support of business and labor even though ... there are provisions that I didn't protect the Like button result of compromise in this the Democrats including Sen Schumer who did a great job one switching this ... paper was briefly we got about thirty seconds left to summon those provisions to give a lot of power to labor ... for example to set wages ... I'm you know again is that something that makes the skill of them last minute ... but it really does give them that the power ... to set wages there's a formula for people are available the unemployment rate in certain areas and other ... factors that do that so I'd I'd I wouldn't think that that's it that's the case ... although the again ... there are some provisions said I don't think our ... I'll what we want him what ... all of these numbers are Escalade Tori ... and I hope we'll be overreach the numbers that ... will satisfy away at worker demands otherwise ... you will see people come to this country illegally because people want to work or shh it's not just the fine in the Senate you've got a fight in the house to learn a fall at very closely center ... I thank you for those comments I'd like to stay with me now ... on when it turned to foreign policy ... present Obama took office promising to negotiate with our enemies in Senegal for a nuclear free world ... if the world today is far more dangerous than when he took office ... are these two things late ... Arizona Senator John McCain is going to stay with me now ... umm into you think these two things were weaker with our weaker posture broadened and the danger that we see in the world today ... I think we live in a much more dangerous world and when present Obama took office may be part of it is not his fault ... but ... I travel all the time ... in all of the world but protesting on the Middle East they believe that the United States this was going with the Iraq Afghanistan are failures to ... assess the ... resistance in Syria ... the collapse of the ... regimes throughout the region and a rise of al Qaeda ... it is a fact and now we have the centrifuges spinning in Tehran ... and we have the North Koreans acting in their ... belligerent the rational fashion and so I would argue that the world is far more dangerous than foreign state more unstable and it's ... when the major factors is ... the failure of American leadership ... let's just focus on Syria for second week of reports of chemical weapons to use ... an influx of jihad as fighters ... um what can be done in Syria in the end when your conversations with the administration tell you about the likely course will take ... for two I think it's one more shameful chapter in American history said need eighty thousand people killed ... million refugees ... and ... we literally massacre events taking place while the Russian general Radian's ... assisted by her side ... and we've built into it it remarkable but ... I am but when I was one which on the ground but we do want to be fine on the Lotto suspicion are assigned no no but I've but we do want ... the staid tone for the resisters and we want to provide them with the weapons in order to counterbalance what ... by Shira side and that he can cut it or a major power is really critical ... we should take out he is up here ... on the ground with long range cruise missiles in my view and establish ... a no-fly zone but ... the many important thing now is that ... this administration is steel ... steel ... not assisting of these people while ... this massacre goes on aam ... all I can say is that ... all of the concerns of people at ... the creation of might happen if we intervened ... to over two years ago ... had happened happened in ... between ... did ... you ... intervene even are variations French allies are disgusted with this ... it was chaos in Syria could tack ... on bleed over into Iraq in house stable do you think Iraq is today ... well the al Qaeda in Iraq announced its alliance with al Qaeda ... in Syria ... the Lebanese and Jordanian governments both have been de stabilize to some degree and her great risk ... to stability in both of those countries ... and um Iraq continues to ... deteriorate in bombings and commissions and schism between Sunni and Shia ... and apparently others no doubt that the flakes are up for a rainy and its arms to the doctor so on ... are over wine rack ... um ... another failure ... because we didn't leave a residual force behind the Cadillac another which we won the war and wash the piece ... briefly to the other side of the world's non ... China ... which is in cases of patients with a number of countries that ... Japan Malaysia the Philippines Vietnam ... is it missed ration doing enough to send a strong message to China ... that this isn't acceptable ... will you spend enough time in the region to know that the Chinese ... have disappointed us to some degree ... in that they are the superpower in some ways are not behaving that way whether it be ... cyberattacks or whether it be ... their provocations in the South China Sea their failure to ... earn their continued support of the Russians and the towing ... on resolutions concerning Syria ... on we have to live with them we have to deal with them but I think the best way ... to address the Chinese is to make sure that we have a strong force in the region and strong alliances ... I think a building knows I don't think we need bases ... we need to go in and operate the some of our friends in the region and Philippines ... if I am even ... although that's a stretch but the Australians where are you doing ... so ... on ... the Chinese of surprise to me because they have literally United in the other countries in the region ... because of the very provocative ... manner in which they behaved have no doubt ... that the military build up his very significant now ... and ... that doesn't mean that I think there's gonna be some kind of huge confrontation which I don't believe that ... but I do believe ... that we can have difficulties in our relationship ... particularly in the cyber attacks continue ... center just briefly on North Korea ... is can count on making the case for U S missile defense ... of course he is and ... and also like to mention ... we've seen this movie before back in the nineties had debates with ... then current administration officials in the new Bush administration the ... confrontation negotiation ... food ... money ... on supplies ... of oil whatever does ... on where to place and then ... we go to the cycle again ... but the danger here is that ... more than one war has been started by accident ... and his ... behavior ... is brinksmanship that is madness we ... have ever seen I don't think the many will go that far ... but I also don't believe he's a very rational person ... for the people around him or whoever is making ... the decisions and finely two hundred thousand people are in their goal line two hundred thousand people are being tortured beaten murdered ... the system only scoop regime ... and odious regime the weak America a more dangerous world Arizona Senator John McCain think so much for being on the show in the hope you'll ... join us again very soon thank you

subset: commoncrawl


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YCMaker needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 40 designs submitted by 13 freelance designers.
Yugioh Card Maker
The Yugioh Card Maker lets kids create realistic looking Yu-Gi-Oh cards (a popular trading card game) quickly and easily. The website is sleek, easy to use, and fun. It can be found at http://www.yugiohcardmaker.net, and the forum that complements it is at http://forum.yugiohcardmaker.net.
Kids and teens, usually into gaming, roleplaying, and obviously collecting trading cards. Info about the audience can be found at http://forum.yugiohcardmaker.net.
The primary colors of the logo should red and blue; feel free to incorporate any Yu-Gi-Oh related symbols or fonts into the logo. I would like it to be kind of modern looking / high-tech, without looking too cheesy. Honestly, feel free to experiment with whatever you think looks good; as you can see by the current logo, there isn't some kind of distinct symbol or brand that needs to be replicated.
Update: Experiment with using a blank Yugioh card in the logo.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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bong is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below.
The word "bong" uses 4 letters: B G N O.
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Words formed by adding one letter before or after bong (in bold), or to bgno in any order:
a - bogan goban i - bingo boing o - bongo s - bongs
Shorter words found within bong:
bo bog go gob no nob nog on
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Items where Research Group is "Oxford Centre for Industrial and Applied Mathematics" and Year is 2003
Group by: Creators | Item Type | No Grouping
Number of items: 26.
Bakstein, David and Howison, Sam (2003) A non-arbitrage liquidity model with observable parameters for derivatives. Mathematical Finance . (Submitted)
Breward, C. J. W. and Byrne, H. M. and Lewis, C. E. (2003) A multiphase model describing vascular tumour growth. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 65 . pp. 609-640.
Chapman, S. J. and Heron, D. R. (2003) A hierarchy of models for superconducting thin films. SIAM Journal of Applied Mathematics, 63 (6). pp. 2087-2127. ISSN 0036-1399
Chapman, S. J. and King, J. R. (2003) The selection of Saffman-Taylor fingers by kinetic undercooling. Journal of Engineering Mathematics, 46 (1). pp. 1-32. ISSN 0022-0833
Doshi, P. and Cohen, I. and Zhang, W. W. and Siegel, M. and Howell, P. D. and Basaran, O. A. and Nagel, S. R. (2003) Persistence of memory in drop breakup: the breakdown of universality. Science, 302 . pp. 1186-1188.
Fowler, A. C. (2003) On the rheology of till. Ann. Glaciol., 37 . pp. 55-59.
Fowler, A. C. (2003) Rheology of subglacial till. J. Glaciol., 48 (163). pp. 631-632.
Fowler, A. C. (2003) A mathematical model of differential frost heave. In: 8th International Conference on Permafrost.
Fowler, A. C. and Howell, P. D. (2003) Intermittency in the transition to turbulence. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 63 (4). pp. 1184-1207.
Fowler, A. C. and Kalamangalam, G. P. (2003) Periodic breathing at high altitude. IMA J. Appl. Math. Med. Biol., 19 (4). pp. 293-313.
Fowler, A. C. and O'Brien, S. B. G. (2003) Lithospheric failure on Venus. Proc. R. Soc. A, 459 . pp. 2663-2704.
Fowler, A. C. and Yang, Xinshe (2003) Dissolution/precipitation mechanisms for diagenesis in sedimentary basins. J. Geophys. Res., 108 (B10).
Hambly, B. M. and Jordan, J. H. (2003) A random hierarchical lattice: the series-parallel graph and its properties. Advances in Applied Probability . (In Press)
Hambly, B. M. and Kumagai, T. (2003) Heat kernel estimates for symmetric random walks on a class of fractal graphs and stability under rough isometries,. Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics . (In Press)
Hambly, B. M. and Lapidus, M. L. (2003) Random fractal strings: their zeta functions, complex dimensions and spectral asymptotics. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society . (In Press)
Hambly, B. M. and Meinshausen, N. (2003) Monte Carlo methods for the valuation of multiple exercise options. Mathematical Finance . (In Press)
Howell, P. D. (2003) Surface-tension-driven flow on a moving curved surface. Journal of Engineering Mathematics, 45 . pp. 283-308.
Howell, P. D. and Breward, C. J. W. (2003) Mathematical modelling of the overflowing cylinder experiment. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 474 . pp. 275-298.
Howell, P. D. and Siegel, M. (2003) The evolution of a slender non-axisymmetric drop in an extensional flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics . (Submitted)
Howison, Sam and Oliver, James (2003) A free boundary problem arising in a model for shallow water entry at small deadrise angles. European Journal of Applied Mathematics . (In Press)
Howison, Sam and Rafailidis, Avraam and Rasmussen, Henrik (2003) On the pricing and hedging of volatility derivatives. Applied Mathematical Finance . (In Press)
Jones, G. W. (2003) Flow excitation of a finite curved elastic shell. Masters thesis, University of Oxford.
Kozyreff, G. and Wake, G. and Ockendon, H. and Sumner, R. M. W. (2003) Core bulk of wool fibres as a function of their curvature and diameter. Physics Letters A, 314 (5-6). pp. 428-433.
Kozyreff, G. and Chapman, S. J. and Tlidi, M. (2003) Interaction of two modulational instabilities in a semiconductor resonator. Physical Review E, 68 (1). 015201. ISSN 1063-651X
Moroz, Irene M. (2003) The Malkus–Robbins dynamo with a linear series motor. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 13 (1). pp. 147-161.
Orphanidou, C. and Moroz, I. M. and Roberts, S. J. (2003) Voice morphing using the generative topographic mapping. In: International Conference on Computer, Communication and Control Technologies, 2003, Florida, USA.


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Avatar Star Michelle Rodriquez on the December 23rd Jay Leno show said that after making the movie Lost, she developed terrible allergies. She went on to say she saw an allergist who treated her with homeopathic remedies and her allergies were gone.
It is interesting how Avatar has so much about energy healing and intuitive indigenous healing methods. Its beauty is not only in its stunning visuals but also lies in how the scientists in the end, understand and are part of saving the special culture of the inhabitants of Pandora and their energetic healing.
Filed under: Famous People and Homeopathy, Healing, Homeopathy | Tagged: Avatar the movie, homeopathy avatar, Michelle Rodriquez, movie star homeopathy |


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As near record numbers of Chinook salmon continue to flood into the Klamath River and its tributaries, the heightened focus on this year's run has produced some controversy.
As near record numbers of Chinook salmon continue to flood into the Klamath River and its tributaries, the heightened focus on this year's run has produced some controversy. On Oct. 10, the Karuk and Yurok tribes issued a joint press release accusing the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) of ignoring their "responsibility to protect endangered salmon."
The charge is based on the fact that the USFS has an adjudicated water right on the Scott River that has not been met at times during the late summer and early fall months when Chinook salmon return to the river to spawn. The tribes say the issue is especially pressing because several hundred Chinook are currently holding in a pool at the mouth of the Scott River "waiting for enough water to migrate up into the valley and spawn."
According to Yurok Fisheries Program Manager Dave Hillemeier, "these kinds of conditions can lead to disease outbreaks and fish kills."
The Daily News visited the Scott River on Thursday and confirmed that several hundred salmon are indeed holding at the mouth of the river. However, salmon were also observed in groups of five to 40 fish throughout the canyon reaches of the river on the same day. As of Oct. 13 the California Department of Fish and Game's (CDFG) Scott River salmon counting weir at river mile 18 had recorded at least 356 Chinook passing through the weir. CDFG employees are continuing to review videos and release periodic updates of fish numbers.
The Forest Service's adjudicated water right for the month of October is 40 cubic feet per second (c.f.s.) as measured at the USGS flow gage just downstream of the transition from valley to canyon topography. As of 10:30 a.m yesterday, the gage shows the surface flow at 22 c.f.s. According to the graph, flows at that location have been slowly but continuously increasing over the past week.
Karuk Tribal Chairman Buster Attebery said, "During meetings between the USFS and the Karuk Tribe, the tribe has asked that attention be brought to the failure of meeting water needs. The Klamath National Forest has yet to take any action regarding the reported shortage in water and the obvious failure to protect the fishery."
But Patty Grantham, Klamath National Forest supervisor said there is no other water available to meet the adjudication.
"I understand the concerns with low flows in the Scott River," Grantham said on Thursday. "I am concerned also. I feel the best approach to addressing this complex issue is for interested parties to work together toward a solution. That's how lasting solutions are built." She says the USFS has been actively working with stakeholder groups interested in the Scott River.
"We've also been in contact with local elected government and tribal officials and other local, state and federal agencies to discuss the situation and look for opportunities to improve flows," she added.
But the tribes are pushing for a different approach. In their press release, they urge the USFS to formally notify the California Water Board of the situation and make a call on any junior water rights holders to release more water.
But according to Grantham, "From a water rights perspective, based on agency research, there are no junior water rights holders diverting that could be called upon to furnish water to fulfill the right held by the Forest Service."
According to Scott River Watermaster John Clement, the USFS adjudication is in schedule D4 of the 1980 Scott River Decree. Clement says rights from on schedule cannot be commandeered to satisfy an adjudication on a different schedule.
Scott River Water Trust Executive Director Sari Sommarstrom says there are currently no active junior diversions in the D4 schedule that could be taken. She said because of the excessively dry water year, only the highest priority adjudications received their full allotment, leaving many junior adjudications short of their allotted quantity. She said it's important to remember that this situation is occurring in the context of a drought year, a circumstance which she says has become more and more common since the 1980 decree was established.
Preston Harris, a Scott Valley rancher and member of the Scott Valley Irrigation District board of directors said of the tribes' press release, "Insisting that people or agencies make demands is not the correct approach when dealing with Scott Valley water issues. To do so only causes the resources to suffer and moves us further away from a positive end result. It's more important to work towards a solution instead of creating division and starting new conflicts."
CDFG Senior Environmental Scientist for the Klamath/Trinity Program, Wade Sinnen said "The CDFG does have concern over fish health and is monitoring the situation. However, current environmental temperature parameters indicate water temps at 50 degrees fahrenheit, which are highly suitable for salmonid survival and less suitable for many pathogens and their life cycle completion time scales."
"Although flows are low and many fish are 'staging' in the lower river," Sinnen added, "migration is occurring and fish are spread out through the lower half of the system and we have observed (counted on video) fish moving through the Scott River weir at river mile 18."
He did note that if sections of the river are inaccessible to spawners, available habitat and distribution of spawners will be negatively affected.
Sinnen noted that this has been an especially dry year in the region and said CDFG anticipates that fish will quickly migrate upstream after the first significant rain storm of the season.


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Campus Life
Learn by Doing
How Does a Campus Become a Community?
By doing. We organize, study, and stay safe and well together. We eat, live, and play together. We enjoy this beautiful place together.
How Do You Tutor from a Cloud?
In 2011, Prashant Vanka ('11) and Alex Patman ('12) launched CloudTutor to connect Cal Poly students with high school students for live, one-on-one online tutoring sessions. Tutors and students use CloudTutor's digital whiteboard to share problems, formulas, and diagrams—particularly useful for science and math.


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Google Goons Now Guarding Private Buses
There's now a layer of corporate muscle standing between window-smashers and Google's soft, fleshy staffers: Reuters reports San Francisco's highly controversial campus shuttles are now being guarded.
On two successive days this week, a pair of young men stood on a San Francisco street waiting for the special "Gbus" that ferries Google staffers to the Internet company's Mountain View headquarters 34 miles to the South.
Dressed casually in jeans and wearing black ski hats or hoods, the two men did not stand out from the dozens of other young tech workers waiting for the Google bus. On close inspection, each sported the curly wire of an earpiece, and one occasionally jotted notes down on a yellow stick-it pad.
If Google would put face computers on these guys, it would really help quicken the inevitable descent into sci-fi movie turf, but no dice for now.
If you see some Silicon Valley sentinels, snap a pic and send it to me.


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Known for his distinct singing styles and vocal techniques, vocalist and conductor Bobby McFerrin literally creates all sounds for his music. He often goes back and forth between high falsetto and low modal registers, which he accompanies with both percussive effects and even multiphonic singing. McFerrin employed many of these tactics in his song "Don't Worry, Be Happy," which became a #1 U.S. pop hit in 1988 and won both Song of the Year and Record of the Year honors. A ten-time Grammy Award winner, largely for his jazz vocal performances and vocal arrangements, McFerrin has toured all over the U.S. and Canada as a guest conductor for symphony orchestras, including the New York Philharmonic, the San Francisco Symphony, the Philadelphia Orchestra, and many more. His new album, "spirityouall" pays tribute to his Dad, opera singer Robert McFerrin Sr., the first African American to sign a contract with the Metropolitan Opera Company. Bobby McFerrin has released 21 albums in his career, his most recent being spirityouall (a twist on "spiritual"), arrives May 14 on Sony Masterworks with seven classic spirituals, five originals and a cover of Bob Dylan's "I Shall Be Released."
Here's a great quote from USA Today, which sums up the essence of McFerrin: "I think we listen to music because we want to transcend the moment somehow. I know for myself it's true: I want to go to a performance and be changed. I want something to be different. Music is not solely for our entertainment. I think it's a divine instrument for healing in the body, mind, soul, spirit. I sincerely, truly believe that."
"Music has such tremendous power. To me, that's our job as artists. That's the job description. You must bring joy. Not happiness, not a groove, whatever. You must bring joy. I think that's the assignment. I think that's it. I have no doubt about it." ~ Bobby McFerrin (USA Today)
Website | Facebook
Recent Release: Spirityouall
Release Date: May 14, 2013
Label: EmArcy


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The world has changed since Virginia Woolf extolled the need for a woman to have a "room of one's own", but the principle remains: True independence comes with obtaining your own four walls. Property and marriage went hand-in-hand in the past, but single women often have the means to take out a mortgage alone nowadays. The impact of this societal change is widespread, and provides us with an opportunity to identify some of the key trends it has sparked.
Since the 1990s, single women have doubled their share of the housing market. Settling into second place behind married couples, the demographic has fallen to its present level of 15% after peaking at 21% in 2009. The current statistic is expected to rise further in 2016, however, with several favourable factors coming into play. Market analysts have noted a spike in the confidence of female purchasers, most of whom no longer rely on a parent or friend for financial support, and who conduct their own transactions. The median age for these women is 50, according to research from the National Association of Realtors. Notably, 72% of women who buy property opt for detached, three-bedroom family homes, while 90% of those will use a real-estate agent or broker to assist with the purchasing process.
An increased income
An upswing in the salaries of single women in the US indicates that more will become homebuyers in 2016. 15.5 million women live alone across the nation compared to 11.8 million men, whether due to divorce, widowhood, or by choice. A significant proportion of these women are single parents. Studies also show that a quarter of unattached women are prepared to spend up to half of their disposable income on housing.
What (single) women want
Women tend to keep certain specifications in mind when house hunting. Finding a thriving community usually dominates the list, closely followed by locating a property near family members. Security, satisfactory local facilities and low maintenance requirements are also held in high regard. Notably, large cities in particular are seeing an increase of single women buying properties.
A new demographic
Traditionally, real-estate house marketing has been aimed at the nuclear family. However, it's now clear that single women are a rapidly growing target group for the property industry. These individuals have the capacity to qualify for – and repay – housing loans. They also possess a clear perspective of their needs and a strong desire to own their own homes. As investors they're confident, realistic and well-prepared; in essence, they're the ideal clients for real-estate agents.
At Engel & Völkers, we're well placed to cater to the large number of single women seeking professional guidance on entering the housing market. Whatever your individual needs, our agencies in 36 countries can tailor their services to meet expectations. Whether you're a single woman searching for the perfect property or a couple hoping to buy together, we can ensure your home acquisition process is as smooth as possible.


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2010-03-25 / Opinion
It's time for dramatic change at all government levels
Dear Editor: The MTA and State Parks should both have their books publicly audited. Between fares/use fees, advertising revenue and concession percentages, neither should run at a loss.
You must be an online subscriber to view this story.


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Our Fitness Blog
Are all hand wraps created equal?
Aside from just looking cool in your "fist pump" face book photo; the hand wrap serves a very important purpose. The primary function of a good hand wrap is to protect your hand and wrist from injury. Without the proper protection the small bones within your hand could be easily damaged. Contrary to what some may believe, not all wraps are created equal.
The most popular, and most effective hand wrap is what is called a "Mexican-style" hand wrap. This is the style that we use at all 9Round locations. This type of wrap is ideal for any form of boxing training or workout. The Mexican-style wrap works similar to an ace bandage to create somewhat of a soft cast to pad your knuckles and support your wrist. Another added bonus is that the wrap also helps to fill up space in the boxing glove to create a nice snug fit. There are dozens of ways to wrap your hands. Fortunately, there is not much of a wrong way to wrap, so you can easily customize it to your personal preference.
Recently a new style of wrap has become popular due to speed and convenience. Some people are beginning to use a slip-on gel wrap, or as I like to call them "those stupid gel things". The gel wraps are basically a fingerless neoprene glove with gel padding over the knuckle area. It looks similar to a MMA glove. Although these wraps are much quicker to take on and off, they generally do not offer very much wrist support. The wrist wrap portion actually wraps below the wrist joint and doesn't do much more than keep the wrap on. The gel padding also offers very little protection for a heavy hitter, and tends to move around quite a bit. You also lack the one-size-fits-all convenience of the Mexican-style wrap.
If you really want to train like a pro the Mexican wrap is the way to go! I think you would be hard pressed to find any real boxer training with anything else.


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In the coming months, PCGS will be offering a rare opportunity for numismatists to
access some truly unique and unusual archival documents relating to numismatics. Some of
these have not been available for many years; others have never been publicly
While at this point, we don't know everything we'll be posting to the archive, we
can tell you that the original printed inventory sheets of the Waldo Newcomer Inventory are
on tap, as well as the Eliasberg Sale Catalogs and other landmark 20th
century sales such as Dunham, Atwater, Ten Eyck, Jenks, Chapman and Garrett.
These take considerable time to scan and prepare, so please be patient. We hope
that in the coming months and years to be able to build an unparalleled research archive for
serious numismatists everywhere.
Available Documents


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The holidays can be a very hectic time of year. Everyone's stress level is through the roof, your eating habits are not the greatest, and your house is a holiday disaster! This is just part of the season however, and you CAN make it through! This year let me share some ways to make the season a little brighter.
1. Get & stay hydrated. You probably hear this a lot, especially from us, but it's the TRUTH! Think of it this way, the more calorie-free water you have in your stomach, the less calorie-laden food you are able to put in there which means less holiday overeating. In addition, you will be flushing any toxins and other harmful substances out of your system if you do have a food related mishap. Aim for at least 64oz per day. It may seem like a lot, but when broken down, it's actually only three 24oz, or two 32oz. That's completely possible, right? If you still think this is unmanageable, at least drink 1-2 glasses of water before every meal.
2. Remember you can always go back for more. Only take 1 spoonful (small if possible) of foods. Load up on veggies, make them at least half of your plate. Grains should be whole, not processed. The best meat is lean, without lots of fat. Also, try a variety of foods, more colors means more nutrients.
3. For gift ideas, let the family help you this holiday. Have your spouse and children give you gift ideas for the holiday. Give them the opportunity to share their opinions with you. They might have different thougt on a gift for someone that maybe you didn't think of. Further, they will have contributed and it will help brighten their spirits also.
4. Keeping the house clean around the holidays is always an uphill battle. However, this is also a fantastic opportunity to involve the whole family. Put on the latest dance or holiday music and have everyone dance and sing while they clean. Make it fun instead of a chore so they like to do it and will want to help in the future. Also, the dancing and singing will cheer everyone up and help to fight the stresses of the season.
5. If these ideas aren't working for you and the stress is still climbing, just take a few long, slow, deep breaths. Concentrate on your breathing for a few minutes. This will help to bring yourself back into focus. Remember to breathe evenly. Breathe in for a count of 4 and out for a count of 4. Count SLOWLY. This is not a race, you are relaxing your body.
6. Here comes the trainer talk. Try to get exercise in as much as possible. Even just a 10-minute walk around the block, or some simple stretching will do wonders for your mood. Further, you'll be in a better frame of mind for the remainder of your day.
7. Finally, keep in mind what the holidays are actually about. Remember to do some random acts of kindness. Hold the door for someone, smile at everyone, wish people a Happy Holiday. Even a simple "Have a nice day" will go a long way. Positivity is contagious. If you start it, its a guarantee people around you will want to help spread it too.


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Go Behind the Scenes of Keith Urban's Latest Tour [VIDEO]
If you put together a string of three multi-platinum albums and 24 top 10 singles, you might start to relax a little. Not Keith Urban, though — the singer recently hit the road for his Get Closer tour, and he devoted plenty of thought to giving his fans the best concert experience possible.
During a recent behind-the-scenes segment for Yallwire, Urban went into some of the hard work behind the setup for the tour, discussing the stage's theme park vibe, his decision to perform in the round, and his continued quest to preserve an element of unpredictability, even as the shows get bigger and more elaborate.
"There is something about the adrenaline, electricity and on edge unpredictability that I love," Urban explained. "I think that's what live concerts are about." Although he admitted that, "When it gets to this level of production, everything is so thought out and there's not much spontaneity left," he talked about trying to counteract it: "We're trying to keep some real life in the show, to pull people out of the audience. It's random."
"Everything is in the moment and just on the edge of disaster," added Urban, who went over the edge — literally — when he fell off the stage during the opening show of the tour. But his main concern is for the safety of the fans: "
At one show in Memphis, the [building's] railing gave way and it made me nervous about getting too close to people up high. They get excited, lean over. It's a terrible feeling. I am trying to find that balance between not letting them get too crazy and letting them respond to the moment too!"
Urban's latest single, 'Long Hot Summer,' is rising up the country charts, where it rose to number 26 during the week of July 4.


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Brown cheese you ask?
Brown cheese is a Norwegian institution, and is known locally as brunost. A Norwegian who doesn't eat brunost is like an Australian who doesn't eat vegemite. According to the BBC, annual production of brunost is equal to 4kg per Norwegain. Here at Folkehøyskole we have the opportunity to eat it 3 times a day; breakfast, lunch and supper. Infact it tastes nothing like cheese at all, you'll find out why soon. It is characterised as a sweet, strong cheese with caramel and goat cheese flavours. Funny that, considering it is made mostly from goats milk. Depending on the variety, brunost can have a very sharp pronounced flavour, even leaving a stinging sensation in the mouth. The varieties with higher cow milk contents are less sharp and more caramel like in flavour. Original Brunost is made with goat whey only, it's darker colour indicating a sharp, pronounced flavour.
When driving along Norwegian country highways it is common to see vans selling "100% Ekte Geitost", this translates to "100% Real Goat cheese". Those van people think they are being clever selling a product made 100% from goats milk, but technically it isn't cheese. So they are only 50% correct, yes it's from a goat, no it's not really cheese. It is actually made from whey. Whey is what is leftover after milk has been curdled and strained.
Brunost is made by boiling a mixture of milk, cream and whey carefully for several hours so that the water evaporates. The main use of Brunost is on sandwiches, like open-faced sandwiches or Norwegain waffles. It is usually eaten as the sole sandwhich topping, but can also be eaten with berry jams. Note: brown cheese must NOT be eaten with ham or tomatoes or smoked salmon or anything else savoury, the Norwegians will look at you like as if you are a lunatic. Leftover brun ost is made into different kinds of foodstuffs. Many strange concoctions existed and some of these are still available. Brun ost is used to make gravy for game meats and is served with juniper berries (the berries used to make gin). It can also be used to make a sandwhich spread known as prim. With a water content above 30%, making it spreadable, Prim is almost a Brunost cousin. One of the cooks here at folkehøyskole made the best prim EVER last week. She melted down the brun ost and added milk, golden syrup, vanilla, sugar and corn flour to thicken. DELICIOUS. I think prim would also taste amazing with cinnamon or cardamom mixed in. Australia and many other countries outside of Norway, brun ost is sold under the name "Ski Queen". Look for it at IGA or the cheese section at your local supermarket. It's expensive, but worth it.


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My passion is my children and gardening. I had always dreamed of having a small farm that was off the grid and organic. Maybe the next life. I enjoy camping, swimming, cooking and doing crafts. I am a country girl at heart living in the city. One day soon I hope to have that place out in the country. :)
Hello New Care2 Friend!!!


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This book shows young readers that, like a community, a family has members who perform roles. Parents teach and care for their children; Children have rules to follow and household jobs to perform. Questions throughout the book encourage children to relate the information to their own families.
This book explores the world of emotions and helps children identify their own feelings. Entertaining photographs show young readers what emotions look like on childrens faces.
Colorful photographs feature children on their way to school, in their classrooms, and following school rules. Young readers will also learn about the jobs of teachers, librarians, and principals. An important section teaches children how to stay healthy inside their school communities.
Children will be fascinated by this book which identifies the places where people live, work, learn, and shop. Action-oriented photos also feature places that provide different services to the community such as police and fire stations, hospitals, and museums.
Children who are just starting school will love this peek at the activities that children do in class. Repetitive text structure and close picture-to-text match help children relate to such familiar activities as playing, counting, painting, and listening to stories and music. Children will agree that school is a fun place to be!
A boat race turns into a lesson in helping others when Carly's boat begins to sink and Jose's boat flips over. The two decided helping each other was more important than winning the race.
Considering someone else's feelings is what this title is about. The cast of animal characters learn that if you exclude someone it not only hurts their feelings but it is not fair.


text: We love bringing our alumni back to Wofford! Whether it is through events, reunions, or educational opportunities, maintaining strong relationships with our alumni is very important to us. The links on this page will provide you with all of the necessary information to stay up-to-date with alumni events and opportunities.


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Blonde enjoys being eaten then doing the eating (clip)
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I Want to test her pussy.... yummy...
Perfect women. Is it possible to be hotter?
Yes I am hotter and real.
do you love being eaten out and fingered at the same time then fucked?
This man has same shape and size to me.
wtf is with the blowing...
Sexy, hot & beautiful girl! So hot!
The girl's reat. The feet near her head at 3:05 ruin the illusion, though.
so jealous. wish i could have sex like that
That begs the question then Jaja, why are you here looking at porn, if indeed your ol' lady looks like this fine specimen? Shouldn't you be boffing her instead of yourself?
Three cheers. Natural D cupy boobs, juicy pussy licking, wet dick, sensual bodies.
Great body and did a stupendous job. He blew on her pie hole like someone blowing on a pie to cool it off. lol literally
iwanna fuck
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Lame. Fake tits
so hot* i love how softly she moans not fake sounding like alot are. Her breasts are perfect
I like to lick your pussy all day !!!
when is my turn...........
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Nothing gets my nipples harder than having my pussy munched just before taking my bf's big cock in there
Wish I was sucking on that hot pussy of yours
I really wanna fuck
The Guy needs to shave his balls ! I get so turned off by all that hair!
muss es mir einfach immer wieder ansehen...liebe es wie er zustößt
what a beauty.
What is wrong with you idiots? "When she was 18 and firm"?? She's not exactly a granny. This is what a pussy looks like, and a great one, too. One more thing - why is the guy wearing a jacket when he comes, but not doing the video? What's with the editing?
is NANCY SWEET
best. porn. ever.
Definitely not Alexis Texas.
Incredible body. Incredible, but it would be nice if she would at least move it around a little instead of lying there.
Lame. Limp dick. Fake tits. Porn is boring.
omg awesome i want to fuck her pussy now
the pussy is blowing in the wind....
looks like my wife
hot girl bad porn
love to pull her cunt lips apart and lick the fuck out of her cunt
crikey blimey
Nice close-up of penetration. Hot pussy...
It looks like Ivana Godínez
That what i like to due to my wife lay down on are bed and open her legs as far as i can and go down to her pussy and lick her pussy and get it all nice and wet then go down to her anal and due the same thing down there. Then i ask her what hole you what cock in and she tell me but before i put my cock in her holes i get her toy out and put it in the other hole so i can fuck her both holes at the same time
so wonderful to watch her get fucked. just magnificent. gorgeous photography.
magnificent how she allowed and opened her body for male satisfaction of her gorgeous young pussy
Ultra super Megatron hot! Dear beautiful women who fuck on camera: I love you!
Wow! Beautiful woman that looks a lot like Kate Upton! Spectacu-Rack!
These guys have another video with an insanely gorgeous brunette; her hair is tied back, and it ends with a shower. Anyone know the URL for the clip? Please please please....
Both these guys had small dicks with a forest of crotch hair, and neither one knew what the hell they were doing, speeding up and slowing down every 10 seconds with no rhythm. Girl was super hot, but not very involved.
wow sexy .. she will give me..
perfection body
she looks like lisa ...a girl i am still in love with......i wish i could watch lisa with her husband now.....lisa i will eat you clean after he fills youre pink cunt
mmmm kool
I,d like to fuck her pussy real good she needs fucking real bad She ain't bad looking laying in that bed I,d suck her titties make her suck my dick I like pretty woman .after she sucks my dick I,d fuck her pussy again .
She has an amazing body and beautiful natural tits. Sure hope the guy appreciated what was before him.
cindy how about taking me doggy style?
Love her face, tits and cunt. Beautiful.
Laying there with her arms above her head exposing her nice tits, damn, she just wants to get her pussy pounded. That's it. Just loves a hardcock she's a prostitute and only need to close her eyes. She didn't care how old and nasty those men were. She just wanted hard viagra cocks to pound her pussy. She loves to cum, and cum hard. Damn.
best body
What a fucking giant vagina for a young lass !!!
A woman this gorgeous def deserved a better man than this.....
i want thtt chick in bed wih me rght now damn shes hot i jerk off to this
still makes me wet watching and playing
Whoever she is, She's beautiful.
I like how he just spreads her pussy and just starts eating like no tomorrow.
what is her name and how do i get her website
hot girl but her pussy is so floppy
Those "floppy" pussy lips are what makes her super hot - can you imagine those lips snuggling up to your hard cock while you're filling her pussy with your cock and cum? That makes my cock hard and leak precum just thinking about it!
A 3:10 on voit les pieds du cameraman !
Cute girl and nice shot - really amazing
have to keep watching sooooo wet watching
this gil is hot i want to fuck her nw
Her name is not Alexis Texas
xxx 3 not 2.... including camera man!
2 men fucking 1 ...wat a fuck
Awesome pussy!
she has very good pussy, but is too static...she looks a mattress
Bit boring.
this sum hot shit
I think this is the most beautiful girl i ve ever seen in my life- but she cannot fuck good- she only can lie about
jaja u got a girlfriend and u watch porn ?
Woah, nice body and great tits. What's her name?
hey sufi, come to me babe, i do better than man!
should be titled, "he dries it up afterwards by blowing"
Brillant , name anyone?
she is absolutely perfection
Her name is Alexis Texas
wow! this girl is HOT !!! i would do her
nice cum load i'd like to lick it up yum!!
my grlfriend looks like her !!! she is super-hot too !!!! I`m LUCKY !!!
too gud.. every girl's fantasy come true :)
haha.. Hermione! =)
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Dinner parties are intended to be small, intimate semi-formal gatherings for close family members or friends. Since you will be having a small gathering, it is feasible to offer several courses during the dinner party. You will need to decide what type of food you want to serve. When choosing a theme for the menu, you can consider traditional menus that feature seafood, surf & turf, or Italian cuisine. For those more adventurous, you could consider offering a menu selection from a particular country such as Spain, Greece, China, Germany, or Australia; to name a few.
Once you have decided the type of food that you will serve, you will need to select recipes that will appeal to your guests. If you do not own suitable cookbooks, there are several internet sites that offer thousands of recipes at no charge. Be sure to choose an appetizer, a salad and bread, a main dish, and a dessert.
Remember that the first introduction your invited guest will have to the dinner party will be the invitation that they receive for the evening of fun. Choose stationary that depicts the theme of your dinner. If you are doing a country theme such as Spain, you would want to search for an invitation that has décor from that country on it. Consider printing a computerized menu to insert into the invitation, to build anticipation of the event. Let your guests know that dinner will be semi-formal.
An elegant evening dinner party requires low lights, lots of candles, white twinkle lights and beautiful flowers such as white roses. Take the time to locate some soft background music. A careful search will yield music originating in the country that you are featuring, such as Greece or Spain. You might consider greeting each female guest with a long stem rose or boutonnière, for an added touch of class. The success of your dinner party will depend, in party, on a well thought out seating plan. To promote stimulating conversations throughout the dinner party, seat guests near others who will have similar interests. Set place cards on the top plate of each place setting, to direct invited guests to the proper seat. It will be well worth your time and effort to borrow or rent items that you do not own, such as candelabras, linens for the table, stemware and ample matching place settings. Your guests will feel as though they are dining in a five star restaurant!


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Joined: 27 Nov 2006
Posts: 47
Location: Manitoba-Interlake
Posted: Nov 08, 2007 5:41 pm
Post subject: quiet
We're a quiet bunch for the last day or so!
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Joined: 31 Jul 2005
Posts: 687
Location: Ste Genevieve
Posted: Nov 08, 2007 7:10 pm
Post subject:
Heres some funny noise compliments of Mopar (shamelessly ripped off from the gc forum):
How many geocachers does it take to change a lightbulb?
1 to change the light bulb and to post that the light bulb has been changed
14 to share similar experiences of changing light bulbs and how the light bulb could have been changed differently
7 to caution about the dangers of changing light bulbs
6 to argue over whether it's "lightbulb" or "light bulb" ...
another 6 to condemn those 6 as stupid
2 industry professionals to inform the group that the proper term is "lamp"
15 know-it-alls who claim they were in the industry, and that "light bulb" is perfectly correct
19 to post that this forum is not about light bulbs and to please take this discussion to a light bulb forum
11 to defend the posting to this forum saying that we all use light bulbs and therefore the posts are relevant to this forum
36 to debate which method of changing light bulbs is superior, where to buy the best light bulbs, what brand of light bulbs work best for this technique and what brands are faulty
5 People to post pics of their own light bulbs
15 People to post "I can't see S$%^!" and their own light bulbs
7 to post URL's where one can see examples of different light bulbs
4 to post that the URL's were posted incorrectly and then post the corrected URL's
13 to link all posts to date, quote them in their entirety including all headers and signatures, and add "Me too"
5 to post to the group that they will no longer post because they cannot handle the light bulb controversy
4 to say "didn't we go through this already a short time ago?"
13 to say "do a search on light bulbs before posting questions about light bulbs"
1 to bring politics into the discussion by adding that George W. isn't the brightest bulb.
4 more to get into personal attacks over their political views.
1 moderator to lock the light bulb thread.
1 forum lurker to respond to the original post 6 months from now and start it all over again.
I came for the caches, but I stayed for the people!
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Site Admin
Joined: 16 Aug 2007
Posts: 870
Posted: Nov 09, 2007 4:12 am
Post subject:
And 5 more to say that they couldn't find said light bulb and then ask the light buld owner to confirm that the bulb actually exists.
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Joined: 05 Apr 2005
Posts: 374
Location: Winnipeg
Posted: Nov 09, 2007 6:49 pm
Post subject:
Oh man, anyone that has read through the GC forums would understand just how funny that is!
Me too!
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Joined: 20 Apr 2005
Posts: 292
Location: Morris
Posted: Nov 09, 2007 8:14 pm
Post subject:
They're not light bulbs...they're dark suckers!
MHz, a cacher who no more knows her destiny than a tea leaf knows the history of the East Indian Company
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Joined: 02 Sep 2005
Posts: 497
Location: Winnipeg
Posted: Nov 09, 2007 9:44 pm
Post subject: and...
Lets not forget about the long winded know-it-all who posts a gigantic block of text that is chock full of highly technical jargon and orotund opinions that nobody reads because it is more than the 2-3 line attention span of most forum lurkers (like me, anyhow
And then God forbid you ask a question that this twirp already answered in Paragraph 9, Line 194 of aforementioned thesis.
"Why don't you read, n00b?" I love that. Thanks for the help, gearhead.
Have you hugged a lizard today?
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Joined: 20 Jul 2006
Posts: 199
Location: Winnipeg
Posted: Nov 09, 2007 10:14 pm
Post subject: Re: and...
lizardo wrote:
Lets not forget about the long winded know-it-all who posts a gigantic block of text that is chock full of highly technical jargon and orotund opinions that nobody reads because it is more than the 2-3 line attention span of most forum lurkers (like me, anyhow
And then God forbid you ask a question that this twirp already answered in Paragraph 9, Line 194 of aforementioned thesis.
"Why don't you read, n00b?" I love that. Thanks for the help, gearhead.
That never happens and oh by the way:
Introduction to How Light Bulbs Work
Before the invention of the light bulb, illuminating the world after the sun went down was a messy, arduous, hazardous task. It took a bunch of candles or torches to fully light up a good-sized room, and oil lamps, while fairly effective, tended to leave a residue of soot on anything in their general vicinity.
When the science of electricity really got going in the mid 1800s, inventors everywhere were clamoring to devise a practical, affordable electrical home lighting device. Englishman Sir Joseph Swan and American Thomas Edison both got it right around the same time (in 1878 and 1879, respectively), and within 25 years, millions of people around the world had installed electrical lighting in their homes. The easy-to-use technology was such an improvement over the old ways that the world never looked back.
The amazing thing about this historical turn of events is that the light bulb itself could hardly be simpler. The modern light bulb, which hasn't changed drastically since Edison's model, is made up of only a handful of parts. In this article, we'll see how these parts come together to produce bright light for hours on end.
Light Basics
Light is a form of energy that can be released by an atom. It is made up of many small particle-like packets that have energy and momentum but no mass. These particles, called light photons, are the most basic units of light. (For more information, see How Light Works.)
Atoms release light photons when their electrons become excited. If you've read How Atoms Work, then you know that electrons are the negatively charged particles that move around an atom's nucleus (which has a net positive charge). An atom's electrons have different levels of energy, depending on several factors, including their speed and distance from the nucleus. Electrons of different energy levels occupy different orbitals. Generally speaking, electrons with greater energy move in orbitals farther away from the nucleus. When an atom gains or loses energy, the change is expressed by the movement of electrons. When something passes energy on to an atom, an electron may be temporarily boosted to a higher orbital (farther away from the nucleus). The electron only holds this position for a tiny fraction of a second; almost immediately, it is drawn back toward the nucleus, to its original orbital. As it returns to its original orbital, the electron releases the extra energy in the form of a photon, in some cases a light photon.
The wavelength of the emitted light (which determines its color) depends on how much energy is released, which depends on the particular position of the electron. Consequently, different sorts of atoms will release different sorts of light photons. In other words, the color of the light is determined by what kind of atom is excited.
This is the basic mechanism at work in nearly all light sources. The main difference between these sources is the process of exciting the atoms.
In the next section we'll look at the different parts of a light bulb.
Light Bulb Structure
Light bulbs have a very simple structure. At the base, they have two metal contacts, which connect to the ends of an electrical circuit. The metal contacts are attached to two stiff wires, which are attached to a thin metal filament. The filament sits in the middle of the bulb, held up by a glass mount. The wires and the filament are housed in a glass bulb, which is filled with an inert gas, such as argon.
When the bulb is hooked up to a power supply, an electric current flows from one contact to the other, through the wires and the filament. Electric current in a solid conductor is the mass movement of free electrons (electrons that are not tightly bound to an atom) from a negatively charged area to a positively charged area.
As the electrons zip along through the filament, they are constantly bumping into the atoms that make up the filament. The energy of each impact vibrates an atom -- in other words, the current heats the atoms up. A thinner conductor heats up more easily than a thicker conductor because it is more resistant to the movement of electrons.
Bound electrons in the vibrating atoms may be boosted temporarily to a higher energy level. When they fall back to their normal levels, the electrons release the extra energy in the form of photons. Metal atoms release mostly infrared light photons, which are invisible to the human eye. But if they are heated to a high enough level -- around 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit (2,200 degrees C) in the case of a light bulb -- they will emit a good deal of visible light.
The filament in a light bulb is made of a long, incredibly thin length of tungsten metal. In a typical 60-watt bulb, the tungsten filament is about 6.5 feet (2 meters) long but only one-hundredth of an inch thick. The tungsten is arranged in a double coil in order to fit it all in a small space. That is, the filament is wound up to make one coil, and then this coil is wound to make a larger coil. In a 60-watt bulb, the coil is less than an inch long.
Tungsten is used in nearly all incandescent light bulbs because it is an ideal filament material. In the next section, we'll find out why this is, and we'll examine the role of the glass bulb and inert gas.
We'll look at what the filament is made of in the next section.
The Filament
As we saw in the last section, a metal must be heated to extreme temperatures before it will emit a useful amount of visible light. Most metals will actually melt before reaching such extreme temperatures -- the vibration will break apart the rigid structural bonds between the atoms so that the material becomes a liquid. Light bulbs are manufactured with tungsten filaments because tungsten has an abnormally high melting temperature.
Bright, Brighter, Brightest
Light bulbs are ranked by their power -- the amount of light they put out in a certain period of time (measured in watts). Higher-watt bulbs have a bigger filament, so they produce more light.
A three-way bulb has two filaments of different wattage -- typically a 50-watt filament and a 100-watt filament. The filaments are wired to separate circuits, which can be closed initially using a special three-way socket.
The switch in the three-way socket lets you choose from three different light levels. On the lowest level, the switch closes only the circuit for the 50-watt filament. For the medium light level, the switch closes the circuit for the 100-watt filament. For the brightest level, the switch closes the circuits for both filaments, so the bulb operates at 150 watts.
But tungsten will catch on fire at such high temperatures, if the conditions are right. Combustion is caused by a reaction between two chemicals, which is set off when one of the chemicals has reached its ignition temperature. On Earth, combustion is usually a reaction between oxygen in the atmosphere and some heated material, but other combinations of chemicals will combust as well.
The filament in a light bulb is housed in a sealed, oxygen-free chamber to prevent combustion. In the first light bulbs, all the air was sucked out of the bulb to create a near vacuum -- an area with no matter in it. Since there wasn't any gaseous matter present (or hardly any), the material could not combust.
The problem with this approach was the evaporation of the tungsten atoms. At such extreme temperatures, the occasional tungsten atom vibrates enough to detach from the atoms around it and flies into the air. In a vacuum bulb, free tungsten atoms shoot out in a straight line and collect on the inside of the glass. As more and more atoms evaporate, the filament starts to disintegrate, and the glass starts to get darker. This reduces the life of the bulb considerably.
In a modern light bulb, inert gases, typically argon, greatly reduce this loss of tungsten. When a tungsten atom evaporates, chances are it will collide with an argon atom and bounce right back toward the filament, where it will rejoin the solid structure. Since inert gases normally don't react with other elements, there is no chance of the elements combining in a combustion reaction.
Cheap, effective and easy-to-use, the light bulb has proved a monstrous success. It is still the most popular method of bringing light indoors and extending the day after sundown. But by all indications, it will eventually give way to more advanced technologies, because it isn't very efficient.
Incandescent light bulbs give off most of their energy in the form of heat-carrying infrared light photons -- only about 10 percent of the light produced is in the visible spectrum. This wastes a lot of electricity. Cool light sources, such as fluorescent lamps and LEDs, don't waste a lot of energy generating heat -- they give off mostly visible light. For this reason, they are slowly edging out the old reliable light bulb.
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Joined: 27 Nov 2006
Posts: 47
Location: Manitoba-Interlake
Posted: Nov 09, 2007 11:19 pm
Post subject:
What's this lightbulb thing we talk about, and how does it improve my GPS? As far as I know my GPS light is a LCD without bulbs?
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Site Admin
Joined: 16 Aug 2007
Posts: 870
Posted: Nov 10, 2007 3:48 am
Post subject:
I keep burning myself on these light bulb things. Any idea why they're so hot?
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Joined: 23 Apr 2006
Posts: 228
Location: Manitoba
Posted: Nov 11, 2007 2:34 pm
Post subject:
and the last time I checked up here when we see the light it is called the Aurora Borealis. Now theres a topic that can take pages. A Northerner actually seeing the light...Duh!
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Joined: 04 Feb 2005
Posts: 512
Location: Winnipeg
Posted: Nov 13, 2007 11:07 pm
Post subject:
slippery_1 wrote:
A Northerner actually seeing the light...Duh!
I can take that sooo many places ... but I'm too polite.
I use multi-billion dollar military satellite systems to find Tupperware in the forest.
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Release Date: April 1, 2010
Art Supplies is everything you need to paint the ultimate self-portrait: Different styles of art pencils create eye looks that are expressive and individual, for a new kind of PowerPoint presentation. The pencil portion of the collection focuses on a Greasepaint Stick in eight fabulous, limited-life shades… the ultimate inky colour payoff is an homage to the success we had with Style Black and DSquared² last season. Use as a Shadow or Liner: ludicrously long-wearing, transfer- and water-resistant, flexible and five-star comfortable. New Pearlglide Intense Eye Liner with an exciting new shimmering sparkle effect, will also launch in limited-life, featuring six slick, smooth, sextronic shades.
Just as Art Supplies for Eyes invokes the vision, Art Supplies for Lips speaks to the ultimate in sensuality….Luscious lips drawn from innovative new Lipstain Markers and Pencils to use like a modern multi-media artist would – design and discover! Incorporating the concept of art tools into the world of M·A·C makeup, these pencils and markers create dramatically different lip looks. New Pro Longwear Lipstain Marker has the doodle-fun of a "pen," but with sophisticated, light and long-wearing results. It's all about artistic freedom!
MAC's upcoming release, Art Supplies, is a really fun collection with a truly fitting name. Anyone who ever had an art kit as a child will get a kick out of the marker-like lipstains and the rainbow of greasepaint pencils and pearlglide liners.
There are nine Pro Longwear Lipstain Markers. These stains apply exactly like a marker and leave a stain on the lips that is very long-lasting. Runway Ripened is a raspberry color with just a hint of purple. For a less daring version of this shade, try Tomorrow's Coral which isn't nearly as coral as the name implies. You can still wear lipstick over top of these but they are great if you're going out for drinks and don't want to keep whipping out your lipstick and mirror for touch-ups.
Greasepaint Sticks are back and all of them are limited editions. Originally part of DSquared, these chunky pencils aren't greasy as the name implies but more on the creamy side. They can be used as an eyeshadow base, liner, or eyeshadow. After applying, you can use a brush to blend them and they don't crease at all. Dirty, a pearly blackened taupe, is one of those universal shades that is sure to be loved by everyone. Below Ground is a true bronze that would be the perfect base color for both brown and green eyeshadow looks.
Pearlglide Intense Eyeliners are also featured. These liners are sparkly versions of Powerpoints with the same staying power and a soft, blendable texture. Just like a box of colored pencils, there are several shades to choose from. Undercurrent is easily the most desirable color. It is a blue green with gold shimmer. Designer Purple is a medium purple with iridescence that looks incredible on green eyes. These are really pretty colors that can also be worn over black liner if you like the shades in theory but tend to be more conservative in your looks.
Greasepaint Stick $17.50 U.S./$21.00 CDN
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The first couple races show the Camaro and R8 going at it and the Camaro pulls a few car lengths rather easily. The R8 V10 simply is detuned a bit from the factory compared to its Gallardo sibling. In stock form it has 465 horsepower at the wheels so obviously the Camaro has more power. However, with a tune alone the V10 R8 can get up to 531 horsepower at the wheels which would make the race far more interesting. R8 owner, speaking to you, get a tune!
The GT500 also beats the R8 V10 easily and appears to be slightly quicker than the Camaro although it is hard to say without seeing them race. Considering its absurd power from the supercharged 5.8 liter which also is underrated from the factory this outcome is no surprise. The R8 V10 simply needs a tune as being detuned to protect the Gallardo puts it at too much of a disadvantage versus the stout competition here.
Thank you to GermanBoost Network member @AWD75 for the video. Give us a shout out next time!


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Black Cowboy Parade and Heritage Festival
Saturday, October 6, 2018
Saturday, October 6, 2018
The Oakland Black Cowboy Association, a not-for-profit organization, has spent four and half decades enlightening children and adults with the contributions of people of color in the settling of the West. This vision continues today with its annual parade and festival. People from all walks of life attend this one of a kind parade and festival which features nationwide cowboys, trick riders, schools community organizations, and local businesses.
In addition to the parade and festival, the Oakland Black Cowboy Association hosts dances, conducts speaking engagements and community events promoting the contributions of people of color to the Old West.


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Hidden Feature Of Jailbroken iPhones And iPads - Palm OS Like Safety Switch
Prominent jailbreak tweaks developer, chpwn has tweeted that he has discovered a safety switch in Jailbroken devices. According to Grant Paul aka chpwn, mobile substrate addon has a Palm OS inspired safety switch that disables extensions to run while rebooting. This will basically help you in identifying any problems in your device start up. This feature was incorporated by Cydia developer Jay Freeman Saurik.
If you want to experience the safety switch, all you have to do is press and hold the volume up button while your device is rebooting. This will disable all the Cydia tweaks and make your phone slightly faster but there's a catch. Enabling it will not start any Cydia tweak. In order to enable the tweaks, you'll have to reboot your device.
You can follow us on Twitter and Facebook or subscribe to our RSS feeds for the latest news.
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Mr. 704 - Everybody Knows Me [Label Submitted]
Label submission from Fenced In Entertainment . Mr. 704 (www.mr704fie.com) from the project available on itunes "Welcome To Charlotte". From McGill Original Films
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